1152 files changed, 50567 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/23186-0.txt b/23186-0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6586dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13434 @@
+Project Gutenberg's The Handbook to English Heraldry, by Charles Boutell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Handbook to English Heraldry
+
+Author: Charles Boutell
+
+Editor: A. C. Fox-Davies
+
+Illustrator: R. B. Utting
+
+Release Date: October 24, 2007 [EBook #23186]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HANDBOOK TO ENGLISH HERALDRY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Jeannie Howse, Ted Garvin and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: Seal of Sir RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G.,
+  Fifth Earl of WARWICK: died A.D. 1439. No. 448.
+  --See pages 208, 321.]
+
+  [Illustration: Seal of Sir THOMAS DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G.,
+  Third Earl of WARWICK: died A.D. 1369. Date of the Seal, 1344.
+  No. 446. --See No. 447, page 320, also see page 321.]
+
+
+
+
+  “To describe ... emblazoned Shields.� --MILTON
+
+  THE HANDBOOK TO
+  ENGLISH
+  HERALDRY
+
+  by
+
+  CHARLES BOUTELL, M.A.
+
+  Author of “The Monumental Brasses of England,�
+  Editor and Part Author of “Arms and Armour
+  in Antiquity and The Middle Ages,� etc.
+
+  with
+
+  NEARLY FIVE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS
+  Drawn and Engraved on Wood
+  by Mr. R. B. UTTING and Others
+
+
+  _ELEVENTH EDITION_
+
+  Thoroughly Revised with an Additional Chapter by
+  A. C. FOX-DAVIES
+  of Lincoln’s Inn   Barrister-At-Law
+
+  [Illustration: ROYAL ARMS (1340-1405)]
+
+  LONDON: REEVES & TURNER
+  1914
+
+
+
+
+  Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
+  at the Ballantyne Press, Edinburgh
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+TO THE ELEVENTH EDITION
+
+
+This standard work of reference has been revised throughout, and
+enlarged by the addition of an extra chapter on Peerage Dignities.
+
+
+A. C. FOX-DAVIES.
+
+LINCOLN’S INN, _November 1913_.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+TO THE TENTH EDITION
+
+
+In the revision of this well-known work I have held my hand, rather than
+the contrary, trying to bear always in mind that it was the hand-book of
+Mr. Charles Boutell and not a production of my own. My alterations have
+been concerned chiefly in bringing the volume up to date, a necessity
+imposed by the creation of new orders of knighthood, and change of
+Sovereign. I have certainly omitted a few remarks which I have thought
+might be the cause of leading students of the science astray: I have
+altered ambiguous wording to emphasise the real, and I have no doubt the
+originally intended meaning. But in many points which, being deductions,
+are naturally matters of opinion, I have left herein various expressions
+of Mr. Boutell’s opinion, with which I can hardly say I personally
+altogether agree or would myself put forward. I hold that it is no part
+of an editor’s duty to air his own opinions under the protection or
+repute of another’s name, and herein I have inserted nothing for which
+my own opinion is the only authority.
+
+  A. C. FOX-DAVIES.
+
+  LINCOLN’S INN, _June 1908_.
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: No. 2.--St. Edward.
+  No. 1.--St. George.
+  No. 3.--St. Edmund.]
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR’S PREFACE
+
+
+This Volume, specially prepared for the use of students at an early
+period of their study of English Heraldry, commends itself also to those
+inquirers who may desire to obtain some general information on the same
+subject, without having any intention to devote to Heraldry much either
+of their time or of their serious regard.
+
+The success, no less extraordinary than gratifying, of my larger work on
+Heraldry, led me to hope that a not less favourable reception might be
+extended to a simpler and much shorter essay, more decidedly elementary
+in its aim and character, and yet as far as possible within its limits
+complete. Such a treatise I have endeavoured to produce in this Volume.
+
+Inseparably associated with the History of our Country, and more
+particularly when our national History becomes the Biography of eminent
+Englishmen, English Heraldry has the strongest claims upon the attention
+not only of all Historians, but also of all who desire to become
+familiar with their writings. In like manner, Heraldry may be studied
+with no less of advantage than of satisfaction by all Artists, whether
+Architects, Sculptors, Painters, or Engravers. Nor is it too much to
+assert that some knowledge of Heraldry, in consequence of its singular
+and comprehensive utility, ought to be estimated as a necessary element
+of a liberal education. In confirmation of my own views, I am tempted to
+quote the following passage from M. GOURDON DE GENOUILLAC’S introduction
+to his excellent “Grammaire Héraldique,� published at Paris:-- “Le
+blason,� says M. de Genouillac, “est une langue qui s’est conservée dans
+sa pureté primitive depuis les siècles, langue dont la connaissance, est
+indispensable aux familles nobles, qui y trouvent un signe d’alliance ou
+de reconnaissance, aux numismates, aux antiquaires, aux archéologues,
+enfin à tous les artistes, gens de lettres, &c.; cependant cette langue
+est presque inconnue, et la plupart des personnes qui possedent le droit
+de porter des armoiries seraient fort en peine de les expliquer selon
+les termes techniques!� Heraldry, indeed, I believe to be a study worthy
+to be universally regarded with affectionate respect, as it certainly is
+eminently qualified to inspire such a sentiment in every class of
+student.
+
+In this spirit I have here treated the elements of the Heraldry of
+England, confident that, of those who may accompany me as far as I shall
+lead them, very many will not be content to stop where I shall take
+leave of them. Thus much I promise my companions--I will be to them a
+faithful guide. They may trust to my accuracy. I have made no statement,
+have adduced no example, nor have I exhibited any illustration, except
+upon authority. I myself like and admire what is real and true in
+Heraldry; and it is by the attractiveness of truth and reality that I
+desire to win for Heraldry fresh friends, and to secure for it firm
+friendships.
+
+It will be understood that from the authority, the practice, and the
+associations of the early Heraldry of the best and most artistic eras,
+I seek to derive a Heraldry which we may rightly consider to be our own,
+and which we may transmit with honour to our successors. I do not
+suggest the adoption, for present use, of an obsolete system. But, while
+I earnestly repudiate the acceptance and the maintenance amongst
+ourselves of a most degenerate substitute for a noble Science, I do
+aspire to aid in restoring HERALDRY to its becoming rank, and
+consequently to its early popularity, now in our own times. This is to
+revive the fine old Heraldry of the past, to give to it a fresh
+animation, and to apply it under existing conditions to existing uses
+and requirements: not, to adjust ourselves to the circumstances of its
+first development, and to reproduce as copyists its original
+expressions. It is not by any means a necessary condition of a
+consistent revival of early Heraldry, that our revived Heraldry should
+admit no deviation from original usage or precedent. So long as we are
+thoroughly animated by the spirit of the early Heralds, we may lead our
+Heraldry onwards with the advance of time. It is for us, indeed, to
+prepare a Heraldry for the future, no less than to revive true Heraldry
+in the time now present. We may rightly modify, therefore, and adapt
+many things, in order to establish a true conformity between our
+Heraldry and the circumstances of our own era: for example, with
+advantage as well as propriety we may, in a great measure, substitute
+Badges for Crests; and we shall do well to adopt a style of drawing
+which will be perfectly heraldic, without being positively unnatural.
+
+The greater number of my Illustrations have been engraved only in
+outline, with the twofold object of my being thus enabled to increase
+the number of the examples, and to adapt the engravings themselves to
+the reception of colour. It will be very desirable for students to
+blazon the illustrations, or the majority of them, in their proper
+tinctures: and those who are thoroughly in earnest will not fail to form
+their own collections of additional examples, which, as a matter of
+course, they will seek to obtain from original authorities. With the
+exception of a few examples, my Illustrations, considerably over 400,
+have all been executed expressly for this work; and they all have been
+engraved by Mr. R. B. UTTING. The chief exceptions are thirteen
+admirable woodcuts of Scottish Seals, all of them good illustrations of
+Heraldry south of the Tweed, originally engraved for Laing’s noble
+quarto upon “The Ancient Seals of Scotland,� published in Edinburgh.
+Scottish Heraldry, I must add, as in any particulars of law and practice
+it may differ from our Heraldry on this side of the Tweed, I have left
+in the able hands of the Heralds of the North: at the same time,
+however, the Heraldry of which I have been treating has so much that is
+equally at home on either side of “the Border,� that I have never
+hesitated to look for my examples and authorities to both the fair
+realms which now form one Great Britain.
+
+  C. B.
+
+  [Signature]
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                                    Page
+
+PREFACE TO PRESENT EDITION                                           vii
+
+AUTHOR’S PREFACE                                                      ix
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS                                                xix
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+  INTRODUCTORY-- Early Popularity of Heraldry in England-- Origin of
+  English Heraldry; Definition; Characteristics; Development; Early
+  Uses; Not connected with Earlier Systems-- Ancient Heraldry-- Past
+  and Present Treatment of the Subject                                 1
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+  EARLY HERALDIC AUTHORITIES-- Seals; Monumental Effigies, &c.;
+  Rolls of Arms, Official Heraldic Records, &c.-- Earliest Heraldic
+  Shields and Banners-- Allusive Quality of Early Armory--
+  Attributed Arms                                                     10
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+  The English Heraldry that is now in existence-- First Debasement
+  of Heraldry-- Later Debasement-- Revival of English Heraldry--
+  Heraldic Art                                                        20
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+  GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section I.-- Language-- Nomenclature-- Style
+  and Forms of Expression-- Blazon-- The Shield: its Parts, Points,
+  Divisions, Dividing Lines, Varieties of Form, and Heraldic
+  Treatment                                                           29
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+  GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section II.-- Tinctures: Metals, Colours,
+  Furs-- Varied Fields-- Law of Tinctures-- Counter-changing--
+  Diaper-- Disposition-- Blazoning-- Emblazoning in Tinctures         40
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+  GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section III.-- The Ordinaries:-- Chief:
+  Fesse: Bar: Pale: Cross; its Heraldic Varieties: Bend: Saltire:
+  Chevron: and Pile                                                   49
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+  GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section IV.-- The Subordinaries:-- Canton or
+  Quarter: Inescutcheon: Oile: Tressure: Bordure: Flanches: Lozenge,
+  Mascle, Rustre: Fusil: Billet: Gyron: Frette-- The Roundles         64
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+  GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section V.-- Miscellaneous Charges:-- Human
+  Beings: Animals: Birds: Fish: Reptiles and Insects: Imaginary
+  Beings: Natural Objects: Various Artificial Figures and Devices--
+  Appropriate Descriptive Epithets                                    73
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+  GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section VI.-- The Lion and the Eagle in
+  Heraldry                                                            83
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+  GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section VII.-- Glossary of Titles, Names, and
+  Terms                                                              100
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+  MARSHALLING:-- Aggroupment: Combination: Quartering: Dimidiation:
+  Impalement: Escutcheon of Pretence: Marshalling the Arms of
+  Widowers, Widows, and others: Official Arms; and the Accessories
+  of Shields                                                         158
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+  CADENCY:-- Marks of Cadency are temporary, or permanent: the
+  Label: the Bordure: the Bendlet, Barrulet, and Canton: Change of
+  Tincture: Secondary Charges: Single Small Charges: Differences of
+  Illegitimacy: Cadency of Crests, Badges, &c.: Modern Cadency       176
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+  DIFFERENCING:-- Differencing to denote Feudal Alliance or
+  Dependency: Differencing without any Alliance-- Augmentation--
+  Abatement                                                          194
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+  CRESTS                                                             209
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+  BADGES                                                             220
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+  SUPPORTERS                                                         237
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+  FLAGS:-- The Pennon: the Banner: the Standard: the Royal Standard:
+  the “Union Jack�: Ensigns: Military Standards and Colours:
+  Blazoning: Hoisting and Displaying Flags                           246
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+  THE ROYAL HERALDRY OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND:-- Shields of Arms of
+  the Reigning Sovereigns of England, of Scotland, of the United
+  Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Crests: Supporters: Mottoes:
+  Crowns: Banners: Armorial Insignia of the late Prince Consort; of
+  the Prince and Princess of Wales; of the other Princes and
+  Princesses                                                         258
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+  ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD AND INSIGNIA OF HONOUR:-- Feudal Knighthood--
+  Orders of Knighthood: Knights of St. John: Knights Templars: the
+  Order of the Garter; of the Thistle; of St. Patrick; of the Bath;
+  of St. Michael and St. George; of the Star of India-- The Order of
+  Merit-- The Royal Victorian Order-- The Imperial Service Order--
+  The Victoria Cross-- The Albert Medal-- Naval and Military
+  Medals-- Foreign Insignia bestowed on British Subjects             273
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+  PRECEDENCE GENEALOGIES                                             295
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+  The COLLEGE OF ARMS-- The LYON OFFICE of Scotland-- Grants of
+  Arms-- Tax on “Armorial Bearings,� and on “Arms Found�             304
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:-- Coins-- Seals-- Heraldry in Architecture, in
+  Monuments, in Illuminations, in Encaustic Tiles-- Heraldic
+  Personal Ornaments, and various Heraldic Decorations-- Conclusion  316
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+  PEERAGE DIGNITIES:-- The Dignity of Earl-- Of Baron-- The
+  Parliament of 1295-- Landed Qualifications-- Creation of the Title
+  Duke of Cornwall-- The Title of Marquis-- The Premier Baron of
+  England-- The Peerage of Scotland-- Scottish Remainders-- Daughter
+  Inherits in her own Right-- Determination of an Abeyance-- The
+  Right to Create Peers of Ireland-- Rights and Privileges of a
+  Peeress-- The Daughters of Peers-- Anomalies of the English Scale
+  of Precedence                                                      327
+
+
+GENERAL INDEX                                                        335
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+NO.                       PAGE
+
+    1. Arms of St. George }
+    2. Arms of St. Edward }                                        ix
+    3. Arms of St. Edmund }
+    4. Arms of Sir Walter Scott, of Abbotsford                     1
+    5. Lance Flag, Bayeux Tapestry                                 6
+    6. Lance Flag, Bayeux Tapestry                                 6
+    7. Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase                           8
+    8. Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase                           8
+    9. Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase                           8
+   10. Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase                           8
+   11. Seal of Walter Innes                                       11
+   12. Seal of William Innes                                      11
+   13. Banner of Templars                                         14
+   14. Banner of Leicester                                        14
+   15. Shield of Brittany                                         14
+   16. Shield of Waldegrave                                       14
+   17. Shield of Fitz Warine                                      14
+   18. Shield of Whitworth                                        14
+   19. The Escarbuncle                                            15
+   20. Shield of Montacute                                        17
+  20A. Shield of Montacute                                        70
+   21. The Planta Genista                                         17
+   22. Arms assigned to William I.                           18, 259
+   23. Arms assigned to the Saxon Princes                         18
+   24. Shield of Prince John of Eltham                            26
+   25. Badge of Richard II., Westminster Hall                     27
+   26. Badge of Richard II., Westminster Hall                     27
+   27. The Points of an Heraldic Shield                           33
+   28. Shield divided per Pale                                    33
+   29. Shield divided per Fesse                                   33
+   30. Shield divided Quarterly                                   33
+   31. Shield divided per Bend                                    33
+   32. Shield divided per Bend Sinister                           33
+   33. Shield divided per Saltire                                 33
+   34. Shield divided per Chevron                                 33
+   35. Shield divided per Tierce                                  33
+   36. Shield Quarterly of Eight                                  34
+   37. Compound Quartering                                        34
+   38. Border and Dividing Lines                                  35
+   39. Bowed Shield                                               36
+   40. Heraldic Shield                                            36
+   41. Heraldic Shield                                            36
+   42. Heraldic Shield                                            36
+   43. Heraldic Shield                                            37
+   44. Heraldic Shield                                            37
+   45. Modern Shield                                              37
+   46. Cartouche                                                  37
+   47. Lozenge                                                    37
+   48. Arms of Provence                                           38
+   49. Shield Couché                                              38
+   50. Symbolisation of Or                                        40
+   51. Symbolisation of Argent                                    40
+   52. Symbolisation of Azure                                     40
+   53. Symbolisation of Gules                                     40
+   54. Symbolisation of Sable                                     40
+   55. Symbolisation of Vert                                      40
+   56. Symbolisation of Purpure                                   40
+   57, 57A. Ermine                                            41, 42
+   58. Ermines                                                    41
+   59. Erminois                                                   41
+   60. Pean                                                       41
+   61. Vair                                                       41
+   62. Vair                                                       41
+   63. Counter Vair                                               41
+   64. Potent                                                     41
+   65. Counter Potent                                             41
+   66. Componée                                                   43
+   67. Counter Componée                                           43
+   68. Arms of Earl de Warrenne                                   45
+   69. Arms of Jerusalem                                          44
+   70. Arms of Fenwick                                            44
+   71. A Chief                                                    50
+   72. Arms of Le Botiler                                         50
+   73. Arms of De Brus                                            50
+   74. Arms of De Clintone                                        50
+   75. Arms of De Clintone                                        50
+   76. Arms of De Clifford                                        50
+   77. Arms of De Pateshulle                                      50
+   78. Arms of Le Vavasour                                        50
+   79. Arms of De Hemenhale                                       51
+   80. Arms of De Dageworthe                                      51
+   81. Arms of De Harecourt                                       51
+   82. Arms of Wake                                               51
+   83. Arms of De Huntercumbe                                     52
+   84. Arms of De la Mere                                         52
+   85. Arms of Fitzalan of Bedale                                 53
+   86. Arms of De Valence                                         53
+   87. Arms of Erskine                                            53
+   88. Arms of Grandison                                          53
+   89. Cross Fimbriated                                           54
+   90. Cross Pointed                                              54
+   91. Greek Cross                                                55
+   92. Latin Cross                                                55
+   93. Tau Cross                                                  55
+   94. Cross Quadrate                                             55
+   95. Cross Patriarchal                                          55
+   96. Cross Lourchée                                             55
+   97. Arms of De Molines                                         56
+   98. Arms of Bishop Anthony Bec                                 56
+   99. Arms of William de Vesci                                   56
+  100. Cross Fleurie                                              56
+  101. Cross Fleurettée                                           56
+  102. Cross Pommee                                               56
+  103. Cross Botonee                                              57
+  104. Cross Crosslet                                             57
+  105. Cross Clechée                                              57
+  106. Cross Patee                                                57
+  107. Cross Maltese                                              57
+  108. Cross Potent                                               57
+  109. Cross Avellane                                             57
+  110. Cross Botonée Fitchée                                      57
+  111. Arms of Le Scrope                                          58
+  112. Arms of De Radclyffe                                       58
+  113. Arms of Le Boteler                                         58
+  114. Arms of De Bohun, Earl of Hereford                         59
+  115. Arms of De Bohun (differenced)                             59
+  116. Arms of De Montford                                        60
+  117. Arms of De Bray                                            60
+  118. Paly Bendy                                                 60
+  119. Barry Bendy                                                60
+  120. Arms of St. Andrew                                         60
+  121. Arms of De Neville                                         60
+  122. Arms of De Neville                                         60
+  123. Arms of De Stafford                                        61
+  124. Arms of De Clare                                           61
+  125. Early Shield of De Clare                                   62
+  126. Arms of De Chandos                                         62
+  127. Arms of De Prian                                           62
+  128. Arms of De Passett                                         62
+  129. Arms of De Kyrkeby                                         65
+  130. Arms of Blundell                                           65
+  131. Arms of De Mortimer                                        66
+  132. Arms of Darcy                                              66
+  133. Arms of De Wyllers                                         66
+  134. Arms of De Balliol                                         66
+  135. Single Tressure Flory                                      67
+  136. Tressure Flory Counterflory                                67
+  137. Double Tressure Flory                                      67
+  138. Arms of Scotland                                      67, 260
+  139. Arms of De Waltone                                         68
+  140. Arms of Richard, Earl of Cornwall                          68
+  141. Flanche                                                    69
+  142. Flasques                                                   69
+  143. Mascle                                                     69
+  144. Rustre                                                     69
+  145. Arms of De Burgh, Earl of Kent                             69
+  146. Arms of Deincourt                                          70
+  147. Arms of Campbell                                           70
+  148. A Frette                                                   71
+  149. Arms of De Etchingham                                      71
+  150. Trellis Clouée                                             71
+  151. Bezant                                                     72
+  152. Torteau                                                    72
+  153. Fountain                                                   72
+  154. Annulet                                                    72
+  155. Shield of Douglas                                          74
+  156. Shield of Douglas                                          74
+  157. Shield of Douglas                                          74
+  158. Shield of Isle of Man                                      74
+  159. Shield of St. Alban’s Abbey                                75
+  160. Early Martlet                                              77
+  161. Martlet                                                    77
+  162. Banner of De Barre                                         77
+  163. Dolphin                                                    78
+  164. Arms of De Lucy                                            78
+  165. Escallop                                                   78
+  166. A, B, C, Crescent, Increscent, Decrescent                  80
+  167. At Gaze                                                    81
+  168. Tripping                                                   81
+  169. At Speed                                                   81
+  170. Stag’s Head Cabossed                                       85
+  171. Lion Rampant                                               85
+  172. Lion Rampant Guardant                                      85
+  173. Lion Passant                                               85
+  174. Lion Passant Guardant                                      85
+  175. Lion Statant                                               85
+  176. Lion Statant Guardant                                      85
+  177. Lion Couchant                                              86
+  178. Lion Sejant                                                86
+  179. Lion Dormant                                               86
+  180. Lion Salient                                               86
+  181. Lion Double queued                                         86
+  182. Lion Coward                                                86
+  183. Lion’s Head                                                87
+  184. Lion’s Face                                                87
+  185. Lion’s Jambe                                               87
+  186. Demi Lion Rampant                                          87
+  187. Arms of England                                       87, 259
+  188. Arms of Richard I.                                         88
+  189. Arms of Prince John                                        88
+  190. Arms of Richard I.                                         88
+  191. Arms of Le Strange                                         89
+  192. Arms of Giffard                                            89
+  193. Arms of Mowbray                                            89
+  194. Arms of De Lacy                                            89
+  195. Arms of De Segrave                                         89
+  196. Arms of De Percy                                           90
+  197. Arms of De Longespée                                       90
+  198. Crest of Black Prince                                      91
+  199. Crest &c., Richard II.                                     91
+  200. Eagle Shield in Westminster Abbey                          93
+  201. Imperial Eagle                                             93
+  202. Royal Eagle                                                93
+  203. Arms of Earl of Cornwall                                   94
+  204. Seal of Euphemia Leslie                                    94
+  205. Shield of Piers Gaveston                                   95
+  206. Arms of Montacute and Monthermer                           95
+  207. A Vol                                                      96
+  209. Arms of De la Mere                                         96
+  210. Shield at St. Albans                                       97
+  211. Austrian Eagle                                             97
+  212. German Imperial Eagle                                      98
+  213. German Eagle, wings erect                                  98
+  214. French Imperial Eagle                                      99
+  215. Badge of Ulster                                           101
+  216. Breys                                                     104
+  217. Baron’s Coronet                                           104
+  218. Water Bouget                                              106
+  219. Bourohier Knot                                            106
+  220. Bowen Knot                                                107
+  221. Caltrap                                                   107
+  222. Castle                                                    108
+  223. Celestial Crown                                           108
+  224. Chapeau of Estate                                         108
+  225. Arms of Saxony                                            108
+  226. Chess Rook                                                109
+  227. Cinquefoil                                                109
+  228. Clarions                                                  109
+  229. Cockatrice                                                110
+  230. Collar of York                                            110
+  231. Collar of Lancaster                                       110
+  232. Crest Coronet                                             113
+  233. Crest Wreaths                                             113
+  234. Crown of H.M. The King                               115, 266
+  235. Dacre Knot and Badges                                     115
+  236. Dragon                                                    117
+  237. Duke’s Coronet                                            117
+  238. Earl’s Coronet                                            118
+  239. Eastern Crown                                             118
+  240. Electoral Bonnet                                          119
+  241. Arms of Byron                                             119
+  242. Estoile                                                   120
+  243. Fer-de-Moline                                             121
+  244. Fermails                                                  121
+  245. Fetter lock                                               122
+  246. Fleur de lys                                              122
+  247. Arms of France Ancient                                    122
+  248. Arms of France Modern                                     122
+  249. Arms of Edmund, Earl of Lancaster                         123
+  250. Arms of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.                      122
+  251. Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.                      123
+  252. Shield of Edward III., A.D. 1340                     124, 260
+  253. Shield of Henry IV., about 1405                      124, 260
+  254, 255. Fylfots                                              125
+  256. Shield of R. de Gorges                                    127
+  257. Hawk’s Lure                                               128
+  258. Hawk’s Bells and Jesses                                   128
+  259. Helm of the Sovereign                                     129
+  260. Helm of Princes and Nobles                                129
+  261. Helm of Baronets and Knights                              129
+  262. Helm of Esquires and Gentlemen                            129
+  263. Helm of Esquires and Gentlemen                            129
+  264. Heneage Knot                                              130
+  265. Arms of the Heralds College                               130
+  266. Arms of Lyon Office                                       131
+  267. Jessant de lys                                            133
+  268, 269. Heraldic Keys                                        133
+  270. Hastings Badge                                            133
+  271, 272, 273. Labels                                          134
+  274. Lacy Knot                                                 134
+  275. Lymphad                                                   136
+  276. Arms of Hastings                                          136
+  277. Coronet of Marquess                                       137
+  278. Mullet                                                    139
+  279. Mullet Pierced                                            139
+  280. Mural Crown                                               140
+  281. Naval Crown                                               140
+  282. Pourdon                                                   141
+  283. Panache Crest of Edward Courtenay                         142
+  284. Panache Crest of William le Latimer                       142
+  285. Panache Crest of Edmund Mortimer                          142
+  286. Pennon of D’Aubernoun                                     143
+  287. Pheon                                                     143
+  288. Portcullis                                                143
+  289. Coronet of Prince of Wales                                145
+  290. Coronet of King’s Daughters and Younger Sons              145
+  291. Coronet of King’s Grandchildren                           145
+  292. Coronet of King’s Cousins                                 145
+  293. Quatrefoil                                                146
+  294. The Ragged Staff Badge                                    146
+  295. Rebus of Abbot Kirton                                     148
+  296. Rebus of Bishop Peckyngton                                148
+  297. Rebus of Sir John Peche                                   148
+  298, 299. Heraldic Roses                                       149
+  300. Rose en Soleil                                            149
+  301. Crest of Hamilton                                         150
+  302. Sixfoil                                                   152
+  303. Arms of Shakespeare                                       151
+  304. Stafford Knot                                             152
+  305. Staple Padge                                              152
+  306. Arms of City of London                                    153
+  307. Tabard                                                    154
+  308. Badge of James I.                                         154
+  309. Trefoil Slipped                                           155
+  310. Trumpet                                                   155
+  311. Viscount’s Coronet                                        156
+  312. Shield at St. Michael’s Church, St. Albans                157
+  313. Wake Knot                                                 157
+  314. Catherine Wheel                                           157
+  315. Wyvern                                                    157
+  316. Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.                      160
+  317. Seal of Margaret Lady De Ros                              161
+  318. Seal of Joan, Countess of Surrey                          162
+  319. Seal of Mary, Countess of Pembroke                        164
+  320. Seal of Matilda of Lancaster                              164
+  321. Seal of Oliver de Bohun                                   165
+  322. Shield of Earl John de Dreux                              165
+  323. Shield of Castile and Leon                                166
+  324. Shield of Henry, Earl of Northumberland                   167
+  325. Shield of Mayor of Winchelsea                             168
+  326. Shield of De Valence and Claremont Nesle                  168
+  327. Shield of Camoys and Mortimer                             169
+  328. Shield of D’Aubigny and Scotland                          170
+  329. Shield of Earl Richard Beauchamp                          171
+  330. Four Diagrams illustrative of Marshalling               171-2
+  331-335. Diagrams illustrative of Marshalling                  172
+  336. Shield of Eldest Sons of Edward I. and II.                178
+  337. Shield of Black Prince                                    178
+  338. Label of Lancaster                                        179
+  339. Label of Brittany                                         179
+  340. Label of York                                             179
+  341. Label of Clarence                                         180
+  342. Label of Henry and John of Lancaster                      180
+  343. Label of Thomas of Lancaster                              180
+  344. Shield of Holland, of Kent                                181
+  345. Shield of Henry of Lancaster                              182
+  346. Shield of Beauchamp of Elmely                             183
+  347. Shield of Beauchamp at Carlaverock                        183
+  348. Shield of Beauchamp of Warwick                            184
+  349. Shield of Beauchamp of Bletshoe                           184
+  350. Shield of Bishop Grandison                                185
+  351. Seal of Bishop Le Despencer                               185
+  352. Shield of Sir Fulk Fitz Warin                             186
+  353. Shield of Thomas le Scrope                                186
+  354. Crescent, for Difference                                  186
+  355. Mullet, for Difference                                    186
+  356. Shield of Lord Latimer                                    187
+  357. Shield of Neville                                         187
+  358. Shield of Sir Wm. de Brewys                               187
+  359. Shield of Henry, Earl of Worcester                        189
+  360. Shield of Beaufort, before 1397                           189
+  361. Shield of Beaufort, after 1397                            189
+  362. Shield of Charles, Earl of Worcester                      190
+  363. Shield of Sir Roger de Clarendon                          190
+  364. Arms of Radulphus de Arundel                              190
+  365. Seal of William Fraser                                    193
+  366. Shield of Earl of Chester                                 195
+  367. Shield of Fitz Ralph                                      196
+  368. Shield of De Luterell                                     197
+  369. Shield of De Wadsley                                      197
+  370. Shield of De Wortley                                      198
+  371. Shield of De Mounteney                                    198
+  372. Shield of De Mounteney                                    198
+  373. Shield in St. Alban’s Abbey                               203
+  374. Shield of Howard, after Flodden                           205
+  374A. Howard Augmentation                                      205
+  375. Fan-Crest, Richard I.                                     209
+  376. Fan-Crest, Henry de Perci                                 209
+  377. Fan-Crest, Henry de Laci                                  209
+  378. Seal of Alexander de Balliol                              210
+  379. Helm, &c., Thomas, Earl of Lancaster                      211
+  380. Helm, &c., Geoffrey Luterell                              212
+  381. Seal, Sir Robert de Marny                                 212
+  382. Seal, William de Wyndesor                                 214
+  383. Crest, Sir R. Grey, K.G.                                  215
+  384. Helm, &c., Richard II.                                    216
+  385. Helm, &c., Sir Hugh Hastings                              217
+  386. Crest-Wreath, Sir William Vernon                          217
+  387. Crest-Wreath, Sir Robert Harcourt                         217
+  388. Crest-Wreath, Effigy at Tewkesbury                        217
+  389. Basinet and Crest-Wreath, Sir H. Stafford                 218
+  390. Seal, Earl Robert Bruce                                   225
+  391. Seal, Sir Walter Hungerford                               225
+  392. Seal, Sir Robert de Hungerford                            226
+  393. Badge, Tau and Bell                                       227
+  394. Ostrich Feather Badge                                     231
+  395, 396. Three Ostrich Feathers, Peterborough                 231
+  397. Ostrich Feather Badge, Ludlow                             232
+  398. Ostrich Feather Badge, Deanery, Peterborough              232
+  399. Ostrich Feather Badge, St. Alban’s Abbey                  232
+  400. Ostrich Feather Badge, Exeter Cathedral                   232
+  401. Shield “for Peace� of Black Prince                        234
+  402. Ostrich Feather Badge, Seal of Henry IV.                  235
+  403. Ostrich Feather Badge, Seal of Thomas,
+         Duke of Gloster                                         235
+  404. Ostrich Feather Badge, Garter Plate
+         of John Beaufort                                        235
+  405. Seal of Devorguilla Crawford                              239
+  406. Seal of Margaret, Lady Hungerford                         240
+  407. Seal of Earl Edmund de Mortimer                           242
+  408. Seal of Robert Graham                                     243
+  409. Seal of Sir Wm. Lindsay                                   243
+  410. Seal of Sir John Drummond                                 244
+  411. Pennon                                                    247
+  412. Pennon of Percy                                           247
+  413. Banners and Pennons                                       248
+  414. Seal of Earl John Holland                                 249
+  415. Standard of Sir H. de Stafford, K.G.                      251
+  416. The Royal Standard                                        252
+  417. The First Union Jack                                      253
+  418. Banner of St. George                                      253
+  419. Banner of St. Andrew                                      253
+  420. The Second Union Jack                                     254
+  421. The Banner of St. Patrick                                 254
+  422. Red Ensign                                                255
+  423. Royal Arms of Stuart Sovereigns                           261
+  424. Arms of Nassau                                            261
+  425. Diagram of Arms of William III. and Mary                  261
+  426. Diagram of Arms of William III. alone                     261
+  427. Diagram of Arms of Anne                                   262
+  428. Arms of Hanover                                           262
+  429, 430. Diagrams of Royal Arms                          262, 263
+  431. Crest of England                                          264
+  432. Signet Ring of Queen Mary Stuart                          265
+  433. Insignia of the Order of the Garter                       277
+  434. “Lesser George� of the Garter                             279
+  435. Jewel of the Thistle                                      281
+  436. Badge of St. Patrick                                      281
+  437. Badge of the Bath, Naval and Military                     284
+  438. Badge of the Bath, Diplomatic and Civil                   285
+  439. Badge of the Star of India                                288
+  440. Victoria Cross                                            293
+  441. The Albert Medal                                          293
+  442. Seal of Lord Bardolf                                      318
+  443. Seal of William Mure                                      319
+  444. Seal of Thomas Monypeny                                   319
+  445. Seal of Richard Stuart                                    319
+  446. Seal of Earl Thomas de Beauchamp                _Frontispiece_
+  447. Counter-Seal of the same                                  320
+  448. Seal of Earl Richard de Beauchamp               _Frontispiece_
+  449. Seal of Sir Walter Scott, A.D. 1529                       326
+  450. Insignia of the Order of the Thistle                      280
+  451. Insignia of the Order of St. Patrick                      282
+  452. Collar and Military Badge, Order of the Bath              283
+  453. Star of Knight Grand Cross (Civil)                        285
+  454. Star of Knight Commander (Military)                       285
+  455. Order of Merit                                            286
+  456. Collar and Insignia of Exalted Order
+         of the Star of India                                    287
+  457. Star and Collar of the Order
+         of St. Michael and St. George                           289
+  458. Eminent Order of the Indian Empire                        290
+  459. Badge of same                                             291
+  460. G.C.V.O. Star                                             291
+  461. K.C.V.O. Star                                             291
+  462. G.C.V.O. Badge                                            291
+  463. K.C.V.O. Badge                                            291
+  464. Distinguished Service Older                               292
+  465. Imperial Service Order                                    292
+
+
+NOTE.-- _Several illustrations used herewith in connection with the new
+Orders created of recent date are inserted by arrangement with the
+Editor of Debrett’s “Peerage.�_
+
+
+
+
+ENGLISH HERALDRY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+INTRODUCTORY
+
+  _Early Popularity of Heraldry in England-- Origin of English Heraldry;
+  Definition; Characteristics; Developments; Early Uses; not connected
+  with Earlier Systems-- Ancient Heraldry-- Past and Present Treatment
+  of the Subject._
+
+  “What! Is it possible? not know the figures of Heraldry!
+  Of what could your father be thinking?�
+    --ROB ROY.
+
+
+  [Illustration: No. 4.]
+
+The sentiment unquestionably was his own which Sir Walter Scott made
+delightful Di Vernon express when, with indignant surprise, she asked
+Frank Osbaldistone of what his father could have been thinking, that he
+had been permitted to grow up without any knowledge of Heraldry. Sir
+Walter was right in his estimate of the high value of Heraldry as an
+element of education: and, in professing herself a votaress of the
+Herald’s “gentle science,� it was quite right in Di Vernon to suggest to
+other ladies that it would be well for them if Heraldry should find
+favour in their eyes also. The age of Rob Roy, however, was far from
+being in harmony with heraldic associations: nor was the author of
+“Waverley� himself permitted to accomplish more, than to lead the way to
+that revival of a popular sympathy with every expression of early Art,
+which now forms one of the most remarkable characteristics of our own
+era.
+
+In the olden time, in England, the love of Heraldry, which was prevalent
+amongst all classes, was based upon an intelligent appreciation of its
+worthiness. A part of the feudal system of the Middle Ages, and at once
+derived from the prevailing form of thought and feeling, and imparting
+to it a brilliant colouring peculiar to itself, Heraldry exercised a
+powerful influence upon the manners and habits of the people amongst
+whom it was in use. By our early ancestors, accordingly, as Mr. Montagu
+has so happily written, “little given to study of any kind, a knowledge
+of Heraldry was considered indispensable:� to them it was the “outward
+sign of the spirit of chivalry, the index, also, to a lengthened
+chronicle of doughty deeds.� And this Heraldry grew up, spontaneously
+and naturally, out of the circumstances and requirements of those times.
+It came into existence, because it was needed for practical use; it was
+accepted and cherished, because it did much more than fulfil its avowed
+purpose. At first, simply useful to distinguish particular individuals,
+especially in war and at the tournament, English Heraldry soon became
+popular; and then, with no less rapidity, it rose to high honour and
+dignity.
+
+From the circumstance that it first found its special use in direct
+connection with military equipments, knightly exercises, and the _mêlée_
+of actual battle, mediæval Heraldry has also been entitled ARMORY. Men
+wore the ensigns of Heraldry about their persons, embroidered upon the
+garments that partially covered their armour,--and so they called them
+_Coats-of-Arms_: they bore these same ensigns on their shields,--and
+they called them _Shields-of-Arms_: and in their Armorial Banners and
+Pennons they again displayed the very same insignia, floating in the
+wind high above their heads, from the shafts of their lances.
+
+The Heraldry or Armory of England, an honourable and honoured member of
+the illustrious family of mediæval European Heraldry, may be defined as
+a symbolical and pictorial language, in which figures, devices, and
+colours are employed instead of letters. Each heraldic composition has
+its own definite and complete significance, conveyed through its direct
+connection with some particular individual, family, dignity, or office.
+Every such heraldic composition, also, is a true legal possession, held
+and maintained by an express right and title: and it is hereditary, like
+other real property, in accordance with certain laws and precedents of
+inheritance. But in this respect heraldic insignia are singular and
+unlike other property, inasmuch as it is a general rule that they cannot
+be alienated, exchanged, or transferred otherwise than by inheritance or
+other lawful succession. Exceptions to this rule, when they are observed
+occasionally to have occurred, show clearly their own exceptional
+character, and consequently they confirm the true authority of the rule
+itself. It will be understood, as a necessary quality of its hereditary
+nature, that the significance of an heraldic composition, while
+“definite and complete� in itself, admits of augmentation and expansion
+through its association with successive generations. Thus, the Royal
+Shield of EDWARD III. is “complete� as the heraldic symbol of that great
+monarch, and of the realm under his rule: and yet this same shield,
+equally “complete� (with one simple modification) as the heraldic symbol
+of each successive Sovereign till the death of ELIZABETH, has its
+significance infinitely augmented and expanded through its hereditary
+association with all the Sovereigns of the Houses of Plantagenet and
+Tudor.
+
+Until the concluding quarter of the twelfth century, the traces of the
+existence of Heraldry are faint and few in number. Early in the
+thirteenth century the new science began to establish itself firmly
+amongst our ancestors of that age; and it is certain that, as soon as
+its character and capabilities were in any degree understood aright, it
+grew speedily into favour; so that in the reign of HENRY III. (A.D.
+1216-1272) Heraldry in England had confirmed its own claims to be
+regarded as a Science, by being in possession of a system, and a
+classification of its own.
+
+The Crusades, those extraordinary confederacies without a parallel in
+the history of civilised nations, were themselves so thoroughly a matter
+of religious chivalry, that it was only an inevitable result of their
+existence that they should give a powerful impulse to the establishment
+and development of Heraldry in its early days.
+
+But Heraldry, from the time of its first appearance in England, was
+found to be valuable for other uses besides those which so intimately
+connected it with both real and imitative warfare, with the fierce
+life-and-death conflict of the battle-field, and with the scarcely less
+perilous struggle for honour and renown in the lists. Very soon after
+the Norman Conquest, in consequence of their presence being required to
+give validity to every species of legal document, SEALS became
+instruments of the greatest importance; and it was soon obvious that
+heraldic insignia, with a representation of the knightly shield upon
+which they were displayed, were exactly suited to satisfy every
+requirement of the seal-engraver. By such means Heraldry became
+interwoven as well with the peaceful concerns of everyday life, as with
+the display of martial splendour and the turmoil of war.
+
+Many attempts have been made to set aside the opinion that the Heraldry
+of the Middle Ages in England was a fresh creation, a production of
+indigenous growth: and great is the ingenuity that has been brought into
+action to carry back the Heraldry of our own country from the
+commencement of the thirteenth century through the previous elementary
+stages of its existence, in order to trace its direct lineal descent
+from certain decorative and symbolical devices that were in use at much
+earlier periods. The careful and diligent researches, however, of the
+most learned Heralds have at present led them almost unanimously to
+reject all such theories as these, as speculative and uncertain. At the
+same time, it is an indisputable fact that, in all ages of the world,
+and amongst all races of men, some form of symbolical expression has
+been both in use and in favour. And it is equally true that this
+symbolism, whatever it may have been, has generally been found in some
+way associated with a military life and with the act of warfare.
+Soldiers, and particularly those in high command, have always delighted
+to adorn their shields with devices that sometimes were significant of
+their own condition or exploits, or sometimes had reference to their
+country, or even to their families; and, in like manner, it has been a
+universal custom to display similar devices and figures in military
+standards of all kinds. At the time of the Conquest, as is shown in the
+famous Bayeux Tapestry of the Conqueror’s Consort, the shields and
+standards of both Normans and Anglo-Saxons were painted, and perhaps the
+latter were embroidered, with various figures and devices; but certainly
+without any heraldic significance or any personal associations being
+indicated by these figures and devices, which bear a general resemblance
+to the insignia of the Legions and Cohorts of Imperial Rome. Figures
+Nos. 5 and 6 give representations of the standards that are introduced
+into the Bayeux Tapestry. The same species of decoration, consisting
+chiefly of painted patterns, with discs, stars, crescents, and some
+other figures, continued in use in our own country until superseded by a
+true Heraldry; and may also be assumed to have prevailed in England in
+much earlier times.
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 5 and 6.--Lance Flags--Bayeux Tapestry.]
+
+In still more remote ages a more decided heraldic system was displayed
+upon signets, coins, shields, and standards. In this ancient Heraldry,
+if so it may be termed, occasionally the important and characteristic
+quality of hereditary association in certain devices is apparent. Thus,
+Virgil (Æneid, vii. 657) assigns to Aventinus “_insigne paternum_� upon
+his shield--his hereditary device, derived by him from his father. But
+these devices generally appear to have their significance in a greater
+or a less degree restricted, amongst the ancients, to certain particular
+incidents; consequently in all these examples there is nothing to show
+that the man who bore one device at one time, did not bear another
+device at another time.[1] For example, Æschylus, the Greek tragedian
+(B.C. 600), has recorded that Capaneus, when attacking the city of
+Thebes, bore on his shield the figure of a warrior carrying a lighted
+torch, with the motto, “I will fire the city!� But, on another occasion,
+we have reason to believe that the same Capaneus bore quite a different
+device, applicable to that other occasion; and this deprives these
+ancient devices, heraldic as they are in their general character, of
+that special personal association which true Heraldry requires and,
+indeed, implies. The beautiful painted vases, the works of Greek
+artists, that are discovered in such extraordinary numbers and in
+perfect preservation in some parts of Italy, constantly give most
+striking representations of the shields of ancient Greek warriors and
+other personages, with what appear heraldic devices displayed upon them.
+These shields illustrate, in a remarkable manner, both the appropriate
+significance of particular devices, and the usage then prevalent for a
+variety of devices to be borne on different occasions by the same
+individual. Shields upon vases in the collections in the Museum of the
+Louvre at Paris, and in the British Museum, where they are easy of
+access, contain a great variety of devices. The examples, Nos. 7, 8, 9,
+and 10, are from our own National Collections. No. 7, the shield black,
+the border and the pegasus red; No. 8, the shield black, and the two
+dolphins white; No. 9, the shield black, with a border adorned with red
+discs, the serpent white; No. 10, the shield black, with purple border,
+the three human legs conjoined white. The shields, Nos. 9 and 10, are
+both borne by the goddess ΑΘΗ�Η (Minerva); and the remarkable device
+displayed on No. 10 is also found on the coins of ancient Sicily. Other
+similar shields display lions, horses, dogs, wild boars, fish, birds,
+clusters of leaves, chariots and chariot-wheels, votive tripods,
+serpents, scorpions, with many others, including occasional examples
+of human figures. In another collection I have seen an anchor and an
+Amazon’s bow. A device differing from that in No. 10 only in having the
+conjoined limbs in armour, will be found in our own English Heraldry to
+be the armorial ensign of the Isle of Man.
+
+    [Footnote 1: In his “Hand-book of Engraved Gems,� Mr. King maintains
+    that “the devices on the signets of the ancients were both
+    hereditary and unalterable, like our armorial bearings;� but, at the
+    same time, he admits that the “armorial bearings,� which appear “on
+    the shields of the Grecian heroes in the most ancient pictures
+    extant, the Vase-paintings,� “seem to have been assumed at the
+    caprice of the individual, like the knight’s _cognisances_ at
+    tournaments in the days of chivalry, and not to have been
+    hereditary.� --“Hand-book,� page 216. Almost immediately, however,
+    Mr. King adds, that traditions exist which represent the mythic
+    heroes bearing “engraved on their signets the same devices that
+    decorated their shields.� It would seem that the argument from such
+    traditions would rather indicate the signet-devices to have been
+    arbitrary, than the shield-devices to have been unalterable. While I
+    readily admit the very interesting devices of antiquity to possess
+    decided heraldic attributes, I cannot consider Mr. King to have
+    shown that, as a general rule, they were held by the ancients
+    themselves to have been either “unalterable� or “hereditary.�
+    Possibly, further light may be thrown upon the hereditary quality of
+    ancient Heraldry: but, I certainly do not expect to see any evidence
+    adduced, which would establish a line of descent connecting the
+    Mediæval Heraldry of England with any heraldic system of classic
+    antiquity.]
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 7-10.--Ancient Shields from Greek Vases.]
+
+This Heraldry of Antiquity is to be regarded as the predecessor, and not
+as the ancestor of the Heraldry of England. There may be much that is
+common to both; but, there is nothing to show the later system to have
+been a lineal descendant from the earlier. It would seem much more
+likely that Heraldry, when it had been evolved, adopted ready made the
+emblems of an older civilisation for its own purpose, often
+appropriating at the same time the symbolism attaching to the emblems.
+The Heraldry, therefore, that has flourished, declined, and now is in
+the act of reviving in our own country in almost the full vigour of its
+best days, I shall treat as an independent science, proceeding from a
+single source, and from thence flowing onwards with varied fortunes,
+side by side with the chequered chronicles of England. In the course of
+its progress from the palmy days of EDWARD III., it has had to
+encounter, in a degree without precedent or parallel, that most painful
+and mischievous of trials--the excessive admiration of injudicious
+friends. Hence, Heraldry was brought into disrepute, and even into
+contempt, by the very persons who loved it with a genuine but a most
+unwise love. In process of time, no nonsense appeared too extravagant,
+and no fable too wild, to be engrafted upon the grave dignity of the
+Herald’s early science. Better times at length have succeeded. Heraldry
+now has friends and admirers, zealous as of old, whose zeal is guided
+aright by a sound judgment in alliance with a pure taste. Very much
+already has been accomplished to sweep away the amazing mass of
+absurdities and errors which had overwhelmed our English Heraldry, by
+such men as Nicholas, Nichols, Courthope, Seton, Planché, Walford,
+Montagu, and Lower: and the good work goes on and prospers, with the
+most cheering assurances of complete and triumphant success.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+EARLY HERALDIC AUTHORITIES
+
+  _Seals: Monumental Effigies, &c.: Rolls of Arms, Official Heraldic
+  Records, &c.-- Earliest Heraldic Shields and Banners-- Allusive
+  Quality of Early Armory-- Attributed Arms._
+
+  “Let us begin at the beginning.�
+    --PURSUIVANT OF ARMS.
+
+
+At the head of the earliest existing authorities in English Heraldry are
+SEALS. To the fortunate circumstance of the legal importance attached to
+them we are indebted for the preservation of these equally interesting
+and valuable relics, in great variety and in very considerable numbers.
+The heraldic evidence of Seals is necessarily of the highest order. They
+are original works, possessing contemporaneous authority. Produced with
+peculiar care and approved by their first possessors, their original
+authenticity is confirmed by their continued use through successive
+generations.
+
+Having been in use before the introduction and adoption of Heraldry in
+England, Seals enable us to compare the devices that preceded true
+Heraldry with the earliest that are truly heraldic: and thus they show
+that, in many instances, regular coats-of-arms were derived in their
+hereditary bearings from similar devices that had been adopted in the
+same families before the heraldic era. For example: the Seal of John
+Mundegumri, about A.D. 1175, bears a _single fleur-de-lys_, not placed
+upon a shield; and, accordingly, here is seen the origin of the _three
+golden fleurs-de-lys_, borne afterwards upon a blue shield by the
+descendants of this John, the Montgomeries, Earls of Eglintoun. Again:
+the Seal of Walter Innes, A.D. 1431, displays the shield of arms of his
+house--_three blue mullets_ (stars generally of five rays) on a field of
+silver, No. 11; and these mullets may be traced to the _single star_,
+that appears on the Seal of William Innes, or De Ynays, No. 12, appended
+to his deed of homage to Edward I., in the year 1295. I have selected
+these examples from the “Catalogue of Scottish Seals,� published by Mr.
+Laing, of Edinburgh, that I may be enabled here to refer in the highest
+terms of admiring commendation to that most excellent work. It is
+greatly to be desired that a corresponding publication should treat,
+with equal ability, of the Seals of England which, from the dawn of
+Heraldry, continue their admirable examples and illustrations throughout
+its career.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 11.--Seal of Walter Innes.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 12.--Seal of Wm. Innes.]
+
+Monumental Effigies, Sepulchral Memorials, early Buildings, and early
+Stained Glass, frequently are rich in authoritative examples of “the
+figures of Heraldry.� In addition to the various forms and combinations
+of heraldic composition, these works illustrate the early style of
+drawing in favour with Heralds during the great eras of mediæval Art,
+and they have preserved to us most useful and suggestive representations
+of various devices in their proper heraldic aspect. In many instances
+the Heraldry of early Monuments and Architecture possesses a peculiar
+value, arising from the circumstance of the shields of arms and other
+insignia having been sculptured in low relief or outlined in incised
+lines, and consequently these devices and compositions retain their
+original forms: and, in like manner, the original colouring of the
+Heraldry of Stained Glass remains safe from restoration or destruction,
+in consequence of the impossibility of re-painting it.
+
+The early written Literature of English Heraldry is calculated to throw
+but little light upon either its true character or its history. In
+addition, however, to the various and numerous official documents of the
+Heralds’ College, several examples of one particular class of heraldic
+record have been preserved, the value of which cannot be too highly
+estimated. These are ROLLS OF ARMS--long, narrow strips of parchment, on
+which are written lists of the names and titles of certain personages,
+with full descriptions of their armorial insignia. The circumstances
+under which these Rolls were prepared are obviously not identical and
+for the most part unknown: but, the exact accuracy of their statements
+has been established beyond all question by careful and repeated
+comparison with Seals and other Monuments, and also with Documents which
+give only an indirect and yet not the less conclusive corroboration to
+the records of the Rolls of Arms themselves. The earliest of these Rolls
+at present known date about A.D. 1240 to 1245; and since in these
+earliest Rolls a very decided technical language is uniformly adopted,
+and the descriptions are all given in palpable accordance with fixed
+rules which must then have been well understood, we infer that by the
+end of the first half of the thirteenth century there was in existence a
+system for the regulation of such matters. Heraldry was perhaps
+recognised as a Science, with fixed terms and rules for describing
+heraldic devices and figures, and established laws to direct the
+granting, the assuming, and the bearing of arms.
+
+The most interesting of these early heraldic Rolls records, in a
+metrical form, and in Norman-French, the siege and capture of the
+fortress of Carlaverock, on the Scottish border, by EDWARD I., in the
+year 1300. In addition to very curious descriptions of the muster of the
+Royal troops at Carlisle, their march northwards, and the incidents of
+the siege (which last have a strange resemblance to what Homer has
+recorded of incidents that took place during the siege of Troy), this
+Roll gives some graphic personal sketches of the princes, nobles,
+bannerets, and knights, whose banners and shields of arms are set forth
+in it with minute exactness. This Roll, as well as several others, has
+been published, with translations and very valuable notes.
+
+In the Manuscript Collections of the British Museum also, and of other
+Libraries both public and private, and in the County Histories, and
+other works of a cognate character, there are many documents which
+contain various important records and illustrations of early English
+Heraldry.
+
+In any references to authorities, that it may appear desirable for me to
+make in the course of this and the following chapters, I must be as
+concise as possible. A direct reference to Seals, Effigies, &c., will be
+necessary in each case: but, in referring to Rolls of Arms, it will be
+sufficient to denote the period of the authority in general terms.
+Accordingly, I shall refer, not to each particular Roll, but
+collectively to those of each of the following reigns--HENRY III.,
+EDWARD I., EDWARD II., EDWARD III., and RICHARD II.; and these
+references will severally be made thus,--(H. 3), (E. 1), (E. 2), (E. 3),
+and (R. 2).
+
+Amongst the earliest Shields and Banners of Arms, all of them remarkable
+for their simplicity, many are found to be without any device whatever,
+their distinction consisting simply in some peculiarity in the
+colouring. Such examples may be considered to have been derived from
+pre-heraldic times, and transmitted, without any change or addition, to
+later periods. The renowned Banner of the Knights Templars, by them
+called _Beauseant_, No. 13, is black above and white below, which is
+said to have denoted that, while fierce to their foes, they were
+gracious to their friends. An ancient Banner of the Earl of Leicester
+(H. 3) is white and red, the division being made by a vertical indented
+line; No. 14. This design, however, was not the coat of arms of the
+earl. The Shield of the ducal House of Brittany, closely connected with
+the Royal Family of England, is simply of the fur ermine; No. 15. The
+Shield of Waldegrave is silver and red, as in No. 16: and that of Fitz
+Warine (H. 3), also of silver and red, is treated as in No. 17.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 13.--Banner of Templars.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 14.--Banner of Leicester.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 15.--Brittany.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 16.--Waldegrave.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 17.--Fitz Warine.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 18.--Shield at Whitworth.]
+
+Some of the earliest of the simple devices of true Heraldry were
+evidently adopted from the _structural formation_ (or from a _structural
+strengthening_) of the Shields, on which they were displayed. Thus,
+a raised border, and bands of metal variously disposed in order to
+impart additional strength to a shield, with distinct colouring, would
+produce a series of heraldic compositions. A good example occurs in the
+shield of an early Effigy at Whitworth, Durham, No. 18, in which the
+heads of the rivets or screws employed to fix the border on the shield,
+appear to have been made to assume the character of heraldic additions
+to the simple border and horizontal bands. Other primary devices of the
+same simple order, which in like manner may have had a structural
+origin, I shall consider in detail in subsequent chapters. (See
+particularly Chapter VI.)
+
+The central boss, at once an appropriate ornament of an early shield,
+and an important addition to its defensive qualities, when extended in
+the form of decorative metal-work, would readily suggest a variety of
+heraldic figures, and amongst others several beautiful modifications of
+a simple cruciform device which it might be made to assume. The figure
+called an escarbuncle, No. 19, is simply a shield-boss developed into
+decorative structural metal-work. This figure appears in the Temple
+Church, London, upon the shield of an Effigy, which Mr. J. Gough Nichols
+has shown to have been incorrectly attributed to Geoffrey de Mandeville,
+Earl of Essex.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 19.--The Escarbuncle.]
+
+The greater number of the earliest devices that appear in English
+Heraldry were adopted for the express purpose of their having some
+_allusive association_, through a similarity of sound in their own names
+or descriptions with the names and titles or the territories of certain
+persons, dignities, and places. In exact accordance with the principles
+and aim of primitive mediæval Heraldry, and in perfect harmony with the
+sentiments and requirements of the age in which it grew up into a
+science, devices of this kind addressed themselves in very plain and
+expressive language to the men of their own era. In them they saw the
+kind of symbolical writing that they could remember, as well as
+understand. They also evidently liked the quaint style of suggestiveness
+that was a characteristic of these allusive devices: and, it is more
+than probable that there frequently lurked in them a humorous
+significance, which by no means tended to detract from their popularity.
+Devices of this same order have never ceased to be in favour with
+Heralds and lovers of Heraldry. They were used in the sixteenth century
+at least as commonly as in the thirteenth; but, as would be expected, in
+the later period they often became complicated, far-fetched, and
+extravagant.
+
+This allusive quality, distinguished in English Heraldry as “_canting_,�
+has commonly been misunderstood, and therefore incorrectly estimated, by
+modern writers, who have supposed it to be a fantastic conceit of the
+Heralds of a degenerate age. By writers such as these, accordingly, all
+“_canting arms_� (by French Heralds called “_armes parlantes_�) have
+been absurdly assigned to a separate class, in their estimation having
+an inferior heraldic grade.
+
+The prevalence of the allusive quality in early arms may be assumed to
+have been even more general than is now apparent, since so many of the
+original echoes and allusions have become obscured or altogether lost in
+the lapse of time, and through the changes that have taken place since
+the accession of HENRY III. in the French language and in our own also.
+The use of the Latin language, again, in the Middle Ages led, at later
+periods, to translations of names; French names, too, were translated in
+the same manner into English equivalents: and, at other times, the sound
+of a Latin or a French (Anglo-Norman) name was transferred to an English
+representative having a somewhat similar sound, without the slightest
+reference to the original signification. Who, for example, in the name
+of MONTAGU now recognises instinctively the original allusion to a
+_mountain_ with its _sharply_ peaked crests, and so discerns the
+probable allusive origin of the _sharp_ triple points of the devices on
+the old Montacute shield, No. 20? It is easy to see how much must have
+been unconsciously done, by such changes in names and their
+associations, to obliterate what once was clear, significant, and
+expressive. I must be content here to give, simply by way of explanatory
+illustration, a very few examples of allusive arms; and, in so doing, it
+may be well for me to observe that the early Heralds of our country
+always employed the French language as it was spoken in their own times
+in England as well as in France. In the time of HENRY III., G. de Lucy
+has for his arms _three lucies_--fish now known as pike: Robert Quency
+has a _quintefueil_--a flower of five leaves: Thos. Corbett has _two
+corbeaux_--ravens: A. de Swyneburne has “_trois testes de
+senglier_�--three heads of the wild boar, or _swine_: (E. 2), Sir R. de
+Eschales has _six escallops_--_shells_: Sir G. de Trompintoun, of
+Trumpington, near Cambridge, has _two trompes_--trumpets: Sir J. Bordoun
+has _three bourdons_--pilgrim’s staves: Sir G. Rossel has _three roses_:
+and Sir O. Heron has the same number of _herons_. So also, for the
+Spanish provinces Castile and Leon, a _castle_ and a _lion_: for
+Falconer, a _falcon_: Butler, _cups_: Forester, _bugle-horns_: Arundel,
+_hirondelles_--swallows: Wingfield, _wings_: Shelley, _shells_: Pigot,
+_pick-axes_: Leveson, _leaves_: and Martel, _martels_--hammers. The
+_Broom-plant_ with its seed-pods, in Latin _Planta genista_, No. 21,
+gave its name to the PLANTAGENET Dynasty. I shall hereafter add several
+other curious examples of devices of this class, when treating of
+_Badges_, _Rebuses_, and _Mottoes_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 20.--Shield of Montacute.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 21.--Planta Genista.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 22.--WILLIAM I.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 23.--Saxon Princes.]
+
+There is one class of early arms, which it is important that students of
+Armory should observe with especial care, lest they be led by them into
+unexpected errors. These are arms that were invented _after_ Heraldry
+had been established, and then were assigned to personages of historical
+eminence who had lived and died _before_ the true heraldic era. In the
+days in which every person of prominence bore heraldic arms, and when
+Heraldry had attained to high renown, it was natural enough to consider
+that suitable armorial devices and compositions should be assigned to
+the men of mark in earlier ages, both to distinguish them in accordance
+with the usage then prevalent, and to treat their memory with becoming
+honour. Such arms were also in a sense necessary to their descendants
+for the purposes of quartering. No proof can be shown that the arms said
+to have been borne by WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR are not of this order--made
+for him, that is, and attributed to him in after times, but of which he
+himself had no knowledge. These arms, No. 22, differ from the true Royal
+Insignia of England only in there being _two_, instead of _three_, lions
+displayed upon the shield. The arms of EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, No. 2, were
+certainly devised long after his death, and they appear to have been
+suggested to the heralds of HENRY III. by one of the Confessor’s coins:
+the shield is blue, and the cross and five birds (martlets) are gold. In
+like manner, the arms attributed to the earlier Saxon Sovereigns of
+England, No. 23, a gold cross upon blue, are really not earlier than the
+thirteenth century. The arms, No. 2, having been assigned to ST. EDWARD,
+a patron saint of mediæval England, were long regarded with peculiar
+reverence. I have placed them, drawn from a fine shield of the
+thirteenth century in Westminster Abbey, to take a part in forming a
+group at the head of my Preface, with the shields of the two other
+saintly Patrons of “old England,� ST. GEORGE and ST. EDMUND, No. 1 and
+No. 3--a red cross on a silver shield, and three golden crowns upon a
+shield of blue.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+  _The English Heraldry that is now in existence-- First Debasement
+  of Heraldry-- Later Debasement-- Revival of English Heraldry--
+  Heraldic Art._
+
+  “Sans changer.�
+    --MOTTO OF STANLEY.
+
+
+English Heraldry, as it exists amongst us in our own times, is the very
+same Heraldry that flourished under the kindly influences of the
+greatest of the Plantagenets, though perhaps modified in some details by
+changed circumstances. It is not of a new, but of the old, Heraldry of
+England that I am setting forth the elements. Our Heraldry has had to
+pass from good days to bad ones: and, having gone through the worst of
+bad days, the circle at length has revolved, so that we are witnessing
+the happy change of a vigorous heraldic revival. Heraldry already enjoys
+a very great popularity; and, without a doubt, it will become still more
+popular, in the degree that it is better and more generally understood.
+For its complete ultimate success, the present revival of true English
+Heraldry must mainly depend upon the manner in which we apply the
+lessons that may be learned by us, no less from the warnings of the
+recent evil days of the science, than from the example of the brilliant
+ones that preceded them long ago. Nor should we deal faithfully with our
+revived Heraldry, were we not to form a just estimate of whatever was
+imperfect in the best era of its early history, in order to apply to
+present improvement the lessons that thus also may be learned. It must
+be admitted that the Heralds and Heraldic writers of the 17th century,
+following the footsteps of some of their immediate predecessors, led the
+way towards the thorough debasement of their own science. Their example
+was not without effect upon those who followed them--men quite equal to
+the perpetration of whatever had not been already done to bring Heraldry
+into contempt. This was accomplished first, by gravely discoursing, in
+early heraldic language, upon the imaginary Heraldry of the patriarchal
+and antediluvian worthies: making a true coat of arms of Joseph’s “coat
+of many colours,� giving armorial ensigns to David and Gideon, to Samson
+and Joshua, to “that worthy gentilman Japheth,� to Jubal and Tubal-Cain,
+and crowning the whole by declaring that our common progenitor, Adam,
+bore on his own red shield Eve’s shield of silver, after the mediæval
+fashion that would denote his wife to have been an heiress!
+
+Then there set in a flood of allegorical and fantastic absurdities, by
+which the fair domain of Heraldry was absolutely overwhelmed. Wild and
+strange speculations, in a truly vain philosophy, interwoven with
+distorted images of both the myths and the veritable records of classic
+antiquity, were either deduced from armorial blazonry, or set forth as
+the sources from whence it was developed. Fables and anecdotes, having
+reference to less remote eras, were produced in great variety and in
+copious abundance. The presence in blazon of animated beings of
+whatsoever kinds, whether real or fabulous, led to rambling
+disquisitions in the most ludicrously _un_natural of imaginary Natural
+History. From every variety also of inanimate figure and device, the
+simplest no less than the more elaborate, after the same fashion some
+“moral� was sought to be extracted. The technical language, too, of the
+early Heralds, had its expressive simplicity travestied by a complicated
+jargon, replete with marvellous assertions, absurd doctrines, covert
+allusions devoid of consistent significance, quaint and yet trivial
+conceits, and bombastic rhapsodies. Even the nomenclature of the
+Tinctures was not exempt from a characteristic course of “treatment,�
+two distinctive additional sets of titles for gold, silver, blue, red,
+&c., having been devised and substituted for those in general use (see
+Chapter V.); of these the one set was derived from the names of the
+_Planets_, and employed to emblazon the insignia of Sovereign Princes;
+and the other set, derived from the names of _Jewels_, was applied to
+the arms of Nobles. In the midst of all the rubbish, however, which they
+thus delighted to accumulate, there may generally be discovered in the
+works of writers of this class, here and there, references to earlier
+usages and illustrations of original principles which, in the extreme
+dearth of genuine early heraldic literature, are both interesting and of
+real value. Nor are these writings without their value, estimated from
+another point of view, as contemporaneous and unconscious commentaries
+upon the history of their own times. It must be added that, in more than
+a few instances, beneath the surface there lurks a vein of both
+political and personal allusion, of which the point and bearing now are
+altogether lost, or at the most are only open to conjecture and surmise.
+And, again, even in their most extravagant and frivolous lucubrations,
+the heraldic writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are not
+without touches of humour; as when Gerard Legh (A.D. 1562), discoursing
+of “beastes,� remarks of the “Ramme� that in “aucthoritye he is a Duke,
+for hee hath the leadyng of multitudes and flockes of his own kynde;�
+and of the ass, “I could write much of this beaste, but that it might be
+thought it were to mine own glorie.�
+
+The adoption of additional quarterings for the purpose of display, and
+the introduction of more complicated compositions in the time of
+HENRY VIII., were speedily followed by the substitution of pictorial
+representations, often of a most frivolous and inconsistent character,
+and many of them altogether unintelligible without written explanations,
+instead of the simple, dignified, and expressive insignia of true
+Heraldry. For example, in the year 1760, a grant of arms was made to a
+Lincolnshire family named Tetlow, which, with thirteen other figures,
+includes the representation of a book duly clasped and ornamented,
+having on it a silver penny; while above the book rests a dove, holding
+in its beak a crow-quill! This was to commemorate one of the family
+having, with a crow-quill, actually achieved the exploit of writing the
+Lord’s Prayer within the compass of a silver penny. Amongst the most
+objectionable of the arms of this class are those which were granted to
+distinguished naval and military officers--arms, that certainly ought to
+have conferred fresh honour on illustrious names, instead of inflicting
+dishonour upon Heraldry itself. Battles by sea and land, landscapes and
+sea views and fortified cities, flags of all kinds, with medals and
+ribbons, all of them intermixed with devices not quite so unheraldic,
+abound in these extravagant compositions. The arms of Lord Nelson, and
+still more recently those of General Lord Gough, may be specified as
+flagrant examples of this degenerate pictorial Heraldry. The Duke of
+Wellington happily escaped a similar infliction. It would be but too
+easy to enumerate other equally inconsistent and unheraldic
+compositions: but, I must be content to refer only to the armorial
+shield granted to the great astronomer, Sir John Herschel, on which is
+displayed his forty-foot reflecting telescope, with all its apparatus!
+These, and all such violations of heraldic truth and consistency, though
+in some instances they are of very recent date, are now to be assigned
+to a closed chapter in the history of English Heraldry. But in
+considering them it must not be forgotten that this kind of grant was
+not confined to this country, but flourished to a still greater extent
+abroad.
+
+In our present revival of English Heraldry, it is essential that we
+impress upon our minds a correct conception of the twofold character of
+all Heraldry--that it is a _Science_, and also that it is an _Art_. We
+have to vindicate the reputation of our Heraldry, as well in the one
+capacity as in the other. Of very noble heraldic Art we happily possess
+original examples in great numbers, which have been bequeathed to us, as
+a precious inheritance, from “the brave days of old.� The style of Art
+that we see exemplified in these early authorities we may accept almost
+unreservedly as our own style; and we must aspire to sympathise heartily
+with their genuine heraldic feeling. In our representation, also, of
+almost all inanimate and natural objects in our own armorial
+compositions, as a general rule, we may trust confidently to the same
+good guidance. The early method of representation, indeed, must form the
+basis of our system of treatment; and, we may faithfully adhere to this
+rule, and yet occasionally we may find it to be desirable that the form
+and the accessories of some devices should be adapted to modern
+associations. In truth, it is not by merely copying the works of even
+the greatest of the early heraldic artists, that we are to become
+masters in heraldic Art. When the copies are good, copying is always
+valuable, as a branch of study; but, if it be our highest and only aim
+to reproduce the expressions of other men’s thoughts, then copying is
+worse than worthless. What we have to do is to express our heraldic Art
+in the spirit of the early Heralds, to keep it in harmony with what, in
+the best of the early days, they would have accepted as the highest
+heraldic Art, and at the same time to show that our heraldic Art in very
+truth is our own.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 24.--Prince JOHN OF ELTHAM, A.D. 1336.]
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 25, 26.--Badge of RICHARD II., Westminster Hall.]
+
+The treatment of animate creatures in Heraldry requires a certain kind,
+and also a certain degree, of conventionalism. Here, as before, in the
+early Heralds we have excellent masters; but, here we must follow their
+teaching with more of reserve, and with cautious steps. We recognise the
+happy consistency of the conventionalism which they displayed in their
+representation of animate creatures, without any purpose to adopt it in
+the same degree with them. Had the early Heralds been more familiar with
+the living presence of the various creatures that they summoned to enter
+into their service, without a doubt they would have represented them
+with a much closer conformity to Nature. We must apply our better
+knowledge, as we may feel confident the early Heralds would have applied
+a similar knowledge had they been able to have acquired it. Heraldic
+animals of every kind--lions, eagles, dolphins, and all others--must be
+so far subjected to a conventional treatment, that they will not exhibit
+a _strictly_ natural appearance: and, on the other hand, being carefully
+preserved from all exaggerated conventionalisms, they must approach as
+near to Nature as a definite conventional rendering of natural truth
+will admit. The lions of the early Heralds, spirited beasts always,
+generally show a decided disposition to exhibit their heraldic
+sympathies in excess. They have in them rather too much that is heraldic
+conventionalism, and not quite enough that is natural lion. And, with
+the first symptoms of decline in heraldic Art, the treatment of lions
+showed signs of a tendency to carry conventionalism to the utmost
+extravagance. The same remarks are applicable to eagles. It must be
+added, however, that truly admirable examples of heraldic animals
+occasionally may be found as late even as the commencement of the
+sixteenth century, as in the chantry of Abbot Ramryge, in the Abbey
+Church at St. Alban’s, and in King’s College Chapel at Cambridge. It
+must be our care to blend together the true attributes of the living
+lion and eagle, and those also of other living creatures, with the
+traditional peculiarities of their heraldic representatives. And we must
+extend the corresponding application of the same principles of treatment
+to imaginary beings and heraldic monsters, as they occur in our
+Heraldry. The shield, No. 24, of Prince JOHN OF ELTHAM, younger brother
+of EDWARD III., finely sculptured with his effigy in alabaster, in
+Westminster Abbey (A.D. 1336), and in perfect preservation, gives us
+characteristic examples of lions of the best heraldic era, their frames,
+attenuated as they are, being perfect types of fierce elasticity. With
+this shield may be grouped others, having admirably suggestive examples
+of heraldic lions of a somewhat later date, which are preserved upon the
+monuments of EDWARD III. and the BLACK PRINCE, severally at Westminster
+and Canterbury. I shall refer to these fine shields again, and to other
+admirable examples with them, hereafter (Chapter IX.). The
+conventionalism in all these examples, however felicitous the manner in
+which it is treated in them, is very decidedly exaggerated. These
+examples, and others such as these, are not the less valuable to us
+because their teaching includes an illustration of the excesses that we
+must always be careful to avoid. I may here observe, that on the subject
+of armorial Art I leave my examples (all of them selected from the most
+characteristic authorities, and engraved with scrupulous fidelity) for
+the most part to convey their own lessons and suggestions: my own
+suggestion to students being that, in such living creatures as they may
+represent in their compositions, while they are careful to preserve
+heraldic consistency and to express heraldic feeling, they exhibit
+beauty of form coupled with freedom of action and an appropriate
+expression. “Freedom of action� I intend to imply more than such skilful
+drawing, as will impart to any particular creature the idea of free
+movement of frame and limb: it refers also to repeated representations
+of the same creature, under the same heraldic conditions of motive and
+attitude. And, here “freedom of action� implies those slight, yet
+significant, modifications of minor details which, without in the least
+degree affecting armorial truth, prevent even the semblance of
+monotonous reiteration. Thus, at Beverley, in the Percy Shrine in the
+Minster, upon a shield of England the three lions are all heraldically
+the same; but, there is nothing of sameness in them nevertheless,
+because in each one there is some little variety in the turn of the
+head, or in the placing of the paws, or in the sweep of the tail. And
+again, in Westminster Hall, the favourite badge of Richard II., a white
+hart, chained, and in an attitude of rest, is repeated as many as
+eighty-three times; and all are equally consistent with heraldic truth
+and accuracy, without any one of them being an exact counterpart of any
+other. In Nos. 25 and 26 two examples are shown from this remarkable
+series of representations of this beautiful badge, each one different
+from the other, and yet both really the same.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION I
+
+  _The Language of Heraldry-- The Nomenclature-- Style and Forms of
+  Expression-- Blazon-- The Shield: its Parts, Points, Divisions,
+  Dividing Lines, Varieties of Form, and Heraldic Treatment._
+
+  “The shield hangs down on every breast.�
+    --LORD OF THE ISLES.
+
+
+THE LANGUAGE OF HERALDRY.--The original language of English Heraldry was
+the Norman-French, which may also be designated Anglo-Norman, habitually
+spoken at the Court of England in the early heraldic era. After a while,
+a mixed language succeeded, compounded of English and the original
+Norman-French; and this mixed language still continues in use.
+
+NOMENCLATURE.--Like its language, the Nomenclature of English Heraldry
+is of a mixed character, in part technical and peculiar to itself, and
+in part the same that is in common use. Thus, many of the figures and
+devices of Heraldry have their peculiar heraldic names and titles, while
+still more bear their ordinary designations. Descriptive terms, whether
+expressed in English or in French (Anglo-Norman), are generally employed
+with a special heraldic intention and significance. In the earliest Roll
+of Arms known to be now in existence, which was compiled (as appears
+from internal evidence) between the years 1240 and 1245, the
+Nomenclature is the same that is found in Rolls and other heraldic
+documents of a later date. This fact of the existence of a definite
+Nomenclature at that time, proves that before the middle of the
+thirteenth century the Heraldry of England was subject to a systematic
+course of treatment, and had become established and recognised as a
+distinct and independent Science.
+
+STYLE AND FORMS OF EXPRESSION.--With the Nomenclature, a settled Style
+and certain fixed technical Forms of Expression were introduced and
+accepted in the thirteenth century; and, since that period, the Style
+and Forms of Expression have undergone only such comparatively slight
+modifications as tended to render them both more complete and more
+consistent. As it was at the first, it still is the essence of heraldic
+language to be concise yet complete, expressive, and also abounding in
+suggestions. Not a syllable is expressed that is not absolutely
+necessary; not a syllable omitted, the absence of which might possibly
+lead to any doubt or uncertainty. In the more matured style, the
+repetition of any important word in the same sentence is scrupulously
+avoided; and, where it would be required, another form of expression is
+substituted in its stead. Much meaning also is left to be implied and
+understood, through inference, either based upon certain accepted rules
+and established heraldic usages for the arrangement of the words and
+clauses of a sentence, or derived from the natural qualities and
+characteristic conditions of certain figures and devices: but, nothing
+is ever left to be inferred when an uncertain inference might possibly
+be adopted, or that can be understood clearly and with certainty only by
+means of an explicit statement. Superfluous words and particles of all
+kinds are altogether omitted. Descriptive epithets follow the nouns to
+which they refer: as, a _red cross_ is styled a _cross gules_. The
+general rules, by which the arrangement of the words in heraldic
+descriptive sentences is determined, will be found in the last
+subdivision of this chapter. Examples of heraldic Language,
+Nomenclature, Style and Forms of Expression, will be given in abundance
+throughout the following chapters and sections of this treatise. With
+these examples students will do well to familiarise themselves: then,
+let them prepare additional examples for that “practice,� which (as
+Parker’s “Glossary of Heraldry� says, p. 60) “alone will make perfect,�
+by writing down correct descriptions of heraldic compositions from the
+compositions themselves; after which process they may advantageously
+reverse the order of their study, and make drawings of these same (or,
+if they prefer it, of some other) heraldic compositions from their own
+written descriptions of them.
+
+When any heraldic description of a figure, device, or composition has
+been completed, a statement is made to signify the person, family,
+community, or realm whose armorial ensign it may be. This is done by
+simply writing the appropriate name, after the last word of the
+description; or, by prefixing the word “for� before the name when it is
+placed in the same position. Thus, a description of the three lions of
+England is to be followed by the word--“ENGLAND�; or, by the
+formula--“for ENGLAND.� If preferred, with equal consistency the
+arrangement may be reversed, and the Name, with or without the prefix
+“for,� may precede the description: thus--“ENGLAND,� or “For ENGLAND,�
+three lions, &c. It is to be borne in remembrance, that armorial ensigns
+are personal inheritances, and--with the exception of Sovereign
+Princes--by comparison but very rarely relate to _Titles_ and
+_Dignities_.
+
+BLAZON, BLAZONING, BLAZONRY.--When a knight entered the lists at a
+tournament, his presence was announced by sound of trumpet or horn,
+after which the officers of arms, the official Heralds, declared his
+armorial insignia--they “blazoned� his Arms. This term, “to blazon,�
+derived from the German word “_blasen_,� signifying “to blow a blast on
+a horn� (or, as one eminent German Herald prefers, from the old German
+word “_blaze_� or “_blasse_,� “a mark� or “sign�), in Heraldry really
+denotes either to _describe_ any armorial figure, device, or composition
+in correct heraldic language; or to _represent_ such figure, device, or
+composition accurately in form, position, arrangement, and colouring.
+But, as a matter of practical usage, pictorial representation is usually
+allied to the word “emblazon.� The word “blazon� also, as a noun, may be
+employed with a general and comprehensive signification to denote
+“Heraldry.�
+
+THE SHIELD:--ITS PARTS, POINTS, AND DIVISIONS.--Their Shield, which the
+knights of the Middle Ages derived from the military usage of antiquity,
+and which contributed in so important a degree to their own defensive
+equipment, was considered by those armour-clad warriors to be peculiarly
+qualified to display their heraldic blazonry. And, in later times, when
+armour had ceased to be worn, and when shields no longer were actually
+used, a Shield continued to be regarded as the most appropriate vehicle
+for the same display. The Shield, then, which with its armorial devices
+constitutes a _Shield of Arms_, always is considered to display its
+blazonry upon its face or external surface. This blazoned surface of his
+shield the bearer, when holding it before his person, presents (or would
+present, were he so to hold it) towards those who confront him. The
+right and the left sides of the person of the bearer of a Shield,
+consequently, are _covered_ by the right and left (in heraldic language,
+the _dexter_ and _sinister_) sides of his shield: and so, from this it
+follows that the dexter and sinister sides of a Shield of Arms are
+severally _opposite_ to the left and the right hands of all observers.
+The Parts and Points of an heraldic Shield, which is also entitled an
+“_Escutcheon_,� are thus distinguished:--
+
+  [Illustration: No. 27.]
+
+  No. 27. A, _The chief_:
+          B, _The Base_:
+          C, _The Dexter Side_:
+          D, _The Sinister Side_:
+          E, _The Dexter Chief_:
+          F, _The Sinister Chief_:
+          G, _The Middle Chief_:
+          H, _The Dexter Base_:
+          I, _The Sinister Base_:
+          K, _The Middle Base_:[2]
+          L, _The Honour Point_:
+          M, _The Fesse Point_.
+
+    [Footnote 2: This term is very seldom if ever used.]
+
+In blazoning the Divisions of a Shield, the term “_Per_,� signifying “in
+the direction of,� is employed sometimes alone, and sometimes (having
+the same signification) preceded by the word “parted� or “party.� The
+primary Divisions of a Shield are indicated in the following diagrams,
+Nos. 28-35:--
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 28-30, 31-33, 34-35.]
+
+No. 28. _Per Pale_, or _Parted per Pale_, or _Party per Pale_.
+
+No. 29. _Per Fesse_, or _Parted per Fesse_.
+
+No. 30. (Nos. 28 and 29 together) _Per Cross_, or _Quarterly_ (the
+latter is the more usual term).
+
+No. 31. _Per Bend._ No. 32. _Per Bend Sinister._
+
+No. 33. (Nos. 31 and 32 together) _Per Saltire._
+
+No. 34. _Per Chevron._
+
+No. 35. Tierced in pale (divided into three equal divisions by two
+vertical lines), a form seldom met with in English Heraldry. Technically
+this in English Heraldry is simply the representation of a pale. (See
+No. 87.)
+
+To these divisions should strictly be added the further division
+_gyronny_ (No. 147); but neither the term _per_ nor _parted per_ is
+ever employed in this connection. As will be seen, it is a combination
+of the forms shown in Nos. 30 and 33.
+
+A Shield may be further divided and subdivided, thus:--
+
+  [Illustration: No. 36.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 37.]
+
+It may be divided into any number of _Quarterings_ by lines drawn _per
+pale_ and _per fesse_, cutting each other, as in No. 36, which Shield is
+_quarterly of eight_: in like manner the _Quarterings_ of any Shield,
+whatever their number (which need not be an even number), are blazoned
+as, _quarterly of twelve, &c._ This, to whatever extent the dividing of
+the Shield may be carried, is _simple Quartering_. Again: a quartered
+Shield may have one or more of its primary quarters, or every one of
+them, _quartered_: this, which is the subdivision of a part, _the
+quartering of quarters_, is _compound Quartering_: for example, in No.
+37, the Shield is first divided into the _four primary quarters_,
+severally marked A, B, C, D; then, so far as the quarters A, B, D are
+concerned, the “simple quartering� is subjected to the process of
+“compound quartering,� and quarters A, D are _quarters quarterly_, and B
+is _a quarter quarterly of six_, while C remains unaffected by the
+secondary process. The terms “_quarterly quartering_� and “_quarterly
+quartered_� are used to signify such secondary quartering as is
+exemplified in A, B, D of No. 37. The four primary quarters (A, B, C,
+D of No. 37) are distinguished as _Grand Quarters_: consequently, the
+quarter B of this example is the _second grand quarter, quarterly of
+six_. This term “Grand Quarter� may be employed to distinguish any
+primary quarter when any quarter in the Shield is “quarterly quartered.�
+
+DIVIDING and BORDER LINES, in addition to simple right lines and curves,
+assume the forms that are represented in the next diagram, No. 38:--
+
+  [Illustration: No. 38.]
+
+  No. 38.  A. _Indented_
+           B. _Dancetté_
+           C. _Wavy_ or _Undée_ (2 varieties)
+           D. _Engrailed_
+           E. _Invected_ or _Invecked_
+           F. _Embattled_
+           G. _Raguly_
+           H. _Nebuly_ (2 varieties)
+           I. _Dovetailed_
+
+Two others, less frequently met with, however, are _rayonné_ and
+_flory-counter-flory_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 39.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 40.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 41.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 42.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 43.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 44.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 45.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 46.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 47.]
+
+THE SHIELD: ITS VARIETIES OF FORM.--The front face of an heraldic Shield
+is generally flat; but sometimes the curved edges are made to appear as
+if they had been slightly rounded off. Some early Shields are
+represented as _bowed_--hollowed, that is, in order to cover more
+closely the person of the bearer, and consequently having a convex
+external contour, as in No. 39. In early examples of bowed Shields the
+whole of the armorial blazonry is sometimes displayed on the face of
+that portion of the Shield which is shown. A _ridge_, dividing them in
+pale, but not necessarily in any way acting as an heraldic dividing
+line, appears in many Shields, and particularly in those of the
+fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The large elongated Shields that have
+been entitled “kite-shaped,� and which were in use in the days of
+RICHARD I. and amongst the Barons of Magna Charta, were superseded by
+the smaller “heater-shaped� Shield as early as the reign of HENRY III.
+The most beautiful forms of this Shield are represented in Nos. 40, 41,
+and 42: of these, No. 40 has its curves described about the sides of an
+inverted equilateral triangle, and then they are prolonged by vertical
+lines towards the chief: in Nos. 41, 42, the sides curve from the chief
+to the base. The forms of Shields admit of various slight modifications,
+to adjust them to varying conditions. Towards the close of the
+fourteenth century the form of the Shield is found to undergo some
+singular changes: and, at later periods, changes in form of this kind
+became generally prevalent. Nos. 43, 44, exemplify such changes as
+these: they also show the curved notch that was cut in the dexter chief
+of the Shields of the same periods, to permit the lance to pass through
+it as the Shield hung down on the breast: a Shield so pierced is said to
+be _à bouche_. The Surface of the Shield, No. 43, which is in the
+Episcopal palace at Exeter, is wrought into a series of shallow hollows,
+which curve gracefully from the central ridge, some to the dexter, and
+others to the sinister. Such a Shield as this may be consistently used
+in our own Heraldry: but, since now we do not associate lances laid in
+rest with our heraldic Shields, it appears desirable that we should not
+draw our Shields _à bouche_. In recent Heraldry the Shield has commonly
+been made to appear such an unsightly and un-heraldic deformity as is
+represented in No. 45. Instead of a true heraldic Shield also, a rounded
+oval with a convex surface, called a _cartouche_, or _cartouche shield_,
+No. 46, is occasionally used for the display of armorial blazonry; or a
+circle is substituted for such an oval. These cartouches probably owe
+their origin to the usage of placing a Garter of the Order about a
+Shield (prevalent in the fifteenth century), and to a subsequent period,
+when we find the omission of the exact outline of the actual Shield. But
+their frequent appearance in Ecclesiastical Heraldry suggests that
+perhaps they were deliberately preferred to the purely military shield.
+A _Lozenge_, No. 47, takes the place of a Shield to bear the arms of
+Ladies, with the exception of the Sovereign; this very inconvenient
+substitute for the heraldic Shield was introduced early in the
+fourteenth century.
+
+THE SHIELD: ITS HERALDIC TREATMENT.--When a Shield is represented as
+standing erect, it is not necessary to specify that fact, since such a
+position may be assumed for a Shield unless another be set forth in
+blazoning. Shields are sometimes made to appear suspended by the
+_guige_, or shield-belt (which was worn by Knights to sustain and secure
+their Shields to their persons); in some Seals and generally in
+architectural compositions, Shields-of-Arms appear suspended, erect,
+from their guiges; at Westminster some of the earliest Shields are thus
+suspended, with a very happy effect, from two points of suspension, the
+guige passing over sculptured heads, as in No. 48, the Arms of Provence,
+borne by ALIANORE of Provence, Queen of HENRY III.--the _shield_ is
+_gold_, and on it are blazoned _four red pallets_. In Seals, the
+suspended Shield is generally represented hanging by the sinister-chief
+angle, as in No. 49; and it hangs thus diagonally from below the helm.
+A Shield thus placed is said to be “_couché_.� This arrangement is also
+frequently adopted, when a Shield or an Achievement of arms is not
+placed upon a Seal; but in any case the position has no importance
+except as a matter of artistic treatment.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 48.--Arms of Provence, Westminster Abbey.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 49.--Shield Couché.]
+
+The entire surface of every Shield is termed the “_Field_.� The same
+term is also applied to _every plain surface_. A Shield is said to be
+“borne� by the personage to whom it belongs: and, in its turn, the
+Shield “bears� whatever figures and devices may be displayed upon it;
+whence, all these figures and devices are entitled “_Bearings_� or
+“_Armorial Bearings_.� All figures and devices are also styled
+“_Charges_�; and they are said to be “_charged_� upon a Shield, Banner,
+or Surcoat, or upon one another. In blazoning, the field of the Shield
+is always first noticed and described: next follow the charges that rest
+upon the field of the Shield itself; then descriptions are given of the
+secondary bearings that are charged upon others of greater importance.
+As a general rule, of several charges which all alike rest immediately
+upon the field of the Shield, the most important is the first to be
+blazoned; so that the arrangement of blazoning is determined by the
+comparative dignity of the bearings, as well as by the degree in which
+charges are nearer to the field and further from beholders. In some
+cases, however, a bearing charged upon the field of a Shield and many
+times repeated on a small scale, is blazoned (for the sake of simplicity
+and clearness of expression) next to the field of the Shield
+itself:--thus, if a lion be charged on the field of a Shield, and a
+considerable number of crosses surround the lion, and, like him, are
+placed on the field of the Shield also--the field of the Shield is
+blazoned first, the crosses second, and the lion third; and, if a
+crescent (or other bearing) be charged upon the lion’s shoulder, it is
+the last in the blazon. In quartered Shields the blazoning commences
+afresh with each quartering. In blazoning armorial banners and
+horse-trappings, the latter often gorgeously enriched with heraldic
+blazonry, the dexter side of a flag is always next to the staff, and the
+head of a horse is supposed always to be looking towards the dexter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION II
+
+  _The Tinctures’ Metals-- Colours-- Furs-- Varied Fields-- Law of
+  Tinctures-- Counterchanging-- Diaper-- Disposition-- Blazoning in
+  Tinctures._
+
+  “All the devices blazoned on the Shield
+  In their own tinct�
+    --ELAINE.
+
+
+In English Heraldry the TINCTURES comprise _Two Metals_, _Five Colours_,
+and _Eight Furs_. They are symbolised or indicated by dots and lines--a
+very convenient system, said to have been introduced, about the year
+1630, by an Italian named Silvestre de Petrasancta. Some such
+symbolisation, however, may occasionally be found in anticipation of
+Petrasancta. The system now in use was not generally adopted till the
+commencement of the eighteenth century. This system is never officially
+employed in a matter of record, and is now being discarded by many
+artists. The Metals, Colours, and Furs are named, their names are
+abbreviated, and they are severally indicated, as follows:--
+
+  [Illustration: No. 50.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 51.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 52.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 53.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 54.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 55.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 56.]
+
+TWO METALS.
+
+                TITLES     ABBREVIATIONS     SYMBOLISATION.
+
+  1. Gold       _Or_           Or              No. 50.
+  2. Silver     _Argent_       Arg.            No. 51.
+
+FIVE COLOURS
+
+                TITLES     ABBREVIATIONS     SYMBOLISATION.
+
+  1. Blue       _Azure_       _Az._            No. 52.
+  2. Red        _Gules_       _Gu._            No. 53.
+  3. Black      _Sable_       _Sa._            No. 54.
+  4. Green      _Vert_        _Vert_           No. 55.
+  5. Purple     _Purpure_     _Purp._          No. 56
+
+(In French Heraldry, _Green_ is _Sinople_.)
+
+  [Illustration: No. 57.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 58.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 59.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 60.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 61.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 62.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 63.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 64.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 65.]
+
+EIGHT FURS (not abbreviated).
+
+       TITLES
+
+  1. _Ermine_,--black spots on white                      No. 57.
+  2. _Ermines_,--white spots on black                     No. 58.
+  3. _Erminois_,--black spots on gold                     No. 59.
+  4. _Pean_,--gold spots on black                         No. 60.
+  5. _Vair_,--alternate divisions of blue and white, Nos. 61, 62.
+  6. _Counter Vair_ (note difference of arrangement)      No. 63.
+  7. _Potent_ (note different shape of divisions)         No. 64.
+  8. _Counter Potent_                                     No. 65.
+
+Two other Colours, or tints of Colour, are sometimes heard of--_Tenne_,
+a tawny or orange colour, indicated by vertical lines crossing those of
+_Purpure_: and _Murrey_ or _Sanguine_, a dark crimson red, indicated by
+diagonal lines from both dexter and sinister, crossing each other. These
+two are sometimes termed stains, but their real usage was in liveries.
+The Furs, Nos. 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, and 65, are of comparatively rare
+occurrence, and do not appear in the best ages of Heraldry. _Vair_ and
+_Ermine_ are common. A good early form of _Vair_ is shown in No. 62: and
+in No. 57A, I give a fine example of the treatment of _Ermine_, from the
+monument of EDWARD III.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 57A.]
+
+In order to avoid repeating or referring to the word “_Or_,� the word
+“_Gold_� is sometimes used. The Furs, Nos. 61, 62, 63, 64, and 65, are
+always _argent_ and _azure_, unless some other metal and colour be named
+in the blazoning. Animated beings and all objects, that in Heraldry are
+represented in their natural aspect and colouring, are blazoned
+“_proper_� abbreviated _ppr._ Heraldic charges and compositions, when
+sketched in outline with pen and ink or with pencil, and with the
+colours _written_ thereon, are said to be “_tricked_,� or “_in trick_.�
+
+VARIED FIELDS.--It is not necessary that the Field of a Shield, or of
+any Bearing, should be of any one uniform tincture: but varied surfaces
+are usually tinctured of some one metal and some one colour alternating;
+and the patterns or devices thus produced are generally derived (the
+Furs, Nos. 61-65, which are good examples of varied surfaces, being the
+exceptions) from the forms of the original simple charges that are
+distinguished as _Ordinaries_ and _Subordinaries._ And these varied
+surfaces or fields are always _flat_; the whole of their devices or
+patterns are _level_, their metal and colour lying in the same plane. It
+is evident that, in representing any examples of this class, no shading
+is to be introduced to denote relief.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 66.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 67.]
+
+Should the field of any charge be divided into a single row of small
+squares, alternately, _e.g._ of a metal and a colour, as No. 66, it is
+_Componée_ or _Compony_ (sometimes written _gobony_): if into two such
+rows, as in No. 67, it is _Counter Compony_: but, if the field of a
+Shield, or the surface of any charge be divided into three, or more than
+three, such rows, it is _Chequée_ or _Checky_; thus, the Arms of the
+Earl de WARENNE are _Chequée or and az._, No. 68 (H. 3 and E. 2).
+
+THE LAW OF TINCTURES.--Every charge is supposed to rest upon the field
+of a Shield, or on the surface of some charge. It is a strict rule, that
+a charge of a metal must rest upon a field that is of a colour or fur;
+or, contrariwise, that a charge of a colour must rest on a field that is
+of a metal or fur,--that is, that _metal be not on metal, nor colour on
+colour_. This rule is modified in the case of _varied fields_, upon
+which may be charged a bearing of either a metal or a colour: also,
+a partial relaxation of the rule is conceded when one bearing is charged
+upon another, should the conditions of any particular case require such
+a concession. This rule does not apply to bordures, nor very stringently
+to augmentations or crests, and it is not so rigidly enforced in Foreign
+as in British Heraldry. There are, of course, a few exceptions, but they
+are not numerous, the one usually instanced as an intentional violation
+being the _silver_ armorial Shield of the CRUSADER KINGS of JERUSALEM,
+No. 69, upon which _five golden crosses_ are charged; the motive in this
+remarkable exception to an established rule being said to be to cause
+this Shield to be unlike that of any other potentate. What may be termed
+the accessories of a charge are not included in this law of tinctures:
+thus, a silver lion having a red tongue may be charged on a blue shield,
+and the red tongue may rest on the blue field of the Shield.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 69.--Arms of Jerusalem.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 70.--Arms of Fenwick.]
+
+COUNTERCHANGING is dividing the field of a Shield in such a manner that
+it is, _e.g._ in part of a metal and in part of a colour, and then
+arranging the charges in such a manner that they shall be reciprocally
+of the same colour and metal: thus, the shield of John Fenwick, No. 70
+(R. 2) is,--_per-fesse gu. and arg., six martlets, three, two, one,
+counterchanged_; that is, the field is red in chief and silver in base,
+and the birds or parts of the birds on the red field are silver, and
+those on the silver field are red.
+
+DIAPERING.--This term denotes a system of decorating plain surfaces in
+various ways, which was in great favour with the early heraldic artists.
+In the use of Diaper, which is often desirable when artistic reasons
+suggest its suitability, care must be taken that the decorative designs
+and patterns do not in any way admit of their being mistaken for
+charges. This diaper may be executed in low relief, subordinated to the
+relief of the charges; and it is not required to yield any obedience to
+the law of tinctures. In the Shield, No. 68 (the original, a very noble
+shield, is at Castle Acre Priory, Norfolk), which is simply _chequée_,
+the Diapering may be alternately azure and or on the squares that are
+alternately or and azure; or the Diaper may be dark blue, or sable, or
+argent on the azure squares, and on the golden ones whatever the artist
+might consider would be most effective; but the Diaper, in this and in
+all other examples, must always be subordinate to the area and tincture
+of the field. The finest known early example of heraldic Diaper in
+enamel, is the Shield of WILLIAM DE VALENCE, Earl of PEMBROKE, in
+Westminster Abbey, A.D. 1296. Very beautiful early examples of Diapering
+have been preserved in relics of heraldic stained glass.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 68.--Shield of Arms of Earl de Warrenne,
+  Castle Acre Priory, Norfolk.]
+
+DISPOSITION: BLAZONING.--By _Disposition_ is understood the placing and
+arranging of charges. A single important charge, which has not a fixed
+position of its own, is placed in the centre of any composition: and
+minor charges are arranged in their most natural and consistent order
+and positions, any deviation from which must be specified. A single
+charge, many times repeated, and small in size, whether with or without
+any special orderly disposition, is said to be _Semée_--strewn, that is,
+or scattered over the field, as seed is sown by the hand; or, if the
+charges are very small or very numerous, the term _poudrée_ or
+_powdered_ has sometimes been used. The expression--“_three, two, one_,�
+signifies that a charge is repeated six times, the Disposition being
+three in a horizontal row towards the chief of the Shield, then two in a
+similar row in the centre, and one in base. In the same manner, the
+expressions--“_four, four, one_,� “_four, three, two, one_,� “_three and
+one_,� &c., are used as occasion may require. For other dispositions of
+charges other appropriate terms will present themselves to our notice,
+growing out of our subject as it advances.
+
+Should a _Tincture_ or a _Number_ occur a second time in blazoning a
+single composition, it must be indicated, not by repeating the word
+already used, but by reference to it. Thus, if the tincture of the field
+should occur a second time, reference is made to it in the formula--“_of
+the field_:� or, perhaps more frequently--“_of the first_;� or, if the
+tincture that is named second in order in the blazoning be repeated, it
+is indicated by the expression--“_of the second_;� and so on. Again:
+should there be three fleurs de lys and also three crescents in one and
+the same composition, having specified the “three fleurs de lys,� the
+number of the crescents would be set forth in the words--“_as many_
+crescents:� providing nothing else has in the wording of the blazon
+intervened in such a way as to cause uncertainty by the use of the term;
+and so, in like manner, with any other numbers of these or of any other
+charges.
+
+In descriptive Blazoning, Epithets, which follow their own Nouns,
+precede the Tinctures that are associated with those nouns: thus,
+a black rampant lion having golden claws is blazoned,--_a lion rampt.
+sa., armed or_. In written and printed blazoning, the arrangement of the
+words and the placing the stops are alike matters of supreme importance.
+The sentences are to be short. A comma is to mark the end of each
+complete minor clause or division of a sentence: a colon, each more
+important clause. A point or period is to follow every abbreviated word,
+to mark the fact of the abbreviation, but without affecting the
+additional presence of a comma (as in the blazoning, “_a lion rampant
+sa._,�) or of a colon, as the case may be; but a second period is
+unnecessary. It is a very common error to overload heraldic blazoning
+with commas which, instead of aiding to simplify the sentences, obscure
+the meaning and perplex the reader. It is always correct to
+write--“_three lion’s heads_,� “_six pilgrim’s staves_,� &c.: and always
+incorrect to write--“_three lions’ heads_,� “_six pilgrims’ staves_,�
+&c.; but it is a point printers have an apparently invincible objection
+to accept.
+
+EMBLAZONING IN TINCTURES.--On this head I must be content to offer to
+students only a few brief practical observations. The metal _Gold_ may
+be rendered with gold prepared in small saucers, or (most
+advantageously) in minute slabs; this preparation is applied, like a
+common water-colour, by moistening the gold with water; and it is
+desirable previously to have washed the paper, card (or vellum) with
+diluted white of egg. Gold leaf may also be used, but the process is
+tedious, and requires both skill and experience to ensure complete
+success. Yellow paint, again, may be used to represent the metal, the
+best colours being _cadmium yellow_, or “_aureolin_� (Winsor and Newton)
+mixed with _Chinese white_. For shading, _carmine_, or _crimson lake_,
+mixed with gum. For _Silver_, _aluminium_ may be used with excellent
+effect; or _Chinese white_; or the paper may be left white: for shading,
+_grey_ (_blue_ and _Indian ink_ mixed) and gum. The Aluminium is
+prepared, like the gold, in minute slabs: it may be obtained, of great
+excellence, from Messrs. Winsor & Newton, by whom also a very pure
+preparation of gold is sold; but both the gold and the aluminium slabs
+are sold by all good artists’ colourmen. These Metals may be diapered,
+as well as burnished, with an agate-burnisher.
+
+For _Azure_:--_French blue_, freely mixed with _Chinese white_ and a
+very little gum, the colour to be laid on thick: shade with _Prussian
+blue_ mixed with a larger proportion of gum. For _Gules_:--_Orange
+vermilion_ either pure, or mixed with a very little _cadmium yellow_ or
+_Chinese white_, and still less gum: (never use a brilliant but most
+treacherous preparation known as “pure scarlet:�) shade with _carmine_
+or _crimson lake_, and gum. For _Vert_:--_emerald green_, with _Chinese
+white_ and a little gum: shade with dark green, made from mixing
+_aureolin_ (or _gamboge_) with _Prussian blue_ and gum. For
+_Purpure_:--mix _carmine_ and _French blue_, with a little gum: shade
+with a darker tint of the same. For _Sable_:--Very dark _grey_, made by
+mixing a little _Chinese white_ and gum with black: shade with black and
+more gum.
+
+When the Metals are rendered by gold and aluminium, it is desirable that
+these tinctures should be applied, and that the diapering and burnishing
+of the Metals should also be completed with the burnisher, before the
+adjoining colours are laid on. The burnishing may be executed in two or
+three hours after the Metals have been applied to the paper; and the
+paper should be placed upon a piece of glass during the processes of
+burnishing and diapering.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION III
+
+  _The Ordinaries:-- The Chief; Fesse; Bar; Pale; Cross, its heraldic
+  varieties; Bend; Saltire; Chevron; and Pile._
+
+  “Marks of Hereditary Honour, given or authorised by some supreme
+  Power.�
+    --SCIENCE OF HERALDRY.
+
+
+THE ORDINARIES.--The simple Charges of early Heraldry, which always have
+been held in the highest esteem and which are most familiar, are:--The
+_Chief_, the _Fesse_, the _Bar_, the _Pale_, the _Cross_, the _Bend_,
+the _Saltire_, the _Chevron_, and the _Pile_. They may be considered to
+have been derived from various means that were adopted to strengthen
+Shields for use in combat, the _Cross_ always being in great favour from
+having a definite symbolism of its own. These Ordinaries may be formed
+by any of the Border Lines, No. 38. Occasionally they are borne alone;
+but more generally they are associated with other bearings, or they have
+various figures and devices charged upon themselves. In some cases,
+presently to be specified, more than one Ordinary may appear in a single
+composition. The _Bar_, the _Pale_, the _Bend_, and the _Chevron_ have
+_Diminutives_. The _Cross_ has many _Varieties_.
+
+THE CHIEF (H. 3), bounded by a horizontal line, contains the uppermost
+third (or, in practice, somewhat less than the third, of the field of a
+Shield, as in No. 71. The Shield of LE BOTILER, No. 72, is--_Or, a chief
+indented az._ (H. 3). A Chief may be borne with any other Ordinary
+except the Fesse; it may also be charged with any other figures or
+devices:--thus, for Sire BERNARD DE BRUS, No. 73,--_Az., a chief and a
+saltire or_: for Sire JOHAN DE CLINTONE, No. 74,--_Arg., on a chief az.
+two fleurs de lys or_: and for Sire JOHAN DE CLINTONE de Madestoke, No.
+75,--_Arg., on a chief az. two mullets or_ (all E. 2). When any charge
+is set in the uppermost third of a Shield, or when several charges are
+disposed in a horizontal row across the uppermost part of a Shield, they
+all are said to be “_in Chief_.�
+
+  [Illustration: No. 71.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 72.--Le Botiler.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 73.--De Brus.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 74.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 75.--De Clintone.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 76.--De Clifford]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 77.--De Pateshulle.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 78.--Le Vavasour.]
+
+THE FESSE (H. 3), which crosses the centre of a Shield horizontally,
+when charged occupies about one-third (or rather less than one-third) of
+the field; but when without charges, it is usually drawn somewhat
+narrower. The Shield of Lord CLIFFORD is,--_Chequée or and az., a fesse
+gu._, No. 76. For ROBT. LE FITZ-WATER,--_Or, a fesse between two
+chevrons gu._: for JOHN DE PATESHULLE, No. 77,--_Arg., a fesse sa.,
+between three crescents gu._ (all H.3): for WILLIAM LE VAVASOUR, No.
+78,--_Or, a fesse dancette sa._: for DE HEMENHALE, No. 79,--_Or, on a
+fesse between two chevrons gu., three escallops arg._: and for DE
+DAGEWORTHE, No. 80,--_Erm., a fesse gu. bezantée_ (all E. 2). When they
+are disposed in a horizontal row across the centre of a Shield, Charges
+are “_in fesse_.�
+
+  [Illustration: No. 79.--De Hemenhale.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 80.--De Dageworthe.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 81.--De Harecourt.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 82.--Wake.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 83.--De Huntercumbe.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 84.--De la Mere.]
+
+THE BAR (H. 3), which may be placed horizontally in any part of the
+field except in fesse or at the chief of the Shield, is about one-fifth
+of the field (or sometimes less) in depth. A single bar very rarely
+occurs in blazon. Examples:--_Or, two bars gu._,--for DE HARECOURT, No.
+81: _Az., two bars dancettée or_,--for DE RIVERES: _Or, two bars gu., in
+chief three torteaux_,--for WAKE, No. 82. The Diminutive of the Bar is
+the _Barrulet_, one-half of its width. When they are disposed in
+couples, Barrulets are _Bars Gemelles_, these not being so deep as the
+barrulet: thus, No. 83,--for DE HUNTERCUMBE,--_Erm., two bars gemelles
+gu._ (H. 3). A Fesse or Bar, when placed between two similar figures
+narrower than barrulets, is said to be _cotised_ by them; or, to be
+“doubly cotised,� when placed between two bars gemelles: thus, for DE LA
+MERE, No. 84,--_Or, a fesse doubly cotised_ (or, _between two bars
+gemelles_) _az._ (E. 2). An _even_ number of bars alternately of a metal
+(or a fur) and a colour form the varied field which is to be blazoned
+“_barry_,� the number of the bars in every case to be specified--as,
+“_barry of six_,� “_barry of eight_,� &c. If the number of bars exceeds
+_eight_ (some writers say _ten_), it is “_barrulée_� or “_barruly_�; and
+in this case it is not necessary that the number of the bars should be
+specified, the word _barrulée_ being used alone, or the expression
+“_barrulée sans nombre_� to denote a considerable number, but not a
+fixed number of bars--the number, however, always to be _even_. But this
+is a modern refinement of blazon to which little if any attention was
+paid in early days. It is to be observed that while the bars, whatever
+their number, if they are blazoned as bars, are to be treated as if they
+were executed in relief upon the field of a Shield, a Shield that is
+barry or barrulée has its field formed by bars which are all in the same
+plane. Examples:--_Barry of six or and gu._, for FITZ ALAN of Bedale,
+No. 85: _Barry of six arg. and az._, for DE GREY: _Barry of eight or and
+az._,--for DE PENBRUGGE (all H. 3): _Barrulée arg. and az., an orle of
+martlets gu._,--for DE VALENCE, Earl of PEMBROKE, No. 86; in this
+example _ten_ bars are represented, but in the noble enamelled shield of
+the first De Valence (A.D. 1296) preserved in Westminster Abbey, the
+bars are _twenty-eight_ in number. Charges, not “in fesse� or “in
+chief,� that are disposed horizontally across the field are
+“_bar-wise_.�
+
+  [Illustration: No. 85.--Fitzalan of Bedale.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 86.--De Valence.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 87.--Erskine.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 88.--Grandison.]
+
+THE PALE.--Like the Fesse, this Ordinary occupies rather less than a
+central third of the field, but it is _vertical_ in its position instead
+of horizontal. No. 87, for ERSKINE, is--_Arg., a pale sa._ Its
+Diminutives, the _Pallet_ and the _Endorse_, severally one-half and
+one-fourth of its width, may be placed vertically in any part of the
+field. A Pale between two Endorses is “_endorsed_� but the term
+_cotised_ is also employed with this meaning. An _even_ number of
+Pallets of a metal (or a fur) and a colour set alternately, form the
+varied field to be blazoned “_paly_,� the number of the Pallets (which
+lie all in the same plane) always to be specified: thus--_Paly of six
+arg. and az., on a bend gu. three eaglets displayed or_, for GRANDISON,
+No. 88 (H. 3) Charges that are disposed one above another in a vertical
+row are “in pale.� This is the arrangement of the three golden lions of
+England.
+
+The CROSS (H. 3), formed from a combination of a Fesse with a Pale, in
+its simplest form is set erect in the centre of the field, and it
+extends to the border-lines of the Shield. If at any time it may be
+necessary or apparently desirable specially to set forth in the
+blazoning of a Shield, that a Cross charged upon it does thus extend to
+the border-lines, such a Cross is blazoned as a “_Cross throughout_.�
+No. 1, _Arg., a Cross gu._, the armorial ensign of ST. GEORGE, the
+special Patron Saint of England, may be blazoned as “_A Cross of St.
+George_.� Of this Cross, the great symbol of the Christian Faith,
+Spenser says--
+
+  “And on his brest a bloodie Cross he bore,
+  The deare remembrance of his dying Lord....
+  Upon his Shield the like was also scored.�
+
+  _Faerie Queen_, I. i. 2.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 89.--Cross fimbriated.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 90.--Cross pointed.]
+
+A Cross having a narrow border lying in the same plane with itself, is
+“fimbriated,� such a border being a “_fimbriation_�: thus, No. 89, _Az.,
+a cross gu., fimbriated arg._, represents the Cross of St. George in our
+National “Union Jack.� A Cross having its four extremities cut off
+square, so that it does not extend in any direction to the border-lines
+of the shield, is “_couped_� or “_humettée_�. If the extremities of a
+Cross are cut off to points, it is “_pointed_,� as in No. 90. If its
+central area is entirely removed, so that but little more than its
+outlines remain, it is “_voided_,� or (H. 3) “_a false Cross_� (“faux
+croix�): when its four limbs are _equal_ in length, it is a “_Greek
+Cross_,� as No. 91: when the limbs are _unequal_, the lower limb or
+shaft being longer than the other three, as in No. 92, it is a “_Latin
+Cross_� or a “long cross�: but neither of these two last terms are used
+regarding the plain cross throughout, notwithstanding that differences
+in the shape of the shield may materially alter the proportion of the
+limbs. If a cross be formed of a shaft and two horizontal limbs only
+(like the letter T), as in No. 93, it is a “_Tau Cross_,� or “_Cross
+Tau_�: if it is pierced at the intersection of the limbs, and the entire
+central area be voided, it is said to be “_pierced quarterly_.� A Latin
+Cross on steps, is “_on Degrees_,� and it is distinguished as a “Calvary
+Cross.� Charges having a cruciform arrangement are “_in Cross_.�
+
+  [Illustration: No. 91.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 92.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 93.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 94.--Quadrate.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 95.--Patriarchal.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 96.--Fourchée.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 97.--Cross Moline: Arms of De Molines.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 98.--Cross Recercelée: Arms of Bishop Anthony Bec.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 99.--Cross Patonce: Arms of William de Vesci.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 100.--Fleurie.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 101.--Fleurettée.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 102.--Pommée.]
+
+The CROSS:--its HERALDIC VARIETIES. The Cross-symbol appears in English
+Heraldry under very many varieties and modifications of form and
+condition, some of them of great beauty. The following engraved
+representations of the various examples are so explicit, that
+descriptions of them are unnecessary. The Cross _Quadrate_, No. 94. The
+Cross _Patriarchal_, No. 95. The Cross _Fourchée_, No. 96. The Cross
+_Moline_, represented charged upon the Shield attributed to the SAXON
+KINGS OF ENGLAND, No. 23: this same shield--_Az., a Cross moline or_, is
+borne by DE MOLINES or MOLYNEUX, No. 97. The Cross _Cercelée_ or
+_Recercelée_ (H. 3),--_Gu., a Cross recercelée erm._, No. 98, for
+ANTHONY BEC, Bishop of DURHAM. The Cross _Patonce_ (H. 3),--_Gu.,
+a Cross patonce arg._, No. 99, from the Seal of WM. DE VESCI, A.D. 1220.
+The Cross _Fleury_, No. 100, should be compared carefully with Nos. 97
+and 99, the Crosses _Moline_ and _Patonce_. The Cross _Fleurettée_, No.
+101. The Cross _Pommée_, No. 102. The Cross _Botonée_ or _Treflée_, No.
+103. The Cross _Crosslet_, or _Crosslet crossed_, No. 104. The term
+“_Crosslet_� is strictly applicable to any Cross on a very small scale:
+but it is usually applied to denote a Cross that is crossed as in No.
+104. Small Crosses Botonée are occasionally used as these
+“Crosses-Crosslets,�--as at Warwick in the arms of the BEAUCHAMPS, the
+Earls of WARWICK. Crosslets are frequently blazoned _semée_ over the
+field of a Shield, in which case the special term _crusilly_ is often
+used; and, in smaller numbers, they also are favourite Charges. No. 105
+is the Cross _Clechée_ or _Urdée_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 103.--Botonée.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 104.--Crosslet.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 105.--Clechée.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 106.--Patée.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 107.--Maltese.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 108.--Potent.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 109.--Avellane.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 110.--Botonée Fitchée.]
+
+The Cross _Patée_ or _Formée_ is represented in No. 106. No. 107 is the
+“_Cross of eight Points_,� or the _Maltese_ Cross: this example is drawn
+from the portrait of PHILLIPPE DE VILLIERS DE L’ISLE-ADAM, elected
+forty-third Grand Master of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, A.D.
+1521; this picture is in the possession of the Earl of Clarendon, K.G.
+The Cross _Potent_, No. 108. The Cross _Avellane_, No. 109. The
+_Crossed-Crosslet_, and the Crosses _Patée_, _Botonée_, and _Potent_,
+are also drawn having their shaft elongated and _pointed at the base_:
+in this form they are severally blazoned as a “_Crossed-Crosslet
+Fitchée_� (or _fitched_), a “_Cross Patée Fitchée_,� &c.,--a Cross, that
+is, “_fixable_� in the ground; No. 110 is an example of a Cross _Botonée
+Fitchée_. Several of these varieties of the heraldic Cross occur but
+rarely; and there are other somewhat fanciful varieties so little in
+use, as to render any description of them unnecessary. The student of
+mediæval monumental antiquities will not fail to observe a certain
+degree of resemblance between some of the Crosses of Heraldry, and those
+that are incised and sculptured on sepulchral slabs.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 111.--Le Scrope.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 112.--De Radclyffe.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 113.--Le Boteler.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 114.--Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 115.--Sir Gilbert de Bohun.]
+
+The BEND (H. 3) resembles both the Fesse and the Pale in every
+condition, except that it crosses the field _diagonally_ from the dexter
+chief to the sinister base. No. 111, the Shield of SCROPE, is--_Az.,
+a bend or_. A celebrated contest for the right to bear this simple
+Shield took place, A.D. 1385-1390, between Sir RICHARD LE SCROPE and Sir
+ROBERT GROSVENOR, which was decided in favour of the former. No. 112,
+for RADCLYFFE, is--_Arg., a bend engrailed sa._ Two uncharged Bends may
+appear in one composition: thus, for LE BOTELER--_Arg., two bends az._,
+No. 113; and for FRERE--_Gu., two bends or_ (both H. 3). The Diminutives
+of the Bend are the _Bendlet_ and the _Cotise_, the one containing
+one-half and the other one-fourth of its area. A Cotise is sometimes
+borne singly, when it is a _Riband_. A bendlet _couped_ is a baton.
+A Bend between two Cotises is _cotised_: thus, No. 114, for DE
+BOHUN,--_Az., a Bend arg., cotised or, between six lioncels rampt.
+gold_; this Shield is engraved from the Seal of HUMPHREY DE BOHUN,
+fourth Earl of HEREFORD (A.D. 1298-1322); in it the cotised Bend is very
+narrow, evidently to give more space for the lioncels. Charges displayed
+on a Bend _slope with it_--that is, they would be erect, were the Bend
+to be set vertically and to become a Pale: thus, another DE BOHUN, Sir
+Gilbert (H. 3), distinguishes his Shield by tincturing his Bend _or_,
+and charging upon it _three escallops gules_, as in No. 115. In No. 88,
+the eaglets also exemplify the disposition of charges upon a Bend.
+Charges set diagonally on the field of a Shield, in the position in
+which a bend would occupy, are said to be “_in bend_� and are arranged
+in the same manner: but it would be quite possible to have three or more
+charges each disposed bendwise; but yet, nevertheless, when taken
+together occupying the position of a fesse and therefore described also
+as in fesse. This distinction between charges bendwise (or bendways) and
+charges in bend should be carefully noted. A field divided into an
+_even_ number of parts by lines drawn _bendwise_, is “_bendy_,� the
+number of the divisions to be specified: as a matter of course, a field
+thus “bendy� becomes a “varied field,� in which all the divisions lie in
+the same plane: thus, No. 116, for DE MONTFORD (H. 3 and E. 2)--_Bendy
+of ten or and az._ Bendlets are in relief, as in No. 117, for DE
+BRAY--_Vairée, three Bendlets gu._ If a field be divided by lines drawn
+bendwise, and also by others drawn either vertically or horizontally, it
+is “_paly bendy_,� as No. 118, or “_barry bendy_,� as No. 119. These two
+forms, which, however, are very rarely met with, should be carefully
+distinguished from a field lozengy. A Bend issuing from the sinister
+chief is a _Bend Sinister_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 116.--De Montford.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 117.--De Bray.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 118.--Paly Bendy.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 119.--Barry Bendy.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 120.--St. Andrew.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 122.--De Neville.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 121.--De Neville.]
+
+The SALTIRE (H. 3), a combination of a Bend with a Bend Sinister, may
+also be regarded as a _Diagonal Cross_. Thus, the Crosses of St. ANDREW
+of SCOTLAND, and of St. PATRICK of IRELAND are Saltires--the former, No.
+120--_Az., a Saltire arg._: the latter--_Arg., a Saltire gu._ The arms
+of the great family of NEVILLE reverse those of St. PATRICK, and
+are--_Gu., a Saltire arg._, No. 121: so Drayton has recorded that
+
+  “Upon his surcoat valiant NEVILLE bore
+  A silver Saltire upon martial red.�
+    _Barons’ War_, i. 22.
+
+Charges set on a Saltire _slope with its limbs_ (all, however, pointing
+to the chief), _the central charge being erect_; and the disposition of
+charges set “_in saltire_� is the same: a single charge set on a Saltire
+is blazoned erect on the central point of the Ordinary, as in No. 122,
+another Shield of NEVILLE, in which the “Silver Saltire� is charged with
+a _rose gules_. A Saltire may be borne with a Chief, as in No. 73.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 123.--De Stafford.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 124.--Shield of De Clare.]
+
+The CHEVRON (H. 3), in form and proportions is rather more than the
+lower half of a Saltire. The Diminutive is a _Chevronel_, containing
+half a Chevron, or perhaps less: thus, for DE STAFFORD (E. 2),--_Or,
+a Chevron gu._, No. 123: for the great family of DE CLARE, from whom so
+many other families derived their Chevrons and Chevronels--_Or, three
+Chevronels gules_, No. 124 (H. 3). Two Chevrons may be borne in one
+composition: or they may appear with a Fesse, as in No. 79: or with a
+Chief, as (H. 3), for DE CROMBE--_Erm., a Chevron gu., and on a Chief of
+the last three escallops or_; for ST. QUINTIN (H. 3)--_Or, three
+Chevronels gu., a Chief vair_. A field _Chevronée_ is of rare
+occurrence: the three Chevronels of DE CLARE, however, No. 124, appear
+to have been derived from a field _Chevronée_: certainly, on his seal,
+“Strongbow� has the Chevronée Shield, No. 125, about A.D. 1175. Charges
+set on a Chevron, or disposed “_in Chevron_,� are always placed erect.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 125.--Early shield of De Clare.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 126.--De Chandos.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 127.--De Brian.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 128.--De Bassett.]
+
+The PILE (H. 3), resembling a wedge in form, is borne both single and in
+small groups. Unless some other disposition on the field be specified,
+this Ordinary issues from the chief of the Shield. Examples: _Or, a Pile
+gu., between six and charged with three estoiles_ (or _mullets_)
+_counter-changed_,--for ROBERT DE CHANDOS, No. 126: _Or, three Piles
+az._, No. 127,--for Sir GUY DE BRIAN; _Or, three Piles gu., a canton
+erm._, No. 128,--for DE BASSETT (all H. 3): and (E. 2), _Arg., a Pile
+engrailed sa._--for Sir ROB. DE FORNEUS. In early emblazonments three
+piles appear almost uniformly to be depicted with the points converging.
+But a distinction is now made, and when the piles are intended to
+converge, as in No. 128, they are termed “_in point_.�
+
+The probable structural origin of these Ordinaries is sufficiently
+apparent to render any further comment on that interesting circumstance
+superfluous.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION IV
+
+  _The Subordinaries:-- The Canton or Quarter: The Inescutcheon: The
+  Orle: The Tressure: The Bordure: Flanches: The Lozenge, Mascle, and
+  Rustre: The Fusil: The Billet: The Gyron: The Frette-- The Roundles._
+
+  “The second in a line of stars.�
+    --IDYLLS OF THE KING.
+
+
+THE SUBORDINARIES. This title has been assigned, but without any
+decisive authority, to another group of devices, second in rank to the
+Ordinaries. Very few writers agree as to which are ordinaries and which
+subordinaries; nor does there seem any reason why any distinction
+between them should exist. Nor, indeed, save that all are exclusively
+heraldic, why some of them should be regarded as anything more than
+ordinary charges. These Subordinaries are the _Canton_, the _Quarter_,
+the _Inescutcheon_, the _Orle_, the _Tressure_, the _Bordure_,
+_Flanches_, the _Lozenge_, _Mascle_ and _Rustre_, the _Fusil_, the
+_Billet_, the _Gyron_, and the _Frette_. The Canton, by the early
+Heralds commonly styled the “Quarter,� sometimes has been grouped with
+the Ordinaries. And it must here be observed that the Lozenge, Fusil,
+Billet, Gyron, and Frette were not used as single charges by the early
+Heralds; but by them the fields of Shields were divided _lozengy_ and
+_gyronny_, or they were _semée of Billets_, or covered over with
+_Frette_-work, from which the single charges evidently were afterwards
+obtained.
+
+The CANTON (H. 3), sometimes blazoned as a QUARTER, cut off by two
+lines, the one drawn in pale and the other bar-wise, or in fesse, is
+either the first quarter of the field of a Shield, or about
+three-fourths of that quarter, but smaller if not charged. The confusion
+between the canton and the quarter is due to the fact that ancient arms
+in which the charge is now, and has been for centuries past, stereotyped
+as a canton and drawn to occupy one-ninth of the Shield, were uniformly
+drawn and blazoned in early times with the charge as a quarter. But
+there is a marked distinction now made between the canton and the
+quarter. A _Canton ermine_ is of frequent occurrence, as in No. 128; but
+it is generally borne charged, and it always overlies the charges of the
+field of the Shield, as No. 129, for DE KYRKEBY (R. 2)--_Arg., two bars
+gu.; on a canton of the last a cross moline or_; and, for BLUNDELL
+(H. 3)--_Az., billettée, on a canton or a raven ppr._, No. 130.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 129.--De Kyrkeby.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 130.--Blundell.]
+
+The INESCUTCHEON (H. 3) is a Shield borne as a charge, and superimposed
+upon another Shield larger than itself. When one Inescutcheon is borne,
+it is usually placed on the fesse-point; but several Inescutcheons may
+appear in one composition. The well-known Shield of the MORTIMERS
+supplies a good example, No. 131 (H. 3)--_Barry of six or and az., an
+inescutcheon arg.; on a chief gold, gyroned of the second, two pallets
+of the same_: for DARCY--_Arg., an inescutcheon sa., within an orle of
+roses gu._, No. 132 (E. 2): _Arg., three inescutcheons gu._, for DE
+WYLLERS (E. 2), No. 133. This is also the well-known Scottish coat of
+Hay.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 132.--Darcy.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 131.--De Mortimer.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 133.--De Wyllers.]
+
+The ORLE (H. 3), blazoned by early Heralds as a “_false escutcheon_�
+(“_faux escocheon_�), or as an “_inescutcheon voided_,� is the border of
+a Shield or Escutcheon--a Shield, that is, voided of the central area of
+its field, and, like an Inescutcheon, charged on a Shield. The arms of
+BALLIOL, No. 134, are--_Gu., an Orle arg._ (H. 3). These arms are
+blazoned on many Scottish Seals of the greatest interest, and on the
+Seals of Balliol College, Oxford. Small charges are frequently disposed
+about the border of a Shield “_in Orle_,� as in Nos. 86 and 132.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 134.--De Balliol.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 135.--Single Tressure Flory.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 137.--Double Tressure flory counterflory.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 136.--Single Tressure flory counterflory.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 138.--Scotland.]
+
+The TRESSURE (H. 3) may be regarded as a variety of the Orle; indeed, in
+its simplest form it is a very narrow Orle, which is generally set round
+with fleurs de lys. A Tressure thus enriched is represented in No. 135:
+in this example all the heads of the fleurs de lys point externally, and
+all their stalks internally, and this accordingly is blazoned as a
+“_Tressure flory_.� In No. 136, which, like No. 135, is a single
+Tressure, the fleurs de lys are so disposed that the heads and stalks of
+the flowers point alternately in contrary directions: this is blazoned
+as a “_Tressure flory counterflory_.� From this last example the
+Tressure that is so well known in the blazonry of the Royal Shield of
+SCOTLAND differs, in being “_double_.� This, the double Tressure of
+Scotland, is a combination of two such single Tressures as No. 136, and
+it is produced from them in the manner following:--From one such single
+Tressure, as No. 136, all the alternate heads and stalks of the fleurs
+de lys that point internally are cut away and removed; then a second
+similar Tressure, of rather smaller size, is denuded of all its external
+adornment, and in that condition it is placed within the former
+Tressure, leaving a narrow interval between the two. Each component half
+of this “double Tressure flory counterflory,� accordingly, has its own
+independent series of demi-fleurs de lys, the stalks and heads of the
+flowers alternating, and the one alternate series pointing externally,
+while the other points internally. When in combination, these two series
+of demi-fleurs de lys must be so arranged that the heads of the flowers
+in one series correspond with their stalks in the other, as in No. 137.
+I am thus particular in describing the process of producing the Royal
+Tressure, because it is frequently to be seen incorrectly drawn. No.
+138, the Royal Shield of SCOTLAND, now displayed in the second quarter
+of the Royal Arms of the UNITED KINGDOM, is thus blazoned--_Or, a lion
+rampt. within a double Tressure flory counterflory, gu._ It will be
+observed that a narrow strip of the golden field of this Shield
+intervenes between the two Tressures. There are many fine examples of
+this Shield in Scottish Seals; in the Garter-plate, also, of JAMES V. of
+Scotland, K.G., at Windsor; and on the Monuments in Westminster Abbey to
+MARY Queen of SCOTS (A.D. 1604), and to the Countess of LENNOX, the
+mother of Lord DARNLEY (A.D. 1577). Mr. Seton (“Scottish Heraldry,� p.
+447) states that the Tressure may be borne “triple�; and, after
+specifying the Scottish families upon whose Shields the same honourable
+bearing is blazoned, he adds:--“In the coat of the Marquess of HUNTLY,
+the Tressure is flowered with fleurs de lys within, and adorned with
+_crescents_ without; while in that of the Earl of ABERDEEN it is
+flowered and counter-flowered with _thistles_, _roses_, and fleurs de
+lys alternately.�
+
+  [Illustration: No. 139.--De Waltone.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 140.--Richard, Earl of Cornwall.]
+
+The BORDURE (H. 3), as its name implies, forms a border to a Shield: it
+is borne both plain and charged. Thus, for DE WALTONE (E. 2)--_Arg.,
+a cross patée sa., within a Bordure indented gu._, No. 139: for RICHARD,
+Earl of CORNWALL, second son of King JOHN (H. 3),--_Arg., a lion rampt.
+gu., crowned or, within a Bordure sa. bezantée_, No. 140. The Bordure,
+and its important services in Heraldry, will be more fully considered
+hereafter. (See Chapters XII. and XIII.)
+
+FLANCHES are always borne in pairs; but they are not of very early date,
+nor do they often appear in blazon. _Flanches_ are formed by two curved
+lines issuing from the chief, one on each side of the Shield: they are
+shown, shaded for azure, in No. 141; and in No. 142 are their
+Diminutives, _Flasques_ or _Voiders_, shaded for gules. But these
+diminutives are hardly ever met with. There is a close resemblance
+between these charges and a peculiar dress worn by Ladies of rank in the
+fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; but it is not easy to determine
+whether the dress suggested the Flanches on the Shield, or was derived
+from them. One thing, however, is certain--the dress must have possessed
+very decided good qualities, since it continued in favour for more than
+two centuries. It is remarkable that many of the ancient Greek Shields
+have pierced Flanches.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 141.--Flanches.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 142.--Flasques.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 143.--Mascle.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 144.--Rustre.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 145.--De Burgh, Earl of Kent.]
+
+The LOZENGE (E. 2), MASCLE (H. 3), and RUSTRE. The _Lozenge_ is a
+diamond-shaped figure, or a parallelogram set diagonally. The _Mascle_
+is a _Lozenge voided of the field_, No. 143; and the _Rustre_, No. 144,
+is a _Lozenge pierced with a circular opening_. In the early days of
+Heraldry the Lozenge and the Mascle were evidently held to be identical.
+The Shield of the famous HUBERT DE BURGH, Earl of KENT, in the early
+Rolls is blazoned as “_masculée_�: but his Seal proves it to have been,
+as in No. 145, _lozengy vair and gu._ The Lozenge, it will be
+remembered, is always set erect upon the field of a Shield.
+
+The FUSIL is an _elongated Lozenge_. The Arms of MONTACUTE or MONTAGU
+(see No. 20) are--_Arg., three Fusils conjoined in fesse gu._, No. 20:
+the Arms of PERCY are--_Az., five fusils conjoined in fesse or._
+
+  [Illustration: No. 20.--Montacute.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 146.--Deincourt.]
+
+The BILLET (H. 3) is a small elongated rectangular figure. Thus, for
+DEINCOURT, No. 146--_Az., billettée, a fesse dancette or._ The early
+Heralds blazoned a “Fesse Dancette� as simply a “_Dancette_� or
+“_Danse_.� See also No. 130.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 147.--Campbell.]
+
+The GYRON, a triangular figure, not known in English blazon as a
+separate charge (except perhaps in the one case of the arms of
+Mortimer), gives its title to the _gyronny field_, which is more
+commonly found in the Heraldry of the North than of the South. The field
+gyronny generally, and more particularly in Scotland, is divided into
+_eight pieces_: but the divisions are sometimes six, ten, twelve, or
+even sixteen in number. A Roll of the time of HENRY III. has, for WARIN
+DE BASINGBORNE--“_Gerony d’or et d’azur_.� The Arms of CAMPBELL
+are--_Gyronny or and sa._, No. 147.[3] Here, where there are eight
+pieces of divisions, it is not necessary to specify the number; but if
+they were either more or less than eight the blazon would be--_gyronny
+of six, of ten, &c._
+
+    [Footnote 3: In the illustration the colours are unfortunately
+    reversed.]
+
+The FRETTE, in more recent Heraldry, has generally superseded the
+original _field fretty_. This interlaced design, whether borne as a
+distinct figure, as No. 148, or repeated over the field of a Shield, as
+in No. 149, differs from a field lozengy or gyronny, in being a bearing
+charged _upon_ the field of a Shield, and not a form of varied surface:
+No. 149, for DE ETCHINGHAM (E. 2), is--_Az., fretty arg._ An early
+variety or modification of Frette is the _Trellis_ or _Treille_, in
+which the pieces do not interlace, but all those in bend lie over all
+those in bend sinister, and they are fastened at the crossings with
+nails--“_clouée_,� as in No. 150. RICHARD DE TRUSSELL or TRESSELL (H. 3)
+bears--_Arg., a trellis gu., clouée or_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 148.--A Frette.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 149.--De Etchingham.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 150.--Trellis Clouée.]
+
+The ROUNDLES, or ROUNDLETS. These simple figures, in constant use in
+every age of Heraldry, are divided into two groups, which correspond
+with the division of the Tinctures into “Metals� and “Colours.�
+
+The first group contains the two Roundles of the _Metals_, which are
+_flat discs_: 1, The _Bezant_, or golden Roundle, No. 151, which has
+apparently derived its name from the Byzantine coins with which the
+Crusaders, when in the East, would have been familiar. 2, The Silver
+Roundle, or _Plate_, is from the Spanish “Plata�--_silver_. When Bezants
+or Plates appear in considerable numbers, the field on which they are
+charged is said to be “_bezantée_� or “_platée_.� See No. 140.
+
+The second group contains the five Roundles of the _Colours_, which are
+_globular_, and are usually shaded accordingly. The _Torteau_, No. 152,
+in the plural _Torteaux_, is gules: the _Hurt_ is azure: the _Pellet_ or
+_Ogress_ is sable: the _Pomme_ is vert: and the _Golpe_ is purpure.
+These distinctive titles, which are more calculated to perplex the
+student than to simplify his study, are of comparatively recent origin,
+the early Heralds having used the terms “_Bezant_,� “_Plate_,� and
+“_Torteau_,� with the general designations “_Roundle_� and “_Pellet_,�
+adding the tinctures for the others. Examples:--_Az., bezantée_, for WM.
+DE LA ZOUCHE: _Or, on a fesse gu. three plates_, for ROGER DE
+HUNTINGFIELD: _Arg., ten torteaux, four, three, two, one_, for ALEX.
+GIFFARD (all H. 3). See also Nos. 80, 82.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 151.--Bezant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 152.--Torteau.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 153.--Fountain.]
+
+A circular figure or Roundle that is _barry wavy arg. and az._, is
+blazoned as a “_Fountain_,� No. 153. Examples:--_Arg., three fountains_,
+for WELLES: _Arg., a Chevron sable between three fountains_, borne by a
+family named _Sykes_, their name being an ancient term signifying a well
+or fountain. An _Annulet_, or a plain ring, No. 154, was sometimes
+blazoned as a “_false Roundle_�--a Roundle, that is, pierced, and having
+its central area removed.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 154.--Annulet.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION V
+
+  _Miscellaneous Charges:-- Human Beings-- Animals-- Birds-- Fish--
+  Reptiles and Insects-- Imaginary Beings-- Natural Objects-- Various
+  Artificial Figures and Devices-- Appropriate Descriptive Epithets._
+
+  “The Formes of pure celestiall bodies mixt with grosse terrestrials;
+  earthly animals with watery; sauage beasts with tame; fowles of prey
+  with home-bred; these again with riuer fowles; reptiles with things
+  gressible; aery insecta with earthly; also things naturall with
+  artificiall.�
+    --GUILLIM’S “Display of Heraldry,� A.D. 1611.
+
+
+Thus, in his own quaint fashion, the enthusiastic old Herald of the
+seventeenth century indicates the number and variety of the Charges,
+which in process of time had been introduced into Armory even before his
+era. In earlier days the Charges of Heraldry were much less varied,
+comparatively few in their numbers, and generally of a simple character.
+It will readily be understood, however, that fresh figures and devices
+would continually appear in blazon; and also that these, in their turn,
+would lead the way for the introduction of further varieties and new
+modifications.
+
+Human Beings are of very rare occurrence, except as Supporters. Parts of
+the human frame constantly appear, but they are more generally borne as
+Crests upon helms than as charges on shields. “Moor’s heads� or
+“Saracen’s heads� appear in some coats, with arms, hands and legs: and a
+human heart is well known as a charge in the coat of the famous house of
+DOUGLAS, where it was placed to commemorate the duty entrusted by ROBERT
+BRUCE to the “good Sir JAMES DOUGLAS,� that he should bear with him the
+heart of his Sovereign and friend to the Holy Land, and bury it there.
+Sir James fell, fighting with the Moors of Spain, A.D. 1330. This Shield
+of Douglas is a characteristic example of the gradual development of
+armorial composition. About A.D. 1290, the Seal of WILLIAM, Lord
+DOUGLAS, displays his Shield, No. 155, bearing--_Arg., on a chief az.
+three mullets of the field._ Next, upon the field of the Shield of
+WILLIAM, Lord DOUGLAS, A.D. 1333, there appears, in addition, _a human
+heart gules_, as in No. 156. And, finally, the heart is ensigned with a
+_royal crown_, as in No. 157, this form appearing as early as 1387.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 155.--Shield of Douglas.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 156.--Shield of Douglas.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 157.--Shield of Douglas.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 158.--Isle of Man.]
+
+The Shield of the ancient kingdom of the ISLE OF MAN, No. 158, still
+continues to be the heraldic ensign of that island: it is--_Gu., three
+human legs in armour ppr., conjoined in the fesse-point at the upper
+part of the thighs, and flexed in triangle._ This true curiosity of
+Heraldry leads Mr. Planché to remark, that “the _arms_ of MAN are
+_legs_� (“Pursuivant of Arms,� p. 112). The Shield represented in No.
+158 is drawn from an original example of the age of EDWARD I. in the
+Heralds’ College. At later periods, the armour of the conjoined limbs is
+represented in conformity with the usages then prevalent, and golden
+spurs are added. The ancient symbol of the island of Sicily, in which
+the limbs are without either armour or clothing, has been represented in
+No. 10: this device also appears in ancient examples with a human head
+at the junction of the limbs. Three human arms, united in the same
+manner, are borne on the shield of the mediæval family of TREMAINE.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 159.--Shield of St. Alban’s Abbey
+  (partly restored).]
+
+Human figures, winged and vested, and designed to represent ANGELS, are
+occasionally introduced in English Heraldry, their office generally
+being to act as “Supporters� to armorial Shields. Fine examples, in
+admirable preservation, may be seen boldly sculptured in the noble
+timber-roof of Westminster Hall; also in panels over the principal
+entrance to the Hall, and in various parts of the Abbey of Westminster.
+In the grand Abbey Church of St. Alban at St. Alban’s, numerous other
+examples of great excellence yet remain, the works of Abbot John de
+Wheathamstede, about A.D. 1440. In No. 159 I give a representation of
+the Shield of Arms of the Abbey of ST. ALBAN--_Az., a saltire or_,
+supported by Angels, and the Shield ensigned by the Mitre of Abbot
+Thomas De la Mere, as it is represented in his noble Brass in the Abbey
+Church. The Shield and the Angel Figures are the work of Abbot John. The
+Heads of the Figures, which are destroyed in the original, are restored
+from stained glass of the same period in the Abbey Church. Figures of
+Angels holding Shields of Arms--each figure having a shield in front of
+its breast, are frequently sculptured as corbels in Gothic churches.
+
+In the earliest Rolls of Arms, the Lion is the only animal that is found
+in blazon, with the sole addition of Boar’s heads. Deer, dogs, bulls,
+calves, rams, and a few other animals subsequently appear to share
+heraldic service and honours with the king of beasts. In modern Armory,
+however, almost every living creature has been required to discharge
+such duties as Heralds have been pleased to assign to them. The Lion of
+Heraldry I leave to be considered, with the Eagle, in the next Chapter.
+In comparatively early blazon, the _Bear_ is borne by FITZ URSE: the
+_Calf_, by CALVELEY and DE VELE: the _Ram_, by RAMSEY and RAMRYGE: the
+_Lamb_, by LAMBERT and LAMBTON: the _Otter_ (_loutre_, in French), by
+LUTTREL: the _Hedgehog_ (Fr., _herrison_), by DE HERIZ, afterwards
+HARRIS: and so also, in like manner, some other animals appear as _armes
+parlantes_ (see p. 16).
+
+With the lordly Eagle a few other Birds are associated in early
+Heraldry: and, after a while, others join them, including the Falcon,
+Ostrich, Swan, Peacock or Pawne, and the Pelican borne both as a symbol
+of sacred significance, and also by the PELHAMS from being allusive to
+their name. Cocks, with the same allusive motive, were borne by
+COCKAYNE: Parrots, blazoned as “_Popinjays_,� appear as early as
+HENRY III.: and in a Roll of EDWARD II., the Sire MOUNPYNZON has a Lion
+charged on the shoulder with a Chaffinch--in French a _Pinson_. The
+favourite bird, however, of the early Heralds is the Martlet, the
+heraldic Martin, a near relative of the Swallow or _Hirondelle_. The
+Martlet is practically always represented in profile, at rest, and with
+its wings closed. The few exceptions are modern. In some early examples
+the feet are shown, as in No. 160: but, in the Shield of Earl WM. DE
+VALENCE in Westminster Abbey, A.D. 1296, the Martlet appears feetless,
+as in No. 161; and at a later period this mode of representation was
+generally adopted. French Heralds deprive their Martlets of beak as well
+as feet.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 160.--Early Martlet.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 161.--Martlet.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 162.--Banner of De Barre.]
+
+“As the symbol of a name,� writes Mr. Moule, “almost all Fish have been
+used in Heraldry; and in many instances Fish have been assumed in Arms
+in reference to the produce of the estate, giving to the quaint device a
+twofold interest� (“Heraldry of Fish,� p 13). The earliest examples are
+the Barbel, the Dolphin, the Luce (or Pike), the Herring, and the Roach.
+In conjunction with fish we may perhaps consider the Escallop which, as
+a charge, belongs to the earliest period of Heraldry. The Barbel, so
+named from the barbs attached to its mouth to assist it in its search
+for food, was introduced into English Heraldry by JOHN, Count DE BARRE,
+whose elder brother married ALIANORE, eldest daughter of EDWARD I. At
+Carlaverock he displayed, as the chronicler has recorded, “_a blue
+banner, crusilly, with two Barbels of gold, and a red border
+en-grailed_,� No. 162. The Dolphin, borne by GILES DE FISHBOURNE (H. 3),
+and afterwards introduced into several English Shields, is best known as
+the armorial ensign of the DAUPHIN, the eldest son and heir apparent of
+the Kings of France, who bore, marshalled with the arms of FRANCE--_Or,
+a Dolphin az._ This title of “Dauphin� was first assumed by CHARLES V.,
+who succeeded to the Crown of France in 1364. In No. 8 I have shown
+after what manner the Dolphin was represented by an ancient Greek
+Artist: in the Middle Ages the heraldic Dolphin appeared as in No. 163.
+GEFFREY DE LUCY (H. 3) bears--_Gu., three Lucies or._ On his marriage
+with the heiress of ANTHONY, Lord LUCY, in 1369, HENRY, fourth Lord
+PERCY of Alnwick, quartered these three fish, with his own lion (blue on
+a golden field) and his fusils (gold on a blue field), upon the
+well-known Shield of the Earls of NORTHUMBERLAND (Chapter XI).
+
+  [Illustration: No. 163.--Dolphin.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 165.--Escallop.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 164.--De Lucy.]
+
+Another Carlaverock Banneret, ROBERT DE SCALES, whom the chronicler
+declares to have been both “handsome and amiable� as well as gallant in
+action, had “_six escallops of silver on a red banner_.� This beautiful
+charge of the escallop, happy in its association with the pilgrims of
+the olden time, and always held in high esteem by Heralds, is generally
+drawn as in No. 165.
+
+Reptiles and Insects occur but rarely in English Heraldry. Bees, Flies,
+Butterflies, and Snails are sometimes found, but they have no place in
+the earliest Rolls of Arms. Bees, as might be expected, appear in the
+Arms of _Bees_ton. _Azure, three Butterflies_, are the Arms of MUSCHAMP,
+and they are carved twice in the vaulting of the cloisters at
+Canterbury. Upon a monumental brass in the Church of Wheathampstead, in
+Hertfordshire, the Shield of HUGO BOSTOCK (about A.D. 1435)
+bears,--_Arg., three Bats, their wings displayed, sa._
+
+Imaginary and Fabulous Beings, some of them the creations of heraldic
+fancy when in a strangely eccentric mood, frequently appear as
+Supporters; and, in some cases, they take a part in the blazonry of
+Shields, or they are borne independently as Badges. A very brief
+description (all that is necessary) of the greater number of these
+monsters of _un_natural history will be given in the “Glossary of
+heraldic terms,� in Chapter X.; consequently, it is enough here merely
+to refer to them as having a place in blazon. The Griffin or Gryphon,
+the most worthy of the group, is comparatively common. The Dragon and
+the Wivern or Wyvern, both of them winged monsters, differ in this
+respect, that the former has four legs, while the latter has two only.
+In early blazon this distinction was not always observed. The
+Cockatrice, always having two legs, is a Wyvern with a cock’s head.
+
+Natural Objects of all kinds are blazoned as Charges of Heraldry, and
+they will be found described and illustrated in their proper places in
+Chapter X. They include the _Sun_, the _Moon_, the _Stars_; also such
+terrestrial objects as _Trees_, _Flowers_, _Fruits_, _Sheaves and Ears
+of Corn_, _Leaves_, _Chaplets_, _&c._ And with these Charges I may group
+the always beautiful Fleur de Lys, and the Trefoil, Quatrefoil,
+Cinquefoil, and Sixfoil.
+
+Of the various Artificial Figures and Devices that Heralds have charged
+upon Shields of Arms, it will be unnecessary for me to give detailed
+descriptions, except when either the heraldic name may require
+explanation, or some special circumstances connected with any particular
+figure or device may impart to it peculiar claims for attention. Again I
+refer to the “Glossary� for notices and examples of all Charges of this
+class--Annulets, Buckles, Castles, Crowns, Cups, Horseshoes, Keys,
+Knots, Sickles, Stirrups, Trumpets, and many others.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 166A.--Crescent]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 166B.--Increscent]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 166C.--Decrescent]
+
+In blazoning Charges of various classes, Heralds employ _appropriate
+Epithets and descriptive Terms_, of which the following are
+characteristic examples:--The _Sun_ is “_in splendour_.� The _Moon_,
+when full, is “_in her complement_�: she is a “_Crescent_� when she
+appears in No. 166, A: she is “_Increscent_� when as in No. 166, B: and
+she is “_Decrescent_� when as in No. 166, C. Animals and Birds of prey
+are said to be “_armed_� of their talons, teeth, and claws. All horned
+animals, also, except Stags and Antelopes, are “_armed_� of their horns;
+and a Cock is “_armed_� of his spurs; whilst Griffins and birds of prey
+are “_armed_� of their beaks and claws (_i.e._ the part of the leg which
+is unfeathered). Animals are “_hoofed_� or “_unguled_� of their hoofs;
+and “_langued_� of their tongues. Fierce animals are “_vorant_� of their
+prey, when represented in the act of devouring it. Deer, when reposing,
+are “_lodged_� Nos. 25 and 26: when standing, and looking out from the
+Shield, No. 167, “_at gaze_�: when in easy motion, they are termed
+“_trippant_,� or sometimes the word “_tripping_� is substituted, No.
+168: and when in rapid motion, they are “_courant_,� “_at speed_,� or
+sometimes described as “_in full course_,� No. 169. The male Stag is
+sometimes termed a “_Hart_,� and the female a “_Hind_.� There is really
+a distinction between the Buck and the Stag, but it is very usually
+disregarded in Heraldry. The antlers of the Hart are “_Attires_,� their
+branches are “_Tynes_�; and they are said to be “_attired_� of their
+antlers. A Stag’s head full-faced, but without the neck, as No. 170, is
+“_cabossed_� or “_caboshed_.�
+
+  [Illustration: No. 167.--At Gaze.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 169.--At Speed.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 168.--Tripping.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 170.--Stag’s Head Cabossed.]
+
+Eagles and Hawks with expanded wings, as in No. 206, are “_displayed_.�
+Expanded wings may be “_elevated_,� or, if drooping, “_inverted_� or
+“_in lure_.� Birds about to take wing are “_rising_�; when in flight,
+they are “_volant_�; when at rest, they are “_close_.� A Bird
+“_trusses_� its prey. A Peacock having its tail expanded is “_in its
+pride_�; and this same expression is applied to the Turkey. A Pelican,
+when feeding its young, is said to be “_in her piety_,� but may be
+merely “_vulning herself_� if the young are not represented. A Swan,
+when blazoned “_proper_,� is white with red legs and black beak.
+
+Fish, represented swimming in fesse, are “_naiant_�; if they are in
+pale, they are “_hauriant_,� No. 164; but if their heads are to the
+base, the term “_urinant_� is said to apply, but I cannot say I have so
+far come across an authenticated instance of the use of this word; if
+their bodies are bent, as the Dolphin is generally represented, they are
+“_embowed_,� No. 163. Fish, also, are said to be “_finned_� of their
+fins. Insects are “_volant_.� Reptiles are “_gliding_�; or, if they are
+twined into knots, “_nowed_.� Trees of mature growth are “_accrued_�;
+when with leaves, “_in foliage_� (but these two terms are so seldom used
+that they may be entirely disregarded); with fruit or seeds, “_fructed_�
+or “_seeded_�; if without leaves, “_blasted_�; and if their roots are
+exposed, “_eradicated_.� Branches or leaves torn off are “_slipped_.�
+
+The terms which denote the attitudes of Lions, all of them described in
+the next chapter, are equally applicable to other animals. Some other
+descriptive terms, not noticed here, will be found in the “Glossary� in
+Chapter X.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION VI
+
+  _The Lion and the Eagle in Heraldry_
+
+  “The LION and a King of Beasts.�
+    --SHAKESPEARE, _Richard II._
+
+  “The EAGLE, ennobled by Nature in as high a degree of nobility as
+  the chiefest of the terrestrial animals, is the most honourable
+  bearing of Birds.�
+    --GWILLIM (_Edition of 1724_).
+
+
+The regal dignity of the LION amongst the creatures that are quadrupeds,
+like himself, would naturally secure for him a position of corresponding
+eminence in Heraldry. From the dawn of the heraldic era, accordingly,
+the Lion is blazoned on the Shields of Sovereigns, Princes, and Nobles.
+The tressured Lion has been already noticed upon the Royal Shield of
+SCOTLAND, No. 138; and a crowned Lion has also appeared in the same
+attitude, borne by an English Prince, RICHARD, Earl of CORNWALL, No.
+140. From the time that they first possessed any true armorial insignia,
+the Sovereigns of the Realm of ENGLAND have borne Lions upon their Royal
+Shield. A Lion was the Ensign of the Native Princes of WALES, as he was
+of the Kings of LEON, of NORWAY, and of DENMARK, and of the Counts of
+HOLLAND, HAINAULT, EU, &c. And, in like manner, the Lion was in high
+favour with the most noble and powerful Barons of England--the MOWBRAYS,
+BOHUNS, LONGESPEES, FITZ-ALANS, LACIES, PERCIES, SEGRAVES, and such as
+they.
+
+It was a necessary consequence of his great popularity that the Lion of
+Heraldry should be blazoned in various attitudes, and also variously
+tinctured, otherwise it would not be possible duly to distinguish the
+Lions of different Shields. Heralds of all countries appear readily to
+have permitted their Lions to lay aside their natural tawny hue, and in
+its stead to assume the heraldic _or_, _argent_, _azure_, _gules_, and
+_sable_; but Continental Heralds were not generally disposed to
+recognise in their Lions any other attitude than the one which they held
+to be consistent with their Lion character, instincts, and
+habits--erect, that is, with one hind paw only on the ground, looking
+forward towards their prey, so as to show but one eye, and evidently in
+the act of preparing to spring. This undoubtedly most characteristic
+attitude is _rampant_, No. 171: and only when he was in this rampant
+attitude did the early Heralds consider any Lion to be a Lion, and
+blazon him by his true name. A Lion walking and looking about him, the
+early Heralds held to be acting the part of a leopard: consequently,
+when he was in any such attitude, they blazoned him as “_a leopard_.�
+The animal bearing that name bore it simply as an heraldic title, which
+distinguished a Lion in a particular attitude. These heraldic “leopards�
+were drawn in every respect as other heraldic “lions,� without spots or
+any leopard_ish_ distinction whatever. This explains the usage, retained
+till late in the fourteenth century, which assigned to the Lions of the
+Royal Shield of England the name of “leopards.� They were so called, not
+by the enemies of England for derision and insult, as some persons, in
+their ignorance of early Heraldry, have been pleased both to imagine and
+to assert; but the English Kings and Princes, who well knew their
+“Lions� to be Lions, in blazon styled them “leopards,� because they also
+knew that Lions in the attitude of their “Lions� were heraldic
+“leopards.� When at length the necessity of varying the attitude of
+their Lions was admitted by all Heralds, in consequence of the greatly
+increased numbers of the bearers of Lions, some strict adherents to the
+original distinctive nomenclature blazoned any Lion that was _not
+rampant_ by the compound term of a “_lion-leopard_,� or a
+“_lion-leopardé_.� But that controversy has long been at rest.
+
+The following terms are now in use to denote the various attitudes of
+the Lion in Heraldry:--
+
+_Rampant_: erect, one hind paw on the ground, the other three paws
+elevated, the animal looking forward and having his tail elevated, No.
+171. _Rampant Guardant_: as before, but looking out from the Shield, No.
+172. _Rampant Reguardant_: as before, but looking backwards.
+
+_Passant_: walking, three paws on the ground, the dexter fore-paw being
+elevated, looking forward, the tail displayed over the back, No. 173.
+_Passant Guardant_: as before, but looking out from the Shield, No. 174.
+_Passant Reguardant_: as before, but looking backwards.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 171.--Rampant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 172.--Rampant Guardant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 173.--Passant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 174.--Passant Guardant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 175.--Statant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 176.--Statant Guardant.]
+
+_Statant_: standing, his four paws on the ground, and looking before
+him, No. 175. _Statant Guardant_: as before, but looking out from the
+Shield, No. 176: in this example the Lion has his tail extended, but
+this would be specified in the blazon, as it is an unusual position. In
+like manner, if the tail of a Lion in any other attitude be extended,
+there must be a statement to that effect.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 177.--Couchant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 178.--Sejant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 179.--Dormant.]
+
+_Sejant_: sitting down with his head elevated, No. 178. If he looks out
+from the Shield, the word _Guardant_ is to be added. A Scottish Lion
+sejant usually has his fore paws raised in the air, and in English terms
+of blazon would be described as “_Sejant erect_� or “_Sejant rampant_.�
+
+_Couchant_: is at rest, the fore legs stretched on the ground, as No.
+177.
+
+_Dormant_: asleep, head resting on fore paws, No. 179.
+
+_Salient_: in the act of springing, the hind paws on the ground, both
+the fore paws elevated, No. 180.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 180.--Salient.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 181.--Double-queued.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 182.--Coward.]
+
+_Queue fourchée_: having a forked tail.
+
+_Double-queued_: two tails, as No. 181, which is a _lion rampant
+double-queued_.
+
+_Coward: passant reguardant_, his tail between his legs, No. 182.
+
+Two Lions rampant, when face to face, are _Counter rampant_, or
+_Combatant_: when back to back, they are _Addorsed_: when passant or
+salient in contrary directions, they are _Counter passant_ or _Counter
+salient_.
+
+Lions, whatever their tincture, except it be red, or they are charged on
+a field of that tincture, are _armed and langued gules_; but _azure_ in
+the case of either of these exceptions, unless the contrary be specified
+in the blazon. When several Lions appear in one composition, or when
+they are drawn to a comparatively very small scale, they are sometimes
+blazoned as “_Lioncels_.� This term “_Lioncel_,� it must be added, when
+used alone, denotes a _small Lion rampant_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 183.--Lion’s Head.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 184.--Lion’s Face.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 185.--Lion’s Jambe.]
+
+A Lion’s _head_ is a Charge: it may be _erased_, as in No. 183; or cut
+off smooth, when it is _couped_. A Lion’s _face_ also is a Charge, No.
+184; so is his _jambe_ or _paw_, No. 185. A _demi-lion rampant_ is the
+upper half of his body and the extremity of his tufted tail, as in No.
+186.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 186.--Demi-Lion Rampant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 187.--England.]
+
+The LIONS OF ENGLAND are _golden Lions leopardé_, three in number,
+placed one above the other on a red Shield. They are blazoned--_Gu.,
+three Lions pass. guard., in pale, or_, No. 187.
+
+A Lion in this attitude, of this tincture, and on a field gules, may be
+blazoned as a “Lion of England.� These three Lions _first_ appear upon
+the second Great Seal of RICHARD I., A.D. 1194, on the Shield of the
+King, No. 188. An earlier Seal, used by Prince JOHN before his brother’s
+accession, has a Shield charged with _two_ Lions only, and they are
+_passant_, No. 189. The first Great Seal of the lion-hearted King has a
+Shield, bowed in its contour, and charged with a _single_ Lion rampant
+facing to the sinister, or _counter-rampant_, No. 190; and it has been
+conjectured that, were the whole face of this Shield visible, a second
+Lion rampant facing to the dexter would appear, thus charging the Shield
+with _two Lions combattant_; this, however, is a conjecture which is not
+supported by the authority of many Shields of the same form. A red
+Shield charged with _two golden Lions passant guardant in pale_ (No.
+22), and therefore closely resembling No. 189, as I have already shown,
+has been assigned to WILLIAM I., and his two sons and his grandson,
+WILLIAM II., HENRY I., and STEPHEN. The Shield bearing the three Lions,
+No. 187, has been assigned to HENRY II., but it first makes its
+appearance on the Great Seal of his son. The probability is that up to
+this period the device was simply a lion, indeterminate in position or
+numbers. This same Shield has continued, from the time of RICHARD I., to
+display the ROYAL ARMS of the REALM OF ENGLAND: how, in the course of
+ages, these Arms become grouped with other insignia, I shall presently
+have to show.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 188.--Richard I.--2nd Gt. Seal.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 190.--Richard I.--1st Gt. Seal.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 189.--Prince John.--Seal.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 191.--Le Strange.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 192.--Giffard.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 193.--Mowbray.]
+
+The _Lion passant_ is carefully distinguished in the earliest Rolls as a
+different Charge from the _Lion passant guardant_. Thus (H. 3), for
+HAMON LE STRANGE--_Gu., two Lions passant arg._, No. 191; and for JOHN
+GIFFARD--_Gu., three Lions pass. arg._, No. 192: for Sir NICHOLAS CAREW
+(E. 2),--_Or, three Lions pass. sa._
+
+  [Illustration: No. 194.--De Lacy.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 195.--De Segrave.]
+
+From the numerous early Shields which bear _Lions rampant_, I select the
+following examples, associated with names illustrious in English
+History. For ROGER DE MOWBRAY (H. 3)--_Gu., a Lion rampt. arg._, No.
+193: this Coat is quartered by the present Lord MOWBRAY, SEGRAVE and
+STOURTON. For FITZ-ALAN, Earl of ARUNDEL--_Gu., a Lion rampt. or_
+(H. 3), No. 193. For DE LACI, Earl of LINCOLN--_Or, a Lion rampt.
+purpure_ (E. 2), No. 194. For Sir JOHN DE SEGRAVE (E. 2)--_Sa., a Lion
+rampt. arg., crowned or_, No. 195. For PERCY, Earl of
+NORTHUMBERLAND--_Or, a Lion rampt. az._, No 196: this Shield is drawn
+from the fine counter-seal of Sir HENRY DE PERCY, first Lord of Alnwick,
+who died A.D. 1315.
+
+Two Shields of the DE BOHUNS, Nos. 114, 115, already described,
+exemplify the display of Lioncels as heraldic charges. An earlier
+Shield, charged with six Lioncels, but without any Ordinary, was borne
+by FAIR ROSAMOND’S son, WILLIAM LONGESPÉE, Earl of SALISBURY, A.D. 1226:
+it is boldly sculptured with his noble effigy in Salisbury Cathedral,
+and it also appears upon his Seal--_Az., six Lioncels or_, No. 197. The
+Roll of Edward II., confirmed by his Seal, gives for Sir WM. DE
+LEYBOURNE the same composition, with a difference in the
+tincturing--_Az., six Lioncels arg._ Other members of the same family
+change these tinctures for _gules and or_, _gules and argent_, and _or
+and sable_ (E. 2). Examples of Shields which bear Lions or Lioncels with
+various other charges will be described and illustrated in succeeding
+chapters.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 196.--De Percy.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 197.--Longespée.]
+
+Lions also fulfil important duties of high honour in English Heraldry as
+_Crests_ and _Supporters_, and also as _Badges_. From the time of
+EDWARD III. a Crowned Lion, at the first standing on a Cap of Estate,
+and afterwards upon the Crown, has been the Royal Crest of ENGLAND;
+a Lion also has always been the Royal Crest of SCOTLAND (see Chapter
+XVIII.). The Princes of the Royal Houses of England, in like manner,
+have always borne the Royal Lion distinguished by some “Mark of Cadency�
+(see Chapter XII.): No. 198 is the Lion Crest of the BLACK PRINCE, from
+his Monument at Canterbury, the Lion differenced with the Prince’s
+silver label. The Lion also appears as the Crest of many noble and
+distinguished families, as the DE BOHUNS, the PERCIES, and the HOWARDS.
+The Lion Crest of RICHARD II., sculptured _statant guardant_ upon his
+helm, with a chapeau and mantling, and with the Badge of two Ostrich
+feathers, in Westminster Hall, is without any crown: No. 199.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 198.--Crest of Black Prince.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 199.--Crest of Richard II.]
+
+As a Royal Supporter of the Arms of _England_, the Lion appears in
+company with some other creature from the time of HENRY VI., EDWARD IV.
+sometimes having his Shield supported by two Lions. On the accession of
+JAMES I. of Great Britain, the Royal Lion Supporter formed that alliance
+with the Unicorn of Scotland which still continues, and will continue,
+it is to be hoped, throughout all time. Lions, as I shall point out more
+in detail in Chapter XVI., were frequently introduced into the
+composition of Seals before true heraldic Supporters were in use. In
+more recent Heraldry the Lion is a favourite Supporter: he now appears
+supporting the Shields of the Dukes of NORFOLK, ARGYLL, ATHOLL, BEDFORD,
+GRAFTON, NORTHUMBERLAND, PORTLAND, and WELLINGTON; also, with many
+others, those of the Marquesses of BATH, EXETER, HEADFORT, and
+SALISBURY; of the Earls of ALBEMARLE, BROWNLOW, CARLISLE, CARNARVON,
+CORK, ESSEX, and HARDWICK; of the Viscount HARDINGE; and of the Barons
+ARUNDEL, CAMOYS, DUNBOYNE, MONSON, MOWBRAY, PETRE, and SOUTHAMPTON. As a
+Supporter the Lion is represented _rampant_, _rampant reguardant_, and
+_sejant rampant_. Lions also, and Demi-Lions, are frequently borne as
+modern Crests.
+
+In our own treatment of the Lions of Heraldry, whatever their attitude
+or tincture, whatever also the position they may occupy or the heraldic
+duty they may discharge, we are always to draw and to blazon them as
+true _heraldic Lions_, while, at the same time, in their expression and
+general characteristics they are to be _genuine Lions_.
+
+In becoming fellowship with the Lion, the EAGLE appears in the earliest
+English Rolls and examples of Arms. The Royal bird, however, does not
+occur in English blazon so frequently as the Lion; and his appearance
+often denotes an alliance with German Princes. A Roll of Arms (printed
+in “Archæologia,� XXX.) of the year 1275 commences with the Shields of
+the “EMPEROR OF GERMANY,� and of the “KING OF GERMANY,� which are
+severally blazoned as,--“_Or, an Eagle displayed having two heads sa._,�
+and, “_Or, an Eagle displayed sable_.� In York Cathedral, in stained
+glass, there are Shields with both the double-headed and the
+single-headed Eagles, all of them German, which may be considered to
+have been executed before the year 1310. In the north choir-aisle at
+Westminster, the Shield (now mutilated) of the Emperor FREDERICK II. is
+boldly sculptured by an heraldic artist of the time of our HENRY III.,
+No. 200; here the Eagle had one head only. The German Emperors naturally
+adopted the Eagle for their heraldic Ensign, in support of their claim
+to be successors to the Roman Cæsars; and the Russian Czars, with the
+same motive, have also assumed the same ensign. The Eagle having two
+heads, which severally look to the dexter and the sinister, as in No.
+201, typified a rule that claimed to extend over both the Eastern and
+the Western Empires; as the Eagle with a single head, No. 202, might be
+considered to have a less comprehensive signification. The Eagles of the
+Princes of Germany are frequently to be found, blazoned for them, in
+England.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 200.--In Westminster Abbey.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 201.--Imperial Eagle.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 202.--Royal Eagle.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 203.--Cornwall.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 204.--Seal of Euphemia Leslie.]
+
+RICHARD, the second son of King JOHN, in the year 1256 was elected King
+of Germany (he is generally styled “King of the Romans�), when he bore
+the Eagle of the Empire: but the only Seals of this Prince that are
+known to exist in England display the Shield of his English Earldom of
+Cornwall, No. 140. His Son EDMUND, who succeeded to his father’s
+Earldom, on his Seals has represented an _Eagle bearing in its beak his
+Shield of Cornwall_, as in No. 203: this is a peculiarly interesting
+example of an heraldic usage of striking significance, and it also
+illustrates the early existence of the sentiment which at a later period
+led to the adoption of “Supporters� to Shields of Arms. In the early
+Heraldry of Scotland, a single displayed Eagle is occasionally found
+supporting an armorial Shield; as in the Seals of ALEXANDER STEWARD,
+Earl of MENTEITH, A.D. 1296, and WILLIAM, Earl of DOUGLAS and MAR, A.D.
+1378 (Seton’s “Scottish Heraldry,� Plates VIII. and XII.): sometimes
+also, as Mr. Seton has observed, “the Eagle’s breast is charged with
+more than one Shield, as in the case of the Seals of MARGARET STEWART,
+Countess of ANGUS (1366), and EUPHEMIA LESLIE, Countess of ROSS (1381),
+on both of which _three_ escutcheons make their appearance� (“Scottish
+Heraldry,� p. 268, and Plate XII., No. 5): in No. 204 I give a woodcut
+of this interesting composition; the Shields are, to the dexter,
+LESLIE--_Arg., on a bend az., three buckles or_; in the centre, the Arms
+of the Earl of ROSS--_Gu., three Lions rampant arg., within a tressure_;
+and, to the sinister, CUMMIN--_Az., three garbs or_. The Imperial Eagle
+is sometimes represented crowned; the heads also in some examples are
+encircled with a _nimbus_ or glory, as in No. 212. I must add that in
+the Heraldry of the English Peerage the Imperial Eagle still supports
+the Shields of some few Peers of different ranks; as, for example, that
+of Baron METHUEN.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 205.--Shield of Piers Gaveston.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 206.--Montacute and Monthermer.]
+
+PIERS GAVESTON, who was created Earl of CORNWALL by EDWARD II.,
+bore--_Vert, six Eaglets or_, No. 205, (E. 2 and York stained glass): on
+his Seal, however, the number of the Eaglets is reduced to _three_.
+Another early example is the Shield of that gallant and persevering
+knight, RALPH DE MONTHERMER--_Or, an Eagle displayed vert_, No. 206, who
+became Earl of GLOUCESTER in right of his wife, JOAN, daughter of
+EDWARD I., and widow of GILBERT DE CLARE, the “Red Earl�; this green
+Eagle of Monthermer long held a place of high distinction in the
+mediæval Heraldry of England, marshalled on the Shields of the Earls of
+SALISBURY and WARWICK; in which, as in the example, No. 206, the Eagle
+of Monthermer is quartered with the coat of Montacute, No. 20 (page 17).
+The Eagle of early Heraldry was sometimes blazoned as an “_Erne_,�[4]
+and sometimes as an “_Alerion_,� WILLIAM D’ERNFORD (H. 3) bears--_Sa.,
+an Erne displayed arg._: and, at the same period WM. DE ERNFIELD bears a
+pair of Erne’s or Eagle’s Wings, called a “_Vol_,� No. 207. From Shields
+of the fourteenth century which bear Eagles, and are blazoned in the
+Roll of Edward II., I select the following small group as good
+examples:--Sir WM. DE MONGOMERIE--_Or, an Eagle displayed az._: Sir
+NICHOLAS DE ETONE--_Gu., a Chevron between three Eaglets arg._: Sir JOHN
+DE CHARLESTONE--_Arg., on a Chevron vert three Eaglets or_: Sir PHILIP
+DE VERLEY--_Or, a Bend gu., between six Eaglets sa._: Sir JOHN DE LA
+MERE--_Arg., on a Bend az. three Eaglets or_, No. 209: a Shield bearing
+a Bend charged with three Eagles, but with different tinctures, No. 88,
+I have shown to have been the Arms of the Grandisons.
+
+    [Footnote 4: Query if this is not really a herne or
+    heron.--A. C. F.-D.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 207.--A Vol.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 209.--De la Mere.]
+
+Eagles, under their name of “_Alerions_� (which early Heralds
+represented without feet and beaks), are blazoned in the same
+disposition as in No. 209, in the Arms of the Duchy of LORRAINE,--_Or,
+on a Bend gu. three alerions arg._: and this device the Dukes of
+Lorraine _are said_ to have borne in commemoration of an exploit of
+their famous ancestor, GODFREY DE BOLOGNE, _who is also said_, when
+“shooting against David’s tower in Jerusalem,� to have “broched upon his
+arrow three footless birds called alerions.� “It is impossible,� remarks
+Mr. Planché upon this legend, “now to ascertain who broached this
+wonderful story; but it is perfectly evident that the narrator was the
+party who drew the long bow, and not the noble GODFREY.� Mr. Planché
+adds, that the Alerions of Lorraine may indicate an alliance with the
+Imperial House; and he directs attention to “a similarity in sound
+between ’Alerion’ and ’Lorraine,’� and also to a singular Anagram
+produced by the letters ALERION and LORAINE, which are the same
+(“Pursuivant of Arms,� p. 87). The Arms of Lorraine are still borne by
+the Emperor of AUSTRIA: and in England they were quartered by Queen
+MARGARET of Anjou.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 210.--Shield at St. Albans.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 211.--The Austrian Eagle.]
+
+The Roll of Edward II. gives also for Sir HUGH DE BILBESWORTH these
+arms--_Az., three Eagles displayed or_. A similar Shield, the tinctures
+changed to--_Arg., three Eagles displayed gu., armed or_, was borne by
+ROBERT DE EGLESFIELD, Confessor to PHILIPPA of Hainault, Queen of
+EDWARD III., who in the year 1340 founded Queen’s College, Oxford: this
+Shield of the Founder is borne by the College. One of the Shields in the
+Chantry of Abbot RAMRYGE in St. Albans Abbey Church bears the same
+charges--_three eagles displayed_, No. 210: the drawing of the eagle in
+this Shield is remarkable, and the form of the Shield itself is
+singularly characteristic of the close of the fifteenth century. Another
+Shield in the same monument bears a single Eagle, drawn in the same
+manner, and sculptured with extraordinary spirit. The German Heralds,
+and also their brethren of France, delight in exaggerations of what I
+may distinguish as the Westminster Eagle, No. 200. The Austrian Eagle,
+besides having both its heads crowned, has a large Imperial Crown placed
+between and above the two heads, as in No. 211. The Imperial Eagle (Holy
+Roman Empire) sometimes has a nimbus or glory about each head, which
+dignified accessory is represented by a circular line, as in No. 212. In
+some examples of Eagles, as well in our own Heraldry as in that of
+continental countries, the wings are represented as _erect_ (the more
+usual form in England), and having the tips of all the principal
+feathers pointing upwards, as in No. 213. The Eagle borne as the Ensign
+of Imperial FRANCE was represented grasping a thunderbolt, in an
+attitude of vigilance, having its wings displayed, but with the tips of
+the feathers drooping, as they would be in the living bird; No. 214.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 212.--Imperial Eagle, with Nimbus.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 213.--Eagle “displayed,� with Wings erect.]
+
+EDWARD III., as a Second Crest, bore an Eagle. An Eagle also was borne
+for his Crest, as the imperial bird was displayed upon his Shield (No.
+206), by Earl RALPH DE MONTHERMER. In the more recent Heraldry of
+England, the Eagle is a Supporter to the Shields of the Earls of
+CLARENDON, COVENTRY, and MALMESBURY; the Viscounts BOLINGBROKE and ST.
+VINCENT; and the Barons HEYTESBURY, RADSTOCK, WYNFORD, and others.
+Eagles also and Demi-Eagles are borne as Crests in the English Heraldry
+of our own day.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 214.--French Imperial Eagle.]
+
+In drawing our heraldic Eagles, we can scarcely improve upon some of the
+examples in which early English Heralds expressed their ideas of the
+king of birds.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION VII
+
+  _Glossary of Titles, Names, and Terms_
+
+  “The several denominations given to these tokens of honour ...
+  with the terms of art given to them.�
+    --RANDLE HOME: “Academy of Armoury,� A.D. 1688.
+
+
+In this Glossary, which obviously must be as concise as possible,
+I shall include no word that is ordinarily well understood, unless some
+special signification should be attached to it when it is in use in
+armorial blazon.
+
+_Abased._ Said of a charge when placed lower than its customary
+position.
+
+_Abatement._ A supposed sign of degradation. (See Chapter XII.)
+
+_Accollée._ Placed side by side.
+
+_Accosted._ Side by side.
+
+_Achievement_, or _Achievement of Arms_. Any complete heraldic
+composition.
+
+_Addorsed._ Back to back.
+
+_Affrontée._ So placed as to show the full face or front.
+
+_Alerion._ A name sometimes given by early Heralds to the heraldic
+_Eagle_, which, when blazoned under this title, was also sometimes drawn
+without legs or beak. (See p. 97.)
+
+_Ambulant._ In the act of walking.
+
+_Annulet._ A plain ring; sometimes blazoned as a “_false roundle_�: in
+modern English cadency, the difference of the fifth son or brother: No.
+154.
+
+_Annulettée._ Ending in Annulets.
+
+_Antelope._ Depicted by early Heralds in a conventional manner, but now
+generally rendered more naturally, the earlier type being termed the
+heraldic antelope.
+
+_Anthony, St._ His cross is in the form of the letter T, No. 93.
+
+_Antique Crown._ See _Eastern Crown_.
+
+_Appaumée._ Said of a hand, when open, erect, and showing the palm: No.
+215.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 215.--Badge of Ulster.]
+
+_Arched._ Bent, or bowed.
+
+_Archbishop._ A prelate of the highest order in the English Church; his
+heraldic insignia are his _Mitre_, _Crozier_, and _Pall_. Next to the
+Royal Family, the Archbishop of Canterbury is the first subject in the
+realm; he is styled “Most Reverend Father in God,� “by Divine
+Providence,� and “Your Grace.� The Archbishop of York is third in rank
+(the Lord Chancellor being second), and his style is the same, except
+that he is Archbishop “by Divine permission.� Archbishops impale their
+own arms with those of their see, the latter being marshalled to the
+dexter.
+
+_Argent._ The metal silver.
+
+_Arm._ A human arm. When a charge, crest, or badge, it must be blazoned
+with full particulars as to position, clothing, &c. If couped between
+the elbow and the wrist, it is a _cubit arm_.
+
+_Armed._ A term applied to animals and birds of prey, to denote their
+natural weapons of offence and defence: thus, a Lion is said to be
+“_armed_ of his claws and teeth�; a Bull, to be “_armed_ of his horns�;
+an Eagle, “of its beak and talons.�
+
+_Armory._ Heraldry. Also, a List of Names and Titles, with their
+respective Arms.
+
+_Arms_, _Armorial Bearings_. Heraldic compositions, and the Figures and
+Devices which form them. (See Chapter I.)
+
+_Arms of Community._ Borne by Corporate and other Bodies and
+Communities, as cities, colleges, &c.
+
+_Arms of Dominion._ Borne by Sovereign Princes, being also the Sovereign
+arms of the realms over which they rule.
+
+_Arms of Office._ Borne, with the personal arms, to denote official
+rank.
+
+_Armes Parlantes._ Such as are allusive to the Name, Title, Office, or
+Property of those who bear them: thus, _Leaves_ for _Leve_son,
+a _Castle_ for _Castile_, a _Cup_ for _Butler_, _Fish_ for those who
+derive revenues from Fisheries, &c. The more usual term is, however,
+“canting arms� (See _Rebus_: also page 15.)
+
+_Arrow._ Is _barbed_ of its head, and _flighted_ of its feathers;
+a bundle of arrows is a _sheaf_; with a blunt head, it is a _bird-bolt_.
+
+_At Gaze._ A term applied to animals of the chase, to denote their
+standing still, and looking straight forward: No. 167.
+
+_Attires_, _Attired_. The antlers of a Buck, Stag, or Hart: having
+antlers. A Reindeer is represented in Heraldry with double attires, one
+pair erect, and the other drooping forward.
+
+_Augmentation._ An honourable addition to a Coat of Arms, specially
+granted with a peculiar significance: thus, the “Union� Device of the
+British Empire, blazoned on an inescutcheon, is the “_Augmentation_�
+specially granted to the great Duke of WELLINGTON, to be borne on the
+honour point of his paternal shield.
+
+_Augmented._ Having an “Augmentation.�
+
+_Avellane._ A variety of the heraldic Cross: No. 109.
+
+_Azure._ The colour _blue_ (indicated by horizontal lines): No. 52.
+
+_Badge._ A figure or device, distinct from a crest, and capable of being
+borne without any background or other accessory. Badges are, however,
+often depicted upon a standard or roundle of the livery colour or
+colours. Badges were depicted as a sign of ownership upon property; were
+worn by servants and retainers, who mustered under the standards on
+which badges were represented. (See Chapter XV.)
+
+_Banded._ Encircled with a band.
+
+_Banner._ A flag, charged with the coat of arms of the owner, displayed
+over its entire surface. (See Chapter XVII.)
+
+_Banneret._ A Knight who had been advanced by the King to that higher
+military rank which entitled him to display a banner.
+
+_Bar._ One of the Ordinaries: Nos. 81, 82.
+
+_Bars Gemelles._ Barrulets borne in pairs: Nos. 83, 84.
+
+_Barbed._ Pointed, as an arrow. The term is also applied to the small
+green leaves between the petals of heraldic roses. (See _Rose_.)
+
+_Barbel._ A Fish borne as an allusive device by the family of DE BARRE:
+No. 162.
+
+_Barded._ Having horse-trappings.
+
+_Bardings._ Horse-trappings, often enriched with armorial blazonry. On
+the Great Seal of EDWARD I. the Bardings of the King’s charger for the
+first time appear adorned with the Royal arms. On both sides of the
+horse, the head is supposed to be to the dexter. An example is
+represented in the Seal of ALEXANDER DE BALLIOL, in Chapter XIV.
+
+_Barnacles_, _Breys_. An instrument used in breaking horses. A rebus of
+Sir REGINALD BRAY, architect of St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, and
+repeatedly represented there: No. 216.
+
+_Baron._ The lowest rank in the British Peerage. A Baron is “Right
+Honourable,� and is styled “My Lord.� His coronet, first granted by
+Charles II., has on a golden circlet six large pearls, of which four
+appear in representations, as in No. 217. An Irish Baron has no coronet.
+All a Baron’s children are “Honourable.�
+
+_Baron._ A purely heraldic term signifying a _husband_, a _wife_ in
+Heraldry being _femme_.
+
+_Baroness._ A lady in whom a Barony is vested by inheritance in her own
+right; also, the wife of a Baron. In either case she is “Right
+Honourable�; is styled “My Lady,� and her coronet is the same as that of
+a Baron.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 216.--Breys.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 217.--Circlet of a Baron’s Coronet.]
+
+_Baronet._ An hereditary rank, lower than the peerage, instituted in
+1612 by JAMES I., who fixed the precedence of Baronets before all
+Knights, those of the Order of the Garter alone excepted. As originally
+created, all Baronets were “of Ulster,� or “of Nova Scotia�; afterwards
+all new creations were “of Great Britain�; now all are “of the United
+Kingdom.� The “Badge of Ulster,� generally borne as an augmentation upon
+a canton or small inescutcheon, is--_Arg., a sinister hand, couped at
+the wrist and appaumée, gu._,--No. 215. The arms of Nova Scotia, which
+may be (but seldom are) similarly borne on a canton or inescutcheon,
+are--_Arg., on a saltire az., the Royal arms of Scotland_. (See No.
+138.) By letters patent of JAMES I., the wives of Baronets have the
+titles of “_Lady_, _Madam_, or _Dame_,� at their pleasure prefixed to
+their names.
+
+_Barrulet._ The diminutive of a Bar.
+
+_Barrulée_, _Barruly_. Barry of ten or more pieces.
+
+_Barry._ Divided into an even number of Bars, which all lie in the same
+plane: Nos. 85, 86.
+
+_Barry Bendy._ Having the field divided by lines drawn _bar-wise_, which
+are crossed by others drawn _bend-wise_: No. 119.
+
+_Bar-wise._ Disposed after the manner of a Bar,--crossing the field,
+that is, horizontally. The term _fessways_ is more usually employed.
+
+_Base._ The lowest extremity: No. 27, B.
+
+_Basilisk._ A cockatrice having its tail ending in a dragon’s head.
+
+_Basinet._ A helm fitting close to the head.
+
+_Baton._ A diminutive of the bend, couped at its extremities.
+
+_Battled_, or _Embattled_. Having battlements, or bordered, as No. 38,
+F.
+
+_Beacon_, or _Fire Beacon_. An iron case of burning combustibles set on
+a pole, against which a ladder is placed.
+
+_Beaked._ Applied to birds, not of prey.
+
+_Bearer._ An old Scottish term for a _Supporter_.
+
+_Bearing_, _Bearings_. Armorial insignia, borne on shields.
+
+_Bell._ Drawn, and generally blazoned as a _church-bell_, unless
+specified to be a _hawk’s-bell_.
+
+_Belled._ Having bells attached.
+
+_Bend._ One of the Ordinaries: Nos. 111-115.
+
+_Bendlet._ The diminutive of a bend: No. 117.
+
+_Bend-wise_, or _In Bend_. Placed in the position of or arranged in the
+direction of a bend.
+
+_Bendy._ Parted bend-wise into an even number of divisions: No. 116.
+
+_Besant._ A golden “Roundle� or disc, flat like a coin: No. 151, and No.
+140.
+
+_Billet._ An oblong figure of any tincture: _Billetée_--strewn with
+“Billets�: Nos. 130, 146.
+
+_Bird._ Many Birds appear in blazon, and they are represented both in
+heraldic tinctures and “proper�--in their natural aspect. (See Chapters
+VIII. and IX.)
+
+_Bird-bolt._ An arrow with a blunt head.
+
+_Bishop._ The Bishops are “by Divine permission,� and are styled “Right
+Reverend Father in God,� and “My Lord Bishop.� The Bishops of England
+and Wales are not Peers but are all “spiritual lords� of Parliament,
+some of the junior Bishops, however, having no seats. The Suffragan
+Bishops are merely assistant Bishops, and are not Lords of Parliament.
+The heraldic insignia of Bishops consist of _a mitre_ and _pastoral
+staff_; they impale their official and personal arms, as do the
+Archbishops; and, like them also, they bear no crests, but they ensign
+their shields with a mitre.
+
+_Blasted._ Leafless, withered.
+
+_Blazon._ Heraldry: Armorial Compositions. “To blazon� is to _describe_
+or to _represent_ any armorial Figure, Device, or Composition in an
+heraldic manner. _Blazoning_--_Describing_ in heraldic language: also,
+_representing_ in an heraldic manner. _Blazonry_--the representation of
+any heraldic Figure, Device, or Composition. But the distinction is in
+practice usually made to employ the word “emblazon� in cases of
+representation.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 218.--Water Bouget.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 219.--Bourchier Knot.]
+
+_Boar._ In Heraldry occasionally termed _Sanglier_.
+
+_Bordure._ A Subordinary: Nos. 139, 140. Also, an important
+“Difference.� (See Chapters XII. and XIII.)
+
+_Botoneé_, _Botoneé Fitcheé_. Varieties of the heraldic Cross: Nos. 103,
+110. This Cross is also termed _Trefleé_.
+
+_Bouget_, or _Water Bouget_. A charge, representing the vessels used by
+the Crusaders for carrying water. The word is an early form of Bucket.
+Fine early examples occur in the Temple Church, at Beverley Minster, and
+in a monument at Blyborough, Lincolnshire: No. 218.
+
+_Bourchier Knot._ The badge of the Bourchier family represented in No.
+219.
+
+_Bourdon._ A palmer’s or pilgrim’s staff. (See _Pilgrim’s Staff_.)
+
+_Bow._ The archer’s weapon, in all its varieties of form, is a charge.
+
+_Bowed._ Having a convex contour.
+
+_Bowen Knot._ No. 220.
+
+_Braced._ Interlaced.
+
+_Breys._ Barnacles, _q.v._
+
+_Brisure_, or _Brizure_. Any difference or mark of cadency.
+
+_Buckle._ See _Fermaile_.
+
+_Burgonet._ A helm worn in the sixteenth century.
+
+_Cabossed_, or _Caboshed_. The head of a stag, or other horned animal,
+represented full-faced, so as to show the face only: No. 170. In the
+case of a lion or leopard when the head is so represented it is termed
+the face.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 220.--Bowen Knot.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 221.--Caltrap.]
+
+_Cadency, Marks of._ Figures and devices, introduced into armorial
+compositions, in order to distinguish the different members and branches
+of the same family. (See _Difference_, and Chapter XII.)
+
+_Cadet._ A junior member or branch of a family.
+
+_Caltrap._ An implement formerly strewn on the ground in war to maim
+horses: No. 221.
+
+_Canting Heraldry._ Refer to _Armes Parlantes_.
+
+_Canton._ One of the Subordinaries: Nos. 129, 130.
+
+_Cantoned._ Placed in the quarters of a shield.
+
+_Carbuncle._ The same as _Escarbuncle_.
+
+_Cartouche._ No. 46.
+
+_Castle._ Generally represented with two or three turrets, as in the
+shield of Queen Alianore, of Castile: No. 222. Refer to _Tower_.
+
+_Celestial Crown._ No. 223.
+
+_Centaur._ Also blazoned as a _sagittary_, and supposed to have been a
+badge of King Stephen.
+
+_Cerceleé_, or _Recerceleé_. A descriptive term to denote a variety of
+the heraldic Cross: No. 98.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 222.--Castle.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 223.--Celestial Crown.]
+
+_Chapeau._ Also entitled _a cap of dignity_, _of maintenance_, or _of
+estate_. An early symbol of high dignity, and in England of right of
+Peerage. In addition it is now more frequently met with supporting
+certain crests: No. 224.
+
+_Chaplet._ A garland or entwined wreath of leaves and flowers, or of
+flowers alone. A _chaplet of rue_, sometimes called a _crancelin_, is
+blazoned bend-wise in the shield of Saxony--_Barry of ten or and sa.,
+over all a chaplet of rue vert_: No. 225. (See _Crancelin_.)
+
+  [Illustration: No. 224.--Chapeau.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 225.--Arms of Saxony.]
+
+_Charge._ Any heraldic figure or device. _Charged_--placed on a shield,
+banner, &c., as any heraldic figure or device may be.
+
+_Chequeé_, _Chequy_, _Checky_. Divided into three, or into more than
+three, contiguous rows of small squares, alternately of a metal (or fur)
+and a colour: No 68.
+
+_Chess rook._ A piece used in the game of Chess: borne by _Roke_wood and
+others: No. 226.
+
+_Chevron._ One of the Ordinaries: Nos. 123, 125.
+
+_Chevronel._ A diminutive of the Chevron: No. 124.
+
+_Chevroneé_, _Chevrony_. A field composed of a number of pieces divided
+and disposed _per Chevron_: No. 124A.
+
+_Chief._ One of the Ordinaries: Nos. 71-75. _In Chief_--placed in the
+upper part of the shield, or arranged in a horizontal row across the
+upper part of the field.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 226.--Chess Rook.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 227.--Cinque foil.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 228.--Clarions.]
+
+_Cinque-foil._ A flower or leaf of five foils: No. 227.
+
+_Civic Crown._ A wreath of oak-leaves and acorns.
+
+_Clarenceux._ See _Herald_.
+
+_Clarion._ An ancient musical instrument, a badge, apparently, of the DE
+CLARES. By some this charge is supposed to represent a _lance-rest_, and
+is sometimes so blazoned: No. 228, which shows two varieties of form.
+
+_Clecheé._ A variety of the heraldic Cross: No. 105.
+
+_Close._ With closed wings.
+
+_Closet._ A Diminutive of the Bar, one half its width.
+
+_Cloueé._ Fastened with Nails, and showing the Nail-heads: No. 150.
+
+_Coat Armour._ True armorial or heraldic bearings, duly granted or
+inherited, and rightly borne: so entitled, from having been depicted by
+warriors of the Middle Ages upon their _surcoats_, worn by them over
+their armour.
+
+_Coat of Arms._ A complete armorial composition, properly what would be
+charged upon a Shield or Banner, but often used as an alternative for
+_Achievement_, _q.v._
+
+_Cockatrice._ A fabulous creature, represented in No. 229.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 229.--Cockatrice.]
+
+_Collar._ One of the insignia of Orders of Knighthood, worn about the
+neck. Also any ornament or distinction worn in the same manner. Knights
+occasionally wore collars charged with their own badge. In addition to
+their badges of the Red and White Rose, examples exist showing that
+adherents of the rival houses of York and Lancaster sometimes wore
+collars, the former formed of alternate _Suns and Roses_, No. 230; and
+the latter, of the letter S continually repeated, No. 231. No certain
+origin has been discovered for the Lancastrian “Collar of S.,� but it
+has been suggested that it represents the word SOVERAYGNE, the motto of
+HENRY IV. No. 230 is from the Brass to HENRY BOURCHIER, K.G., Earl of
+Essex, at Little Easton, Suffolk, A.D. 1483; and No. 231 from the Brass
+to Lord CAMOYS, K.G., at Trotton, Sussex, A.D. 1424.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 230.--A Collar of York.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 231.--A Collar of Lancaster.]
+
+_College of Arms_, or _Heralds’ College_. (See _Herald_.)
+
+_Colour._ See Chapter V., page 41. The term “_Colours_� is applied to
+Flags, particularly to those of infantry regiments, and to such as are
+displayed at sea. (See Chapter XVII.)
+
+_Combatant._ Two lions, or other animals of prey, rampant and face to
+face.
+
+_Compartment._ In Scottish Heraldry, “a kind of carved panel, of no
+fixed form, placed below the escutcheon, bearing the supporters, and
+usually inscribed with a motto or the name and designation of the
+owner.� --_Seton._ Other objects placed below the shield are met with
+under this description.
+
+_Componée_, _Compony_, or _Gobony_. A single row of small squares
+alternately of two tinctures or furs: No. 66. (See _Counter Componée_.)
+
+_Complement, In her._ Applied to the moon when full.
+
+_Compound Quartering._ The quartering of a quarter, or division of a
+quartered Coat-of-Arms. (See page 34.)
+
+_Compound Arms._ Arms formed from the combination of the bearings of two
+or more distinct coats, to produce a single compound coat.
+
+_Conjoined in Lure._ Two wings united, their tips in base.
+
+_Contoise._ A flowing scarf, worn attached to the helm before 1350. Two
+examples occur in effigies in Exeter Cathedral, and another in
+Westminster Abbey.
+
+_Contournée._ Facing to the sinister.
+
+_Cornish Chough._ A bird like a crow, black, with red beak and legs.
+
+_Coronet._ An ensign of rank worn upon the head, in use in England from
+about the middle of the fourteenth century, but without any distinctive
+tokens of gradations of rank until a later period. In modern times
+English Coronets have enclosed a velvet cap with a bullion tassel. This
+cap originated in the cap of estate worn by Peers. (See _Prince_,
+_Duke_, _Marquess_, _Earl_, _Viscount_, and _Baron_.)
+
+_Cotise._ A diminutive of the Bend or other Ordinary, being one-fourth
+of their width. _Cotised_. When a Bend or Chevron is placed between two
+Cotises, or when a Fesse or Bar is placed between two Barrulets. Nos.
+114, 115.
+
+_Couchant._ In repose. No. 177.
+
+_Couchée._ Said of a Shield when suspended from the sinister extremity
+of the chief, or when placed as if it were so suspended. No. 49.
+
+_Count_, _Countess_. _Count_, in Latin “Comes,� the same as Earl.
+_Countess_, the wife of an Earl: she is “Right Honourable,� and styled
+“My Lady�: her coronet is the same as that of an Earl.
+
+_Counter._ Reversed or opposite.
+
+_Counter-changing._ See page 44, and Nos. 70, 126.
+
+_Counter Componée._ Double _Componée_, or two conjoined rows of
+alternately tinctured squares. No. 67.
+
+_Counter-Embattled._ A term in use for a fesse, bar, or chevron when
+embattled on both edges.
+
+_Counter-seal._ Early seals were generally impressed on both sides; and
+the seals thus were produced from two dies or matrices. The two sides
+were severally called the _seal_ and the _counter-seal_, the latter
+being termed the _reverse_ of the compound composition. Every such
+double impression constituted a single seal. Both seal and counter-seal
+were sometimes used alone; and the counter-seal was regarded as a
+private seal, or _secretum_.
+
+_Couped._ Cut off _smoothly_--the reverse of “erased.�
+
+_Couple-close._ Half a _chevronel_.
+
+_Courant._ Running.
+
+_Courtesy, Titles of._ Nominal degrees of rank, conceded to, and borne
+by, the Eldest Sons of Dukes, Marquesses, and Earls, and other titles
+used by their younger children and all children of Viscounts and Barons.
+
+_Coward_, _Cowed_. A term applied to an animal with its tail between its
+legs. No. 182.
+
+_Crampet._ The decorated end of a sword-scabbard.
+
+_Crancelin._ From the German _kranzlein_, “a small garland,� applied to
+the chaplet that crosses the shield of Saxony, No. 225: this charge is
+also blazoned as _a bend treflée vert_, _a bend archée coronettée_, or
+_a coronet extended in bend_: it is said to be an augmentation
+conferred, with the Dukedom of Saxony, on BERNHARD of Ascania, by the
+Emperor BARBAROSSA. The Emperor took from his head his own chaplet of
+rue, and threw it across the shield of Duke Bernhard. This story is
+probably untrue.
+
+_Crenellated._ Embattled.
+
+_Crescent._ No. 166. In modern English cadency, the difference of the
+second son, or house.
+
+_Cresset._ A beacon.
+
+_Crest._ A figure or device originally worn upon a helm, and now
+generally represented above a Shield of arms. Crests at first were
+ensigns of high honour, and their use was restricted to a few persons of
+eminence: they were attached by a _wreath_, or _torse_, or by a
+_coronet_, to the helm or basinet; and sometimes a crest stood upon a
+cap of estate. Crests are still represented standing upon either a
+wreath, or a cap, or issuing from a coronet: but in our own Heraldry a
+_crest-coronet_ must always be carefully distinguished from those
+coronets that are insignia of princely and noble rank. Crests are not
+borne by ladies, a reigning Sovereign only excepted. (See _Panache_,
+_Rebus_, and Chapter XIV.)
+
+  [Illustration: No. 232.--Crest Coronet.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 233.--Crest-Wreath.]
+
+_Crest-Coronet._ A coronet from which issues, or which supports,
+a crest. No. 232.
+
+_Crest-Wreath_, or _Torse_. In the Middle Ages, of rich materials and
+costly workmanship; now represented as being formed of two rolls of silk
+of the principal metal and colour in the arms, which are twisted to show
+the metal and colour alternately. The earliest examples are about A.D.
+1375. No. 233 shows three varieties of representation. (See Chapter
+XIV.)
+
+_Crined._ Having a mane or hair.
+
+_Cross._ One of the Ordinaries. Nos. 90-110.
+
+_Crown._ The ensign of Royal and Imperial dignity; in Heraldry borne as
+a charge, and also used to denote the rank of a Sovereign Prince. The
+Crown that is generally borne as a charge is represented without arches,
+and resembling No. 232. Certain other crowns, each distinguished by an
+appropriate title, are also sometimes borne on shields, or introduced as
+heraldic accessories. (See _Celestial_, _Eastern_ or _Radiated_,
+_Mural_, _Naval_, and _Vallary_ Crowns.) The different forms assumed at
+different periods by the Royal Crown of England are faithfully
+exemplified in the seals and the coinage of the successive Sovereigns,
+and several fine examples are preserved in the Royal effigies. The
+adornment of the regal circlet was arbitrary before the fifteenth
+century; still, it always was enriched with gems and surmounted by
+golden foliage. HENRY V. first arched his crown; and by HENRY VI. the
+circlet was first heightened with alternate crosses-patée and fleurs de
+lys. This arrangement has since been retained, the subsequent
+alterations being restricted to changes in the number and in the contour
+of the arches. The crown of His Majesty the KING has the circlet
+heightened with four crosses and as many fleurs de lys; from the crosses
+rise the arches, which are surmounted by a mound and a cross-patée. No.
+234. This, the heraldic crown, is not an exact reproduction of the
+actual crown of the King.
+
+_Crozier._ Strictly, the cross-staff of an archbishop; distinguished by
+its form from the pastoral-staff with a crook-head, of bishops; but the
+term is loosely and very generally applied also to the crook-headed
+pastoral-staff.
+
+_Crusilee_, _Crusily_. Having the field semée of crosses-crosslets, or
+of other small crosses, their peculiar form (when not crosslets) being
+specified.
+
+_Cubit arm._ A human arm couped between the elbow and the wrist.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 234.--Crown of H.M. The King.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 235.--Dacre Knot and Badges.]
+
+_Cup_, _Covered Cup_. A vessel formed like a chalice, and having a
+raised cover; borne by the BOTILERS, BUTLERS, &c.
+
+_Cushion_, _Pillow_, _Oreiller_. Unless described of another form,
+square or oblong, and with a tassel at each corner.
+
+_Dacre Knot._ No. 235. (See _Knot_.)
+
+_Dancetté._ No. 38B. In early blazon, a fesse dancetté is styled simply
+“a _dancette_� or “a _danse_.� Nos. 78, 146; and No. 20A, page 70.
+
+_Debruised._ When an ordinary surmounts an animal or another charge.
+
+_Decrescent._ A half-moon having its horns to the sinister. No. 166C.
+
+_Deer._ In general practice very little if any differentiation is made
+between the _Stag_, the _Buck_, and the _Hart_; the female is a _Hind_,
+and of course is without attires. (See Chapter VIII.)
+
+_Degrees._ A term applied to the steps upon which a Cross Calvary is
+represented.
+
+_Demembered_, _Dismembered_. Cut into pieces, but without any alteration
+in the form of the original figure.
+
+_Demi._ The half. The upper, front, or dexter half, unless the contrary
+be specified. No. 186.
+
+_Depressed._ Surmounted.
+
+_Dexter._ The right side. No. 27C.
+
+_Diaper_, _Diapering_. Surface decoration. No. 68.
+
+_Difference_, _Differencing_. An addition to, or some change in,
+a Coat-of-Arms, introduced for the purpose of distinguishing Coats which
+in their primary qualities are the same. (See Chapters XII. and XIII.)
+
+_Dimidiated._ Cut in halves per pale, and one half removed: No. 250.
+(See Chapter XI.)
+
+_Disclosed._ With expanded wings, in the case of birds that are _not_
+birds of prey. The contrary to _Close_.
+
+_Displayed._ Birds of prey with expanded wings. No. 200.
+
+_Disposed_, _Disposition_. Arranged, arrangement.
+
+_Dividing Lines._ No. 38: also Nos. 27-37.
+
+_Dolphin._ A favourite fish with Heralds. The heraldic Dolphin of
+antiquity is exemplified in No. 8; that of the Middle Ages in No. 163.
+
+_Dormant._ Asleep, as in No. 179.
+
+_Double-queued._ Having two tails. No. 181.
+
+_Doubling._ The lining of a Mantle or Mantling.
+
+_Dove-tail._ No. 381.
+
+_Dragon._ A winged monster having four legs. No. 236.
+
+_Duke._ The highest rank and title in the British Peerage; first
+introduced by EDWARD III. in the year 1337, when he created the BLACK
+PRINCE the first English Duke (in Latin, “_Dux_�). A Duke is “Most
+Noble�; he is styled “My Lord Duke,� and “Your Grace�; and all his
+younger sons are “Lords,� and all his daughters “Ladies,� with the
+prefix “Right Honourable.� His eldest son bears, by courtesy, his
+father’s “second title�; and, accordingly, he generally bears the title
+of Marquess. Whatever his title, however, the rank of the eldest son of
+a Duke is always the same, and it assigns to him precedence between
+Marquesses and Earls. The Coronet of a Duke, arbitrary in its adornment
+until the sixteenth century was far advanced, is now a circlet,
+heightened with eight conventional strawberry-leaves, of which in
+representations three and two half-leaves are shown; No. 237. It
+encloses a velvet cap. The present ducal coronet is represented in the
+portrait of LUDOVICK STUART, K.G., Duke of RICHMOND and LENNOX, who died
+in 1624; the picture, the property of the Crown, is at Hampton Court.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 236.--Dragon.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 237.--Circlet of a Duke’s Coronet.]
+
+_Ducal Coronet._ A term commonly, but not very accurately, applied to a
+_Crest Coronet_. No. 232.
+
+_Duchess._ The wife of a Duke. She is “Most Noble,� and is styled “Your
+Grace.� Her coronet is the same as that of a Duke.
+
+_Eagle._ See Chapter IX., page 92.
+
+_Eaglet._ An Eagle on a small scale.
+
+_Earl._ In Latin, “Comes�; in French, “Comte� or “Count.� Before 1337,
+the highest, and now the third degree of rank and dignity in the British
+Peerage. An Earl is “Right Honourable�; he is styled “My Lord�; his
+eldest son bears his father’s “second title,� generally that of
+Viscount; his other sons are styled “Honourable,� but all his daughters
+are “Ladies.� The circlet of an Earl’s Coronet has eight lofty rays of
+gold rising from the circlet, each of which supports a large pearl,
+while between each pair of these rays there is a golden strawberry-leaf.
+In representations five of the rays and pearls are shown; No. 238.
+Elevated clusters of pearls appear in an Earl’s coronet--that of THOMAS
+FITZ ALAN, Earl of ARUNDEL--as early as 1445; but the present form of
+the coronet may be assigned to the second half of the following century.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 238.--Circlet of an Earl’s Coronet.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 239.--Eastern Crown.]
+
+_Eastern_, _Radiated_, or _Antique Crown_. No. 239.
+
+_Electoral Bonnet._ A cap of crimson velvet guarded with ermine, borne,
+in the Royal Arms, over the inescutcheon of the arms of Hanover from
+1801 till 1816. No. 240.
+
+_Embattled_, and _Counter-Embattled_. A term applied to a fess or bar
+when so depicted both above and below.
+
+_Embowed._ Bent. An arm embowed has the elbow to the dexter, unless
+blazoned to the contrary.
+
+_Embrued._ Stained with blood.
+
+_Endorse._ A diminutive of the pale.
+
+_Enfiled._ Pierced, _e.g._ with a sword, or surrounded, _e.g._ with a
+coronet.
+
+_Engrailed._ The border-line, No. 38D.
+
+_Enhanced._ Raised towards the chief. Thus the arms of BYRON, No. 241,
+are--_Arg., three bendlets enhanced gu._
+
+_Ensigned._ Adorned; having some ensign of honour placed above--as a
+coronet above a shield.
+
+_Entire._ Said of a charge when it is necessary to express that it
+extends to the border lines of a shield, coat, or banner; also of a
+shield, coat, or banner of arms, when borne without any difference or
+mark of cadency.
+
+_Entoire_, _Entoyre_. A bordure charged with a series of inanimate
+figures or devices, as crosslets, roundles, &c.; to a similar bordure of
+living figures the term _Enaluron_ is applied. These are not terms
+ordinarily in use.
+
+_Enveloped_, _Environed_. Surrounded.
+
+_Equipped._ Fully armed, caparisoned, or provided.
+
+_Eradicated._ Torn up by the roots.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 240.--Electoral Bonnet.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 241.--Shield of Byron.]
+
+_Erased._ Torn off with a ragged edge; the contrary to _Couped_.
+
+_Ermine_, _Ermines_, _Erminois_. Nos. 57-60 and 57A. The animal, the
+ermine, sometimes appears in blazon, and an ermine spot is borne as a
+charge.
+
+_Erne._ An eagle. (See p. 96.)
+
+_Escarbuncle._ No. 19.
+
+_Escroll._ A ribbon charged with a motto; also a ribbon, coiled at its
+extremities, borne as a charge.
+
+_Escutcheon._ An heraldic shield: Nos. 39-40: also No. 27. An
+Escutcheon, when borne as a charge, is usually blazoned as an
+“_Inescutcheon_�: thus, the Arms of HAY are,--_Arg., three inescutcheons
+gu._: see also Nos. 131, 133.
+
+_Escutcheon of Pretence._ A shield charged upon the centre of the field
+of another shield of larger size, and bearing a distinct Coat-of-Arms.
+
+_Escallop_, or _Escallop-Shell_. A beautiful and favourite charge; No.
+165.
+
+_Esquire._ A rank below that of Knight. Besides those Esquires who are
+personal attendants of Knights of Orders of Knighthood at their
+installations, this title is held by most attendants on the person of
+the Sovereign, and all persons holding or having held the Sovereign’s
+commission in which they are so styled.
+
+_Estate._ Dignity and rank.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 242.--Estoile.]
+
+_Estoile._ A star with wavy rays or points, which are six, eight, or
+sometimes even more in number: No. 242. (See _Mullet_.)
+
+_False._ Said of any charge when its central area is removed--thus, an
+_Annulet_ is a “false roundle.�
+
+_Fan_, or _Winnowing Fan_, or _Vane_. The well-known implement of
+husbandry of that name, borne by the Kentish Family of De Sevans or
+Septvans--_Az., three fans or_ (E. 2). This shield appears in the Brass
+to Sir R. DE SEVANS, A.D. 1305, at Chartham, in Kent, and in the
+cloisters at Canterbury.
+
+_Fan Crest._ An early form of decoration for the knightly helm,
+exemplified in the 2nd Great Seal of RICHARD I., and in many other
+Seals, until about A.D. 1350. (See Chapter XIV.)
+
+_Feathers._ Generally those of the Ostrich, sometimes of the swan, the
+turkey, and a few other birds, borne generally as Crests and Badges,
+both singly and in plumes or groups. (See _Ostrich Feather_, _Panache_,
+and Chapter XIV.)
+
+_Femme._ The Wife, as distinguished from the “Baron,� the Husband.
+
+_Fer-de-Moline_, or _Mill-rind_. The iron affixed to the centre of a
+mill-stone; No. 243: a modification of the _Cross-moline_; No. 97.
+
+_Fermail_ (plural _Fermaux_). A buckle: No. 244. Several varieties of
+form appear in blazon, it being usual to specify them as round, oval,
+square, or lozenge-shaped. They are always blazoned as buckles.
+
+_Fess_, or _Fesse_. One of the Ordinaries: Nos. 76-80. _Fesse-wise, In
+Fesse._ Disposed in a horizontal line, side by side, _across the centre_
+of the field, and over the _Fesse-Point_ of a shield: No. 27, M.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 243.--Fer-de-Moline.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 244.--Fermails.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 245.--Fetter-lock.]
+
+_Fetter-lock._ A shackle and padlock--a Yorkist Badge: No. 245; is from
+the Brass to Sir S. DE FELBRIGGE, K.G., at Felbrigg, Norfolk, A.D. 1414;
+this, however, being a very unusual shape.
+
+_Field._ The entire surface of a Shield or Banner, or of an Ordinary.
+
+_File._ A Label, from the Latin _filum_, a narrow ribbon.
+
+_Fillet._ A diminutive of a Chief.
+
+_Fimbriated._ Bordered--the border (which is narrow) lying in the same
+plane with the object bordered: No. 89.
+
+_Fish._ Numerous Fish appear in blazon, and generally in their proper
+tinctures. They are borne as allusive charges, and also as types of some
+connection between those persons who bear them and the sea or lakes or
+rivers. Mr. Moule has published an admirable volume on the “Heraldry of
+Fish,� beautifully illustrated with examples drawn by his daughter. (See
+p. 77.)
+
+_Fitchée._ Pointed at the base, as in No. 110.
+
+_Flanches_, _Flasques_. Subordinaries: Nos. 141, 142.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 246.--Fleur de lys.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 247.--France Ancient.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 248.--France Modern.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 249.--Edmund, Earl of Lancaster.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 250.--Margaret, Queen of Edward I.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 251.--Seal of Margaret, second Queen of Edward I.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 252.--Shield of Edward III., A.D. 1340.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 253.--Shield of Henry IV., about A.D. 1405.]
+
+_Fleur de lys._ The beautiful heraldic device so long identified with
+the history of France: No. 246 (from the monument of EDWARD III.?). The
+fleur de lys, derived, it would seem, from the flower of a lily
+resembling the iris, was adopted by LOUIS VII. (A.D. 1137-1180) as his
+royal ensign, and in due time it was regularly charged upon a true
+Shield of Arms. Originally the Royal Shield of France was--_Az., semée
+of fleurs de lys, or_; the fleurs de lys scattered freely over the
+field, and the Shield itself having the appearance of having been cut
+out of a larger object, over the whole surface of which the flowers had
+been _semée_. This Shield of France is distinguished as “_France
+Ancient_�: No. 247. About A.D. 1365, CHARLES V. of France reduced the
+number of the fleurs de lys to three; and this Shield is now known as
+“_France Modern_�: No. 248. In the year 1275, EDMUND, first Earl of
+Lancaster, the second son of HENRY III., married BLANCHE of Artois, when
+he differenced his shield of England with _a label of France--a blue
+label charged on each point with three golden fleurs de lys_. No. 249,
+thus, for the first time did the armorial insignia of England and France
+appear together upon the same Shield. In 1299 EDWARD I. married his
+second Queen, MARGARET of France, and then this royal lady placed on one
+of her Seals a Shield of England and France dimidiated: No. 250. On
+another of her Seals, a very noble example of the Seal-engraver’s art,
+Queen MARGARET displayed the Shield of King EDWARD I., her husband,
+_surrounded, on the field of the Seal, with her father’s fleurs de lys_:
+No. 251. On the Seals of ISABELLE of France, Queen of EDWARD II., the
+same dimidiated shield, and another shield quartering the arms of
+England with _France Ancient_ and two other French coats (_Navarre_ and
+_Champagne_) appear. Then Prince JOHN of ELTHAM charged a “bordure of
+France� _upon his shield_, No. 24; thus applying the suggestion of the
+Seal of Queen MARGARET, No. 251, in such a manner as was consistent with
+the advanced condition of heraldic art. On his accession in 1327,
+EDWARD III. placed a fleur de lys on each side of the Shield of England
+upon his Great Seal: and in 1340, when he claimed the crown of France,
+EDWARD _quartered France Ancient with his lions of England_: No. 252.
+Shortly after his accession, perhaps in 1405, in order to conform to the
+altered blazonry of the French sovereigns, HENRY IV. quartered _France
+Modern_ on his shield: No. 253. The position of the three fleurs de lys
+was more than once changed in the Royal Shield of England (as I shall
+hereafter show more particularly) after the accession of the STUARTS;
+and they were not finally removed till the first year of the nineteenth
+century. The fleur de lys is also borne on many English Shields,
+disposed in various ways. In modern cadency the fleur de lys is the
+difference of the sixth son, or house.
+
+_Fleurettée_, _Florettée_. Terminating in, or bordered with, fleurs de
+lys; also, _semée de lys_.
+
+_Fleurie_, or _Fleury_. Ending as No. 100; also, _semée de lys_.
+
+_Flexed._ Bowed, bent.
+
+_Flighted._ Feathered, as arrows are.
+
+_Fly._ The length, and also the side of a flag farthest from the staff.
+
+_Foliated._ Crisped, or formed like a leaf.
+
+_Fountain._ No. 153.
+
+_Fourchée_, _Queue Fourchée_. A term applied to a lion with a forked
+tail.
+
+_Fret_, or _Frette_. A subordinary: No. 148. _Frettée_, _Fretty_:
+covered with fretwork: No. 149.
+
+_Fructed._ Bearing fruit or seeds.
+
+_Furs._ See p. 41: Nos. 57-65.
+
+_Fusil._ An elongated Lozenge: No. 20A, p. 70. _Fusillée_, or _Fusilly_.
+A field entirely composed of Fusils, all lying in the same plane.
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 254, 255.--Fylfot.]
+
+_Fylfot._ A peculiar cruciform figure, supposed to have a mystic
+signification, found in military and ecclesiastical decorations in
+England, and on Eastern coins, &c.: Nos. 254, 255; the latter example is
+from the monument of Bishop BRONSCOMBE, in Exeter Cathedral.
+
+_Gad_, _Gadlyng_. A spike, knob, or other figure, projecting from the
+knuckles of gauntlets.
+
+_Galley._ An ancient ship. (See _Lymphad_.)
+
+_Garb._ A sheaf of wheat; if of any other grain, this to be specified.
+
+_Garnished._ Adorned in a becoming manner.
+
+_Garter, Order of the._ See Chapter XIX.
+
+_Garter King-of-Arms_. The chief of the official Heralds of England, and
+officer of arms of the Order of the Garter. (See _Herald_.)
+
+_Gemelles._ See _Bars Gemelles_.
+
+_Gem-Ring._ A ring for the finger, set with a jewel.
+
+_Genet._ A spotted animal, somewhat like a marten: a badge of Queen
+JOANNA of Navarre.
+
+_George, Saint._ The Patron Saint of England. The circumstances which
+led to his association with England are unknown. His Shield of arms, _a
+red cross on a silver field_, first appears in English Heraldry in the
+fourteenth century: No. 1.
+
+_George, The._ A mounted figure of the Saint in the act of piercing the
+dragon with his lance, and worn as a pendant to the collar of the Order
+of the Garter; added to the insignia of the Order, with the Collar, by
+HENRY VII. The _Lesser George_ has the same group on an enamelled field,
+and surrounded by the Garter of the Order, the whole forming a “jewel,�
+generally oval in shape: it was introduced by HENRY VIII., and is now
+worn pendent from the dark-blue ribbon of the Order, the ribbon passing
+over the left shoulder and the jewel hanging on the right side of the
+wearer. Originally, this “Lesser George� was worn from either a gold
+chain or a black ribbon: by Queen ELIZABETH the colour of the ribbon was
+changed to sky-blue, and it assumed its present darker hue in the reign
+of CHARLES II.
+
+_Gerattyng._ Differencing by the introduction of small charges. It is an
+early term, now obsolete.
+
+_Gimmel-ring._ Two annulets, interlaced.
+
+_Girt_, _Girdled_. Encircled, or bound round.
+
+_Gonfannon._ A long flag, pointed or swallow-tailed at the fly, and
+displayed from a transverse bar attached to a staff.
+
+_Gorged._ Encircled round the throat.
+
+_Gouttée_, _Guttée_. Sprinkled over with drops either of gold--_gouttée
+d’or_; of silver--_d’eau_; of blue--_de larmes_ (tears); of red--_de
+sang_ (blood); or of black--_de poix_ (pitch).
+
+_Grand Quarters._ The four primary divisions of a Shield, when it is
+divided _quarterly_: Nos. 30, 36, 37. The term “Grand Quarter� may be
+used to signify a primary quarter or division of a quartered Shield or
+Coat, and to distinguish such a quarter when _it is quartered_.
+
+_Grieces._ Steps.
+
+_Guardant._ Looking out from the field: Nos. 172, 174, 176, 187.
+
+_Guige._ A Shield-belt, worn over the right shoulder, and frequently
+represented in heraldic compositions as if sustaining a Shield of arms:
+Nos. 48, 49.
+
+_Gules._ Red: No. 53.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 256.--Shield of R. de Gorges.]
+
+_Gurges_, or _Gorges_. A charge formed of a spiral line of blue on a
+white field, and supposed to represent a whirlpool: borne (H. 3) by R.
+DE GORGES: No. 256.
+
+_Gyron._ A Subordinary. _Gyronny_. A field divided into Gyrons: No. 147.
+(See page 70.)
+
+_Habited._ Clothed.
+
+_Hames_, _Heames_. Parts of horses’ harness.
+
+_Hammer_, or _Martel_. Represented in blazon much in the same shape as
+the implement in common use (H. 3).
+
+_Harp._ A device and badge of Ireland. The Irish Harp of gold with
+silver strings on a blue field forms the third quarter of the Royal
+Arms.
+
+_Hart._ A stag, with attires; the female is a _Hind_: page 81.
+
+_Hastilude._ A tournament.
+
+_Hatchment._ An achievement of arms in a lozenge-shaped frame, placed
+upon the front (generally over the principal entrance) of the residence
+of a person lately deceased. In the case of the decease of an unmarried
+person, or of a widower or widow, the whole of the field of the
+hatchment is painted black; but in the case of a married person, that
+part only of the field is black which adjoins the side of the
+achievement occupied by the armorial insignia of the individual
+deceased. Thus, if a husband be deceased, the dexter half of the field
+of the hatchment is black, and the sinister white; and so, in like
+manner, if the wife be deceased, the sinister is black and the dexter
+white.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 257.--Hawk’s Lure.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 258.--Hawk’s Bells and Jesses.]
+
+_Hauriant._ A fish in pale, its head in chief.
+
+_Hawk’s bells, jesses, and lure._ A falconer’s decoy, formed of feathers
+with their tips in base, and joined by a cord and ring, No. 257; also
+bells with straps to be attached to hawks, No. 258.
+
+_Heightened._ Raised; placed above or higher.
+
+_Heights._ Applied to plumes of feathers which are arranged in rows or
+sets, one rising above another. See _Panache_.
+
+_Helm_, _Helmet_. Now placed as an accessory above a Shield of arms, and
+bearing its Crest after the fashion in which, in the Middle Ages, both
+Helm and Crest were actually worn in tournaments. A modern usage
+distinguishes Helms as follows:--The Sovereign--Helm of gold, with six
+bars, set _affrontée_, No. 259; Noblemen--Helm of silver, garnished with
+gold, set in profile, and showing five bars, No. 260; Baronets and
+Knights--of steel with silver ornaments, without bars, the vizor raised,
+set _affrontée_, No. 261; Esquires and Gentlemen--of steel, the vizor
+closed, and set in profile, Nos. 262, 263. The Helms that appear on
+early Seals and in other heraldic compositions till about A.D. 1600, are
+all set in profile, and the shield generally hangs from them _couchée_,
+as in No. 49. In these early compositions, the shield is small in
+proportion to the helm and its accessories.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 259.--Helm of the Sovereign.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 260.--Helm of Nobles.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 261.--Helm of Baronets and Knights.]
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 262, 263.--Helms of Esquires and Gentlemen.]
+
+_Hemp-brake_, _Hackle_. An instrument having saw-teeth, used for
+bruising hemp.
+
+_Heneage Knot._ No. 264.
+
+_Herald._ An officer of arms. The Heralds of England were incorporated
+by RICHARD III.; and from Queen MARY, in 1555, they received a grant of
+Derby House, on the site of which, between St. Paul’s Cathedral and the
+Thames, stands their present official residence, HERALDS’ COLLEGE, or
+the COLLEGE OF ARMS. The college now consists of three
+KINGS-OF-ARMS--_Garter_, _Clarenceux_, and _Norroy_; six HERALDS, who
+have precedence by seniority of appointment--_Chester_, _Lancaster_,
+_Richmond_, _Windsor_, _York_, and _Somerset_; and four
+PURSUIVANTS--_Rouge Dragon_, _Portcullis_, _Rouge Croix_, and
+_Bluemantle_. The official habit is a _Tabard_, emblazoned with the
+Royal Arms, and the Kings and Heralds wear a _Collar of SS._ The Kings
+have a Crown, formed of a golden circlet, from which rise sixteen
+oak-leaves, nine of which appear in representations; and the circlet
+itself is charged with the words, _Miserere mei Deus secundum magnam
+misericordiam tuam_ (“Have mercy on me, O God, according to thy great
+loving-kindness�).
+
+  [Illustration: No. 264.--Heneage Knot.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 265.--Arms of the Heralds’ College.]
+
+The supreme head of the English Heralds, under the SOVEREIGN, is the
+EARL MARSHAL, an office hereditary in the family of the DUKE OF NORFOLK.
+The Arms of the College are--_Arg., a cross gu., between four doves
+their dexter wings expanded and inverted az._: No. 265; Crest--_From a
+crest-coronet or, a dove rising az._; Supporters--_Two lions ramp.
+guard. arg., ducally gorged or_. Each of the Kings has his own official
+arms, which he impales with his paternal coat on the _dexter_ side of
+the shield. The Arms of Garter are--_Arg., a cross gu.; on a chief az.,
+a ducal coronet encircled with a Garter of the Order, between a lion of
+England and a fleur de lys, all or_. Clarenceux and Norroy have the same
+shield, but the former has _a lion of England only, crowned, on a chief
+gules_; and the latter, _on a chief per pale az. and gu._, has
+_a similar lion between a fleur de lys and a key, all of gold_.
+
+There is also another King styled “Bath,� who is specially attached to
+the Order of the Bath; he is not a member of the College.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 266.--Arms of Lyon Office.]
+
+“Lyon King-of-Arms� is the chief Herald of Scotland; and the
+establishment over which he presides is styled the “Lyon Office.� The
+Arms of the Office are--_Arg., a lion sejant erect and affronté gu.,
+holding in his dexter paw a thistle slipped vert, and in the sinister an
+escutcheon of the second; on a chief az., a saltire of the first_: No.
+266.
+
+Ireland is the heraldic province of “Ulster King-of-Arms.� His official
+armorial ensigns differ from those of Garter only in the _charges of the
+chief_, which are _a lion of England between a golden harp and a
+portcullis_.
+
+_Herison._ A hedgehog.
+
+_Hill_, _Hillock_. A mound of earth.
+
+_Hirondelle._ A swallow.
+
+_Hoist._ The depth of a flag from chief to base. See _Fly_.
+
+_Honour Point._ No. 27, L.
+
+_Humettée._ Cut short at the extremities.
+
+_Hurst._ A clump of trees.
+
+_Hurt._ A blue roundle.
+
+_Illegitimacy._ See Chapter XII.
+
+_Imbrued_, or _Embrued_. Stained with blood.
+
+_Impaled._ Conjoined per pale.
+
+_Impalement._ The uniting of two (or more) distinct coats per pale, to
+form a single achievement.
+
+_Imperially Crowned._ Ensigned with the Crown of England.
+
+_Incensed_, _Inflamed_. On fire; having fire issuing forth.
+
+_Increscent._ No. 166, B. See _Decrescent_.
+
+_Indented._ No. 38, A.
+
+_Inescutcheon._ An heraldic Shield borne as a charge. This term is
+sometimes used to denote an _Escutcheon of Pretence_.
+
+_In bend._ Disposed in the position of a bend; _In Chevron_, _In Chief_,
+_In Cross_, _In Fesse_, &c. Disposed after the manner of a chevron, or
+in the chief of the shield, or in the form of a cross, &c.
+
+_In Foliage._ Bearing leaves.
+
+_In Lure._ Wings conjoined in the form of a hawk’s lure.
+
+_In her piety._ A term applied to a pelican feeding her young.
+
+_In Pretence._ A term applied to a single inescutcheon placed upon and
+in the centre of a larger escutcheon.
+
+_In Pride._ Having the tail displayed, as a peacock’s.
+
+_In Quadrangle._ When four charges are so disposed that one is in each
+quarter of the shield.
+
+_In Splendour._ The sun irradiated.
+
+_Irradiated._ Surrounded by rays of light.
+
+_Issuant._ Proceeding from, or out of.
+
+_Jambe_, _Gambe_. The leg of a lion, or other beast of prey: No. 185.
+
+_Jelloped._ Having wattles and a comb, as a cock.
+
+_Jesses._ Straps for hawk’s bells.
+
+_Jessant._ Shooting forth. _Jessant de lys._--A combination of a
+leopard’s face and a fleur-de-lys: No. 267.
+
+_Joust._ A tournament.
+
+_Jupon._ A short, sleeveless surcoat, worn over armour from about 1340
+to about 1405. It is often charged with armorial insignia, and thus is a
+true “coat of arms.�
+
+  [Illustration: No. 267.--Jessant de lys.]
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 268, 269.--Heraldic Keys.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 270.--Hastings Badge.]
+
+_Key._ When represented in early blazon, Keys have always elegant forms.
+No. 268 is from Peterborough Cathedral, and No. 269 from Exeter.
+
+_King-of-Arms._ See _Herald_.
+
+_Knighthood, Orders of_: _Knights_. See Chapter XVI.
+
+_Knot._ An intertwined cord, borne as a badge. The varieties of this
+device are--The _Bourchier_, No. 219; the _Bowen_, No. 220; the
+_Harington_ (the same as a _Frette_), No. 148; the _Heneage_, No. 264;
+the _Lacy_, No. 274; the _Stafford_, No. 304; and the _Wake and Ormond_,
+No. 313. Cords were sometimes intertwined about other figures and
+devices, and so formed what may be regarded as _Compound Badges_, which
+significantly declared the union of two houses: thus, the knot of EDWARD
+Lord HASTINGS unites the Hungerford sickle with the Peverel garbe: No.
+270; and the _Dacre knot_ is entwined about the Dacre escallop and the
+famous “ragged staff� of Beauchamp and Neville: No. 235.
+
+_Label_, or _File_. A narrow ribbon placed across the field of a shield
+near the chief, and having three, five, or sometimes other numbers of
+_points_ depending from it, its object being to _mark Cadency_. In the
+early Labels the number of the points was arbitrary, the usual numbers
+being five and three; and, subsequently, three points were almost
+universally used; the object always was to render the Label conspicuous.
+In blazon a Label is supposed to have three points; but, if more, the
+number is to be specified; thus, No. 271 is simply “_a Label_,� but No.
+272 is “_a Label of five points_.� Labels appear early in the thirteenth
+century, and in the next century they are in constant use. Various
+charges may be placed on the “points� of Labels to extend their capacity
+for “differencing.� Since the time of EDWARD the BLACK PRINCE the Label
+of the PRINCE OF WALES has been plain silver. The Label is almost
+exclusively (now without any exception) used in Royal Cadency; but, in
+modern Heraldry, in the case of all other persons it is the peculiar
+mark of the eldest son. The Label is also found as a charge. It has
+become a usage in the degenerate days of Heraldry to represent the Label
+as in No. 273, instead of the earlier and far preferable forms of Nos.
+271, 272.
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 271-273.--Labels.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 274.--Lacy Knot.]
+
+_Lacy Knot._ No. 274.
+
+_Lambrequin._ A mantling.
+
+_Langued._ A term which refers to the tincture of an animal’s tongue.
+
+_Leaves._ Their peculiarities are to be blazoned, as _laurel leaves_,
+_oak leaves_, &c.
+
+_Leopard_, _Leopardé._ See page 84.
+
+_Letters of the Alphabet_ sometimes are Charges. Thus, the Arms of the
+Deanery of Canterbury are--_Az., on a cross arg., the letter “x�
+surmounted by the letter “i� sable:_ the “x� is on the cross at the
+intersection of its limbs, and the “i� is above it.
+
+_Line_, or _Border Line_. No. 38.
+
+_Lined._ Having a cord attached: also, having a lining.
+
+_Lion._ See page 83.
+
+_Lioncel._ A lion drawn to a small scale, and generally rampant, Nos.
+114, 115, 197.
+
+_Livery Colours._ Of the PLANTAGENETS, as one family, _white and
+scarlet_; of the house of YORK, _blue and murrey_; of the house of
+LANCASTER, _white and blue_; of the house of TUDOR, _white and green_.
+The present Royal Livery is _scarlet and gold_. In the Middle Ages, all
+great families had their own livery colours, which had no necessary
+relation to the tinctures of the shield.
+
+_Lodged._ A term denoting animals of the chase when at rest or in
+repose, Nos. 25, 26.
+
+_Lozenge._ A square figure set diagonally, No. 47 (also see page 69).
+The armorial insignia of unmarried ladies and widows, with the sole
+exception of a Sovereign, are blazoned on a Lozenge instead of an
+Escutcheon.
+
+_Lozengy._ A field divided lozengewise: No. 145.
+
+_Luce_, or _Lucy_. The fish now called pike. See page 77 and No. 164.
+
+_Lure._ See _In Lure_.
+
+_Lymphad._ An ancient galley, No. 275. It was the feudal ensign of the
+Scottish lordship of LORN, and as such quartered by the Duke of ARGYLL.
+
+_Maintenance, Cap of._ See _Chapeau_.
+
+_Manche_, _Maunche_. A lady’s sleeve with a long pendent lappet, worn in
+the time of HENRY I., and borne as an armorial charge by the families of
+HASTINGS, CONYERS, and some others. HASTINGS (H. 3)--_Or, a manche gu._:
+No. 276.
+
+_Mantle._ A flowing robe worn over the armour, or over their ordinary
+costume, by personages of distinction of both sexes: the mantles of
+ladies were commonly decorated with armorial blazonry.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 275.--Lymphad.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 276.--Arms of Hastings.]
+
+_Mantling_, or _Lambrequin_. A small mantle of some rich materials,
+attached to the knightly basinet or helm, and worn hanging down. It is
+usually represented with jagged edges, to represent the cuts to which it
+would be exposed in actual battle: No. 199. (See _Panache_.) Mantlings
+blazoned with achievements of arms are sometimes adjusted in folds to
+form a background to the composition, and they are also occasionally
+differenced with various charges.
+
+_Marquess_, _Marquis_. The second order of the British Peerage, in rank
+next to that of Duke. This rank and title were introduced into England
+in 1387, by RICHARD II., who then created his favourite, ROBERT DE VERE,
+Marquess of DUBLIN. The next creation was by HENRY VI. A Marquess is
+“Most Honourable�; he is styled “My Lord Marquess�: all his younger sons
+are “Lords,� and his daughters “Ladies�; his eldest son bears his
+father’s “second title.� The Coronet, apparently contemporary in its
+present form with that of Dukes, has its golden circlet heightened with
+four strawberry leaves and as many pearls, arranged alternately: in
+representations two of the pearls, and one leaf and two half-leaves are
+shown, No. 277. The wife of a Marquess is a “Marchioness�; her style
+corresponds with that of her husband, and her coronet is the same.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 277.--Circlet of the Coronet of a Marquess.]
+
+_Marshalling._ The disposition of more than one distinct coat of arms
+upon a shield, so forming a single composition; or the aggroupment of
+two or more distinct shields, so as to form a single composition; also
+the association of such accessories as the helm, mantling, crest, &c.,
+and of knightly and other insignia with a shield of arms, thus again
+forming a single heraldic composition. See Chapter XI.
+
+_Martel._ A hammer.
+
+_Martlet._ The heraldic Martin, usually represented without feet: Nos.
+160, 161, and 70 and 86.
+
+_Mascle._ Lozenge voided: No. 143. _Masculée._ A field divided
+mascle-wise.
+
+_Masoned._ Representing brickwork.
+
+_Membered._ To denote the legs of a bird.
+
+_Merchant’s mark._ A device, adopted as early as 1400 by merchants, as a
+substitute for heraldic ensigns which were not conceded to them. Such
+marks are the predecessors of the _Trade-brands_ and _Marks_ of after
+times.
+
+_Mermaid_, _Merman_, or _Triton_. The well-known fabulous creatures of
+the sea, borne occasionally as charges, but more frequently as
+supporters, badges, or crests. A mermaid was the device of Sir WILLIAM
+DE BRIVERE, who died in 1226, and it is the badge of the BERKELEYS.
+
+_Metal._ The Tinctures _Or_ and _Argent_: Nos. 50, 51.
+
+_Mill-rind._ See _Fer-de-Moline_.
+
+_Mitre._ The ensign of archiepiscopal and episcopal rank, placed above
+the arms of prelates of the Church of England, sometimes borne as a
+charge, and adopted by the BERKELEYS as their crest. The contour of the
+mitre has varied considerably at different periods, the early examples
+being low and concave in their sides, the later lofty and convex. See
+No. 159.
+
+_Moline._ A cross terminating like a Fer-de-moline, No. 97. In modern
+cadency it is the difference of the eighth son.
+
+_Moon._ No. 166, page 80.
+
+_Motto._ A word, or very short sentence, placed generally below a shield
+but sometimes above a crest, an idea perhaps derived from the
+“war-cries� of early times. A motto may be emblematical, or it may have
+some allusion to the person bearing it, or to his name and armorial
+insignia; or it may be the epigrammatic expression of some sentiment in
+special favour with the bearer of it. As a matter of course, allusive
+mottoes, like allusive arms, afford curious examples of mediæval puns.
+I give a few characteristic examples:--“_Vero nil verius_� (_nothing
+truer than truth_, or, _no greater verity than in Vere_)--VERE; “_Fare,
+fac_� (_Speak--act_; that is, _a word and blow_)--FAIRFAX; “_Cave_�
+(_beware_)--CAVE; “_Cavendo tutus_� (_safe, by caution_, or _by
+Cavendish_)--CAVENDISH; “_Set on_,� says SETON; “_Fight on_,� quoth
+FITTON; “_Festina lente_� (_On slow--push forward, but be cautious_,
+that is), adds ONSLOW. Again: JEFFERAY says, “_Je feray ce que je
+diray_� (_I shall be true to my word_); SCUDAMORE--_Scutum amoris
+divini_ (_the shield of Divine love_); says JAMES--“_J’aime jamais_� (_I
+love ever_); says ESTWICK--“_Est hic_� (_he is here_); and
+POLE--“_Pollet virtus_� (_valour prevails_); and TEV--“_Tais en temps_�
+(_be silent in time_). The crest of CHARTERIS, an arm with the hand
+grasping a sword, has over it--“_This our charter is_.� In his arms the
+Marquess CHOLMONDELEY bears _two helmets_, and his motto is--“_Cassis
+tutissima virtus_� (_valour is the safest helm_); the crest of the
+MARTINS of Dorsetshire was an ape, with the significant motto--“_He who
+looks at Martin’s ape, Martin’s ape shall look at him!_� The motto of
+PERCEVAL is--“_Perse valens_� (_strong in himself_); but, “_Do no yll_,�
+quoth DOYLE. Some “lippes,� as Camden remarks, have a taste for “this
+kind of lettuce.�
+
+_Mound._ A globe, encircled and arched over with rich bands, and
+surmounted by a cross-patée, the whole an ensign of the royal estate.
+A mound or orb forms part of the regalia, and the same form appears upon
+the intersecting arches of the crown of the SOVEREIGN; and it also
+surmounts the single arch of the coronet of the PRINCE OF WALES: Nos.
+234, 289.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 278.--Mullet.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 279.--Mullet, pierced.]
+
+_Mount._ A green hill.
+
+_Mullet._ A star, generally of five, but sometimes of six or more points
+(if more than five the number to be specified), always formed by right
+lines, as No. 278. A mullet is sometimes “pierced,� as in No. 279, when
+the tincture of the field is generally apparent through the circular
+aperture. In modern cadency an unpierced mullet is the difference of the
+third son. See _Estoile_.
+
+_Mural Crown._ Represents masonry, and is embattled: No. 280.
+
+_Naiant._ Swimming in fesse. See _Hauriant_.
+
+_Naissant._ Equivalent to _Issuant_, but applied only to living
+creatures.
+
+_Naval Crown._ Has its circlet heightened with figures of the stern and
+the hoisted sail of a ship alternating: No. 281.
+
+_Nebulée_, or _Nebuly_. No. 38, H.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 280.--Mural Crown.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 281.--Naval Crown.]
+
+_Nimbus._ A glory about the head of a figure of a sainted personage:
+sometimes used to denote sanctity in a symbolical device.
+
+_Norroy._ See _Herald_.
+
+_Nova Scotia, Badge of._ See _Baronet_.
+
+_Nowed._ Coiled in a knot, as a snake.
+
+_Ogress._ A _Pellet_, or black roundle.
+
+_Opinicus._ A fabulous heraldic monster, a dragon before, and a lion
+behind with a camel’s tail.
+
+_Oppressed._ An alternative for _Debruised_.
+
+_Or._ The metal gold: No. 50.
+
+_Ordinary._ An early principal charge of a simple character. See Chapter
+VI., and Nos. 71-128: see also page 14.
+
+_Ordinary of arms._ A list of armorial bearings, classified or arranged
+alphabetically, with the names of the bearers. See _Armory_.
+
+_Oreiller._ A cushion or pillow, generally with tassels.
+
+_Orle._ A Subordinary formed of a border of a Shield, which is charged
+upon another and a larger shield, as in No. 134. _In Orle._ Arranged
+after the manner of an Orle, forming a border to a Shield, as in No. 86.
+
+_Ostrich feathers._ A Royal Badge: also a Device in a few instances
+charged by Royal and some other personages on an Armorial Shield. See
+Chapter XV.
+
+_Over all_, or _Sur tout_. To denote some one charge being placed over
+all others.
+
+_Overt._ With expanded wings.
+
+_Pale._ One of the Ordinaries: No. 87. _Pale-wise_, or _In Pale_.
+Disposed after the manner of a Pale--that is, set vertically, or
+arranged vertically one above another, as are the Lions of England in
+No. 187, page 87.
+
+_Pall_, _Pallium_. A vestment peculiar to Archbishops of the Roman
+Church: in Heraldry, as a charge, half only of the pall is shown, when
+it resembles the letter Y; it is borne in the arms of the Sees of
+CANTERBURY, ARMAGH, and DUBLIN.
+
+_Pallet._ Half a _Pale_.
+
+_Palmer’s Staff_, _Pilgrim’s staff_, or _Bourdon_. No. 282. JOHN BOURDON
+(H. 3) bears--_Arg., three palmer’s staves gu._
+
+  [Illustration: No. 282.--Bourdon.]
+
+_Paly._ Divided per pale into an even number of parts, which all lie in
+the same plane, as in No. 88. _Paly Bendy._ Divided evenly pale-wise,
+and also bend-wise, No. 118.
+
+_Panache._ A plume of feathers, generally of the ostrich, set upright
+and born as a crest. A panache sometimes consists of a single row of
+feathers; but more generally it has two or more rows or “heights� of
+feathers, rising one above the other. In the greater number of examples
+the tips of the feathers are erect; in others they wave, or slightly
+bend over. A panache may be charged with some device or figure, “for
+difference,� as by the TYNDALLS, with an _ermine circlet_, a _martlet_,
+and a _fleur de lys_. In Nos. 283, 285, from the seals of EDWARD
+COURTENAY, and EDMUND MORTIMER (A.D. 1400 and 1372) the “heights� both
+expand and rise in a curved pyramidal form. No. 284, from the seal of
+WILLIAM LE LATIMER (A.D. 1372), shows a remarkable variety of both
+panache and mantling. Waving plumes formed of distinct feathers first
+appear near the end of the fifteenth century, and are prevalent during
+the sixteenth century.
+
+_Party_, _Parted_. Divided.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 283.--PANACHE CREST: Edward Courtenay.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 284.--PANACHE CRESTS: William le Latimer.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 285.--PANACHE CRESTS: Edmund Mortimer.]
+
+_Passant._ Walking and looking forward: No. 173. _Passant Guardant._
+Walking and looking out from the shield, No. 174. _Passant Reguardant._
+Walking and looking back. _Passant Repassant_, or _Passant and Counter
+Passant_. Walking in opposite directions.
+
+_Pastoral Staff._ The official staff of a bishop or abbot, having a
+crooked head, and so distinguished from an archbishop’s _crozier_.
+
+  _Patée_, or _Formée_. }
+  _Patonce._            } Varieties of the heraldic Cross, Nos.
+  _Patriarchal._        } 106, 99, and 95.
+
+_Pean._ The Fur, No. 60.
+
+_Peer._ That general title, expressing their equality as members of a
+distinct “order� in the realm, which is applied to Dukes, Marquesses,
+Earls, Viscounts, and Barons of England, Scotland, Great Britain,
+Ireland, and the United Kingdom.
+
+_Peerage._ The hereditament of a Peer: also rank of a Peer; a list of
+the Peers.
+
+_Pegasus._ A horse with wings--a classic as well as an heraldic
+imaginary creature.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 288.--A Portcullis.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 286.--A Pennon.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 287.--A Pheon.]
+
+_Pelican._ Blazoned “in her piety,� when feeding her young with her own
+blood.
+
+_Pellet._ A black roundle.
+
+_Pendent._ Hanging.
+
+_Pennon._ An armorial lance flag, pointed or swallow-tailed at the fly.
+No. 286 is from the Brass to Sir JOHN D’AUBERNOUN, A.D. 1279; the arms
+are--_Az., a chevron or_.
+
+_Per._ By means of, or after the manner of.
+
+_Pheon._ A pointed arrow-head, borne with the point in base, unless the
+contrary is specified, No. 287.
+
+_Phœnix._ A fabulous eagle, always represented as issuant from flames.
+
+_Pile._ One of the Ordinaries, in form like a wedge, Nos. 126, 127, 128.
+_In Pile._ Arranged after the form of a pile.
+
+_Planta Genista._ The broom plant badge of the Plantagenets, No. 21.
+
+_Plate._ A silver roundle.
+
+_Plenitude._ The moon when full. See No. 166.
+
+_Plume._ See _Panache_.
+
+_Points of Shield._ No. 27. _In Point_ is the same as _In Pile_.
+
+_Pomme._ A green roundle.
+
+_Popinjay._ A parrot (H. 3).
+
+_Port._ A gateway, as the entrance to a castle: No. 222.
+
+_Portcullis._ A defence for a gateway, No. 288: the badge of the Houses
+of BEAUFORT and TUDOR, borne by the former with the significant motto,
+“_Altera securitas_� (additional security).
+
+_Potent._ A variety of the heraldic cross, No. 108; also a Fur, No. 64.
+
+_Powdered_, _Poudrée_. The same as _Semée_.
+
+_Preying._ When an animal devours its prey. See _Trussing_.
+
+_Prince_, _Princess_. In this country the rank and title of the members
+of the Royal Family. Their style is “Your Royal Highness.� The Coronet
+of the Prince of Wales differs from the crown of the King, only in
+having a single arch instead of two intersecting arches: No. 289. The
+coronets of the Princes and Princesses, the sons and daughters of the
+King, are the same as the coronet of the Prince of Wales, but without
+any arch: No. 290. The coronets of the Princes and Princesses, the
+grandchildren of the Sovereign, differ in having the circlet heightened
+with two crosses patée, as many strawberry leaves, and four
+fleurs-de-lys, No. 291. Other Royal coronets have the circlet heightened
+with four crosses patée, and as many strawberry leaves. No. 292. For the
+arms of their Royal Highnesses, see Chapter XVIII.
+
+_Purfled._ Lined and bordered or garnished.
+
+_Purpure._ A colour: No. 56.
+
+_Pursuivant._ A Herald of the lowest rank. In the Middle Ages, these
+officers were attached to the households of personages of high rank, and
+bore titles generally taken from the armorial insignia of their lords.
+
+_Quadrate._ A form of cross: No. 94.
+
+_Quarter._ The first (from the dexter chief) of the divisions of a
+shield that is parted per cross, as in No. 30; also any other division
+of a shield, to be specified in blazoning. See No. 36, and _Canton_.
+
+_Quartering._ Marshalling two or more coats of arms in the different
+quarters of the same shield. When two coats are thus quartered, the one
+in the first quarter is repeated in the fourth, and the one in the
+second in the third; when three are quartered, the first quartering is
+repeated in the fourth quarter. Any required number of coats may be
+quartered on the same principle. This same term is also applied to
+denote the dividing a shield “_quarterly_,� as in No. 30, or into more
+than four divisions, as in No. 36.
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 289-292.--CIRCLETS OF ROYAL CORONETS
+  No. 289. Prince of Wales.]
+  No. 290. King’s Daughters and Younger Sons.]
+  No. 291. King’s Grandchildren.]
+  No. 292. Royal Dukes.]
+
+_Quarterly._ A shield divided into four divisions, as in No. 30: each
+division to contain a complete coat of arms, or a distinct heraldic
+device or composition. Should the shield be divided into more than four
+sections, the number is to be specified: thus, No. 36 is “_quarterly of
+eight_,� &c. See Nos. 252, 253.
+
+_Quarterly Quartering_ and _Quartered_. The quartering of a “quarter� of
+a shield that is divided “quarterly�; also distinguished as “_Compound
+Quartering_.� See page 34.
+
+_Quatrefoil._ A flower or figure having four foils or conjoined leaves,
+No. 293. In modern cadency a _Double Quatrefoil_ is the difference of
+the ninth son.
+
+_Queue Fourchée._ Having a forked tail; No. 181.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 293.--Quatrefoil.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 294.--The Ragged Staff Badge.]
+
+_Quilled._ Used to blazon the quills of feathers: thus, a blue feather
+having its quill golden is blazoned--_A feather az., quilled or_.
+
+_Radiant._ Encircled with rays.
+
+_Rayonée._ Formed of Rays.
+
+_Ragulée_, _Raguly_. Serrated, as No. 38, G. A “ragged staff,� No. 294,
+is a part of a stem from which the branches have been cut off roughly.
+This “ragged staff,� or “_staff ragulée_,� is the famous badge of the
+BEAUCHAMPS, and, derived from them, of the NEVILLES. No. 294 is from the
+monument of the great Earl, RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G., who died in
+1439, at Warwick.
+
+_Rampant_, _Rampant Guardant_ and _Reguardant_. Nos. 171, 172; when
+_reguardant_, the animal looks backward.
+
+_Rebus._ An allusive charge or device. A cask, or _tun_, to represent
+the final syllable “_ton_� of many surnames, is frequently found. I give
+a few examples of several varieties of Rebus:--JOHN OXNEY,
+Canterbury--An eagle (the emblem of _St. John_ the Evangelist, to denote
+“_John_�) standing on an _ox_, charged on its side with the letters _N
+E_. JOHN WHEATHAMSTEDE, St. Albans--An eagle and an Agnus Dei (the
+emblems of _St. John_ the Evangelist and _St. John_ the Baptist, to
+denote “_John_�), and clusters of _ears of wheat_. JOHN RAMRYGE, St.
+Albans--A _ram_, gorged with a collar inscribed with the letters _R Y G
+E_. WOODSTOCK--The stump or _stock of a tree_. Abbot ISLIP,
+Westminster--A man falling from a tree, exclaiming, “I slip!� and a
+human _eye_, and a _slip_ (small branch of a tree). WALTER LYHART,
+Norwich--_A hart_ (stag) _ly_ing down in _water_. An _owl_, with the
+letters _D O M_ on a scroll in its beak, for BISHOP OLDHAM, at Exeter.
+A church (“_kirk_�) on a _tun_, with a pastoral staff and the initial R,
+for Abbot ROBERT KIRTON, No. 295; and a _bird_ on a _tun_, and a _tree_
+growing out of a _tun_, for BURTON and ASHTON, all at Peterborough. At
+Wells, with an initial T, a fire-_beacon_ planted _in_ a _tun_, for
+Bishop THOMAS BECKYNGTON, No. 296; and at Lullinstone, Kent, in stained
+glass, the shield of Sir JOHN PECHÉ, A.D. 1522--_Az., a lion rampt.
+queue fourchée erm., crowned or_--is encircled by _peach-branches
+fructed and in foliage, each peach being charged with the letter É_, No.
+297; the crest-wreath also is formed of a similar peach-branch.
+
+_Recercelée._ A variety of the heraldic cross: No. 98.
+
+_Reflexed_, _Reflected_. Curved and carried backwards.
+
+_Reguardant._ Looking backwards: see No. 182.
+
+_Rein-deer._ Heraldically drawn with double antlers, one pair erect, the
+other drooping.
+
+_Respecting._ Face to face--applied to creatures not of a fierce nature.
+
+_Rest._ See _Clarion_, No. 228.
+
+_Ribbon_, _Riband_. A diminutive of a _Bend_.
+
+_Rising_, _Roussant_. About to fly.
+
+_Rompu._ Broken.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 295.--Rebus of Abbot Kirton.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 296.--Rebus of Bishop Beckyngton.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 297.--Arms and Rebus of Sir John Peché.]
+
+_Rose._ Represented in blazon as in Nos. 298, 299, and without leaves.
+The five small projecting leaves of the calyx, that radiate about the
+flower itself, are styled _barbs_, and when they are blazoned “proper�
+these barbs are green, as the “seeds� in the centre of the flower are
+golden. Both the “red rose� of LANCASTER and the “white rose� of YORK,
+but more especially the latter, are at times surrounded with rays, and
+each is termed a “_rose-en-soleil_,� No. 300. The rose, the emblem of
+ENGLAND, is generally drawn like the natural flower; or with natural
+stem, branches, leaves, and buds, but with heraldic rose-flowers. In
+modern cadency the heraldic rose is the difference of the seventh son.
+
+_Roundle._ See page 72.
+
+_Rustre._ A mascle pierced with a circular opening: No. 144.
+
+_Sable._ The colour black: No. 54.
+
+_Sagittary._ The fabulous centaur, half man and half horse.
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 298, 299.--Heraldic Roses.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 300.--Rose en Soleil.]
+
+_Salamander._ An imaginary being, supposed to live in flames of fire; it
+is represented sometimes as a kind of lizard, and at other times (as in
+the crest of Earl DOUGLAS, A.D. 1483) as a quadruped somewhat like a
+dog, breathing flames.
+
+_Salient._ Leaping or bounding.
+
+_Saltire._ An ordinary, in form a diagonal cross: Nos. 120, 121, 122.
+_Saltire-wise_, or _in saltire_. Arranged after the form of a saltire.
+
+_Sanglier._ A wild boar.
+
+_Sans._ Without. “_Sans nombre_,� without any number fixed or specified.
+
+_Savage-man_, or _Wood-man_. A wild man, naked except large wreaths of
+leaves about his head and loins, and carrying a club.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 301.--Crest of Hamilton.]
+
+_Saw_, or _Frame-saw_. Borne as the crest of HAMILTON, Duke of HAMILTON,
+which is thus blazoned--_Out of a ducal crest-coronet or, an oak-tree
+fructed and penetrated transversely in the main stem by a frame-saw
+ppr., the frame gold; above the crest the motto_, “THROUGH!� This device
+is said to commemorate the escape into Scotland, in 1323, of Sir GILBERT
+HAMILTON, a reputed ancestor of the present ducal house. At the court of
+EDWARD II. Sir Gilbert had unadvisedly expressed admiration for ROBERT
+BRUCE, on which JOHN LE DESPENCER struck him. Despencer fell in single
+combat the next day, and Hamilton fled, hotly pursued, northward. Near
+the border the fugitive and a faithful esquire joined some wood-cutters,
+assumed their dress, and commenced working with them on an oak, when the
+pursuers passed by. Hamilton, saw in hand, observed his esquire
+anxiously watching their enemies as they passed, and at once recalled
+his attention to his woodman’s duties by the word, “Through!�--thus, at
+the same time, appearing to consider the cutting down the oak to be far
+more important than the presence of the strangers. So they passed by,
+and Hamilton followed in safety. This crest does not appear in the
+Hamilton seals till long after the days of Bruce and his admirer, Sir
+Gilbert: No. 301.
+
+_Scarpe_, _Escarpe_. A diminutive of a _Bend sinister_.
+
+_Scintillant._ Emitting sparks.
+
+_Seax._ A Saxon sword.
+
+_Seeded._ Having seeds or seed-vessels, as in the centre of an heraldic
+rose. See Nos. 298-300.
+
+_Segreant._ A term applied to a griffin when rampant.
+
+_Sejant._ Sitting.
+
+_Semée._ Sown broadcast or scattered, without any fixed number, over the
+field; parts of the charge thus semée appearing at the border-lines of
+the composition. See Nos. 247, 250, 252.
+
+_Shake-fork._ Resembles the letter Y, but does not extend to the margin
+of the shield, and is pointed at its extremities.
+
+_Shamrock._ A trefoil plant or leaf, the badge of IRELAND.
+
+_Shield_, or _Escutcheon_. The Shield of Heraldry is fully described at
+page 32. See also Nos. 27, 39-49.
+
+_Ship._ Sometimes blazoned as a modern vessel, but sometimes also as an
+ancient galley. See _Lymphad_.
+
+_Shoveller._ A species of duck.
+
+_Simple Quartering._ Dividing a shield quarterly, with the quartering of
+any of the quarters. See _Quartering_.
+
+_Sinister._ The left side. No. 27.
+
+_Sinople._ The colour _vert_ in French Heraldry.
+
+_Sixfoil._ A flower of six leaves: No. 302.
+
+_Slipped._ Having a stalk, as a leaf or branch: No. 309.
+
+_Spear._ The spear or lance is not of common occurrence in blazon; but
+it appears, with heraldic propriety, in the arms granted in 1596 to the
+father of the great poet, who bore--_Or, on a bend sa. a spear gold, the
+head arg._--the arms of SHAKESPEARE, No. 303. (In the woodcut the bend
+is accidentally shaded for _gules_, instead of _sable_.)
+
+  [Illustration: No. 303.--Arms of Shakespeare.]
+
+_Spur._ Not common as an heraldic charge. Before about 1320 the spur had
+a single point, and was known as the “pryck-spur�; about that time
+appeared a “rouelle-spur� of simple form; in the middle of the fifteenth
+century spurs of extravagant length were introduced.
+
+_SS., Collar of._ See _Collar_, and No. 231.
+
+_Stafford-knot._ No. 304.
+
+_Stall-plate._ A plate bearing the arms of a knight and placed in his
+stall. The stall-plates of the Knights of the GARTER and the BATH are
+severally placed in the Chapels of ST. GEORGE and of HENRY VII., at
+Windsor and Westminster. The earliest plates now in existence at
+Windsor, though many of them bear arms of an earlier date, were executed
+about 1430.
+
+_Standard._ A long narrow flag, introduced for the purpose of heraldic
+display, in the time of EDWARD III., but not in general use till a later
+period. Standards generally had the Cross of ST. GEORGE next the staff,
+to which succeeded the badge or badges and the motto of the owner. See
+Chapter XVII.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 302.--Sixfoil.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 304.--Stafford Knot.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 305.--Stapleton Badge.]
+
+_Staple._ Borne by STAPLETON: No. 305 represents a badge formed of two
+staples.
+
+_Statant._ Standing.
+
+_Star._ See _Estoile_ and _Mullet_; also a knightly decoration.
+
+_Stirrup._ Borne, with appropriate straps and buckles, by SCUDAMORE,
+GIFFARD, and a few others.
+
+_Stock._ The stump of a tree.
+
+_Stringed._ As a harp or a bugle-horn; or, suspended by, or fastened
+with, a string.
+
+_Sun._ When represented shining and surrounded with rays, he has a
+representation of a human face upon his disc, and is blazoned “_In
+splendour_.� _Sunbeams_, or _Rays_, are borne in blazon, and form an
+early charge. See _Collar_.
+
+_Supporter._ A figure of whatsoever kind that stands by a Shield of
+arms, as if _supporting_ or guarding it. Single Supporters occasionally
+appear, but the general usage is to have a pair of Supporters--one on
+each side of the _supported_ Shield. They came gradually into use in the
+course of the fourteenth century, but were not regularly established as
+accessories of Shields till about 1425, or rather later. At first they
+were generally alike, being then duplicate representations of the badge,
+but subsequently the more prevalent custom was that the two Supporters
+should differ, as in the case of the Royal Supporters, the Lion and the
+Unicorn, famous in History as in Heraldry. See _Bearer_, _Tenant_, and
+also Chapter XVI.
+
+_Surcoat._ Any garment worn over armour; but especially the long flowing
+garment worn by knights over their armour until about 1325, when its
+form was modified by cutting it short in front, and it was distinguished
+as a _Cyclas_. See _Jupon_.
+
+_Surmounted._ Placed over another.
+
+_Swan._ When blazoned “_proper_,� white with black beak and red legs. It
+is the badge of the BOHUNS, and of their descendants the LANCASTRIAN
+PLANTAGENETS, the STAFFORDS, and some others. This Swan has his neck
+encircled with a coronet, from which a chain generally passes over his
+back. By HENRY V., the Swan badge of his mother, MARY DE BOHUN, was
+borne with the wings expanded.
+
+_Sword._ When borne as a charge, straight in the blade, pointed, and
+with a cross-guard. All the appointments of the weapon are to be
+blazoned. It appears, as a spiritual emblem, in several episcopal coats
+of arms; in the arms of the CITY OF LONDON, No. 306, the first quarter
+of a Shield of ST. GEORGE (_arg., a cross gu._) is charged with _a sword
+erect gules_, the emblem of ST. PAUL, the special patron of the English
+metropolitan city. The sword is also borne in blazon in its military
+capacity.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 306.--Arms of City of London.]
+
+_Tabard._ A short garment with sleeves, worn in the Tudor era. It has
+the arms blazoned on the sleeves as well as on the front and back: No.
+307, the Tabard of WILLIAM FYNDERNE, Esquire, from his brass, A.D. 1444,
+at Childrey in Berkshire: the arms are--_Arg., a chevron between three
+crosses patée sable_, the ordinary being charged with _an annulet of the
+field_ “for Difference.� A similar garment is the official habit of
+heralds.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 307.--Tabard; A.D. 1444.]
+
+_Tau_, _Tau-Cross_. A cross formed like the letter T, so called in
+Greek, No. 93; borne as a charge in the arms of DRURY, TAWKE, and some
+others: this charge is also called the Cross of ST. ANTHONY: it is
+sometimes borne on a badge, as in the Bishop’s Palace at Exeter. See
+Chapter XV.
+
+_Templars_, _Knights_. See Chapter XIX.
+
+_Tenent_, _Tenant_. Used by French Heralds to distinguish human figures
+from animals, as _supporters_.
+
+_Tennée_, or _Tawney_. A deep orange-colour; in use in the Middle Ages
+as a _livery-colour_.
+
+_Thistle._ The national Badge of SCOTLAND, represented after its
+national aspect, and tinctured _proper_. JAMES I. of Great Britain, to
+symbolise the union of the two realms of England and Scotland,
+compounded a Badge from the _Rose_ of one realm, and the _Thistle_ of
+the other, united by impalement under a single crown: No. 308. The
+impaled rose and thistle is borne by the Earl of KINNOULL, repeated
+eight times upon a bordure.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 308.--Badge of James I.]
+
+_Timbre._ In the early Heraldry of England, this term denotes the true
+heraldic _crest_: but, in the modern Heraldry of France, the “timbre� is
+the _Helm_ in an armorial achievement. _Timbred._ Ensigned with a Helm;
+or, if referring to an early English achievement, with a Crest. It is a
+term very seldom met with in use.
+
+_Tiercée._ _In tierce_, _Per tierce_. Divided into three equal parts.
+
+_Tinctures._ The two _metals_ and the five _colours_ of Heraldry: Nos.
+50-56. See page 40. It was one of the puerile extravagancies of the
+Heralds of degenerate days to distinguish the Tinctures by the names of
+the _Planets_ in blazoning the arms of Sovereign Princes, and by the
+names of _Gems_ in blazoning the arms of Nobles.
+
+_Torse._ A crest-wreath.
+
+_Torteau_, plural _torteaux_. A red spherical Roundle: No. 152.
+
+_Tower_, _Turret_. A small castle. _Towered._ Surmounted by towers, as
+No. 222, which is a “_Castle triple towered_.�
+
+_Transposed._ Reversed.
+
+_Trefoil._ A leaf of three conjoined foils, generally borne “slipped,�
+as in No. 309.
+
+_Treflée_, or _Botonée_. A variety of the cross: No. 103. _Treflée_ also
+implies _semée_ of trefoils.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 309.--Trefoil Slipped.]
+
+_Treille_, _Trellis_. See page 71, and No. 150.
+
+_Tressure._ A subordinary. See pages 66, 67; and Nos. 135-8.
+
+_Tricked._ Sketched in outline.
+
+_Trippant_, or _Tripping_. In easy motion, as a stag. See page 81; and
+No. 168.
+
+_Triton._ See _Mermaid_.
+
+_Trivet._ A circular or triangular iron frame, with three feet, borne by
+the family of TRYVETT.
+
+_Trogodice._ An animal like a reindeer.
+
+_Trumpet._ In blazon usually a long straight tube, expanding at its
+extremity: No. 310, from the brass to Sir R. DE TRUMPINGTON, at
+Trumpingdon, near Cambridge; A.D. 1272.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 310.--Trumpet.]
+
+_Trussed._ With closed wings. _Trussing._ Devouring--applied to birds of
+prey.
+
+_Tudor Rose._ An heraldic rose, _quarterly gu. and arg._; or a white
+heraldic rose, _charged upon_ a red one.
+
+_Tun._ A cask; the rebus of the final syllable _TON_ in many surnames.
+See _Rebus_.
+
+_Tynes._ Branches of a stag’s antlers. See _Attires_.
+
+_Ulster._ See _Baronet_ and _Herald_.
+
+_Undy_, _Undée_. Wavy: No. 38, C.
+
+_Unguled._ Hoofed.
+
+_Unicorn._ A well-known fabulous animal, famous as the sinister
+supporter of the Royal Shield of England.
+
+_Union Jack._ The National Ensign of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
+and Ireland, fully described in Chapter XVII. It is borne on an
+inescutcheon upon the arms of the Duke of WELLINGTON as an augmentation.
+
+_Uriant._ A term said to be applied to a fish when it swims in a
+vertical position, head downwards. The reverse of _Hauriant_, _q.v._
+
+_Vair._ A Fur: Nos. 61, 62, 63.
+
+_Vane._ See _Fan_.
+
+_Vert._ In French Heraldry, _Sinople_. The colour green: No. 55.
+
+_Vervels_, _Varvals_. Small rings.
+
+_Vested._ Clothed.
+
+_Viscount._ The _fourth_ degree of rank and dignity in the British
+Peerage, in Latin _Vice-Comes_, introduced by HENRY VI., A.D. 1440.
+_Vice-comes_ is also the Latin word for the office of Sheriff.
+A Viscount is “Right Honourable,� and is styled “My Lord.� All his sons
+and daughters are “Honourable.� His Coronet, granted by JAMES I., has a
+row of sixteen pearls, of comparatively small size set on the circlet;
+in representations nine are shown: No. 311. The wife of a Viscount is a
+_Viscountess_, who has the same rank, style, and coronet as her husband.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 311.--Circlet of a Viscount’s Coronet.]
+
+_Vivre._ An early term, fallen into general disuse; but apparently
+denoting a _Barrulet_ or _Cotise Dancettée_; as in No. 312, at St.
+Michael’s Church, St. Albans.
+
+_Voided._ Having the central area removed.
+
+_Voiders._ Diminutives of _Flanches_.
+
+_Volant._ Flying. _Vorant._ Devouring.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 312.--Shield at St. Michael’s Church, St. Alban’s.]
+
+_Vol._ Two bird’s wings conjoined, having the appearance of an eagle
+displayed without its body: No. 207.
+
+_Vulned._ Wounded.
+
+_Wake Knot._ No. 313.
+
+_Walled._ Made to represent brick or stone-work. The term _masoned_ is,
+however, usually employed.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 313.--Wake Knot.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 315.--Wyvern.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 314.--Catherine Wheel.]
+
+_Water Bouget._ No. 218.
+
+_Wattled._ Having a comb and gills, as a cock.
+
+_Wavy_, _Undée._ No. 38, C.
+
+_Wheat-sheaf._ See _Garb_.
+
+_Wheel_, _Catherine Wheel_. Has curved spikes projecting from its rim:
+No. 314: from a shield upon a boss, about A.D. 1400, in the south
+choir-aisle of the church of Great Yarmouth.
+
+_Wreath_, _Crest-Wreath_. See _Crest-Wreath_, and No. 233; also Chapter
+XIV.
+
+_Wreathed._ Adorned with a wreath, chaplet, or garland; or twisted into
+the form of a wreath, &c.
+
+_Wyvern_, _Wivern_. A fabulous creature, being a species of dragon with
+two legs: No. 315.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+MARSHALLING
+
+  _Aggroupment-- Combination-- Quartering-- Dimidiation-- Impalement--
+  Escutcheon of Pretence-- Marshalling the Arms of Widowers, Widows, and
+  others; Official Arms; and, the Accessories of Shields._
+
+  “Marshalling is a conjoining of diverse Coats in one Shield.�
+    --GUILLIM.
+
+
+Upon this concise definition, Guillim, in another part of his work, adds
+the following comment:--“_Marshalling_ is an orderly disposing of sundry
+Coat Armours pertaining to distinct Families, and their contingent
+ornaments, with their parts and appurtenances, in their proper places.�
+Hence it is apparent that this term, “Marshalling,� implies--
+
+1. First, the bringing together and the disposition of two or more
+distinct “Coats in one Shield�:
+
+2. Secondly, the aggroupment of two or more distinct Coats to form a
+single heraldic composition, the Shields being still kept distinct from
+one another: and,
+
+3. Thirdly, the association of certain insignia with a Shield of arms,
+so as to produce a complete heraldic achievement.
+
+The association of “Arms� with Names, Dignities, and Estates would
+necessarily require, at an early period in the history of Heraldry, the
+establishment of some regular and recognised system for the combination
+and aggroupment of various distinct coats and insignia, whenever a
+single individual became the representative of more than one family, or
+was the hereditary possessor of several dignities and properties.
+
+Again: it would be equally necessary that this system should extend to
+the becoming heraldic declaration and record of _Alliances_ of every
+kind, including (a matter of no little importance in the Middle Ages)
+_feudal dependence_.
+
+In another, and a secondary sense, this same term, _Marshalling_, is
+used by Heralds to denote the general arrangement and disposition of
+heraldic charges and insignia in blazon upon the field of a Shield.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 316.--Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 317.--Seal of Margaret, Lady de Ros. (_Laing._)]
+
+In its simplest form, MARSHALLING is effected by _Aggroupment_ without
+Combination--by placing two or more Shields of arms, that is, in such
+positions as to form a connected group of distinct Shields, either with
+or without various accessories. Seals afford excellent examples of
+Marshalling of this order. These Seals may be classified in two
+groups,--one, in which an effigy appears; and a second, in which the
+composition does not include any effigy. Here I may observe that the
+same armorial blazonry that was displayed upon their military surcoats
+by Princes, Nobles, and Knights, was adopted by Ecclesiastics for the
+decoration of their official vestments, and also (towards the close of
+the thirteenth century) by Ladies of rank, as an appropriate style of
+ornamentation for their own costume: and many examples of the effigies
+of Ladies, with a few of Ecclesiatics, adorned in this manner with
+heraldic insignia, exist in Seals and in Monumental Memorials. In
+Beverley Minster there is a noble effigy of a priest, a member of the
+great family of PERCY (about A.D. 1330), the embroideries of whose
+vestments are elaborately enriched with numerous allied shields of arms.
+Upon his episcopal seal, LEWIS BEAUMONT, Bishop of Durham from 1317 to
+1333, has his effigy standing between two Shields of Arms (to the
+dexter, _England_; to the sinister, a cross potent between four groups
+of small crosses patées, three crosses in each group), while his
+chasuble is semée de lys and also charged with a lion rampant--the arms
+of the house of Beaumont. The obverse of the Seal of MARGARET, daughter
+of PHILIP the Hardy, King of France, the second Queen of our EDWARD I.,
+illustrates this usage in the instance of ladies: No. 316. Upon her
+tunic the Queen has emblazoned the three lions of her royal husband; on
+her right side is a shield of _France_, the arms of her royal father;
+and on the left side a corresponding shield is charged with a lion
+rampant. I have already shown the reverse of this fine Seal (No. 251),
+which in the original is one inch more in depth than it appears in these
+woodcuts.[5] Other characteristic examples are the Seals of AGNES DE
+PERCY, whose effigy, having the arms of Louvaine upon the tunic, holds
+two armorial shields, one in each hand: and of MARGARET, Countess of
+LINCOLN and PEMBROKE (about 1241), who blazons the old arms of DE
+LACI--_quarterly or and gu., a bend sa., over all a label vert_--upon
+the tunic of her effigy, and has the same arms on a Shield to the
+dexter, while another Shield to the sinister is charged with the _lion
+rampant_, borne by the DE LACIES as Earls of LINCOLN. The effigies of
+illustrious Ladies, which appear on Seals with allied Shields of arms,
+are not always represented in heraldic costume: good examples are the
+Seals of ISABELLE OF FRANCE, Queen of EDWARD II., and of ELIZABETH,
+daughter of EDWARD I., who was Countess, first of HOLLAND, and
+afterwards of HEREFORD: both are engraved in Sandford’s “Genealogical
+History of England,� page 121. The Seal of MARGARET BRUCE, of Skelton,
+Lady DE ROS, attached to a deed, dated 1820, has the effigy of the noble
+lady, wearing her ermine mantle, and supporting two Shields of arms--the
+Shield of DE ROS, _gu., three water-bougets arg._, to the dexter, and a
+Shield of BRUCE, _a lion rampant_: No. 317. I am indebted, for the use
+of the excellent woodcut of this very interesting seal, to Mr. Laing of
+Edinburgh, the talented author of the two noble volumes on the _Early
+Seals of Scotland_, which occupy a foremost position amongst the most
+valuable as well as the most beautiful heraldic works that have ever
+been published in Great Britain. (See page 11.) In the Monumental
+Brasses and also in the Sculptured Monumental Effigies of Ladies of the
+fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, heraldic costume is frequently
+represented, and the figures are constantly associated with groups of
+Shields of arms. As most characteristic examples I may specify the
+effigy of a Lady, about A.D. 1325, at Selby in Yorkshire; and the Brass
+in Westminster Abbey, A.D. 1399, to ALIANORE DE BOHUN, Duchess of
+GLOUCESTER.
+
+    [Footnote 5: In No. 251 the initial A of the word AQVITANNIE has
+    been omitted.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 318.--Seal of Joan, Countess of Surrey.]
+
+The aggroupment of various armorial ensigns upon a Seal, without the
+presence of any effigy, is exemplified in the characteristic Seal of
+JOAN, daughter of HENRY Count DE BARRE, and of ALIANORE, daughter of
+EDWARD I., the widow of JOHN DE WARRENNE, Earl of SURREY, A.D. 1347. In
+this remarkable composition, No. 318, the arms, blazoned on lozenges,
+are, in the centre, _Warrenne_; in chief and base, _England_; and to the
+dexter and sinister, _De Barre_ (No. 162): also, at the four angles of
+the group, the lion and castle of _Leon_ and _Castile_, in direct
+allusion to the descent of the Countess from ALIANORE, first Queen of
+EDWARD I. In the original, this elaborate composition is only one and a
+half inches in diameter. Still smaller, measuring no more than one and a
+quarter inches in diameter, and yet no less rich in either its Heraldry
+or its Gothic traceries, is the beautiful little Counter-seal of MARY DE
+SAINT PAUL, wife of AYMER DE VALENCE, Earl of PEMBROKE, which is
+faithfully shown on an enlarged scale, in order to render the details
+more effectively, in No. 319. This illustrious lady, who founded
+Pembroke College, Cambridge, A.D. 1373, was the daughter of GUY DE
+CHASTILLON, Count of ST. PAUL, by his wife MARY, daughter of JOHN DE
+DREUX, Duke of BRITTANY, and of BEATRICE, sister of EDWARD I. On her
+Seal, accordingly, the Countess of Brittany marshals, in the centre, the
+arms of her husband (_De Valence_: No. 86), and those of her father (_De
+Chastillon_--_gu., three pallets vair, on a chief or a label of three
+points az._), united upon a single shield by “Dimidiation�--a process
+presently to be described: to the dexter, the arms of her Royal
+relatives of _England_ are blazoned in a circular compartment: to the
+sinister, in a similar compartment, are the fleurs de lys of _France
+Ancient_, No. 247, at that time so closely allied with the English
+lions: and, finally, in a third roundle, in the base of the composition,
+are the arms of _De Dreux_ (_chequée or and az., within a bordure
+gu.;[6] over all a canton of Brittany_, No. 15, borne by the maternal
+grandfather of the Countess: the legend is, + S . MARIE . DE . SEYN .
+POVL . COMITISSE . PEMPROCHIE. The original impression of this Seal,
+from which the woodcut, No. 319, was drawn, is appended to a charter,
+dated 1347, which is preserved amongst the muniments of Pembroke
+College. A very good example of the aggroupment of Shields upon a Seal,
+under conditions differing from those that now have been illustrated,
+I have already given in No. 204. Another beautiful and most interesting
+example, now unfortunately partially mutilated, is the Seal of MATILDA
+of LANCASTER, the wife, first, of WILLIAM DE BURGH, Earl of ULSTER (and
+by him mother of ELIZABETH, the wife of Prince LIONEL OF CLARENCE), and,
+secondly, of Sir RALPH DE UFFORD. This seal, of circular form, No. 320,
+displays to the dexter a shield of _De Burgh_--_or, a cross gu._; to the
+sinister, a shield of _Ufford_--_or, a cross engrailed sa._, in the
+first quarter _a fleur de lys, for difference_: in base there is a
+lozenge of _De Chaworth_ (the mother of the Countess was MATILDA DE
+CHAWORTH)--_barrulée arg. and gu., an orle of martlets sa._; and in
+chief there remains part of another lozenge of _Lancaster_, to complete
+this remarkable heraldic group. Of the legend there remains only . .
+ILLV MATILD’ . . . . SE . . . The introduction of _Badges_, with a
+Shield or Shields of arms, in the composition of a Seal, is another
+variety of this same system of Marshalling. No. 321, the Seal of OLIVER
+DE BOHUN, exemplifies this usage, having the _white swan Badge_ of the
+noble house of BOHUN thrice repeated about the Shield. See No. 114. Also
+see, in the frontispiece, the Seal of Earl RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, No.
+449, which is described in Section II. of Chapter XXII.
+
+    [Footnote 6: In No. 319 the bordure of _De Dreux_ in the roundle in
+    base is charged with Lions of England, as borne by JOHN DE DREUX;
+    but the presence of these in the Seal of the Countess is uncertain.
+    See No. 322.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 319.--Seal of Mary, Countess of Pembroke.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 320.--Seal of Matilda of Lancaster.]
+
+Marshalling by Aggroupment was practised under another form by placing
+Shields of arms in the different panels of the same architectural
+monument.
+
+MARSHALLING _by Combination_ is effected by actually forming, for the
+blazonry of a single Shield, a composition which includes the principal
+charges of two or more allied Shields. The composition of the Shield
+borne by the house of DE DREUX, to which I have just referred in
+describing the Seal of the Countess of Pembroke, No. 319, is a most
+striking example of this variety of Marshalling: and this Shield was
+borne by JOHN DE DREUX, created Earl of RICHMOND by his uncle King
+EDWARD I., who lived and died in England, as it is represented in No.
+322--the _field, chequée or and azure_, being for De Dreux; the _canton
+ermine_ for Brittany; and the _bordure, gules charged with golden lions
+of England_, representing the royal Shield of England, and showing the
+close connection existing between the Earl of Richmond and his
+Sovereign. The shield of Prince JOHN of ELTHAM (No. 24), _England within
+a bordure of France_, is another characteristic example of this
+Marshalling by Combination.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 321.--Seal of Oliver de Bohun.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 322.--Shield of Earl John de Dreux.]
+
+For many reasons, except in particular instances, these methods of
+Marshalling were not considered to be altogether satisfactory.
+Accordingly, a fresh arrangement was devised which would preserve intact
+the original integrity of each coat of arms, would imply a definite
+systematic method of arrangement, and would admit into a single
+composition any required number of distinct coats. This MARSHALLING _by
+Quartering_, naturally suggested by such simple bearings as Nos. 16 and
+17, consists in dividing the Shield, as in No. 30, into four parts, and
+placing in each of these divisions or quarters one of the coats to be
+marshalled on a single Shield. If two coats only are thus to be
+“_quartered_,� the most important of the two occupies the first quarter,
+and is repeated in the fourth; and, the other coat is placed in the
+second quarter, and repeated in the third. The earliest example known in
+England is the quartered Shield of _Castile and Leon--quarterly: first
+and fourth, gules, a castle triple-towered or; second and third, argent,
+a lion rampant gu._, No. 323. This shield is sculptured upon the
+monument in Westminster Abbey to ALIANORE, daughter of FERDINAND III.,
+King of CASTILE and LEON, and Queen of EDWARD I.: the date is 1290. This
+form of Marshalling began gradually to be adopted during the first half
+of the fourteenth century, and in the second half of that century it
+became generally adopted. Other examples of quartered shields I have
+already given in Nos. 252 and 253.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 323.--Shield of Castile and Leon.]
+
+Should there be _three_ Coats to be quartered, they would severally
+occupy the first, second, and third quarters of the Shield, in due
+order, and the first quarter would be repeated in the fourth. In
+quartering _four_ coats, no repetition would be necessary. If more than
+four coats would require to be quartered, the Shield would be divided
+into whatever number of sections might be necessary, as in No. 36, and
+the required arrangement would be made; should any repetition be
+necessary, the first quarter is to be repeated in the fourth. This
+process, whatever the number of the coats thus marshalled (and their
+number sometimes is very great), is always entitled “_quartering_�; and
+each of these divisions of a Shield, for the purpose of Marshalling, is
+distinguished as a “Quarter.� Occasionally a _quartered coat_ would have
+to be marshalled with others. In the “grand quartering� which then takes
+place, the quartered coat is treated precisely as any other member of
+the group. See No. 37. For example, the Shield, No. 324 (R. 2), of
+HENRY, first Earl of NORTHUMBERLAND, is--I. and IV. Grand
+Quarters,--_first and fourth, or, a lion rampt. az._, for Louvaine, or
+Percy modern: _second and third, gu., three lucies haurient arg._ (No.
+164) for Lucy: II. and III. Grand Quarters,--_az., five fusils conjoined
+in fesse or_, for Percy ancient.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 324.--Shield of Henry, Earl of Northumberland.]
+
+When a Shield to be quartered has a very numerous array of Quarterings,
+Grand Quartering is seldom adopted; but, in its stead, the new
+quarterings are marshalled in their proper succession, with the original
+quarterings of the Shield.
+
+In this Marshalling the first quarter is occupied by the most important
+quartering, which is determined (without any fixed rule) by the original
+grant or licence: the other quarterings follow, in the order in which
+they may have been “brought in� to the composition.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 325.--Shield of Mayor of Winchelsea.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 326.--De Valence, dimidiating Claremont Nesle.]
+
+To denote and record ALLIANCE BY MARRIAGE, two distinct Coats were first
+marshalled upon a single Shield by _Dimidiation_. This process is
+accomplished in the following manner. The Shield to be charged with the
+two Coats in union is divided _per pale_, as in No. 28: on the dexter
+half the corresponding half, or generally somewhat more than that half,
+of the arms of the husband is marshalled: then, in like manner, the
+sinister half is charged with the corresponding portion of the arms of
+the wife. In the Shield, No. 250, from another Seal of Queen MARGARET,
+_England_ dimidiates _France ancient_, Nos. 187 and 247. This
+Dimidiation in most cases produces a singular effect; as in No. 325,
+a Shield from the Seal of the Mayor of Winchelsea, one of the famous
+Sussex Cinque Ports, which bears _England_ dimidiating _azure, three
+hulls of ships, in pale, or_: here the dimidiated lions and ships appear
+to unite for the purpose of forming the most extravagant of compound
+monsters. The Seal of the Borough of Great Yarmouth substitutes _three
+herrings_, in allusion to the staple fishery of the port, for the ships,
+and dimidiates them with the national lions. In the central Shield of
+the Seal, No. 319, I have shown _De Valence_ dimidiating _De
+Chastillon_. In No. 326, from the monument of WILLIAM DE VALENCE, _De
+Valence_ appears dimidiating the French Coat of _Claremont Nesle_--_gu.,
+semée of trefoils, two barbels haurient addorsed or_: the Dimidiation
+here cuts off and removes one-half of the De Valence martlets and also
+one of the two barbels of Claremont.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 327.--Camoys, impaling Mortimer.]
+
+The characteristic features of one or of both of the united Coats, as I
+have just shown, being commonly rendered indistinct and uncertain by
+Dimidiation, that form of marshalling was generally superseded by
+IMPALEMENT in the course of the third quarter of the fourteenth century.
+This process, at once simple and effectual, marshals the whole of the
+husband’s arms on the dexter half of a Shield divided per pale, as No.
+28; and the whole of the arms of the wife on the sinister half of it.
+Such an impaled Shield is borne by a husband and wife during their
+conjoint lives; and should the wife become a widow, by her the impaled
+arms are borne during her widowhood charged upon a lozenge. The dexter
+half only--the husband’s arms--of an impaled Shield is hereditary. Fine
+examples of Shields that are both impaled and quartered, are preserved
+in the monuments of EDWARD III. and his Queen PHILIPPA, in the Brass to
+ALIANORE DE BOHUN, and in the monument to MARGARET BEAUFORT, all in
+Westminster Abbey. Other fine examples occur on the monument of Earl
+RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, at Warwick. No. 327, from the Brass to THOMAS, LORD
+CAMOYS, K.G., and his wife, ELIZABETH MORTIMER (the widow of HENRY
+HOTSPUR), at Trotton, in Sussex, A.D. 1410, marshals _Camoys_--_arg., on
+a chief gu. three plates_, impaling _Mortimer_, No. 131. Again, at
+Warwick, the Brass to Earl THOMAS DE BEAUCHAMP and his Countess,
+MARGARET FERRERS of Groby, A.D. 1406, has a Shield of _Beauchamp_--_gu.,
+a fesse between six crosslets or_, impaling _Ferrers_--_gu., seven
+mascles, three three and one, or_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 328.--D’Aubigny, impaling Scotland.]
+
+It is to be observed that _Bordures_ and _Tressures_, which are not
+affected by Quartering, are _dimidiated by Impalement_,--that is, that
+side of both a Bordure and a Tressure which adjoins the line of
+Impalement is generally removed: thus, one of the small Shields
+sculptured upon the canopy of the monument of Queen MARY STUART, at
+Westminster, is charged with _D’Aubigny_ impaling _Scotland_,--that is,
+_az., three fleurs de lys or, within a bordure gu. charged with eight
+buckles gold_, impaling No. 138. This Shield, represented in No. 328,
+has both the bordure on its dexter half, and the tressure on its
+sinister half, dimidiated by the impalement. There are other excellent
+examples of this partial dimidiating in the monuments of MARGARET TUDOR
+and MARGARET BEAUFORT, in the same chapel of Westminster Abbey.
+
+The husband of an _Heiress_ or a _Co-heiress_, instead of impaling the
+arms of his wife, marshals them upon his Shield charged as an
+_Escutcheon of Pretence_. The son of an heiress, as heir to his maternal
+grandfather through his mother, as well as to his own father, _quarters_
+on his Shield, and transmits to his descendants, _the arms of both his
+parents_, his father’s arms generally being in the first quarter. The
+Shield of RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, K.G., Earl of WARWICK (died in 1439), is a
+good example of the use of an Escutcheon of Pretence; it is represented
+in No. 329, drawn from the garter-plate of the Earl, in St. George’s
+Chapel, Windsor. The Earl himself, as his hereditary coat, quarters
+_Beauchamp_ with _Newburgh_--_chequée or and az., a chevron erm._: upon
+this, for his Countess, ISABELLE, daughter and heiress of THOMAS LE
+DESPENCER, Earl of GLOUCESTER, he marshals an Escutcheon of Pretence
+charged with _De Clare_, No. 124, quartering _Le Despencer_--_quarterly
+arg. and gu., in the second and third quarters a frette or, over all a
+bend sa._ In the monument of this great Earl, at Warwick, upon the
+Escutcheon of Pretence the arms of Bohun are quartered with those of
+Clare and Despencer.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 329.--Shield of Earl Richard Beauchamp.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 330.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 331.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 332.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 333.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 334.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 335.]
+
+A few very simple diagrams will clearly elucidate the principle of
+Marshalling the arms of Husband and Wife. Suppose B (_Baron_) to
+represent the Husband, and F (_Femme_) the Wife: then, No. 330 B may
+represent the arms of the Husband, and No. 330 F the arms of the Wife.
+If F be _not_ an heiress, the arms of B and F, as husband and wife, are
+borne impaled, as in No. 330 B F; and their son bears No. 330 B only. If
+F _be an heiress_, the arms of B and F, as husband and wife, are borne
+as in No. 331--the arms of the wife on an Escutcheon of Pretence; and,
+in this case, the son of B and F quarters the arms of both his parents,
+as No. 332. Now, suppose this son, whose arms are No. 332, to marry a
+lady, _not_ an heiress, whose arms are No. 330 F F, he would simply
+impale the arms of his wife, as in No. 333, and his son would bear No.
+332 only, as his father bore that quartered shield before his marriage.
+But if the wife of the bearer of No. 332 were to _be an heiress_, he
+would charge the arms of his wife in pretence upon his own hereditary
+paternal Shield, as in No. 334; and his son, by this heiress, as before,
+would quarter the arms of both his parents, as in No. 335. It is obvious
+that Marshalling on this system (of which I here give the general
+outline) admits of a widely-extended application. Younger sons in all
+cases place over all the quarterings of their Shield their own
+distinctive Mark of Cadency, until they inherit some different
+quartering from those to which the head of their house is entitled, and
+the quartering itself then forms sufficient difference.
+
+A _Widower_ who marries again places the arms of both his wives upon any
+permanent record, but for ordinary purposes of use, _e.g._ on a seal or
+carriage, bears only the arms of his living wife.
+
+An _Unmarried Lady_ bears her paternal arms on a _lozenge_, without any
+Helmet, Crest, or Motto.
+
+A _Widow_ bears on a _lozenge_ the arms borne by her husband and
+herself. Should she marry again, a Widow ceases to bear the arms of her
+former husband.
+
+A _Peeress in her own right_, if married to a Peer, has both her own
+arms and those of her husband fully blazoned, and the lozenge and the
+Shield, with all their accessories, are marshalled to form a single
+united group, the achievement of the husband having precedence to the
+dexter. If married to a Commoner, a Peeress in her own right bears her
+own arms on a lozenge as before, and her husband marshals her arms
+ensigned with her coronet in pretence on his Shield: and this lozenge
+and Shield are grouped together, the lozenge yielding precedence.
+
+_Prelates_ bear the arms of their see impaling their own paternal and
+hereditary arms, the insignia of the see occupying the dexter half of
+the Shield, this Shield being ensigned with a mitre only. A married
+Prelate bears also a second Shield, placed to the sinister of the other,
+on which are marshalled, in accordance with ordinary usage, his own
+personal arms with those of his wife. The mitre then is placed over the
+conjoined shields.
+
+The _Kings of Arms_, in like manner, bear two Shields, disposed to form
+a single group: on the dexter Shield their official arms impale their
+personal; and on the sinister Shield their personal arms are marshalled
+with the arms of their wives.
+
+Again, the same usage obtains in marshalling the arms of _Knights of
+Orders of Knighthood_ who, when married, bear two Shields grouped
+together. On the dexter Shield are blazoned the arms of the Knight
+himself alone; and around this Shield are displayed the insignia of his
+Order, or Orders, of Knighthood: and on the sinister Shield the arms of
+the Knight and of his wife are marshalled, but without the knightly
+insignia. This second Shield is generally environed with decorative
+foliage. This usage, prevalent in England, is not accepted or adopted by
+foreign Heralds: nor does it appear to be required by true heraldic
+principle, or to be strictly in accordance with it. The wife of a Knight
+shares his knightly title, and takes precedence from her husband’s
+knightly rank; and a knight, with perfect heraldic consistency, might
+marshal his own knightly insignia about the Shield which is charged with
+his own arms and those of his wife, whether united by impalement, or
+when the latter are borne in pretence: and thus a single Shield would be
+borne, and there would cease to exist any motive for endeavouring to
+impart to a second Shield some general resemblance to its companion by
+wreaths or other unmeaning accessories. There are ancient precedents for
+the use of a single shield.
+
+_Official Arms_ are not hereditary.
+
+_Royal Personages_, when married, bear their own arms on a separate
+Shield; and a second Shield bears the arms of the husband and wife
+conjoined.
+
+The circumstances of every case must exercise a considerable influence
+in determining the Marshalling of the Accessories of any Shield,
+Lozenge, or Group. As a general rule, however, the _Helm_ always rests
+on the chief of the Shield: Commoners, Knights, Baronets, and Peers
+place their _Crest_ upon the Helm: Peers and Princes place their _Helm_
+upon the Coronet, and their Crest is placed upon the Helmet. The
+SOVEREIGN places the Crest upon the Royal Crown, which is a part of the
+Royal Crest, and it is unusual to duplicate the Crown by repeating it
+below the Helmet. The _Mantling_ is displayed from the back of the Helm:
+it is most effective when simple in its form and adjustment, and when it
+droops behind the Shield. The _Motto_ is usually placed below the
+Shield; but if it has special reference to the Crest, above the Crest.
+A Scottish motto always goes over the Crest. _Supporters_ are usually
+placed erect, as if in the act of really supporting the Shield: they
+ought to stand either on an appropriate ground, or on a Gothic basement
+to the entire Achievement. _Badges_, with all _Official_ and _Knightly
+Insignia_, and all other _Honourable Insignia_ of every kind, are
+rightly marshalled in an Achievement of Arms.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+CADENCY
+
+  _Marks of Cadency are temporary or permanent-- The Label-- The
+  Bordure-- The Bendlet, Barrulet, and Canton-- Change of Tincture--
+  Secondary Charges-- Single Small Charges-- Differences of
+  Illegitimacy-- Cadency of Crests, Badges, &c.-- Modern Cadency._
+
+  “Merke ye wele theys questionys here, now folowying!�
+    --BOKE OF ST. ALBANS, A.D. 1486.
+
+
+Amongst his comrades in arms, or in the midst of a hostile array, the
+last object that a mediæval Knight would expect or desire to observe, on
+the morning of a battle or a joust, would be an exact counterpart of
+himself. Occasions, indeed, might sometimes arise, when it might be
+highly desirable that five or six counterfeit “Richmonds� should
+accompany one real one to “the field�; or, when a “wild boar of
+Ardennes� might prefer to encounter the hunters, having about him the
+choice of his own “boar’s brood,� garnished at all points exactly after
+his own fashion. These, however, are rare and strictly exceptional
+cases. And the Knight, to whom distinction was as the breath of his
+nostrils, as he closed his vizor trusted confidently to his heraldic
+insignia to distinguish him, while, in the fore-front of the fray, with
+sword and lance and axe he would strive manfully to distinguish himself.
+This implies that Heraldry, besides assigning to different families
+their own distinct insignia, should possess the faculty of
+distinguishing the several members, and also the various branches of the
+same family, the one from the other. A faculty such as this Heraldry
+does possess, in its marks of CADENCY.
+
+In “_marking Cadency_�--that is, in distinguishing the armorial insignia
+of kinsmen, who are members of the very same family, or of some one of
+its various branches, it is a necessary condition of every system of
+“Differencing� that, while in itself clear and definite and significant,
+it should be secondary to the leading characteristics of the original
+Coat of Arms which denotes the senior branch of the Family, and also
+declares from what fountain-head all the kinsmen of all the branches
+have derived their common descent.
+
+Various methods for thus marking Cadency were adopted, and accepted as
+satisfactory, in the early days of Heraldry. Of these I now shall
+describe and illustrate such as are most emphatic in themselves, and in
+their character most decidedly heraldic,--such also as most
+advantageously may be retained in use in our own Heraldry of the present
+time. It will be seen that the “Differences� which mark Cadency
+necessarily resolve themselves into two groups or classes: one, in which
+the “Difference� is _temporary_ only in its significance and use,--as,
+when an eldest son, on the death of his father, succeeds to the position
+in the family which his father had held, he removes his Mark of Cadency
+as eldest son from his Shield, assumes the unmarked Shield as his father
+had borne it before him, and transfers to his own son the mark that
+previously had distinguished his Shield from that of his father. In the
+other group, the Marks of Cadency are more _permanent_, and consequently
+may become integral elements of the heraldic composition in which they
+appear: thus, the mark of Cadency which distinguishes any particular
+branch of a family, is borne alike by all the members of that branch,
+and in that branch it is transmitted from generation to generation.
+
+More than one Mark of Cadency may be introduced into the same Coat of
+Arms; and, for the purpose of some form of secondary distinction, it is
+quite correct Heraldry to _mark Marks of Cadency_--to charge one variety
+of mark, that is, upon another.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 336.--Eldest Sons of Edward I. and II.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 337.--Black Prince.]
+
+The LABEL, Nos. 271, 272, is blazoned as a Mark of Cadency in the
+earliest Rolls of Arms, and it appears discharging this duty in the
+earliest examples. The Label is generally borne with three points, as in
+No. 271; frequently with five, as in No. 272; and occasionally with four
+or with more than five points. It is quite certain that no significance
+was formerly attached to the number of the points, the object in all
+cases being to make the Label distinctly visible, and to adjust the
+points to the general composition of the Shield. Labels are of various
+tinctures. EDWARD I., EDWARD II., and EDWARD III., each one during the
+lifetime of his father, bore the Shield of England, No. 187, differenced
+with an _azure label_, sometimes of three points, as in No. 336, and
+sometimes having five points. EDWARD the BLACK PRINCE marked the Royal
+Shield of EDWARD III. with a _label argent_, as in No. 337; and a plain
+silver label has since been the Mark of Cadency of every succeeding
+heir-apparent to the English throne. The Label has been used in this
+manner by personages of all ranks who have borne arms, from the time of
+HENRY III.; and examples abound in all the early Rolls of Arms, in
+Monuments, and upon Seals.
+
+The _Label_, borne as a Mark of Cadency, was sometimes, particularly in
+the cases of junior members of the Royal Family, charged with other
+figures and devices, as differences of a secondary rank. Or, when it is
+thus charged, the charges upon a Label may be considered to be elements
+of the Label itself, in its capacity of a Mark of Cadency. EDMOND, the
+first Earl of LANCASTER, as I have already shown, No. 249, differenced
+his father’s Arms of England with a _Label of France_, No. 338--an azure
+label, that is, charged with golden fleurs de lys, to denote his French
+alliance; and thus by the same process he was Marshalling and Marking
+Cadency. JOHN OF GHENT, Duke of LANCASTER, differenced with an _ermine
+Label_, No. 339, derived from the ermine shield of Brittany (No. 15):
+and the Plantagenet Dukes of YORK charged each point of their silver
+Label with _three torteaux_, No. 340, which may be considered to have
+been derived from the shield of Wake (No. 82). In order to show them on
+a larger scale, the Labels in Nos. 338-343 are represented without the
+Shields on which they were charged. All these Shields would be
+repetitions of the same blazonry of France and England quarterly: Nos.
+252 and 253.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 338.--Lancaster.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 339.--Brittany.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 340.--York.]
+
+The Label, with various Differences, has generally been the Royal Mark
+of Cadency; and now differenced silver Labels are borne, to mark
+Cadency, by every member of our Royal Family.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 341.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 342.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 343.]
+
+Like the points of Labels, the Charges blazoned on those points had no
+fixed or determinate numbers. That both the Labels and their Charges
+should be distinct and conspicuous, was the special object with which
+they were blazoned. Accordingly, in different examples of the same Label
+the number of the repetitions of the Charges sometimes is found to
+differ. At the same time, in the earliest examples of charged Labels,
+the repetitions of the Charges, while devoid of any special differencing
+aim or meaning, may be considered to have been suggested by the sources
+from which the Charges themselves were derived. For example: the Label
+of Lancaster, No. 338, of Earl EDMOND, derived directly from the Shield
+of _France ancient_, No. 247, with its field _semée de lys_, has three
+fleurs de lys upon each point, so that this Label has the appearance of
+being also _semée de lys_. Had it been derived from the Shield of
+_France modern_, No. 248, charged with three fleurs de lys only,
+a single fleur de lys in all probability would have been blazoned on
+each of the three points of this same Label. Upon this principle the
+Label of Prince LIONEL, DUKE of CLARENCE, second son of EDWARD III.,
+which is differenced with _cantons gules_, has a single canton on each
+point, as in No. 341, evidently because only a single canton can be
+blazoned on a Shield. The figures and devices that are charged for
+secondary difference upon Labels vary widely in their character; but,
+however difficult it now may be in very many instances to trace these
+differencing charges to their sources, and so to determine the motive
+which led to their adoption, there can be no doubt that originally they
+were chosen and adopted for the express purpose of denoting and
+recording some alliance or dependency. Some early Labels are of a
+compound character; that is, they are charged with two distinct groups
+of devices, which are at once divided and conjoined by impalement. Such
+a Label was borne by Prince HENRY, son of JOHN of GHENT, between the
+time of his father’s death and his own accession as HENRY IV. (Feb. 3 to
+Sept. 30, 1399): it was a _Label of five points per pale of Brittany and
+Lancaster_, No. 342, being his father’s Label impaling that of his
+mother’s father. The second son of this Prince, THOMAS Duke of CLARENCE,
+instead of adopting impalement, charged _a red canton upon each point of
+an ermine Label_, as in No. 343: while his brother, JOHN Duke of
+BEDFORD, bore their father’s Label, No. 342.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 344.--Holland, of Kent.]
+
+The BORDURE, both plain and charged, is a Mark of Cadency borne by
+Princes and by personages of various ranks. EDMOND, youngest son of
+EDWARD I., differenced _England_ with a plain _silver bordure_, as in
+No. 344: the HOLLANDS, Earls of KENT, did the same: and the same silver
+bordure also was borne by THOMAS, youngest son of EDWARD III., about the
+quartered shield of _France ancient and England_; and about the
+quartered shield of _France modern and England_ by HUMPHREY, youngest
+son of HENRY IV. Prince JOHN of ELTHAM, as I have already shown, and
+after him the HOLLANDS, Dukes of EXETER, differenced _England with a
+Bordure of France_: No. 24. Though not so numerous as Labels, Bordures
+employed to mark Cadency exist in very many early examples, and a
+variety of devices appear charged upon them for secondary Difference.
+See No. 140. In the Royal Heraldry of our own times the Bordure is not
+used as a Royal Difference; but its use is retained in Scotland for
+differencing Shields of less exalted rank.
+
+In some few early Examples a BENDLET is charged upon the paternal shield
+as a mark of Cadency: and a BARRULET is found to have been also used for
+the same purpose. Thus, HENRY, second son of EDMOND the first Earl of
+LANCASTER, during the lifetime of his elder brother, differenced
+_England_ with an _azure Bendlet_, as in No. 345: and, in the Seal of
+HENRY DE PERCY, son and heir of HENRY third Baron, the lion is
+debruised, for Difference, by a Barrulet which crosses the Shield in the
+honour-point. Possibly, this Barrulet may be a _Label without points_.
+A CANTON, plain, or more frequently charged, and in many examples of
+ermine, is also added to Shields to mark Cadency, but more frequently
+nowadays its use denotes absence of blood descent. See Nos. 128, 129,
+130.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 345.--Henry of Lancaster.]
+
+To mark Cadency by a _change of Tinctures_ was a simple expedient, and
+such a one as would naturally be practised at an early period. It was
+effected, first, in the case of the _Field_: thus (H. 3) the brothers DE
+LA ZOUCHE severally bear--_Gu., bezantée_, and, _Az., bezantée_; and the
+brothers FURNIVAL (H. 3) bear--_Arg., a bend between six martlets gu._,
+and, _Or, a bend between six martlets gu._ Secondly, the change is
+effected in the _Charges_: thus, two William BARDOLFS (H. 3 and E. 2)
+severally bear--_Az., three cinquefoils or_, and, _Az., three
+cinquefoils arg._ Thirdly, the tinctures are _reversed_: for example,
+for two Sir JOHN HARCOURTS (E. 2)--_Gu., two bars or_, and, _Or, two
+bars gu._ Fourthly, there is a complete change in _all the tinctures_:
+and so, while Sir ANDREW LOTEREL (E. 2) bears--_Or, a bend between six
+martlets sa._, Sir GEFFREY LOTEREL (E. 2) bears--_Az., a bend between
+six martlets argent_. Finally, this system of marking Cadency admits
+various modifications of the changes already described: thus, in the
+Arms of Mortimer, No. 131, _gules_ is substituted for _azure_; and,
+again, in the same Shield an _inescutcheon ermine_ takes the place of
+the _inescutcheon argent_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 346.--Beauchamp of Elmely.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 347.--Beauchamp at Carlaverock.]
+
+Another and a favourite method of marking Cadency, calculated to
+exercise a great and decided influence in the development of heraldic
+blazon, is the _addition of secondary Charges_ of small size (not on a
+Label or a Bordure but) semée over the field of a Shield, or charged
+upon an Ordinary, or disposed in orle. In a large number of examples,
+these small charges are found to have been gradually reduced to six or
+three, in order to admit of their being blazoned on a somewhat larger
+scale, and consequently made more distinct. Again: while the number and
+the tinctures of the secondary differencing charges remain the same, in
+order to carry out the Cadency still farther the secondary charges
+themselves are varied: and, once more, in other cases the identity of
+the original secondary charges is retained, but their number is
+increased or diminished. I must be content to illustrate these various
+forms of Cadency with a few examples only. First, a group of shields of
+the BEAUCHAMPS:--Beauchamp of Elmely (H. 3)--_Gu., a fesse or_, No. 346:
+Beauchamp at Carlaverock--_Gu., crusilée and a fesse or_, No. 347:
+Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick--_Gu., a fesse between six crosses crosslets
+or_, No. 348: and Beauchamp of Bletshoe--_Gu., a fesse between six
+martlets or_, No. 349. Second, a corresponding group of shields of the
+BERKELEYS:--Maurice de Barkele (or Berkeley)--_Gu., a chevron arg._
+(H. 3): and then for other Berkeleys--_Gu., a chevron between ten
+crosses pattées, six and four, arg._; and the same Ordinary, with either
+_ten cinquefoils of silver_, or the same number of _white roses_. Three
+CORBETS bear severally (E. 2)--_Or, a raven sa._; _Or, two ravens sa._;
+and, _Or, three ravens sa._ And, once more, their original Shield--_Gu.,
+a chevron or_, is differenced by the COBHAMS by charging the Ordinary
+with three lioncels, three eaglets, three crosslets, three mullets,
+three estoiles, three crescents, or three fleurs de lys, all of them
+sable. The particular devices and figures selected thus to mark Cadency,
+like those charged upon Labels or Bordures, must be considered to have a
+special significance of their own, though this significance may
+frequently fail to be discerned in consequence of our being no longer
+able to trace out their association with the sources from which they
+were obtained. The alliances and the incidents that give these various
+Marks of Cadency, when it is possible to ascertain what they may have
+been, illustrate in a striking manner the motives by which the early
+Heralds were influenced when they differenced the Arms of Kinsmen.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 348.--Beauchamp of Warwick.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 349.--Beauchamp of Bletshoe.]
+
+_Official Insignia_ sometimes become Marks of Cadency. Thus, JOHN DE
+GRANDISON, Bishop of Exeter (A.D. 1327-1369), on the bend in his
+paternal arms, No. 89, substitutes a _golden mitre_ for the central
+eaglet, as in No. 350. WILLIAM COURTENAY, Archbishop of Canterbury (A.D.
+1381-1396), adopts a different course, and charges three golden mitres
+upon each point of the Label of Courtenay--_Or, three torteaux, over all
+a label of three points az. charged on each point with as many mitres
+gold_. And again, HENRY LE DESPENCER, Bishop of Norwich (A.D.
+1370-1406), places about his paternal shield an _azure bordure charged
+with eight golden mitres_ (see the largest shield in No. 351). On his
+official seal the canopied effigy of the Bishop stands between this, his
+personal Shield, and the Shield of his see--_az., three mitres or_: but
+his Secretum, or private seal, is much more interesting, as an heraldic
+image of the man himself. Haughty, fierce, cruel, and pugnacious, his
+career not less inglorious as a military commander than as a churchman,
+this HENRY LE DESPENCER, a grandson of the unhappy favourite of the no
+less hapless EDWARD II., was one of the war-loving prelates who
+occasionally appear sustaining a strange, and yet as it would seem a
+characteristic, part in the romantic drama of mediæval history. His
+Secretum, No. 351, displays his Shield of _Despencer_, differenced with
+his bordure of mitres, couché from a large mantled helm, surmounted by a
+mitre, in place of a crest-coronet, which supports the Despencer crest,
+a silver griffin’s head of ample size; on either side are the Shields of
+the _see of Norwich_, and of _Ferrers_ (the Bishop’s mother was Anne,
+daughter of WILLIAM Lord FERRERS of Groby)--_Or, seven mascles, three
+three and one, gu._; the legend is, S . HENRICI . DESPENCER .
+NORWICENSIS . EPISCOPI.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 350.--Bishop Grandison.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 351.--Secretum of Bishop le Despencer.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 352.--Sir Fulk Fitz Warin.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 353.--Thomas le Scrope.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 354.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 355.]
+
+At an early period, Cadency was marked by _adding a single small charge_
+to the blazon of a Shield, or by charging some secondary device or
+figure upon any accessory of a Shield of arms. Such a Mark of Cadency as
+this, obtained from some allied Shield, and charged upon an ordinary or
+principal bearing, or occupying a conspicuous position in the general
+composition, was in high favour with the Heralds of both the fourteenth
+and fifteenth centuries. From the early examples, which exist in great
+numbers and in as great variety, it will be sufficient for me to adduce
+only a few specimens--a single example, indeed, illustrates the system.
+The Shield of _Ufford_, in the Seal of MATILDA of LANCASTER, which I
+have already described (No. 320), is thus differenced with a single
+fleur de lys in the first quarter. Precisely in the same manner Sir FULK
+FITZ WARIN differences the Shield of the head of his house, No. 17, by
+charging a _mullet sable_ upon the first quarter, as in No. 352. THOMAS
+LE SCROPE, on the other hand, for Cadency marks the golden bend upon his
+azure Shield, No. 111, with an _annulet sable_, as in No. 353. Two
+members of the family of Beauchamp charge their golden fesse (see Nos.
+346-349), the one with a _crescent sable_, and the other with a _pierced
+mullet_ of the same tincture: Nos. 354, 355. In like manner, in addition
+to various labels, the NEVILLES charge no less than eight different
+small figures upon their silver saltire, No. 121, to distinguish
+different members and branches of their powerful race: I give one of
+these Shields in No. 356, which was borne by GEORGE NEVILLE, Lord
+LATIMER, from the monument to Earl RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP at
+Warwick--_Gu., on a saltire arg. a gimmel-ring az._: another differenced
+shield of Neville, No. 357, has _a cinquefoil_ charged on the saltire:
+a third example from this group I have already given, No. 122,
+differenced with _a rose_: this shield, No. 122, is now borne by the
+Earl of ABERGAVENNY. Once more: Sir WILLIAM DE BREWYS (E. 2)
+bears--_Az., crusilée and a lion rampt. or_, No. 358, which coat another
+Sir WILLIAM DE BREWYS differences, to distinguish himself from his
+kinsman, while at the same time declaring their near relationship, by
+simply charging a _red fleur de lys_ upon his lion’s shoulder.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 356.--Lord Latimer.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 357.--Neville.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 358.--Sir William de Brewys.]
+
+Differences of Illegitimacy, which rightly and indeed necessarily are
+included under the general head of “Cadency,� do not appear at any time
+to have assumed a definite or decided character, and yet they bring
+before the student of Heraldry much curious matter for inquiry and
+investigation. Early in the true heraldic era illegitimate sons are
+found to have differenced their paternal arms, as other sons lawfully
+born might have done: and it does not appear that any peculiar methods
+of differencing were adopted, palpably for the purpose of denoting
+illegitimacy of birth, before the fourteenth century had drawn near to
+its close. And even then, if any express heraldic rule on this point
+ever was framed, which is very doubtful, it certainly was never observed
+with any care or regularity.
+
+The earliest known example of the arms of a man of illegitimate birth is
+the fine Shield of WILLIAM LONGESPÉE, Earl of SALISBURY, son of
+HENRY II. and FAIR ROSAMOND, No. 197. This Shield is supposed to have
+been assumed and borne by the Earl on his marriage with the daughter and
+heiress of D’EVREUX, when in right of his wife he succeeded to the
+Earldom of Salisbury: but this theory does not rest upon any solid
+foundation, since it would be very difficult to show that the Shield
+with the six lioncels was certainly borne, on his armorial ensign, by
+the father-in-law of Earl William. Also, if a Shield charged with an
+escarbuncle and many lioncels, which has been assigned to GEOFFREY Count
+of ANJOU, was really borne by the Founder of the House of PLANTAGENET,
+Earl WILLIAM LONGESPÉE may have derived his own Shield from his paternal
+grandfather. Upon his Counterseal the Earl displays his own “long sword�
+as his proper device. In like manner, certain other personages, also
+illegitimate, appear to have borne arms which were either expressly
+assigned to themselves by the Sovereign, or such as they assumed in
+right of their mothers or wives. In all such cases as these, the Arms
+were not the paternal coat in any way differenced, but what now would be
+designated “fresh grants.� Towards the beginning of the fifteenth
+century, however, a peculiar kind of Differencing for Illegitimacy
+gradually prevailed throughout Europe: thus, illegitimate children
+either altered the position of the charges in their paternal Shield; or
+they marshalled the entire paternal arms upon a bend or a fesse; or they
+composed for themselves a fresh Shield, either using their father’s
+badges and the actual charges of his Shield, or adopting devices
+evidently derived from the paternal bearings; or they bore the paternal
+Shield differenced in a peculiarly conspicuous manner with certain marks
+by which they might be readily and certainly distinguished.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 359.--Henry, Earl of Worcester.]
+
+When the composition of the paternal Shield would admit of such an
+arrangement, the field not being argent, an illegitimate son sometimes
+bore his father’s arms marshalled fesse-wise, so as to leave both the
+chief and the base of his Shield plain white. HENRY, Earl of WORCESTER,
+whose father was an illegitimate son of HENRY BEAUFORT, third Duke of
+SOMERSET, bore the arms of Beaufort couped in this manner in chief and
+in base, as if they were charged upon a very broad fesse on the field:
+No. 359.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 360.--Beaufort before 1397.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 361.--Beaufort after 1397.]
+
+JOHN DE BEAUFORT (great-grandfather of HENRY, Earl of WORCESTER), eldest
+illegitimate son of Prince JOHN of GHENT, _before_ the Act for his
+legitimation was passed in the year 1397, bore his father’s hereditary
+arms of _Lancaster_--_England with a label of France_, No. 249--_on a
+broad bend_, the field being _per pale arg. and az._, the Lancastrian
+livery colours: No. 360. After their legitimation act had become a law,
+this same JOHN DE BEAUFORT, with his brothers, sons, and grandsons, bore
+the Royal quartered shield of France and England, No. 361, differenced,
+not with labels, but with _a bordure componée arg. and az._ (the
+Lancastrian colours): the different members of the Beaufort family
+slightly varied the bordure, but by the head of their house it was borne
+as in No. 361. It will be seen that this is the coat that HENRY, Earl of
+WORCESTER (himself the legitimate son of an illegitimate son), bore
+fesse-wise, as in No. 359. The father of this Earl HENRY, CHARLES
+SOMERSET, Earl of WORCESTER (illegitimate son of the third Duke of
+SOMERSET), differenced _Beaufort_, No. 361, with a _silver bendlet
+sinister_, as in No. 362, the bendlet covering the quarterings, but
+being included within the bordure.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 362.--Charles, Earl of Worcester.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 363.--Sir Roger de Clarendon.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 364.--Radolphus de Arundel.]
+
+Since the fifteenth century, in English Heraldry, a narrow bendlet or
+baton sinister, couped at its extremities, either plain or charged, has
+usually been the mark employed as difference by the illegitimate
+descendants of the Royal Family. It was borne by ARTHUR PLANTAGENET,
+Viscount LISLE, son of EDWARD IV.: by HENRY FITZ ROY, Duke of RICHMOND,
+son of HENRY VIII., and, variously differenced, by illegitimate
+descendants of CHARLES II.--that is, it is borne at the present day,
+_argent_, by the Duke of BUCCLEUCH; _ermine_, by the Duke of CLEVELAND;
+_componée arg. and az._, by the Duke of GRAFTON; and, _gules charged
+with three white roses_, by the Duke of ST. ALBANS.
+
+Sir ROGER DE CLARENDON, illegitimate son of the BLACK PRINCE, bore _on a
+sable bend the three Ostrich Feathers_ of his illustrious father’s
+“_Shield of Peace_,� the field of his Shield being golden, as in No.
+363. Here the “Difference for Illegitimacy� is very emphatically marked
+in a singularly felicitous and beautiful Shield.
+
+The paternal arms of illegitimate children have also sometimes been
+carried by them charged on a _canton_, either dexter or sinister, the
+rest of the Shield being left blank, or perhaps in some cases displaying
+the maternal arms; of this usage I am not able to give any good example,
+in English Heraldry, of certain authority: one other variety of these
+singular Shields, however, I must add to my small group of examples,
+which was first noticed by Mr. MONTAGU (“Guide to the Study of
+Heraldry,� p. 44). This is the Shield, No. 364, of RADOLPHUS DE ARUNDEL;
+and it bears the quartered arms of the Earls of ARUNDEL--_Fitz Alan_ and
+_Warrenne_ (_gu. a lion rampt. or_, and No. 68), “_flanched_,�--that is,
+blazoned only upon the flanches (see No. 141) of the Shield, the central
+area being blank.
+
+For a lengthy period the use of the _bend_, _bendlet_, and _baton
+sinister_ was usual for the purpose of denoting illegitimacy, but this
+has now given way to the use, in England, of a _bordure wavy_; in
+Scotland, of a _bordure compony_; whilst in Ireland both these
+_bordures_ are used, more usually, however, the _bordure wavy_ being
+employed. By a curious divergence the _bordure wavy_ is not a mark of
+illegitimacy in Scotland, but a mark of perfectly legitimate cadency.
+The use of the _bendlet sinister_ for the debruising of crests still
+exists in England and Ireland, but crests are not usually differenced
+for any reason in Scotland.
+
+In treating of this subject, some writers have maintained that the
+_bordure componée_ is, in its heraldic nature, the most decided and
+unquestionable Difference for Illegitimacy: and this opinion these
+writers have derived from the singularly contradictory fact, that the
+BEAUFORTS differenced with a bordure componée when they became legally
+_legitimate_. A bordure componée _may_, indeed, be used with such an
+intention, as it is used by the Duke of RICHMOND, who bears the arms of
+CHARLES II. within a _bordure componée arg. and gu., charged with eight
+roses of the last_; but by the BEAUFORTS it was used with an intention
+exactly the reverse of this. The bordure, however, whatever its aspect
+or modification of treatment, remains still, as it was of old, an
+honourable Difference, until some abatement of honour has been
+associated with its presence under special circumstances. But the
+stereotyped use of the _bordure wavy_ in England with a set meaning,
+gives to the wavy variety a lack of desirability. Marks of illegitimacy
+are intended to remain upon a shield for all time, although in a few
+historic cases their use has been discarded. And precisely the same
+words may be applied to any other charge that has been employed, or may
+be required to mark Cadency.
+
+Marks of Cadency, as they are borne on Shields of Arms, may also be
+charged on Badges, Crests, and Supporters. As a matter of course, they
+appear on Armorial Banners and Standards under the same conditions that
+they are blazoned upon Shields and Surcoats. Such examples as may be
+necessary to illustrate heraldic usage in these cases, I propose to
+describe in the following Chapters.
+
+It cannot be necessary for me to adduce any arguments in order to
+impress upon Students of Heraldry the importance of investigating early
+Cadency, or to assure them that a special interest is inseparable from
+this inquiry: I may suggest, however, that it is most desirable that
+Students should arrange groups of allied Shields, and should carefully
+blazon them with their various “Marks of Cadency,� being careful also to
+record their authorities for every example.
+
+MODERN CADENCY is marked by the Label and by single small Charges, which
+take precedence in the following order:--
+
+  1. The _Label_, No. 271.
+  2. The _Crescent_, No. 166, A.
+  3. The _Mullet_, No. 278.
+  4. The _Martlet_, No. 161.
+  5. The _Annulet_, No. 154.
+  6. The _Fleur de lys_, No. 246.
+  7. The _Rose_, No. 298.
+  8. The _Cross Moline_, No. 99.
+  9. The _Octofoil_, or _Double Quatrefoil_.
+
+When they are adopted, Marks of Cadency now are generally placed upon
+the Honour Point of the Shield, or in some other conspicuous position:
+one of these Marks also may be charged upon another, if desired,--as a
+Martlet may be charged upon a Crescent to denote the fourth son of a
+second son; and so in other cases.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 365.--Seal of William Fraser:
+  appended to Homage Deed, A.D. 1295, preserved in H.M. Record Office.]
+
+The Seal of WILLIAM FRASER, No. 365, from Mr. Laing’s Collection,
+exemplifies in a singular and interesting manner the early use of a
+differenced Label. Here the Label appears, without any Shield, borne as
+if it were a Badge: and it is charged, on each of its three points, with
+two devices that have the appearance of mullets of six points, but which
+really may be _fraises_--strawberry-leaves, the rebus-device of Fraser.
+(See pp. 182-185.)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+DIFFERENCING
+
+  _Differencing to denote Feudal Alliance or Dependency: Differencing
+  without any Alliance-- Augmentation-- Abatement._
+
+  “Differencing, which comprises in truth the growth and ramification
+  of Coat-Armour, and the whole system of its early development, has
+  been strangely lost sight of in the numerous treatises on Armory
+  that have satisfied recent generations of Englishmen.�
+    --HERALD AND GENEALOGIST, II. 32.
+
+
+DIFFERENCING, using the term here as distinct from, or perhaps as not
+identical with, the subject of CADENCY, includes not only the treatment
+of Coats of Arms and other armorial insignia, that denote and are based
+upon _Feudal Alliance_ or _Dependency_, but without blood-relationship;
+but also implies a comprehensive system of distinguishing similar Arms,
+when they are borne by individuals or families between whom no kind of
+alliance is known to have existed. It is evident, on the one hand, that
+a feudal influence would naturally lead to some degree of assimilation
+to the Coat-Armour of the feudal Chief, in the Arms of all allies and
+dependants: and, on the other hand, it will readily be understood that,
+even in the early days of its career, Heraldry would see the necessity
+for providing for the constantly increasing demands upon its resources;
+and, consequently, that it would organise a system which would enable
+the same Ordinaries and the same principal Charges to appear in distinct
+Shields, without either confusion or misapprehension.
+
+It is highly probable, and indeed it may be assumed to be certain, that
+what I have called a “feudal influence,� in the thirteenth and
+fourteenth centuries in no slight degree affected the general
+composition of Coats of Arms. In very many instances the working of this
+influence is still palpable; and it is always interesting to the student
+of Heraldry, as it must always be eminently useful to the student of
+History, to detect its presence and to explore its method of action.
+Like Cadency, feudal Differencing is expressed by various means, all of
+them indicating, in a greater or a less degree, the motive which
+suggested their adoption. I proceed at once to examples, which
+illustrate and explain the system so clearly and so fully, that
+prolonged introductory remarks are altogether superfluous.
+
+Upon his Seal, RANULPH DE BLONDEVILLE, Earl of CHESTER (died in 1232)
+bears three garbs or wheat-sheaves; and Rolls of Arms of the time of
+HENRY III. blazon the Shield of the Earl of CHESTER as--_Az., three
+garbs or_, No. 366. This Shield has been assigned to the Earls of
+CHESTER to this day: and, in token of feudal alliance, from the middle
+of the thirteenth century, “one or more garbs,� in the words of Mr.
+PLANCHÉ, “are seen in the majority of Coats belonging to the nobility
+and gentry of the County Palatine of Chester.� Thus, since the year
+1390, the arms of GROSVENOR have been--_Az., a garb or_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 366.--Earl of Chester.]
+
+A cinquefoil, said to have been borne by him on a red Shield, was the
+device of ROBERT FITZ-PERNEL, Earl of LEICESTER, who died in 1204.
+Accordingly, the cinquefoil, derived from him, as early as the
+thirteenth century, appears in token of feudal connection on the Shields
+of many families of Leicestershire. As I have already shown, (page 183)
+a BERKELEY, who was of Leicestershire, substituted _ten cinquefoils_ for
+the ten crosses patée of the Berkeley Shield; and thus he combined
+feudal Differencing with Cadency.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 367.--Fitz Ralph.]
+
+Many a red chevron or chevronel, with other devices, charged upon a
+golden field, or a gold chevron on a red field, is a sign of feudal
+alliance with the great house of DE CLARE, whose Shield was--_Or, three
+chevronels gu._, No. 124. For example, the FITZ-RALPHS, near neighbours
+of the De Clares at Clare in Suffolk, differenced the Shield of the
+Earls by charging _silver fleurs de lys_ on each chevronel, as in No.
+367 (E. 2); and, for secondary difference, they sometimes added a
+_bordure azure_, as in the fine early Brass at Pebmarsh, near Clare.
+Again: by a change of tinctures, without affecting the charges of the
+Shield, the Arms of L’ERCEDECKNE (now Archdeacon) are--_Arg., three
+chevronels sa._
+
+At Carlaverock, EDMUND DE HASTINGS, brother of the Earl, bore--_Or,
+a maunche gu., with a label of five points sa._, the Earl himself
+bearing simply--_Or, a maunche gu._, No. 276. And, close by the side of
+EDMOND DE HASTINGS was his friend and companion, the feudal ally,
+without doubt, of his house, JOHN PAIGNEL, a very proper comrade, as the
+chronicler testifies--
+
+  “Un bacheler jolif et comté,�
+
+who differenced Hastings by change of tinctures, and bore--_Vert,
+a maunche or_.
+
+The Shield of the noble house of DE LUTERELL, or LOTEREL, I have
+blazoned with changed tinctures for two near kinsmen bearing that name
+(page 182), thus showing in what manner they marked their Cadency. This
+same shield, No. 368--_Or, a bend between six martlets sa._, was also
+differenced by other families to mark their feudal alliance with the
+house of Luterell. Thus, the DE FURNIVALS, themselves a powerful and
+distinguished family, who held their lands by feudal tenure under the
+Luterells, in token of this alliance bore the Shield of De Luterell with
+a fresh change of tinctures; and, accordingly, the arms of the De
+Furnivals are well known as--_Arg., a bend between six martlets gu._
+Then, while the FURNIVALS, for Cadency, differenced these arms amongst
+themselves, _their_ feudal allies and dependants, the ECCLESALLS or
+EKELESHALES, the MOUNTENEYS, the WADESLES or WADSLEYS, and the WORTELES
+or WORTLEYS, all united in declaring their connection with their chief
+by assuming arms founded upon the Furnival Coat. These very interesting
+and characteristic examples of feudal Differencing are well blazoned, as
+follows, in the Roll of EDWARD II. For DE ECCLESALL--_Sa., a bend
+between six martlets or_: for DE MOUNTENEY--_Gu., a bend between six
+martlets or_: for DE WADSLEY--_Arg., on a bend between six martlets gu.,
+three escallops or_, No. 369: and for DE WORTLEY--_Arg., on a bend
+between six martlets gu., three bezants_, No. 370.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 368.--De Luterell.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 369.--De Wadsley.]
+
+The MOUNTENEYS further difference their common arms, for Cadency, after
+this manner. Instead of _gules_, Sir ERNAUF DE MOUNTENEY has the field
+of his shield _azure_, his bend and martlets being _golden_: Sir JOHN
+bears these same arms, but charges his bend with a _mullet gules_, No.
+371: Sir T. DE MOUNTENEY bears Sir John’s arms, but with _a field
+gules_: and another Sir JOHN cotises his bend thus--_Gu., a bend cotised
+between six martlets or_, No. 372.
+
+North of the Tweed, also, the same principle is found to be exemplified
+in Scottish Heraldry. “In Annandale,� writes Mr. SETON, “the chief and
+saltire of the Bruces are carried (of different tinctures and with
+additional figures) by the Jardines, Kirkpatricks, Johnstons, and other
+families.� The arms of BRUCE are--_Or, a saltire and a chief gu._, No.
+73: those of JARDINE are--_Arg., a saltire and a chief gu., the latter
+charged with three mullets of the field, pierced of the second_: and the
+arms of KIRKPATRICK are--_Arg., a saltire and chief az., the latter
+charged with three cushions or_. This coat of Kirkpatrick is also borne
+by the JOHNSTONS, the tinctures differenced thus--_Arg., a saltire sa.,
+and on a chief gu. three cushions or_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 370.--De Wortley.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 371.--Sir John de Mounteney.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 372.--Sir John de Mounteney.]
+
+Once more, returning to the southern side of the Scottish border, of
+RICHARD DE NEVILLE, the renowned “King-maker,� we find it to be recorded
+that, so great was his popularity at Calais, of which city he was
+governor, that his Badges were universally adopted,--“no man esteeming
+himself gallant whose head was not adorned with his _silver ragged
+staff_ (No. 294); nor was any door frequented, that had not his _white
+cross_ (silver saltire, No. 121) painted thereon.� This was an
+extravagant application of the earlier usage in denoting feudal
+alliance, such as was in keeping with the heraldic sentiment of the
+second half of the fourteenth century. Those good citizens of Calais,
+however, who were Neville-worshippers four hundred years ago, were not
+singular in exhibiting an armorial ensign at the entrance to their
+houses. Numerous, indeed, are the doorways in various parts of England,
+and particularly in the counties of Surrey, Sussex, and Norfolk, which
+in the “sign of the chequers� still display the insignia (_chequée or
+and az._, No. 68) of the once mighty Earls of WARRENNE and SURREY; and
+thus show that relics of the old feudal influence are endowed with a
+tenacious vitality, which prolongs their existence for ages after the
+feudal system itself has passed away. But no doubt some cases must be
+referred to the less romantic explanation of the reckoning board of the
+Steward.
+
+Differencing adopted, so far as now is apparent, _simply for the sake of
+distinction_, lays open before the student of Heraldry a wide and a
+diversified field of inquiry. All the miscellaneous charges that are
+associated in blazon with the Ordinaries, and also with the
+Subordinaries, thus are brought under consideration; and, without a
+doubt, it was for the express purpose of Differencing that many of these
+charges were introduced into English Heraldry. How far some remote
+degree of relationship, or some subordinate feudal motive now lost to
+sight and forgotten, may originally have affected the choice of Charges
+“for difference,� it is not possible now to determine; nor can we always
+follow the rebus-loving search for a “Difference,� that might speak
+through that allusive quality which is a primary element of the Herald’s
+science. We do know that the act of bearing the same arms by different
+families, without some heraldic Difference, was of very rare occurrence;
+and that, when it did occur, it was regarded with marked surprise, and
+on more than one occasion led to a memorable controversy: and, further,
+we find great numbers of early differenced Shields, which illustrate in
+a very effective manner the growth and development of English Heraldry.
+Shields of this order have strong claims on our attention. The examples
+that I am able here to place before students are to be regarded simply
+as specimens, few in number, and yet sufficient to show some of the
+varied forms under which early Differencing was effected.
+
+The proceedings in the High Court of Chivalry in the suit between Sir
+RICHARD LE SCROPE and Sir ROBERT GROSVENOR, relative to the right to the
+Arms--_Azure, a bend or_, No. 111--commenced on the 17th of August 1385,
+and the final judgment of the King himself upon the appeal of the
+defendant against the finding of the Court was not pronounced till the
+27th of May 1390. On the 15th of May 1389 the judgment of the Court
+assigned the arms--_Azure, a bend or_--to Sir RICHARD LE SCROPE; and to
+Sir ROBERT GROSVENOR, these arms--_Az., a bend or, within a plain
+bordure argent_. Thus the Court confirmed to Sir Richard le Scrope the
+right to bear the Ordinary in its severe simplicity, without any other
+charge and without any Difference: and, at the same time, it was decided
+that these arms of Scrope should be differenced, in order that they
+might become the arms of Grosvenor, and the “Difference� was to be a
+_plain silver bordure_. The whole of the proceedings in this remarkable
+case are preserved, and have been published; and they derive a peculiar
+interest from the circumstance, that amongst the witnesses who gave
+evidence was the father of English Poetry, GEOFFREY CHAUCER. Appeal
+having been made to the Sovereign, RICHARD II. determined that a “plain
+bordure argent� was a Mark of Cadency, good and right, and perfectly
+sufficient as a Difference “between Cousin and Cousin in blood�; but
+that it was “not a sufficient Difference in Arms between two strangers
+in blood in one kingdom.� The King, therefore, cancelled and annulled
+the sentence of the Court of Chivalry; and in so doing he gave a very
+clear definition of the distinction to be observed in Heraldry between
+kinsmen and strangers in blood. Then it was that the Shield, _Azure,
+a garb or_, was adopted as the arms of Grosvenor. We may assume, that
+the judgment of the Court would have been confirmed by the King, had Sir
+Robert Grosvenor been commanded to blazon his golden bend between two
+garbs, or charged with one or more garbs, or with three garbs on a
+chief, or with any other decided Difference which would be palpably
+distinct from a Mark of Cadency.
+
+The examples of Differenced Shields which follow I have selected from
+the Roll of EDWARD II. It will be seen that in each small group of these
+examples some primary feature of the composition is common to every
+Shield, so that the distinction between the Shields in each group is
+effected either by a simple change of tinctures, or by the introduction
+of various secondary charges.
+
+CHIEFS.--Sir JOHN DE ARDERNE--_Gu., crusilée and a chief or_. Sir THOMAS
+LE ROUS--_Erm., on a chief indented gu. two escallops arg._ Sir JOHN DE
+CLINTONE--_Arg., on a chief az. two fleurs de lys or_, No. 74. Sir JOHN
+DE CLINTONE, of Maxtoke--_Arg., on a chief az. two mullets or_, No. 75:
+here the Difference denotes Cadency as well as a distinct individuality.
+
+BENDS.--Sir ROBERT POUTREL.--_Or, on a bend az. three fleurs de lys
+arg._ Sir WALTER DE BERMYNGHAM--_Arg., on a bend gu., cotised az., three
+esallops or_. OLIVER DE BOHUN--_Az., on a bend, cotised and between six
+lioncels or, three escallops gu._, No. 321.
+
+FESSES AND BARS.--Sir JOHN DE DAGEWORTH--_Erm., a fesse gu. bezantée_,
+No. 80. Sir G. DE WACHESHAM--_Arg., a fesse and in chief three crescents
+gu._ Sir R. DE COLEVILLE--_Or, a fesse gu., and in chief three
+torteaux_. Sir J. DE GEYTONE--_Arg., a fesse between six fleurs de lys
+gu._ Sir G. DE OUSFLET--_Arg., on a fesse az. three fleurs de lys or_.
+Sir R. DE LOMELYE (Lumley)--_Gu., on a fesse between three popinjays
+arg., as many mullets sa._ Sir B. BADLESMERE--_Arg., a fesse between
+bars gemelles gu._ Sir G. DE LA MERE--_Or, a fesse between bars gemelles
+az._, No. 84. Sir J. DE PREIERES--_Gu., a fesse between bars gemelles
+arg._ Sir J. WAKE--_Or, two bars gu., in chief three torteaux_, No. 82.
+Sir B. PYCOT--_Az., two bars or, in chief three bezants_. Sir R. DE
+WEDONE--_Arg., two bars gu., in chief three martlets sa._ Sir R.
+BORDET--_Az., two bars or, on the uppermost three martlets gu._ Sir R.
+DE ROYINGE--_Arg., three bars and an orle of martlets gu._ Sir N. DE
+ESTOTEVILLE--_Barry arg. and gu., three lioncels sa._ Sir R. DE
+YNGELFELD--_Barrulée arg. and gu., on a chief or a lion pass. az._ Sir
+W. DE MONECASTRE--_Barrulée arg. and gu., on a bend sa. three escallops
+or_. Sir T. DE PONINGE--_Barry or and vert, on a bend gu. three mullets
+arg._
+
+CROSSES.--Sir N. DE WEYLANDE--_Arg., on a cross gu. five escallops or_.
+Sir R. BYGOD--_Or, on a cross gu. five escallops arg._ Sir WM.
+KIRKETOT--_Az., on a cross arg. five escallops gu._ Sir WM. DE
+BERHAM--_Sa., a cross between four crescents arg._ Sir R. DE
+BANNEBURY--_Arg., a cross patée between four mullets gu._ Sir J.
+RANDOLF--_Gu., on a cross arg. five mullets sa._ Sir G. DE DUREM--_Arg.,
+on a cross gu. five fleurs de lys or_. Sir P. DE GEYTONE--_Arg.,
+crusilée and three fleurs de lys az._ Sir R. DE HOFTOT--_Az., a cross
+patée erm. between four roses erm._
+
+CHEVRONS.--Sir G. ROSSEL--_Or, a chevron az., between three roses gu._
+Sir J. DE CRETINGE--_Arg., a chevron between three mullets gu._ Sir R.
+MALET--_Sa., a chevron between three buckles arg._ Sir T. DE
+ANVERS--_Gu., a chevron between three mullets or_. Sir WM. DE
+BERKEROLES--_Az., a chevron between three crescents or_. Sir W.
+BLUET--_Or, a chevron between three eagles vert_. Sir R. DE
+CAPLE--_Arg., a chevron gu. between three torteaux_. Sir T. MALET--_Sa.,
+a chevron between three buckles arg._ Sir R. DE PEYVRE--_Arg., on a
+chevron az. three fleurs de lys or_, No. 125. Sir R. DE
+BOTERELS--_Chequée or and gu., on a chevron az. three horseshoes arg._
+
+  [Illustration: No. 373.--At St. Albans.]
+
+LIONS.--The Earl of LINCOLN--_Or, a lion rampt. purp._, No. 194. The
+Earl of ARUNDEL--_Gu., a lion rampt. or_. Sir HENRY DE PERCY--_Or,
+a lion rampt. az._, No. 196. Sir JOHN MOWBRAY--_Gu., a lion rampt.
+arg._, No. 193. Sir R. DE SOTTONE (Sutton)--_Or, a lion rampt. vert_.
+Sir J. DE NORTONE--_Vert, a lion rampt. or_. Sir W. FAUCONBERG--_Arg.,
+a lion rampt. az._ Sir G. DE HAUTVILLE--_Sa., crusilée, a lion rampt.
+arg._ Sir ---- DE MOUNTFORT--_Arg., crusilée gu., a lion rampt. az._ Sir
+WM. MAUFEE--_Arg., semée of escallops gu., a lion rampt. sa._ Sir J. DE
+CREPPINGE--_Gu., billetée or, a lion rampt. arg._ Sir R. DE
+ASSCHEBY--_Arg., a lion rampt. sa. billetée or_. Sir J. DE
+DEYVILLE--_Gu., semée de lys, a lion rampt. arg._ _Arg., within a
+bordure gu. bezantée, a lion rampt. sa._, for Sir T. DE PICKERING; and,
+_Arg., within an orle of roses gu., a lion rampt. sa._, for Sir R.
+PIERPOUND, both apparently founded on the shield of the Earl of
+CORNWALL, No. 140, which also is blazoned in this Roll. Sir J. LE
+STRANGE--_Gu., two lions pass. arg._, No. 191. Sir J. DE SOMERI--_Or,
+two lions pass. az._ Sir R. DE ST. WALY--_Or, two lions pass. gu._ Sir
+N. CARRU (Carew)--_Or, three lions pass. sa._ Sir J. GIFFARD--_Gu.,
+three lions pass. arg._, No. 192. Sir R. LE FITZ PAYN--_Gu., three lions
+pass. arg., over all a bendlet az._ Sir G. DE CANVYLE--_Az., three lions
+pass arg._ In the beautiful chantry of Abbot THOMAS RAMRYGE, at St.
+Albans, one of the large sculptured Shields is charged with a lion
+rampant within what may be considered to be an _orle of roses_--the
+arms, as I have just shown, assigned in the Roll of EDWARD II. to Sir R.
+PIERPOUND. This Shield, carefully drawn by the engraver himself from the
+original in the Abbey Church of St. Alban, is represented in No. 373.
+
+AUGMENTATION, or AUGMENTATION OF HONOUR, is a term employed to denote an
+addition to a Shield of arms, specially granted by the Sovereign to
+commemorate some worthy or illustrious deed, and forming an integral
+element of the Shield as an hereditary bearing. Such additions will be
+found marshalled in the forms of Chiefs and Inescutcheons as Cantons, or
+as Quarterings; or they may assume the character of additional charges.
+Also, this same term denotes similar additions of Crests, Badges, or any
+other accessories of Shields.
+
+The Augmentation displayed upon the Ducal Shield of WELLINGTON, a most
+honourable exception to the prevailing degenerate heraldic feeling of
+the period in which it was granted to the Great Duke, in characteristic
+and expressive qualities is second to no other example of its own class
+and order. This true Augmentation of Honour is the _National Device of
+the British Empire_, as it is blazoned in the “Union Jack,� charged upon
+an inescutcheon, and displayed upon the honour point of the Duke’s
+paternal Shield.
+
+An equally significant Augmentation of an earlier date is borne in the
+Arms of HOWARD. These Arms before the battle of Flodden were--_Gu.,
+a bend between six crosses crosslets fitchée arg._ To commemorate the
+great victory won by him at Flodden Field, Sept. 9, 1513, when JAMES IV.
+of Scotland was defeated and slain, HENRY VIII. granted to THOMAS
+HOWARD, Duke of Norfolk, and to his descendants, as an Augmentation of
+Honour, the _Royal Shield of Scotland_ (No. 138), _but having a
+demi-lion only, which is pierced through the mouth with an arrow_, to be
+borne in the middle of the bend of his proper arms. This Shield is
+represented in No. 374; and in No. 374A the augmentation is shown on a
+larger scale.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 374.--Howard, after Flodden.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 374A.--The Howard Augmentation.]
+
+A small group of additional examples will be sufficient to illustrate
+this most interesting class of historical Arms, and at the same time
+will not fail to excite in students a desire very considerably to extend
+the series through their own inquiries and researches. In memory of the
+devoted courage and all-important services of JANE LANE, after the
+disastrous battle of Worcester, CHARLES II. granted as an Augmentation a
+_Canton of England_ (No. 187 marshalled on a canton), to be added to the
+hereditary Coat of Lane, which is--_Per fesse or and az., a chevron gu.
+between three mullets counterchanged_. The Crest of the family of DE LA
+BERE is said to have been conferred by the BLACK PRINCE upon SIR RICHARD
+DE LA BERE, as a memorial of the good service rendered by that gallant
+knight on the memorable field of Cressi. This Crest is--_Out of a
+crest-coronet a plume of five ostrich feathers per pale arg. and az._,
+the Plantagenet colours--the device (as Mr. LOWER observes) being
+evidently derived from the Prince’s own Badge, and also forming a
+variety of the “panache,� the Crest then held in such high estimation.
+The heart charged upon the shield of DOUGLAS (see Nos. 156, 157, p. 74)
+is another remarkable Augmentation. So also is the adoption of the
+armorial insignia of the CONFESSOR, No. 2, by RICHARD II., and his
+marshalling it upon his own Royal Shield, impaled to the dexter with the
+quartered arms of France and England.
+
+English Heraldry has been required to recognise another and a perfectly
+distinct class of “Augmentations,� which consist of additions to the
+blazonry of a Shield or of additional quarterings or accessories,
+granted as tokens of Royal favour, for heraldic display, but without any
+particular “merit� in the receiver, or any special historical
+significance in themselves. Augmentations of this order may be
+considered to have been first introduced by RICHARD II., when he
+granted, “out of his mere grace,� to his favourite ROBERT DE VERE, Earl
+of OXFORD, Marquess of DUBLIN and Duke of IRELAND, a differenced Coat of
+ST. EDMUND (No. 3)--_Az., three crowns or, within a bordure argent_, to
+be quartered with the DE VERE arms as the arms of IRELAND. In the same
+spirit, RICHARD II. granted, as similar Augmentations, the arms of the
+CONFESSOR to be marshalled, with Differences, on their Shields by THOMAS
+and JOHN HOLLAND, Dukes of SURREY and EXETER, and by THOMAS MOWBRAY,
+Duke of NORFOLK. It will be remembered that it was one of the capital
+charges against the then Earl of SURREY, a lineal descendant of this
+THOMAS MOWBRAY, the Duke of NORFOLK, in 1546, that he had assumed,
+without the special licence of HENRY VIII., the same arms of the
+CONFESSOR as an augmentation.
+
+By EDWARD IV. similar augmentations, “by grace� and not “for merit,�
+were granted; and by HENRY VIII. the system was carried to excess in the
+grants made to augment the armorial blazonry of ANNE BOLEYN, and of his
+English consorts, her successors.
+
+ABATEMENT is a term which was unknown until it made its appearance in
+certain heraldic writings of the sixteenth century, when it was used to
+denote such marks or devices as, by the writers in question, were held
+to be the reverse of honourable Augmentation--_Augmentations of
+dishonour_ indeed, and tokens of degradation. True Heraldry refuses to
+recognise all such pretended abatements, for the simple reason that they
+never did exist, and if they could exist at all, they would be in direct
+antagonism to its nature, its principles, and its entire course of
+action. Honourable itself, Heraldry can give expression only to what
+conveys honour, and it records and commemorates only what is to be
+honoured and held in esteem.
+
+The very idea of an heraldic Abatement implies, if not a complete
+ignorance, certainly a thorough misconception of the character and the
+office of Heraldry. Even if Heraldry were to attempt to stigmatise what
+is, and what ought to be esteemed, dishonourable, who would voluntarily
+accept insignia of disgrace, and charge and display them upon his
+Shield, and transmit them to his descendants? And the believers in
+Abatement must hold that Heraldry can exert a compulsory legislative
+power, which might command a man to blazon his own disgrace, and force
+him to exhibit and to retain, and also to bequeath, any such blazonry.
+A belief in heraldic Abatement, however, is by no means singular or
+rare. A curious example of its existence was recently brought under my
+notice, in connection with one of the most renowned of the historical
+devices of English Heraldry. The _bear_, the badge of the BEAUCHAMPS,
+Earls of WARWICK, which appears at the feet of the effigy of Earl
+RICHARD in the Beauchamp chapel at Warwick, in accordance with a special
+provision to that effect, is “_muzzled_�; and, wearing a muzzle has this
+bear been borne, as their Badge, by the successors of the BEAUCHAMPS in
+the Warwick Earldom, the Earls of the houses of NEVILLE, DUDLEY, RICH,
+and GREVILLE. But, it would seem that a legend has found credence at
+Warwick Castle itself, which would associate the muzzle of the bear with
+some dishonourable action of an Earl of the olden time; and,
+consequently, it was proposed that at length this Abatement should be
+removed from the bears still at Warwick! Earl RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP was
+not exactly the man to have displayed upon _his_ bear any ensign of
+dishonour; nor were his son-in-law, the “King-maker,� and Queen
+ELIZABETH’S ROBERT DUDLEY, at all more probable subjects for any similar
+display; still, it is quite certain that they bore the muzzled bear, as
+he appears on the seal of the great Earl, No. 448.[7] That muzzle,
+doubtless, has its becoming heraldic significance, without in the
+slightest degree partaking in the assumed character of an Abatement.
+I hope eventually to be able to trace out conclusively what the muzzle
+may really imply, and I commend the research to other inquirers:
+meanwhile, neither at Warwick nor elsewhere is there any such thing as
+“Abatement� in English Heraldry.
+
+    [Footnote 7: See Frontispiece.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+CRESTS
+
+  “On high their glittering crests they toss.� --LORD OF THE ISLES.
+
+            “Then he bound
+  Her token on his helmet.� --ELAINE.
+
+
+The idea of a CREST, of some accessory specially designed to form its
+crowning adornment, appears inseparable from the existence and use of a
+Helm. The Warriors and Warrior Divinities of classic antiquity are
+represented to us, wearing head-pieces richly crested: and, in the
+Middle Ages, had no other Heraldry ever been devised, assuredly
+ornaments of some kind would have been placed on helms and basinets, and
+these insignia would have been held in high esteem and honour.
+Accordingly, about the time that Coat-Armour became hereditary, having
+been reduced to a system and accepted as an independent science,
+heraldic Crests began to be worn as honourable distinctions of the most
+exalted dignity by the mediæval chivalry.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 375.--Richard I.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 376.--Henry de Perci.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 377.--Henry de Laci.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 378.--Seal of Alexander de Balliol, A.D. 1292.]
+
+Upon the Second Great Seal of RICHARD I. the cylindrical helm of the
+King appears surmounted by a kind of cap or fan charged with a lion
+passant, the whole being arched over by a radiated ornament somewhat
+resembling a displayed fan, as in No. 375. Similar Crests, somewhat
+modified in their details, are represented in other seals of the same
+era, and with them the flowing Contoise or Scarf is sometimes
+associated, as in No. 376, from the seal of Baron HENRY DE PERCI, A.D.
+1300. Similar ornaments were also placed by the knights of those ages
+upon the heads of their chargers. The seal of HENRY DE LACI, Earl of
+LINCOLN, A.D. 1272, shows the Fan-Crest both upon the helm of the Earl,
+No. 377, and the head of his war-horse. Another equally characteristic
+example is the Seal of ALEXANDER DE BALLIOL, No. 378, appended to the
+“General Release� given by JOHN BALLIOL to EDWARD I., 2nd January, 1292:
+it will be observed that this knight displays the arms of his house, No.
+134, upon his Shield, and also, in addition to the Fan-Crest, upon the
+barding of his charger. Again I am indebted to the kindness and
+liberality of Mr. Laing for the use of his admirable woodcut of this
+fine and interesting seal.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 379.--Helm of Thomas, second Earl of Lancaster.]
+
+The flowing Contoise continued to be attached to helms till about the
+middle of the fourteenth century; unless, indeed, some veritable “lady’s
+favour� were worn in its stead by knights favoured as was Sir LAUNCELOT,
+who, on a memorable day,--
+
+  “Wore, against his wont, upon his helm
+  A sleeve of scarlet, broidered with great pearls,
+  Some gentle maiden’s gift.�
+
+  [Illustration: No. 380.--Helm and Crest of Sir Geoffrey Luterell:
+  A.D. 1345.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 381.--Seal of Sir Robert de Marny, A.D. 1366.]
+
+The seal of THOMAS, second Earl of LANCASTER, about A.D. 1320, gives an
+excellent example both of such figures as were beginning at that early
+time to supersede the Fan-Crests, and also of the Contoise; No. 379.
+About this same period the fashion was introduced of fixing two tall
+spikes, one on each side of the Crest, upon the helm, probably intended
+in the first instance to display the contoise. These singular spikes may
+have been derived by the English Heralds from their brethren of Germany,
+who delighted, as they still delight, in placing upon helms as Crests,
+or as the accessories of Crests, small banners displayed from staves set
+erect and surmounted by spear-heads. In German Heraldry also Crests are
+very frequently placed between tall upright horns or trumpets: and,
+sometimes, upon a German helm the Crest stands between horns shaped like
+two elephant’s trunks (for which they have often been mistaken by
+English Heralds), placed in the same erect position, and, like the
+trumpets, so adjusted as to have the general aspect of the curved
+outline of a classic lyre. The helm of Sir GEOFFREY LUTERELL, A.D. 1345,
+No. 380, drawn from a celebrated illumination, between the tall spikes
+has a late example of the Fan-Crest; and it exemplifies the practice
+sometimes adopted of charging armorial insignia upon Crests of this fan
+form. The Arms of Luterell--_Or, a bend and six martlets sa._--were
+borne by Sir GEOFFREY thus differenced (E. 2)--_Az., a bend and six
+martlets arg._ A pair of lofty upright wings were held in much esteem in
+the Heraldry of both England and Scotland, to form the accessories of
+Crests. The Seal of Sir ROBERT DE MARNY, A.D. 1366, No. 381, shows his
+armorial shield--_Gu., a lion rampant arg._, suspended from a tree,
+between two crested helms, the crest in both cases being a _winged
+chapeau_, having the wings very tall and very slender.
+
+From the earliest times, Crests have occasionally been identical with
+the principal charge in the Shield of Arms, or they have repeated the
+principal charge with some slight modification of attitude or accessory:
+but, more generally, Crests have been altogether distinct. The Dragon
+and the Wyvern, the latter well exemplified in No. 315, are amongst the
+earliest figures that were borne as Crests in England. Other early
+Figure-Crests are the Lion, crowned and assumed for the first time by an
+English Sovereign by EDWARD III.; and the Eagle, borne by the same
+Prince. Various devices and figures are found gradually to have been
+added to these earliest Crests. The graceful and peculiarly appropriate
+_Panache_ soon joined them, with the heads of various animals and other
+creatures: and, as the fourteenth century advances, the _Crest-Coronet_,
+No. 232, the _Crest-Wreath_, No. 233, and the _Chapeau_, No. 224, assume
+their places in connection with Crests; and the _Mantling_ falls in rich
+folds from them, covering the back of the Helm. In the succeeding
+century, with Helms less dignified in form, but more elaborately
+enriched, and with strangely fantastic Mantlings, Crests become
+considerably larger in their proportions; and they often are extravagant
+in their character, devices constantly being assumed and borne as
+Crests, which are no less inconsistent with true heraldic feeling, than
+with the peculiar conditions and the proper qualities of true heraldic
+Crests. The Crest of the Duke of HAMILTON, No. 301, is far from being
+one of the most inconsistent devices that were intended to be worn upon
+helms. And, as it is scarcely necessary for me to add, every really
+consistent Crest should be such a figure or device as might be actually
+worn upon his helm, by a mediæval knight, with dignity and with a happy
+effect.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 382.--Seal of William de Wyndesor.]
+
+Early examples of Panache-Crests exist in considerable numbers, and they
+show much variety of treatment. No. 285, already given at page 142,
+shows a Panache of several heights of feathers, the general outline
+having an oval contour. In No. 283, from the Seal of EDWARD DE
+COURTENAY, Earl of DEVON, A.D. 1372, there are three heights of
+feathers, and the outline has a square form. Again, the Seal of WILLIAM
+LE LATIMER, A.D. 1415, gives the peculiar Panache, with the no less
+peculiar variety of mantling, shown in No. 284. A Panache of ample
+proportions, and of exceedingly graceful form, is represented in the
+Seal of WILLIAM DE WYNDESOR, A.D. 1381. The comparatively small size of
+the armorial Shield, as it generally appears when introduced into the
+composition of Seals in the fourteenth century, is shown in a striking
+manner in this same example, No. 382, which in the woodcut is slightly
+enlarged, in order to show the device more clearly: the arms are--_Gu.,
+a saltire or_. Other fine examples of Panache-Crests may be seen in the
+effigies of Sir RICHARD DE PEMBRIDGE, K.G., A.D. 1375, in Hereford
+Cathedral; of Sir ROBERT DE MARMION, A.D. 1400, at Tanfield, Yorkshire;
+and of Sir THOMAS ARDERNE, about the same date, at Elford, in
+Staffordshire. The very fine effigy of Sir EDWARD DE THORPE, A.D. 1418,
+at Ashwelthorpe, in Norfolk, has a helm of rare beauty of form, with a
+rich mantling, and a most graceful Panache of peacock’s feathers; and
+peacock’s feathers also form the Panache of Lord FERRERS of CHARTLEY, in
+his Brass, A.D. 1425, at Merevale, in Warwickshire. And, once more, upon
+the Seal of THOMAS DE HATFIELD, Bishop of Durham, A.D. 1345, the Panache
+rises from the episcopal mitre, after the same manner as it does in No.
+383 from a Coronet.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 383.--Crest of Sir Richard Grey, K.G., A.D. 1420.]
+
+Another episcopal Seal, that of Bishop HENRY LE DESPENCER, No. 351,
+shows a Shield of small size when compared with the helm and crest, the
+latter being the favourite device of a gryphon’s head between two tall
+upright wings. The Seals of the FITZALANS, Earls of Arundel, and the
+Seal of JOHN TIPTOFT, Earl of Worcester, may be specified as displaying
+fine examples of the same Crest. With them may be grouped the Crest of
+Sir RICHARD GREY, K.G., Lord Grey of Codnor, A.D. 1420--_A peacock’s
+head and neck, between two wings erect, the feathers az., and their
+pens_ (quills) _arg._, No. 383, from the Garter-plate at Windsor. This
+Crest rises from such a Crest-Coronet as was borne on their helms by
+noblemen in the time of HENRY V.
+
+The use of the _Chapeau_, or Cap of Estate, instead of a Crest-Coronet,
+to support a Crest upon a helm, I have already illustrated with Nos. 198
+and 199, severally the Lion-Crests of the BLACK PRINCE and of his son
+RICHARD II. Like No. 199, No. 384 is from one of the unrivalled series
+of helms sculptured in Westminster Hall, with the Crest and
+Ostrich-feather Badge of King RICHARD II. In both of these examples the
+adjustment of the _Mantling_ is shown. Two famous Lion-Crests are those
+borne by the great families of HOWARD and PERCY, severally Dukes of
+Norfolk and Northumberland. The HOWARD lion, originally granted by
+RICHARD II. to THOMAS MOWBRAY, Earl Marshal, and now borne by the Duke
+of NORFOLK, is _a lion statant guardant, his tail extended or, and
+ducally gorged arg._: the PERCY lion is _statant, his tail extended or_:
+each lion stands upon a chapeau. The Lion-Crest of the BLACK PRINCE,
+being charged with the _silver Label_ (which he may be said to wear
+after the fashion of a collar), exemplifies the prevailing practice of
+_differencing Crests with marks of Cadency_. Crests admit every variety
+of Difference: and Mantlings also are frequently differenced with small
+charges, or with badges; as in the Garter-plate of Sir JOHN BEAUMONT,
+K.G., and in the Brass at Little Easton, Essex, to Sir HENRY BOURCHIER,
+K.G., Earl of ESSEX.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 384.--Helm, Crest, Mantling,
+  and Badge of Richard II., from Westminster Hall.]
+
+The _Crest-Wreath_ first appears about the middle of the fourteenth
+century. The earliest example to which I can refer is represented in the
+Brass to Sir HUGH HASTINGS, at Elsyng, in Norfolk, A.D. 1347. In this
+most remarkable engraven memorial, the finial of the principal canopy is
+surmounted by a helm with mantling, wreath, and the crest of
+HASTINGS--_a bull’s head sable_; No. 385. In the effigy of Sir R. DE
+PEMBRIDGE, K.G., already noticed, the date of which is 1375, the crest
+is united to the great helm that supports the head of the knight by a
+wreath formed of a band of four-leaved flowers. A little later, A.D.
+1384, at Southacre, in Norfolk, the Brass of Sir JOHN HARSYCK has a
+Crest-Wreath formed of two rolls, probably of silk, twisted as in No.
+386. In the second half of the next century, amongst many good examples
+of Crest-Wreaths I select as typical specimens those which appear in the
+Brasses to Sir WILLIAM VERNON, A.D. 1467, at Tong, in Shropshire, No.
+386; and to Sir ROBERT HARCOURT, K.G., No. 387, at Staunton Harcourt,
+Oxfordshire.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 385.--Crested Helm of Sir Hugh Hastings;
+  A.D. 1347.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 386, 387, and 388.--Crest-Wreaths.]
+
+The Crest-Wreath in the form shown in the last examples, and now almost
+universally used in representations of such Crests as are without the
+Crest-Coronet and the Chapeau, may fairly be considered to have been
+derived from the rich ornamentation, generally, as it would seem, formed
+of costly textile fabrics, if not executed in jewelled or enamelled
+goldsmith’s work, that was frequently wreathed about knightly basinets.
+These wreath-like ornaments are represented in numerous effigies both
+sculptured and engraven; and they are shown to have been worn either
+flat, as in No. 388, or wrought to high relief, as in No. 389. These two
+examples are severally from the effigies of a knight in Tewkesbury Abbey
+Church, about A.D. 1365, and of Sir HUMPHREY STAFFORD, A.D. 1450, at
+Bromsgrove, in Worcestershire. The enamelled effigy of Earl WILLIAM DE
+VALANECE, A.D. 1296, at Westminster, has a wreath of delicate
+workmanship in relief, which once was set with real or imitative jewels.
+
+For many years after their first appearance, heraldic Crests were
+regarded as insignia of great dignity and exalted estate; and it was not
+till a considerably later period that the right to bear a Crest came to
+be regarded as an adjunct of the right to bear arms. Still later, when
+they were granted with Coat-Armour to corporate bodies, communities, and
+institutions, Crests altogether lost their original significance; and
+they became, in their use, Badges in everything except the habit of
+placing them, with their accessories of Wreath or Crest-Coronet, of
+Chapeau and Mantling, upon representations of helms.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 389.--Basinet with Crest-Wreath,
+  Effigy of Sir Humphrey Stafford, A.D. 1450.]
+
+When they were actually worn, Crests were undoubtedly constructed of
+some very light materials. It is probable that _cuir bouilli_ (boiled
+leather), the decorative capabilities of which were so well understood
+by mediæval artists, was generally employed.
+
+It has been sometimes held that Crests are personal bearings only; and,
+therefore, not hereditary, though capable of being bequeathed or granted
+by their possessors. This theory is not sustained by early or general
+usage; and, accordingly, Crests must be pronounced to be hereditary, as
+is Coat-Armour.
+
+It is evident that as one person may inherit, and therefore may quarter,
+two or more Coats of Arms, so the same person might claim to bear _two
+or more Crests_ by a similar right of inheritance. This in early times
+resulted in selection because no early British precedent exists for the
+simultaneous display of _two_ Crests. But it was soon recognised that as
+no woman could bear a Crest, she ought not to transmit one, and the idea
+of the inheritance of the Crest with a quartering from a female
+ancestress ceased. At the present day, several Crests, each with its own
+helm and mantling, are occasionally represented above a Shield of arms:
+but, in England, by strict heraldic rule, two (or more than two) Crests
+can be borne by one individual, only when he has obtained the Royal
+licence to bear and use the _Surname and Arms_ of another family _in
+addition_ to those of his own family, or, by a special grant from the
+Crown.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+BADGES
+
+  “Might I but know thee by thy household Badge!�
+    --SHAKESPEARE, _Henry VI._, _Part 2_.
+
+
+A BADGE, like a Coat of Arms, is an armorial ensign that is complete in
+itself, and possesses a definite signification of its own. In use with a
+decided heraldic significance long before the adoption of systematic
+Heraldry, Badges have always held a conspicuous position in the
+estimation of Heralds. A Badge resembles any single charge in Heraldry,
+in being a figure or device that is assumed as the distinctive
+cognisance of a particular individual or family: but, unlike a charge,
+it may be borne by itself, without any Shield, and also without any
+accompanying accessory, with the exception, in some instances, of a
+_Motto_ (See “Motto,� p. 138). Badges, however, are found depicted on
+roundels of the livery, and upon Standards, and for decorative purposes
+are often depicted upon mantlings. It will be evident that a Badge may
+be the very same figure or device as a Crest; but, it must be remembered
+that a Badge always differs from a Crest, in usually being altogether
+without crest-wreath or coronet, in consequence of having no connection
+whatever with the knightly helm. There was, however, a period in which
+the Badge was much confused with the Crest, which has resulted in many
+devices which are really Crests being officially recorded as Badges.
+
+After the establishment of a true Heraldry, Badges were generally used
+to commemorate remarkable exploits, or in reference either to some
+family or feudal alliance, or to indicate some territorial rights or
+pretensions. Very many Badges are allusive, and consequently they are
+_Rebuses_ (see “Rebus,� p. 146). Some are taken from the charges of the
+bearer’s Shield, or they have a more or less direct reference to those
+charges. Some trace of Marshalling or of feudal Difference may
+constantly be observed in Badges; and even where the motive for the
+selection of certain devices has not been discovered, it may fairly be
+assumed that a good heraldic motive still exists, although it has become
+obscured or been forgotten. It was not uncommon for the same personage
+or family to use more than one Badge; and, on the other hand, two or
+more Badges were often borne in combination, to form a single compound
+device, as in Nos. 235 and 270. The _ragged staff_, in like manner, No.
+294, and the _bear_, both of them Badges of the BEAUCHAMPS, Earls of
+WARWICK, were sometimes united to form a single Badge, and by the
+successors of that great family the “bear and ragged staff� were
+generally borne as a single device. (See No. 448, and p. 319.)
+
+Two distinct classes of Badges were in general use in the fourteenth,
+fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. Those of the first class, well known
+as the insignia of certain eminent personages and powerful houses, were
+borne by all the followers, retainers, dependants, and partisans of
+those personages and houses: and they were so borne by them, and they
+were used by their owners for every variety of decorative purpose,
+because they were _known and understood_; and, consequently, because the
+presence of these Badges would cause all persons and objects bearing
+them to be readily and certainly distinguished. By means of these most
+useful devices a wide and comprehensive range was given to the action
+and the influence of true Heraldry, without infringing in the slightest
+degree upon the lofty and almost sacred exclusiveness of the Coat-Armour
+of a noble or a gentle house. In the words which SHAKESPEARE teaches
+CLIFFORD to address to WARWICK, “Might I but know thee by thy household
+Badge!� it is implied that all the followers of Warwick were well known
+by his “household Badge,� which was displayed by them all, while some
+other insignia were worn by the great Earl upon his own person.
+
+Mr. Lower has remarked (“Curiosities of Heraldry,� p. 145) that
+“something analogous to the fashion� of embroidering the household
+Badges of their lords “upon the sleeves or breasts� of the dependants of
+great families in the olden times, “is retained in the Crest which
+adorns the buttons of our domestic servants.� The accomplished writer
+might have added that, in thus employing _Crests_ to discharge
+_Badge_-duties, we are content to indulge a love for heraldic display
+without observing becoming heraldic distinctions. Crested livery buttons
+are heraldic anomalies under all circumstances--even the head of a house
+himself, if he were a Herald, would not display his Crest, as a Crest,
+upon buttons to be used exclusively by himself. Crests are to be borne
+on helms, or represented as being borne on helms: Badges are decorative
+insignia, and fulfil with consistent significance their own distinct and
+appropriate functions.
+
+Badges of the second class were devices that were borne exclusively by
+the exalted personages who were pleased to assume them, often for
+temporary use only, and generally with some subtle or latent
+significance, which had been studiously rendered difficult to be
+detected, and dubious in its application.
+
+These Badges, thus displayed rather to effect disguise or to excite
+curiosity than to secure recognition, must be regarded for the most part
+as the expressions of heraldic revelry--as the fantasies and
+eccentricities of an age, which loved to combine quaint conceits and
+symbolical allusions with the display of gorgeous magnificence.
+Accordingly, Badges of this order are found generally to have been
+assumed on the occasion of the jousts or Hastiludes, the masques, and
+other pageants that in feudal times were celebrated with so much of
+elaborate and brilliant splendour.
+
+The adoption of Badges of this peculiar character is exactly in keeping
+with the sentiment which prompted men of exalted rank and eminent
+distinction to appear in public, on occasions of high festivity, bearing
+the arms of some friend, kinsman, or ally, instead of their own. A mark
+of especial favour and of peculiar distinction would be conferred, when
+a Sovereign or a Prince thus would display upon his own person the
+armory of some honoured subject or comrade. EDWARD III. delighted thus
+to honour the most distinguished cavaliers of his chivalrous Court. For
+example, in or about the year 1347, royal Hastiludes were celebrated at
+Lichfield with great splendour, the jousters consisting of the KING and
+seventeen Knights, and the Earl of LANCASTER and thirteen Knights.
+A conspicuous part was taken in these festivities by the King’s daughter
+ISABELLE, afterwards Countess of BEDFORD, and by six Ladies of high
+rank, with twenty-one other Ladies, who all wore blue dresses and white
+hoods of the same materials as well as the same colours as the robes of
+the Knights, together with various masks or vizors. On this occasion,
+the KING himself over his armour wore a surcoat with the Arms of Sir
+THOMAS DE BRADESTONE. These Arms in a Roll of EDWARD III. are blazoned
+as--_Arg., on a canton gu. a rose or_ (see _Archæologia_, xxxi., pp. 40
+and 118). On another occasion, during Hastiludes at Canterbury,
+EDWARD III. “is said to have given eight harnesses, worked with the arms
+of Sir STEPHEN DE COSYNTON (_az., three roses arg._), to the PRINCE OF
+WALES, the Earl of LANCASTER, and six other Knights.� In the same
+spirit, RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, Earl of WARWICK, at a great festival of
+arms held at Calais under his presidency, on the first day entered the
+lists decorated with the arms of his ancestor the Lord TONEY: on the
+second day, he wore the arms of Hanslap: and, on the third day, “he
+appeared as the Earl of WARWICK, quartering Beauchamp, Guy, Hanslap, and
+Toney, on his trappings; his vizor open, and the chaplet on his helm
+enriched with pearls and precious stones.� In such times, Badges of
+curious device and occult signification could not fail to enjoy a
+popularity, not the less decided because of the restricted use and
+exclusive character of the Badges themselves.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 390.--Secretum of Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick;
+  A.D. 1296.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 391.--Seal of Sir Walter de Hungerford, K.G.;
+  A.D. 1425.]
+
+EXAMPLES OF BADGES, such as are distinctive, and consequently of the
+class that I have first described. The Badges of PERCY are a _silver
+crescent_ and a _double manacle_: of HOWARD, a _white lion_: PELHAM, _a
+buckle_: DOUGLAS, a _red heart_: SCROPE, a _Cornish chough_: CLINTON,
+a _golden mullet_: TALBOT, a _hound_: BOHUN, a _white swan_: HUNGERFORD,
+a _sickle_: PEVEREL, a _garb_: STOURTON, a _golden “drag� or sledge_.
+The various “Knots,� described and illustrated in Chapter X., Nos. 219,
+235, 263, 270, 274, 304, and 313, are Badges. The _bear and ragged
+staff_ of the BEAUCHAMPS, and, after them, of the NEVILLES and DUDLEYS,
+I have already noticed. Seals frequently have Badges introduced upon
+them, in very early times, by themselves, the Badge in each case
+constituting the device of the Seal (see p. 193). The Secretum or
+private Seal of ROBERT BRUCE, Earl of CARRICK, the father of the King,
+appended to the homage-deed extorted by EDWARD I. from the Scottish
+nobles, is a good example, No. 390: this is another of Mr. Laing’s
+beautiful woodcuts. Badges also constantly appear upon Seals in
+association with Shields of arms. Thus, a Seal of one of the BERKELEYS,
+A.D. 1430, has a mermaid on each side of an armorial shield. Two other
+examples of this kind I have already given: No. 318, the Seal of JOAN DE
+BARRE, which is charged with the _castle_ and _lion_ of Castile and
+Leon, as Badges: and No. 321, the Seal of OLIVER DE BOHUN, charged,
+about the Shield, with the Bohun _Swan_. On his Seal, No. 391, Sir
+WALTER DE HUNGERFORD, K.G., Lord of HEYTESBURY and HOMET (the latter a
+Norman barony), displays his own Badge, the _sickle_, in happy alliance
+with the _garb_ of Peverel (borne by him in right of his wife,
+CATHERINE, daughter and co-heir of THOMAS PEVEREL), to form his Crest.
+The Crest, it will be observed, in No. 391, is _a garb between two
+sickles_. The Shield of Hungerford only--_sa. two bars arg., and in
+chief three plates_, is also placed between _two sickles_. Two banners,
+denoting important alliances, complete the Heraldry of this remarkable
+composition: the banner to the dexter, for Heytesbury, bears--_per pale
+indented gu. and vert., a chevron or_; and that to the sinister, for
+Hussy--_barry of six erm. and gu._ Lord HUNGERFORD died in 1449, and was
+succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Sir ROBERT DE HUNGERFORD. The
+Seal of this Sir Robert, used by him during the lifetime of his father,
+precisely the same in its heraldic composition as his father’s Seal, is
+remarkable from having _each of its four sickles differenced with an
+ermine-spot upon the blade_, to mark Cadency; and also, with the same
+motive, it shows that a label of three points was charged upon the
+Shield, and upon each of the two banners; No. 392.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 392.--Seal of Sir Robert de Hungerford:
+  before A.D. 1449.]
+
+Through an alliance with the Hungerfords, _sickles_ were borne, as one
+of their Badges, by the great family of COURTENAY. They appear, with a
+_dolphin_, a _tau cross_, and this same _tau-cross_ having _a bell_
+attached to it, as in No. 393, sculptured on the fine heraldic
+chimney-piece, the work of Bishop PETER DE COURTENAY (died in 1492), now
+in the hall of the Episcopal Palace at Exeter.
+
+The BADGES of our early Heraldry are comparatively but little
+understood. They invite the particular attention of students, both from
+their own special interest, and the light they are qualified to throw
+upon the personal history of the English people, and also from their
+peculiar applicability for use by ourselves at the present day. Indeed,
+at this time, when the revival of true Heraldry is in the act of being
+accomplished with complete success, it appears to be peculiarly
+desirable that Badges should be brought into general use. It is not
+enough for us to revive our old English Heraldry as once in the olden
+time it flourished in England, and to rest content with such a revival:
+but we must go on to adapt our revived Heraldry, in its own spirit and
+in full sympathy with its genuine feeling, to conditions of our age and
+of the state of things now in existence. And very much may be done to
+effect this by the adoption of Badges, as our favourite and most
+expressive heraldic insignia, both in connection with Coat-Armour and
+for independent display. Unlike Crests, which must necessarily be
+associated with helms and the wearers of helms, and consequently have
+both a military and a mediæval character, Badges are equally appropriate
+for use by Ladies, as well as by men of every profession, and they
+belong alike to every age and period. This has been recognised
+officially, to the extent that the officers of arms have now reverted to
+the ancient practice of granting and confirming badges and Standards.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 393.--A Courtenay Badge, at Exeter.]
+
+ROYAL BADGES.--I conclude this chapter with a concise list of the more
+important of the Badges that have been borne by the Sovereigns and
+Princes of England; and with some general remarks upon the famous Badge
+of the _Ostrich Feathers_, now considered to be exclusively the Ensign
+of the PRINCES OF WALES, not as such, but as the heirs-apparent to the
+Throne.
+
+The _Planta-genista_, or Broom-plant, No. 21, is well known as an
+English Royal Badge, from the surname derived from it for one of the
+most remarkable of the Royal Houses that ever have flourished in Europe.
+
+As well known are the _Rose_, _Thistle_, and _Shamrock_, severally the
+Badges of the three realms of the United Kingdom of ENGLAND, SCOTLAND,
+and IRELAND. A _golden Rose stalked proper_ was a badge of EDWARD I.:
+and from it apparently were derived, but by what process it is unknown,
+the _White Rose_ of YORK, the _Red Rose_ of LANCASTER, and the _White
+and Red Rose_ of the House of TUDOR.
+
+WILLIAM RUFUS: _A Flower of five foils._
+
+HENRY I.: _A Flower of eight foils._
+
+STEPHEN: _A Flower of seven foils: a Sagittarius._
+
+HENRY II.: _The Planta-genista: an Escarbuncle: a Sword and
+Olive-Branch._
+
+RICHARD I.: _A Star of thirteen rays and a Crescent: a Star issuing from
+a Crescent: a Mailed Arm grasping a broken Lance, with the
+Motto--“Christo Duce.�_
+
+JOHN and HENRY III.: _A Star issuing from a Crescent._
+
+EDWARD I.: _An heraldic Rose or, stalked ppr._
+
+EDWARD II.: _A Castle of Castile._
+
+EDWARD III.: _A Fleur de lys: a Sword: a Falcon: a Gryphon: the Stock of
+a Tree: Rays issuing from a Cloud._
+
+RICHARD II.: _A White Hart lodged: the Stock of a Tree: A White Falcon:
+the Sun in splendour: the Sun clouded._
+
+HENRY IV.: _The Cypher SS: a crowned Eagle: an Eagle displayed: a White
+Swan: A Red Rose: a Columbine Flower: A Fox’s Tail: a crowned Panther:
+the Stock of a Tree: a Crescent._ His QUEEN, JOAN OF NAVARRE: _An
+Ermine_, or _Gennet_.
+
+HENRY V.: _A Fire-beacon: a White Swan gorged and chained: a chained
+Antelope._
+
+HENRY VI.: _Two Ostrich Feathers in Saltire: a chained Antelope:
+a Panther._
+
+EDWARD IV.: _A White Rose en Soleil: a White Wolf and White Lion:
+a White Hart: a Black Dragon and Black Bull: a Falcon and Fetter-lock:
+the Sun in splendour._
+
+HENRY VII.: _A Rose of York and Lancaster, a Portcullis and a Fleur de
+lys, all of them crowned: a Red Dragon: a White Greyhound: a Hawthorn
+Bush and Crown, with the cypher_ H.R.
+
+HENRY VIII.: The same, without the Hawthorn Bush, and with a _White
+Cock_. His QUEENS: CATHERINE OF ARAGON--_A Rose, Pomegranate, and Sheaf
+of Arrows._ ANNE BOLEYN--_A Crowned Falcon, holding a Sceptre._ JANE
+SEYMOUR--_A Phœnix rising from a Castle, between Two Tudor Roses._
+CATHERINE PARR--_A Maiden’s Head crowned, rising from a large Tudor
+Rose._
+
+EDWARD VI.: _A Tudor Rose: the Sun in splendour._
+
+MARY: _A Tudor Rose impaling a Pomegranate_--also _impaling a Sheaf of
+Arrows, ensigned with a Crown, and surrounded with rays: a Pomegranate._
+
+ELIZABETH: _A Tudor Rose_ with the motto, “_Rosa sine Spinâ_� (a Rose
+without a Thorn): _a Crowned Falcon and Sceptre._ She used as her own
+motto--“_Semper Eadem_� (Always the same).
+
+JAMES I.: _A Thistle: a Thistle and Rose dimidiated and crowned_, No.
+308, with the motto--“_Beati Pacifici_� (Blessed are the peacemakers).
+
+CHARLES I., CHARLES II., JAMES II.: The same Badge as JAMES I., without
+his motto.
+
+ANNE: _A Rose-Branch and a Thistle growing from one branch._
+
+From this time distinctive personal Badges ceased to be borne by English
+Sovereigns. But various badges have become stereotyped and now form a
+constituent part of the Royal Arms, and will be found recited later in
+Chapter XVIII.
+
+The _Ostrich Feather Badge_. The popular tradition, that the famous
+Badge of the Ostrich Feathers was won from the blind KING OF BOHEMIA at
+Cressi by the BLACK PRINCE, and by him afterwards borne as an heraldic
+trophy, is not supported by any contemporary authority. The earliest
+writer by whom the tradition itself is recorded is CAMDEN (A.D. 1614),
+and his statement is confirmed by no known historical evidence of a date
+earlier than his own work. As Sir N. HARRIS NICHOLAS has shown in a most
+able paper in the _Archæologia_ (vol. xxxi. pp. 350-384), the first time
+the Feathers are mentioned in any record is in a document, the date of
+which must have been after 1369, and which contains lists of plate
+belonging to the King himself, and also to Queen PHILLIPA. It is
+particularly to be observed, that all the pieces of plate specified in
+this roll as the personal property of the Queen, if marked with any
+device at all, are marked with her _own initial_, or with some heraldic
+insignia that have a direct reference to _herself_. One of these pieces
+of plate is described as “a large dish for the alms of the Queen, of
+silver gilt, and enamelled at the bottom with _a black escutcheon with
+Ostrich Feathers_--_eym in fund vno scuch nigro cum pennis de ostrich_.�
+And these “Ostrich Feathers,� thus blazoned on a sable field upon the
+silver alms-dish of Queen PHILIPPA, Sir N. H. Nicholas believed to have
+been borne by the Queen as a daughter of the House of HAINAULT; and he
+suggested that these same “Ostrich Feathers� might possibly have been
+assumed by the Counts of the Province of Hainault from the Comté of
+Ostrevant, which formed the appanage of their eldest sons.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 394.--At Worcester Cathedral.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 395.--At Peterborough Cathedral.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 396.--At Peterborough Cathedral.]
+
+At the first, either a single Feather was borne, the quill generally
+transfixing an escroll, as in No. 394, from the monument of Prince
+ARTHUR TUDOR, in Worcester Cathedral; or, two Feathers were placed side
+by side, as they also appear upon the same monument. In Seals, or when
+marshalled with a Shield of Arms, two Feathers are seen to have been
+placed after the manner of Supporters, one on each side of the
+composition: in such examples the tips of the Feathers droop severally
+to the dexter and sinister: in all the early examples also the Feathers
+droop in the same manner, or they incline slightly towards the
+spectator. Three Feathers were first grouped together by ARTHUR TUDOR,
+PRINCE OF WALES, eldest son of HENRY VII., as in Nos. 395 and 396, from
+Peterborough Cathedral; or with an escroll, as in No. 397, from a
+miserere in the fine and interesting church at Ludlow. The plume of
+three Feathers appears to have been encircled with a coronet, for the
+first time, by Prince EDWARD, afterwards EDWARD VI., but who never was
+PRINCE OF WALES: No. 398, carved very boldly over the entrance gateway
+to the Deanery at Peterborough, is a good early example. In No. 399 I
+give a representation of another early plume of three Ostrich Feathers,
+as they are carved, with an escroll in place of a coronet, upon the
+Chantry of Abbot RAMRYGE in the Abbey Church at St. Albans: and again,
+in No. 400, from the head of a window near the east end of the choir, on
+the south side, in Exeter Cathedral, the three Feathers are charged upon
+a Shield _per pale azure and gules_, and this Shield is on a roundle.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 397.--In Ludlow Church.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 398.--The Deanery, Peterborough.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 399.--In the Abbey Church of St. Alban.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 400.--In Exeter Cathedral.]
+
+The Ostrich Feathers were borne, as a Badge with his Shield of Arms,
+upon one Seal of EDWARD III. himself: they were used, as an heraldic
+device, about the year 1370, by PHILIPPA, his Queen: they appear on
+some, but not on all, the Seals of the BLACK PRINCE, and they are
+omitted from some of his Seals after the battle of Cressi (A.D. 1346):
+and they were also borne, generally with some slight difference, marking
+Cadency, in all probability by all the other sons of
+EDWARD III.--certainly by JOHN OF GHENT, Duke of LANCASTER, and by
+THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, Duke of GLOUCESTER. They were adopted by
+RICHARD II., and placed on either side of his crested Helm in the
+heraldic sculpture of Westminster Hall, as appears in two of these
+beautiful examples, Nos. 199 and 384: by this Prince the Ostrich
+Feathers were placed on his first Royal Seal, and they were habitually
+used for decoration and heraldic display; and they also were formally
+granted by him, as a mark of especial favour, to be borne as an
+Augmentation of the highest honour, to his cousin THOMAS MOWBRAY, Duke
+of NORFOLK. The Ostrich Feathers were borne, in like manner, by the
+succeeding Princes, both LANCASTRIAN and YORKIST: by at least two of the
+BEAUFORTS: by the Princes of the House of TUDOR: and by their successors
+the STUARTS. Thus, it is certain that the Ostrich Feathers were held to
+be a _Royal Badge_, from the time of their first appearance in the
+Heraldry of England about the middle of the fourteenth century; and that
+in that character they were adopted and borne by the successive
+Sovereigns, and by the Princes, sometimes also by the Princesses (as in
+the instance of a Seal of MARGARET BEAUFORT, the mother of HENRY VII.),
+of the Royal Houses, without any other distinction than some slight mark
+of Cadency, and without the slightest trace of any peculiar association
+with any one member of the Royal Family. From the time of the accession
+of the House of Stuart to the Crown of the United Kingdom, however, the
+coroneted plume of three Ostrich Feathers appears to have been regarded,
+as it is at this present day, as the special Badge of the Heir to the
+Throne.
+
+In accordance with the express provision of his will, two armorial
+Shields are displayed upon the monument of the BLACK PRINCE in
+Canterbury Cathedral, which Shields the Prince himself distinguishes as
+his Shields “for War� and “for Peace�; the former charged with his
+quartered arms of France and England differenced with his silver Label,
+No. 337; and the latter, _sable_, charged with _three Ostrich Feathers
+argent_, their quills passing through scrolls bearing the Motto, “_Ich
+Diene_� No. 401. The same motto is placed over each of the Shields that
+are charged with the Feathers, as in No. 401: and over each Shield
+charged with the quartered arms (there are on each side of the tomb six
+Shields, three of the Arms, and three of the Feathers, alternately) is
+the other motto of the Prince, “_Houmout_.� In his will, the BLACK
+PRINCE also desired that a “_black Pennon with Ostrich Feathers_� should
+be displayed at his Funeral; and he further appointed that his Chapel in
+Canterbury Cathedral should be adorned in various places with his Arms,
+and “_likewise with our Badge of Ostrich Feathers--noz bages dez plumes
+d’ostruce_.�
+
+  [Illustration: No. 401.--Shield “for Peace� of the Black Prince.]
+
+The will of the BLACK PRINCE proves the Feathers to have been a Badge,
+and not either a Crest or the ensign of a Shield of Arms, since twice he
+expressly calls them “_our Badge_�: and it also is directly opposed to
+the traditional warlike origin and military character of the Feathers,
+as a Badge of the BLACK PRINCE, for it particularly specifies the
+peaceful significance of this Badge, and distinguishes it from the
+insignia that were worn and displayed by the Prince when he was equipped
+for war. The Mottoes “_Ich Diene_� and “_Houmout_� are old German, and
+they signify, “I serve,� and “magnanimous.� It has been suggested by Mr.
+Planché, that “Houmout� is Flemish, and that the three words really form
+a single Motto, signifying, “Magnanimous, I serve,� that is, “I obey the
+dictates of magnanimity� (_Archæologia_, xxxii. 69).
+
+  [Illustration: No. 402.--From the Seal of King Henry IV.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 403.--From the Seal of Thomas, Duke of Gloucester.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 404.--From the Garter-Plate of John Beaufort, K.G.]
+
+Upon a very remarkable Seal, used by HENRY IV. a short time before his
+accession, the shield with helm and crest are placed between two tall
+Feathers, about each of which is entwined _a Garter_ charged with his
+favourite and significant Motto--the word SOVEREYGNE, as in No. 402. His
+father, Prince JOHN OF GHENT, placed _a chain_ upon the quills of his
+Feathers, as in the very curious boss in the cloisters at Canterbury.
+The uncle of HENRY IV., THOMAS, Duke of GLOUCESTER, on one of his Seals,
+differenced his two Feathers with _Garters_ (probably of the Order)
+displayed along their quills, as in No. 403. And, about A.D. 1440, JOHN
+BEAUFORT, K.G., Duke of SOMERSET, on his Garter-plate placed two Ostrich
+Feathers erect, their _quills componée argent and azure_, and fixed in
+golden escrolls; No. 404. In the Harleian MS. 304, f. 12, it is stated
+that the Ostrich Feather of silver, the pen thus componée argent and
+azure, “is the Duke of Somerset’s�: also that the “Feather silver, with
+the pen gold, is the King’s: the Ostrich Feather, pen and all silver, is
+the Prince’s: and the Ostrich Feather gold, the pen ermine, is the Duke
+of Lancaster’s.�
+
+The Shield charged with three Ostrich Feathers, No. 401, was borne by
+Prince JOHN OF GHENT; and it appears on the splendid Great Seal of
+HENRY IV., between the Shields of the Duchy of CORNWALL and the Earldom
+of CHESTER. HUMPHREY, Duke of GLOUCESTER, is also recorded to have borne
+this same Feather Shield.
+
+In the Vaulting of the ceiling over the steps leading to the Hall at
+Christchurch, Oxford, the Ostrich Plume Badge is carved within a Garter
+of the Order: and, again, the Badge is represented after the same
+manner, environed with the Garter, in the beautiful binding of a copy of
+the Bible which is reputed to have been used by CHARLES I. in his last
+moments.
+
+The Ostrich Feathers are repeatedly mentioned in early documents; and
+they are shown to have been constantly used for various decorative
+purposes, always evidently with an heraldic motive and feeling, by the
+same Royal personages who blazoned them on their Seals, and displayed
+them elsewhere as their armorial insignia. A well-known example of a
+diaper of White Ostrich Feathers on a field per pale argent and vert, is
+preserved in the stained glass now in the great north window of the
+transept of Canterbury Cathedral.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+SUPPORTERS
+
+                  “Standing by the Shield
+  In silence.� --IDYLLS OF THE KING.
+
+
+A SUPPORTER is a figure, sometimes of an angel, frequently of a human
+being, but more generally of some animal, bird, or imaginary creature,
+so placed in connection with a Shield of Arms as to appear to be
+protecting and supporting it. In English Heraldry a single Supporter is
+of comparatively rare occurrence, but a number of examples are to be
+found in the Heraldry of Scotland. In early examples, when two
+Supporters appear, they are in most cases alike: but, more recently
+(except in the Heraldry of France), the two figures are generally quite
+distinct the one from the other, the earlier usage of having the two
+Supporters alike being less frequent. The modern prevailing practice in
+England is happily exemplified in the well-known instance of the present
+Royal Supporters, the Lion and the Unicorn.
+
+Supporters are considered to have been introduced into the Heraldry of
+England during the reign of EDWARD III.; but they may with greater
+accuracy be assigned to the middle of the fifteenth century, than to the
+second half of the fourteenth. As armorial insignia of a very high rank,
+Supporters are granted in England only by the express command of the
+Sovereign, except to Peers and Knights Grand Cross and Knights Grand
+Commanders. In Scotland, where they occur more frequently than in the
+Heraldry of the South of the Tweed, the “Lord Lyon� has power to grant
+Supporters. Originally by the Scottish Heralds these accessories of
+Shields were entitled “Bearers.�
+
+Supporters are now granted, on payment of fees, to all Peers of the
+Realm to descend to the holders of a specified Peerage, and to Knights
+of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick, and to Knights Grand Cross and
+Knights Grand Commanders of all other orders of knighthood to be borne
+for life. Most Nova Scotia Baronets and Chiefs of Scottish Clans have
+supporters registered with their arms.
+
+Supporters probably owe their origin rather to several concurrent
+circumstances, than to any one particular circumstance. The mere fact of
+a Knight carrying his own armorial Shield, or his Esquire bearing it
+beside him, might suggest the general idea of some _supporting_ figure
+in connection with a representation of that Shield. The act of carrying
+a Banner of Arms, in like manner, might suggest a representation of a
+“Supporter� for a Shield of Arms. To early Seals, however, Heraldry is
+in an especial degree indebted for the development of the idea of
+Supporters, and for bringing it into a definite form. Again, the
+prevalent use of Badges in the fourteenth century, and in the fifteenth
+also, would necessarily exercise a powerful influence in the same
+direction; and would lead Heralds to associate with Shields of Arms
+certain other figures which, while in themselves distinct and
+independent, were closely allied with certain Shields of Arms. The
+prototypes of true Supporters, indeed, as they appear on Seals, are
+Badges. In fact, it is often difficult to determine whether specified
+figures on the Seals of a certain period are heraldic supporters or
+merely representations of Badges.
+
+An Effigy represented upon a Seal, as in No. 405, the Seal of
+DEVORGUILLA CRAWFORD, about A.D. 1290, from LAING’S Volume: or in Nos.
+316, 317, would be even more than a suggestion of a Supporter. The same
+may be said, when some figure, almost certainly a Badge, was introduced
+into the composition of a Seal, holding or supporting a Shield by its
+guige, as in No. 203; or when a Shield, or two or more Shields, were
+charged upon some figure, as in No. 204: both of these examples, indeed,
+might be regarded as illustrations of the origin or first adoption of
+single Supporters.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 405.--Seal of Devorguilla Crawford, about 1290.]
+
+The introduction of angelic figures, which might have the appearance of
+acting as “Guardian Angels,� in their care of Shields of Arms, was in
+accordance with the feeling of the early days of English Heraldry; and,
+while it took a part in leading the way to the systematic use of regular
+Supporters, it served to show the high esteem and honour in which
+armorial insignia were held by our ancestors of those ages. In No. 159 I
+have already shown an example of a sculptured Shield thus supported by
+Angels, from St. Albans. In the same noble church there are other
+examples of the same character in stained glass. Angel Supporters, the
+figures treated in various ways, occur in very many Gothic edifices;
+particularly, sculptured as corbels, bosses or pateræ, or introduced in
+panels, and employed for the decoration of open timber roofs, as in
+Westminster Hall. They appear also on Seals; as on the Seal of HENRY OF
+LANCASTER, about A.D. 1350, which has the figure of an Angel above the
+Shield, and a lion on each side of it.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 406.--Part of Seal of Margaret, Lady Hungerford.]
+
+The representation of armorial Banners upon Seals would lead to at least
+the occasional introduction of some figure to hold, or _support_, the
+Banner; and here, again, we discern the presence of some of the
+immediate predecessors of “Supporters,� properly so called. In the
+Seals, Nos. 391, 392, the Banners are not supported, and yet they are
+indirectly suggestive of giving support to the Shield which is
+marshalled with them in the same composition. Another Hungerford Seal,
+that of MARGARET BOTREAUX, widow of the second Baron HUNGERFORD (who
+died in 1477), in the centre of the composition has a kneeling figure of
+the noble lady, and on each side a banner of arms is held (_supported_)
+erect, so that the two banners form a kind of canopy over her head, by a
+lion and a gryphon. In No. 406 I give a part only of this elaborate
+Seal, sufficient to show how its general composition bears upon the
+adoption of Supporters. The Monument in Westminster Abbey of Sir LUDOVIC
+ROBSART, K.G., Lord BOURCHIER, Standard-Bearer to HENRY V. at Agincourt,
+has two banners sculptured in the stone work of the canopy, which are
+placed precisely in the same manner as the banners in No. 406; and, like
+them, they are held by Badges acting as Supporters. Two well-known seals
+of the PERCIES are charged with banners, and in each case the
+banner-staff is held by a single Supporter: one of these figures is a
+man-at-arms, A.D. 1386; the other is a lion, A.D. 1446. At the same
+period, two lions appear on another Percy Seal. Another, of the same
+date, has the shield supported by an armed man, without any banner, but
+having a lance with a long pennon charged with the Crescent badge of
+PERCY, No. 412, p. 247. Other Percy Seals, again, of the fourteenth
+century, on either side of the Shield have two lions or two birds.
+
+Numerous examples of great interest illustrate the early introduction of
+Badges into the composition of Seals, as accessories of Shields. A Seal
+of Prince JOHN OF GHENT, which has two falcons and padlocks, is one of
+the most beautiful and suggestive works of its class: in this Seal the
+two birds are addorsed, and consequently they also have their backs
+turned towards the central achievement. This position of the figures on
+early Seals is not uncommon; but it is an illustration that the use of
+Badges in the form from which they developed into supporters was an
+artistic necessity, arising from the form of the spaces to be occupied
+by the figures upon the Seal. Another most characteristic example of
+that marshalling of Badges upon Seals, which certainly led the way to
+true Supporters, is the Seal of Sir MAURICE DE BERKELEY, A.D. 1430, upon
+which _a mermaid_--the Berkeley badge--is blazoned on each side of the
+Shield. The two figures are drawn with much skill and elegance. The
+Shield itself quarters _Berkeley_ within a bordure, and a differenced
+coat of _Bottetourt_: it hangs from a large helm, which, in its turn, is
+ensigned by as large a _mitre_--the singular Crest of the Berkeleys. The
+two figures, generally animals, which fill up the spaces to the dexter
+and sinister of the central achievement on Seals, in the fifteenth
+century are almost invariably drawn of a comparatively large size; and,
+for the most part, they really act as _Supporters to the Crested Helm_,
+being themselves _supported by the Shield_. The composition of the Seal
+of EDMUND DE MORTIMER, Earl of MARCH, A.D. 1400, though now mutilated,
+exhibits in a most satisfactory manner this very effective arrangement,
+from which true Supporters to a Shield of Arms might obviously be
+derived. In this Seal, No. 407, the Shield quarters _Mortimer_, No. 131,
+and--_or, a cross gu._, for _Ulster_. The Seal of WM. DE WYNDESOR, No.
+382, illustrates with no less happy effect the occasional use of birds
+instead of beasts, as Supporting Badges. Other examples exist in great
+numbers, and in abundant variety: the two that I add from Mr. Laing’s
+Volume, Nos. 408 and 409, are in every respect most characteristic; they
+are severally the Seals of ROBERT GRAHAM, of Kinpont, and of Sir WILLIAM
+LINDSAY, of the Byres.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 407.--Seal of Earl Edmund de Mortimer; A.D. 1400.]
+
+It is scarcely necessary for me to point out to students that Supporters
+always have a decided heraldic significance. In supporting a Shield of
+Arms, they discharge an heraldic duty: but, in themselves, Supporters
+are armorial symbols of a high rank; and, with peculiar emphasis, they
+record descent, inheritance, and alliance, and they blazon illustrious
+deeds.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 408.--Seal of Robert Graham, of Kinpont,
+  A.D. 1433.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 409.--Seal of Sir Wm. Lindsay, of the Byres,
+  A.D. 1390.]
+
+Supporters should always be represented in an erect position. In
+whatever direction also they actually may be looking, they always ought
+to appear to fulfil their own proper office of giving vigilant and
+deferential _support to the Shield_. It would be well, in our blazoning
+of supported Achievements, not only for us to regard a becoming position
+and attitude for Supporters to be matters determined by positive
+heraldic law, but also that some satisfactory arrangement should be made
+and recognised for general adoption, by which an equally becoming
+_support_ would be provided for “Supporters.� An unsatisfactory custom
+has been either to place the Supporters, whatever they may be, upon some
+very slight renaissance scroll work that is neither graceful nor
+consistent, or, to constrain the Motto scroll to provide a foundation or
+standing-place for them. In the latter case, an energetic lion, or a
+massive elephant, and, in a certain class of achievements of
+comparatively recent date, a mounted trooper, or a stalwart man-of-war’s
+man, probably with a twenty-four pounder at his feet, are made to stand
+on _the edge of the ribbon_ that is inscribed with the Motto. Mr. Laing
+has enabled me to give an excellent example of Supporters--two lions
+standing upon a motto-scroll or ribbon--in No. 410, the Seal of JOHN
+DRUMMOND, created Earl of MELFORT and Viscount FORTH in the year 1686:
+the Shield is _Scotland, within a bordure componée_; the Supporters are
+gorged with collars charged with thistles; and the Crest is the Crest of
+Scotland issuing from a celestial Crown. As says the Motto of Sir
+WILLIAM MAHON, “_Moniti, meliora sequamur_�--now that we have been told
+of it, let us produce something better than this support for our
+Supporters. Happily the best heraldic artists of the moment seem very
+generally to have reverted to the older and more preferable form.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 410.--Seal of John Drummond, Earl of Melfort,
+  A.D. 1686.]
+
+The Heralds of France still restrict the term “Supporters�--“_Les
+Supports_�--to animals; whilst to human beings, to figures of angels,
+and to mythological personages or other figures in human form, when
+supporting a Shield, they apply the term “_Les Tenants_.� When trees or
+other inanimate objects are placed beside any armorial shield, and so
+discharge the duty of Supporters in French achievements, they are
+distinguished as “_Les Soutiens_.� An old French writer on Heraldry,
+PALLIOT, however, says that in his time (A.D. 1660), _Tenant_ is used in
+the singular number, and denotes any kind of _single Supporter_, while
+_Supports_ is used when there are _two_.
+
+In the French Heraldry of the present time, a single Tenant or Support
+is of rare occurrence; and when two Tenants or Supports appear in
+blazon, they are generally, though not always, alike.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+FLAGS
+
+  _The Pennon-- The Banner-- The Standard-- The Royal Standard-- The
+  Union Jack-- Ensigns-- Military Standards and Colours-- Blazoning--
+  Hoisting and Displaying Flags._
+
+  “Many a beautiful Pennon fixed to a lance,
+  And many a Banner displayed.�
+    --SIEGE OF CARLAVEROCK, A.D. 1300.
+
+  “Prosper our Colours!�
+    --SHAKESPEARE, _Henry VI._, _Part 3_.
+
+
+Admirably adapted for all purposes of heraldic display, rich in glowing
+colours, and peculiarly graceful in their free movement in the wind,
+FLAGS are inseparably associated with spirit-stirring memories, and in
+all ages and with every people they enjoy an enthusiastic popularity
+peculiar to themselves.
+
+In the Middle Ages, in England, three distinct classes of heraldic Flags
+appear to have been in general use, each class having a distinct and
+well-defined signification.
+
+1. First, the PENNON, small in size, of elongated form, and either
+pointed or swallow-tailed at the extremity, is charged with the Badge or
+some other armorial ensign of the owner, and by him displayed upon his
+own lance, as his personal ensign. The Pennon of Sir JOHN D’ABERNOUN,
+No. 286, fringed and pointed, A.D. 1277, bears his arms--_Az., a chevron
+or_: and No. 411, another example of the pointed form of Pennon, is from
+the Painted Chamber, Westminster, about A.D. 1275. No. 412, a long
+swallow-tailed Pennon, charged with the Percy crescent Badge, is from
+the Seal of HENRY DE PERCI, first Earl of NORTHUMBERLAND. Before the
+true heraldic era, _Lance-Flags_ with various decorative devices, but
+without any blazonry having a definite signification, were in use: See
+Nos. 5, 6. The _Pennoncelle_ was a modification of the Pennon.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 411.--Pennon, from the Painted Chamber.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 412.--Pennon of Percy; A.D. 1400.]
+
+2. Second, the BANNER, square or oblong in form, and of a larger size
+than the Pennon, bears the entire Coat of Arms of the owner blazoned
+over its whole surface, precisely as the same composition is blazoned
+upon a Shield: No. 162. The Banner has been described as the ensign of
+the Sovereign, or of a Prince, a Noble, or a Knight who had been
+advanced to the higher rank or degree of a “Banneret�; but it would seem
+almost certain that the display of Arms upon a Banner was never confined
+to a Banneret. Two Banners are represented in each of the Hungerford
+Seals, Nos. 391, 392. A small group of oblong Banners, with two pointed
+Pennons, is represented in No. 413, from the Painted Chamber.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 413.--Oblong Banners and Pointed Pennons,
+  from the Painted Chamber.]
+
+In the olden time, when a Knight had distinguished himself by
+conspicuous gallantry, it was the custom to mark his meritorious conduct
+by prompt advancement on the very field of battle. In such a case, the
+point or points of the good Knight’s Pennon were rent off, and thus the
+small Flag was reduced to the _square_ form of the Banner, by which
+thenceforth he was to be distinguished. FROISSART, in his own graphic
+manner, has described the ceremonial which attended the first display of
+the Banner of a newly-created Banneret on the field of battle. Sir JOHN
+CHANDOS, one of the Knights Founders of the Garter, appeared with his
+maiden Banner on the field, on the morning of the battle of Naveret, in
+Castile, April 3rd, 1367:--“He brought his banner in his hands,� says
+the chronicler, “rolled up� (rolled round the staff), “and said to the
+PRINCE OF WALES�--it was the BLACK PRINCE,--“’My Lord, behold, here is
+my Banner: I deliver it to you in this way,�--still rolled round the
+staff, that is--“’that it may please you to display it, and that this
+day I may raise it; for, thank God, I have land and heritage sufficient
+to support the rank as it ought to be!’ Then the Prince and the
+King�--Don PETRO, King of Castile--“took the Banner, which was of silver
+with a sharp pile gules, between their hands by the staff, and displayed
+it, and returned it to him, the Prince saying--’Sir John, behold your
+Banner; may God grant you may do your duty!’ Then Sir JOHN CHANDOS bore
+his Banner (displayed) to his own Company, and said--’Gentlemen, see
+here my Banner and yours; preserve it as your own!’� We see that, like
+another hero of a later period, the BLACK PRINCE held the
+maxim--“England expects every man to do his duty.�
+
+  [Illustration: No. 414.--Seal of Earl John Holland,
+  Admiral of England, &c., A.D. 1436.]
+
+Quarterings, Marks of Cadency, and Differences (but not impalements) are
+blazoned on Banners under the very same conditions that they appear on
+Shields of Arms. For example, the Banners, as well as the Shield, on the
+seal of Sir Robert de Hungerford, No. 392, are Differenced with a label
+for Cadency, and thus are distinguished from the corresponding Banners
+and Shield on the Seal of Sir Robert’s father, No. 391.
+
+Crests, Badges, Supporters, and other external accessories and ornaments
+of Armorial Shields have no place on Banners, a Banner representing a
+Shield, and being charged as a Shield. In the seventeenth century,
+however, English Banners sometimes were charged with Achievements of
+Arms, including all the accessories and ornaments of Shields.
+
+In early times Banners appear in use at sea, as well as on land; and the
+same Banners were used both on shore and afloat. The _sails_ of our
+early shipping, also, are constantly represented as covered with
+armorial blazonry, and they thus were enabled to act as Ship-Flags. Many
+curious and interesting representations of the strange, unwieldy,
+unship-shape looking craft that were the ancestors of the British Navy,
+are introduced with their _heraldic sails_ and their Banners into the
+compositions of Seals. A fine example of its order is the Seal of JOHN
+HOLLAND, Earl of HUNTINGDON, A.D. 1436, “Admiral of England, Ireland,
+and Aquitaine,� No. 414. The ship is really a noble-looking vessel, with
+her solitary sail blazoned with the Lord Admiral’s Arms--_England,
+within a bordure of France_,--the same arms that were borne by Prince
+JOHN OF ELTHAM, No. 24. In this example the crew are not represented:
+but in other Seals of early shipping figures are commonly introduced,
+and almost always they are drawn of ludicrously disproportionate size.
+This ship does not display any Banner from a banner-staff, but has a
+nautical Pennon of ample size flying at the mast-head: when Banners are
+displayed on board ships upon early Seals, they are generally narrow in
+proportion to their height, a form of Banner adopted on land as well as
+at sea, in consequence of the greater inconvenience attending the
+display of broad or really square Banners. At a later period, however,
+Ship-Flags of very large size came into favour.
+
+3. The STANDARD, the third variety of early heraldic Flags, which first
+appears about the middle of the fourteenth century, and was in general
+use by personages of high rank in the two following centuries, appears
+to have been adopted for the special purpose of displaying the Badge.
+The Badge was worn on his livery by a servant as retainer, and
+consequently the Standard by which he mustered in camp was of the livery
+colours, and bore the Badge, with both of which the retainer was
+familiar.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 415.--Standard of Sir Henry de Stafford, K.G.:
+  about A.D. 1475.]
+
+This Flag is of ample proportions, and great length; but its size varies
+with the owner’s rank. Next to the Staff was usually to be found the
+_red cross on a silver field_ of ST. GEORGE. The rest of the field is
+generally divided per fesse into two tinctures, in most cases the livery
+colours of the owner, or the prevailing tinctures of his Coat of Arms,
+which in such cases may almost be assumed to have been his livery. With
+some principal figure or device occupying a prominent position, various
+Badges are displayed over the whole field, a Motto, which is placed
+bend-wise, having divided the Standard into compartments. The edges are
+fringed throughout, and the extremity is sometimes swallow-tailed, and
+sometimes rounded.
+
+The Standard of Sir HENRY DE STAFFORD, K.G., second son of HENRY, second
+Duke of BUCKINGHAM (executed in 1483), is represented in No. 415, from a
+drawing in the Heralds’ College. It is charged, first, with _a cross of
+St. George_: then, on a _field per fesse sable and gules_ (the colours
+of the Duke’s livery), _the White Swan_ of the De Bohuns, with the
+_silver Stafford-knot_ (No. 304), differenced with _a Crescent gules_
+for Cadency; the Motto is HVMBLE : ET: LOYAL; and the fringe, of the
+same colours as the field, is _componée sa. and gu._ In other examples a
+greater variety of Badges is introduced. The student will not fail to
+take notice of the systematic display of the ensign of St. George in
+these Standards, as the national armorial device of England. The use and
+heraldic display of these standards had practically lapsed, but the
+College of Arms has now reverted to its ancient practice of recording
+them in cases of the grant or confirmation of a Badge.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 416.--The Royal Standard, or Banner.]
+
+The ROYAL STANDARD (to give it its popular name) is not really a
+Standard at all, but is the King’s Banner of his arms. It stands at the
+head of our English Flags of the present day, and bears the full
+blazonry of the Royal Arms of His Majesty THE KING, as they are
+marshalled on the Royal Shield: No. 416. It is personal to the King, and
+its use by other people is not permitted. This splendid Flag, so truly
+heraldic in its character, and charged with Coat-Armour and not with
+Badges, ought to be styled the ROYAL BANNER. The same Standard is duly
+differenced with their own Marks of Cadency and their Shields of
+Pretence for the different members of the Royal Family. For use at sea,
+whilst the PRINCE OF WALES has his own Flag or Banner of his arms, all
+other members of the Royal Family use a flag showing the Royal Arms
+within a bordure ermine. QUEEN MARY and QUEEN ALEXANDRA fly flags of
+their impaled arms.
+
+The UNION JACK, which is regarded as the national British Flag, as we
+now display it, is the second of its race. Strictly speaking, it is as
+much the property of the Sovereign as the Royal Banner, but objection to
+its use and display is not officially made. The _First Union Jack_, No.
+417, was produced in obedience to a Royal Proclamation of JAMES I. in
+the year 1606. Its object was to provide a single National Flag for both
+England and Scotland as a single kingdom, which might put an end to
+certain serious disputes concerning the precedence of their respective
+Banners of St. George and St. Andrew, Nos. 418, 419, between the natives
+of England and Scotland--of “South and North Britain.� This “Union� Flag
+combined the blazonry of the two rival ensigns, not marshalling them by
+quartering after the early heraldic usage, but by reviving a still
+earlier process, and by blending the cross and the saltire of Nos. 418
+and 419 in a single composition. This was effected, accordingly, by
+charging the Cross of St. George, with a narrow border or “fimbriation�
+of white to represent its white field, _upon_ the Banner of St. Andrew,
+the result being the Flag shown in No. 417. On the final “Union� between
+England and Scotland in 1707, this device was formally declared to be
+the “Ensign armorial of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.�
+
+  [Illustration: No. 418.--St. George.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 417.--The First Union Jack.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 419.--St. Andrew.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 420.--The Second Union Jack.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 421.--St. Patrick.]
+
+Upon the first day of January, 1801, the _Second Union Jack_, the “Union
+Jack� of to-day, No. 420, superseded the Flag of King JAMES and Queen
+ANNE. The “Union� with Ireland rendered a change necessary in the Union
+Jack, in order to incorporate with its blazonry the Banner of ST.
+PATRICK, No. 421, _arg., a saltire gu._ There seems good reason to
+believe that the so-called Cross of St. Patrick had little, if indeed
+any, separate or prior existence. The process that had been adopted
+before was again brought into action, but now a single compound device
+had to be formed by the combination of a cross and two saltires, Nos.
+418, 419, and 421. As before, in this new Flag the blue field of ST.
+ANDREW forms the field: then the two Saltires, the one white and the
+other red, are formed into a single compound Saltire counter-changed of
+the two tinctures alternating, the white having precedence; a narrow
+edging of white is next added to each red side of this new figure, to
+represent the white field of St. Patrick, as the narrow edging of white
+about the red cross represented the white field of ST. GEORGE in No.
+418; and, finally, the red cross of St. George fimbriated with white, as
+in the First Jack, is charged over all. Such is the Second Union Jack,
+No. 420. In this compound device it will be observed that the _broad
+diagonal white_ members represent the _silver saltire_ of St. Andrew,
+No. 419: that the _red diagonal_ members represent the _saltire gules_
+of St. Patrick, No. 421, and that the _narrow diagonal white_ lines are
+added in order to place this _saltire gules on a field argent_: that the
+_diagonal red and the broad diagonal white members_ represent the two
+Saltires of St. Andrew and St. Patrick in combination: and that the
+_fimbriated red cross_ in the front of the goodly alliance declares the
+presence of the symbol of St. George.
+
+Sir HARRIS NICHOLAS has suggested that this flag may have acquired its
+name of “Jack� (“Union� is obvious enough) from the original author of
+the First Union Flag, King JAMES, who, in the Heralds’ French language,
+would be styled _Jacques_: and so the Flag would be called “Jacques’
+Union,� which would easily settle down into “Jack’s Union,� and finally
+would as easily become “Union Jack.� The Second Union Flag is always to
+be hoisted as it is represented in No. 420, the diagonal white having
+precedence in the first canton. To reverse the proper display of the
+Flag implies distress or danger; or such a procedure (very often, as I
+am aware, unconsciously adopted, through ignorance of the real meaning
+of the Flag itself) subjects the Union Jack to degradation.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 422.--The Red Ensign.]
+
+By a recent warrant Lords Lieutenant fly the Union Jack charged with a
+sword fesseways.
+
+The ENSIGNS now in use are:--
+
+1. The _Red Ensign_, a plain red Flag cantoning a Union Jack--having a
+Jack in the dexter chief angle next to the point of suspension: No. 422.
+This Ensign shares with the Union Jack the honour of being the “Ensign
+of England�--the Ensign, that is, of the British Empire. When displayed
+at sea, it now distinguishes all vessels that do not belong to the Royal
+Navy: but, before the year 1864, it was the distinguishing ensign of the
+“red squadron of the Navy,� and of the “Admirals of the Red�--the
+Admirals of the highest rank.
+
+2. The _White_ or _St. George’s Ensign_ is the old banner of St. George,
+No. 418, with a Jack cantoned in the first quarter. It now is the Ensign
+of the Royal Navy: but, before 1864, it distinguished the “white
+squadron� of the Navy, and the Admirals--second in rank--of that
+Squadron.
+
+3. The _Blue Ensign_ differs from the Red only in the field being plain
+blue instead of red. It now is the Ensign of the Naval Reserve: before
+1864 it was the Ensign of “Admirals of the Blue,� third in rank, and of
+their Squadron of the Royal Navy.
+
+A Red Ensign is often charged with a Crown, or with some appropriate
+device, to denote some particular department of the public service.
+
+With the Ensigns may be grouped the _Flag of the Admiralty_, which
+displays a yellow anchor and cable set fesse-wise on a red field.
+
+The Ensigns are always to be hoisted so as to have the Jack next to the
+point of suspension, as in No. 422.
+
+MILITARY FLAGS. 1. _Cavalry Standards_, being lineal descendants of the
+knightly Banners of mediæval chivalry, are small square Flags, the
+colour of the field the same as the regimental facings; and each
+Standard bears the Number, Motto, and specific Title of its own
+Regiment, with whatever heraldic Badge or Device may be associated with
+it. Upon these Standards also are blazoned the regimental
+“_Honours_�--such words as WATERLOO, ALMA, LUCKNOW, and others, which
+briefly and with most emphatic significance declare the services of the
+corps. The Household Cavalry, the Life Guards and Blues, have all their
+Standards of Crimson, and they are blazoned with the Royal Insignia and
+their own “Honours� and Devices.
+
+2. _Infantry Colours._ In the first instance, each Regiment of Infantry
+had one “Colour�: subsequently, two others were added: and, finally, in
+the reign of Queen Anne, it was decided that every Infantry Regiment or
+Battalion of the Line (the Rifles of the Line excepted, who have no
+“Colours�) should have its own “Pair of Colours.� Of this “Pair,� one is
+the “_King’s Colour_�--a Union Jack charged with some regimental
+Devices: the other, the “_Regimental Colour_� is of the tincture of the
+facings, on which the “Honours� and “Devices� of the Regiment are
+charged, and in the dexter chief angle a small Jack is cantoned: in
+fact, the “Regimental Colour� is the same as the Red or Blue Ensign (No.
+422), the Colour of the field varying with the regimental facings, and
+the field itself being charged with the various Devices.
+
+In their Colours, the Guards reverse the arrangement that obtains with
+the Regiments of the Line. With them, the _Kings Colour_ is always
+crimson, with or without a Jack, but charged with the Royal Cypher and
+the regimental Devices: the _Regimental Colour_ of the Guards is the
+Union Jack.
+
+3. The _Royal Artillery_ have no Colours or Standards.
+
+Military Flags are not now used in actual warfare by British troops.
+
+I conclude this Chapter, which treats briefly of the Heraldry of the
+most important English Flags, with four still more brief general
+remarks:--
+
+1. First: by all English people who are disposed to exclaim, making
+SHAKESPEARE’S words their own, “_Prosper our Colours!_� it ought to be
+understood that their National Flags are endowed with heraldic, that is,
+with historical significance, recorded after an heraldic fashion.
+
+2. Second: this significance of their Flags ought also to be understood,
+that it may be appreciated, by all true English people.
+
+3. Third: our Flags ought always to be made and represented correctly.
+
+And 4. Lastly: our Flags, and all other Flags also, ought always to be
+hoisted and displayed rightly and properly.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+THE ROYAL HERALDRY OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND
+
+  _Shields of Arms of the Reigning Sovereigns of England; of Scotland;
+  of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland-- Crests--
+  Supporters-- Mottoes-- Crowns-- Banners-- Armorial Insignia of the
+  late Prince Consort; of the Prince and Princess of Wales; of the other
+  Princes and Princesses._
+
+  “On his Banner were three Leopards, courant, of fine gold, set on
+  red: fierce were they, haughty and cruel, to signify that, like them,
+  the KING is dreadful to his enemies; for his bite is slight to none
+  who inflame his anger: and yet, towards such as seek his friendship
+  or submit to his power his kindness is soon rekindled.�
+    --ROLL OF CARLAVEROCK.
+
+  “With Scotland’s Arms, Device and Crest
+  Embroidered round and round.�
+    --MARMION.
+
+
+How the “three Leopards courant� of the shrewd chronicler of Carlaverock
+are identical with the “three Lions passant guardant� of the Royal
+Shield of England I have already shown (see page 84). To the Norman
+Sovereigns of England, WILLIAM I., WILLIAM II., HENRY I., and STEPHEN
+(A.D. 1066-1154), the same Shield of Arms has been assigned--_Gu., two
+lions pass. guard., in pale, or_, No. 22. It must be distinctly
+understood, however, that there exists no certain authority for these
+Arms.
+
+In like manner, STEPHEN is also _said_ to have borne on a red Shield
+three golden _Sagittaries_, or Centaurs, with bows and arrows. And,
+again, HENRY II. is _considered_ to have added a third lion to the two
+on the Shield of his father, a _single golden lion passant guardant on
+red_ being (also considered to be) the armorial ensign of the province
+of Aquitaine, acquired by HENRY in right of his Consort, ALIANORE.
+
+As early as the reign of HENRY III., a Shield of Arms, No. 23, was
+assigned to the Anglo-Saxon Kings: another Shield, No. 2, was assigned
+to EDWARD THE CONFESSOR: and a third Shield, No. 3, to another sainted
+Anglo-Saxon Prince, EDMUND.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 22.--Royal Arms, supposed to have been borne
+  before A.D. 1189.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 187.--Royal Arms, from A.D. 1189 to 1340.]
+
+From the appearance of the Second Great Seal of RICHARD I., about A.D.
+1195, all uncertainty concerning the Royal Arms of England is at an end,
+and they are borne as follows by the successive English Sovereigns:--
+
+RICHARD I.: JOHN: HENRY III.: EDWARD I.: EDWARD II.: and EDWARD III.,
+till the thirteenth year of his reign, A.D. 1340:--_Gu., three lions
+passant guardant in pale or_,--No. 187.
+
+EDWARD III., from the thirteenth year of his reign, when he claimed to
+be King of France as well as of England, and so styled himself:
+RICHARD II.: and HENRY IV., till about the fifth year of his
+reign:--_France Ancient and England quarterly_,--No. 252.
+
+RICHARD II. sometimes bore the Arms of the CONFESSOR, No. 2, with his
+own, on a separate shield, as at Westminster Hall; and sometimes he
+impaled the Confessor’s Arms with his own quartered Shield, the arms of
+the Confessor having the precedence.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 252.--Royal Arms from A.D. 1340 to about 1405.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 253.--Royal Arms from about A.D. 1405 to 1603.]
+
+HENRY IV. from about 1405: HENRY V.: HENRY VI.: EDWARD IV.: EDWARD V.:
+RICHARD III.: HENRY VII.: HENRY VIII.: EDWARD VI.: MARY: and ELIZABETH,
+to A.D. 1603:--_France Modern and England Quarterly_, No. 253.
+
+The Royal Shield of SCOTLAND, No. 138, first appears upon the Seal of
+ALEXANDER II. about A.D. 1235; and, as Mr. Seton well observes, the
+origin of its bearings “is veiled by the mists of Antiquity.� The same
+Shield, without any modification or change, was borne by all the
+Sovereigns of Scotland.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 138.--Royal Arms of Scotland.]
+
+JAMES I.: CHARLES I.: CHARLES II.: JAMES II.: WILLIAM III. and MARY: and
+ANNE, till May 1, 1707: _Quarterly_: 1 _and_ 4, _Grand Quarters, France
+Modern and England_ (No. 253): 2, _Grand Quarter, Scotland_ (No. 138):
+3, _Grand Quarter--Az., a harp or, stringed arg., for Ireland_: No. 423.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 423.--Royal Arms of the Stuart Sovereigns.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 425.--Diagram of Shield of William III. and Mary.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 424.--Arms of Nassau.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 426.--Diagram of Shield of William III. alone.]
+
+WILLIAM III., as an elected Sovereign, charged his paternal shield of
+NASSAU, No. 424--_Az., billettée, a lion rampt. or_,--in pretence upon
+the Royal Shield: also, during the life of his Consort, till Dec. 28,
+1694, he bore the _Stuart_ shield with _Nassau_ in pretence on the
+dexter half of his Shield, and thus impaled in the sinister half of his
+Shield the same Stuart arms, as in the Diagram, No. 425, to denote their
+joint Sovereignty: the Shield represented in this Diagram, No. 425,
+bears the whole of No. 423 on its dexter half, with No. 424 in pretence;
+and on its sinister half it also bears the whole of No. 423. When he
+reigned alone, WILLIAM III. bore his own dexter half of the impaled
+Shield alone, as in the Diagram, No. 426: the Shield represented in this
+Diagram being the dexter half of No. 425.
+
+Queen ANNE, from May 1, 1707, till 1714, bore the Royal Arms marshalled
+as in the Diagram, No. 427:--1 and 2, _England_ impaling _Scotland_; 3,
+_France Modern_ (No. 253); 4, _Ireland_ (the Harp, as in the third
+quarter of No. 423).
+
+  [Illustration: No. 427.--Diagram of the Second Royal Shield
+  of Queen Anne.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 428.--Arms of Hanover.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 429.--Diagram of the Royal Shield
+  from A.D. 1714 to 1801.]
+
+The Arms of HANOVER, on the accession of GEORGE I., August 1, 1714, were
+added to the Shield of the United Kingdom. This was accomplished by
+removing the charges (_England and Scotland impaled_) from the fourth
+quarter of the Shield, No. 427, and charging that quarter with the arms
+of _Hanover_ as they appear on the Shield, No. 428:--_Per pale and per
+chevron_, 1, _Gu., two lions passant guardant or_, for _Brunswick_: 2,
+_Or, Semée of hearts, a lion rampt. az._, for _Lunenburgh_: 3, _Gu.,
+a horse courant arg._, for _Westphalia_: 4, _Over all, on an
+inescutcheon gules, the golden crown of Charlemagne_. This marshalling
+is shown in the Diagram, No. 429, which represents a Shield bearing,--1
+and 2, _England_ impaling _Scotland_;  3, _France Modern_; 4, _Ireland_;
+5, _Hanover_ (as in No. 428, without the Crown).
+
+On January 1, 1801, the Fleurs de Lys of France were removed from the
+Royal Shield of Great Britain, which then was marshalled as in the
+diagram, No. 430, _quarterly_, 1 _and_ 4, _England_; 2, _Scotland_; 3,
+_Ireland_; 5, _Hanover_--the shield of Hanover being ensigned with the
+_Electoral Bonnet_, No. 240, till 1816, but, after Hanover became a
+kingdom, with a _Royal Crown_ in place of the Electoral Bonnet from 1816
+till 1837, as it appears in No. 428.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 430.--Diagram of the Royal Shield
+  from A.D. 1801 to 1837.]
+
+GEORGE I.: GEORGE II.: GEORGE III., till Jan. 1, 1801:--The arms
+indicated in the diagram, No. 429.
+
+GEORGE III., till 1816:--The arms indicated in the diagram, No. 430, the
+inescutcheon ensigned with an electoral bonnet.
+
+GEORGE III., after 1816: GEORGE IV.: WILLIAM IV.:--The same arms as No.
+430, but the inescutcheon ensigned with a Royal Crown.
+
+QUEEN VICTORIA, KING EDWARD VII., and KING GEORGE V.:--The same as No.
+430, but without the inescutcheon, the four quarters being marshalled as
+on the Royal Standard, No. 416.
+
+
+ROYAL CRESTS.
+
+For ENGLAND:--_A golden lion statant guardant, imperially crowned_;
+assumed by EDWARD III., and by him borne on his Helm standing upon a Cap
+of Estate; retained from his time, and now borne standing on an Imperial
+Crown. No. 431.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 431.--Royal Crest of England.]
+
+For SCOTLAND:--First Crest. _A lion statant guardant gu._, assumed by
+ROBERT II., about A.D. 1385; retained, and with some modifications used
+by his successors, till about A.D. 1550. Second Crest. _On an Imperial
+Crown, a lion sejant affronté erect gu.; imperially crowned, holding in
+the dexter paw a sword, and in the sinister paw a sceptre, both erect
+and ppr._; with the motto--IN: DEFENSE; assumed by JAMES V.; borne by
+MARY, and shown in her signet-ring, No. 432, about 1564; retained, and
+now in use.
+
+
+ROYAL SUPPORTERS.
+
+For ENGLAND. Of uncertain authority before HENRY VI., who bore _two
+white antelopes_: also, _a lion and a panther_, or _antelope_.
+
+EDWARD IV.:--_A lion or_, or _argent, and a bull sable_: or, _two lions
+argent_: or, _a lion and a hart argent_.
+
+RICHARD III.:--_A lion or and a boar arg._: or, _two boars arg._
+
+HENRY VII.:--_A dragon gu., and a greyhound arg._: or, _two greyhounds
+arg._: or, _a lion or and a dragon gu._
+
+HENRY VIII.:--_A lion or and a dragon gu._: or, _a dragon gu., and
+either a bull sable, a greyhound argent, or a cock arg._
+
+EDWARD VI.:--_A lion or, and a dragon gu._
+
+MARY and ELIZABETH:--_A lion or, and a greyhound arg._, or _a dragon
+gu._
+
+For SCOTLAND.--First Supporters:--_Two lions rampt. guard._; first seen
+on a Seal of JAMES I., A.D. 1429. Second Supporters: _Two silver
+unicorns, crowned with imperial and gorged with open crowns and chained
+or_; assumed by JAMES IV., and retained in use. On the signet of Queen
+MARY STUART, No. 432: for this beautiful cut once more I am indebted to
+Mr. Laing.
+
+For the UNITED KINGDOM. Dexter Supporter: _A lion rampt. guard., royally
+crowned, or_. Sinister Supporter: _A unicorn rampt. arg., armed, crined
+and gorged with a coronet composed of crosses pattée and fleurs de lis,
+and chained or_. Assumed by JAMES I. of Great Britain: retained, and
+still in use.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 432.--The Signet of Queen Mary Stuart,
+  considerably enlarged.]
+
+
+ROYAL MOTTOES.
+
+The ancient English war-cry--DIEU . ET . MON . DROIT!--“_God and my
+Right!_� assumed as a regular Motto by HENRY VI., has been retained in
+use since his time.
+
+Queens ELIZABETH and ANNE also used--SEMPER . EADEM--“_Always the
+Same_.� JAMES I. used--BEATI . PACIFICI--“_Blessed are the
+Peace-makers_.�
+
+Mottoes of Scotland: NEMO . ME . IMPUNE . LACESSIT--“_No man with
+impunity attacks me_:� and, above the Crest--IN . DEFENSE. The former is
+really the Motto of the Order of the Thistle.
+
+
+THE CROWN
+
+Till the time of HENRY IV., the Crown, the symbol of the Sovereignty of
+England, was a golden circlet richly jewelled, and heightened with
+conventional _strawberry-leaves_: fine examples are represented in the
+effigies of HENRY III., JOHN, and EDWARD II.
+
+HENRY IV., as shown by his splendid effigy at Canterbury, introduced
+_fleurs de lys_, alternating with the leaves.
+
+From the time of HENRY V., the circlet has been heightened by _crosses
+pattées_ and _fleurs de lys_ alternating, four of each, and without any
+leaves. HENRY V. also first _arched the circlet with jewelled bands_,
+which at their intersection he surmounted with a _mound and cross_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 234.--Crown of H.M., The King.]
+
+The arched Crown of HENRY V. has four half-arches,--that is, it is
+arched over twice: HENRY VI. and CHARLES I. arched their crown three
+times: all the other Sovereigns have had two complete arches only, and
+the Crown still retains these two arches intersecting at right angles,
+as in No. 234. At different periods, while the design of the Crown has
+remained unchanged, the contour of the arches, and the artistic
+treatment of the ornamentation have undergone various modifications.
+
+The ROYAL BANNERS, or STANDARDS, are charged with the bearings of the
+Royal Shield of Arms for the time being.
+
+The Armorial Insignia of H.R.H. the late PRINCE CONSORT. The SHIELD
+was--_Quarterly_, 1 _and_ 4,--_The Royal Arms of the late Queen_, as in
+No. 416, but differenced with _a silver label of three points charged on
+the central point with a cross of St. George_: 2 _and_ 3,--_Saxony_, No.
+225. This Shield was encircled with the Garter of the Order, and
+ensigned with the Prince’s own Coronet, shown in No. 441.
+
+The CREST was the _Royal Crest of England_, No. 431, the lion having the
+same _label_ that differences the Shield adjusted about his neck as a
+collar, and being crowned with the coronet, _vide_ No. 441, in place of
+the Imperial Crown.
+
+The SUPPORTERS were those of the Royal Arms, _the golden lion and silver
+unicorn_, both of them differenced with the same _label_, and the lion
+crowned with the same coronet.
+
+The Motto.--TREU . UND . FEST--“True and Faithful.� To the dexter of
+this Achievement, the complete Royal Achievement of QUEEN VICTORIA.
+
+The Arms of KING EDWARD VII. were and those of KING GEORGE V. are
+practically the same as those of QUEEN VICTORIA. As PRINCES OF WALES,
+these Arms were differenced by a plain _label_ of three points argent,
+and an inescutcheon of SAXONY was superimposed. In each case upon
+accession to the throne, the inescutcheon of Saxony was removed, and
+consequently there has been no change whatsoever in the Royal Arms,
+those of KING EDWARD and KING GEORGE being the same as those of QUEEN
+VICTORIA, save, of course, the necessary change in the Royal
+Cyphers--the full blazon of the Royal Arms for the present reign
+being:--
+
+ARMS.-- _Quarterly_, 1 _and_ 4, _gules, three lions passant guardant in
+pale or_ (ENGLAND); 2, _or, a lion rampant within a double tressure
+flory and counterflory gules_ (SCOTLAND); 3, _azure, a harp or, stringed
+argent_ (IRELAND).
+
+HELMET--_of gold, affronté and with grylles_.
+
+MANTLING, _cloth of gold lined with ermine_.
+
+CRESTS _upon the Imperial Crown, a lion statant guardant, crowned or_
+(ENGLAND).
+
+_Upon the Crown of Scotland, a lion sejant erect affronté gules; crowned
+or, holding in the dexter paw a sword, and in the sinister a sceptre,
+both proper_ (SCOTLAND).
+
+On a Wreath, _or and azure, a tower triple-towered of the first, from
+the portal a hart springing argent, attired and unguled gold_ (IRELAND).
+
+SUPPORTERS (dexter), _a lion guardant or, crowned as the crest_;
+(sinister), _a unicorn argent, armed, crined and unguled or, gorged with
+a coronet composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lis, a chain affixed
+thereto, passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back of the
+last_.
+
+BADGES.--
+
+  1. _The Red and White Rose, united and crowned_ (ENGLAND).
+
+  2. _The Thistle, crowned_ (SCOTLAND).
+
+  3. _A Harp or, stringed argent, crowned_ (IRELAND).
+
+  4. _A Trefoil slipped vert, crowned_ (IRELAND).
+
+  5. _The Rose, Thistle and Shamrock united on one stem and crowned_
+    (UNITED KINGDOM).
+
+  6. _A Shield, crowned and bearing the device of the Union Jack_
+    (UNITED KINGDOM).
+
+  7. _Upon a mount vert, a dragon passant with wings elevated gules_
+    (WALES). _N.B._--This badge is not crowned.
+
+MOTTO.--DIEU . ET . MON . DROIT in the compartment below the Shield,
+with the Union, Rose, Shamrock, and Thistle engrafted on the same stem.
+
+The Shield is encircled by the Garter of that Order.
+
+The Arms of H.M. QUEEN ALEXANDRA, early in the reign of KING EDWARD,
+were declared by Royal Warrant. Within the Garter are impaled (dexter)
+the Arms of KING EDWARD VII. and (sinister) the undifferenced Arms of
+DENMARK as under:--
+
+The ROYAL ARMS OF DENMARK. The Shield divided into four quarters by the
+national _white cross_, having a _border of red_ to represent the red
+field of the Danish Ensign. First Quarter:--DENMARK--_Or, semée of
+hearts gu., three lions pass. guard. in pale az._ Second
+Quarter:--SLESWICK--_Or, two lions pass. in pale az._ Third
+Quarter:--_Per fesse, in chief_, SWEDEN--_Az., three crowns or; in
+base_, ICELAND--_Gu., a stock-fish arg., crowned or; impaling_, for
+FAROE ISLANDS--_Az., a buck pass. arg._; and, for GREENLAND--a _polar
+bear rampt. arg._ Fourth Quarter:--_Per fesse, in chief_, for
+JUTLAND--_Or, ten hearts, four, three, two, one, gu., and in chief a
+lion pass. az.; in base_, for VANDALIA--_Gu., a wyvern, its tail nowed
+and wings expanded, or_.
+
+On an Inescutcheon, quarterly: First, for HOLSTEIN--_Gu., an
+inescutcheon per fesse arg. and of the first, in every point thereof a
+nail in triangle, between as many holly-leaves, all ppr._ Second, for
+STORMERK--_Gu., a swan arg., gorged with a coronet or_. Third, for
+DITZMERS--_Az., an armed knight ppr., brandishing his sword, his charger
+arg._ Fourth, for LAUENBURGH--_Gu., a horse’s head couped arg._
+
+Over all, in pretence upon a second Inescutcheon, OLDENBURGH--_Or, two
+bars gu._; impaling--_Az., a cross patée fitchée or_, for DALMENHURST.
+
+The above-mentioned warrant for Her Majesty declares the arms to be
+surmounted by the Royal Crown, and supported (dexter) by a lion
+guardant, and imperially crowned or, and (sinister) by a savage wreathed
+about the temples and loins with oak and supporting in his exterior hand
+a club all proper.
+
+The Arms of H.M. QUEEN MARY, as declared by Royal Warrant, are:--Within
+the Garter ensigned with the Royal Crown the Arms of the United Kingdom
+of Great Britain and Ireland impaling quarterly (for Cambridge) the
+Royal Arms as borne by GEORGE III. differenced by a label of three
+points arg., the centre point charged with the St. George’s Cross, and
+each of the other points with two hearts in pale gu., 2nd and 3rd (for
+Teck) or, three stags’ attires fesseways in pale, the point of each
+attire to the sinister sa., impaling or, three lions passant in pale
+sa., langued gu., the dexter fore paws of the last, over all an
+inescutcheon paly bendy sinister sa. and or. _Supporters_ (dexter)
+a lion guardant or, crowned with the Royal Crown ppr.; (sinister) a stag
+ppr.
+
+H.R.H. the PRINCE OF WALES bears a Shield--_Quarterly_, 1 _and_ 4,
+ENGLAND; 2, SCOTLAND; 3, IRELAND, differenced by a plain _label of three
+points argent_. In pretence over these Arms he bears an Inescutcheon of
+the Arms of WALES, viz. quarterly or and gu., four lions passant
+guardant counter-changed, the Inescutcheon surmounted by the Coronet of
+the Heir-Apparent. His Crest is the Crest of England, and his Supporters
+are also the same, but the Crest and each of the Supporters are
+differenced by a similar _label_, and for the Imperial Crown in the
+Crest and dexter supporter the coronet of the Prince of WALES is
+substituted. The Badges of the Prince of WALES are two:--viz. 1, _A
+plume of three ostrich feathers arg., quilled or, enfiled by a coronet
+composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lys_, with the MOTTO, “ICH
+DIEN�: 2, _on a mount vert, a dragon passant with wings elevated gu.,
+differenced with a label of three points arg._ Below the SHIELD the
+MOTTO “ICH DIEN� is repeated, and the Shield is surrounded by the
+Garter.
+
+The other PRINCES and PRINCESSES, younger children of the late QUEEN
+VICTORIA, all bore the Royal Arms of the Sovereign, the Princes on
+_Shields_, the Princesses on _Lozenges_. All their Royal Highnesses bore
+the Royal _Supporters_; all have a Shield of _Saxony_, in pretence on
+their own Shield or Lozenge; all ensign their Shield or Lozenge with
+their own Coronet, No. 290; and the Princes bear the Royal _Crest_. In
+every case, the dexter Supporter is crowned and the sinister Supporter
+is gorged, and the Crest stands upon and is ensigned with the same
+Coronet which appears above the Shield as their particular coronet of
+rank: all the Shields, Lozenges, Crests, and Supporters, are differenced
+with a _silver label of three points, the labels being differenced_ as
+follows:--
+
+H.R.H. the late Duke of EDINBURGH, &c.:--_On the central point a red
+cross; on each of the other two points a red anchor_ (when the Duke
+succeeded to the throne of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, a radical change in
+his Arms was made). H.R.H. the Duke of CONNAUGHT:--_Red cross, and two
+blue fleurs de lys_. H.R.H. the late Duke of ALBANY:--_Red cross, and
+two red hearts_. H.I.M. the late GERMAN EMPRESS, PRINCESS ROYAL OF
+ENGLAND, on the central point of her _label_ had a _red rose_, and on
+each of the other two points a _red cross_. H.R.H. the late Princess
+ALICE OF HESSE had on her _label_ a _red rose_, between two _ermine
+spots_. H.R.H. the Princess HELENA, Princess CHRISTIAN, has on her
+_label_ a _red cross_ between two _red roses_. H.R.H. the Princess
+LOUISE (Duchess of ARGYLL):--_Red rose, and two red cantons_. H.R.H. the
+Princess BEATRICE:--_Red heart, and two red roses_.
+
+The Warrants for the three daughters of King EDWARD were issued in the
+lifetime of Queen VICTORIA when they were grandchildren of the
+Sovereign, and no change has since been made. Consequently the _labels_
+are of _five points_ instead of _three_. The Charges upon the label of
+H.R.H. the Duchess of FIFE (Princess ROYAL OF ENGLAND) are: _Three red
+crosses, and two thistles slipped alternately_. H.R.H. Princess VICTORIA
+has a _label_ of _five points argent_, charged with _three roses_ and
+_two crosses gules_; and H.M. the Queen of NORWAY a similar _label_,
+charged with _three hearts_ and _two crosses gules_.
+
+The _label_ of H.R.H. the first Duke of CAMBRIDGE was silver, of three
+points, and the points differenced with _a red cross_ in the centre, and
+on each of the two side points _two red hearts in pale_. The second and
+late Duke bore the same _label_ as his father, and below it a second
+_label_ of three points _gules_. The _label_ of H.R.H. the first Duke of
+CUMBERLAND (son of KING GEORGE III.) was of silver, and of _three
+points_ charged with a _fleur de lys_ between _two crosses gules_. The
+second Duke bore an additional _label_ of _three points gules_, the
+_centre point_ charged with the _white horse of Hanover_. These Dukes
+bore the Royal Arms as used in the reign of GEORGE III. and not as
+altered for Queen VICTORIA, differencing the accessories as well as the
+Shield with their _labels_.
+
+In 1904 a warrant was issued for H.R.H. Prince ARTHUR OF CONNAUGHT. The
+label was of five points charged with three red crosses and two blue
+fleurs de lys alternately. The coronet assigned to him was of crosses
+patée and strawberry leaves alternately.
+
+An interesting warrant was issued for the Princess VICTORIA EUGENIE OF
+BATTENBERG, now Queen of SPAIN, in view of her then approaching
+marriage. This assigned to her the arms of her father within a bordure
+of England, and each of the supporters had a banner of the Royal Arms of
+the United Kingdom placed in his paws.
+
+Even more interesting was the warrant issued in 1913 to H.H. Princess
+ALEXANDRA, Duchess of FIFE. This assigned to her upon a lozenge the
+Royal Arms, differenced by the same label as that of her mother the
+Princess Royal, and upon an inescutcheon the quarterly coat of Duff, the
+inescutcheon being surmounted by the coronet of a Duchess of the United
+Kingdom, and the lozenge itself being surmounted by the coronet of a
+Princess of the rank of Highness. The dexter supporter is the Royal Lion
+of England crowned with the last-mentioned coronet and charged with the
+label as in the arms. The sinister supporter is a savage taken from the
+supporters of the late Duke of Fife.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD AND INSIGNIA OF HONOUR
+
+  _Feudal Knighthood-- Orders of Knighthood: Knights of St. John;
+  Knights Templars; The Order of the Garter; of the Thistle; of St.
+  Patrick; of the Bath; of St. Michael and St. George; of The Star of
+  India-- Order of Merit-- Royal Victorian Order-- Imperial Service
+  Order-- The Victoria Cross-- The Albert Medal-- Naval and Military
+  Medals-- Foreign Insignia bestowed on British Subjects._
+
+  “The same King would make an Order of KNIGHTS of himself
+  and his Sons, and of the bravest of his land.�
+    --FROISSART.
+
+  “I will say as I have said,--
+  Thou art a noble KNIGHT.�
+    --LORD OF THE ISLES.
+
+
+KNIGHTHOOD, as that term is generally understood in its comprehensive
+acceptation, has been well defined to be “a distinction of rank amongst
+freemen, depending not upon birth or property, but simply upon the
+admission of the person so distinguished, by the girding of a sword or
+other similar solemnity, into an order of men having by law or usage
+certain social or political privileges,� and also a certain appropriate
+title. It is evident, therefore, from this definition that Knighthood
+implies the existence of these two conditions: the one, that the man to
+be admitted to the rank of Knighthood should possess such qualifications
+as may entitle him to that distinction; and the other, that Knighthood
+should be conferred by a personage endowed with a competent power and
+authority.
+
+In feudal times the qualifications for Knighthood were military exploits
+of a distinguished character, and eminent services, of whatever kind,
+rendered to the King and the realm: also, the holding a certain property
+in land (in the time of EDWARD I., land then of the yearly value of £20,
+or upwards), whether directly from the King, or under some Noble, by the
+feudal tenure of personal military service to be rendered under certain
+established conditions; but it has been disputed whether there was any
+necessary connection between Knighthood, as such, and the Knight Service
+of Feudal Tenure. During the first two centuries after the Conquest,
+Knighthood was conferred by the great Barons and by the Spiritual Peers,
+as well as by the King himself, or by his appointed representative: but,
+after the accession of HENRY III., the prevailing rule appears to have
+been that in England no persons should be created Knights except by the
+King, or the Prince Royal acting for his Father, or by the King’s
+General-in-Chief, or other personal representative.
+
+The knightly rank, as it gave an increase of dignity, implied also the
+maintenance of a becoming state, and the discharge of certain civil
+duties: and, more particularly, all Knights were required to make such a
+provision for rendering military service as was held to be consistent
+with their position and their property; and it was expected from them
+that they should take a dignified part in the chivalrous exercises and
+celebrations of their times. It followed, that feudal Knighthood was a
+distinction which, if not conferred for the sake of honour, became
+obligatory; and fines, accordingly, were imposed upon men qualified for
+Knighthood who, notwithstanding, were found not to be Knights. In the
+course of time, as the rigour of the feudal system abated, the numbers
+of the military tenants of small tenures greatly increased: and, since
+many of these persons had no inclination for the profession of arms,
+they gladly accepted the alternative of paying a fine, which enabled
+them to evade an honour unsuited as well to their means as to their
+personal tastes and their peaceful avocations. A fruitful source of
+revenue thus was secured for the Crown, while the military character of
+Knighthood was maintained, and at the same time a new and important
+class of the community gradually became established.
+
+The Knights of Norman England, who at first were soldiers of the highest
+order, derived their designation from their warlike predecessors of
+Anglo-Saxon times, the word “_cniht_,� in the late Anglo-Saxon tongue,
+signifying a military attendant. When they had established themselves in
+the position and in the possession of the lands of the Anglo-Saxons, the
+Anglo-Norman Knights retained their own original title. The Latin
+equivalent for that title of “Knight� is “_Miles_,� and the
+Norman-French is “_Chevalier_.�
+
+These Knights may be grouped in two classes. The first class contains
+all persons who had been admitted into the comprehensive Order of
+Chivalry--who were Knights by reason of their common Knighthood. The
+second class is formed of Knights who, in addition to their Knightly
+rank, were members of some special and distinct Fraternity,
+Companionship, or Order of Knighthood. Every Society of this kind has
+always possessed Laws, Institutions, Titles, and Insignia peculiar to
+itself.
+
+The peculiar character and object of the Crusades led to the formation
+of two Orders of _Priest-Knights_--Orders not belonging to any
+particular nation, but numbering amongst their members men of all
+nations. These are the Orders of the KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM,
+or HOSPITALLERS, and of the KNIGHTS TEMPLARS.
+
+The HOSPITALLERS, instituted about A.D. 1092, were introduced into
+England about 1100. In the year 1310 they were established at Rhodes,
+and in 1530 at Malta, under their forty-third Grand Master, PHILIPPE DE
+VILLIERS DE L’ISLE-ADAM. Their device is a _silver cross of eight
+points_, No. 107, charged upon a _black field_, or worn upon a black
+surcoat or mantle. The Order was finally suppressed in England in 1559.
+
+The TEMPLARS, instituted about A.D. 1118, were introduced into England
+about 1140. In the year 1309 they were suppressed, and in 1312 their
+Order was finally abolished. They wore _a Cross_ of the same form as No.
+107, but of a _red colour upon a white field_. This red cross they
+charged upon a white banner: and they bore another banner, No. 13, of
+_black and white_, entitled “_Beau Seant_.� The same words, “_Beau
+Seant!_� were their war-cry. The Badges of the Templars were the _Agnus
+Dei_--the Holy Lamb, holding a red-cross banner; and a device
+representing two Knights mounted on a single horse, intended to denote
+the original poverty of the Order.[8]
+
+    [Footnote 8: The Arms of the Inner Temple of the present day
+    are--_Azure, a pegasus_ (or winged horse) _argent_, or sometimes
+    _or_. This Coat is derived from the early Badge, _the two horsemen_
+    having been mistaken in later times for _wings_. The Arms of the
+    Middle Temple are--_Argent, on a cross gules_, the Agnus Dei.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 433.--Insignia of the Order of the Garter.]
+
+THE ORDER OF THE GARTER, a military Fraternity under the special
+patronage of “ST. GEORGE, the good Knight,� was instituted at Windsor by
+King EDWARD III. in, or about, the year 1350--very probably in the
+summer of 1348, but the exact time is not positively known. It may
+safely be assumed, that the occasion which led to the institution of
+this most noble and renowned Order, was a Tournament or Hastilude of
+unusual importance held at his Castle of Windsor by EDWARD III. at the
+most brilliant period of his reign: and it is highly probable that the
+Order suggested itself to the mind of the King, as a natural result of
+his own chivalrous revival of a knightly “Round Table,� such as
+flourished in the days of King Arthur. How much of historical fact there
+may be in the popular legend, which professes to derive from a certain
+romantic incident the Title certainly borne by King EDWARD’S Order from
+the time of its original institution, it is not possible to determine:
+but the legend itself is not in any way inconsistent with the spirit of
+those times; nor would the Knights Founders of the Garter regard their
+Order as the less honourable, because its Title might remind them of the
+happy gallantry, with which the casual misadventure of a noble Lady had
+been turned to so good an account by a most princely Monarch. The
+Statutes of the Order have been continually modified and altered, and
+the original military character of the Institution has long ceased to
+exist: still, no changes in the Order of the Garter have affected the
+pre-eminence of its dignity and reputation. Illustrious now as ever, and
+foremost in rank and honour in our own country, the GARTER is second to
+no knightly Order in the world.
+
+The MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER consists of the SOVEREIGN and
+Twenty-five KNIGHTS COMPANIONS, of whom the PRINCE OF WALES always is
+one. By a Statute of the year 1805, the Order includes such lineal
+descendants of GEORGE III. as may be elected: and still more recent
+statutes have provided for the admission of foreign Sovereigns, and also
+of certain “Extra Knights,� who are elected “Companions� as vacancies
+occur.
+
+The OFFICERS of the Order are--The _Prelate_, the Bishop of Winchester:
+the _Chancellor_, the Bishop of Oxford: the _Registrar_, the Dean of
+Windsor: the _Herald_, Garter King of Arms: and, the _Usher of the Black
+Rod_.
+
+Knights of the Garter place the initials “K.G.� after their names; and
+these letters take precedence of all other titles, those of Royalty
+alone excepted.
+
+The Stalls of the Knights are in the choir of St. George’s Chapel,
+Windsor Castle, where their Garter-plates are fixed, and their Banners
+are displayed.
+
+The INSIGNIA of the Order of the Garter are--The _Garter_ itself, of a
+light blue originally, now of a dark blue, with border, buckle, and
+pendant of gold. On it, in golden letters, the
+_Motto_--HONI . SOIT . QVI . MAL . Y . PENSE--“Dishonour to him who
+thinks ill of it;� and not, as it is commonly rendered, “Evil to him
+that evil thinks.�
+
+The Badge of the Order is circular, and formed of a buckled Garter
+enclosing a Shield of St. George, the whole blazoned in the proper
+tinctures: it is worn on the left shoulder of the blue velvet Mantle.
+When irradiated with eight rays of silver or diamonds, a device
+resembling the Badge in every respect, except that the cross of St.
+George is enclosed within the Garter without being charged on a Shield,
+forms the _Star_ of the Order.
+
+The _Collar_, of gold enamelled, is formed of twelve buckled Garters,
+each encircling a Tudor Rose, and as many knots of intertwined cords.
+Attached to this Collar is the _George_--a mounted figure of the Saint
+in the act of trampling down the dragon and piercing him with his lance.
+The Collar and George were added to the Insignia by HENRY VII.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 434.--The Lesser George, of the Garter.]
+
+The _Lesser George_, or _Jewel_, added by HENRY VIII., has the same
+device placed on an enamelled field, and forming a jewel generally oval
+in form; it is encircled by a buckled Garter of the Order, and
+represented in No. 434. It was this Lesser George that CHARLES I.,
+immediately before he suffered, delivered to Archbishop JUXON, with the
+word, “Remember.� As a matter of course, the figure of ST. GEORGE ought
+always to be represented as a Knight, armed and equipped as one of the
+Christian chivalry of the Middle Ages--not as a pagan horseman of
+antiquity, and more particularly not in the guise of such a nude
+champion as appears on some of our modern coins. The Lesser George,
+often incorrectly called the Badge, at first was sometimes worn from a
+gold chain, and sometimes from a _black Ribbon_. The Colour of the
+ribbon was changed to _sky blue_ by Queen ELIZABETH; and it has since
+been again changed to the _dark blue_ of the broad Ribbon now worn. This
+_Ribbon_ of the Order crosses the figure of the wearer, passing over the
+left shoulder, and the Lesser George hangs from it under the right arm.
+
+Since the time of CHARLES II. it has been customary for the nearest
+representatives of a deceased K.G. to return his Insignia to the
+Sovereign.
+
+Each Officer of the Order, except the Usher, has his own proper Badge.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 450.--Insignia of the Order of the Thistle.]
+
+
+The ORDER OF THE THISTLE, OF SCOTLAND, styled “Most Noble and Most
+Ancient,� and indicated by the Initials “K.T.,� was originally
+instituted long before the accession of a Scottish Sovereign to the
+Crown of England; but it is now governed by statutes framed by JAMES II.
+of Great Britain, ANNE, and GEORGE IV.
+
+The Order consists of the SOVEREIGN and sixteen KNIGHTS. Its OFFICERS
+are--The _Dean_; _the Lord Lyon King of Arms_; and the _Gentleman Usher
+of the Green Rod_.
+
+The INSIGNIA are--The _Badge_ of gold enamelled, being a figure of St.
+Andrew standing upon a mount holding his silver Saltire and surrounded
+by rays in the form of a glory. This Badge is worn from the _Collar_ of
+the Order, formed of sixteen Thistles alternating with as many bunches
+of rue-sprigs; or, from a broad _dark green Ribbon_, which crosses the
+left shoulder. There are fine examples of these Insignia sculptured upon
+the Monument of MARY, Queen of Scots, in Westminster Abbey. The jewel is
+shown in No. 435.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 435.--Jewel of the Thistle.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 436.--Badge of St. Patrick.]
+
+The _Star_ of this Order, of silver or diamonds, is in the form of a St.
+Andrew’s Saltire, having its four limbs alternating with the four points
+of a lozenge: in the centre, surrounded by the Motto (NEMO ME IMPUNE
+LACESSIT), is a Thistle proper.
+
+The Most Illustrious Order of ST. PATRICK, OF IRELAND, indicated by the
+Initials, “K.P.�, and instituted in 1783 by GEORGE III., consists of the
+SOVEREIGN, the GRAND MASTER, and twenty-two KNIGHTS. The OFFICERS are
+the Grand Master, the _Chancellor_, the _Secretary_, _Ulster King of
+Arms_ and _Registrar_, two _Heralds_, and one _Pursuivant_, the
+_Genealogist_, and the _Usher of the Black Rod_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 451.--Insignia of the Order of St. Patrick.]
+
+The INSIGNIA are--The _Badge_ or _Jewel_, of gold enamelled, and oval in
+form. It has a Shamrock (or Trefoil slipped) having on each leaf a Royal
+Crown, charged on the Saltire of St. Patrick, the field being surrounded
+by the _Motto_--QVIS . SEPARABIT . (“Who will sever?�) MDCCLXXXIII., on
+a blue band, which in its turn is encircled with a wreath of Shamrocks
+on gold. This Badge, No. 436, is worn from the _Collar_, composed of
+Roses and Harps, alternating with each other and with knotted cords,
+a Crown surmounting a Harp being in the centre; or, the Badge is worn
+from a broad _sky-blue Ribbon_, crossing the right shoulder.
+
+The _Star_ resembles the Badge, except that its centre is circular
+instead of oval; and that it has eight rays of silver or diamonds, in
+place of the wreath of Shamrocks.
+
+The Most Honourable ORDER OF THE BATH is an early Institution which,
+after having long been in abeyance, has been revived and remodelled, and
+has received fresh statutes in the years 1725, 1815, 1847, and 1859.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 452.--Collar and Military Badge.
+  Insignia of the Order of the Bath.]
+
+The Order, now numbering about a thousand members, consists of several
+distinct Groups or Classes, which include, with the SOVEREIGN, the Royal
+Princes, and some few distinguished Foreigners, Officers of our own Navy
+and Army, and also Diplomatic and Civil Servants of the Crown.
+
+The Three “Classes� of the Order alike include members of the Three
+Services, and each class is divided into two divisions, viz. Military
+and Civil.
+
+The “First Class,� of KNIGHTS GRAND CROSS OF THE BATH--G.C.B.--has 55
+Military and 27 Civil Knights.
+
+The “Second Class� numbers (with power to increase these numbers) 145
+Military and 108 Civil KNIGHTS COMMANDERS OF THE BATH--K.C.B.
+
+The “Third Class,� not of Knights, but of COMPANIONS OF THE
+BATH--C.B.--has 705 Military and 298 Civil Members, who take rank
+between Knights and Esquires.
+
+The MILITARY INSIGNIA are--The BADGE, a complicated combination of
+devices, characteristic of the debased period which produced it. It is
+represented in No. 437.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 437.--Badge of the Bath (Military Division).]
+
+The Cross is white; the circle with the Motto, red; and the small scroll
+in base, blue; all the rest being enamelled “proper.� This Badge is worn
+by the G.C.B. attached to a _Collar_, formed of nine Crowns and eight
+clusters of the Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock issuing from a Sceptre,
+alternating with seventeen Knots enamelled argent: or, this Badge is
+suspended by the G.C.B. from a broad _red Ribbon_, crossing the left
+shoulder. By the K.C.B. the Badge is worn from a narrower red Ribbon
+about the neck, or a still narrower at the button-hole. Also, by the
+C.B. it is attached to a narrow red Ribbon at the button-hole.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 453.--Star of Knight Grand Cross (Civil).]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 454.--Star of Knight Commander (Military).]
+
+The _Star_ of the G.C.B. is similar to the Badge without The Cross and
+the lions, surrounded by silver rays having a lozenge-shaped outline.
+The _Star_ of the K.C.B., which is in the form of a Maltese Cross, omits
+the Cross of the Badge. The C.B. have no Star.
+
+The Diplomatic and Civil INSIGNIA are--The _Badge_, No. 438, worn with
+the same distinctions as the Naval and Military Badge; but the C.B.
+Badge is of smaller size than the Badges of the two higher Classes.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 438.--Badge of the Bath (Civil Division).]
+
+The _Star_ of the G.C.B. has eight silver rays encircling their Badge in
+a circular form. The Star of the K.C.B. is the same as that of the Naval
+and Military K.C.B., omitting the laurel-wreath and the small scroll and
+motto.
+
+The _Motto_ of the Order--TRIA . JUNCTA . IN . UNO--“Three united in
+one,� refers to the Union of the three Realms of England, Scotland, and
+Ireland, in the Order.
+
+The _Stalls_ of the Knights of the Bath, before the Order was divided
+into classes, and those of their Esquires, are in Henry the Seventh’s
+Chapel, Westminster Abbey; but no installation has taken place since
+1815, when the Order was reorganised, and no new plates or banners have
+been set up.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 455.--Order of Merit.]
+
+THE ORDER OF MERIT (O.M.) instituted in the year 1902, although it gives
+to its members neither style nor precedence, ranks next to the Order of
+the Bath, and is divided into two classes, Military and Civil. The only
+Insignia are the Badge and the Ribbon parti-coloured of _red_ and
+_blue_. The Badge is _a cross pateé of four arms_, the outline of the
+cross being circular. The cross is of _blue enamel_ and superimposed
+thereupon a smaller cross of the same design of _red_. The centre is
+_blue_, bearing the words, “FOR MERIT,� in gold letters within a laurel
+wreath. The cross is surmounted by the Royal Crown. The reverse of the
+Badge shows the Royal and Imperial Cypher. To the Badge _two swords
+saltirewise_ in the angles of the cross are added in the case of members
+of the Military Division.
+
+
+  [Illustration: No. 456.--Collar and Insignia of the Exalted Order
+  of the Star of India.]
+
+The Most Exalted ORDER OF THE STAR OF INDIA, instituted by Queen
+Victoria in 1861, to render especial honour to high merit and loyalty in
+the Indian Empire, was enlarged on the 24th of May 1866, and ordained to
+consist of the SOVEREIGN, a GRAND MASTER, and 291 Ordinary COMPANIONS or
+MEMBERS; together with such extra and Honorary Members as the Sovereign
+at any time may be pleased to appoint.
+
+The VICEROY AND GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA for the time being is always
+the GRAND MASTER. The Ordinary Members are divided into Three
+Classes:--The “First Class� comprises 36 KNIGHTS GRAND COMMANDERS:
+G.C.S.I. In the “Second Class� there are 85 KNIGHTS COMMANDERS: K.S.I.
+And, the “Third Class� numbers 170 COMPANIONS: C.S.I.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 439.--Badge of the Star of India.]
+
+The INSIGNIA are--The _Badge_, No. 439, formed of diamonds, having the
+Motto on a field of light blue enamel, and the bust of the late Queen
+executed as an onyx cameo. This Badge is attached by a mullet to the
+_Collar_, composed of heraldic roses and lotus flowers alternating with
+palm-branches, a crown being in the Centre: or, the Badge is worn from a
+_Ribbon of pale blue with white borders_ crossing the left shoulder. The
+_Star_, of diamonds, has a mullet upon an irradiated field in its
+centre, within the _Motto_--HEAVEN’S . LIGHT . OUR . GUIDE, the whole
+being environed with wavy rays having a circular outline.
+
+
+The Most Distinguished ORDER OF ST. MICHAEL AND ST. GEORGE, originally
+instituted in 1818 for use in Malta and the Ionian Islands, has been
+extended and enlarged in 1868, 1877, and 1902, and now is awarded for
+Colonial and for Foreign Services. It consists of 100 KNIGHTS GRAND
+CROSS (G.C.M.G.), 300 KNIGHTS COMMANDERS (K.C.M.G.), and 600 COMPANIONS
+(C.M.G.), in addition to Honorary Members. The numbers are not adhered
+to. The _Star_ is of seven long rays, smaller rays intervening. This is
+charged with the Cross of St. George, and in the centre is a
+representation of St. Michael encountering Satan within a blue circle,
+bearing the Motto of the Order, “AUSPICIUM MELIORIS ÆVI.�
+
+  [Illustration: No. 457.--Star and Collar of the Order of St. Michael
+  and St. George.]
+
+The _Collar_ is composed alternately of lions of England, Maltese
+Crosses, and Cyphers, S. M. and S. G. In the centre is the Crown
+_over two winged lions passant guardant, each holding a book and
+seven arrows_.
+
+The _Badge_ is a gold cross of fourteen points of white enamel, and has
+in the centre, within the Motto of the Order (on the one side), St.
+Michael encountering Satan (and on the other side), St. George and the
+Dragon. The Badge is surmounted by the Crown.
+
+
+  [Illustration: No. 458.--Eminent Order of the Indian Empire.]
+
+The Most Eminent ORDER OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, instituted in 1878 and
+subsequently enlarged, is the second Indian Order, and consists of three
+classes, KNIGHTS GRAND COMMANDERS (G.C.I.E.), KNIGHTS COMMANDERS
+(K.C.I.E.), and COMPANIONS (C.I.E.).
+
+The _Star_ is of five rays of silver, alternated with as many rays of
+gold. In the centre, within a purple circle, inscribed with the Motto,
+“IMPERATRICIS AUSPICIIS,� and surmounted by the Crown, is an effigy of
+Queen VICTORIA.
+
+The _Collar_ is composed of elephants, lotus-flowers, peacocks in their
+pride, and Indian roses, all connected by gold chains.
+
+The _Badge_ is a red enamelled rose, in the centre of which is the
+effigy within the Motto as on the Star.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 459.--The Badge.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 460.--G.C.V.O. Star.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 461.--K.C.V.O. Star.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 462.--G.C.V.O. Badge.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 463.--K.C.V.O. Badge.]
+
+The ROYAL VICTORIAN ORDER was instituted in 1896 as the personal Order
+of the British Sovereign, and is divided into five classes--KNIGHTS
+GRAND CROSS (G.C.V.O.), KNIGHTS COMMANDERS (K.C.V.O.), COMMANDERS
+(C.V.O.), and Members of the Fourth and Fifth Classes (both M.V.O.).
+
+The _Star_ is of eight points, and of chipped silver, having in the
+centre a representation of the Badge.
+
+The BADGE is a white Maltese Cross. It has an oval enamelled centre of
+crimson with the monogram V. R. I., within a blue enamelled circle,
+carrying the Motto of the Order “VICTORIA,� the circle surmounted by
+the Crown. There is no collar for the order, but the King occasionally
+bestows, as an extreme mark of favour, “The Royal Victorian Chain,�
+a decoration not governed by express Statute.
+
+
+  [Illustration: No. 464.--Distinguished Service Order.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 465.--Imperial Service Order.]
+
+The DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER is a Military Decoration instituted in
+1886, but which does not carry the style of Knighthood. The _Badge_ is a
+gold cross enamelled white and of a circular outline. In the centre (on
+the one side) is the Crown on a red enamel ground within a wreath of
+laurel, (and on the other side) the Royal Cypher takes the place of the
+Crown.
+
+
+The IMPERIAL SERVICE ORDER, a purely Civil Decoration instituted in
+1902, is confined to the Administrative Services of the Empire. The
+_Badge_ is an eight-rayed star bearing (on one side) the Royal Cypher
+and (on the other side) “For faithful service,� surrounded by a wreath
+of laurel and surmounted by the Crown.
+
+
+  [Illustration: No. 440.--The Victoria Cross.]
+
+The VICTORIA CROSS, of bronze, was instituted by her late Majesty Queen
+VICTORIA in 1856, to render honour to “conspicuous bravery� in actual
+conflict, by sea or land. This Cross, No. 440, is worn on the left
+breast, attached to a _blue_ ribbon for the Navy, and to a _red_ ribbon
+for the Army. A Bar is attached to the ribbon for every additional such
+act of bravery as would have won the Cross.
+
+
+  [Illustration: No. 441.--The Albert Medal.]
+
+The ALBERT MEDAL, No. 441, which was instituted also by Queen VICTORIA,
+dates from March 13, 1866, and is to distinguish those who save, or who
+at the peril of their own lives endeavour to save, life or perform other
+meritorious acts of bravery. The Coronet is that of H.R.H. the late
+PRINCE CONSORT; and the Monogram consists of the Initials V. A., with an
+anchor. This Medal is executed in Silver and Bronze for two classes of
+recipients. The anchor in the Badge is omitted when awarded for land
+services.
+
+Other Decorations are “The Royal Order of Victoria and Albert� (of four
+classes) and the Imperial Order of the Crown of India (of one class),
+both confined to ladies, the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal, the Volunteer
+Officers’ Decoration, the Territorial Decoration, the Edward Medal, the
+King’s Police Medal, the Royal Red Cross, and the Order of Mercy; whilst
+the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England receives
+official recognition.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+PRECEDENCE. GENEALOGIES
+
+      “Orders and Degrees
+  Jar not with Liberty, but well consist.�
+    --_Paradise Lost_, Book V.
+
+  “The use of Arms was closely connected with the Study of Genealogy.�
+    --DALLAWAY, _Science of Heraldry_ (A.D. 1793).
+
+
+When JAMES I. succeeded to the Crown of England while he was actually
+the King regnant of Scotland, and accordingly became Sovereign of the
+two Realms, he found it necessary to produce a “Union Flag� for the
+whole of Great Britain, in consequence of the serious disputes for
+Precedence that arose between the natives of South and North Britain.
+Before the time of the peace-loving son of Mary Stuart, a Sovereign of
+another mould, HENRY VIII., had felt the necessity of framing and
+establishing some definite system of Precedence amongst the various
+degrees, orders, and ranks of his subjects: and, in 1539, a statute to
+that effect was enacted. Other statutes afterwards were added; and, from
+time to time, Royal Letters Patent on the same subject have been issued;
+and thus the Precedence now recognised and in use amongst us has been
+established.
+
+The General Scale of Precedence follows, but there are Special scales
+for use in (_a_) Scotland, (_b_) Ireland, (_c_) India, (_d_) Canada,
+(_e_) Colonies, (_f_) Army and Navy, (_g_) Diplomatic Service.
+
+
+THE GENERAL ORDER OF PRECEDENCE.
+
+  The SOVEREIGN.
+  The Prince of Wales.
+  The Younger Sons of the Sovereign.
+  The Grandsons of the Sovereign.
+  The Brothers of the Sovereign.
+  The Uncles of the Sovereign.
+  The Nephews of the Sovereign.
+
+  The Archbishop of Canterbury.
+  The Lord Chancellor.
+  The Archbishop of York.
+  The Premier.
+  The Lord High Treasurer.
+  The Lord President of the Council.
+  The Lord Privy Seal.
+
+The following GREAT OFFICERS OF STATE _precede all Peers of their own
+Degree_--that is, if Dukes, they precede all other Dukes; if Earls, all
+other Earls; &c.:--
+
+  The Lord Great Chamberlain.
+  The Lord High Constable.
+  The Earl Marshal.
+  The Lord High Admiral.
+  The Lord Steward of the Royal Household.
+  The Lord Chamberlain of the Royal Household.
+  The Master of the Horse.
+
+The Peers of each Degree take Precedence in their own Degree, according
+to their Patents of Creation.
+
+  Dukes
+    (_a_) of England,
+    (_b_) of Scotland,
+    (_c_) of Great Britain,
+    (_d_) of Ireland,
+    (_e_) of the United Kingdom and, if created since the Union,
+      of Ireland.
+  Marquesses (_vide_ Dukes).
+    Eldest Sons of Dukes.
+  Earls (_vide_ Dukes).
+    Eldest Sons of Marquesses.
+    Younger Sons of Dukes.
+  Viscounts (_vide_ Dukes).
+    Eldest Sons of Earls.
+    Younger Sons of Marquesses.
+  Bishops of (_a_) London, (_b_) Durham, and (_c_) Winchester.
+  Bishops, according to Seniority of Consecration.
+  Barons (_vide_ Dukes).
+  The Speaker of the House of Commons.
+  Commissioners of Great Seal.
+  The (_a_) Treasurer and the (_b_) Comptroller of the Royal Household.
+  Vice-Chamberlain of the Household.
+  The Secretaries of State, when not Peers.
+    Eldest Sons of Viscounts.
+    Younger Sons of Earls.
+    Eldest Sons of Barons.
+  Knights of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick, not being Peers.
+  Privy Councillors.
+  The Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+  The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
+  The Lord Chief Justice.
+  The Master of the Rolls.
+  Lord Justices of Appeal and Pres. of Probate Court.
+  Judges of High Court.
+    Younger Sons of Viscounts.
+    Younger Sons of Barons.
+    Sons of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (Life Peers).
+  Baronets.
+  Knights Grand Cross of the Bath.
+  Knights Grand Commanders of the Star of India.
+  Knights Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George.
+  Knights Grand Commanders of Indian Empire.
+  Knights Grand Cross of Victorian Order.
+  Knights Commanders of the various Orders
+    (in the same order of progression).
+  Knights Bachelors.
+  Commanders of Victorian Order.
+  County Court Judges.
+  Serjeants-at-Law.
+  Masters in Lunacy.
+  Companions of the various Orders.
+  Members of Fourth Class of Victorian Order.
+  Companions of Distinguished Service Order.
+    Eldest Sons of the Younger Sons of Peers.
+    Eldest Sons of Baronets.
+    Eldest Sons of Knights.
+  Members of Fifth Class of Victorian Order.
+    Baronets’ Younger Sons.
+    Knights’ Younger Sons.
+  Esquires:--Including
+    the Eldest Sons of the Sons of Viscounts and Barons,
+    the eldest Sons of all the younger Sons of Peers,
+    and their eldest Sons in perpetual Succession:
+    the younger Sons of Baronets:
+    the Sons of Knights,
+    the eldest Son of the eldest Son of a Knight
+      in perpetual Succession:
+    persons holding the King’s Commission,
+    or who may be styled “Esquire� by the King in any Official Document.
+  Gentlemen.
+
+
+THE PRECEDENCE OF WOMEN
+
+is determined, before marriage, by the Rank and Dignity, but not by the
+Office, of their Father.
+
+All the unmarried Sisters in any family have the same Degree, which is
+the Degree that their eldest Brother holds (or would hold) amongst men.
+Thus:--Of the Sons of an Earl the _eldest_ alone has an honorary Title
+of Nobility and is styled “My Lord,� while _all_ the Daughters of an
+Earl have a similar honorary Title, and are styled “My Lady.�
+
+By Marriage Women share the Dignities and Precedence of their Husbands:
+but, the strictly Official Dignity of a Husband is not imparted to a
+wife (except in India), in the case of the Archbishops and Bishops or
+holders of other offices.
+
+The Dignities which Ladies have by Birth or by right of Inheritance, are
+not imparted by Marriage to their Husbands: nor does Marriage with an
+inferior in Dignity in any way affect the Precedence that a Lady may
+enjoy by Birth, Inheritance, or Creation--both her own Precedence and
+that of her Husband remain as before their Marriage, unless the Husband
+be a Peer.
+
+In the ROYAL FAMILY the following Precedence takes effect:--
+
+  The Queen.
+  The Queen Dowager.
+  The Princess of Wales.
+  The Daughters of the Sovereign.
+  The Wives of the Younger Sons of the Sovereign.
+  The Granddaughters of the Sovereign.
+  The Wives of the Grandsons of the Sovereign.
+  The Sovereign’s Sisters.
+  Wives of the Sovereign’s Brothers.
+  The Sovereign’s Aunts.
+  Wives of the Sovereign’s Uncles.
+  The Sovereign’s Nieces.
+  Wives of the Sovereign’s Nephews (Brothers’ and Sisters’ Daughters).
+  Granddaughters of the Sovereign not bearing the style
+    of Royal Highness.
+
+To whatever Precedence she may be entitled by Birth, the Wife of a Peer
+always takes her rank, and therefore takes her actual Precedence, from
+her Husband.
+
+The Widow of a Peer, so long as she remains a Widow, retains the rank
+she enjoyed whilst married: but, should she contract a second Marriage,
+her Precedence then is determined either by the rank of her second
+Husband, or by the rank that was her own by Birth and which she enjoyed
+before her first Marriage.
+
+The Wife of the Eldest Son of any degree precedes all her Husband’s
+Sisters, and also all other Ladies having the same degree of rank with
+them. Thus:--the Wife of the Eldest Son of an Earl takes Precedence of
+_all_ Daughters of Earls. In actual practice, however, by a principle of
+Precedence that is accepted and adopted in all families of the same
+degree amongst themselves, the Sisters in every case have their place
+immediately after the Wife of their own Eldest Brother.
+
+
+GENEALOGIES.
+
+GENEALOGIES, the Records of the Descents and Alliances of Families, are
+necessarily associated with the Armorial Ensigns borne by those
+Families, and by the several Members and Branches of them. Still, it
+does not apparently follow, in the same manner, as a matter of
+necessity, that the study and investigation of Genealogies should be
+interesting and even attractive, because interest and attractiveness are
+inseparable from Heraldry. And yet, I do not hesitate to claim for
+genealogical researches the favourable regard of students of Armory, on
+the very ground of the interest which they are certain to feel in such
+researches; and also in confident reliance on that inherent power of
+attraction, inseparable from the subject itself, that will not fail both
+to win their favourable regard, and to lead them on from one inquiry to
+another.
+
+The very act of tracing up some eminent and illustrious personage, from
+generation to generation of his forefathers, noting down the alliances
+that have interwoven one thread of a brilliant line with others not less
+lustrous; or, the reverse of this process, the following the lineage of
+some worthy of the olden time onward down the stream, observing both the
+tributaries that flow into the main channel and the streamlets that
+issue from it--all this, when once it has been systematically
+undertaken, leads the student through the most picturesque regions of
+historical romance.
+
+The popular idea of Genealogy may be, that it consists in placing in a
+formal order of arrangement a series of dry names, connected with dates
+that (if it be possible) are even more dry. It is not uncommon to
+dispose of many things precisely in the same way, when an opinion is
+formed without even the slightest attempt to judge of a question by its
+true merits--it is so easy to decline the trouble and to avoid the
+effort attendant on inquiry and investigation, and so pleasant to become
+the possessor of an “opinion� and “views,� without any outlay in
+acquiring them. A Map has no value in the estimation of those who ignore
+Geography: the claims of Archæology are disregarded by all who are
+content to remain in ignorance even of what it implies: and History
+itself becomes and continues to be a dead letter, so long as an
+acquaintance is formed only with the exterior of its volumes. And, in
+like manner, Genealogy appears under a very different aspect to those
+who know it only by name, and to lovers of Biography and History who are
+familiar with its lucid and yet ever suggestive guidance. Without
+written Genealogies, who can clearly understand the political and
+historical position of the rival Princes of the red and white Roses; or
+of HENRY VII. and the “last of the Plantagenets�; or of Queens ELIZABETH
+TUDOR, MARY STUART, and JANE GREY? Or who, without similar aid, will
+follow out the fortunes of the Houses of BEAUCHAMP and NEVILLE and
+DUDLEY, and connect them with the existing noble lord of Warwick Castle;
+or, when reading of the DE CLARES, the BOHUNS, or the PERCIES, will see
+at a glance the connection between “STRONGBOW� and the “red Earl
+GILBERT,� or will understand the significance of the white swan Badge of
+the STAFFORDS, or will read at sight the quartered Shield of the Duke of
+NORTHUMBERLAND, of to-day, and will discern the line that connects the
+living Earl PERCY with the “HOTSPUR� whose fame was two centuries old
+when SHAKESPEARE wrote of him? And further, who, that is unable to
+accomplish such things as these, can appreciate History, can enjoy it
+and apply its lessons aright?
+
+In arranging a Genealogy the utmost conciseness is essential, all
+details being left for full description elsewhere. All the members of
+the same family are placed side by side, on the same level, in their
+order of seniority; and all are connected by lines with one another and
+with their parents. Successive generations also, throughout all the
+branches of any family, or in allied families, have their places on the
+same levels; and the connecting and distinguishing lines are continued
+throughout. Examples of Genealogies treated in the most scientific and
+yet simple manner, easy to be understood, and perfect as models for
+students, may be obtained in any Part of the _Herald and Genealogist_,
+formerly edited by the late Mr. J. G. NICHOLS, F.S.A., Parliament
+Street, Westminster. I refer to this excellent Periodical, because it is
+not possible for me here in the space at my disposal to set forth a
+really useful example of a Genealogy: and, I must add, because it is
+most desirable that students of Heraldry should form such an
+acquaintance with Mr. Nichols, as may be acquired through his works.
+_Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica_, now edited by Mr. W. B.
+BANNERMAN, is another Periodical, which ought to be in the hands of all
+Genealogists.
+
+In Genealogies, this mark = denotes alliance by marriage, and it is
+placed between the names of a husband and wife: and the lines that
+proceed from this mark, thus,
+
+             =
+             |
+    ________/ \________
+   /                   \
+
+point out their issue. The initials S. P. (of the Latin words _Sine
+Prole_, “without issue�) show where a line or a branch ceases. Other
+abbreviations and signs in general use will suggest their own
+signification.
+
+As I began this Chapter with quotations, so with a quotation I conclude
+it. “There are some persons,� writes Mr. LOWER, in his “Curiosities of
+Heraldry� (p. 292), “who cannot discriminate between the taste for
+pedigree� (or genealogy) “and the pride of ancestry. Now these two
+feelings, though they often combine in one individual, have no necessary
+connection with each other. Man is said to be a hunting animal. Some
+hunt foxes; others for fame or fortune. Others hunt in the intellectual
+field; some for the arcana of Nature and of mind; some for the roots of
+words, or the origin of things. I am fond of hunting out a pedigree.�
+And, gentle reader, when you have joined the chase genealogical,
+I promise you, so also will you be.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+  _The College of Arms-- The Lyon Office of Scotland-- Grants of Arms--
+  Tax on “Armorial Bearings,� and on “Arms Found�_
+
+  “They were conspicuous for judgment, experience, learning, and
+  elegance; they gained honour wherever they were employed.�
+   --NOBLE, _History of the College of Arms_.
+
+  “What is your Crest and Motto?--Send name and county to ----’s
+  Heraldic Office. For plain Sketch, 3s. 6d. In heraldic colours, 6s.�
+    --_Morning Newspapers._
+
+
+I. The HERALDS OF ENGLAND, who before had been attached to the Household
+either of the Sovereign or of some Personage of exalted rank, were
+incorporated as a Fraternity by RICHARD III., a Prince whose historical
+reputation is by no means in harmony with that early act of his reign,
+which has done such good service to English History--the Foundation and
+Establishment of the COLLEGE OF ARMS, or, as it is commonly called, the
+HERALDS’ COLLEGE.
+
+The Letters Patent, issued for this purpose by RICHARD III., bear date
+March the 2nd, 1483, the first year of his reign. Very important
+privileges and immunities, with high powers and authority, were granted
+to the incorporated Heralds: and the “right fair and stately house,�
+called “Pulteney’s Inn,� situate in the metropolitan parish of All
+Saints, was assigned to them as their permanent official residence. The
+Charter granted to the Heralds by the last Plantagenet Sovereign was
+confirmed by his successors.
+
+The buildings of the College were destroyed by the great fire of 1666;
+but all the records and documents fortunately escaped, having been
+removed to Whitehall; and the edifice was subsequently rebuilt, chiefly
+at the cost of the Heralds themselves, where it now stands between St.
+Paul’s Cathedral and the Thames. There, in the College of Arms, are
+still carefully preserved all that the early Heralds recorded and
+transmitted to our times. There, not the least valuable of the contents
+of the College, an unique Library is in the keeping of Guardians, who
+understand its true uses, as they appreciate its preciousness. And there
+also the Headquarters of English Heraldry are as duly established, as
+those of the British Army are at the Horse Guards in Whitehall.
+
+The great change that has come upon London since the Heralds rebuilt
+their official home, has already caused some structural alteration in
+the building, and has resulted in the College of Arms now appearing out
+of place in its original position in the City. Other changes, which
+follow in such rapid succession in that busy neighbourhood, render it by
+no means improbable that the site of their College may be required for
+some great “City improvement�; and so the Heralds may be constrained to
+establish themselves in the more congenial regions of the metropolitan
+“far west.� This, as I am disposed to consider, is one of those
+consummations that are devoutly to be desired.
+
+The times have been in which Heraldry could not number amongst its true
+friends the official Heralds of the College of Arms: but, happily,
+a very different, and in many most important respects a thoroughly
+satisfactory condition of things now obtains at the College. So far as
+the Heralds are concerned, as a body of learned, accomplished, and
+courteous gentlemen, Heraldry now is admirably represented amongst us,
+and faithfully supported. What still is deficient in the existing
+constitution of the College of Arms, as a National Institution, is
+adaptation to existing circumstances, sentiments, and requirements. It
+is but a truism to assert that, as a National Institution, the College
+of Arms does not fill its proper position: and, to all who are familiar
+with the facts of the case, it is equally obvious that this is simply
+because the College does not vindicate its indisputable title to that
+position which really is its own.
+
+Heraldry is decidedly popular. This popularity also is assuming a more
+practical, and at the same time a more enduring form, through gradually
+becoming the result of a correct appreciation of the true character of
+Heraldry, and of its intrinsic value. At a time in which people are
+beginning to feel and to admit that they _ought to know_ something about
+Heraldry, the College of Arms _ought to take the lead_ in making
+Heraldry still better understood, still more justly appreciated, still
+more popular. The time, also, is indeed come in which it is the bounden
+duty of the College of Arms to impress upon the community at large, that
+_the sole source and fountain-head of authority in all matters armorial,
+under the Sovereign, centres in itself_. This is to be accomplished by
+the same process, and only by the same process, by which the College of
+Arms may win for itself thorough popularity and universal confidence. If
+the College requires fresh or increased powers, application to that
+effect should be made to the Legislature. The Heraldry of Scotland has
+been dealt with by Parliament: and it would be equally easy to obtain
+such a statute as would enable English Heraldry to do justice to itself,
+while fulfilling its own proper duties.
+
+Without abating or compromising in the slightest degree its own dignity
+or the dignity of Heraldry, the College of Arms requires to be
+transmuted from an exclusive into a popular Institution. It requires,
+not indeed to have its object and aim and system of action changed, but
+to have them expanded, and expanded so widely as to comprehend all the
+heraldic requirements of the age. This is a subject of too urgent
+importance not to be noticed here; but still, it is not possible to do
+more than to notice it in very general terms.
+
+Upon one specific point, however, a few plain words may be spoken
+without hesitation, and may be left by themselves without comment. The
+Fees and Charges of all kinds for granting, matriculating, confirming,
+and recording the rightful possession of armorial Insignia must be
+arranged upon a perfectly fresh system, with such provisions and
+modifications as may adapt them to every variety of circumstance and of
+requirement. This is a question which can be regarded only from one
+point of view by every true lover of Heraldry, and consequently by every
+true friend of the College of Arms.
+
+II. The National Heraldic body in Scotland, entitled the LYON OFFICE, is
+under the presidency of the _Lyon King of Arms_. The Chief of the
+Scottish official Heralds from May 1796 to a recent period had been a
+Peer of that realm; and the duties of the office, accordingly, had been
+discharged for seventy years by a _Lyon Depute_. But, on the death of
+the Earl of KINNOUL, in February 1866, it was determined to remodel in
+some respects the arrangements of the Lyon Office; and Mr. GEORGE
+BURNETT, who had long been “Lyon Depute,� was appointed by Her Majesty
+to be “Lyon King.� He has been succeeded by Sir J. BALFOUR PAUL. The
+Arms of the Lyon Office I have already given, No. 266.
+
+The action of the Scottish Lyon King of Arms, and of the Institution
+over which he presides, after having degenerated from the worthy
+standard of earlier days, has revived under far happier conditions, and
+with prospects that are eminently gratifying. It may be fairly expected,
+indeed, that the most salutary results will be produced by the very
+decided “tendency� that for some time has existed, “to cultivate the
+rules and principles of that earlier age, to which�--writes Mr.
+Seton--“we are indebted for a system of Scottish Heraldry, whose purity
+certainly has not been surpassed in any other corner of Christendom.�
+These words occur in a highly interesting memoir of the Lyon Office, in
+the fourth chapter of the work entitled “The Law and Practice of
+Heraldry in Scotland,� an able and admirable volume, published in 1863
+in Edinburgh, which shows the growing popularity of a true Heraldry
+north of the Tweed, and proves that in the author, Mr. Seton, Scottish
+Heraldry possesses an advocate no less powerful than zealous and
+judicious.
+
+III. Arms and Armorial Insignia are granted _only_ through the College
+of Arms in England, and through the Lyon Office in Scotland, in both
+realms with the direct sanction of the Crown expressed in England by the
+Earl Marshal. In Ireland all Grants are made by Ulster King of Arms with
+the same sanction.
+
+It is to be observed and kept in remembrance that the _sole right_ to
+Arms is a Grant from the College or the Crown, or Inheritance by lineal
+descent from an ancestor to whom a Grant was made or in whom a right to
+bear Arms has been officially recognised and registered by the Crown.
+
+All “Grants� and “Confirmations of Arms� (Confirmations, that is, of the
+Claims of certain individuals to bear certain Arms, by some uncertain
+right and title duly set forth and approved and thereafter legalised by
+the Crown) are formally and regularly recorded, with a full blazon of
+the insignia, at the College or Offices of Arms.
+
+It is very greatly to be desired that, in addition to this time-honoured
+usage of the Heralds in making these records, some simple plan could be
+adopted for the periodical registration at the College of Arms of all
+armorial insignia that are borne by right. Almost equally desirable,
+also, it would be to make a corresponding registration, as far as might
+be possible, of whatever insignia are borne _without_ any right. The
+contents of both registers would form unquestionably useful publications
+of a periodical character. In connection with any such project as I have
+just suggested, it appears to me that good service might be rendered to
+the cause of true Heraldry amongst us, if _Badges and Mottoes_ (without
+any other insignia whatever) were formally granted by the College, under
+certain conditions, and at the cost of a small Fee.[9]
+
+    [Footnote 9: I leave this sentence as it has hitherto stood in the
+    book. Badges are now granted and recorded, but a prior right to arms
+    is required. --A. C. F.-D. 1908.]
+
+In new Grants of Arms, as in so many formal documents, something of the
+early form of Expression, with some traces of its piquant quaintness,
+are still retained. Very quaint indeed, and very extravagant also, is
+the style that was generally adopted by the Heralds of the sixteenth and
+seventeenth centuries, and yet characteristic of both the men and their
+times. As an example of one of these old documents, an example of no
+common interest in itself, I now give the Grant of Arms to JOHN
+SHAKESPERE, the Poet’s father, in the year 1596. Two draft copies of the
+original Grant are preserved in the College of Arms; the following
+transcript is printed from the later of the two copies, the earlier
+having been used to supply any word or passage that now is wanting in
+the other. The insertions thus obtained are printed in brackets.
+
+  [Transcriber’s Note:
+  All brackets except footnote references are in the original. Letters
+  in braces { } (“curly brackets�) were printed as superscripts.]
+
+GRANT OF ARMS TO JOHN SHAKESPERE, A.D. 1596.
+
+  To all and singuler Noble and Gentelmen of what estate [or] degree
+  bearing arms to whom these presentes shall come, William Dethick
+  alias Garter principall King of Armes sendethe greetinges. Know
+  yee that, whereas by the authoritie and auncyent pryveleges
+  perteyning to my office from the Quenes most excellent Ma{te} and
+  by her highnesse most noble and victorious progenitors, I am to
+  take generall notice and record and to make declaration and
+  testemonie for all causes of arms and matters of Gentrie thoroughe
+  out all her Majestes Kingdoms, Domynions, Principalites, Isles,
+  and Provinces, To th’ end that, as manie gentelmen, by theyre
+  auncyent names of families, kyndredes and descentes, have and
+  enjoye certeyne enseignes and cotes of arms, So it is verie
+  expedient in all ages that some men for theyr valeant factes,
+  magnanimite, vertu, dignites, and desertes, may use and beare
+  suche tokens of honour and worthinesse, whereby theyre name and
+  good fame may be the better knowen and divulged, and theyre
+  children and posterite in all vertu (to the service of theyre
+  Prynce and Contrie) encouraged. Wherefore being solicited and by
+  credible report informed that John Shakespeare of Stratford uppon
+  Avon in the counte of Warwik, whose parentes and late
+  antecessors[10] were for theyre faithefull and va[leant service
+  advaunced and rewarded by the most prudent] prince King Henry the
+  Seventh of [famous memorie, sythence which tyme they have
+  continewed at] those partes, being of good reputacion [and credit;
+  and that the] said John hathe maryed [Mary, daughter and one of
+  the heyrs of Robert Arden, of Wilmcote, in the said] counte,
+  esquire.[11] In consideration whereof, and for the encouragement
+  of his posterite, to whom such Blazon [or Atchevement] by the
+  auncyent custome of the lawes of armes maie descend, I the said
+  Garter King of Armes have assigned, graunted and by these
+  presentes confirmed this shield or cote of arms, viz. Gould, on a
+  bend sables a speare of the first, steeled argent; and for his
+  crest or cognizance a falcon, his winges displayed, argent,
+  standing on a wrethe of his coullors, supporting a speare gould,
+  steeled as aforesaid, sett upon a helmett with mantelles and
+  tasselles as hath ben accustomed and dothe more playnely appeare
+  depicted on this margent. Signefieng hereby, and by the authorite
+  of my office aforesaid ratifieng, that it shalbe lawfull for the
+  sayd John Shakespeare gent. and for his cheldren, yssue and
+  posterite (at all tymes and places convenient) to bear and make
+  demonstracion of the said Blazon or Atchevement uppon theyre
+  Shieldes, Targets, Escucheons, Cotes of arms, Pennons, Guydons,
+  Ringes, Edefices, Buyldinges, Utensiles, Lyveries, Tombes or
+  Monumentes, or otherwise, for all lawfull warrlyke factes or
+  civile use and exercises, according to the lawes of armes, without
+  let or interruption of any other person or persons for use or
+  bearing the same. In witnesse and perpetuall remembrance hereof I
+  have hereunto subscribed my name, and fastened the seale of my
+  office endorzed with the signett of my armes, At the Office of
+  Armes, London, the xx. daye of October, the xxxviij. yeare of the
+  reigne of our Soveraigne Lady Elizabeth, by the grace of God Quene
+  of England, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faythe, etc.
+  1596.
+
+    [Footnote 10: Above the word _antecessors_ is written
+    _Grandfather_.]
+
+    [Footnote 11: _Gent._ was first written, and it is altered to
+    _esquire_.]
+
+Like other documents of its class, in this Grant the language is framed
+after certain regular forms; so that it is to be read without that exact
+observance of particular expressions, which is rightly bestowed upon
+legal and historical records. The interest inseparable from this Grant
+is enhanced in no slight degree by the strong probability that John
+Shakespere made his application to the College of Arms by the advice and
+in consequence of the request of his son. Had the worthy Garter been
+able to divine the “dignities and desertes� of the son, he might
+possibly have employed formal language of a still more complimentary
+character, when drawing up a Grant of Arms for the father.
+
+A much more curious specimen of the heraldic style and form of
+expression (and also of the spelling) of the earlier days of the Queen
+ELIZABETH era, is a Grant of Augmentation and Crest, by LAWRENCE DALTON,
+Norroy King of Arms, to JOHN BENNETT, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, Gentleman,
+A.D. 1560. The Preamble to this Grant, which is printed in full in
+_Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica_ (p. 48), is thus written:--
+
+  To All and Singuler as well nobles and gentles as kings herauldes
+  and officers of Armes as others w{ch} thes presentes shall see
+  Reade or heare Lawrence Dalton Esquire Al’s Norrey Kinge of Armes
+  of thest and west p’tyes of Englande fro the Ryver of trent
+  northwarde Sendythe Due and humble comendacons and greatinge
+  fforasmuche as awncyentlye fro the begynnynge and not w{th}owt
+  great Delyberacon Equitie and Reason hyt hathe byn by the moste
+  noble and famous princes Constytutyd and ordeynyd that men of
+  wysdom knoledge vertue and of noble lyefe and Coorage haue byn
+  notoryowslye commendyd to the Woorlde w{th} Sonndrye monumentes
+  and Remembrances w{th} tokens of honnor for A testamonye of
+  theyre good Desertes As Amonge the Romayns y{e} Erecc’on of
+  Statues and Images w{th} tytles and Appellac’ons of honnour And
+  of more latre Dayes w{th} the moste p’te of nac’ons bearinge of
+  Signes and tokens in Shyldes callyd Armes w{ch} be the
+  Demonstrac’ons and Evidences of noblenes vertue and woorthynes
+  that to eu’ry man accordinge to theyre Desertes be Dyu’slye
+  Dystrybutyd Wherby such signes and tokens of the woorthye and
+  cooragyous might appeare before the cowarde vnwoorthye and
+  Ignorant Even so yt ys yet obs’vyd that suche w{ch} have merytyd
+  or donne com’endable s’vice to theyre prince or countrye or by
+  theyre woorthye and Lawdable lyefe Do Daylye encrease in vertue
+  wysdom and knowledge shulde not be forgoten and so put in oblyvyon
+  but rewardyd w{th} som token of honnor for the same the Rather to
+  move and styrre other to the Imytac’on of lyke noblenes vertue and
+  woorthynes ffor w{ch} purpose hyt was not therefor w{th}owt
+  great provydence ordeynyd and yet ys that there Shulde be officers
+  and herauldes of Armes to whose office hyt shulde be appropryate
+  to kepe in Regestre tharmes pedegrees and Descentes of nobles and
+  gentles w{th} theyre woorthye and valyant actes and to have power
+  and awethorytye to allowe and Ratefye vnto the woorthye Som
+  awgmentac’on token or Remembrance of noblenes for theyre seyde
+  woorthynes And now beinge Desyryd--
+
+And so forth, worthy Mr. Norroy having forgotten such “signes and
+tokens� as stops, while carefully showing what style and form it is
+_not_ desirable for us to adopt, however excellent may be his system of
+building up honourable insignia upon a foundation of nobleness, virtue,
+and worthiness.
+
+I add one other early document of another kind, which is an excellent
+model for present use by the Heralds of our own days, the orthography
+having by them been duly corrected.
+
+  EXAMPLE OF A CONFIRMATION OR RECORD OF ARMS:-- Theis are the
+  anncient Armes and Creast, belonging to the name and famely of
+  LEECHFORDE in the County of Surrey, descended from the LEECHFORDS
+  in Buckinghamsheire. Which at the request of S{R} RICHARD
+  LEECHFORDE of Shelwood in the County of Surrey Knight, I WILL’M
+  SEGAR Garter, Principall King of Armes have blasoned, and sett
+  forth in coullors, according as they are here depicted in the
+  margent. Viz.� (here follows a written blazon).... “Testifying
+  hereby the saide armoryes to belong vnto the saide S{R} RICHARD
+  LEECHFORD and to his yssue, to vse, beare, and shewe forth at all
+  tymes, and in all places, at their free lib’ty and pleasure. In
+  Witnes wherof....
+
+&c. &c., with Seal and Signature, and the Date 3rd of JAMES I.
+
+I presume that an argument in support of the abolition of all Taxation
+of “Armorial Bearings,� on the plea of the utter absurdity of a tax upon
+an honourable distinction, would be met with the reply that “Armorial
+Bearings� are taxed purely as “luxuries,� and without the slightest
+reference to their intrinsic character. If the validity of this plea
+must be admitted, still this tax might be levied with what may be styled
+a becoming heraldic discrimination.
+
+For example:--Arms distinguished by “Augmentations of Honour� might be
+altogether exempted; a higher rate might be fixed in the case of Arms
+that are ensigned with Coronets, and that display Supporters. Arms borne
+by unquestionable right, and which are duly recorded at the College,
+might be rated at a comparatively low charge, certainly not to exceed
+five shillings a year. On the other hand, all Arms or armorial insignia
+borne with a very questionable right, or without even the pretence of
+any right whatever, might be subjected to the ordinary tax for “Armorial
+Bearings� of their class multiplied (according to circumstances) by
+four, six, or ten.
+
+The tax estimated by the aid of the multiplication-table, that has just
+been suggested, would extend, under a special schedule possessing a high
+multiplying power, to any self-constituted “Establishment� or “Office,�
+which, powerless to “grant� Arms, undertakes--in consideration of a very
+trifling fee--to “find,� and either to “sketch� or to “colour� them.
+Exceedingly simple is the process, by means of which this undertaking is
+accomplished. It consists in consulting a printed Armory; and, when the
+desired “Arms� have been “found� in its well-stored columns, they then
+at once are assigned to the applicant, in conformity with the
+comprehensive and beautifully simple theory, that all persons having the
+same surname and who also live (or were born) in the same county are
+equally entitled to bear the same Arms. Probably it does not occur to
+the patrons of advertising Heraldry-dealers, that upon precisely the
+same principle every person who has the same “name and county� with any
+officer who may be “found� in the Navy or the Army List, might assert a
+right to whatever rank and title such an officer may enjoy by virtue of
+his commission.
+
+The almost universal desire to possess some kind of armorial insignia,
+implies a corresponding recognition of the necessity to obtain them from
+some Institution or Personage, supposed to be competent and authorised
+both to determine what they should be, and to impart a right to accept
+and to assume and bear them. It rests with the Heralds of the College of
+Arms to take the initiative in a course of action, which would direct
+all aspirants for heraldic distinctions, as a matter of course, to their
+own doors. The Heralds, who really are Heralds, and who alone are real
+Heralds, may rely on the support of Public Opinion. If a fictitious
+Heraldry is not only prevalent, but in some sense actually in the
+ascendant, it is not because the counterfeit is preferred to the
+genuine, but because it is unconsciously mistaken for it. In very many
+instances, indeed, a determination to obtain “Arms� is coupled with an
+ignorance of Heraldry so complete, as to ignore the existence of any
+such thing as a Heraldry that is fictitious.
+
+A popular College of Arms, without any serious difficulty, might
+establish its own authority with all classes of the community; and, at
+the same time, it would not fail to impress upon the public mind the
+very decided difference that exists between the heraldic and the
+non-heraldic acceptation of the expression--“_an escutcheon of
+pretence_.� Much real good would certainly result from the rude shock
+that would be given to many a complacent display of armorial insignia,
+by showing the proud blazonry to be _abated_ with the baton sinister of
+heraldic untruth and unwarrantable assumption. And better still it would
+be to show to all who possess, or who desire to possess and to bear
+“Arms,� that the “Pride of Heraldry� is a worthy and a noble pride,
+because it is the Pride of Truth and Right.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+  _MISCELLANEOUS:-- Coins-- Seals-- Heraldry in Architecture; in
+  Monuments; in Illuminations; in Encaustic Tiles-- Heraldic Personal
+  Ornaments, and various Heraldic Decorations-- Conclusion._
+
+  “The Spandrels over the Wall-arcading are exquisitely beautiful...
+  Those in the western arm contained Shields of a large number of the
+  great men of the day ... the few which remain are nobly executed.�
+    --GLEANINGS FROM WESTMINSTER ABBEY, by G. G. Scott, R.A.:
+    2nd Edition, p. 33.
+
+
+I. The HERALDRY OF THE COINAGE, in addition to the Shields of Arms of
+successive Sovereigns, exemplifies the changes that have taken place in
+the form and adornment of the Crown, and it also is rich in various
+Badges and Devices having an historical significance.
+
+In Coins the Royal Shield is sometimes quartered by a cross charged upon
+it, as in the silver penny of EDWARD VI. A mediæval ship, having a sail
+covered with heraldic blazonry, appears on the _Noble_--a coin worthy of
+its name. A figure of the King in armour (not particularly well
+proportioned to the size of the vessel), his sword in one hand, and his
+Shield of arms in the other, is also represented in these fine examples
+of mediæval numismatic art. A ship without any sail, but in its stead
+charged with the Royal Shield heightened by a Cross, forms the reverse
+of another excellent coin, the _Angel_, the obverse bearing a figure of
+ST. MICHAEL with his lance thrusting down the dragon. The Angel of
+EDWARD IV. on either side of the Cross has the initial E and the white
+rose of York; and the legend is-- PER : CRVCEM : TVA : SALVA : NOS :
+XTE : REDEMPT : (“By thy Cross save us, O Redeemer Christ!�). A Crowned
+Rose, with a Royal Cypher, is another favourite device; as in the
+Shilling of Henry VIII., with the legend-- POSVI : DEV : ADIVTOREM :
+MEVM : (“I have placed God (before me as) my helper�).
+
+Such are a few examples of the early Heraldry of English Coins. More
+recently, and particularly in our own Coinage, Heraldry and Art have
+declined together, so that feeble designs, but too commonly executed
+with lamentable consistency, are associated with heraldic inaccuracies
+which continue uncorrected to this day--witness the _tressure of
+Scotland_ often incorrectly blazoned on the Royal Shield; and poor
+BRITANNIA, in her old position, sitting forlorn on the copper and bronze
+coinage, as if conscious of being constrained to display on her oval
+Shield an obsolete blazonry, that placed the reign of Queen VICTORIA in
+the eighteenth century![12]
+
+    [Footnote 12: The specimens of the existing Coinage of Europe,
+    displayed at the Universal Exposition, at Paris, showed that if the
+    art of the English Mint is now at a low ebb, the prevailing standard
+    of numismatic art is not a single degree higher, the coins of France
+    alone being in many respects an honourable exception to the general
+    rule.]
+
+II. To what has been already said on the value of heraldic SEALS I
+desire here to add a few words, in the hope of inducing all students of
+Heraldry to study them with the most diligent care.
+
+Casts of fine impressions are not difficult to obtain. Almost every
+accessible fine Seal has been copied by Mr. Ready, of the British
+Museum, who supplies admirable casts at a very moderate cost. The
+Scottish Seals of the late Mr. H. Laing, of Edinburgh, were purchased on
+his decease by the authorities of the British Museum. The most
+satisfactory casts are made in gutta-percha, which may be gilt by simply
+rubbing a gold powder with a soft brush upon them, after slightly
+warming their surfaces. Moulds for reproducing casts or impressions may
+be made in gutta-percha; and from these moulds casts, also in
+gutta-percha, may be obtained. The process is very simple: the
+gutta-percha, softened by immersion in hot water, is pressed upon an
+impression in relief, until a perfect intaglio is formed. When this
+mould is cold and hard, it will stamp an impression upon gutta-percha
+softened in the same manner.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 442.--Seal of Lord Bardolf.]
+
+I add to the examples of fine heraldic Seals that I have already given,
+the richly traceried Seal bearing the armorial Shield of JOHN, Lord
+BARDOLF, of Wormegay in Norfolk, about A.D. 1350; No. 442. This most
+beautiful Seal, which in the original in diameter is only one and
+one-sixth inches, has been somewhat enlarged in the engraving, in order
+to show the design more plainly. The arms of BARDOLF are--_Az., three
+cinquefoils or_.
+
+The liberality and kindness of Mr. Laing enable me to associate with the
+Seal of Lord BARDOLF a small group of additional examples of Scottish
+Seals: two of them are good illustrations as well of English as of
+Scottish Heraldry, and they exemplify the usage of introducing Gothic
+traceries into the composition of Seals with Shields of Arms: in both
+these examples, however, the leading outlines only of the traceries
+remain, and the rich cusping (which is so perfect in the Seal of Lord
+BARDOLF) is lost. No. 443, the Seal of WILLIAM MURE, A.D. 1397, has a
+Shield bearing--_Arg., on a fesse az. three mullets of the field_. No.
+444, the Seal of THOMAS MONYPENY, A.D. 1415, has the Shield _couchée_
+charged with _Az., a chevron between three crosses crosslets fitchée
+issuing from as many crescents arg._: the Crest, on a helm, is a bird,
+probably a popinjay or parrot. The Seal of RICHARD STUART, No. 445,
+probably about 1350, may be compared with No. 414, p. 249: in the
+smaller and earlier example, the solitary individual who represents the
+crew may be assumed to be Richard Stuart himself; his vessel displays
+two banners which are evidently affected by contrary currents of air,
+and a pennon.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 443.--Seal of William Mure.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 444.--Seal of Thomas Monypeny.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 445.--Seal of Richard Stuart.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 447.--Counter Seal of Earl Thomas de Beauchamp,
+  A.D. 1344]
+
+The noble Seal, No. 446 (_see_ Frontispiece), engraved from a most
+perfect impression recently discovered appended to a document in the
+guardianship of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, represents its
+illustrious owner, THOMAS DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G., third Earl of WARWICK, in
+armour, with his shield and jupon charged with the armorial insignia of
+Beauchamp (_gu., a fesse between six crosses crosslets or_), and with
+the same insignia repeated upon the bardings of the charger upon which
+the Earl is mounted. The engraving of the Seal itself appears on the
+Frontispiece to this Volume: and the Counter-Seal, one of the most
+beautiful and most perfect examples in existence of the early
+seal-engraver’s art, is here represented in No. 447. The Shield
+displayed on this Counter-Seal is charged only with the Arms of the
+NEWBURGHS (_chequée or and az., a chevron erm._), from whom the Earldom
+of Warwick passed by inheritance to the House of Beauchamp. The
+inscription is commenced on the Seal, No. 446, and continued on the
+Counter-Seal, No. 447, and is as follows:-- S : THOE : COMITIS :
+WARRWYCHIE : ANNO : REGNI : REGIS : E : T’CII : POST : CŌQVESTV̄ :
+ANGLIE : SEPTIO : DECIO : ET : REGNI : SVI : FRANCIE : QVARTO--
+“The Seal of Thomas, Earl of Warwick, in the seventeenth year of the
+reign of King Edward III. (of that name) after the Conquest of England,
+and the fourth of his reign over France.� Thus, the date of the
+execution of this fine Seal is the year 1344. The Earl himself died
+in 1369.
+
+A second Beauchamp Seal is also represented in the Frontispiece. This is
+the Seal of RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G., fifth Earl of WARWICK, who died
+in the year 1439. The Heraldry in this example is particularly
+interesting. The Shield, charged with _Newburgh_ and _Beauchamp_
+quarterly, is couchée from the helm of the Earl which is ensigned with
+his coronet and crest; and on either side is _a bear with a ragged
+staff_, the famous Badges of the BEAUCHAMPS: No. 448 (_see_
+Frontispiece). The Inscription is-- SIGILL : RIC : DE : BELLO : CAMPO :
+COMIT : WARWICH-- “The Seal of Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick�
+(see pages 223 and 224).
+
+III. In GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Heraldry is always a consistent, beautiful,
+and most effective accessory. Indeed, so thoroughly is the spirit of
+Heraldry in harmony with the great Architecture which grew up in the
+Middle Ages, that Heraldry must be considered rather as an element of
+its nature than as an allied Art. Gothic Architecture is essentially
+heraldic; and hence, as well as from its elastic nature and its equally
+consistent and happy applicability to every use and requirement, it is
+peculiarly appropriate as our own national style.
+
+From the earliest years of its existence as a definite Science, Heraldry
+is found to be most intimately associated with the Gothic Architecture
+of England: and happy it was for the early Heralds, that in their days
+the English Gothic was at work in the full strength of its first
+maturity. And this alliance was never interrupted, or permitted to
+decline from its original cordiality. As long as the Gothic flourished,
+Heraldry held its own place in Architecture. And in the finest works
+that exist amongst us, relics of the grand Gothic Ages of English
+Architecture, Heraldry is ever present to adorn them with its graphic
+records. In the spandrels of arcades, in panels, upon bosses in
+vaulting, in stained glass, in encaustic floor-tiles, and indeed in
+almost every position in which such ornamentation could be admissible,
+the early Herald is found to have been the fellow-worker with the early
+Gothic architect. Gothic Architecture, accordingly, has preserved for us
+very noble collections and specimens of the most valuable illustrations
+of our national Heraldry. Canterbury and York Cathedrals, and the Abbey
+Churches of Westminster and St. Alban’s, with the Chapel of King’s
+College, Cambridge, are especially rich in heraldic treasures: and
+Westminster Hall and the northern Castles of Alnwick and Warkworth may
+be specified as noble examples of secular Architecture, which retain
+their heraldic enrichments.
+
+IV. Gothic MONUMENTS, and in common with them their successors of the
+Renaissance era, abound in every variety of armorial blazonry. And fine
+examples of heraldic Monuments are no less abundant, than are the
+Shields and other insignia that appear on particular memorials. The
+principles which directed the selection of Shields to be introduced into
+the composition of early Monuments are worthy of careful consideration:
+and the same remark is no less applicable in the case of Architecture.
+I must be content to specify a very small group of heraldic Monuments of
+especial interest and value. In Westminster Abbey: the Monuments of
+Queens ALIANORE of Castile, PHILIPPA of Hainault, ELIZABETH TUDOR, and
+MARY STUART; the Monuments of King EDWARD III. and King HENRY VII.; and
+those of ALIANORE DE BOHUN, Duchess of GLOUCESTER, the Countess of
+LENNOX, the Countess of DERBY, the two DE VALENCES, Earls of Pembroke,
+EDMUND, Earl of Lancaster, Lord BOURCHIER, and Sir GILES DAUBENEY, K.G.
+In Canterbury Cathedral: the Monuments of the BLACK PRINCE, and of
+HENRY IV. and JOANNA of Navarre. In Salisbury Cathedral: the Monument of
+Earl WILLIAM LONGESPÉE. In St. Alban’s Abbey Church: the Monuments of
+HUMPHREY, Duke of GLOUCESTER, and of the Abbots WHEATHAMSTEDE and
+RAMRYGE. Also, other fine Monuments in the Churches at Elsyng in
+Norfolk, Ewelme and Northleigh in Oxfordshire, King’s Langley in
+Hertfordshire, and Cobham in Kent; in Beverley Minster, and in the
+Beauchamp Chapel at Warwick.
+
+V. In the ILLUMINATIONS of the Middle Ages Heraldry has a place of
+honour: and in the revival of that early Art, which is held in such high
+estimation at the present day, Heraldry ought to occupy a position of
+corresponding prominence. This implies in the Illuminators of to-day
+some knowledge of Heraldry, and at least some degree of familiarity with
+good early examples. I venture to suggest, therefore, to students of
+Illumination the study both of the Herald’s Art and his Science, as no
+unimportant part of their preparation for the practice of the Art of
+Illumination on the principle of the sagacious maxim of a great modern
+painter, quoted by Mr. RUSKIN in his “Seven Lamps of
+Architecture�--“Know what you have to do, and _then_ do it.�
+
+VI. In the ornamentation of early ENCAUSTIC or INLAID PAVEMENT TILES,
+Shields of Arms and various heraldic devices frequently occur: and in
+many examples the Shields of Arms are arranged with much skill and in
+excellent taste, to form decorative compositions in combination with
+foliage and traceries. Numerous heraldic Tiles of a very interesting
+character remain in the Cathedrals of Worcester, Gloucester, and Exeter;
+and in the Churches of Great Malvern, King’s Langley, the Abbey Church
+of St. Alban, and many others. The student will observe that the devices
+upon these Tiles are frequently _reversed_, evidently the result of the
+neglect to reverse the designs upon the original dies or stamps.
+
+VII. Heraldic blazonry was highly esteemed in the Middle Ages as a
+becoming decoration for PERSONAL COSTUME. The Knights wore their _Coats
+of Arms_, and they carried and used their _Shields of Arms_, and their
+armorial insignia were displayed upon their weapons and upon the various
+accessories of their personal equipment. The Ladies adapted this usage
+to their own Costume, and they also wore _Mantles and Dresses of Arms_;
+and many of their personal ornaments were strictly heraldic. Without
+even suggesting now to our Ladies any revival of heraldic costume,
+properly so called--such as dresses, mantles, or shawls emblazoned with
+the bearings of armorial shields--I certainly do desire to see Heraldry
+exercising a powerful influence in all designs for personal ornaments,
+the works of the goldsmith and the jeweller more especially. Badges also
+may supply the motive for designing many patterns that are to adorn
+fabrics used for costume: and, in like manner also, the designs woven
+into carpets, curtains, and various other fabrics may be derived with
+the greatest advantage from the same source. The loom is employed in
+blazoning heraldic insignia in white damask: why should it not work,
+under judicious and cautious guidance, in silk and velvet, in satin and
+every woollen fabric?[13]
+
+    [Footnote 13: I have lately seen a design for the embroidery of a
+    dress for a young lady of the Clan CAMPBELL; its characteristic
+    features are the Scottish Thistle and the Myrtle, the latter the
+    Badge of the Campbells. I may express my approval of the motive of
+    this design: others, as I have reason to believe, have approved the
+    treatment of it.]
+
+It must be understood, however, that heraldic ornaments and devices,
+unless they be of such a character that they are universally applicable,
+must have a reference to the wearer, or they degenerate at once into
+heraldic parodies. Personal ornaments, costume, furniture, if heraldic,
+must display devices that have a significance as well as a beauty: such
+costume and ornaments must be, not “becoming� only to the wearer, but
+(in the heraldic acceptation of that term) “belonging� also. And so in
+every instance.
+
+For purposes of universal decoration and adornment, Heraldry is no less
+applicable now than when EDWARD III. or HENRY IV. reigned in England.
+Happily, a taste for furniture and all the appliances of every-day life
+in the Gothic style is gradually becoming prevalent; and this is
+inseparable from the use of Heraldry for the purposes of ornamentation.
+I presume that the fallacy of regarding the Gothic style of Art as
+exclusively ecclesiastical in its associations and uses, or as no less
+necessarily inseparable from mediæval sentiments and general usages, is
+beginning to give way to more correct views, as the true nature of the
+Gothic and its original universal employment are better understood.
+I consider it to be unnecessary for me, therefore, to enter here, in
+support of my own sentiments, into any detailed explanations to show
+that the revival of a Style of Art which flourished in bygone ages, and
+with it the revival of Heraldry as it was invented and grew into its
+early dignity and popularity, are in no way or degree whatever connected
+with an implied return to the mode of life of four, five, or six
+centuries ago. We have used Roman and even what we intended to be Greek
+Architecture in nineteenth-century England; we are still in the habitual
+use of Roman and Greek designs for every variety of decoration; and of
+late we have added Egyptian and Scandinavian works of Art to the
+deservedly prized collections of models, that we have formed for the
+express purpose of imitating them: and yet we do not consider that we
+thus in any way bind ourselves to adopt Roman, or Greek, or Egyptian, or
+Scandinavian costumes or customs; nor in our use of the Arts of
+Antiquity do we perceive any demonstration of retrogression in
+ourselves.
+
+It is the same with Mediæval Heraldry and Gothic Art. We may apply to
+our own times, our own uses, our own delight, what the old Heralds and
+the Gothic Artists have taught us, without even dreaming of wearing
+armour or re-establishing the feudal system. True Heraldry (for it is
+with Heraldry that I am now more especially concerned) is a Science, and
+it also is an Art, for all time--for our times, and for future times, as
+well as for the times that are past. If we understand and appreciate it,
+we shall not fail to use and to apply it aright.
+
+
+  [Illustration: No. 449.--Seal of Sir WALTER SCOTT,
+  of Branxholm and Kirkurd, A.D. 1529. (Laing).]
+
+From the initial-letter of my first Chapter I suspended the Shield borne
+by that Sir WALTER SCOTT, of Abbotsford, whose name will ever be a
+household word with every lover of what is chivalrous and knightly. Here
+I place the Seal, No. 449, of an earlier Sir WALTER SCOTT, of Branxholm
+and Kirkurd--a Knight of another branch of the same distinguished House,
+who differenced the Shield of Scott so as to bear--_Or, on a bend azure
+a mullet and two crescents gold_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+PEERAGE DIGNITIES
+
+  _The Dignity of Earl-- Of Baron-- The Parliament of 1295-- Landed
+  Qualifications-- Creation of the Title Duke of Cornwall-- The Title of
+  Marquis-- The Premier Baron of England-- The Peerage of Scotland--
+  Scottish remainders-- Daughter Inherits in her own right--
+  Determination of an Abeyance-- The Right to Create Peers of Ireland--
+  Rights and Privileges of a Peeress-- The Daughters of Peers--
+  Anomalies of the English Scale of Precedence._
+
+
+Although the name of the dignity of Earl is derived from a Saxon word,
+the dignity itself, like all others, is more Norman than Saxon in its
+character. At the period of the Conquest, and whilst the Norman dynasty
+was on the throne, there were a number of people who bore this title. At
+that time and for long afterwards, certainly well into the Plantagenet
+period, an Earl within his earldom was little short of a petty
+sovereign. Issues of justice and many other rights of regality were in
+his hands, and he occupied a position very much akin to a viceroy for
+the King, seeing that what he did he did in his own name and as Earl, or
+“comes,� of the County. The High Sheriff was the “vice-comes.� Some of
+the earldoms had more extensive rights of regality than others, some
+were actual palatinates, and all earldoms originally were honours in fee
+heritable by the heir-general. Earldoms had a territorial nature, and
+the Earl took his “third penny� in the issues of the Courts in his
+earldom.
+
+The only other dignity at that period was that of Baron, and just as the
+Earls of to-day have little in common save dignity and title with the
+Earls of the past, so the Barons originally were very unlike the latest
+creations of modern Prime Ministers in the name of the King. At the
+Norman Conquest, and for long afterwards, the Barons, an indeterminate
+number, were those who held their land in barony.
+
+It is a matter of much uncertainty at what date Parliament came into
+being. The word goes back to a much earlier period, and is used
+concerning a variety of meetings which are now generally regarded as
+meetings of different Councils and not of Parliament, but historians are
+agreed that whether or not any earlier meetings can be properly
+described as Parliaments, the Parliament of 1295 was properly and fully
+constituted in all its elements. To this Parliament all those who were
+personally summoned by the King in their own names and were not
+nominated or elected by other people are Peers, and of these Peers those
+who are not described as Earls are Barons. It should, however, be noted
+that Bishops and Abbots were summoned by right of the offices they held,
+and there are certain other officials who were summoned also because of
+their offices and could be distinguished from the Barons and Earls.
+There is no shadow of doubt that the reason for the summoning of the
+Barons was the fact that they were great subjects and important because
+of their ownership of land. It was landowners who had to provide the
+military services for the country, and Parliament was chiefly concerned,
+not in law-making, but in authorising and consulting as to military
+expeditions, or in providing the subsidies necessary for these
+expeditions, and the other services of the Crown. In addition to this
+Peers exercised some of the judicial functions of the Crown. But
+law-making was done by the King and his Council until a later period.
+The landed qualifications which justified the summoning of a man to
+Parliament as a Baron usually descended to his heir and similarly
+justified the summoning of that heir; and in that way, but without any
+intention to that end, the right of summons and the right of peerage
+became hereditary. Originally it had been arbitrary and at the
+discretion of the Crown. It was not until the reign of Edward IV. that
+the hereditary peerage character of a barony was fully recognised, and
+with that recognition came the divorce of the territorial idea from the
+right of peerage. Like ancient earldoms, ancient baronies were honours
+in fee heritable by the heirs general. Save that William the Conqueror
+was Sovereign Lord of the Duchy of Normandy and as such Duke, the
+dignity of duke did not exist in England until 1337, when Edward the
+Black Prince was created Duke of Cornwall with remainder to his heirs
+the eldest sons of the Kings of England. That was the creation of the
+title now enjoyed by the Prince of Wales, but this Duchy of Cornwall and
+the Duchy of Lancaster are really Duchies as distinguished from the
+Dukedoms enjoyed by other people having the designation of Duke.
+
+The title of Marquis dates from 1386, when Richard II. created Robert de
+Vere Marquis of Dublin; and the title of Viscount from 1440, when the
+Viscounty of Beaumont was created. The first Barony by Letters Patent
+was created in 1387, but the oldest surviving barony by patent now in
+existence dates from 1448, when Sir John Stourton was created Baron and
+Lord Stourton of Stourton, co. Wilts. The present Lord Mowbray, Segrave
+and Stourton, who has inherited the barony of Stourton, also claims, as
+Lord Mowbray, to be the premier baron of England although the barony of
+Mowbray is placed on the roll of precedence after the baronies of Le
+Despenser and De Ros. Although earldoms were granted by charters from
+the earliest period, because, attached to the earldom, were also
+material rights which needed to be conveyed, patents did not come into
+use for baronies until it was desired to limit the succession of the
+peerage to the heirs male of the body of the grantee, which is a
+limitation and a less heirship than is comprised in the enjoyment of an
+honour in fee simple. Privilege of peerage with all it entails has been
+a slow growth of accretion; and save for place and precedence and the
+right of any peer or peeress to be tried in the House of Lords, and the
+now limited and threatened right of peers to legislate, little of
+privilege of peerage remains.
+
+The peerage of Scotland is very similar to that of England, and, before
+the Union, the principal difference between the two countries was the
+persistency with which the Scottish peerage remained attached to the
+land. Until a late date a patent creating a Scottish peerage erected
+certain lands into a barony or earldom as the case might be, and
+entailed those lands with the dignity. The difference arising from this
+form of procedure was more than counterbalanced by the recognised and
+constantly-adopted procedure of resigning a Scottish inheritance into
+the hands of the Crown, and then obtaining what is known as a
+“Novodamus,� with either the same or different limitations.
+
+The many Scottish remainders, which are quite unknown to English peerage
+law, are all a consequence of this territorial nature of a Scottish
+peerage. One of the chief differences at the present time between an
+English and a Scottish peerage is to be found in those which are
+heritable by females. Unless governed by special remainder contained in
+the instrument of creation, a Scottish peerage, which in the event of
+failure of a male heir devolves upon a female heir, differs from an
+English one in its manner of descent. In Scotland the elder daughter
+inherits as of right, standing in the line of heirship next after her
+youngest brother and before any uncle or a younger sister. On the other
+hand, such an inheritance is only known by virtue of a special remainder
+in England. All Baronies by writ are Baronies in fee in England, and
+heritable by the heir general, which means that they can if necessary
+devolve upon females. If the only child of a peer having such a peerage
+be a daughter she inherits in her own right, but if his issue is two
+daughters, then the peerage falls into abeyance between them, because
+under the law of England there is no seniority amongst daughters, and as
+both of them cannot enjoy one single peerage, neither of them has it,
+and it remains in abeyance until the Crown interferes or until by the
+natural course of events one line becomes extinguished by the extinction
+of all issue of the one daughter, when the peerage then at once devolves
+upon the heir of the other. Sometimes an abeyance will last several
+hundred years, sometimes it may end with the lapse of one or two; but at
+any time during the continuance of an abeyance the Crown may, at its
+entire pleasure, signify that any co-heir shall enjoy the peerage. This
+is what is termed the determination of an abeyance, and this is effected
+by the issue of a writ of summons to Parliament if the co-heir be a male
+or by the issue of letters patent in the case of a lady. The co-heir in
+whose favour the abeyance is determined then at once enjoys the peerage
+with the same designation and precedence as those who have held it
+hitherto, and his or her heir succeeds in due course.
+
+Although there is one judgment to the contrary, it is now pretty
+universally admitted that there is no such thing as an Irish Barony by
+writ. With the union of England and Scotland, no further peerages of
+either country were created, and subsequent peerages were either of
+Great Britain or of Ireland; and it has been already judicially decided
+by the House of Lords that the power to create a Scottish peerage does
+not now exist in the Crown. There is no similar judgment in relation to
+a peerage of England, but the fact is that no attempt has since been
+made to create one, and though the point up to the present time still
+has to be decided, it is certainly a matter for argument whether or not
+such a right remains. Since the union of Great Britain with Ireland no
+further peerages of Great Britain or of England have been created, but
+the right to create peers of Ireland was specifically retained under
+certain conditions and has been constantly taken advantage of. Other
+peerages since created have, however, been of the United Kingdom.
+Whether or not we shall ever have peerages of the Empire remains a
+matter for the future.
+
+Since the latter part of the seventeenth century it has been the custom
+for peers and peeresses in their own right to sign simply by the
+designation of their peerage. The peeress by marriage prefixes her
+Christian name or initials to her husband’s title. It is statute law in
+Scotland, but not in England, that no person may sign his surname
+without prefixing a Christian name or initials. A peeress by marriage
+who is also a peeress in her own right signs first her husband’s title,
+adding her own afterwards; for instance, the signature of the Countess
+of Yarborough is Marcia Yarborough, Fauconberg and Conyers. One cannot
+call to mind in recent times any instances in which the peeress in her
+own right has married a peer of lower rank than her own, and until such
+a case occurs it is difficult to forecast what the signature should be.
+A peeress by marriage after re-marriage loses all privilege of peerage
+and precedence, and all right which she acquired by marriage, but as a
+matter of courtesy she usually retains her peerage designation if her
+subsequent marriage is to a commoner.
+
+The daughter of a peer if married to another peer takes the precedence
+of her husband and relinquishes her own, but she retains it if she
+marries a commoner; and one of the anomalies of the English scale of
+precedence is to be found in the following circumstances. If the two
+elder daughters of a Duke were to marry an Earl and a Baron
+respectively, whilst the youngest daughter were to run away with the
+footman, she would, nevertheless, rank as the daughter of a Duke above
+her sisters ranking as wives of an Earl and a Baron.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abated, Abatement, 100, 207
+  Abbotsford, 1, 326
+  Abased, 100
+  Aberdeen, Earl of: Arms, 68
+  Abergavenny, Earl of: Arms, 187
+  Abeyance, 330, 331
+  Accollée, 100
+  Accosted, 100
+  Accrued, 82
+  Achievement, Achievement of Arms, 100
+  Addorsed, 86, 100
+  Admirals, 256;
+    “Admiral of England,� 250
+  Admiralty, Flag of, 256
+  Æschylus, 6
+  Affrontée, 100
+  Aggroupment of Arms, 158, 163
+  Agnes de Percy: Seal, 160
+  Agnus Dei, as a Badge, 147, 276
+  Alant, Aland, 100
+  Albany, Duke of, 271
+  Albemarle, Earl of: Supporters, 92
+  Albert, H.R.H., the late Prince. _See_ Prince Consort
+  Albert Medal, 293
+  Alerion, 96, 100
+  Alianore de Bohun. _See_ Bohun
+  Alianore of Aquitaine: Arms, 259
+  Alianore of Castile and Leon:
+    Arms, 162, 166;
+    Monument, 322
+  Alianore, Daughter of Edward I., 77
+  Alice of Hesse, H.R.H., the Princess, 271
+  Alliance, Heraldic Record of, 159, 164;
+    Feudal, 194
+  Allusive Heraldry, 15
+  Alnwick Castle, 322
+  Alphabet, the Letters of the, in Heraldry, 135
+  Aluminium, 47
+  Ambulant, 100
+  Angels, Heraldic figures of, 75;
+    as Supporters, 75, 247
+  Anglo-Saxon Shields and Standards, 5, 55
+  Anglo-Saxon Sovereigns, Arms attributed to the, 18, 259
+  Anjou, Geoffrey, Count of, 188
+  Anjou, Queen Margaret of, 97
+  Annandale, Arms in, 198
+  Anne Boleyn, Queen, 229
+  Anne Stuart, Queen, 253;
+    Arms, 260, 262;
+    Badge, 229;
+    Motto, 265
+  Annulet, Annuletté, 72, 100, 101, 120;
+    in Modern Cadency, 193
+  Antelope, 80, 101
+  Anthony, Saint; his Cross, 101, 154
+  Antique Crown, 101
+  Anvers, Sir T. de: Arms, 202
+  Appaumée, 101
+  Aquitaine: Arms, 259
+  Archbishop, 101;
+    Marshalling his Arms, 173
+  Archdeacon, L’Ercedeckne: Arms, 196
+  Arched, Archy, 101
+  Arderne, Sir J.: Arms, 201
+  Argent, 40, 101
+  Argyll, Duke of:
+    Supporters, 91;
+    Duchess of, 271
+  Arm, Armed, 80, 101, 102
+  Armagh, See of: Arms, 141
+  “Armes Parlantes,� 16, 76, 102
+  Armorial Bearings, 39, 101;
+    Tax on, 313
+  Armory, 2, 101
+  Arms, Shields and Coats of, 2;
+    Aggroupment of, 158;
+    Attributed, 18;
+    Combination of, 158;
+    of Community, 102;
+    of Dominion, 102;
+    of Heiress and Co-heiress, 170, 172;
+    of Herald Kings, 173;
+    of Husband and Wife, 167, 171;
+    of Knight, 174;
+    of Office, 102;
+    Official, 174;
+    of Parlante, 102;
+    of Peeress in her own right, 173;
+    of Prelate, 173;
+    of Royal Personages, 174, 258;
+    of Unmarried Lady, 173;
+    of Widow and Widower, 173
+  Arms, Grants and Confirmations of, 308
+  “Arms found,� 313
+  Arms, right to bear, 308
+  Arragon, Queen Catherine of: Arms, 229
+  Arrow, 102
+  Art, Heraldic, 24, 27, 326
+  Art, Gothic, 325
+  Artificial Figures and Devices in Heraldry, 78
+  Arthur Plantagenet, 190
+  Arthur Tudor, The Prince: Badge, 231
+  Arundel: Arms, 17, 203
+  Arundel, Fitz Alans, Earls of, 89, 191, 215
+  Arundel, Thomas Fitz Alan, Earl of, 118
+  Arundel, Radulphus de: Arms 191
+  Arundel, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+  Ascania, Bernhard of, 113
+  Ashton: Badge, 147
+  Ashwelthorpe: Monument, 215
+  Asscheby (Ashby), Sir R. de: Arms, 203
+  At gaze, 80, 81, 102;
+    At speed, 81
+  Athole, Duke of: Supporters, 91
+  Attires, Attired, 81, 102
+  Attributed Arms, 18
+  Aubernoun, Sir J. d’: Pennon and Arms, 143, 246
+  Augmentation, Augmented, 102
+  Augmentations of Honour, 204;
+    by “Royal Favour,� 206
+  Austria, The Emperor of, 97
+  Avellane, 57, 102
+  Aventinus, 6
+  Azure, 41, 47, 102
+
+  Badge, 102, 103, 175, 220;
+    Varieties of, 221, 222;
+    Examples of, 224, 241;
+    marked for Cadency, 192, 226;
+    in Seals, 164, 225;
+    peculiarly appropriate for present use, 227;
+    to supersede Crests, 218, 227;
+    borne by Ladies, 277;
+    Royal, 220;
+    in Modern Heraldry, 309
+  Badge, of Ostrich Feathers, 230;
+    of Garter, 278;
+    of Thistle, 280;
+    of St. Patrick, 281;
+    of Bath, 283, 284, 285;
+    of Star of India, 288
+  Badge, Yorkist, 121
+  Badges, granted and recorded, 309
+  Badges, worn by, 251
+  Badlesmere, Sir B. de: Arms, 202
+  Balliol: Arms, 66;
+    Sir Alexander de, Seal, 103, 210
+  Balliol College, Oxford, 66
+  Bannebury, Sir R. de, 202
+  Branded 103
+  Banner, Armorial, 3, 103, 247;
+    blazoning of, 39;
+    made on field of Battle, 248;
+    Royal, 266;
+    marked for Cadency, 192, 252;
+    on Seals, 239;
+    at Sea, 250;
+    of Leicester, 14;
+    of Templars, 13, 276
+  Banneret, 103;
+    creation of, 248
+  Bannerman, W. Bruce, 302
+  Bar, 51, 103;
+    examples of, 201
+  Barbarossa, The Emperor, 113
+  Barbed, 103
+  Barbel, 77, 103
+  Barded, Bardings, 103
+  Bardoff: Arms, 182;
+    John Lord, 318
+  Barkele. _See_ Berkeley
+  Barnacles, Breys, 103
+  Baron, 103, 104, 328;
+    Baroness, 104
+  Baronet, 104
+  Barre, de: Arms, 103, 162;
+    Joan de, 162, 224;
+    Henry de, 162;
+    John de, 77
+  Barrulée, Barruly, 52, 104
+  Barrulet, 51, 106, 182
+  Barry, 52, 104
+  Barry Bendy, 60, 104
+  Bars Gemelles, 52, 103, 126
+  Bar-wise, 53, 104
+  Base, 33, 105
+  Basilisk, 105
+  Basinet, 105, 218
+  Basingborne, Wm. de: Arms, 70
+  Bassett: Arms, 62
+  Bat in Heraldry, 79
+  Bath Herald, 131
+  Bath, Order of the, 283;
+    Knights of, 284;
+    Companions of, 284;
+    Insignia of, 284;
+    Stalls of Knights, 286
+  Bath, Marquess of, 92
+  Baton, 105;
+    Sinister, 190, 191
+  Battled, or Embattled, 105
+  Bayeux Tapestry, 5
+  Beacon, Fire Beacon, 105
+  Beaked, 105
+  Bear, in Heraldry, 76;
+    Bear and Ragged Staff, 221, 321
+  Bearer, 105
+  Bearings, Armorial Bearings, 39, 105.
+    _See_ Arms
+  Beasts, in Heraldry, 76
+  Beatrice, H.R.H., The Princess, 271
+  Beauchamp, Earl Richard de, 164, 171, 208, 319;
+    his Badges, 221;
+    at Jousts at Calais, 223
+  Beauchamp, Earl Thomas de, 169, 319, 320
+  Beauchamp, K.G., Earl Richard, 146
+  Beauchamp, of Warwick: Arms, 169, 171, 183;
+    Badges, 146
+  Beauchamp, of Bletshoe: Arms, 183
+  Beauchamp, of Elmley: Arms 183
+  Beauchamp, at Carlaverock: Arms, 183
+  Beauchamp: Differences, 187
+  Beauchamp Chapel, the, at Warwick, 169, 187, 322
+  Beaufort: Arms and Differences, 189, 190, 192;
+    Badge, 140, 233
+  Beaufort, Margaret de, 169, 170, 233
+  Beaufort, John de, 189, 190, 236
+  Beaufort, Henry de, 189
+  Beaumont, Bishop Lewis de: Effigy and Arms, 159
+  Beaumont, Sir J.: Crest, 216
+  Beaumont, Viscount, 329
+  Beausseant, 13, 276
+  Bec, Bishop Anthony, 56
+  Beckyngton, Bishop: Rebus, 147
+  Bedford, Isabelle, Countess of, 223
+  Bedford, John, Duke of, 181
+  Bedford, the Duke of: Supporters, 91
+  Bees, in Heraldry, 79
+  Beeston, Arms, 79
+  Bell, 105
+  Belled, 105
+  Bend, 58, 105, 191;
+    Examples, 201;
+    Sinister, 60
+  Bendlet, 58, 105, 191;
+    in Cadency, 182;
+    Sinister, 191
+  Bendwise, or Bendways, distinction between, 59
+  Bend-wise, In Bend, 59, 105
+  Bendy, 59, 105
+  Bennett, John: Grant of Arms to, 311
+  Bere, Sir de la: Crest, 206
+  Berham, Sir Wm. de, 202
+  Berkeley:
+    Arms, 183, 196, 241;
+    Badge, 138, 224, 241;
+    Crest, 138, 241
+  Berkeroles, Sir Wm. de: Arms, 202
+  Bermyngham, Sir Wm. de: Arms, 201
+  Bernhard, of Ascania, 113
+  Beverley Minster, 27, 106, 159
+  Bezant, 71, 105;
+    Bezantee, 72
+  Bilbesworth, Sir H. de: Arms, 97
+  Billet, Billettée, 64, 70, 105
+  Birds, in Heraldry, 76, 105
+  Birds of prey, 80
+  Bird-bolt, 102, 105
+  Bishop, 105, 173
+  Bishops, Suffragan, 106
+  Black Prince, _See_ Edward
+  Blasted, 82, 106
+  Blazon, 31, 106;
+    Epithets and Terms in, 80, 106;
+    modern refinement of, 52
+  Blazoning, 31, 39, 45, 106;
+    Descriptive, 46, 106;
+    in Tinctures, 47
+  Blazonry, 31, 106
+  Blondeville, Ranulph de: Arms, 195
+  Blue Ensign, 256
+  Bluemantle, 130
+  Bluet, Sir Wm.: Arms, 202
+  Blundell: Arms, 65
+  Blyborough, Monument at, 106
+  Boar, in Heraldry, 106;
+    Boar’s Head, 76
+  Bohemia, the King of, 230
+  Bohun, De, Earl of Hereford:
+    Arms, 59, 89;
+    Crest, 91;
+    Badge, 155, 164, 251
+  Bohun, Alianore de, 162, 169, 323
+  Bohun, Mary de, 153
+  Bohun, Earl Humphrey de, 59, 83
+  Bohun, Sir Gilbert de, 59
+  Bohun, Oliver de, 201, 225
+  Boleyn, Queen Anne: Arms, 207, 229
+  Bolingbroke, the Viscount: Supporters, 99
+  Bologne, Godfrey de, 96
+  Bordet, Sir R.: Arms, 202
+  Bordoun, Sir J.: Arms, 17, 106, 141
+  Bordure, 43, 68, 106;
+    Examples, 26, 181;
+    Quartered and Impaled, 169;
+    Componée, 192;
+    Wavy, 192;
+    of France, 124
+  Bostock, Hugo: Arms, 97
+  Boterels, Sir R. de: Arms, 203
+  Botiler, Le: Arms, 50, 58, 115. _See_ Butler
+  Botonée, Botonée Fitchée, 56, 106
+  Bottetourt: Arms, 241
+  Bottreaux, Margaret: Seal, 240
+  Bouget, Water Bouget, 106
+  Bourchier, Lord: Arms, 241, 323
+  Bourchier, Sir H. de: Arms, 110, 216
+  Bourchier Knot, 106, 133
+  Bourdon, 17, 106
+  Bow, Bowed, 107
+  Bowen Knot, 107, 133
+  Braced, 107
+  Bradestone, Sir T. de: Arms, 223
+  Brewys, Sir Wm. de, 187
+  Brey, Sir Reginald de: Badge, 60, 104
+  Breys, 107
+  Brian, Bryan, Sir Guy de: Arms, 62
+  Brittany: Arms, 14, 165
+  Brittany, John, Duke of, 163
+  Brivere, Sir W. de: Badge, 135, 138
+  Brisure, Brizure, 107
+  Bromesgrove, 217
+  Bronscombe, Bishop, 125
+  Broom-plant, 17
+  Brownlow, the Earl: Supporters, 92
+  Bruce, de: Arms, 161, 198
+  Bruce, Margaret, Lady de Ros: Seal, 164
+  Bruce, King Robert de, 150
+  Bruce, Robert de, Earl of Carrick: Seal, 224
+  Brunswick: Arms, 262
+  Brus, Sir Bernard de: Arms, 50
+  Buccleuch, Duke of: Difference, 191
+  Buck, 116
+  Buckle. _See_ Fermail
+  Burgh, de: Arms, 164
+  Burgh, Elizabeth de: Arms, 164
+  Burgh, Hubert de: Arms, 69
+  Burgh, William de: Arms, 163
+  Burgonet, 107
+  Burke, Sir B.: his “Peerage,� 98
+  Burnett, George, Esquire, Lord Lyon, 307
+  Burton, Abbot: Rebus, 147
+  Butterflies, in Heraldry, 79
+  Buttons, Heraldic, 222
+  Bygod, Sir R., 202
+  Byron: Arms, 119
+
+  Cabossed, or Caboshed, 81, 107
+  Cadency, 107, 178;
+    Marked, 179;
+    Marks of, 107, 179;
+    by Label, 179;
+    by Bordure, 181, 192;
+    by Bendlet, 181, 189;
+    by Canton, 182, 191;
+    by Change of Tinctures, 182;
+    by Change of Charges, 182;
+    by Small Charges, 182;
+    by Official Insignia, 184;
+    by Single Small Charge, 186;
+    of Illegitimacy, 187, 192;
+    Marked on Badges, Banners, Crests, Mantlings, Standards,
+        and Supporters, 192, 22, 249;
+    Modern, 193
+  Cadency, King Richard II. on, 200
+  Cadency, unpierced mullet, 139
+  Cadet, 107
+  Calais, Citizens of, 198
+  Calf, 76
+  Caltrap, 107
+  Calvary Cross, 55
+  Calveley: Arms, 76
+  Cambridge, H.R.H., the Duke of, 270
+  Camden, 139, 230
+  Camoys, Eliz., Lady, 169
+  Camoys, Thos., Lord de, 110, 169
+  Camoys, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+  Campbell: Arms, 71;
+    Badge, 324
+  Canterbury: Arms of See, 141;
+    Arms of Deanery, 135;
+    Archbishop of, 101;
+    Heraldry of the Cathedral, 236, 322
+  Canterbury, Wm. de Courtenay, Archbishop of, 184
+  Canting Heraldry, 16, 107
+  Canton, Cantoned, 64, 107;
+    in Cadency, 180, 190
+  Canton and Quarter distinction, 65
+  Cantons, Chiefs and Inescutcheons of, 204
+  Canvyle, Sir G. de: Arms, 204
+  Caple, Sir R. de: Arms, 202
+  Carbuncle. _See_ Escarbuncle
+  Carew, Sir Nicholas: Arms, 89
+  Carlaverock, Roll of, 12, 258
+  Carlisle, 13
+  Carlisle, Earl of: Supporters, 92
+  Carnarvon, Earl of: Supporters, 92
+  Carrick, Earl o, 224
+  Carru, Sir N., 204
+  Cartouche, 37, 107
+  Castile and Leon: Arms, 17, 102, 166
+  Castile and Leon, Queen Alianore of, 166
+  Castile and Leon, Ferdinand III., King of, 166;
+    Pedro, King of, 248
+  Castle, 102, 107
+  Castle-acre Priory, 44
+  Catherine, Queen, of Arragon, 229
+  Catherine Parr, Queen, 229
+  Cavalry Standards, 256
+  Cave: Motto, 138
+  Cavendish: Motto, 138
+  Celestial Crown, 107
+  Centaur, Sagittarius, 108, 258
+  Cercelée, Recercelée, 56, 108
+  Chaffinch, 76
+  Champagne: Arms, 124
+  Chandos, Sir P. de, 62;
+    Sir John, 248
+  Chapeau, 108, 213, 215
+  Chaplet, 108
+  Charge, 38, 108;
+    Miscellaneous, 70;
+    Secondary, 183;
+    Single Small, 186
+  Charlemagne: his Crown, 262
+  Charles I., 191, 279;
+    Arms, 260;
+    Badge, 229;
+    Crown, 266
+  Charles II., 103, 192, 205, 279;
+    Arms, 260;
+    Badge, 229
+  Charles V., of France, 78, 122
+  Charlestone, Sir. J.: Arms, 96
+  Charteris, 139
+  Chartham, 120
+  Chastillon: Arms, 163, 168;
+    Guy de, 163
+  Chaucer, Geoffrey, 200
+  Chaworth, De: Arms, 164;
+    Matilda de, Seal, 164
+  Chequée, Chequy, Checky, 43, 108
+  Chess-rook, 109
+  Chester, County Palatine of, 195;
+    Arms, 195, 267;
+    Ranulph, Earl of, 195
+  Chester, Earls of, 195
+  Chester Herald, 130
+  Chevron, Chevronel, Chevronnée, Chevrony, 61, 109;
+    Examples, 203
+  Chief, 33, 49, 109;
+    Examples, 201
+  Childrey, Brass at, 154
+  Chivalry, High Court of, 200, 201;
+    Order of, 275
+  Cholmondeley: Motto, 139
+  Christchurch, Oxford, 236
+  Church-Bell. _See_ Bell
+  Cinquefoil, 109
+  Cinque Ports: Arms, 168
+  Civic Crown, 109
+  Clare, De: Arms, 61, 196;
+    Badge 109
+  Clare, Gilbert de, the “Red Earl,� 95
+  Clare, in Suffolk, 196
+  Claremont Nesle: Arms, 169
+  Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, 164, 180
+  Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, 181
+  Clarenceux, 109, 130, 131;
+    Arms, 131
+  Clarendon, K.G., Earl of, 57
+  Clarendon, Sir Roger de: Arms, 191
+  Clarendon, the Earl of, Supporters, 99
+  Clarion, 109
+  Clasps, 290
+  Clechee, 57, 109
+  Cleveland, Duke of: Difference, 191
+  Clifford, Lord, 50, 51
+  Clintone, Clinton, Sir J. de, 50, 201;
+    of Maxtoke, 201;
+    Badge, 224
+  Close, 109, 116
+  Closed, 81
+  Closet, 109
+  Clouée, 71, 109
+  Coat of Arms, 3, 109, 324
+  Coat Armour, 109
+  Cobham Monuments, 323
+  Cockatrice, 79, 110
+  Cockayne: Arms, 76
+  Co-Heiress: Arms, 170
+  Coinage, Heraldry of the, 316
+  Coleville, Sir R. de: Arms, 201
+  Collar, 110, 130;
+    of the Garter, 278;
+    of the Thistle, 200;
+    of St. Patrick, 281;
+    of the Bath, 283;
+    of the Star of India, 287
+  College of Arms or Heralds’ College. _See_ Herald
+  College of Arms, Arms of, 131
+  Colour, 40, 41, 47, 110
+  “Colours,� 110, 265
+  Combattant, 86, 110
+  Combination of Arms, 158, 165
+  Compartment, 110
+  Complement, 111
+  Componée, Compony, or Gobony, 43, 111;
+    Bordure, 191
+  Compound Badges, 133
+  Compound Quartering, 34, 111
+  Compounded Arms, 111, 158, 164
+  Confessor, the, 206. _See_ St. Edward
+  Confirmation of Arms, 308;
+    Example, 312
+  Conjoined in Eure, 111
+  Connaught, H.R.H. Duke of, 271
+  Consort, H.R.H., the late Prince: Arms, 266;
+    Difference, 266;
+    Coronet, 267, 294;
+    Crest, 267;
+    Supporters, 267;
+    Motto, 267
+  Contoise, 111, 211
+  Contournée, 111
+  Controversy, the Scrope and Grosvenor, 200
+  Corbet: Arms, 17
+  Cork, Earl of: Supporters, 92
+  Cornish Chough, 111
+  Cornwall, Edmund, Earl of, 94;
+    Richard, Earl of, 68, 83, 94, 204
+  Cornwall, Piers Gaveston, Earl of, 95
+  Coronet, 111
+  Costume, Heraldry of, 324
+  Cosynton, Sir S. de: Arms, 223
+  Cotise, Cotised, 53, 58, 111
+  Couchant, Dormant, 86, 111
+  Couchée, 38, 111
+  Count, Countess, 112
+  Counter, 112
+  Counter-changing, 44, 112, 254
+  Counter Componée, 43, 112
+  Counter Embattled, 112
+  Counter Passant, 86
+  Counter Potent, 41
+  Counter Rampant, 86
+  Counter Salient, 86
+  Counter-Seal, 112
+  Counter-Vair, 41
+  Couped, 54, 87, 112
+  Couple-Close, 112
+  Courant, 81, 112
+  Courtenay, William de, Archbishop, 184;
+    Peter de, Bishop, 226
+  Courtenay Earl Edward de, 141, 214;
+    Badge, 226
+  Courtesy, Titles of, 112
+  Courthope, William, Esq., late Somerset Herald, 9
+  Coventry, Earl of: Supporters, 99
+  Coward, Cowed, 86, 112
+  Crampet, 112
+  Crancelin, 112
+  Crawford, Deverguilla: Seal, 239
+  Crenelated, 113
+  Crescent, 68, 113;
+    in Modern Cadency, 193
+  Cresset, 113
+  Crest, 113, 174, 208;
+    Early, 213;
+    Marked for Cadency, 193;
+    Differenced, 216;
+    as originally worn, 218;
+    two or more, 219;
+    superseded by Badge, 218, 227;
+    of England, 90, 264;
+    of Scotland, 90, 264;
+    of English Princes, 90, 266;
+    of Edward III., 99;
+    German, 212
+  Crest-Coronet, 113, 119
+  Crest-Wreath, 113, 120, 123
+  Crests, Inheritance of, 219
+  Cretinge, Sir J. de: Arms, 202
+  Crined, 114
+  Crombe, de: Arms, 62
+  Cross, 54, 114;
+    Throughout, 54;
+    Couped, or Humettée, 54;
+    Voided, 55;
+    Fimbriated, 54;
+    of St. George, 54, 253;
+    of St. Andrew, 61, 253;
+    of St. Patrick, 61, 253;
+    of St. Anthony, or Tau, 55;
+    Greek, 55;
+    Latin, 55;
+    Quarter-pierced, 54;
+    Quarterly-pierced, 55;
+    on Degrees, 55;
+    Calvary, 55;
+    Heraldic Varieties of, 55;
+    Quadrate, 55, 145;
+    Patriarchal, 55, 142;
+    Fourchée, 55, 125;
+    Moline, 55, 138, 193;
+    Recercelée, 56, 150;
+    Patonce, 56, 142;
+    Fleury, 56, 125;
+    Fleurettee, 56, 125;
+    Pommée, 56;
+    Botonée, or Treflée, 56, 106;
+    Crosslet, 56;
+    Clechée, 57, 109;
+    Patee, or Formée, 57, 142;
+    Maltese, and of eight points, 57;
+    Potent, 57, 144;
+    Avellane, 57, 103;
+    Fitchée, 58, 121
+  Crosslet, Crossed Crosslet, 56
+  Crown, 114, 139, 266
+  Crown of India, Order of, 294
+  Crozier, 114
+  Crusader Kings, The: Arms, 43
+  Crusades, 4
+  Crusilée, Crusily, 56, 115
+  Cubit-Arm, 115
+  Cumberland, H.R.H. Duke of, 271
+  Cummin: Arms, 95
+  Cup, Covered Cup, 115
+  “Curiosities of Heraldry,� by Mr. M. A. Lower, 303
+  Cushion, Pillow, Oreiller, 115
+  Cyclas, 153
+  Czar, The: Arms, 92
+
+  Dacre Knot, 115, 134
+  Dageworth, Sir J.: Arms, 51, 201
+  Dalmenhurst: Arms, 269
+  Dancetté, 35, 70, 115, 157
+  Danse. _See_ Dancetté
+  Darcy, D’Arcy: Arms, 65
+  Darnley, Lord: Arms, 68
+  Daubeney, Sir Giles, K.G., 323
+  D’Aubigny: Arms, 170
+  Debased, 115
+  Debruised, 115
+  Decoration, Heraldic, 324
+  Decrescent, In Detriment, 80, 115
+  Deer, 80, 115
+  Degrees, 55, 116
+  Deincourt: Arms, 70
+  Delamere, Sir John, 96;
+    Sir G., 202
+  Demembered, Dismembered, 116
+  Demi, 116
+  Demi-Eagle, 99
+  Demi-Lion, 87
+  Denbigh, Earl of, 98
+  Denmark: Arms, 83, 268
+  Dependency, Feudal, 194
+  Depressed, 116
+  Despencer, Le: Arms, 171;
+    Barony, 329
+  Despencer, Isabelle le, 171;
+    Bishop Henry le, 186, 215;
+    John le, 150
+  Devon, Earl of, 214
+  Dexter, 32, 33, 116
+  Deyville, Sir J. de, 202
+  Diaper, Diapering, 44, 116
+  Difference, Differencing, 116, 177, 190, 194
+  Differenced Shields, 186, 200
+  Differences, Temporary, 177;
+    Permanent, 177;
+    for Distinction only, 199;
+    of Illegitimacy, 187
+  Dignities, 31
+  Dimidiation, Dimidiated, 116, 162, 167
+  Disclosed, 116
+  Displayed, 81, 116
+  Disposition, Disposed, 45, 116
+  Distinguished Service Order, 292
+  Ditzmers: Arms, 269
+  Dividing and Border Lines, 34, 116
+  Dolphin, 7, 77, 78, 82, 116
+  Dormant, 86, 116
+  Double-queued, 116
+  Doubling, 116
+  Douglas: Arms, 74;
+    Crest, 149;
+    Badge, 224;
+    Augmentation, 206
+  Douglas Sir James, 74;
+    Lord William, 74;
+    the first Earl, 74
+  Douglas and Mar William, Earl of, 94
+  Dove-tail, 35, 116
+  Doyle, 139
+  Dragon, 79, 116
+  “Dresses of Arms,� 324
+  Dreux, De: Arms, 116, 165
+  Dreux, J. de, Duke of Brittany, 163, 165
+  Drummond, John: Seal, 244
+  Drury: Arms, 154
+  Dublin, De Vere, Marquess of, 136, 329
+  Dublin: Arms of, See, 141
+  Ducal Coronet, 117
+  Duchess, 117
+  Duchies of Cornwall and Lancaster, 329
+  Dudley, Earl Robert, 208
+  Dudley, Thomas: Seal, 216
+  Duke, 116, 329
+  Dunboyne, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+  Durem, Sir G. de, 202
+  Durham, 14
+
+  Eagle, 117;
+    Heraldic, 25, 76;
+    in Stained glass at York, 92;
+    sculptured in Westminster Abbey, 92;
+    with one Head, 92;
+    with two Heads, 93;
+    Imperial, crowned, 95;
+    with Nimbus, 95;
+    Drawing of, 98;
+    Austrian, 98;
+    French, 98;
+    as Supporter, 99;
+    as Badge, 148
+  Eagles and Hawks, 81
+  Eaglet, 95, 99, 117
+  Earl, 117, 327
+  Earl Marshal, the, 131
+  Eastern, Radiated, or Antique Crown, 118
+  Ecclesal Ekeleshale: Arms, 197
+  Ecclesiastics, Heraldic decoration of their Vestments, 159
+  Echingham, De: Arms, 71
+  Edinburgh, H.R.H., the Duke of, 280
+  Edmond, Son of Edward I., 181
+  Edmund, Saint: Arms, 19, 206, 259
+  Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, 94
+  Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, 123, 179, 181, 323
+  Edward, Saint, the Confessor: Arms, 19, 181
+  Edward I.: Label as Prince Royal, 178;
+    Arms, 259;
+    Badge, 228;
+    Barding of Charger, 103;
+    Rolls of Arms of his era, 13
+  Edward II.: Label as Prince Royal, 178;
+    Arms, 259;
+    Badge, 228;
+    Roll of Arms of his era, 13
+  Edward III.: Label as Prince Royal, 178;
+    Arms, 259;
+    quarters France Ancient, 123;
+    Crest, 90, 99, 213, 263;
+    Badges, 227, 232;
+    Supporters, 237;
+    Heraldry of his Monument, 26, 169;
+    Roll of Arms of his era, 13;
+    Heraldry in his time, 9;
+    his love of Heraldry, 223;
+    founds the Order of the Garter, 276
+  Edward IV.: Arms, 260;
+    Supporters, 91, 264;
+    Badges, 229;
+    Coins, 317;
+    grants Augmentations, 213
+  Edward V.: Arms, 260
+  Edward VI.: Arms, 260;
+    Supporters, 264;
+    Badges, 229;
+    bears the Ostrich Feather Badge, 230;
+    Coins, 316
+  Edward VII. _Vide_ King
+  Edward the Black Prince: Arms, 134, 178, 191;
+    Crest, 91, 215;
+    Badge, 230, 231;
+    Motto, 234;
+    First English Duke and Prince of Wales, 116, 234, 329;
+    at Navaret, 248;
+    his Will, 234;
+    his Monument, 26, 233
+  Eglesfield, Robert de: Arms, 97
+  Eglintoun, Earls of, 11
+  Eleanor. _See_ Alianore
+  Electoral Bonnet, 118, 263
+  Elford, Monuments at, 215
+  Elizabeth, Queen: Arms, 260;
+    Supporters, 264;
+    Badges and Mottoes, 229, 265;
+    Changes Colour of Ribbon of the Garter, 126, 279;
+    her Monument, 322
+  Elizabeth, Countess of Holland and of Hereford, 161
+  Elsyng, Brass at, 216, 323
+  Eltham, Prince John of, 26, 124, 165, 181, 250
+  Embattled, and Counter Embattled, 34, 118
+  Emblazoning, 47
+  Emblems, 9
+  Embowed, 82, 118
+  Embrued, 118
+  Endorse, Endorsed, 53, 118
+  Enfiled, 118
+  England: Arms, 27, 83, 89, 258;
+    Royal Heraldry of, 258, 267;
+    Patron Saints of, 19;
+    Lions of, 87, 258;
+    Crest, 90, 263;
+    Supporters, 91, 264;
+    Badges, 149, 228;
+    Crowns, 266;
+    Flags, 253
+  England, Bordure Wavy, 191, 192
+  Engrailed, 34, 118, 197
+  Enhanced, 118
+  Ensign, 255;
+    Red, 255;
+    White, 256;
+    Blue, 256
+  Ensigned, 119
+  Entire, Entoire, Entoyre, 119
+  Enveloped, Environed, 119
+  Epithets, Heraldic, and Descriptive Terms, 80
+  Equipped, 119
+  Eradicated, 82, 119
+  Erased, 87, 119
+  Ermine, Ermines, Erminois, 41, 42, 119
+  Erne, 96, 119
+  Erneford, Wm. de: Arms, 96
+  Erskine: Arms, 53
+  Escallop or Escallop-Shell, 59, 77, 78, 120
+  Escarbuncle, 15, 119
+  Eschales: Arms, 17
+  Escroll, 119
+  Escutcheon, 119;
+    of Pretence, 120, 170, 314
+  Esquire, 120
+  Essex, Henry, Earl of, 216
+  Essex, Earl of, Geoffrey de, 15
+  Essex, the Earl of: Supporters, 92
+  Estate, 120
+  Estoile, 120
+  Estoteville, Sir N. de: Arms, 202
+  Estwick: Motto, 139
+  Etone, Sir N. de: Arms, 96
+  Eureux, D’, of Salisbury, 188
+  Ewelme, 323
+  Exeter Cathedral, 111, 231
+  Exeter, Hollands, Dukes of, 181;
+    John Grandison, Bishop of, 184
+  Exeter, Marquess of: Supporters, 92
+  Expression, Styles and Forms of, 30
+
+  Fabulous Beings, in Heraldry, 79
+  Fairfax: Motto, 138
+  Falconer: Arms, 17
+  False, 120;
+    False Cross, 55;
+    False Escutcheon, 66;
+    False Roundle, 72, 120
+  Fan, or Winnowing Fan, or Vane, 120
+  Fan-Crest, 120, 210
+  Faroe Islands: Arms, 264
+  Fauconberg, Sir Wm.: Arms, 203
+  Feathers, in Heraldry, 120. _See_ Ostrich Feathers
+  Fees, for Grants of Arms, &c., 308, 310
+  Felbrigge, Sir S. de, K.G., 121
+  Felbrigg, Brass at, 121
+  Femme, 120
+  Fenwick, John: Arms, 44
+  Fer-de-Moline, or Mill rind, 120
+  Fermail, Fermaux, 121
+  Ferrers, De: Arms, 185;
+    Anne, de, 185;
+    Margaret, de, 170;
+    William, Lord, of Groby, 185;
+    Lord, of Chartley, 215
+  Fess or Fesse, 50, 121;
+    Examples, 201
+  Fesse-Point, 33, 121
+  Fesse-wise, In Fesse, 51, 121
+  Fessways, 105
+  Fetter-lock, 121
+  Feudal Alliance and Dependency, Heraldic Record of, 159, 194
+  Feudal Influence, in Heraldry, 201
+  Feudal Tenure, 274
+  Field, 38, 121;
+    Varied Fields, 42;
+    “Of the Field,� 43
+  Fife, H.R.H. Duchess of, 271
+  File, 121
+  Fillet, 121
+  Fimbriation, Fimbriated, 54, 121
+  Finned, 82
+  Fish, in Heraldry, 77, 82, 103, 121
+  Fishbourne, Giles de: Arms, 78
+  Fitched, 57
+  Fitchee, 58, 121
+  Fitton: Motto, 138
+  Fitz Alan, of Bedale, 52
+  Fitz Alan, Earl of Arundel, 83, 89, 118, 215
+  Fitz Parnel, Earl Robert, 195
+  Fitz Payne, Sir R. le: Arms, 204
+  Fitz Ralph: Arms, 196
+  Fitz Walter, Robert Le: Arms, 51
+  Fitz Warine, Fitz Waryn: Arms, 14;
+    Sir Fulk de, 186
+  Fitz Urse: Arms, 76
+  Flags, 257;
+    Military, 256, 257;
+    Four remarks upon, 257
+  Flanches, Flasques, 68, 69, 122
+  Flanched, 191
+  Fleur de Lys, 122;
+    quartered by Edward III, 124;
+    Removed from Royal Shield of England, 262;
+    in Modern Cadency, 193
+  Fleurie, or Fleury, 56, 125
+  Fleurettée, Florettée, 56, 125
+  Flexed, 125
+  Flighted, 102, 125
+  Flodden Field, 205
+  Fly, 125
+  Flory-counter-flory, 35
+  Foliated, 125
+  Formée, 57
+  Forneus, Sir R. de: Arms, 62
+  Forth, Viscount: Seal, 244
+  Fountain, 72, 125
+  Fourchée, Queue Fourchée, 55, 86, 125
+  Fraise, 193
+  “France Ancient,� 122, 124;
+    “France Modern,� 122, 125;
+    “Bordure of France,� 124;
+    “Label of France,� 123;
+    Imperial Eagle of, 99
+  Fraser, Wm.: Seal, 193
+  Frederick II., Emperor: Arms, 92
+  Frere: Arms, 58
+  Fret, Frette, Frettée, Fretty, 64, 71, 125, 133
+  Froissart, 248, 273
+  Fructed, 82, 125
+  Furs, 40, 42, 125
+  Furnival, De: Arms, 182, 203
+  Fusil, Fusillée, Fusily, 70, 125
+  Fylfot, 125
+  Fynderne, Wm., 156
+
+  Gad, Gadlyng, 125
+  Galley, 125
+  Gambe. _See_ Jambe
+  Garb, 125, 195, 201
+  Garnished, 125
+  Garter, Order of the, 125, 276;
+    Insignia of the, 125, 278;
+    Stalls and Garter Plates of Knights, 278;
+    Officers, 278
+  Garter King-of-Arms, 126, 130;
+    Arms, 131
+  Gaveston, Piers: Arms, 95
+  Gemelles. _See_ Bars Gemelles
+  Gem-Ring, 126
+  Genealogies, 300
+  Genet, 126
+  Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, 188
+  George, Saint: Arms, 19, 126, 253;
+    Chapel of, 103
+  George, The, of the Garter, 126, 278;
+    The Lesser, 126, 278
+  George I.: Arms, 263
+  George II.: Arms, 263
+  George III.: Arms, 263
+  George IV.: Arms, 263
+  Gerattyng, 126
+  German Empress, 271
+  Germany, the Emperor of: Arms, 92
+  Germany, the King of: Arms, 92
+  Geytone, Sir J. de: Arms, 201;
+    Sir P. de, 202
+  Ghent, Prince John of, 179, 189, 232, 235, 241
+  Giffard: Arms, 152
+  Giffard, Sir A., 72;
+    Sir J., 89, 204
+  Gimmel-Ring, 126
+  Girt, Girdled, 126
+  Gliding, 82
+  “Glossary of Heraldry,� The Oxford, 31
+  Glossary of Titles, Names, and Terms, 100
+  Gloucester, Alianore, Duchess of, 323.
+    _See_ De Bohun
+  Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 181, 236, 323;
+    Thomas, Duke of, 232, 235, 322
+  Gloucester, Thomas le Despencer, Earl of, 171
+  Gloucester, Ralph de Monthermer, Earl of, 95
+  Gloucester Cathedral, Tiles at, 323
+  Gold, 42, 47
+  Golpe, 72
+  Gonfannon, 126
+  Gorged, 127
+  Gorges, R. de: Arms, 127
+  Gothic Architecture, Heraldry in, 321
+  Gothic Art, its Heraldic Character, 325
+  Gothic Monuments, Heraldry of, 322
+  Gough, Lord: Arms, 23
+  Gouttée, Guttée, 127
+  Grafton, Duke of: Supporters, 91;
+    Differences, 191
+  Graham, Robert: Seal, 242
+  Grand Quartering, Grand Quarters, 35, 127, 166
+  Grandison: Arms, 5, 96, 184
+  Grandison, Bishop John de, 184
+  Grants of Arms, 308;
+    Example, 309
+  Great Malvern, Tiles at, 323
+  Great Yarmouth: Arms, 168
+  Greek Cross, 55
+  Greenland: Arms, 269
+  Greville, Earl of, 208
+  Grey: Arms, 52;
+    Crest of Sir Richard de Grey, K.G., 215
+  Grieces, 127
+  Griffin. _See_ Gryphon
+  Grosvenor: Arms, 195;
+    Sir R. de, 58, 200
+  Gryphon, Griffin, 79, 80
+  Guardant, 85, 127
+  “Guide to the Study of Heraldry,� by Mr. Montagu, 2, 9, 191
+  Guige, 127
+  Gules, 41, 48, 127
+  Gurges, Gorges, 127
+  Gyron, Gyronnée, Gyronny, 34, 64, 70, 127
+
+  Habited, 127
+  Hainault, the Counts of: Arms, 83
+  Hainault, Queen Philippa of, 230, 232
+  Hames, Haimes, 127
+  Hamilton, Crest, 150, 213
+  Hamilton, Duke of, 150
+  Hamilton, Sir Gilbert de, 150
+  Hammer, or martel, 127
+  Hanover, 263;
+    Arms, 262
+  Harcourt, Sir R.: Arms, 217;
+    Harecourt, or Harcourt: Arms, 51, 182
+  Hardinge, Viscount: Supporters, 92
+  Hardwick, Earl of: Supporters, 92
+  Harp, 127
+  Harris: Arms, 76
+  Harington Knot, 133
+  Harsyck, Sir J.: Crest, 216
+  Hart, 81, 116, 127
+  Hastilude, 128
+  Hastings, the Earl, 196;
+    Edmund de, 196;
+    Edward, Lord, 133;
+    Sir Hugh, 216
+  Hastings: Arms, 136;
+    Crest, 216
+  Hatchment, 128
+  Hatfield, Thomas, 215
+  Hauriant, 82, 128
+  Hautville, Sir G. de: Arms, 203
+  Hawk’s Bells, Jesses, and Lure, 105, 128
+  Hay: Arms, 66, 119
+  Headfort, the Marquess of: Supporters, 92
+  Hedge-hog, 76
+  Heightened, 128
+  Heights, 128
+  Heiress, Arms of, 170
+  Helena, H.R.H., the Princess, Princess Christian, 271
+  Helm, Helmet, 128, 174
+  Hemenhale: Arms, 51
+  Hempbrake, Hackle, 130
+  Heneage Knot, 130, 133
+  Henry I.: Arms, 88, 260;
+    Badge, 228
+  Henry II.: Arms, 260;
+    Badges, 228
+  Henry III.: Arms, 259;
+    Badge, 228;
+    Rolls of Arms of his Era, 13
+  Henry IV.: Label, as Duke of Lancaster, 181;
+    Motto, 110, 235;
+    Arms, 259;
+    quarters “France Modern,� 125;
+    Badges, 228;
+    Crown, 266;
+    Seal, 235
+  Henry V.: Arms, 260;
+    Badges, 153, 228;
+    Crown, 114, 266
+  Henry VI.: Arms, 260;
+    Badges, 229;
+    Supporters, 91, 228, 264;
+    Crown, 114, 266;
+    Motto, 265
+  Henry VII.: 126, 279;
+    Arms, 260;
+    Badges, 229;
+    Supporters, 264
+  Henry VIII.: 126, 191, 207, 279, 295;
+    Arms, 260;
+    Badges, 229;
+    Supporters, 264;
+    Coins, 317
+  Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, 181
+  “Herald and Genealogist,� 302
+  Heralds of England, Incorporated, 304
+  Herald, 130, 212
+  Heraldic Sails, 250
+  Heralds’ College, 130, 304
+  Heraldry, Early Love, of in England, 2;
+    Early Influence, 2;
+    Definition and True Character of, 3;
+    of the twelfth century, 4;
+    Utility of, 4;
+    English Mediæval, 5;
+    Ancient, 6, 9;
+    English, its Career, 9;
+    Early English Literature of, 12;
+    its Allusive Character, 15;
+    Canting, 16;
+    Revival in England, 20, 24, 306;
+    Debasement, 21, 22;
+    a Science, 24, 27, 30, 326;
+    an Art, 24, 27, 326;
+    Style of Art in, 24, 30;
+    Treatment of Animate Creatures in, 24, 27;
+    Language of, 29;
+    Nomenclature, 29;
+    Style and Forms of Expression, 30;
+    Birds in, 76;
+    Beasts in, 76;
+    Human Beings in, 73;
+    the Lion in, 83, 86;
+    the Eagle in, 9, 91;
+    Scottish, 131;
+    of Monuments, 322;
+    Royal, 258;
+    of the Coinage, 316;
+    its present Popularity, 304;
+    in Architecture, 321;
+    of Illuminations, 324;
+    in Inlaid Tiles, 323;
+    of Costume, 324
+  “Heraldry of Fish,� by Mr. Moule, 77, 121
+  Hereford, De Bohuns, Earls of, 59;
+    Elizabeth, Countess of, 161
+  Hereford Cathedral, 214
+  Herison, Herrison, 76, 131
+  Heriz, De (Harris): Arms, 76
+  Heron: Arms, 17
+  Herring, 77
+  Herschel, Sir J.: Arms, 23
+  Heytesbury and Homet, Lord, 225
+  Heytesbury, the Baron: Supporters, 99
+  Hill, Hillock, 131
+  Hind, 81, 116
+  Hirondelle, 77, 132
+  Hoftot, Sir R. de, 202
+  Hoist, 132
+  Holland, Counts of, 83;
+    Elizabeth, Countess of, 161
+  Hollands, of Exeter, 181, 206;
+    of Kent and Surrey, 181, 206
+  Holland, John, Earl of Huntingdon:
+    Seal, 258
+  Holstein: Arms, 269
+  Honour, Augmentations of, 204
+  Honour-Point, 33, 132
+  “Honours,� Regimental, 256
+  Honourable Insignia, Medals, and Clasps, 175
+  Hoofed, 80
+  Hospitallers. _See_ St. John, Knights of
+  Hotspur, Henry, 169
+  Howard: Arms, 205;
+    Augmentation, 205;
+    Crest, 91, 216;
+    Badge, 224
+  Howard, Thos., Duke of Norfolk, 205
+  Human Beings, in Heraldry, 73
+  Humettée, 54, 132
+  Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 181, 236, 322
+  Hungerford, 225;
+    Badge, 224
+  Hungerford, Lord, 240;
+    Sir Walter de, 225, 247;
+    Sir Robert de, 225, 249
+  Huntingfield, Roger de: Arms, 72
+  Huntercumbe: Arms, 52
+  Huntley, the Marquess of, 68
+  Hurst, 132
+  Hurt, 72, 132
+  Husband and Wife, Marshalling their Arms, 167, 171
+  Hussy: Arms, 225
+
+  Iceland: Arms, 269
+  Illegitimacy, Cadency of, 132, 187
+  Illuminations, Heraldry of, 323
+  Imaginary Beings, in Heraldry, 79
+  Imbrued, Embued, 132
+  Impalement, Impaled, 132, 168, 249;
+    of the Bordure and Tressure, 170
+  Impaling, 181
+  Imperial Crown, the, 114, 264;
+    Imperially Crowned, 132
+  Imperial Service Order, 292
+  Incensed, Inflamed, 132
+  In Bend, 59, 132
+  In Chevron, 62, 132
+  In Chief, 50, 132
+  In Complement, 80
+  In Cross, 55, 132
+  In Fesse, 51, 132
+  In Foliage, 82, 132
+  In Full Course, 81
+  In Lure, 81, 132
+  In Orle, 66
+  In Pale, 54
+  In Point, 63
+  In her Piety, 81, 132
+  In Pretence, 132
+  In Pride, 81, 132
+  In Quadrangle, 132
+  In Saltire, 61
+  In Splendour, 80, 132
+  Increscent, 80, 132
+  Indented, 35, 132
+  Indian Empire, Order of, 290
+  Inescutcheon, 65, 132
+  Infantry Colours, 256
+  Innes, Walter: Seal, 11
+  Innes, or De Ynays, Wm.: Seal, 11
+  Insects, in Heraldry, 79, 82
+  Invected, or Invecked, 35
+  Inverted, 81
+  Ireland: Badge, 151, 228;
+    Heraldry of, 308;
+    Chief Herald of, 131
+  Ireland, Bordures, 191
+  Ireland, De Vere, Duke of, 206
+  Irradiated, 132
+  Isabel, of France: Seal, 124, 161
+  Isabel, Countess of Bedford, 223
+  Isabel le Despenser, 171
+  Isle of Man: Arms, 9, 74
+  Islip, Abbot: Rebus, 147
+  Issuant, 132
+
+  JAMBE, Gambe, 87, 132
+  James I. of Scotland: Badge, 229;
+    Supporters, 264
+  James IV. of Scotland: at Flodden, 205;
+    Supporters, 265
+  James V. of Scotland: Crest and Motto, 264;
+    Garter Plate, 68
+  James VI. of Scotland--James I. of Great Britain: Arms, 260;
+    Supporters, 91, 265;
+    Badges and Motto, 154, 229, 265;
+    creates Baronets, 104;
+    his proclamation for first “Union Jack,� 253
+  James II.: Arms, 260;
+    Supporters, 264;
+    Badge, 229;
+    frames Statutes for Order of Thistle, 280
+  James: Motto, 138
+  Jane Seymour, Queen, 229
+  Jardine: Arms, 198
+  Jefferay: Motto, 138
+  Jelloped, 133
+  Jerusalem: Arms, 43
+  Jessant, Jessant de lys, 133
+  Jesses, 133
+  Jewellery, Heraldic, 324
+  Joan, Daughter of Edward I., 95
+  Joan, Countess of Surrey: Seal, 162
+  Joanna, of Navarre, Queen: Badge, 126, 228
+  John, King: his Seal as Prince, 88;
+    Arms, 259;
+    Badge, 228
+  John, Prince, of Eltham, 26, 124, 165, 181, 250
+  John, Prince of Ghent, 179, 189, 232, 241
+  John de Dreux, 163, 165
+  John, Duke of Bedford, 181
+  John de Warrenne, Earl of Surrey, 162
+  Johnston: Arms, 198
+  Joust, 133
+  Jowlopped, or Jelloped, 133
+  Jupon, 133
+  Juxon, Archbishop, 279
+
+  KAISAR-I-HIND medal, 294
+  Kent, De Burgh, Earl of, 70;
+    Hollands, Earls of, 181
+  Key, 133
+  KING, H.M. THE: Crown, 114, 266;
+    Arms, 263, 267;
+    Banner, 252
+  “King Maker,� the, 198, 208
+  King, Mr.: his “Hand-book of Engraved Gems,� 6
+  King-of-Arms, 130, 133, 177. _See_ Herald
+  King’s College Chapel, Cambridge, Heraldry of, 25, 322
+  “King’s Colour,� 257
+  King’s Langley, Monument at, 323
+  Kinnoul, Earl of, 154, 307
+  Kirketot, Sir Wm., 202
+  Kirkpatrick: Arms, 198
+  Kirton, Abbot: Rebus, 147
+  Knights, Knighthood, Knightly Orders, 117, 133, 175, 273
+  Knights of St. John, 57, 275;
+    Templars, 13, 275
+  Knot, 133, 224
+  Kyrkeby: Arms, 65
+
+  LABEL, _or File_, 134, 178;
+    Forms of, 134;
+    Points of, 134, 178;
+    Differenced, 179, 180;
+    a Royal Difference, 178;
+    as borne by Princes Royal, 178;
+    by Black Prince, 178;
+    by Princes of Wales, 178;
+    of Brittany, 179;
+    of France, 179;
+    of Lancaster, 179, 180;
+    of York, 179;
+    borne as a Badge, 193;
+    in Modern Cadency, 193
+  Laci, Lacy, De: Arms, 83, 89, 161
+  Laci, Earl Henry de: Crest, 210
+  Lacy Knot, 134
+  Ladies, Unmarried: their Arms, 173
+  Ladies’, Heraldic Costume, 160, 161, 324;
+    their right to bear Badges, 227
+  Laing, Mr. H., his “Catalogue of Scottish Seals,�
+      11, 161, 193, 211, 224, 239, 242, 265, 317
+  Lamb, 76
+  Lambert: Arms, 76
+  Lambrequin, 135. _See_ Mantling
+  Lambton: Arms, 76
+  Lancaster, Label of, 179;
+    Rose of, 149, 228;
+    Badge of, 153;
+    Livery Colours of, 135;
+    Collar of, 110
+  Lancaster, Edmund, Earl of, 123, 179, 181, 323;
+    Henry, Earl of, 183, 239;
+    Thomas, Earl of, 211;
+    John of Ghent, Duke of, 179 (_see_ John of Ghent);
+    Matilda of, 163, 186
+  Lancaster Herald, 130
+  Lance-Rest. _See_ Clarion
+  Lane, Jane, 205
+  Language of Heraldry, 29, 30
+  Langued, 80, 135
+  Latimer, George, Lord, 187;
+    William le, 142, 214
+  Latin Cross, 55
+  “Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland,� by Mr. Seton,
+      9, 68, 94, 198, 260, 307
+  Law of Tinctures, 43
+  Leaves in Heraldry, 102, 135
+  Leechford, Sir R.: Confirmation of Arms to, 312
+  Legh, Gerard, 22
+  Leicester, Banner of, 14
+  Leicester, Robert, Earl of, 195
+  Leicestershire Families, their Arms, 196
+  Lennox, Countess of: Arms, 68, 323
+  Leon: Arms, 83, 166. _See_ Castile
+  Leopard, Leopardé, 84, 135, 258
+  L’Ercedeckne: Arms, 196
+  Leslie: Arms, 94;
+    Euphemia, Countess of Ros, 94
+  “Lesser George,� the, 126
+  Le Strange. _See_ Strange
+  Letters of the Alphabet, in Heraldry, 135
+  Leveson: Arms, 17, 102
+  Leybourne, Sir W. de: Arms, 90
+  Lichfield, Joust at, 223
+  Lincoln, Earls of: Arms, 89, 161, 203
+  Lincoln, Henry, Earl of: Crest, 210
+  Lincoln and Pembroke, Margaret, Countess of, 161
+  Lindsay, Sir W.: Seal, 242
+  Line, Border Line, Lined, 135
+  Lion in Heraldry, 25, 27, 76, 83, 87, 135;
+    Heraldic Treatment of, 23, 92;
+    of England, 88, 258;
+    of Scotland, 67, 259;
+    as a Crest, 90;
+    as a Supporter, 90, 91, 264;
+    Percy Lion, 216;
+    Howard Lion, 216;
+    Examples of Lions, 203
+  Lion’s Face, 87;
+    Head, 87;
+    Jambe, 87
+  Lioncel, 87, 135
+  Lion-leopard, Lion-leopardé, 85
+  Lionel, Prince, of Clarence, 164, 180
+  Lisle, Arthur, Viscount, 190
+  Little Easton, Brass at, 110, 216
+  Livery, Badges depicted on, 220
+  Livery Colours, 135
+  Lodged, 80, 135
+  Lomelye, Lumley, Sir R.: Arms, 202
+  London, City of: Arms, 153
+  Longespée, William, Earl of Salisbury, 83, 90, 188, 323
+  Lord Lyon, 131, 238, 307
+  Lorn: Arms, 135
+  Lorraine: Arms, 97;
+    Duchy of, 96
+  Loterel, Luterell: Arms, 76, 182, 196, 212
+  Loterel, Luterell, Sir A., 182;
+    Sir G., 182, 212
+  Louis VII., of France, 122
+  Louise, H.R.H., The Princess, 271
+  Loutre, 76
+  Louvaine: Arms, 167
+  Lower, Mr. M. A., 9, 302;
+    on Crests, 222
+  Lozenge, 37, 69, 135
+  Lozengy, 135
+  Luce, or Lucy, 17, 77, 135
+  Lucy: Arms, 17, 170;
+    Sir Anthony, 78;
+    Geoffrey de, 78
+  Ludlow Church, 231
+  Lullingstone, 147
+  Lunenburgh: Arms, 262, 278
+  Lure, 81, 135
+  Luterell. _See_ Loterel
+  Lyhart, Bishop Walter: Rebus, 147
+  Lymphad, 135
+  Lyon Office, 131, 307;
+    Depute, 307
+
+  MAHON, Sir W.: Motto, 244
+  Maintenance, Cap of, 136
+  Malet, Sir R., 202;
+    Sir T., 202
+  Malmesbury, Earl of: Supporters, 99
+  Maltese Cross, 57
+  Man, Isle of, 9, 74
+  Manche, Maunche, 136
+  Mandeville, Geoffrey de, 15
+  Manfee, Sir W.: Arms, 203
+  Mantle, 136
+  Mantling, Badges depicted on, 220
+  Mantling, or Lambrequin, 136, 175, 213;
+    Marked for Cadency, 192
+  March, Mortimers, Earls of: Seals, 242
+  Margaret, of Anjou, Queen, 97;
+    of France, 123, 160, 168;
+    Bruce, 161;
+    Beaufort, 169;
+    Tudor, 170;
+    Countess of Lincoln, 161;
+    de Ferrers, 170
+  Marks of Cadency, Marking Cadency. _See_ Cadency
+  Marlborough, Duke of, 95, 98
+  Marmion, Sir R. de: Crest, 215
+  Marny, Sir R. de: Seal, 213
+  Marquess, Marquis, Marchioness, 136
+  Marriage, Heraldic Record of, 168
+  Marshalling, 137, 159;
+    by Combination, 165;
+    by Quartering, 166;
+    Quartered Coats, 167;
+    Arms of Husband and Wife, 167, 171;
+    Crests, 174;
+    Helms, Coronets, Mantlings, Mottoes, Supporters, Badges,
+        and Various Insignia, 174, 175
+  Martel, 17, 137
+  Martlet, 77, 137;
+    in Modern Cadency, 193
+  Martin: Crest and Motto, 139
+  Mary Tudor, Queen: Arms, 260;
+    Supporters, 264;
+    Badges, 229;
+    grants Derby House to the Heralds, 130
+  Mary Stuart, Queen: Arms, 260
+  Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots: her Signet, 265;
+    Heraldry of her Monument, 281
+  Mary, The Princess, of Teck, 270
+  Mary de Saint Paul: Seal, 163
+  Mascle, Masculée, 69, 137
+  Masoned, 137
+  Matilda de Chaworth, 164;
+    of Lancaster, 163
+  Maufee, Sir Wm., 202
+  Melfort, Earl: Seal, 244
+  Membered, 137
+  Menteith, Earl of, 94
+  Merchant’s Mark, 137
+  Mercy, Order of, 293
+  Mere, De la. _See_ Delamere
+  Mere, De la: Arms, 52
+  Merevale, Brass at, 215
+  Merit, Order of, 286
+  Mermaid, Merman, or Triton, 137
+  Metals, 40, 42, 138
+  Methuen, the Baron, 95
+  Military Flags, 257
+  Mill-rind. _See_ Fer-de-Moline
+  “Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica,� 302
+  Mitre, 138
+  Moline, 56, 138
+  Molines, Molyneux, De: Arms, 56
+  Monecastre, Sir W. de: Arms, 202
+  Monson, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+  Montacute, De, Montagu: Origin of the Name, 16;
+    Arms, 70, 95
+  Montagu, Mr., his work on Heraldry, 2, 9, 196
+  Montfort, De: Arms, 60;
+    Sir ---- de, 203
+  Montgomerie, Sir W. de, 96
+  Montgomerie, Earl of Eglintoun: Arms, 10
+  Monthermer, Sir Ralph de, 95, 99
+  Moon, the, 80, 138
+  Moor’s heads, 73
+  Monypeny, Thomas: Seal, 319
+  Mortimer, De: Origin of the Name, 16;
+    Arms, 65, 169;
+    Differences, 182;
+    Crest, 141
+  Mortimer, Edmund de, Earl of March: Seal, 242
+  Mortimer’s, 65
+  Motto, 138, 174, 219;
+    Royal, 219
+  Moule, Mr., his “Heraldry of Fish,� 77, 121
+  Mound, 139
+  Mounpynzon: Arms, 76
+  Mount, 139
+  Mounteney, De: Arms, 197;
+    Sir E. de, 197;
+    Sir J. de, 197;
+    Sir T. de, 197
+  Mowbray, Segrave and Stourton, Lord, 89, 329
+  Mowbray, Sir J., 203;
+    Roger de, 89;
+    Supporters of Baron, 92;
+    Thomas de, Duke of Norfolk, 207, 216, 233
+  Mullet, 139;
+    in Modern Cadency, 193
+  Mundegumri, John: Seal, 10
+  Mural Crown, 139
+  Murallée, Walled. _See_ Walled
+  Mure, Wm.: Seal, 319
+  Murrey, 135
+  Muschamp: Arms, 79
+
+  Naiant, 82, 140
+  Naissant, 140
+  Names, 31
+  Nassau: Arms, 261
+  Natural Objects, in Heraldry, 79
+  Naval Crown, 140
+  Navarre: Arms, 124, 228
+  Naveret, Battle of, 248
+  Nebulée, or Nubuly, 34, 140
+  Nelson, Admiral Lord: Arms, 23
+  Neville: Arms, 61;
+    Differences, 187;
+    Badge, 146
+  Neville, George de, Lord Latimer, 187
+  Neville, Earl Richard de, 198, 208, 222
+  Newburgh: Arms, 320, 321
+  Nicholas, Sir N. Harris, 9;
+    on Ostrich Feather Badge, 230;
+    on “Union Jack,� 253
+  Nichols, Mr. J. Gough, 9, 15, 302
+  Nimbus, 140
+  Nomenclature, Heraldic, 29
+  Norfolk, the Duke of, 131;
+    Arms, 205;
+    quarters Mowbray, 89;
+    Supporters, 91;
+    Crest, 216;
+    Earl Marshal, 131
+  Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of, 233
+  Normans, their Shields and Standards, 5
+  Norroy, 130. _See_ Herald
+  Northleigh, 323
+  Northumberland, Earls of: Arms, 78, 89, 247
+  Northumberland, Henry, 1st Earl of, 167;
+    the Duke of, 91
+  Nortone, Sir J. de: Arms, 203
+  Norway: Arms, 83
+  Norway, H.M., Queen of, 271
+  Norwich: Arms of the See, 185;
+    Henry, Bishop of, 185
+  Nova Scotia, Badge. _See_ Baronet
+  Nowed, 82, 140
+
+  Octofoil, in Modern Cadency, 193
+  Official Insignia, 175;
+    in Cadency, 184
+  Official Arms, 174
+  Ogress, 72, 140
+  Oldenburgh: Arms, 269
+  Oldham, Bishop: Rebus, 147
+  Onslow: Motto, 138
+  Opinions, 140
+  Oppressed, Debruised, 140
+  Or, 40, 140
+  Orders of Knighthood. _See_ Knighthood
+  Order of Merit, 286
+  Ordinaries, 42, 49;
+    their structural Origin, 14, 64
+  Ordinary of Arms, 140. _See_ Armory
+  Oreiller, 140
+  Orle, In Orle, 66, 140
+  Ornaments, 209, 210
+  Osbaldistone, Frank, 1
+  Ostrevant, Comté of, 230
+  Ostrich Feather Badge, 141, 216, 230
+  Otter, 76
+  Ousflet, Sir G. de: Arms, 202
+  Overall, Sur tout, 141
+  Overt, 141
+  Ownership, Badges as a sign of, 103
+  Oxford, De Veres, Earls of, 206
+  Oxney, John: Rebus, 146
+
+  Padlock, Badge, 241
+  Paignel, John: Arms, 196
+  Painted Chamber, Westminster, 246
+  Pale, Pale-wise, In Pale, Paly, 53, 54, 141
+  Pall, 141
+  Pallet, 53, 141
+  Palliot, French Writer on Heraldry, 244
+  Paly Bendy, 60, 141
+  Panache, 141, 213, 214
+  Parliament, 328
+  Parr, Queen Catherine, 229
+  Party, Parted, 33, 142
+  Passant, Passant Guardant, Passant Reguardant, Passant Repassant,
+      85, 142
+  Pastoral Staff, 142
+  Patée, or Formée, 57, 142
+  Pateshulle, J. de: Arms, 51
+  Patonce, 56, 142
+  Patriarchal, 55, 142
+  Paul, Sir J. Balfour, 307
+  Pawne, Peacock, 76
+  Peach-Branches, 147
+  Pean, 41, 142
+  Pebmarsh, Brass at, 196
+  Peché, Sir John, 147
+  Pedro, King of Castile, 248
+  Peer, 142
+  Peerage, 143;
+    Privilege of, 330
+  Peerage Dignities, 327
+  Peeress in her own Right, 173
+  Pegasus, 143, 276
+  Pelham: Arms, 76;
+    Badge, 224
+  Pelican, 76, 132, 143
+  Pellet, 72, 143
+  Pembridge, Sir R. de: Crest, 214, 216
+  Pembroke, the Earl of, 163;
+    De Valences, Earls of, 52, 323
+  Pembroke College, Cambridge, 163
+  Penbrugge: Arms, 52
+  Pendent, 143
+  Pennon, 3, 143, 246
+  Per, 33, 143
+  Perceval: Motto, 139
+  Perci, Percy: Arms, 70, 83, 167;
+    Crest, 91, 216;
+    Badges, 224, 241, 246;
+    Seals, 241
+  Perci, Henry de, 78, 182, 203, 210
+  Perci, Henry de, 3rd Baron, 182;
+    Agnes de, 160
+  Percy Shrine, Beverley Minster, 27
+  Percy Effigy, at Beverley, 159
+  Peterborough, 147;
+    Cathedral and Deanery, 231
+  Petrasancta, Silvester de, 40
+  Petre, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+  Peverel: Badge, 224;
+    Catherine, 225
+  Peverel Garbe, 133
+  Peyvre, Sir R. de: Arms, 62, 203
+  Philip, “the Hardy,� 160
+  Philippa, Queen, of Hainault: Badge, 230, 232;
+    Heraldry of her Monument, 169, 322
+  Phœnix, 143
+  Pickering, Sir T. de: Arms, 204
+  Pigot: Arms, 17
+  Pile, In Pile, 62, 143
+  Pirepound, Sir R.: Arms, 204
+  Planche, Mr., 9, 74, 96, 195, 235
+  Plantagenet, The Royal House of, 17, 188;
+    Livery Colours of, 135;
+    Arthur, 190
+  Planta Genista, 17, 143, 227
+  Plate, Plattee, 72, 143
+  Plenitude, 144
+  Plume, 144
+  Points, or Stops, in Heraldry, 46
+  Points of a Shield, 33, 144;
+    In Point, 144
+  Pole: Motto, 139
+  Pomme, Pommee, 56, 144
+  Poninge, Sir T. de: Arms, 202
+  Popinjay, 76, 144
+  Port, 144
+  Portcullis, 144;
+    Pursuivant, 130
+  Portland, Duke of: Supporters, 91
+  Potent, 41, 57, 144
+  Poudree, Powdered, 45, 144
+  Poutrel, Sir R.: Arms, 201
+  Potent, 41
+  Preieres, Sir J. de: Arms, 202
+  Precedence, Order of, 295;
+    in the Royal Family, 299;
+    of Women, 298
+  Prelates: Arms, 173
+  Pretence, Escutcheon of, 120, 170, 314
+  Preying, 144
+  Prince, Princess, 144
+  Princes and Princesses of the Royal Family; Armorial Insignia,
+      269, 270;
+    Coronets, 144
+  Proper, 42, 81
+  Provence: Arms, 38
+  Purfled, 144
+  Purpure, 41, 48, 144
+  Pursuivant, 130, 144
+  “Pursuivant of Arms,� by Mr. Planché. _See_ Planché
+  Pycot, Sir B.: Arms, 202
+
+  Quadrate, 55, 145
+  Quarter, 64, 145. _See_ Canton
+  Quarter Pierced, 55
+  Quartering, 34, 145;
+    Simple, 34;
+    Compound, 34, 165;
+    Grand, 167;
+    Marshalling by, 165;
+    the Bordure and Tressure, 170
+  Quarterings, Quarters, 34, 165;
+    Grand, 34, 165
+  Quartered Coats, Marshalling of, 165
+  Quarterly Quartered, 34, 145
+  Quarterly Quartering, 34, 146
+  Quarterly Pierced, 55
+  Quatrefoil, 146
+  Queen Alexandra, 268, 269
+  Queen Victoria, 263
+  Queen’s College, Oxford, 97
+  Quency, De: Arms, 17
+  Queue Fourchée, 86, 125, 146
+  Quilled, 146
+  Quintefueil, 17
+
+  Radclyffe, Radcliffe: Arms, 58
+  Radiant, Rayonée, 146
+  Radstock, the Baron: Supporters, 99
+  Ragged Staff, 134, 146, 198, 321
+  Ragulée, Raguly, 34, 146
+  Ram, 76
+  Rampant, Rampant Guardant and Reguardant, 84, 85, 146
+  Ramryge, John, 147
+  Ramryge, Thomas, Abbot of St. Albans, 25, 76, 97, 204, 231, 323
+  Ramsey: Arms, 76
+  Randolf, Sir J., 202
+  Rayonne, 35
+  Ready, Mr., his Casts of Seals, 317
+  Rebus, 146, 221
+  Recercelee, 56, 147
+  Red Ensign, 255
+  References to Authorities, 13
+  Reflexed, Reflected, 147
+  Regalia, 139
+  “Regimental Colour,� the, 257
+  Reguardant, 85, 147
+  Rein-deer, 102, 147
+  Reptiles, in Heraldry, 79
+  Respecting, 147
+  Rest. _See_ Clarion
+  Ribbon, Riband, 58, 147;
+    of the Garter, 279;
+    Bath, 285;
+    Thistle, 281;
+    St. Patrick, 282;
+    Star of India, 288
+  Rich, Earl of, 208
+  Richard I.: Arms, 88, 259;
+    Crest, 220;
+    Seals, 88, 209;
+    Badges, 228
+  Richard II.: Arms, 206, 259;
+    Crest 91, 216;
+    Badges, 27, 216, 228, 233;
+    Roll of Arms of his Era, 13
+  Richard III.: Arms, 260;
+    Badges, 228;
+    Supporters, 264;
+    incorporates Heralds, 130, 304
+  Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and King of the Romans, 68, 93
+  Richard, Earl of Warwick, 208
+  Richmond, Henry, Duke of, 190, 192
+  Richmond, John de Dreux, Earl of, 165
+  Richmond and Lennox, Ludovic Stuart, Duke of, 117
+  Richmond Herald, 130
+  Rising, Roussant, 81, 147
+  Riveres: Arms, 51
+  Robert II. of Scotland, 264
+  Robsart, Earl Ludovic: Monument, 240
+  Rolls of Arms, 12, 29
+  Romans, Richard, King of the, 68, 93
+  Rompu, 148
+  Roringe, Sir R. de: Arms, 202
+  Ros, de, Barony, 329
+  Ross, Euphemia, Countess of, 94;
+    Marg., Lady de, 161;
+    the Earl of, 94
+  Rosamond, Fair, 90, 188
+  Rose, 148;
+    en Soleil, 149;
+    of England, 149, 228;
+    of Lancaster, 149, 228;
+    of York, 149, 228;
+    Badge of Edward I., 228;
+    in Modern Cadency, 193
+  Rossel, Sir G.: Arms, 17, 202
+  Rouge Croix, Pursuivant, 130
+  Rouge Dragon, Pursuivant, 130
+  Roundle, Roundlet, 71, 72
+  Rous, Sir Thomas le, 201
+  Royal Arms, 118
+  Royal Badges, 227, 229, 268;
+    Banners, 266;
+    Personages, their Arms, 174;
+    Mottoes, 265;
+    Red Cross, 294;
+    Standards, 250, 266;
+    Supporters, 264
+  Royal Family, junior members of, 179
+  Royal Livery, 136
+  Rue, Chaplet of, 108
+  Ruskin, Mr., 323
+  Rustre, 69, 149
+
+  Sable, 41, 48, 149
+  Saggitarius, Sagittary, 149, 258
+  Sails, Heraldic, 250
+  Saint Alban, Abbey Church and Arms of, 25, 75, 204, 322;
+    Heraldic Tiles at, 324
+  Saint Albans, Duke of, 191
+  Saint Andrew: Arms, 61;
+    Banner, 254
+  Saint Anthony: Badge, 154
+  Saint Edmund. _See_ Edmund
+  Saint Edward, the Confessor. _See_ Edward
+  Saint George: Arms and Banner, 54, 251, 253, 279;
+    Ensign, 256;
+    Chapel, 171
+  Saint John, of Jerusalem, Knights of, 275, 294
+  Saint Michael and Saint George, Order of, 288
+  Saint Michael’s Church, St. Albans, 157
+  Saint Patrick: Arms and Banner, 61, 262;
+    Order of, 281
+  Saint Paul: Badge, 153
+  Saint Paul, Mary de, 163;
+    Guy, Count de, 163
+  Saint Vincent, the Viscount: Supporters, 99
+  Saint Waly, Sir R. de: Arms, 204
+  Salamander, 149
+  Salient, 86, 149
+  Salisbury, Longespée, Earl of, 90, 95, 188
+  Salisbury, D’Eureux, Earl of, 188
+  Salisbury Cathedral, 323
+  Salisbury, Marquess of: Supporters, 92
+  Saltire, Saltire-wise, In Saltire, 61, 149
+  Sanglier, 106, 149
+  Sans, 52, 149
+  Saracen’s heads, 73
+  Savage-man, Wood-man, 149
+  Saw, Frame Saw, 150
+  Saxony: Dukedom and Arms, 113, 267
+  Scales, Rob. de: Arms, 78
+  Scarpe, Escarpe, 150
+  Science of Heraldry, 24, 30, 326
+  Scintillant, 150
+  Scotland, Bordure Company, 191;
+    Early Heraldry of, 94;
+    Heraldry of, 198;
+    Royal Heraldry of, 258;
+    Royal Arms of, 67, 83, 170, 258;
+    Crests, 91, 244, 264;
+    Badge, 151, 228;
+    Illegitimacy Marks in, 191;
+    Supporters, 264;
+    Mottoes, 265;
+    Scottish Supporters, 237;
+    Differenced Shield of, 205;
+    Early Seals of, 161 (_see_ Laing, Mr. H.)
+  Scots, Mary Queen of, 68
+  Scott, Sir Walter, of Abbotsford, 1, 326
+  Scott, Sir Walter, 1, 326
+  Scottish Seals, Laing’s Catalogue of, 11. _See_ Laing
+  Scrope, Le: Arms, 58, 200;
+    Badge, 224
+  Scrope, Sir R. le, 58, 200;
+    Thos. le, 186;
+    Controversy, 200
+  Scudamore: Arms, 152;
+    Motto, 138
+  Seals: their value in Heraldry, 10, 317;
+    Early Scottish, 11;
+    Casts of, 317;
+    Suggestive of Supporters, 238;
+    Examples, 317
+  Seax, 150
+  Secondary Charges, 183
+  Seeded, 82, 150
+  Segrave: Arms, 83;
+    Sir John, 89
+  Segreant, 150
+  Sejant, 86, 150
+  Semee, 45, 150;
+    de lys, 125
+  Seton, Mr., his “Scottish Heraldry,�
+      9, 68, 94, 138, 198, 260, 307, 308
+  Sevans, Septvans: Arms, 120
+  Seymour, Queen Jane, 229
+  Shakefork, 151
+  Shakespeare: Arms, 151;
+    grant of Arms to, 309
+  Shamrock, 151, 228
+  Shelly: Arms, 17
+  Shield, or Escutcheon, Heraldic, 14, 37, 151;
+    Parts, Points, and Divisions of, 32;
+    Varieties, 35;
+    Bowed, 35;
+    à Bouche, 36;
+    Couchee, 38;
+    Differenced, 200;
+    treatment, 38
+  Shield-belt. _See_ Guige
+  Shield-boss, 15
+  Shields-of-Arms, 2
+  Ship, 151
+  Shoveller, 151
+  Sickle, 225, 266
+  Simple Quartering, 34, 151
+  Single Small Charges, for Difference, 186
+  Sinister, 32, 33, 151
+  Sinople, 41, 151, 158
+  Six-foil, 151
+  Sleswick: Arms, 269
+  Slipped, 82, 151
+  Someri, Sir J. de: Arms, 204
+  Somerset, Henry, Duke of, 189, 190;
+    John, Duke of, 236
+  Somerset Herald, 130
+  Sottone, Sutton, Sir R. de: Arms, 203
+  Southacre, 216
+  Southampton, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+  “Soutiens, Les,� 244
+  Spain, Queen of, 272
+  Spear, 151
+  Spiritual Peers, 105
+  Spur, 151
+  SS., Collar of, 110, 130, 151. _See_ Collar
+  St. Quintin: Arms, 62
+  Staff, crook-headed, 115
+  Stafford, De: Arms, 61;
+    Badge, 153
+  Stafford, Sir H. de: Standard, 251
+  Stafford, Sir Humphrey de: Crest-wreath, 217
+  Stafford Knot, 133, 151, 251
+  Stag, 116
+  Stains, 42
+  Stall-Plate, 151, 278
+  Standard, 152, 251;
+    Anglo-Saxon, 5;
+    Anglo-Norman, 5;
+    Badges on, 220;
+    Marked for Cadency, 192;
+    Royal, 252, 266;
+    Recording, 252
+  Staple, 152
+  Stapleton: Badge, 152
+  Star, 152
+  Star of India, Order of, 287
+  Statant, Statant Guardant, 85, 152
+  Staunton Harcourt, 217
+  Stephen: Arms, 88;
+    Badges, 108, 228
+  Steward, Alexander, Earl of Menteith: Seal, 94
+  Steward, Board of, 199
+  Stewart, Margaret, Countess of Angus, 94
+  Stirrup, 152
+  Stock, 152
+  Stormerk: Arms, 269
+  Stourton: Badge, 224;
+    Lord, 329
+  Strange, Le Strange: Arms, 89
+  Strange, Hamon Le, 89;
+    Sir J. Le, 204
+  Stringed, 152
+  “Strongbow:� Seal, 62
+  Stuart, Ludovic, 117;
+    Sir Richard: Seal, 319;
+    Badge, 233
+  Stuarts: Arms, 124;
+    Livery Colours, 135
+  Subordinaries, 42, 64
+  Suns and Roses, Collar of, 110, 152. _See_ Collar
+  Supporters, 152, 175, 237;
+    their probable Origin, 94, 237;
+    their heraldic Significance, 243;
+    rightly supported, 243;
+    Royal, 264;
+    of the United Kingdom, 265;
+    of Scotland, 264;
+    granted by the Lord Lyon, 237
+  “Supports, Les,� 244
+  Surcoat, 153, 192
+  Surmounted, 153
+  Surrey, Earl of, 162, 207
+  Swan, 81, 153, 251
+  Sweden: Arms, 269
+  Sword, 153
+  Swyneborne: Arms, 17
+  Sykes: Arms, 72
+  Symbolical Expression and Record ancient and universal, 5
+
+  Tabard, 130, 154
+  Talbot: Badge, 224
+  Tanfield, 215
+  Tapestry, Bayeux, 5
+  Tau Cross, 55, 226
+  Tawke: Arms, 154
+  Tax on “Armorial Bearings,� 313
+  Teck, Arms of, 270
+  Templars, Order of, 276;
+    their Banner, 13, 276
+  Templars, Barristers of the Temple, 276
+  Temple Church, London, 15;
+    at Beverley Minster, 107
+  Tenent, 154, 244
+  Tennée, Tawny, 42, 154
+  Tetlow: Arms, 23
+  Tey: Motto, 139
+  Thistle, 68, 154, 228;
+    Order and Insignia of the, 280
+  Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, 148, 181, 232, 235
+  Thomas, Duke of Clarence, 181
+  Thorpe, Sir E. de: Helm and Crest, 215
+  Throne: heirs apparent, 227
+  Through, 54
+  Tiercée, In Tierce, Per Tierce, 155
+  Tiles, Encaustic, 323
+  Timbre, Timbred, 154, 155
+  Tinctures, 40, 155;
+    Law of, 43, 46;
+    Blazoning in, 47;
+    Change of, for Cadency, 182
+  Tiptoft, John, Lord: Seal, 215
+  Titles, 31
+  Tong, 217
+  Torse, 113, 155
+  Torteau, Torteaux, 72, 155
+  Tower, Turret, 155
+  Transposed, 155
+  Treflée, or Botonée, 56, 155
+  Trefoil, 155
+  Treille, Trellis, 71, 155
+  Tremaine: Arms, 75
+  Tressure, 66, 67, 155;
+    impaled and quartered, 170;
+    incorrectly blazoned, 317
+  Tricked, In Trick, 42, 155
+  Trippant or Tripping, 80, 81, 155
+  Triton, 155
+  Trivet, 155
+  Trompintoun, Trumpington, Sir R. de, 17, 155
+  Trotton: Brass at, 110, 169
+  Trumpet, 155
+  Trumpington: Brass at, 17, 158
+  Trussed, Trussing, 155
+  Trussell, Tressell: Arms, 71
+  Trusses, 81
+  Tryvett: Arms, 155
+  Tudor, Arthur: Badge, 130, 233
+  Tudor, Margaret, 170
+  Tudor: Badge, 144;
+    Livery Colours, 135;
+    Rose, 156, 228
+  Tun, 148, 156
+  Tyndall: Crest, 146
+  Tyndalls, 141
+  Tynes, 81, 156
+
+  Ufford, Sir Ralph de: Arms, 164, 186
+  Ulster, Badge of, 104. _See_ Baronet and Herald
+  Ulster, William, Earl of, 163
+  Ulster King-of-Arms, 131, 308
+  Undée, Undy, 35, 156
+  Unguled, 80, 156
+  Unicorn, 91, 156, 264, 265
+  “Union Jack,� 54, 156, 252;
+    the First, 253;
+    the Second, 253, 254
+  Union Device, 102, 205
+  United Kingdom: Supporters, 265
+  Unmarried Ladies: Arms, 173
+  Urdée, 57
+  Uriant, 82, 156
+
+  Vair, 41, 42, 156
+  Valence, De: Arms, 163, 168, 323
+    Dimidiating Claremont Nesle, 168
+  Valence, Earl William de, 45, 53, 77, 217;
+    Earl Aymer de, 163
+  Vandalia: Arms, 269
+  Vane. _See_ Fan
+  Varied Fields, 42, 59
+  Vavasour, William le, 51
+  Vele, De: Arms, 76
+  Vere, De: Motto, 138
+  Vere, Robert de, 136, 206
+  Verley, Sir Philip de, 96
+  Vernon, Sir William, 217
+  Vert, 41, 48, 156
+  Vervels, Vervals, 156
+  Vesci, William de, 56
+  Vested, 156
+  VICTORIA, QUEEN: Arms, 263
+  Victoria Cross, 293
+  Victoria, H.R.H. Princess, 271
+  Victorian Order, 291
+  Victoria and Albert, Order of, 294
+  Villiers, de L’Isle Adam, Phillippe de, 57, 275
+  Viscomes, 156
+  Viscount, Viscountess, 156
+  Vivre, 157
+  Voided, 55, 157
+  Vol, 96, 157
+  Volant, 81, 82, 157
+  Volunteers: Motto and Flag, 256;
+    Decoration, 294
+  Vulned, 157
+  Vulning, 81
+
+  Wachesham, Sir G. de: Arms, 201
+  Wadesles, Wadsley, De: Arms, 147
+  Wake: Arms, 51, 179;
+    Sir J., 202
+  Wake Knot, 133, 157
+  Waldegrave: Arms, 14
+  Wales, Native Princes of, 83
+  Wales, the Princes of, always K.G., 278;
+    also Earls of Chester, 195
+  Wales, H.R.H. The Prince of: his Armorial Insignia, 269, 270;
+    his Label, 134, 178;
+    his Coronet, 139;
+    his Badge, 231;
+    his eldest son’s Label, 270
+  Wales, Princess of, 270
+  Walford, Mr., 9
+  Walled, 157
+  Waltone, De: Arms, 68
+  Warkworth, 322
+  Warrenne, De, the Earls: Arms, 43, 45, 199
+  Warwick, the Earls of, 56;
+    Arms and Seals, 95, 169, 171, 183, 319
+  Water Bouget, 157
+  Wattled, 157
+  Wavy, Undée, 35, 157
+  Wedone, Sir R. de: Arms, 202
+  Welles: Arms, 72
+  Wellington, the Duke of: Arms, 23;
+    Supporters, 91;
+    Augmentation, 102, 156, 204
+  Westminster Abbey, Heraldry of, 19, 26, 53, 68, 92, 111, 169, 286, 322
+  Westminster Hall, Heraldry of, 27, 91, 215, 259
+  Westphalia: Arms, 262
+  Weylande, Sir N. de, 202
+  Wheathamstede, John de, Abbot of St. Albans, 75, 147, 323
+  Wheathampstead Church, Brass at, 79
+  Wheat-Sheaf. _See_ Garbe
+  Wheel, Catherine Wheel, 157
+  White Ensign, 256
+  Whitworth, Shield at, 14
+  Widow, Widower: Arms, 173
+  Wife and Husband, Marshalling their Arms, 171
+  William I., 329;
+    Arms, 18, 88, 258
+  William II.: Arms, 88, 258;
+    Badge, 227
+  William III. and Mary: Arms, 260
+  William III.: Arms, 262
+  William IV.: Arms, 263
+  Winchelsea: Seal of the Mayor of, 168
+  Windsor Herald, 130
+  Windsor, St. George’s Chapel, 171
+  Wingfield: Arms, 17
+  Winnowing Fan. _See_ Fan
+  Wings in Crests, 212
+  Woodstock, Duke Thomas of, 181, 232;
+    Badge, 149
+  Worcester, Charles, Earl of, 190;
+    Henry, Earl of, 189, 190;
+    John, Earl of, 215
+  Worcester Cathedral, 230, 323
+  Wortele, Worteley, De: Arms, 197
+  Wreath, Orle, Crest-Wreath, Wreathed, 157
+  Wyllers, De: Arms, 66
+  Wyndesor, Wm. de: Seal, 214, 242
+  Wynford, the Baron: Supporters, 99
+  Wyvern, Wivern, 72, 157
+
+  Yarborough, Countess of, 331
+  Yarmouth, Great: Arms, 168
+  Yngelfeld, Sir R. de: Arms, 202
+  York, Dukes of, 179
+  York, Archbishop of: Arms, 101
+  York, Rose of, 149, 228;
+    Collar of, 110;
+    Livery Colours of, 135
+  York Cathedral, Heraldic Glass at, 92
+  York Herald, 130
+
+  Zouche, de La: Arms, 72;
+    Differenced Arms, 186
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Errata
+
+Punctuation in the Index and in Figure captions has been silently
+regularized, and invisible periods (full stops) have been supplied.
+Inconsistent hyphenization is as in the original.
+
+  Author of “The Monumental Brasses of England,�  [England,’]
+  [Contents] Earliest Heraldic Shields and Banners
+    [“Earlies  Heraldic� with invisible t]
+  a fine shield of the thirteenth century in Westminster Abbey
+    [Westminister]
+  7. _Potent_ (note different shape of divisions)  [_Potent_) note]
+  thus, the Arms of the Earl de WARENNE are _Chequée or and az._
+    [elsewhere spelled “Warrenne�]
+  _armes parlantes_ (see p. 16)  [p. 15]
+  It is a very common error to overload heraldic blazoning with commas
+    [“commas� here means “inverted commas�, i.e. apostrophes]
+  for DE HEMENHALE, No. 79,--  [No, 79]
+  _Az., billettée, on a canton or a raven ppr._
+    [Here and in a few other passages, a term is used before it has
+    been defined.]
+  _Arg., a lion rampt. gu., crowned or  [gu. crowned]
+
+  [Glossary]
+  _Buckle._ See _Fermaile_. [elsewhere spelled “fermail�]
+  _Saltire._ An ordinary, in form a diagonal cross: Nos. 120, 121, 122.
+    [Nos. 120, 121. 122.]
+  famous as the sinister supporter of the Royal Shield of England.
+    [of England,]
+  extend to the becoming heraldic declaration and record
+    [text unchanged: error for “becoming the...�?]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 330.]
+    [Four consecutive illustrations are captioned “No. 330.�
+    (See text.)]
+  A bordure componée _may_, indeed, be used  [componeé]
+  Sir WM. KIRKETOT--  [Sir.]
+  impaled in the sinister half of his Shield  [sinster]
+  The Arms of the Lyon Office I have already given, No. 266.
+    [printed “265� corrected by unknown hand]
+
+  [Index: Heraldry]
+    Canting, 16;  [“Cantin , 16� with invisible g]
+
+
+Illustrations
+
+“Fig(s).� in text has been regularized to “No(s).� in the following:
+
+  No. 35. ... (See No. 87.)  [(See Fig. 87.)]
+  _gyronny_ (No. 147) ... Nos. 30 and 33  [(Fig. 147) _and_ Figs.]
+  when the piles are intended to converge, as in No. 128
+  Eagles and Hawks with expanded wings, as in No. 206
+  The CREST ... _vide_ No. 441
+  The INSIGNIA ... shown in No. 435.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Handbook to English Heraldry, by 
+Charles Boutell
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HANDBOOK TO ENGLISH HERALDRY ***
+
+***** This file should be named 23186-0.txt or 23186-0.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/3/1/8/23186/
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Jeannie Howse, Ted Garvin and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/23186-0.zip b/23186-0.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..069a9e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-0.zip
diff --git a/23186-8.txt b/23186-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a168170
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13434 @@
+Project Gutenberg's The Handbook to English Heraldry, by Charles Boutell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Handbook to English Heraldry
+
+Author: Charles Boutell
+
+Editor: A. C. Fox-Davies
+
+Illustrator: R. B. Utting
+
+Release Date: October 24, 2007 [EBook #23186]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HANDBOOK TO ENGLISH HERALDRY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Jeannie Howse, Ted Garvin and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: Seal of Sir RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G.,
+  Fifth Earl of WARWICK: died A.D. 1439. No. 448.
+  --See pages 208, 321.]
+
+  [Illustration: Seal of Sir THOMAS DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G.,
+  Third Earl of WARWICK: died A.D. 1369. Date of the Seal, 1344.
+  No. 446. --See No. 447, page 320, also see page 321.]
+
+
+
+
+  "To describe ... emblazoned Shields." --MILTON
+
+  THE HANDBOOK TO
+  ENGLISH
+  HERALDRY
+
+  by
+
+  CHARLES BOUTELL, M.A.
+
+  Author of "The Monumental Brasses of England,"
+  Editor and Part Author of "Arms and Armour
+  in Antiquity and The Middle Ages," etc.
+
+  with
+
+  NEARLY FIVE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS
+  Drawn and Engraved on Wood
+  by Mr. R. B. UTTING and Others
+
+
+  _ELEVENTH EDITION_
+
+  Thoroughly Revised with an Additional Chapter by
+  A. C. FOX-DAVIES
+  of Lincoln's Inn   Barrister-At-Law
+
+  [Illustration: ROYAL ARMS (1340-1405)]
+
+  LONDON: REEVES & TURNER
+  1914
+
+
+
+
+  Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
+  at the Ballantyne Press, Edinburgh
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+TO THE ELEVENTH EDITION
+
+
+This standard work of reference has been revised throughout, and
+enlarged by the addition of an extra chapter on Peerage Dignities.
+
+
+A. C. FOX-DAVIES.
+
+LINCOLN'S INN, _November 1913_.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+TO THE TENTH EDITION
+
+
+In the revision of this well-known work I have held my hand, rather than
+the contrary, trying to bear always in mind that it was the hand-book of
+Mr. Charles Boutell and not a production of my own. My alterations have
+been concerned chiefly in bringing the volume up to date, a necessity
+imposed by the creation of new orders of knighthood, and change of
+Sovereign. I have certainly omitted a few remarks which I have thought
+might be the cause of leading students of the science astray: I have
+altered ambiguous wording to emphasise the real, and I have no doubt the
+originally intended meaning. But in many points which, being deductions,
+are naturally matters of opinion, I have left herein various expressions
+of Mr. Boutell's opinion, with which I can hardly say I personally
+altogether agree or would myself put forward. I hold that it is no part
+of an editor's duty to air his own opinions under the protection or
+repute of another's name, and herein I have inserted nothing for which
+my own opinion is the only authority.
+
+  A. C. FOX-DAVIES.
+
+  LINCOLN'S INN, _June 1908_.
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: No. 2.--St. Edward.
+  No. 1.--St. George.
+  No. 3.--St. Edmund.]
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE
+
+
+This Volume, specially prepared for the use of students at an early
+period of their study of English Heraldry, commends itself also to those
+inquirers who may desire to obtain some general information on the same
+subject, without having any intention to devote to Heraldry much either
+of their time or of their serious regard.
+
+The success, no less extraordinary than gratifying, of my larger work on
+Heraldry, led me to hope that a not less favourable reception might be
+extended to a simpler and much shorter essay, more decidedly elementary
+in its aim and character, and yet as far as possible within its limits
+complete. Such a treatise I have endeavoured to produce in this Volume.
+
+Inseparably associated with the History of our Country, and more
+particularly when our national History becomes the Biography of eminent
+Englishmen, English Heraldry has the strongest claims upon the attention
+not only of all Historians, but also of all who desire to become
+familiar with their writings. In like manner, Heraldry may be studied
+with no less of advantage than of satisfaction by all Artists, whether
+Architects, Sculptors, Painters, or Engravers. Nor is it too much to
+assert that some knowledge of Heraldry, in consequence of its singular
+and comprehensive utility, ought to be estimated as a necessary element
+of a liberal education. In confirmation of my own views, I am tempted to
+quote the following passage from M. GOURDON DE GENOUILLAC'S introduction
+to his excellent "Grammaire Héraldique," published at Paris:-- "Le
+blason," says M. de Genouillac, "est une langue qui s'est conservée dans
+sa pureté primitive depuis les siècles, langue dont la connaissance, est
+indispensable aux familles nobles, qui y trouvent un signe d'alliance ou
+de reconnaissance, aux numismates, aux antiquaires, aux archéologues,
+enfin à tous les artistes, gens de lettres, &c.; cependant cette langue
+est presque inconnue, et la plupart des personnes qui possedent le droit
+de porter des armoiries seraient fort en peine de les expliquer selon
+les termes techniques!" Heraldry, indeed, I believe to be a study worthy
+to be universally regarded with affectionate respect, as it certainly is
+eminently qualified to inspire such a sentiment in every class of
+student.
+
+In this spirit I have here treated the elements of the Heraldry of
+England, confident that, of those who may accompany me as far as I shall
+lead them, very many will not be content to stop where I shall take
+leave of them. Thus much I promise my companions--I will be to them a
+faithful guide. They may trust to my accuracy. I have made no statement,
+have adduced no example, nor have I exhibited any illustration, except
+upon authority. I myself like and admire what is real and true in
+Heraldry; and it is by the attractiveness of truth and reality that I
+desire to win for Heraldry fresh friends, and to secure for it firm
+friendships.
+
+It will be understood that from the authority, the practice, and the
+associations of the early Heraldry of the best and most artistic eras,
+I seek to derive a Heraldry which we may rightly consider to be our own,
+and which we may transmit with honour to our successors. I do not
+suggest the adoption, for present use, of an obsolete system. But, while
+I earnestly repudiate the acceptance and the maintenance amongst
+ourselves of a most degenerate substitute for a noble Science, I do
+aspire to aid in restoring HERALDRY to its becoming rank, and
+consequently to its early popularity, now in our own times. This is to
+revive the fine old Heraldry of the past, to give to it a fresh
+animation, and to apply it under existing conditions to existing uses
+and requirements: not, to adjust ourselves to the circumstances of its
+first development, and to reproduce as copyists its original
+expressions. It is not by any means a necessary condition of a
+consistent revival of early Heraldry, that our revived Heraldry should
+admit no deviation from original usage or precedent. So long as we are
+thoroughly animated by the spirit of the early Heralds, we may lead our
+Heraldry onwards with the advance of time. It is for us, indeed, to
+prepare a Heraldry for the future, no less than to revive true Heraldry
+in the time now present. We may rightly modify, therefore, and adapt
+many things, in order to establish a true conformity between our
+Heraldry and the circumstances of our own era: for example, with
+advantage as well as propriety we may, in a great measure, substitute
+Badges for Crests; and we shall do well to adopt a style of drawing
+which will be perfectly heraldic, without being positively unnatural.
+
+The greater number of my Illustrations have been engraved only in
+outline, with the twofold object of my being thus enabled to increase
+the number of the examples, and to adapt the engravings themselves to
+the reception of colour. It will be very desirable for students to
+blazon the illustrations, or the majority of them, in their proper
+tinctures: and those who are thoroughly in earnest will not fail to form
+their own collections of additional examples, which, as a matter of
+course, they will seek to obtain from original authorities. With the
+exception of a few examples, my Illustrations, considerably over 400,
+have all been executed expressly for this work; and they all have been
+engraved by Mr. R. B. UTTING. The chief exceptions are thirteen
+admirable woodcuts of Scottish Seals, all of them good illustrations of
+Heraldry south of the Tweed, originally engraved for Laing's noble
+quarto upon "The Ancient Seals of Scotland," published in Edinburgh.
+Scottish Heraldry, I must add, as in any particulars of law and practice
+it may differ from our Heraldry on this side of the Tweed, I have left
+in the able hands of the Heralds of the North: at the same time,
+however, the Heraldry of which I have been treating has so much that is
+equally at home on either side of "the Border," that I have never
+hesitated to look for my examples and authorities to both the fair
+realms which now form one Great Britain.
+
+  C. B.
+
+  [Signature]
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                                    Page
+
+PREFACE TO PRESENT EDITION                                           vii
+
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE                                                      ix
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS                                                xix
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+  INTRODUCTORY-- Early Popularity of Heraldry in England-- Origin of
+  English Heraldry; Definition; Characteristics; Development; Early
+  Uses; Not connected with Earlier Systems-- Ancient Heraldry-- Past
+  and Present Treatment of the Subject                                 1
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+  EARLY HERALDIC AUTHORITIES-- Seals; Monumental Effigies, &c.;
+  Rolls of Arms, Official Heraldic Records, &c.-- Earliest Heraldic
+  Shields and Banners-- Allusive Quality of Early Armory--
+  Attributed Arms                                                     10
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+  The English Heraldry that is now in existence-- First Debasement
+  of Heraldry-- Later Debasement-- Revival of English Heraldry--
+  Heraldic Art                                                        20
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+  GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section I.-- Language-- Nomenclature-- Style
+  and Forms of Expression-- Blazon-- The Shield: its Parts, Points,
+  Divisions, Dividing Lines, Varieties of Form, and Heraldic
+  Treatment                                                           29
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+  GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section II.-- Tinctures: Metals, Colours,
+  Furs-- Varied Fields-- Law of Tinctures-- Counter-changing--
+  Diaper-- Disposition-- Blazoning-- Emblazoning in Tinctures         40
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+  GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section III.-- The Ordinaries:-- Chief:
+  Fesse: Bar: Pale: Cross; its Heraldic Varieties: Bend: Saltire:
+  Chevron: and Pile                                                   49
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+  GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section IV.-- The Subordinaries:-- Canton or
+  Quarter: Inescutcheon: Oile: Tressure: Bordure: Flanches: Lozenge,
+  Mascle, Rustre: Fusil: Billet: Gyron: Frette-- The Roundles         64
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+  GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section V.-- Miscellaneous Charges:-- Human
+  Beings: Animals: Birds: Fish: Reptiles and Insects: Imaginary
+  Beings: Natural Objects: Various Artificial Figures and Devices--
+  Appropriate Descriptive Epithets                                    73
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+  GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section VI.-- The Lion and the Eagle in
+  Heraldry                                                            83
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+  GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section VII.-- Glossary of Titles, Names, and
+  Terms                                                              100
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+  MARSHALLING:-- Aggroupment: Combination: Quartering: Dimidiation:
+  Impalement: Escutcheon of Pretence: Marshalling the Arms of
+  Widowers, Widows, and others: Official Arms; and the Accessories
+  of Shields                                                         158
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+  CADENCY:-- Marks of Cadency are temporary, or permanent: the
+  Label: the Bordure: the Bendlet, Barrulet, and Canton: Change of
+  Tincture: Secondary Charges: Single Small Charges: Differences of
+  Illegitimacy: Cadency of Crests, Badges, &c.: Modern Cadency       176
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+  DIFFERENCING:-- Differencing to denote Feudal Alliance or
+  Dependency: Differencing without any Alliance-- Augmentation--
+  Abatement                                                          194
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+  CRESTS                                                             209
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+  BADGES                                                             220
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+  SUPPORTERS                                                         237
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+  FLAGS:-- The Pennon: the Banner: the Standard: the Royal Standard:
+  the "Union Jack": Ensigns: Military Standards and Colours:
+  Blazoning: Hoisting and Displaying Flags                           246
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+  THE ROYAL HERALDRY OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND:-- Shields of Arms of
+  the Reigning Sovereigns of England, of Scotland, of the United
+  Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Crests: Supporters: Mottoes:
+  Crowns: Banners: Armorial Insignia of the late Prince Consort; of
+  the Prince and Princess of Wales; of the other Princes and
+  Princesses                                                         258
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+  ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD AND INSIGNIA OF HONOUR:-- Feudal Knighthood--
+  Orders of Knighthood: Knights of St. John: Knights Templars: the
+  Order of the Garter; of the Thistle; of St. Patrick; of the Bath;
+  of St. Michael and St. George; of the Star of India-- The Order of
+  Merit-- The Royal Victorian Order-- The Imperial Service Order--
+  The Victoria Cross-- The Albert Medal-- Naval and Military
+  Medals-- Foreign Insignia bestowed on British Subjects             273
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+  PRECEDENCE GENEALOGIES                                             295
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+  The COLLEGE OF ARMS-- The LYON OFFICE of Scotland-- Grants of
+  Arms-- Tax on "Armorial Bearings," and on "Arms Found"             304
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:-- Coins-- Seals-- Heraldry in Architecture, in
+  Monuments, in Illuminations, in Encaustic Tiles-- Heraldic
+  Personal Ornaments, and various Heraldic Decorations-- Conclusion  316
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+  PEERAGE DIGNITIES:-- The Dignity of Earl-- Of Baron-- The
+  Parliament of 1295-- Landed Qualifications-- Creation of the Title
+  Duke of Cornwall-- The Title of Marquis-- The Premier Baron of
+  England-- The Peerage of Scotland-- Scottish Remainders-- Daughter
+  Inherits in her own Right-- Determination of an Abeyance-- The
+  Right to Create Peers of Ireland-- Rights and Privileges of a
+  Peeress-- The Daughters of Peers-- Anomalies of the English Scale
+  of Precedence                                                      327
+
+
+GENERAL INDEX                                                        335
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+NO.                       PAGE
+
+    1. Arms of St. George }
+    2. Arms of St. Edward }                                        ix
+    3. Arms of St. Edmund }
+    4. Arms of Sir Walter Scott, of Abbotsford                     1
+    5. Lance Flag, Bayeux Tapestry                                 6
+    6. Lance Flag, Bayeux Tapestry                                 6
+    7. Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase                           8
+    8. Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase                           8
+    9. Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase                           8
+   10. Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase                           8
+   11. Seal of Walter Innes                                       11
+   12. Seal of William Innes                                      11
+   13. Banner of Templars                                         14
+   14. Banner of Leicester                                        14
+   15. Shield of Brittany                                         14
+   16. Shield of Waldegrave                                       14
+   17. Shield of Fitz Warine                                      14
+   18. Shield of Whitworth                                        14
+   19. The Escarbuncle                                            15
+   20. Shield of Montacute                                        17
+  20A. Shield of Montacute                                        70
+   21. The Planta Genista                                         17
+   22. Arms assigned to William I.                           18, 259
+   23. Arms assigned to the Saxon Princes                         18
+   24. Shield of Prince John of Eltham                            26
+   25. Badge of Richard II., Westminster Hall                     27
+   26. Badge of Richard II., Westminster Hall                     27
+   27. The Points of an Heraldic Shield                           33
+   28. Shield divided per Pale                                    33
+   29. Shield divided per Fesse                                   33
+   30. Shield divided Quarterly                                   33
+   31. Shield divided per Bend                                    33
+   32. Shield divided per Bend Sinister                           33
+   33. Shield divided per Saltire                                 33
+   34. Shield divided per Chevron                                 33
+   35. Shield divided per Tierce                                  33
+   36. Shield Quarterly of Eight                                  34
+   37. Compound Quartering                                        34
+   38. Border and Dividing Lines                                  35
+   39. Bowed Shield                                               36
+   40. Heraldic Shield                                            36
+   41. Heraldic Shield                                            36
+   42. Heraldic Shield                                            36
+   43. Heraldic Shield                                            37
+   44. Heraldic Shield                                            37
+   45. Modern Shield                                              37
+   46. Cartouche                                                  37
+   47. Lozenge                                                    37
+   48. Arms of Provence                                           38
+   49. Shield Couché                                              38
+   50. Symbolisation of Or                                        40
+   51. Symbolisation of Argent                                    40
+   52. Symbolisation of Azure                                     40
+   53. Symbolisation of Gules                                     40
+   54. Symbolisation of Sable                                     40
+   55. Symbolisation of Vert                                      40
+   56. Symbolisation of Purpure                                   40
+   57, 57A. Ermine                                            41, 42
+   58. Ermines                                                    41
+   59. Erminois                                                   41
+   60. Pean                                                       41
+   61. Vair                                                       41
+   62. Vair                                                       41
+   63. Counter Vair                                               41
+   64. Potent                                                     41
+   65. Counter Potent                                             41
+   66. Componée                                                   43
+   67. Counter Componée                                           43
+   68. Arms of Earl de Warrenne                                   45
+   69. Arms of Jerusalem                                          44
+   70. Arms of Fenwick                                            44
+   71. A Chief                                                    50
+   72. Arms of Le Botiler                                         50
+   73. Arms of De Brus                                            50
+   74. Arms of De Clintone                                        50
+   75. Arms of De Clintone                                        50
+   76. Arms of De Clifford                                        50
+   77. Arms of De Pateshulle                                      50
+   78. Arms of Le Vavasour                                        50
+   79. Arms of De Hemenhale                                       51
+   80. Arms of De Dageworthe                                      51
+   81. Arms of De Harecourt                                       51
+   82. Arms of Wake                                               51
+   83. Arms of De Huntercumbe                                     52
+   84. Arms of De la Mere                                         52
+   85. Arms of Fitzalan of Bedale                                 53
+   86. Arms of De Valence                                         53
+   87. Arms of Erskine                                            53
+   88. Arms of Grandison                                          53
+   89. Cross Fimbriated                                           54
+   90. Cross Pointed                                              54
+   91. Greek Cross                                                55
+   92. Latin Cross                                                55
+   93. Tau Cross                                                  55
+   94. Cross Quadrate                                             55
+   95. Cross Patriarchal                                          55
+   96. Cross Lourchée                                             55
+   97. Arms of De Molines                                         56
+   98. Arms of Bishop Anthony Bec                                 56
+   99. Arms of William de Vesci                                   56
+  100. Cross Fleurie                                              56
+  101. Cross Fleurettée                                           56
+  102. Cross Pommee                                               56
+  103. Cross Botonee                                              57
+  104. Cross Crosslet                                             57
+  105. Cross Clechée                                              57
+  106. Cross Patee                                                57
+  107. Cross Maltese                                              57
+  108. Cross Potent                                               57
+  109. Cross Avellane                                             57
+  110. Cross Botonée Fitchée                                      57
+  111. Arms of Le Scrope                                          58
+  112. Arms of De Radclyffe                                       58
+  113. Arms of Le Boteler                                         58
+  114. Arms of De Bohun, Earl of Hereford                         59
+  115. Arms of De Bohun (differenced)                             59
+  116. Arms of De Montford                                        60
+  117. Arms of De Bray                                            60
+  118. Paly Bendy                                                 60
+  119. Barry Bendy                                                60
+  120. Arms of St. Andrew                                         60
+  121. Arms of De Neville                                         60
+  122. Arms of De Neville                                         60
+  123. Arms of De Stafford                                        61
+  124. Arms of De Clare                                           61
+  125. Early Shield of De Clare                                   62
+  126. Arms of De Chandos                                         62
+  127. Arms of De Prian                                           62
+  128. Arms of De Passett                                         62
+  129. Arms of De Kyrkeby                                         65
+  130. Arms of Blundell                                           65
+  131. Arms of De Mortimer                                        66
+  132. Arms of Darcy                                              66
+  133. Arms of De Wyllers                                         66
+  134. Arms of De Balliol                                         66
+  135. Single Tressure Flory                                      67
+  136. Tressure Flory Counterflory                                67
+  137. Double Tressure Flory                                      67
+  138. Arms of Scotland                                      67, 260
+  139. Arms of De Waltone                                         68
+  140. Arms of Richard, Earl of Cornwall                          68
+  141. Flanche                                                    69
+  142. Flasques                                                   69
+  143. Mascle                                                     69
+  144. Rustre                                                     69
+  145. Arms of De Burgh, Earl of Kent                             69
+  146. Arms of Deincourt                                          70
+  147. Arms of Campbell                                           70
+  148. A Frette                                                   71
+  149. Arms of De Etchingham                                      71
+  150. Trellis Clouée                                             71
+  151. Bezant                                                     72
+  152. Torteau                                                    72
+  153. Fountain                                                   72
+  154. Annulet                                                    72
+  155. Shield of Douglas                                          74
+  156. Shield of Douglas                                          74
+  157. Shield of Douglas                                          74
+  158. Shield of Isle of Man                                      74
+  159. Shield of St. Alban's Abbey                                75
+  160. Early Martlet                                              77
+  161. Martlet                                                    77
+  162. Banner of De Barre                                         77
+  163. Dolphin                                                    78
+  164. Arms of De Lucy                                            78
+  165. Escallop                                                   78
+  166. A, B, C, Crescent, Increscent, Decrescent                  80
+  167. At Gaze                                                    81
+  168. Tripping                                                   81
+  169. At Speed                                                   81
+  170. Stag's Head Cabossed                                       85
+  171. Lion Rampant                                               85
+  172. Lion Rampant Guardant                                      85
+  173. Lion Passant                                               85
+  174. Lion Passant Guardant                                      85
+  175. Lion Statant                                               85
+  176. Lion Statant Guardant                                      85
+  177. Lion Couchant                                              86
+  178. Lion Sejant                                                86
+  179. Lion Dormant                                               86
+  180. Lion Salient                                               86
+  181. Lion Double queued                                         86
+  182. Lion Coward                                                86
+  183. Lion's Head                                                87
+  184. Lion's Face                                                87
+  185. Lion's Jambe                                               87
+  186. Demi Lion Rampant                                          87
+  187. Arms of England                                       87, 259
+  188. Arms of Richard I.                                         88
+  189. Arms of Prince John                                        88
+  190. Arms of Richard I.                                         88
+  191. Arms of Le Strange                                         89
+  192. Arms of Giffard                                            89
+  193. Arms of Mowbray                                            89
+  194. Arms of De Lacy                                            89
+  195. Arms of De Segrave                                         89
+  196. Arms of De Percy                                           90
+  197. Arms of De Longespée                                       90
+  198. Crest of Black Prince                                      91
+  199. Crest &c., Richard II.                                     91
+  200. Eagle Shield in Westminster Abbey                          93
+  201. Imperial Eagle                                             93
+  202. Royal Eagle                                                93
+  203. Arms of Earl of Cornwall                                   94
+  204. Seal of Euphemia Leslie                                    94
+  205. Shield of Piers Gaveston                                   95
+  206. Arms of Montacute and Monthermer                           95
+  207. A Vol                                                      96
+  209. Arms of De la Mere                                         96
+  210. Shield at St. Albans                                       97
+  211. Austrian Eagle                                             97
+  212. German Imperial Eagle                                      98
+  213. German Eagle, wings erect                                  98
+  214. French Imperial Eagle                                      99
+  215. Badge of Ulster                                           101
+  216. Breys                                                     104
+  217. Baron's Coronet                                           104
+  218. Water Bouget                                              106
+  219. Bourohier Knot                                            106
+  220. Bowen Knot                                                107
+  221. Caltrap                                                   107
+  222. Castle                                                    108
+  223. Celestial Crown                                           108
+  224. Chapeau of Estate                                         108
+  225. Arms of Saxony                                            108
+  226. Chess Rook                                                109
+  227. Cinquefoil                                                109
+  228. Clarions                                                  109
+  229. Cockatrice                                                110
+  230. Collar of York                                            110
+  231. Collar of Lancaster                                       110
+  232. Crest Coronet                                             113
+  233. Crest Wreaths                                             113
+  234. Crown of H.M. The King                               115, 266
+  235. Dacre Knot and Badges                                     115
+  236. Dragon                                                    117
+  237. Duke's Coronet                                            117
+  238. Earl's Coronet                                            118
+  239. Eastern Crown                                             118
+  240. Electoral Bonnet                                          119
+  241. Arms of Byron                                             119
+  242. Estoile                                                   120
+  243. Fer-de-Moline                                             121
+  244. Fermails                                                  121
+  245. Fetter lock                                               122
+  246. Fleur de lys                                              122
+  247. Arms of France Ancient                                    122
+  248. Arms of France Modern                                     122
+  249. Arms of Edmund, Earl of Lancaster                         123
+  250. Arms of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.                      122
+  251. Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.                      123
+  252. Shield of Edward III., A.D. 1340                     124, 260
+  253. Shield of Henry IV., about 1405                      124, 260
+  254, 255. Fylfots                                              125
+  256. Shield of R. de Gorges                                    127
+  257. Hawk's Lure                                               128
+  258. Hawk's Bells and Jesses                                   128
+  259. Helm of the Sovereign                                     129
+  260. Helm of Princes and Nobles                                129
+  261. Helm of Baronets and Knights                              129
+  262. Helm of Esquires and Gentlemen                            129
+  263. Helm of Esquires and Gentlemen                            129
+  264. Heneage Knot                                              130
+  265. Arms of the Heralds College                               130
+  266. Arms of Lyon Office                                       131
+  267. Jessant de lys                                            133
+  268, 269. Heraldic Keys                                        133
+  270. Hastings Badge                                            133
+  271, 272, 273. Labels                                          134
+  274. Lacy Knot                                                 134
+  275. Lymphad                                                   136
+  276. Arms of Hastings                                          136
+  277. Coronet of Marquess                                       137
+  278. Mullet                                                    139
+  279. Mullet Pierced                                            139
+  280. Mural Crown                                               140
+  281. Naval Crown                                               140
+  282. Pourdon                                                   141
+  283. Panache Crest of Edward Courtenay                         142
+  284. Panache Crest of William le Latimer                       142
+  285. Panache Crest of Edmund Mortimer                          142
+  286. Pennon of D'Aubernoun                                     143
+  287. Pheon                                                     143
+  288. Portcullis                                                143
+  289. Coronet of Prince of Wales                                145
+  290. Coronet of King's Daughters and Younger Sons              145
+  291. Coronet of King's Grandchildren                           145
+  292. Coronet of King's Cousins                                 145
+  293. Quatrefoil                                                146
+  294. The Ragged Staff Badge                                    146
+  295. Rebus of Abbot Kirton                                     148
+  296. Rebus of Bishop Peckyngton                                148
+  297. Rebus of Sir John Peche                                   148
+  298, 299. Heraldic Roses                                       149
+  300. Rose en Soleil                                            149
+  301. Crest of Hamilton                                         150
+  302. Sixfoil                                                   152
+  303. Arms of Shakespeare                                       151
+  304. Stafford Knot                                             152
+  305. Staple Padge                                              152
+  306. Arms of City of London                                    153
+  307. Tabard                                                    154
+  308. Badge of James I.                                         154
+  309. Trefoil Slipped                                           155
+  310. Trumpet                                                   155
+  311. Viscount's Coronet                                        156
+  312. Shield at St. Michael's Church, St. Albans                157
+  313. Wake Knot                                                 157
+  314. Catherine Wheel                                           157
+  315. Wyvern                                                    157
+  316. Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.                      160
+  317. Seal of Margaret Lady De Ros                              161
+  318. Seal of Joan, Countess of Surrey                          162
+  319. Seal of Mary, Countess of Pembroke                        164
+  320. Seal of Matilda of Lancaster                              164
+  321. Seal of Oliver de Bohun                                   165
+  322. Shield of Earl John de Dreux                              165
+  323. Shield of Castile and Leon                                166
+  324. Shield of Henry, Earl of Northumberland                   167
+  325. Shield of Mayor of Winchelsea                             168
+  326. Shield of De Valence and Claremont Nesle                  168
+  327. Shield of Camoys and Mortimer                             169
+  328. Shield of D'Aubigny and Scotland                          170
+  329. Shield of Earl Richard Beauchamp                          171
+  330. Four Diagrams illustrative of Marshalling               171-2
+  331-335. Diagrams illustrative of Marshalling                  172
+  336. Shield of Eldest Sons of Edward I. and II.                178
+  337. Shield of Black Prince                                    178
+  338. Label of Lancaster                                        179
+  339. Label of Brittany                                         179
+  340. Label of York                                             179
+  341. Label of Clarence                                         180
+  342. Label of Henry and John of Lancaster                      180
+  343. Label of Thomas of Lancaster                              180
+  344. Shield of Holland, of Kent                                181
+  345. Shield of Henry of Lancaster                              182
+  346. Shield of Beauchamp of Elmely                             183
+  347. Shield of Beauchamp at Carlaverock                        183
+  348. Shield of Beauchamp of Warwick                            184
+  349. Shield of Beauchamp of Bletshoe                           184
+  350. Shield of Bishop Grandison                                185
+  351. Seal of Bishop Le Despencer                               185
+  352. Shield of Sir Fulk Fitz Warin                             186
+  353. Shield of Thomas le Scrope                                186
+  354. Crescent, for Difference                                  186
+  355. Mullet, for Difference                                    186
+  356. Shield of Lord Latimer                                    187
+  357. Shield of Neville                                         187
+  358. Shield of Sir Wm. de Brewys                               187
+  359. Shield of Henry, Earl of Worcester                        189
+  360. Shield of Beaufort, before 1397                           189
+  361. Shield of Beaufort, after 1397                            189
+  362. Shield of Charles, Earl of Worcester                      190
+  363. Shield of Sir Roger de Clarendon                          190
+  364. Arms of Radulphus de Arundel                              190
+  365. Seal of William Fraser                                    193
+  366. Shield of Earl of Chester                                 195
+  367. Shield of Fitz Ralph                                      196
+  368. Shield of De Luterell                                     197
+  369. Shield of De Wadsley                                      197
+  370. Shield of De Wortley                                      198
+  371. Shield of De Mounteney                                    198
+  372. Shield of De Mounteney                                    198
+  373. Shield in St. Alban's Abbey                               203
+  374. Shield of Howard, after Flodden                           205
+  374A. Howard Augmentation                                      205
+  375. Fan-Crest, Richard I.                                     209
+  376. Fan-Crest, Henry de Perci                                 209
+  377. Fan-Crest, Henry de Laci                                  209
+  378. Seal of Alexander de Balliol                              210
+  379. Helm, &c., Thomas, Earl of Lancaster                      211
+  380. Helm, &c., Geoffrey Luterell                              212
+  381. Seal, Sir Robert de Marny                                 212
+  382. Seal, William de Wyndesor                                 214
+  383. Crest, Sir R. Grey, K.G.                                  215
+  384. Helm, &c., Richard II.                                    216
+  385. Helm, &c., Sir Hugh Hastings                              217
+  386. Crest-Wreath, Sir William Vernon                          217
+  387. Crest-Wreath, Sir Robert Harcourt                         217
+  388. Crest-Wreath, Effigy at Tewkesbury                        217
+  389. Basinet and Crest-Wreath, Sir H. Stafford                 218
+  390. Seal, Earl Robert Bruce                                   225
+  391. Seal, Sir Walter Hungerford                               225
+  392. Seal, Sir Robert de Hungerford                            226
+  393. Badge, Tau and Bell                                       227
+  394. Ostrich Feather Badge                                     231
+  395, 396. Three Ostrich Feathers, Peterborough                 231
+  397. Ostrich Feather Badge, Ludlow                             232
+  398. Ostrich Feather Badge, Deanery, Peterborough              232
+  399. Ostrich Feather Badge, St. Alban's Abbey                  232
+  400. Ostrich Feather Badge, Exeter Cathedral                   232
+  401. Shield "for Peace" of Black Prince                        234
+  402. Ostrich Feather Badge, Seal of Henry IV.                  235
+  403. Ostrich Feather Badge, Seal of Thomas,
+         Duke of Gloster                                         235
+  404. Ostrich Feather Badge, Garter Plate
+         of John Beaufort                                        235
+  405. Seal of Devorguilla Crawford                              239
+  406. Seal of Margaret, Lady Hungerford                         240
+  407. Seal of Earl Edmund de Mortimer                           242
+  408. Seal of Robert Graham                                     243
+  409. Seal of Sir Wm. Lindsay                                   243
+  410. Seal of Sir John Drummond                                 244
+  411. Pennon                                                    247
+  412. Pennon of Percy                                           247
+  413. Banners and Pennons                                       248
+  414. Seal of Earl John Holland                                 249
+  415. Standard of Sir H. de Stafford, K.G.                      251
+  416. The Royal Standard                                        252
+  417. The First Union Jack                                      253
+  418. Banner of St. George                                      253
+  419. Banner of St. Andrew                                      253
+  420. The Second Union Jack                                     254
+  421. The Banner of St. Patrick                                 254
+  422. Red Ensign                                                255
+  423. Royal Arms of Stuart Sovereigns                           261
+  424. Arms of Nassau                                            261
+  425. Diagram of Arms of William III. and Mary                  261
+  426. Diagram of Arms of William III. alone                     261
+  427. Diagram of Arms of Anne                                   262
+  428. Arms of Hanover                                           262
+  429, 430. Diagrams of Royal Arms                          262, 263
+  431. Crest of England                                          264
+  432. Signet Ring of Queen Mary Stuart                          265
+  433. Insignia of the Order of the Garter                       277
+  434. "Lesser George" of the Garter                             279
+  435. Jewel of the Thistle                                      281
+  436. Badge of St. Patrick                                      281
+  437. Badge of the Bath, Naval and Military                     284
+  438. Badge of the Bath, Diplomatic and Civil                   285
+  439. Badge of the Star of India                                288
+  440. Victoria Cross                                            293
+  441. The Albert Medal                                          293
+  442. Seal of Lord Bardolf                                      318
+  443. Seal of William Mure                                      319
+  444. Seal of Thomas Monypeny                                   319
+  445. Seal of Richard Stuart                                    319
+  446. Seal of Earl Thomas de Beauchamp                _Frontispiece_
+  447. Counter-Seal of the same                                  320
+  448. Seal of Earl Richard de Beauchamp               _Frontispiece_
+  449. Seal of Sir Walter Scott, A.D. 1529                       326
+  450. Insignia of the Order of the Thistle                      280
+  451. Insignia of the Order of St. Patrick                      282
+  452. Collar and Military Badge, Order of the Bath              283
+  453. Star of Knight Grand Cross (Civil)                        285
+  454. Star of Knight Commander (Military)                       285
+  455. Order of Merit                                            286
+  456. Collar and Insignia of Exalted Order
+         of the Star of India                                    287
+  457. Star and Collar of the Order
+         of St. Michael and St. George                           289
+  458. Eminent Order of the Indian Empire                        290
+  459. Badge of same                                             291
+  460. G.C.V.O. Star                                             291
+  461. K.C.V.O. Star                                             291
+  462. G.C.V.O. Badge                                            291
+  463. K.C.V.O. Badge                                            291
+  464. Distinguished Service Older                               292
+  465. Imperial Service Order                                    292
+
+
+NOTE.-- _Several illustrations used herewith in connection with the new
+Orders created of recent date are inserted by arrangement with the
+Editor of Debrett's "Peerage."_
+
+
+
+
+ENGLISH HERALDRY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+INTRODUCTORY
+
+  _Early Popularity of Heraldry in England-- Origin of English Heraldry;
+  Definition; Characteristics; Developments; Early Uses; not connected
+  with Earlier Systems-- Ancient Heraldry-- Past and Present Treatment
+  of the Subject._
+
+  "What! Is it possible? not know the figures of Heraldry!
+  Of what could your father be thinking?"
+    --ROB ROY.
+
+
+  [Illustration: No. 4.]
+
+The sentiment unquestionably was his own which Sir Walter Scott made
+delightful Di Vernon express when, with indignant surprise, she asked
+Frank Osbaldistone of what his father could have been thinking, that he
+had been permitted to grow up without any knowledge of Heraldry. Sir
+Walter was right in his estimate of the high value of Heraldry as an
+element of education: and, in professing herself a votaress of the
+Herald's "gentle science," it was quite right in Di Vernon to suggest to
+other ladies that it would be well for them if Heraldry should find
+favour in their eyes also. The age of Rob Roy, however, was far from
+being in harmony with heraldic associations: nor was the author of
+"Waverley" himself permitted to accomplish more, than to lead the way to
+that revival of a popular sympathy with every expression of early Art,
+which now forms one of the most remarkable characteristics of our own
+era.
+
+In the olden time, in England, the love of Heraldry, which was prevalent
+amongst all classes, was based upon an intelligent appreciation of its
+worthiness. A part of the feudal system of the Middle Ages, and at once
+derived from the prevailing form of thought and feeling, and imparting
+to it a brilliant colouring peculiar to itself, Heraldry exercised a
+powerful influence upon the manners and habits of the people amongst
+whom it was in use. By our early ancestors, accordingly, as Mr. Montagu
+has so happily written, "little given to study of any kind, a knowledge
+of Heraldry was considered indispensable:" to them it was the "outward
+sign of the spirit of chivalry, the index, also, to a lengthened
+chronicle of doughty deeds." And this Heraldry grew up, spontaneously
+and naturally, out of the circumstances and requirements of those times.
+It came into existence, because it was needed for practical use; it was
+accepted and cherished, because it did much more than fulfil its avowed
+purpose. At first, simply useful to distinguish particular individuals,
+especially in war and at the tournament, English Heraldry soon became
+popular; and then, with no less rapidity, it rose to high honour and
+dignity.
+
+From the circumstance that it first found its special use in direct
+connection with military equipments, knightly exercises, and the _mêlée_
+of actual battle, mediæval Heraldry has also been entitled ARMORY. Men
+wore the ensigns of Heraldry about their persons, embroidered upon the
+garments that partially covered their armour,--and so they called them
+_Coats-of-Arms_: they bore these same ensigns on their shields,--and
+they called them _Shields-of-Arms_: and in their Armorial Banners and
+Pennons they again displayed the very same insignia, floating in the
+wind high above their heads, from the shafts of their lances.
+
+The Heraldry or Armory of England, an honourable and honoured member of
+the illustrious family of mediæval European Heraldry, may be defined as
+a symbolical and pictorial language, in which figures, devices, and
+colours are employed instead of letters. Each heraldic composition has
+its own definite and complete significance, conveyed through its direct
+connection with some particular individual, family, dignity, or office.
+Every such heraldic composition, also, is a true legal possession, held
+and maintained by an express right and title: and it is hereditary, like
+other real property, in accordance with certain laws and precedents of
+inheritance. But in this respect heraldic insignia are singular and
+unlike other property, inasmuch as it is a general rule that they cannot
+be alienated, exchanged, or transferred otherwise than by inheritance or
+other lawful succession. Exceptions to this rule, when they are observed
+occasionally to have occurred, show clearly their own exceptional
+character, and consequently they confirm the true authority of the rule
+itself. It will be understood, as a necessary quality of its hereditary
+nature, that the significance of an heraldic composition, while
+"definite and complete" in itself, admits of augmentation and expansion
+through its association with successive generations. Thus, the Royal
+Shield of EDWARD III. is "complete" as the heraldic symbol of that great
+monarch, and of the realm under his rule: and yet this same shield,
+equally "complete" (with one simple modification) as the heraldic symbol
+of each successive Sovereign till the death of ELIZABETH, has its
+significance infinitely augmented and expanded through its hereditary
+association with all the Sovereigns of the Houses of Plantagenet and
+Tudor.
+
+Until the concluding quarter of the twelfth century, the traces of the
+existence of Heraldry are faint and few in number. Early in the
+thirteenth century the new science began to establish itself firmly
+amongst our ancestors of that age; and it is certain that, as soon as
+its character and capabilities were in any degree understood aright, it
+grew speedily into favour; so that in the reign of HENRY III. (A.D.
+1216-1272) Heraldry in England had confirmed its own claims to be
+regarded as a Science, by being in possession of a system, and a
+classification of its own.
+
+The Crusades, those extraordinary confederacies without a parallel in
+the history of civilised nations, were themselves so thoroughly a matter
+of religious chivalry, that it was only an inevitable result of their
+existence that they should give a powerful impulse to the establishment
+and development of Heraldry in its early days.
+
+But Heraldry, from the time of its first appearance in England, was
+found to be valuable for other uses besides those which so intimately
+connected it with both real and imitative warfare, with the fierce
+life-and-death conflict of the battle-field, and with the scarcely less
+perilous struggle for honour and renown in the lists. Very soon after
+the Norman Conquest, in consequence of their presence being required to
+give validity to every species of legal document, SEALS became
+instruments of the greatest importance; and it was soon obvious that
+heraldic insignia, with a representation of the knightly shield upon
+which they were displayed, were exactly suited to satisfy every
+requirement of the seal-engraver. By such means Heraldry became
+interwoven as well with the peaceful concerns of everyday life, as with
+the display of martial splendour and the turmoil of war.
+
+Many attempts have been made to set aside the opinion that the Heraldry
+of the Middle Ages in England was a fresh creation, a production of
+indigenous growth: and great is the ingenuity that has been brought into
+action to carry back the Heraldry of our own country from the
+commencement of the thirteenth century through the previous elementary
+stages of its existence, in order to trace its direct lineal descent
+from certain decorative and symbolical devices that were in use at much
+earlier periods. The careful and diligent researches, however, of the
+most learned Heralds have at present led them almost unanimously to
+reject all such theories as these, as speculative and uncertain. At the
+same time, it is an indisputable fact that, in all ages of the world,
+and amongst all races of men, some form of symbolical expression has
+been both in use and in favour. And it is equally true that this
+symbolism, whatever it may have been, has generally been found in some
+way associated with a military life and with the act of warfare.
+Soldiers, and particularly those in high command, have always delighted
+to adorn their shields with devices that sometimes were significant of
+their own condition or exploits, or sometimes had reference to their
+country, or even to their families; and, in like manner, it has been a
+universal custom to display similar devices and figures in military
+standards of all kinds. At the time of the Conquest, as is shown in the
+famous Bayeux Tapestry of the Conqueror's Consort, the shields and
+standards of both Normans and Anglo-Saxons were painted, and perhaps the
+latter were embroidered, with various figures and devices; but certainly
+without any heraldic significance or any personal associations being
+indicated by these figures and devices, which bear a general resemblance
+to the insignia of the Legions and Cohorts of Imperial Rome. Figures
+Nos. 5 and 6 give representations of the standards that are introduced
+into the Bayeux Tapestry. The same species of decoration, consisting
+chiefly of painted patterns, with discs, stars, crescents, and some
+other figures, continued in use in our own country until superseded by a
+true Heraldry; and may also be assumed to have prevailed in England in
+much earlier times.
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 5 and 6.--Lance Flags--Bayeux Tapestry.]
+
+In still more remote ages a more decided heraldic system was displayed
+upon signets, coins, shields, and standards. In this ancient Heraldry,
+if so it may be termed, occasionally the important and characteristic
+quality of hereditary association in certain devices is apparent. Thus,
+Virgil (Æneid, vii. 657) assigns to Aventinus "_insigne paternum_" upon
+his shield--his hereditary device, derived by him from his father. But
+these devices generally appear to have their significance in a greater
+or a less degree restricted, amongst the ancients, to certain particular
+incidents; consequently in all these examples there is nothing to show
+that the man who bore one device at one time, did not bear another
+device at another time.[1] For example, Æschylus, the Greek tragedian
+(B.C. 600), has recorded that Capaneus, when attacking the city of
+Thebes, bore on his shield the figure of a warrior carrying a lighted
+torch, with the motto, "I will fire the city!" But, on another occasion,
+we have reason to believe that the same Capaneus bore quite a different
+device, applicable to that other occasion; and this deprives these
+ancient devices, heraldic as they are in their general character, of
+that special personal association which true Heraldry requires and,
+indeed, implies. The beautiful painted vases, the works of Greek
+artists, that are discovered in such extraordinary numbers and in
+perfect preservation in some parts of Italy, constantly give most
+striking representations of the shields of ancient Greek warriors and
+other personages, with what appear heraldic devices displayed upon them.
+These shields illustrate, in a remarkable manner, both the appropriate
+significance of particular devices, and the usage then prevalent for a
+variety of devices to be borne on different occasions by the same
+individual. Shields upon vases in the collections in the Museum of the
+Louvre at Paris, and in the British Museum, where they are easy of
+access, contain a great variety of devices. The examples, Nos. 7, 8, 9,
+and 10, are from our own National Collections. No. 7, the shield black,
+the border and the pegasus red; No. 8, the shield black, and the two
+dolphins white; No. 9, the shield black, with a border adorned with red
+discs, the serpent white; No. 10, the shield black, with purple border,
+the three human legs conjoined white. The shields, Nos. 9 and 10, are
+both borne by the goddess +ATHÊNÊ+ (Minerva); and the remarkable device
+displayed on No. 10 is also found on the coins of ancient Sicily. Other
+similar shields display lions, horses, dogs, wild boars, fish, birds,
+clusters of leaves, chariots and chariot-wheels, votive tripods,
+serpents, scorpions, with many others, including occasional examples
+of human figures. In another collection I have seen an anchor and an
+Amazon's bow. A device differing from that in No. 10 only in having the
+conjoined limbs in armour, will be found in our own English Heraldry to
+be the armorial ensign of the Isle of Man.
+
+    [Footnote 1: In his "Hand-book of Engraved Gems," Mr. King maintains
+    that "the devices on the signets of the ancients were both
+    hereditary and unalterable, like our armorial bearings;" but, at the
+    same time, he admits that the "armorial bearings," which appear "on
+    the shields of the Grecian heroes in the most ancient pictures
+    extant, the Vase-paintings," "seem to have been assumed at the
+    caprice of the individual, like the knight's _cognisances_ at
+    tournaments in the days of chivalry, and not to have been
+    hereditary." --"Hand-book," page 216. Almost immediately, however,
+    Mr. King adds, that traditions exist which represent the mythic
+    heroes bearing "engraved on their signets the same devices that
+    decorated their shields." It would seem that the argument from such
+    traditions would rather indicate the signet-devices to have been
+    arbitrary, than the shield-devices to have been unalterable. While I
+    readily admit the very interesting devices of antiquity to possess
+    decided heraldic attributes, I cannot consider Mr. King to have
+    shown that, as a general rule, they were held by the ancients
+    themselves to have been either "unalterable" or "hereditary."
+    Possibly, further light may be thrown upon the hereditary quality of
+    ancient Heraldry: but, I certainly do not expect to see any evidence
+    adduced, which would establish a line of descent connecting the
+    Mediæval Heraldry of England with any heraldic system of classic
+    antiquity.]
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 7-10.--Ancient Shields from Greek Vases.]
+
+This Heraldry of Antiquity is to be regarded as the predecessor, and not
+as the ancestor of the Heraldry of England. There may be much that is
+common to both; but, there is nothing to show the later system to have
+been a lineal descendant from the earlier. It would seem much more
+likely that Heraldry, when it had been evolved, adopted ready made the
+emblems of an older civilisation for its own purpose, often
+appropriating at the same time the symbolism attaching to the emblems.
+The Heraldry, therefore, that has flourished, declined, and now is in
+the act of reviving in our own country in almost the full vigour of its
+best days, I shall treat as an independent science, proceeding from a
+single source, and from thence flowing onwards with varied fortunes,
+side by side with the chequered chronicles of England. In the course of
+its progress from the palmy days of EDWARD III., it has had to
+encounter, in a degree without precedent or parallel, that most painful
+and mischievous of trials--the excessive admiration of injudicious
+friends. Hence, Heraldry was brought into disrepute, and even into
+contempt, by the very persons who loved it with a genuine but a most
+unwise love. In process of time, no nonsense appeared too extravagant,
+and no fable too wild, to be engrafted upon the grave dignity of the
+Herald's early science. Better times at length have succeeded. Heraldry
+now has friends and admirers, zealous as of old, whose zeal is guided
+aright by a sound judgment in alliance with a pure taste. Very much
+already has been accomplished to sweep away the amazing mass of
+absurdities and errors which had overwhelmed our English Heraldry, by
+such men as Nicholas, Nichols, Courthope, Seton, Planché, Walford,
+Montagu, and Lower: and the good work goes on and prospers, with the
+most cheering assurances of complete and triumphant success.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+EARLY HERALDIC AUTHORITIES
+
+  _Seals: Monumental Effigies, &c.: Rolls of Arms, Official Heraldic
+  Records, &c.-- Earliest Heraldic Shields and Banners-- Allusive
+  Quality of Early Armory-- Attributed Arms._
+
+  "Let us begin at the beginning."
+    --PURSUIVANT OF ARMS.
+
+
+At the head of the earliest existing authorities in English Heraldry are
+SEALS. To the fortunate circumstance of the legal importance attached to
+them we are indebted for the preservation of these equally interesting
+and valuable relics, in great variety and in very considerable numbers.
+The heraldic evidence of Seals is necessarily of the highest order. They
+are original works, possessing contemporaneous authority. Produced with
+peculiar care and approved by their first possessors, their original
+authenticity is confirmed by their continued use through successive
+generations.
+
+Having been in use before the introduction and adoption of Heraldry in
+England, Seals enable us to compare the devices that preceded true
+Heraldry with the earliest that are truly heraldic: and thus they show
+that, in many instances, regular coats-of-arms were derived in their
+hereditary bearings from similar devices that had been adopted in the
+same families before the heraldic era. For example: the Seal of John
+Mundegumri, about A.D. 1175, bears a _single fleur-de-lys_, not placed
+upon a shield; and, accordingly, here is seen the origin of the _three
+golden fleurs-de-lys_, borne afterwards upon a blue shield by the
+descendants of this John, the Montgomeries, Earls of Eglintoun. Again:
+the Seal of Walter Innes, A.D. 1431, displays the shield of arms of his
+house--_three blue mullets_ (stars generally of five rays) on a field of
+silver, No. 11; and these mullets may be traced to the _single star_,
+that appears on the Seal of William Innes, or De Ynays, No. 12, appended
+to his deed of homage to Edward I., in the year 1295. I have selected
+these examples from the "Catalogue of Scottish Seals," published by Mr.
+Laing, of Edinburgh, that I may be enabled here to refer in the highest
+terms of admiring commendation to that most excellent work. It is
+greatly to be desired that a corresponding publication should treat,
+with equal ability, of the Seals of England which, from the dawn of
+Heraldry, continue their admirable examples and illustrations throughout
+its career.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 11.--Seal of Walter Innes.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 12.--Seal of Wm. Innes.]
+
+Monumental Effigies, Sepulchral Memorials, early Buildings, and early
+Stained Glass, frequently are rich in authoritative examples of "the
+figures of Heraldry." In addition to the various forms and combinations
+of heraldic composition, these works illustrate the early style of
+drawing in favour with Heralds during the great eras of mediæval Art,
+and they have preserved to us most useful and suggestive representations
+of various devices in their proper heraldic aspect. In many instances
+the Heraldry of early Monuments and Architecture possesses a peculiar
+value, arising from the circumstance of the shields of arms and other
+insignia having been sculptured in low relief or outlined in incised
+lines, and consequently these devices and compositions retain their
+original forms: and, in like manner, the original colouring of the
+Heraldry of Stained Glass remains safe from restoration or destruction,
+in consequence of the impossibility of re-painting it.
+
+The early written Literature of English Heraldry is calculated to throw
+but little light upon either its true character or its history. In
+addition, however, to the various and numerous official documents of the
+Heralds' College, several examples of one particular class of heraldic
+record have been preserved, the value of which cannot be too highly
+estimated. These are ROLLS OF ARMS--long, narrow strips of parchment, on
+which are written lists of the names and titles of certain personages,
+with full descriptions of their armorial insignia. The circumstances
+under which these Rolls were prepared are obviously not identical and
+for the most part unknown: but, the exact accuracy of their statements
+has been established beyond all question by careful and repeated
+comparison with Seals and other Monuments, and also with Documents which
+give only an indirect and yet not the less conclusive corroboration to
+the records of the Rolls of Arms themselves. The earliest of these Rolls
+at present known date about A.D. 1240 to 1245; and since in these
+earliest Rolls a very decided technical language is uniformly adopted,
+and the descriptions are all given in palpable accordance with fixed
+rules which must then have been well understood, we infer that by the
+end of the first half of the thirteenth century there was in existence a
+system for the regulation of such matters. Heraldry was perhaps
+recognised as a Science, with fixed terms and rules for describing
+heraldic devices and figures, and established laws to direct the
+granting, the assuming, and the bearing of arms.
+
+The most interesting of these early heraldic Rolls records, in a
+metrical form, and in Norman-French, the siege and capture of the
+fortress of Carlaverock, on the Scottish border, by EDWARD I., in the
+year 1300. In addition to very curious descriptions of the muster of the
+Royal troops at Carlisle, their march northwards, and the incidents of
+the siege (which last have a strange resemblance to what Homer has
+recorded of incidents that took place during the siege of Troy), this
+Roll gives some graphic personal sketches of the princes, nobles,
+bannerets, and knights, whose banners and shields of arms are set forth
+in it with minute exactness. This Roll, as well as several others, has
+been published, with translations and very valuable notes.
+
+In the Manuscript Collections of the British Museum also, and of other
+Libraries both public and private, and in the County Histories, and
+other works of a cognate character, there are many documents which
+contain various important records and illustrations of early English
+Heraldry.
+
+In any references to authorities, that it may appear desirable for me to
+make in the course of this and the following chapters, I must be as
+concise as possible. A direct reference to Seals, Effigies, &c., will be
+necessary in each case: but, in referring to Rolls of Arms, it will be
+sufficient to denote the period of the authority in general terms.
+Accordingly, I shall refer, not to each particular Roll, but
+collectively to those of each of the following reigns--HENRY III.,
+EDWARD I., EDWARD II., EDWARD III., and RICHARD II.; and these
+references will severally be made thus,--(H. 3), (E. 1), (E. 2), (E. 3),
+and (R. 2).
+
+Amongst the earliest Shields and Banners of Arms, all of them remarkable
+for their simplicity, many are found to be without any device whatever,
+their distinction consisting simply in some peculiarity in the
+colouring. Such examples may be considered to have been derived from
+pre-heraldic times, and transmitted, without any change or addition, to
+later periods. The renowned Banner of the Knights Templars, by them
+called _Beauseant_, No. 13, is black above and white below, which is
+said to have denoted that, while fierce to their foes, they were
+gracious to their friends. An ancient Banner of the Earl of Leicester
+(H. 3) is white and red, the division being made by a vertical indented
+line; No. 14. This design, however, was not the coat of arms of the
+earl. The Shield of the ducal House of Brittany, closely connected with
+the Royal Family of England, is simply of the fur ermine; No. 15. The
+Shield of Waldegrave is silver and red, as in No. 16: and that of Fitz
+Warine (H. 3), also of silver and red, is treated as in No. 17.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 13.--Banner of Templars.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 14.--Banner of Leicester.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 15.--Brittany.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 16.--Waldegrave.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 17.--Fitz Warine.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 18.--Shield at Whitworth.]
+
+Some of the earliest of the simple devices of true Heraldry were
+evidently adopted from the _structural formation_ (or from a _structural
+strengthening_) of the Shields, on which they were displayed. Thus,
+a raised border, and bands of metal variously disposed in order to
+impart additional strength to a shield, with distinct colouring, would
+produce a series of heraldic compositions. A good example occurs in the
+shield of an early Effigy at Whitworth, Durham, No. 18, in which the
+heads of the rivets or screws employed to fix the border on the shield,
+appear to have been made to assume the character of heraldic additions
+to the simple border and horizontal bands. Other primary devices of the
+same simple order, which in like manner may have had a structural
+origin, I shall consider in detail in subsequent chapters. (See
+particularly Chapter VI.)
+
+The central boss, at once an appropriate ornament of an early shield,
+and an important addition to its defensive qualities, when extended in
+the form of decorative metal-work, would readily suggest a variety of
+heraldic figures, and amongst others several beautiful modifications of
+a simple cruciform device which it might be made to assume. The figure
+called an escarbuncle, No. 19, is simply a shield-boss developed into
+decorative structural metal-work. This figure appears in the Temple
+Church, London, upon the shield of an Effigy, which Mr. J. Gough Nichols
+has shown to have been incorrectly attributed to Geoffrey de Mandeville,
+Earl of Essex.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 19.--The Escarbuncle.]
+
+The greater number of the earliest devices that appear in English
+Heraldry were adopted for the express purpose of their having some
+_allusive association_, through a similarity of sound in their own names
+or descriptions with the names and titles or the territories of certain
+persons, dignities, and places. In exact accordance with the principles
+and aim of primitive mediæval Heraldry, and in perfect harmony with the
+sentiments and requirements of the age in which it grew up into a
+science, devices of this kind addressed themselves in very plain and
+expressive language to the men of their own era. In them they saw the
+kind of symbolical writing that they could remember, as well as
+understand. They also evidently liked the quaint style of suggestiveness
+that was a characteristic of these allusive devices: and, it is more
+than probable that there frequently lurked in them a humorous
+significance, which by no means tended to detract from their popularity.
+Devices of this same order have never ceased to be in favour with
+Heralds and lovers of Heraldry. They were used in the sixteenth century
+at least as commonly as in the thirteenth; but, as would be expected, in
+the later period they often became complicated, far-fetched, and
+extravagant.
+
+This allusive quality, distinguished in English Heraldry as "_canting_,"
+has commonly been misunderstood, and therefore incorrectly estimated, by
+modern writers, who have supposed it to be a fantastic conceit of the
+Heralds of a degenerate age. By writers such as these, accordingly, all
+"_canting arms_" (by French Heralds called "_armes parlantes_") have
+been absurdly assigned to a separate class, in their estimation having
+an inferior heraldic grade.
+
+The prevalence of the allusive quality in early arms may be assumed to
+have been even more general than is now apparent, since so many of the
+original echoes and allusions have become obscured or altogether lost in
+the lapse of time, and through the changes that have taken place since
+the accession of HENRY III. in the French language and in our own also.
+The use of the Latin language, again, in the Middle Ages led, at later
+periods, to translations of names; French names, too, were translated in
+the same manner into English equivalents: and, at other times, the sound
+of a Latin or a French (Anglo-Norman) name was transferred to an English
+representative having a somewhat similar sound, without the slightest
+reference to the original signification. Who, for example, in the name
+of MONTAGU now recognises instinctively the original allusion to a
+_mountain_ with its _sharply_ peaked crests, and so discerns the
+probable allusive origin of the _sharp_ triple points of the devices on
+the old Montacute shield, No. 20? It is easy to see how much must have
+been unconsciously done, by such changes in names and their
+associations, to obliterate what once was clear, significant, and
+expressive. I must be content here to give, simply by way of explanatory
+illustration, a very few examples of allusive arms; and, in so doing, it
+may be well for me to observe that the early Heralds of our country
+always employed the French language as it was spoken in their own times
+in England as well as in France. In the time of HENRY III., G. de Lucy
+has for his arms _three lucies_--fish now known as pike: Robert Quency
+has a _quintefueil_--a flower of five leaves: Thos. Corbett has _two
+corbeaux_--ravens: A. de Swyneburne has "_trois testes de
+senglier_"--three heads of the wild boar, or _swine_: (E. 2), Sir R. de
+Eschales has _six escallops_--_shells_: Sir G. de Trompintoun, of
+Trumpington, near Cambridge, has _two trompes_--trumpets: Sir J. Bordoun
+has _three bourdons_--pilgrim's staves: Sir G. Rossel has _three roses_:
+and Sir O. Heron has the same number of _herons_. So also, for the
+Spanish provinces Castile and Leon, a _castle_ and a _lion_: for
+Falconer, a _falcon_: Butler, _cups_: Forester, _bugle-horns_: Arundel,
+_hirondelles_--swallows: Wingfield, _wings_: Shelley, _shells_: Pigot,
+_pick-axes_: Leveson, _leaves_: and Martel, _martels_--hammers. The
+_Broom-plant_ with its seed-pods, in Latin _Planta genista_, No. 21,
+gave its name to the PLANTAGENET Dynasty. I shall hereafter add several
+other curious examples of devices of this class, when treating of
+_Badges_, _Rebuses_, and _Mottoes_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 20.--Shield of Montacute.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 21.--Planta Genista.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 22.--WILLIAM I.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 23.--Saxon Princes.]
+
+There is one class of early arms, which it is important that students of
+Armory should observe with especial care, lest they be led by them into
+unexpected errors. These are arms that were invented _after_ Heraldry
+had been established, and then were assigned to personages of historical
+eminence who had lived and died _before_ the true heraldic era. In the
+days in which every person of prominence bore heraldic arms, and when
+Heraldry had attained to high renown, it was natural enough to consider
+that suitable armorial devices and compositions should be assigned to
+the men of mark in earlier ages, both to distinguish them in accordance
+with the usage then prevalent, and to treat their memory with becoming
+honour. Such arms were also in a sense necessary to their descendants
+for the purposes of quartering. No proof can be shown that the arms said
+to have been borne by WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR are not of this order--made
+for him, that is, and attributed to him in after times, but of which he
+himself had no knowledge. These arms, No. 22, differ from the true Royal
+Insignia of England only in there being _two_, instead of _three_, lions
+displayed upon the shield. The arms of EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, No. 2, were
+certainly devised long after his death, and they appear to have been
+suggested to the heralds of HENRY III. by one of the Confessor's coins:
+the shield is blue, and the cross and five birds (martlets) are gold. In
+like manner, the arms attributed to the earlier Saxon Sovereigns of
+England, No. 23, a gold cross upon blue, are really not earlier than the
+thirteenth century. The arms, No. 2, having been assigned to ST. EDWARD,
+a patron saint of mediæval England, were long regarded with peculiar
+reverence. I have placed them, drawn from a fine shield of the
+thirteenth century in Westminster Abbey, to take a part in forming a
+group at the head of my Preface, with the shields of the two other
+saintly Patrons of "old England," ST. GEORGE and ST. EDMUND, No. 1 and
+No. 3--a red cross on a silver shield, and three golden crowns upon a
+shield of blue.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+  _The English Heraldry that is now in existence-- First Debasement
+  of Heraldry-- Later Debasement-- Revival of English Heraldry--
+  Heraldic Art._
+
+  "Sans changer."
+    --MOTTO OF STANLEY.
+
+
+English Heraldry, as it exists amongst us in our own times, is the very
+same Heraldry that flourished under the kindly influences of the
+greatest of the Plantagenets, though perhaps modified in some details by
+changed circumstances. It is not of a new, but of the old, Heraldry of
+England that I am setting forth the elements. Our Heraldry has had to
+pass from good days to bad ones: and, having gone through the worst of
+bad days, the circle at length has revolved, so that we are witnessing
+the happy change of a vigorous heraldic revival. Heraldry already enjoys
+a very great popularity; and, without a doubt, it will become still more
+popular, in the degree that it is better and more generally understood.
+For its complete ultimate success, the present revival of true English
+Heraldry must mainly depend upon the manner in which we apply the
+lessons that may be learned by us, no less from the warnings of the
+recent evil days of the science, than from the example of the brilliant
+ones that preceded them long ago. Nor should we deal faithfully with our
+revived Heraldry, were we not to form a just estimate of whatever was
+imperfect in the best era of its early history, in order to apply to
+present improvement the lessons that thus also may be learned. It must
+be admitted that the Heralds and Heraldic writers of the 17th century,
+following the footsteps of some of their immediate predecessors, led the
+way towards the thorough debasement of their own science. Their example
+was not without effect upon those who followed them--men quite equal to
+the perpetration of whatever had not been already done to bring Heraldry
+into contempt. This was accomplished first, by gravely discoursing, in
+early heraldic language, upon the imaginary Heraldry of the patriarchal
+and antediluvian worthies: making a true coat of arms of Joseph's "coat
+of many colours," giving armorial ensigns to David and Gideon, to Samson
+and Joshua, to "that worthy gentilman Japheth," to Jubal and Tubal-Cain,
+and crowning the whole by declaring that our common progenitor, Adam,
+bore on his own red shield Eve's shield of silver, after the mediæval
+fashion that would denote his wife to have been an heiress!
+
+Then there set in a flood of allegorical and fantastic absurdities, by
+which the fair domain of Heraldry was absolutely overwhelmed. Wild and
+strange speculations, in a truly vain philosophy, interwoven with
+distorted images of both the myths and the veritable records of classic
+antiquity, were either deduced from armorial blazonry, or set forth as
+the sources from whence it was developed. Fables and anecdotes, having
+reference to less remote eras, were produced in great variety and in
+copious abundance. The presence in blazon of animated beings of
+whatsoever kinds, whether real or fabulous, led to rambling
+disquisitions in the most ludicrously _un_natural of imaginary Natural
+History. From every variety also of inanimate figure and device, the
+simplest no less than the more elaborate, after the same fashion some
+"moral" was sought to be extracted. The technical language, too, of the
+early Heralds, had its expressive simplicity travestied by a complicated
+jargon, replete with marvellous assertions, absurd doctrines, covert
+allusions devoid of consistent significance, quaint and yet trivial
+conceits, and bombastic rhapsodies. Even the nomenclature of the
+Tinctures was not exempt from a characteristic course of "treatment,"
+two distinctive additional sets of titles for gold, silver, blue, red,
+&c., having been devised and substituted for those in general use (see
+Chapter V.); of these the one set was derived from the names of the
+_Planets_, and employed to emblazon the insignia of Sovereign Princes;
+and the other set, derived from the names of _Jewels_, was applied to
+the arms of Nobles. In the midst of all the rubbish, however, which they
+thus delighted to accumulate, there may generally be discovered in the
+works of writers of this class, here and there, references to earlier
+usages and illustrations of original principles which, in the extreme
+dearth of genuine early heraldic literature, are both interesting and of
+real value. Nor are these writings without their value, estimated from
+another point of view, as contemporaneous and unconscious commentaries
+upon the history of their own times. It must be added that, in more than
+a few instances, beneath the surface there lurks a vein of both
+political and personal allusion, of which the point and bearing now are
+altogether lost, or at the most are only open to conjecture and surmise.
+And, again, even in their most extravagant and frivolous lucubrations,
+the heraldic writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are not
+without touches of humour; as when Gerard Legh (A.D. 1562), discoursing
+of "beastes," remarks of the "Ramme" that in "aucthoritye he is a Duke,
+for hee hath the leadyng of multitudes and flockes of his own kynde;"
+and of the ass, "I could write much of this beaste, but that it might be
+thought it were to mine own glorie."
+
+The adoption of additional quarterings for the purpose of display, and
+the introduction of more complicated compositions in the time of
+HENRY VIII., were speedily followed by the substitution of pictorial
+representations, often of a most frivolous and inconsistent character,
+and many of them altogether unintelligible without written explanations,
+instead of the simple, dignified, and expressive insignia of true
+Heraldry. For example, in the year 1760, a grant of arms was made to a
+Lincolnshire family named Tetlow, which, with thirteen other figures,
+includes the representation of a book duly clasped and ornamented,
+having on it a silver penny; while above the book rests a dove, holding
+in its beak a crow-quill! This was to commemorate one of the family
+having, with a crow-quill, actually achieved the exploit of writing the
+Lord's Prayer within the compass of a silver penny. Amongst the most
+objectionable of the arms of this class are those which were granted to
+distinguished naval and military officers--arms, that certainly ought to
+have conferred fresh honour on illustrious names, instead of inflicting
+dishonour upon Heraldry itself. Battles by sea and land, landscapes and
+sea views and fortified cities, flags of all kinds, with medals and
+ribbons, all of them intermixed with devices not quite so unheraldic,
+abound in these extravagant compositions. The arms of Lord Nelson, and
+still more recently those of General Lord Gough, may be specified as
+flagrant examples of this degenerate pictorial Heraldry. The Duke of
+Wellington happily escaped a similar infliction. It would be but too
+easy to enumerate other equally inconsistent and unheraldic
+compositions: but, I must be content to refer only to the armorial
+shield granted to the great astronomer, Sir John Herschel, on which is
+displayed his forty-foot reflecting telescope, with all its apparatus!
+These, and all such violations of heraldic truth and consistency, though
+in some instances they are of very recent date, are now to be assigned
+to a closed chapter in the history of English Heraldry. But in
+considering them it must not be forgotten that this kind of grant was
+not confined to this country, but flourished to a still greater extent
+abroad.
+
+In our present revival of English Heraldry, it is essential that we
+impress upon our minds a correct conception of the twofold character of
+all Heraldry--that it is a _Science_, and also that it is an _Art_. We
+have to vindicate the reputation of our Heraldry, as well in the one
+capacity as in the other. Of very noble heraldic Art we happily possess
+original examples in great numbers, which have been bequeathed to us, as
+a precious inheritance, from "the brave days of old." The style of Art
+that we see exemplified in these early authorities we may accept almost
+unreservedly as our own style; and we must aspire to sympathise heartily
+with their genuine heraldic feeling. In our representation, also, of
+almost all inanimate and natural objects in our own armorial
+compositions, as a general rule, we may trust confidently to the same
+good guidance. The early method of representation, indeed, must form the
+basis of our system of treatment; and, we may faithfully adhere to this
+rule, and yet occasionally we may find it to be desirable that the form
+and the accessories of some devices should be adapted to modern
+associations. In truth, it is not by merely copying the works of even
+the greatest of the early heraldic artists, that we are to become
+masters in heraldic Art. When the copies are good, copying is always
+valuable, as a branch of study; but, if it be our highest and only aim
+to reproduce the expressions of other men's thoughts, then copying is
+worse than worthless. What we have to do is to express our heraldic Art
+in the spirit of the early Heralds, to keep it in harmony with what, in
+the best of the early days, they would have accepted as the highest
+heraldic Art, and at the same time to show that our heraldic Art in very
+truth is our own.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 24.--Prince JOHN OF ELTHAM, A.D. 1336.]
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 25, 26.--Badge of RICHARD II., Westminster Hall.]
+
+The treatment of animate creatures in Heraldry requires a certain kind,
+and also a certain degree, of conventionalism. Here, as before, in the
+early Heralds we have excellent masters; but, here we must follow their
+teaching with more of reserve, and with cautious steps. We recognise the
+happy consistency of the conventionalism which they displayed in their
+representation of animate creatures, without any purpose to adopt it in
+the same degree with them. Had the early Heralds been more familiar with
+the living presence of the various creatures that they summoned to enter
+into their service, without a doubt they would have represented them
+with a much closer conformity to Nature. We must apply our better
+knowledge, as we may feel confident the early Heralds would have applied
+a similar knowledge had they been able to have acquired it. Heraldic
+animals of every kind--lions, eagles, dolphins, and all others--must be
+so far subjected to a conventional treatment, that they will not exhibit
+a _strictly_ natural appearance: and, on the other hand, being carefully
+preserved from all exaggerated conventionalisms, they must approach as
+near to Nature as a definite conventional rendering of natural truth
+will admit. The lions of the early Heralds, spirited beasts always,
+generally show a decided disposition to exhibit their heraldic
+sympathies in excess. They have in them rather too much that is heraldic
+conventionalism, and not quite enough that is natural lion. And, with
+the first symptoms of decline in heraldic Art, the treatment of lions
+showed signs of a tendency to carry conventionalism to the utmost
+extravagance. The same remarks are applicable to eagles. It must be
+added, however, that truly admirable examples of heraldic animals
+occasionally may be found as late even as the commencement of the
+sixteenth century, as in the chantry of Abbot Ramryge, in the Abbey
+Church at St. Alban's, and in King's College Chapel at Cambridge. It
+must be our care to blend together the true attributes of the living
+lion and eagle, and those also of other living creatures, with the
+traditional peculiarities of their heraldic representatives. And we must
+extend the corresponding application of the same principles of treatment
+to imaginary beings and heraldic monsters, as they occur in our
+Heraldry. The shield, No. 24, of Prince JOHN OF ELTHAM, younger brother
+of EDWARD III., finely sculptured with his effigy in alabaster, in
+Westminster Abbey (A.D. 1336), and in perfect preservation, gives us
+characteristic examples of lions of the best heraldic era, their frames,
+attenuated as they are, being perfect types of fierce elasticity. With
+this shield may be grouped others, having admirably suggestive examples
+of heraldic lions of a somewhat later date, which are preserved upon the
+monuments of EDWARD III. and the BLACK PRINCE, severally at Westminster
+and Canterbury. I shall refer to these fine shields again, and to other
+admirable examples with them, hereafter (Chapter IX.). The
+conventionalism in all these examples, however felicitous the manner in
+which it is treated in them, is very decidedly exaggerated. These
+examples, and others such as these, are not the less valuable to us
+because their teaching includes an illustration of the excesses that we
+must always be careful to avoid. I may here observe, that on the subject
+of armorial Art I leave my examples (all of them selected from the most
+characteristic authorities, and engraved with scrupulous fidelity) for
+the most part to convey their own lessons and suggestions: my own
+suggestion to students being that, in such living creatures as they may
+represent in their compositions, while they are careful to preserve
+heraldic consistency and to express heraldic feeling, they exhibit
+beauty of form coupled with freedom of action and an appropriate
+expression. "Freedom of action" I intend to imply more than such skilful
+drawing, as will impart to any particular creature the idea of free
+movement of frame and limb: it refers also to repeated representations
+of the same creature, under the same heraldic conditions of motive and
+attitude. And, here "freedom of action" implies those slight, yet
+significant, modifications of minor details which, without in the least
+degree affecting armorial truth, prevent even the semblance of
+monotonous reiteration. Thus, at Beverley, in the Percy Shrine in the
+Minster, upon a shield of England the three lions are all heraldically
+the same; but, there is nothing of sameness in them nevertheless,
+because in each one there is some little variety in the turn of the
+head, or in the placing of the paws, or in the sweep of the tail. And
+again, in Westminster Hall, the favourite badge of Richard II., a white
+hart, chained, and in an attitude of rest, is repeated as many as
+eighty-three times; and all are equally consistent with heraldic truth
+and accuracy, without any one of them being an exact counterpart of any
+other. In Nos. 25 and 26 two examples are shown from this remarkable
+series of representations of this beautiful badge, each one different
+from the other, and yet both really the same.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION I
+
+  _The Language of Heraldry-- The Nomenclature-- Style and Forms of
+  Expression-- Blazon-- The Shield: its Parts, Points, Divisions,
+  Dividing Lines, Varieties of Form, and Heraldic Treatment._
+
+  "The shield hangs down on every breast."
+    --LORD OF THE ISLES.
+
+
+THE LANGUAGE OF HERALDRY.--The original language of English Heraldry was
+the Norman-French, which may also be designated Anglo-Norman, habitually
+spoken at the Court of England in the early heraldic era. After a while,
+a mixed language succeeded, compounded of English and the original
+Norman-French; and this mixed language still continues in use.
+
+NOMENCLATURE.--Like its language, the Nomenclature of English Heraldry
+is of a mixed character, in part technical and peculiar to itself, and
+in part the same that is in common use. Thus, many of the figures and
+devices of Heraldry have their peculiar heraldic names and titles, while
+still more bear their ordinary designations. Descriptive terms, whether
+expressed in English or in French (Anglo-Norman), are generally employed
+with a special heraldic intention and significance. In the earliest Roll
+of Arms known to be now in existence, which was compiled (as appears
+from internal evidence) between the years 1240 and 1245, the
+Nomenclature is the same that is found in Rolls and other heraldic
+documents of a later date. This fact of the existence of a definite
+Nomenclature at that time, proves that before the middle of the
+thirteenth century the Heraldry of England was subject to a systematic
+course of treatment, and had become established and recognised as a
+distinct and independent Science.
+
+STYLE AND FORMS OF EXPRESSION.--With the Nomenclature, a settled Style
+and certain fixed technical Forms of Expression were introduced and
+accepted in the thirteenth century; and, since that period, the Style
+and Forms of Expression have undergone only such comparatively slight
+modifications as tended to render them both more complete and more
+consistent. As it was at the first, it still is the essence of heraldic
+language to be concise yet complete, expressive, and also abounding in
+suggestions. Not a syllable is expressed that is not absolutely
+necessary; not a syllable omitted, the absence of which might possibly
+lead to any doubt or uncertainty. In the more matured style, the
+repetition of any important word in the same sentence is scrupulously
+avoided; and, where it would be required, another form of expression is
+substituted in its stead. Much meaning also is left to be implied and
+understood, through inference, either based upon certain accepted rules
+and established heraldic usages for the arrangement of the words and
+clauses of a sentence, or derived from the natural qualities and
+characteristic conditions of certain figures and devices: but, nothing
+is ever left to be inferred when an uncertain inference might possibly
+be adopted, or that can be understood clearly and with certainty only by
+means of an explicit statement. Superfluous words and particles of all
+kinds are altogether omitted. Descriptive epithets follow the nouns to
+which they refer: as, a _red cross_ is styled a _cross gules_. The
+general rules, by which the arrangement of the words in heraldic
+descriptive sentences is determined, will be found in the last
+subdivision of this chapter. Examples of heraldic Language,
+Nomenclature, Style and Forms of Expression, will be given in abundance
+throughout the following chapters and sections of this treatise. With
+these examples students will do well to familiarise themselves: then,
+let them prepare additional examples for that "practice," which (as
+Parker's "Glossary of Heraldry" says, p. 60) "alone will make perfect,"
+by writing down correct descriptions of heraldic compositions from the
+compositions themselves; after which process they may advantageously
+reverse the order of their study, and make drawings of these same (or,
+if they prefer it, of some other) heraldic compositions from their own
+written descriptions of them.
+
+When any heraldic description of a figure, device, or composition has
+been completed, a statement is made to signify the person, family,
+community, or realm whose armorial ensign it may be. This is done by
+simply writing the appropriate name, after the last word of the
+description; or, by prefixing the word "for" before the name when it is
+placed in the same position. Thus, a description of the three lions of
+England is to be followed by the word--"ENGLAND"; or, by the
+formula--"for ENGLAND." If preferred, with equal consistency the
+arrangement may be reversed, and the Name, with or without the prefix
+"for," may precede the description: thus--"ENGLAND," or "For ENGLAND,"
+three lions, &c. It is to be borne in remembrance, that armorial ensigns
+are personal inheritances, and--with the exception of Sovereign
+Princes--by comparison but very rarely relate to _Titles_ and
+_Dignities_.
+
+BLAZON, BLAZONING, BLAZONRY.--When a knight entered the lists at a
+tournament, his presence was announced by sound of trumpet or horn,
+after which the officers of arms, the official Heralds, declared his
+armorial insignia--they "blazoned" his Arms. This term, "to blazon,"
+derived from the German word "_blasen_," signifying "to blow a blast on
+a horn" (or, as one eminent German Herald prefers, from the old German
+word "_blaze_" or "_blasse_," "a mark" or "sign"), in Heraldry really
+denotes either to _describe_ any armorial figure, device, or composition
+in correct heraldic language; or to _represent_ such figure, device, or
+composition accurately in form, position, arrangement, and colouring.
+But, as a matter of practical usage, pictorial representation is usually
+allied to the word "emblazon." The word "blazon" also, as a noun, may be
+employed with a general and comprehensive signification to denote
+"Heraldry."
+
+THE SHIELD:--ITS PARTS, POINTS, AND DIVISIONS.--Their Shield, which the
+knights of the Middle Ages derived from the military usage of antiquity,
+and which contributed in so important a degree to their own defensive
+equipment, was considered by those armour-clad warriors to be peculiarly
+qualified to display their heraldic blazonry. And, in later times, when
+armour had ceased to be worn, and when shields no longer were actually
+used, a Shield continued to be regarded as the most appropriate vehicle
+for the same display. The Shield, then, which with its armorial devices
+constitutes a _Shield of Arms_, always is considered to display its
+blazonry upon its face or external surface. This blazoned surface of his
+shield the bearer, when holding it before his person, presents (or would
+present, were he so to hold it) towards those who confront him. The
+right and the left sides of the person of the bearer of a Shield,
+consequently, are _covered_ by the right and left (in heraldic language,
+the _dexter_ and _sinister_) sides of his shield: and so, from this it
+follows that the dexter and sinister sides of a Shield of Arms are
+severally _opposite_ to the left and the right hands of all observers.
+The Parts and Points of an heraldic Shield, which is also entitled an
+"_Escutcheon_," are thus distinguished:--
+
+  [Illustration: No. 27.]
+
+  No. 27. A, _The chief_:
+          B, _The Base_:
+          C, _The Dexter Side_:
+          D, _The Sinister Side_:
+          E, _The Dexter Chief_:
+          F, _The Sinister Chief_:
+          G, _The Middle Chief_:
+          H, _The Dexter Base_:
+          I, _The Sinister Base_:
+          K, _The Middle Base_:[2]
+          L, _The Honour Point_:
+          M, _The Fesse Point_.
+
+    [Footnote 2: This term is very seldom if ever used.]
+
+In blazoning the Divisions of a Shield, the term "_Per_," signifying "in
+the direction of," is employed sometimes alone, and sometimes (having
+the same signification) preceded by the word "parted" or "party." The
+primary Divisions of a Shield are indicated in the following diagrams,
+Nos. 28-35:--
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 28-30, 31-33, 34-35.]
+
+No. 28. _Per Pale_, or _Parted per Pale_, or _Party per Pale_.
+
+No. 29. _Per Fesse_, or _Parted per Fesse_.
+
+No. 30. (Nos. 28 and 29 together) _Per Cross_, or _Quarterly_ (the
+latter is the more usual term).
+
+No. 31. _Per Bend._ No. 32. _Per Bend Sinister._
+
+No. 33. (Nos. 31 and 32 together) _Per Saltire._
+
+No. 34. _Per Chevron._
+
+No. 35. Tierced in pale (divided into three equal divisions by two
+vertical lines), a form seldom met with in English Heraldry. Technically
+this in English Heraldry is simply the representation of a pale. (See
+No. 87.)
+
+To these divisions should strictly be added the further division
+_gyronny_ (No. 147); but neither the term _per_ nor _parted per_ is
+ever employed in this connection. As will be seen, it is a combination
+of the forms shown in Nos. 30 and 33.
+
+A Shield may be further divided and subdivided, thus:--
+
+  [Illustration: No. 36.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 37.]
+
+It may be divided into any number of _Quarterings_ by lines drawn _per
+pale_ and _per fesse_, cutting each other, as in No. 36, which Shield is
+_quarterly of eight_: in like manner the _Quarterings_ of any Shield,
+whatever their number (which need not be an even number), are blazoned
+as, _quarterly of twelve, &c._ This, to whatever extent the dividing of
+the Shield may be carried, is _simple Quartering_. Again: a quartered
+Shield may have one or more of its primary quarters, or every one of
+them, _quartered_: this, which is the subdivision of a part, _the
+quartering of quarters_, is _compound Quartering_: for example, in No.
+37, the Shield is first divided into the _four primary quarters_,
+severally marked A, B, C, D; then, so far as the quarters A, B, D are
+concerned, the "simple quartering" is subjected to the process of
+"compound quartering," and quarters A, D are _quarters quarterly_, and B
+is _a quarter quarterly of six_, while C remains unaffected by the
+secondary process. The terms "_quarterly quartering_" and "_quarterly
+quartered_" are used to signify such secondary quartering as is
+exemplified in A, B, D of No. 37. The four primary quarters (A, B, C,
+D of No. 37) are distinguished as _Grand Quarters_: consequently, the
+quarter B of this example is the _second grand quarter, quarterly of
+six_. This term "Grand Quarter" may be employed to distinguish any
+primary quarter when any quarter in the Shield is "quarterly quartered."
+
+DIVIDING and BORDER LINES, in addition to simple right lines and curves,
+assume the forms that are represented in the next diagram, No. 38:--
+
+  [Illustration: No. 38.]
+
+  No. 38.  A. _Indented_
+           B. _Dancetté_
+           C. _Wavy_ or _Undée_ (2 varieties)
+           D. _Engrailed_
+           E. _Invected_ or _Invecked_
+           F. _Embattled_
+           G. _Raguly_
+           H. _Nebuly_ (2 varieties)
+           I. _Dovetailed_
+
+Two others, less frequently met with, however, are _rayonné_ and
+_flory-counter-flory_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 39.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 40.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 41.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 42.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 43.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 44.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 45.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 46.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 47.]
+
+THE SHIELD: ITS VARIETIES OF FORM.--The front face of an heraldic Shield
+is generally flat; but sometimes the curved edges are made to appear as
+if they had been slightly rounded off. Some early Shields are
+represented as _bowed_--hollowed, that is, in order to cover more
+closely the person of the bearer, and consequently having a convex
+external contour, as in No. 39. In early examples of bowed Shields the
+whole of the armorial blazonry is sometimes displayed on the face of
+that portion of the Shield which is shown. A _ridge_, dividing them in
+pale, but not necessarily in any way acting as an heraldic dividing
+line, appears in many Shields, and particularly in those of the
+fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The large elongated Shields that have
+been entitled "kite-shaped," and which were in use in the days of
+RICHARD I. and amongst the Barons of Magna Charta, were superseded by
+the smaller "heater-shaped" Shield as early as the reign of HENRY III.
+The most beautiful forms of this Shield are represented in Nos. 40, 41,
+and 42: of these, No. 40 has its curves described about the sides of an
+inverted equilateral triangle, and then they are prolonged by vertical
+lines towards the chief: in Nos. 41, 42, the sides curve from the chief
+to the base. The forms of Shields admit of various slight modifications,
+to adjust them to varying conditions. Towards the close of the
+fourteenth century the form of the Shield is found to undergo some
+singular changes: and, at later periods, changes in form of this kind
+became generally prevalent. Nos. 43, 44, exemplify such changes as
+these: they also show the curved notch that was cut in the dexter chief
+of the Shields of the same periods, to permit the lance to pass through
+it as the Shield hung down on the breast: a Shield so pierced is said to
+be _à bouche_. The Surface of the Shield, No. 43, which is in the
+Episcopal palace at Exeter, is wrought into a series of shallow hollows,
+which curve gracefully from the central ridge, some to the dexter, and
+others to the sinister. Such a Shield as this may be consistently used
+in our own Heraldry: but, since now we do not associate lances laid in
+rest with our heraldic Shields, it appears desirable that we should not
+draw our Shields _à bouche_. In recent Heraldry the Shield has commonly
+been made to appear such an unsightly and un-heraldic deformity as is
+represented in No. 45. Instead of a true heraldic Shield also, a rounded
+oval with a convex surface, called a _cartouche_, or _cartouche shield_,
+No. 46, is occasionally used for the display of armorial blazonry; or a
+circle is substituted for such an oval. These cartouches probably owe
+their origin to the usage of placing a Garter of the Order about a
+Shield (prevalent in the fifteenth century), and to a subsequent period,
+when we find the omission of the exact outline of the actual Shield. But
+their frequent appearance in Ecclesiastical Heraldry suggests that
+perhaps they were deliberately preferred to the purely military shield.
+A _Lozenge_, No. 47, takes the place of a Shield to bear the arms of
+Ladies, with the exception of the Sovereign; this very inconvenient
+substitute for the heraldic Shield was introduced early in the
+fourteenth century.
+
+THE SHIELD: ITS HERALDIC TREATMENT.--When a Shield is represented as
+standing erect, it is not necessary to specify that fact, since such a
+position may be assumed for a Shield unless another be set forth in
+blazoning. Shields are sometimes made to appear suspended by the
+_guige_, or shield-belt (which was worn by Knights to sustain and secure
+their Shields to their persons); in some Seals and generally in
+architectural compositions, Shields-of-Arms appear suspended, erect,
+from their guiges; at Westminster some of the earliest Shields are thus
+suspended, with a very happy effect, from two points of suspension, the
+guige passing over sculptured heads, as in No. 48, the Arms of Provence,
+borne by ALIANORE of Provence, Queen of HENRY III.--the _shield_ is
+_gold_, and on it are blazoned _four red pallets_. In Seals, the
+suspended Shield is generally represented hanging by the sinister-chief
+angle, as in No. 49; and it hangs thus diagonally from below the helm.
+A Shield thus placed is said to be "_couché_." This arrangement is also
+frequently adopted, when a Shield or an Achievement of arms is not
+placed upon a Seal; but in any case the position has no importance
+except as a matter of artistic treatment.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 48.--Arms of Provence, Westminster Abbey.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 49.--Shield Couché.]
+
+The entire surface of every Shield is termed the "_Field_." The same
+term is also applied to _every plain surface_. A Shield is said to be
+"borne" by the personage to whom it belongs: and, in its turn, the
+Shield "bears" whatever figures and devices may be displayed upon it;
+whence, all these figures and devices are entitled "_Bearings_" or
+"_Armorial Bearings_." All figures and devices are also styled
+"_Charges_"; and they are said to be "_charged_" upon a Shield, Banner,
+or Surcoat, or upon one another. In blazoning, the field of the Shield
+is always first noticed and described: next follow the charges that rest
+upon the field of the Shield itself; then descriptions are given of the
+secondary bearings that are charged upon others of greater importance.
+As a general rule, of several charges which all alike rest immediately
+upon the field of the Shield, the most important is the first to be
+blazoned; so that the arrangement of blazoning is determined by the
+comparative dignity of the bearings, as well as by the degree in which
+charges are nearer to the field and further from beholders. In some
+cases, however, a bearing charged upon the field of a Shield and many
+times repeated on a small scale, is blazoned (for the sake of simplicity
+and clearness of expression) next to the field of the Shield
+itself:--thus, if a lion be charged on the field of a Shield, and a
+considerable number of crosses surround the lion, and, like him, are
+placed on the field of the Shield also--the field of the Shield is
+blazoned first, the crosses second, and the lion third; and, if a
+crescent (or other bearing) be charged upon the lion's shoulder, it is
+the last in the blazon. In quartered Shields the blazoning commences
+afresh with each quartering. In blazoning armorial banners and
+horse-trappings, the latter often gorgeously enriched with heraldic
+blazonry, the dexter side of a flag is always next to the staff, and the
+head of a horse is supposed always to be looking towards the dexter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION II
+
+  _The Tinctures' Metals-- Colours-- Furs-- Varied Fields-- Law of
+  Tinctures-- Counterchanging-- Diaper-- Disposition-- Blazoning in
+  Tinctures._
+
+  "All the devices blazoned on the Shield
+  In their own tinct"
+    --ELAINE.
+
+
+In English Heraldry the TINCTURES comprise _Two Metals_, _Five Colours_,
+and _Eight Furs_. They are symbolised or indicated by dots and lines--a
+very convenient system, said to have been introduced, about the year
+1630, by an Italian named Silvestre de Petrasancta. Some such
+symbolisation, however, may occasionally be found in anticipation of
+Petrasancta. The system now in use was not generally adopted till the
+commencement of the eighteenth century. This system is never officially
+employed in a matter of record, and is now being discarded by many
+artists. The Metals, Colours, and Furs are named, their names are
+abbreviated, and they are severally indicated, as follows:--
+
+  [Illustration: No. 50.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 51.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 52.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 53.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 54.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 55.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 56.]
+
+TWO METALS.
+
+                TITLES     ABBREVIATIONS     SYMBOLISATION.
+
+  1. Gold       _Or_           Or              No. 50.
+  2. Silver     _Argent_       Arg.            No. 51.
+
+FIVE COLOURS
+
+                TITLES     ABBREVIATIONS     SYMBOLISATION.
+
+  1. Blue       _Azure_       _Az._            No. 52.
+  2. Red        _Gules_       _Gu._            No. 53.
+  3. Black      _Sable_       _Sa._            No. 54.
+  4. Green      _Vert_        _Vert_           No. 55.
+  5. Purple     _Purpure_     _Purp._          No. 56
+
+(In French Heraldry, _Green_ is _Sinople_.)
+
+  [Illustration: No. 57.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 58.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 59.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 60.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 61.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 62.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 63.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 64.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 65.]
+
+EIGHT FURS (not abbreviated).
+
+       TITLES
+
+  1. _Ermine_,--black spots on white                      No. 57.
+  2. _Ermines_,--white spots on black                     No. 58.
+  3. _Erminois_,--black spots on gold                     No. 59.
+  4. _Pean_,--gold spots on black                         No. 60.
+  5. _Vair_,--alternate divisions of blue and white, Nos. 61, 62.
+  6. _Counter Vair_ (note difference of arrangement)      No. 63.
+  7. _Potent_ (note different shape of divisions)         No. 64.
+  8. _Counter Potent_                                     No. 65.
+
+Two other Colours, or tints of Colour, are sometimes heard of--_Tenne_,
+a tawny or orange colour, indicated by vertical lines crossing those of
+_Purpure_: and _Murrey_ or _Sanguine_, a dark crimson red, indicated by
+diagonal lines from both dexter and sinister, crossing each other. These
+two are sometimes termed stains, but their real usage was in liveries.
+The Furs, Nos. 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, and 65, are of comparatively rare
+occurrence, and do not appear in the best ages of Heraldry. _Vair_ and
+_Ermine_ are common. A good early form of _Vair_ is shown in No. 62: and
+in No. 57A, I give a fine example of the treatment of _Ermine_, from the
+monument of EDWARD III.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 57A.]
+
+In order to avoid repeating or referring to the word "_Or_," the word
+"_Gold_" is sometimes used. The Furs, Nos. 61, 62, 63, 64, and 65, are
+always _argent_ and _azure_, unless some other metal and colour be named
+in the blazoning. Animated beings and all objects, that in Heraldry are
+represented in their natural aspect and colouring, are blazoned
+"_proper_" abbreviated _ppr._ Heraldic charges and compositions, when
+sketched in outline with pen and ink or with pencil, and with the
+colours _written_ thereon, are said to be "_tricked_," or "_in trick_."
+
+VARIED FIELDS.--It is not necessary that the Field of a Shield, or of
+any Bearing, should be of any one uniform tincture: but varied surfaces
+are usually tinctured of some one metal and some one colour alternating;
+and the patterns or devices thus produced are generally derived (the
+Furs, Nos. 61-65, which are good examples of varied surfaces, being the
+exceptions) from the forms of the original simple charges that are
+distinguished as _Ordinaries_ and _Subordinaries._ And these varied
+surfaces or fields are always _flat_; the whole of their devices or
+patterns are _level_, their metal and colour lying in the same plane. It
+is evident that, in representing any examples of this class, no shading
+is to be introduced to denote relief.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 66.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 67.]
+
+Should the field of any charge be divided into a single row of small
+squares, alternately, _e.g._ of a metal and a colour, as No. 66, it is
+_Componée_ or _Compony_ (sometimes written _gobony_): if into two such
+rows, as in No. 67, it is _Counter Compony_: but, if the field of a
+Shield, or the surface of any charge be divided into three, or more than
+three, such rows, it is _Chequée_ or _Checky_; thus, the Arms of the
+Earl de WARENNE are _Chequée or and az._, No. 68 (H. 3 and E. 2).
+
+THE LAW OF TINCTURES.--Every charge is supposed to rest upon the field
+of a Shield, or on the surface of some charge. It is a strict rule, that
+a charge of a metal must rest upon a field that is of a colour or fur;
+or, contrariwise, that a charge of a colour must rest on a field that is
+of a metal or fur,--that is, that _metal be not on metal, nor colour on
+colour_. This rule is modified in the case of _varied fields_, upon
+which may be charged a bearing of either a metal or a colour: also,
+a partial relaxation of the rule is conceded when one bearing is charged
+upon another, should the conditions of any particular case require such
+a concession. This rule does not apply to bordures, nor very stringently
+to augmentations or crests, and it is not so rigidly enforced in Foreign
+as in British Heraldry. There are, of course, a few exceptions, but they
+are not numerous, the one usually instanced as an intentional violation
+being the _silver_ armorial Shield of the CRUSADER KINGS of JERUSALEM,
+No. 69, upon which _five golden crosses_ are charged; the motive in this
+remarkable exception to an established rule being said to be to cause
+this Shield to be unlike that of any other potentate. What may be termed
+the accessories of a charge are not included in this law of tinctures:
+thus, a silver lion having a red tongue may be charged on a blue shield,
+and the red tongue may rest on the blue field of the Shield.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 69.--Arms of Jerusalem.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 70.--Arms of Fenwick.]
+
+COUNTERCHANGING is dividing the field of a Shield in such a manner that
+it is, _e.g._ in part of a metal and in part of a colour, and then
+arranging the charges in such a manner that they shall be reciprocally
+of the same colour and metal: thus, the shield of John Fenwick, No. 70
+(R. 2) is,--_per-fesse gu. and arg., six martlets, three, two, one,
+counterchanged_; that is, the field is red in chief and silver in base,
+and the birds or parts of the birds on the red field are silver, and
+those on the silver field are red.
+
+DIAPERING.--This term denotes a system of decorating plain surfaces in
+various ways, which was in great favour with the early heraldic artists.
+In the use of Diaper, which is often desirable when artistic reasons
+suggest its suitability, care must be taken that the decorative designs
+and patterns do not in any way admit of their being mistaken for
+charges. This diaper may be executed in low relief, subordinated to the
+relief of the charges; and it is not required to yield any obedience to
+the law of tinctures. In the Shield, No. 68 (the original, a very noble
+shield, is at Castle Acre Priory, Norfolk), which is simply _chequée_,
+the Diapering may be alternately azure and or on the squares that are
+alternately or and azure; or the Diaper may be dark blue, or sable, or
+argent on the azure squares, and on the golden ones whatever the artist
+might consider would be most effective; but the Diaper, in this and in
+all other examples, must always be subordinate to the area and tincture
+of the field. The finest known early example of heraldic Diaper in
+enamel, is the Shield of WILLIAM DE VALENCE, Earl of PEMBROKE, in
+Westminster Abbey, A.D. 1296. Very beautiful early examples of Diapering
+have been preserved in relics of heraldic stained glass.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 68.--Shield of Arms of Earl de Warrenne,
+  Castle Acre Priory, Norfolk.]
+
+DISPOSITION: BLAZONING.--By _Disposition_ is understood the placing and
+arranging of charges. A single important charge, which has not a fixed
+position of its own, is placed in the centre of any composition: and
+minor charges are arranged in their most natural and consistent order
+and positions, any deviation from which must be specified. A single
+charge, many times repeated, and small in size, whether with or without
+any special orderly disposition, is said to be _Semée_--strewn, that is,
+or scattered over the field, as seed is sown by the hand; or, if the
+charges are very small or very numerous, the term _poudrée_ or
+_powdered_ has sometimes been used. The expression--"_three, two, one_,"
+signifies that a charge is repeated six times, the Disposition being
+three in a horizontal row towards the chief of the Shield, then two in a
+similar row in the centre, and one in base. In the same manner, the
+expressions--"_four, four, one_," "_four, three, two, one_," "_three and
+one_," &c., are used as occasion may require. For other dispositions of
+charges other appropriate terms will present themselves to our notice,
+growing out of our subject as it advances.
+
+Should a _Tincture_ or a _Number_ occur a second time in blazoning a
+single composition, it must be indicated, not by repeating the word
+already used, but by reference to it. Thus, if the tincture of the field
+should occur a second time, reference is made to it in the formula--"_of
+the field_:" or, perhaps more frequently--"_of the first_;" or, if the
+tincture that is named second in order in the blazoning be repeated, it
+is indicated by the expression--"_of the second_;" and so on. Again:
+should there be three fleurs de lys and also three crescents in one and
+the same composition, having specified the "three fleurs de lys," the
+number of the crescents would be set forth in the words--"_as many_
+crescents:" providing nothing else has in the wording of the blazon
+intervened in such a way as to cause uncertainty by the use of the term;
+and so, in like manner, with any other numbers of these or of any other
+charges.
+
+In descriptive Blazoning, Epithets, which follow their own Nouns,
+precede the Tinctures that are associated with those nouns: thus,
+a black rampant lion having golden claws is blazoned,--_a lion rampt.
+sa., armed or_. In written and printed blazoning, the arrangement of the
+words and the placing the stops are alike matters of supreme importance.
+The sentences are to be short. A comma is to mark the end of each
+complete minor clause or division of a sentence: a colon, each more
+important clause. A point or period is to follow every abbreviated word,
+to mark the fact of the abbreviation, but without affecting the
+additional presence of a comma (as in the blazoning, "_a lion rampant
+sa._,") or of a colon, as the case may be; but a second period is
+unnecessary. It is a very common error to overload heraldic blazoning
+with commas which, instead of aiding to simplify the sentences, obscure
+the meaning and perplex the reader. It is always correct to
+write--"_three lion's heads_," "_six pilgrim's staves_," &c.: and always
+incorrect to write--"_three lions' heads_," "_six pilgrims' staves_,"
+&c.; but it is a point printers have an apparently invincible objection
+to accept.
+
+EMBLAZONING IN TINCTURES.--On this head I must be content to offer to
+students only a few brief practical observations. The metal _Gold_ may
+be rendered with gold prepared in small saucers, or (most
+advantageously) in minute slabs; this preparation is applied, like a
+common water-colour, by moistening the gold with water; and it is
+desirable previously to have washed the paper, card (or vellum) with
+diluted white of egg. Gold leaf may also be used, but the process is
+tedious, and requires both skill and experience to ensure complete
+success. Yellow paint, again, may be used to represent the metal, the
+best colours being _cadmium yellow_, or "_aureolin_" (Winsor and Newton)
+mixed with _Chinese white_. For shading, _carmine_, or _crimson lake_,
+mixed with gum. For _Silver_, _aluminium_ may be used with excellent
+effect; or _Chinese white_; or the paper may be left white: for shading,
+_grey_ (_blue_ and _Indian ink_ mixed) and gum. The Aluminium is
+prepared, like the gold, in minute slabs: it may be obtained, of great
+excellence, from Messrs. Winsor & Newton, by whom also a very pure
+preparation of gold is sold; but both the gold and the aluminium slabs
+are sold by all good artists' colourmen. These Metals may be diapered,
+as well as burnished, with an agate-burnisher.
+
+For _Azure_:--_French blue_, freely mixed with _Chinese white_ and a
+very little gum, the colour to be laid on thick: shade with _Prussian
+blue_ mixed with a larger proportion of gum. For _Gules_:--_Orange
+vermilion_ either pure, or mixed with a very little _cadmium yellow_ or
+_Chinese white_, and still less gum: (never use a brilliant but most
+treacherous preparation known as "pure scarlet:") shade with _carmine_
+or _crimson lake_, and gum. For _Vert_:--_emerald green_, with _Chinese
+white_ and a little gum: shade with dark green, made from mixing
+_aureolin_ (or _gamboge_) with _Prussian blue_ and gum. For
+_Purpure_:--mix _carmine_ and _French blue_, with a little gum: shade
+with a darker tint of the same. For _Sable_:--Very dark _grey_, made by
+mixing a little _Chinese white_ and gum with black: shade with black and
+more gum.
+
+When the Metals are rendered by gold and aluminium, it is desirable that
+these tinctures should be applied, and that the diapering and burnishing
+of the Metals should also be completed with the burnisher, before the
+adjoining colours are laid on. The burnishing may be executed in two or
+three hours after the Metals have been applied to the paper; and the
+paper should be placed upon a piece of glass during the processes of
+burnishing and diapering.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION III
+
+  _The Ordinaries:-- The Chief; Fesse; Bar; Pale; Cross, its heraldic
+  varieties; Bend; Saltire; Chevron; and Pile._
+
+  "Marks of Hereditary Honour, given or authorised by some supreme
+  Power."
+    --SCIENCE OF HERALDRY.
+
+
+THE ORDINARIES.--The simple Charges of early Heraldry, which always have
+been held in the highest esteem and which are most familiar, are:--The
+_Chief_, the _Fesse_, the _Bar_, the _Pale_, the _Cross_, the _Bend_,
+the _Saltire_, the _Chevron_, and the _Pile_. They may be considered to
+have been derived from various means that were adopted to strengthen
+Shields for use in combat, the _Cross_ always being in great favour from
+having a definite symbolism of its own. These Ordinaries may be formed
+by any of the Border Lines, No. 38. Occasionally they are borne alone;
+but more generally they are associated with other bearings, or they have
+various figures and devices charged upon themselves. In some cases,
+presently to be specified, more than one Ordinary may appear in a single
+composition. The _Bar_, the _Pale_, the _Bend_, and the _Chevron_ have
+_Diminutives_. The _Cross_ has many _Varieties_.
+
+THE CHIEF (H. 3), bounded by a horizontal line, contains the uppermost
+third (or, in practice, somewhat less than the third, of the field of a
+Shield, as in No. 71. The Shield of LE BOTILER, No. 72, is--_Or, a chief
+indented az._ (H. 3). A Chief may be borne with any other Ordinary
+except the Fesse; it may also be charged with any other figures or
+devices:--thus, for Sire BERNARD DE BRUS, No. 73,--_Az., a chief and a
+saltire or_: for Sire JOHAN DE CLINTONE, No. 74,--_Arg., on a chief az.
+two fleurs de lys or_: and for Sire JOHAN DE CLINTONE de Madestoke, No.
+75,--_Arg., on a chief az. two mullets or_ (all E. 2). When any charge
+is set in the uppermost third of a Shield, or when several charges are
+disposed in a horizontal row across the uppermost part of a Shield, they
+all are said to be "_in Chief_."
+
+  [Illustration: No. 71.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 72.--Le Botiler.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 73.--De Brus.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 74.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 75.--De Clintone.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 76.--De Clifford]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 77.--De Pateshulle.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 78.--Le Vavasour.]
+
+THE FESSE (H. 3), which crosses the centre of a Shield horizontally,
+when charged occupies about one-third (or rather less than one-third) of
+the field; but when without charges, it is usually drawn somewhat
+narrower. The Shield of Lord CLIFFORD is,--_Chequée or and az., a fesse
+gu._, No. 76. For ROBT. LE FITZ-WATER,--_Or, a fesse between two
+chevrons gu._: for JOHN DE PATESHULLE, No. 77,--_Arg., a fesse sa.,
+between three crescents gu._ (all H.3): for WILLIAM LE VAVASOUR, No.
+78,--_Or, a fesse dancette sa._: for DE HEMENHALE, No. 79,--_Or, on a
+fesse between two chevrons gu., three escallops arg._: and for DE
+DAGEWORTHE, No. 80,--_Erm., a fesse gu. bezantée_ (all E. 2). When they
+are disposed in a horizontal row across the centre of a Shield, Charges
+are "_in fesse_."
+
+  [Illustration: No. 79.--De Hemenhale.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 80.--De Dageworthe.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 81.--De Harecourt.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 82.--Wake.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 83.--De Huntercumbe.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 84.--De la Mere.]
+
+THE BAR (H. 3), which may be placed horizontally in any part of the
+field except in fesse or at the chief of the Shield, is about one-fifth
+of the field (or sometimes less) in depth. A single bar very rarely
+occurs in blazon. Examples:--_Or, two bars gu._,--for DE HARECOURT, No.
+81: _Az., two bars dancettée or_,--for DE RIVERES: _Or, two bars gu., in
+chief three torteaux_,--for WAKE, No. 82. The Diminutive of the Bar is
+the _Barrulet_, one-half of its width. When they are disposed in
+couples, Barrulets are _Bars Gemelles_, these not being so deep as the
+barrulet: thus, No. 83,--for DE HUNTERCUMBE,--_Erm., two bars gemelles
+gu._ (H. 3). A Fesse or Bar, when placed between two similar figures
+narrower than barrulets, is said to be _cotised_ by them; or, to be
+"doubly cotised," when placed between two bars gemelles: thus, for DE LA
+MERE, No. 84,--_Or, a fesse doubly cotised_ (or, _between two bars
+gemelles_) _az._ (E. 2). An _even_ number of bars alternately of a metal
+(or a fur) and a colour form the varied field which is to be blazoned
+"_barry_," the number of the bars in every case to be specified--as,
+"_barry of six_," "_barry of eight_," &c. If the number of bars exceeds
+_eight_ (some writers say _ten_), it is "_barrulée_" or "_barruly_"; and
+in this case it is not necessary that the number of the bars should be
+specified, the word _barrulée_ being used alone, or the expression
+"_barrulée sans nombre_" to denote a considerable number, but not a
+fixed number of bars--the number, however, always to be _even_. But this
+is a modern refinement of blazon to which little if any attention was
+paid in early days. It is to be observed that while the bars, whatever
+their number, if they are blazoned as bars, are to be treated as if they
+were executed in relief upon the field of a Shield, a Shield that is
+barry or barrulée has its field formed by bars which are all in the same
+plane. Examples:--_Barry of six or and gu._, for FITZ ALAN of Bedale,
+No. 85: _Barry of six arg. and az._, for DE GREY: _Barry of eight or and
+az._,--for DE PENBRUGGE (all H. 3): _Barrulée arg. and az., an orle of
+martlets gu._,--for DE VALENCE, Earl of PEMBROKE, No. 86; in this
+example _ten_ bars are represented, but in the noble enamelled shield of
+the first De Valence (A.D. 1296) preserved in Westminster Abbey, the
+bars are _twenty-eight_ in number. Charges, not "in fesse" or "in
+chief," that are disposed horizontally across the field are
+"_bar-wise_."
+
+  [Illustration: No. 85.--Fitzalan of Bedale.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 86.--De Valence.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 87.--Erskine.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 88.--Grandison.]
+
+THE PALE.--Like the Fesse, this Ordinary occupies rather less than a
+central third of the field, but it is _vertical_ in its position instead
+of horizontal. No. 87, for ERSKINE, is--_Arg., a pale sa._ Its
+Diminutives, the _Pallet_ and the _Endorse_, severally one-half and
+one-fourth of its width, may be placed vertically in any part of the
+field. A Pale between two Endorses is "_endorsed_" but the term
+_cotised_ is also employed with this meaning. An _even_ number of
+Pallets of a metal (or a fur) and a colour set alternately, form the
+varied field to be blazoned "_paly_," the number of the Pallets (which
+lie all in the same plane) always to be specified: thus--_Paly of six
+arg. and az., on a bend gu. three eaglets displayed or_, for GRANDISON,
+No. 88 (H. 3) Charges that are disposed one above another in a vertical
+row are "in pale." This is the arrangement of the three golden lions of
+England.
+
+The CROSS (H. 3), formed from a combination of a Fesse with a Pale, in
+its simplest form is set erect in the centre of the field, and it
+extends to the border-lines of the Shield. If at any time it may be
+necessary or apparently desirable specially to set forth in the
+blazoning of a Shield, that a Cross charged upon it does thus extend to
+the border-lines, such a Cross is blazoned as a "_Cross throughout_."
+No. 1, _Arg., a Cross gu._, the armorial ensign of ST. GEORGE, the
+special Patron Saint of England, may be blazoned as "_A Cross of St.
+George_." Of this Cross, the great symbol of the Christian Faith,
+Spenser says--
+
+  "And on his brest a bloodie Cross he bore,
+  The deare remembrance of his dying Lord....
+  Upon his Shield the like was also scored."
+
+  _Faerie Queen_, I. i. 2.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 89.--Cross fimbriated.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 90.--Cross pointed.]
+
+A Cross having a narrow border lying in the same plane with itself, is
+"fimbriated," such a border being a "_fimbriation_": thus, No. 89, _Az.,
+a cross gu., fimbriated arg._, represents the Cross of St. George in our
+National "Union Jack." A Cross having its four extremities cut off
+square, so that it does not extend in any direction to the border-lines
+of the shield, is "_couped_" or "_humettée_". If the extremities of a
+Cross are cut off to points, it is "_pointed_," as in No. 90. If its
+central area is entirely removed, so that but little more than its
+outlines remain, it is "_voided_," or (H. 3) "_a false Cross_" ("faux
+croix"): when its four limbs are _equal_ in length, it is a "_Greek
+Cross_," as No. 91: when the limbs are _unequal_, the lower limb or
+shaft being longer than the other three, as in No. 92, it is a "_Latin
+Cross_" or a "long cross": but neither of these two last terms are used
+regarding the plain cross throughout, notwithstanding that differences
+in the shape of the shield may materially alter the proportion of the
+limbs. If a cross be formed of a shaft and two horizontal limbs only
+(like the letter T), as in No. 93, it is a "_Tau Cross_," or "_Cross
+Tau_": if it is pierced at the intersection of the limbs, and the entire
+central area be voided, it is said to be "_pierced quarterly_." A Latin
+Cross on steps, is "_on Degrees_," and it is distinguished as a "Calvary
+Cross." Charges having a cruciform arrangement are "_in Cross_."
+
+  [Illustration: No. 91.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 92.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 93.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 94.--Quadrate.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 95.--Patriarchal.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 96.--Fourchée.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 97.--Cross Moline: Arms of De Molines.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 98.--Cross Recercelée: Arms of Bishop Anthony Bec.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 99.--Cross Patonce: Arms of William de Vesci.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 100.--Fleurie.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 101.--Fleurettée.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 102.--Pommée.]
+
+The CROSS:--its HERALDIC VARIETIES. The Cross-symbol appears in English
+Heraldry under very many varieties and modifications of form and
+condition, some of them of great beauty. The following engraved
+representations of the various examples are so explicit, that
+descriptions of them are unnecessary. The Cross _Quadrate_, No. 94. The
+Cross _Patriarchal_, No. 95. The Cross _Fourchée_, No. 96. The Cross
+_Moline_, represented charged upon the Shield attributed to the SAXON
+KINGS OF ENGLAND, No. 23: this same shield--_Az., a Cross moline or_, is
+borne by DE MOLINES or MOLYNEUX, No. 97. The Cross _Cercelée_ or
+_Recercelée_ (H. 3),--_Gu., a Cross recercelée erm._, No. 98, for
+ANTHONY BEC, Bishop of DURHAM. The Cross _Patonce_ (H. 3),--_Gu.,
+a Cross patonce arg._, No. 99, from the Seal of WM. DE VESCI, A.D. 1220.
+The Cross _Fleury_, No. 100, should be compared carefully with Nos. 97
+and 99, the Crosses _Moline_ and _Patonce_. The Cross _Fleurettée_, No.
+101. The Cross _Pommée_, No. 102. The Cross _Botonée_ or _Treflée_, No.
+103. The Cross _Crosslet_, or _Crosslet crossed_, No. 104. The term
+"_Crosslet_" is strictly applicable to any Cross on a very small scale:
+but it is usually applied to denote a Cross that is crossed as in No.
+104. Small Crosses Botonée are occasionally used as these
+"Crosses-Crosslets,"--as at Warwick in the arms of the BEAUCHAMPS, the
+Earls of WARWICK. Crosslets are frequently blazoned _semée_ over the
+field of a Shield, in which case the special term _crusilly_ is often
+used; and, in smaller numbers, they also are favourite Charges. No. 105
+is the Cross _Clechée_ or _Urdée_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 103.--Botonée.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 104.--Crosslet.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 105.--Clechée.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 106.--Patée.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 107.--Maltese.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 108.--Potent.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 109.--Avellane.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 110.--Botonée Fitchée.]
+
+The Cross _Patée_ or _Formée_ is represented in No. 106. No. 107 is the
+"_Cross of eight Points_," or the _Maltese_ Cross: this example is drawn
+from the portrait of PHILLIPPE DE VILLIERS DE L'ISLE-ADAM, elected
+forty-third Grand Master of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, A.D.
+1521; this picture is in the possession of the Earl of Clarendon, K.G.
+The Cross _Potent_, No. 108. The Cross _Avellane_, No. 109. The
+_Crossed-Crosslet_, and the Crosses _Patée_, _Botonée_, and _Potent_,
+are also drawn having their shaft elongated and _pointed at the base_:
+in this form they are severally blazoned as a "_Crossed-Crosslet
+Fitchée_" (or _fitched_), a "_Cross Patée Fitchée_," &c.,--a Cross, that
+is, "_fixable_" in the ground; No. 110 is an example of a Cross _Botonée
+Fitchée_. Several of these varieties of the heraldic Cross occur but
+rarely; and there are other somewhat fanciful varieties so little in
+use, as to render any description of them unnecessary. The student of
+mediæval monumental antiquities will not fail to observe a certain
+degree of resemblance between some of the Crosses of Heraldry, and those
+that are incised and sculptured on sepulchral slabs.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 111.--Le Scrope.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 112.--De Radclyffe.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 113.--Le Boteler.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 114.--Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 115.--Sir Gilbert de Bohun.]
+
+The BEND (H. 3) resembles both the Fesse and the Pale in every
+condition, except that it crosses the field _diagonally_ from the dexter
+chief to the sinister base. No. 111, the Shield of SCROPE, is--_Az.,
+a bend or_. A celebrated contest for the right to bear this simple
+Shield took place, A.D. 1385-1390, between Sir RICHARD LE SCROPE and Sir
+ROBERT GROSVENOR, which was decided in favour of the former. No. 112,
+for RADCLYFFE, is--_Arg., a bend engrailed sa._ Two uncharged Bends may
+appear in one composition: thus, for LE BOTELER--_Arg., two bends az._,
+No. 113; and for FRERE--_Gu., two bends or_ (both H. 3). The Diminutives
+of the Bend are the _Bendlet_ and the _Cotise_, the one containing
+one-half and the other one-fourth of its area. A Cotise is sometimes
+borne singly, when it is a _Riband_. A bendlet _couped_ is a baton.
+A Bend between two Cotises is _cotised_: thus, No. 114, for DE
+BOHUN,--_Az., a Bend arg., cotised or, between six lioncels rampt.
+gold_; this Shield is engraved from the Seal of HUMPHREY DE BOHUN,
+fourth Earl of HEREFORD (A.D. 1298-1322); in it the cotised Bend is very
+narrow, evidently to give more space for the lioncels. Charges displayed
+on a Bend _slope with it_--that is, they would be erect, were the Bend
+to be set vertically and to become a Pale: thus, another DE BOHUN, Sir
+Gilbert (H. 3), distinguishes his Shield by tincturing his Bend _or_,
+and charging upon it _three escallops gules_, as in No. 115. In No. 88,
+the eaglets also exemplify the disposition of charges upon a Bend.
+Charges set diagonally on the field of a Shield, in the position in
+which a bend would occupy, are said to be "_in bend_" and are arranged
+in the same manner: but it would be quite possible to have three or more
+charges each disposed bendwise; but yet, nevertheless, when taken
+together occupying the position of a fesse and therefore described also
+as in fesse. This distinction between charges bendwise (or bendways) and
+charges in bend should be carefully noted. A field divided into an
+_even_ number of parts by lines drawn _bendwise_, is "_bendy_," the
+number of the divisions to be specified: as a matter of course, a field
+thus "bendy" becomes a "varied field," in which all the divisions lie in
+the same plane: thus, No. 116, for DE MONTFORD (H. 3 and E. 2)--_Bendy
+of ten or and az._ Bendlets are in relief, as in No. 117, for DE
+BRAY--_Vairée, three Bendlets gu._ If a field be divided by lines drawn
+bendwise, and also by others drawn either vertically or horizontally, it
+is "_paly bendy_," as No. 118, or "_barry bendy_," as No. 119. These two
+forms, which, however, are very rarely met with, should be carefully
+distinguished from a field lozengy. A Bend issuing from the sinister
+chief is a _Bend Sinister_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 116.--De Montford.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 117.--De Bray.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 118.--Paly Bendy.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 119.--Barry Bendy.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 120.--St. Andrew.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 122.--De Neville.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 121.--De Neville.]
+
+The SALTIRE (H. 3), a combination of a Bend with a Bend Sinister, may
+also be regarded as a _Diagonal Cross_. Thus, the Crosses of St. ANDREW
+of SCOTLAND, and of St. PATRICK of IRELAND are Saltires--the former, No.
+120--_Az., a Saltire arg._: the latter--_Arg., a Saltire gu._ The arms
+of the great family of NEVILLE reverse those of St. PATRICK, and
+are--_Gu., a Saltire arg._, No. 121: so Drayton has recorded that
+
+  "Upon his surcoat valiant NEVILLE bore
+  A silver Saltire upon martial red."
+    _Barons' War_, i. 22.
+
+Charges set on a Saltire _slope with its limbs_ (all, however, pointing
+to the chief), _the central charge being erect_; and the disposition of
+charges set "_in saltire_" is the same: a single charge set on a Saltire
+is blazoned erect on the central point of the Ordinary, as in No. 122,
+another Shield of NEVILLE, in which the "Silver Saltire" is charged with
+a _rose gules_. A Saltire may be borne with a Chief, as in No. 73.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 123.--De Stafford.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 124.--Shield of De Clare.]
+
+The CHEVRON (H. 3), in form and proportions is rather more than the
+lower half of a Saltire. The Diminutive is a _Chevronel_, containing
+half a Chevron, or perhaps less: thus, for DE STAFFORD (E. 2),--_Or,
+a Chevron gu._, No. 123: for the great family of DE CLARE, from whom so
+many other families derived their Chevrons and Chevronels--_Or, three
+Chevronels gules_, No. 124 (H. 3). Two Chevrons may be borne in one
+composition: or they may appear with a Fesse, as in No. 79: or with a
+Chief, as (H. 3), for DE CROMBE--_Erm., a Chevron gu., and on a Chief of
+the last three escallops or_; for ST. QUINTIN (H. 3)--_Or, three
+Chevronels gu., a Chief vair_. A field _Chevronée_ is of rare
+occurrence: the three Chevronels of DE CLARE, however, No. 124, appear
+to have been derived from a field _Chevronée_: certainly, on his seal,
+"Strongbow" has the Chevronée Shield, No. 125, about A.D. 1175. Charges
+set on a Chevron, or disposed "_in Chevron_," are always placed erect.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 125.--Early shield of De Clare.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 126.--De Chandos.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 127.--De Brian.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 128.--De Bassett.]
+
+The PILE (H. 3), resembling a wedge in form, is borne both single and in
+small groups. Unless some other disposition on the field be specified,
+this Ordinary issues from the chief of the Shield. Examples: _Or, a Pile
+gu., between six and charged with three estoiles_ (or _mullets_)
+_counter-changed_,--for ROBERT DE CHANDOS, No. 126: _Or, three Piles
+az._, No. 127,--for Sir GUY DE BRIAN; _Or, three Piles gu., a canton
+erm._, No. 128,--for DE BASSETT (all H. 3): and (E. 2), _Arg., a Pile
+engrailed sa._--for Sir ROB. DE FORNEUS. In early emblazonments three
+piles appear almost uniformly to be depicted with the points converging.
+But a distinction is now made, and when the piles are intended to
+converge, as in No. 128, they are termed "_in point_."
+
+The probable structural origin of these Ordinaries is sufficiently
+apparent to render any further comment on that interesting circumstance
+superfluous.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION IV
+
+  _The Subordinaries:-- The Canton or Quarter: The Inescutcheon: The
+  Orle: The Tressure: The Bordure: Flanches: The Lozenge, Mascle, and
+  Rustre: The Fusil: The Billet: The Gyron: The Frette-- The Roundles._
+
+  "The second in a line of stars."
+    --IDYLLS OF THE KING.
+
+
+THE SUBORDINARIES. This title has been assigned, but without any
+decisive authority, to another group of devices, second in rank to the
+Ordinaries. Very few writers agree as to which are ordinaries and which
+subordinaries; nor does there seem any reason why any distinction
+between them should exist. Nor, indeed, save that all are exclusively
+heraldic, why some of them should be regarded as anything more than
+ordinary charges. These Subordinaries are the _Canton_, the _Quarter_,
+the _Inescutcheon_, the _Orle_, the _Tressure_, the _Bordure_,
+_Flanches_, the _Lozenge_, _Mascle_ and _Rustre_, the _Fusil_, the
+_Billet_, the _Gyron_, and the _Frette_. The Canton, by the early
+Heralds commonly styled the "Quarter," sometimes has been grouped with
+the Ordinaries. And it must here be observed that the Lozenge, Fusil,
+Billet, Gyron, and Frette were not used as single charges by the early
+Heralds; but by them the fields of Shields were divided _lozengy_ and
+_gyronny_, or they were _semée of Billets_, or covered over with
+_Frette_-work, from which the single charges evidently were afterwards
+obtained.
+
+The CANTON (H. 3), sometimes blazoned as a QUARTER, cut off by two
+lines, the one drawn in pale and the other bar-wise, or in fesse, is
+either the first quarter of the field of a Shield, or about
+three-fourths of that quarter, but smaller if not charged. The confusion
+between the canton and the quarter is due to the fact that ancient arms
+in which the charge is now, and has been for centuries past, stereotyped
+as a canton and drawn to occupy one-ninth of the Shield, were uniformly
+drawn and blazoned in early times with the charge as a quarter. But
+there is a marked distinction now made between the canton and the
+quarter. A _Canton ermine_ is of frequent occurrence, as in No. 128; but
+it is generally borne charged, and it always overlies the charges of the
+field of the Shield, as No. 129, for DE KYRKEBY (R. 2)--_Arg., two bars
+gu.; on a canton of the last a cross moline or_; and, for BLUNDELL
+(H. 3)--_Az., billettée, on a canton or a raven ppr._, No. 130.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 129.--De Kyrkeby.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 130.--Blundell.]
+
+The INESCUTCHEON (H. 3) is a Shield borne as a charge, and superimposed
+upon another Shield larger than itself. When one Inescutcheon is borne,
+it is usually placed on the fesse-point; but several Inescutcheons may
+appear in one composition. The well-known Shield of the MORTIMERS
+supplies a good example, No. 131 (H. 3)--_Barry of six or and az., an
+inescutcheon arg.; on a chief gold, gyroned of the second, two pallets
+of the same_: for DARCY--_Arg., an inescutcheon sa., within an orle of
+roses gu._, No. 132 (E. 2): _Arg., three inescutcheons gu._, for DE
+WYLLERS (E. 2), No. 133. This is also the well-known Scottish coat of
+Hay.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 132.--Darcy.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 131.--De Mortimer.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 133.--De Wyllers.]
+
+The ORLE (H. 3), blazoned by early Heralds as a "_false escutcheon_"
+("_faux escocheon_"), or as an "_inescutcheon voided_," is the border of
+a Shield or Escutcheon--a Shield, that is, voided of the central area of
+its field, and, like an Inescutcheon, charged on a Shield. The arms of
+BALLIOL, No. 134, are--_Gu., an Orle arg._ (H. 3). These arms are
+blazoned on many Scottish Seals of the greatest interest, and on the
+Seals of Balliol College, Oxford. Small charges are frequently disposed
+about the border of a Shield "_in Orle_," as in Nos. 86 and 132.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 134.--De Balliol.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 135.--Single Tressure Flory.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 137.--Double Tressure flory counterflory.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 136.--Single Tressure flory counterflory.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 138.--Scotland.]
+
+The TRESSURE (H. 3) may be regarded as a variety of the Orle; indeed, in
+its simplest form it is a very narrow Orle, which is generally set round
+with fleurs de lys. A Tressure thus enriched is represented in No. 135:
+in this example all the heads of the fleurs de lys point externally, and
+all their stalks internally, and this accordingly is blazoned as a
+"_Tressure flory_." In No. 136, which, like No. 135, is a single
+Tressure, the fleurs de lys are so disposed that the heads and stalks of
+the flowers point alternately in contrary directions: this is blazoned
+as a "_Tressure flory counterflory_." From this last example the
+Tressure that is so well known in the blazonry of the Royal Shield of
+SCOTLAND differs, in being "_double_." This, the double Tressure of
+Scotland, is a combination of two such single Tressures as No. 136, and
+it is produced from them in the manner following:--From one such single
+Tressure, as No. 136, all the alternate heads and stalks of the fleurs
+de lys that point internally are cut away and removed; then a second
+similar Tressure, of rather smaller size, is denuded of all its external
+adornment, and in that condition it is placed within the former
+Tressure, leaving a narrow interval between the two. Each component half
+of this "double Tressure flory counterflory," accordingly, has its own
+independent series of demi-fleurs de lys, the stalks and heads of the
+flowers alternating, and the one alternate series pointing externally,
+while the other points internally. When in combination, these two series
+of demi-fleurs de lys must be so arranged that the heads of the flowers
+in one series correspond with their stalks in the other, as in No. 137.
+I am thus particular in describing the process of producing the Royal
+Tressure, because it is frequently to be seen incorrectly drawn. No.
+138, the Royal Shield of SCOTLAND, now displayed in the second quarter
+of the Royal Arms of the UNITED KINGDOM, is thus blazoned--_Or, a lion
+rampt. within a double Tressure flory counterflory, gu._ It will be
+observed that a narrow strip of the golden field of this Shield
+intervenes between the two Tressures. There are many fine examples of
+this Shield in Scottish Seals; in the Garter-plate, also, of JAMES V. of
+Scotland, K.G., at Windsor; and on the Monuments in Westminster Abbey to
+MARY Queen of SCOTS (A.D. 1604), and to the Countess of LENNOX, the
+mother of Lord DARNLEY (A.D. 1577). Mr. Seton ("Scottish Heraldry," p.
+447) states that the Tressure may be borne "triple"; and, after
+specifying the Scottish families upon whose Shields the same honourable
+bearing is blazoned, he adds:--"In the coat of the Marquess of HUNTLY,
+the Tressure is flowered with fleurs de lys within, and adorned with
+_crescents_ without; while in that of the Earl of ABERDEEN it is
+flowered and counter-flowered with _thistles_, _roses_, and fleurs de
+lys alternately."
+
+  [Illustration: No. 139.--De Waltone.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 140.--Richard, Earl of Cornwall.]
+
+The BORDURE (H. 3), as its name implies, forms a border to a Shield: it
+is borne both plain and charged. Thus, for DE WALTONE (E. 2)--_Arg.,
+a cross patée sa., within a Bordure indented gu._, No. 139: for RICHARD,
+Earl of CORNWALL, second son of King JOHN (H. 3),--_Arg., a lion rampt.
+gu., crowned or, within a Bordure sa. bezantée_, No. 140. The Bordure,
+and its important services in Heraldry, will be more fully considered
+hereafter. (See Chapters XII. and XIII.)
+
+FLANCHES are always borne in pairs; but they are not of very early date,
+nor do they often appear in blazon. _Flanches_ are formed by two curved
+lines issuing from the chief, one on each side of the Shield: they are
+shown, shaded for azure, in No. 141; and in No. 142 are their
+Diminutives, _Flasques_ or _Voiders_, shaded for gules. But these
+diminutives are hardly ever met with. There is a close resemblance
+between these charges and a peculiar dress worn by Ladies of rank in the
+fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; but it is not easy to determine
+whether the dress suggested the Flanches on the Shield, or was derived
+from them. One thing, however, is certain--the dress must have possessed
+very decided good qualities, since it continued in favour for more than
+two centuries. It is remarkable that many of the ancient Greek Shields
+have pierced Flanches.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 141.--Flanches.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 142.--Flasques.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 143.--Mascle.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 144.--Rustre.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 145.--De Burgh, Earl of Kent.]
+
+The LOZENGE (E. 2), MASCLE (H. 3), and RUSTRE. The _Lozenge_ is a
+diamond-shaped figure, or a parallelogram set diagonally. The _Mascle_
+is a _Lozenge voided of the field_, No. 143; and the _Rustre_, No. 144,
+is a _Lozenge pierced with a circular opening_. In the early days of
+Heraldry the Lozenge and the Mascle were evidently held to be identical.
+The Shield of the famous HUBERT DE BURGH, Earl of KENT, in the early
+Rolls is blazoned as "_masculée_": but his Seal proves it to have been,
+as in No. 145, _lozengy vair and gu._ The Lozenge, it will be
+remembered, is always set erect upon the field of a Shield.
+
+The FUSIL is an _elongated Lozenge_. The Arms of MONTACUTE or MONTAGU
+(see No. 20) are--_Arg., three Fusils conjoined in fesse gu._, No. 20:
+the Arms of PERCY are--_Az., five fusils conjoined in fesse or._
+
+  [Illustration: No. 20.--Montacute.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 146.--Deincourt.]
+
+The BILLET (H. 3) is a small elongated rectangular figure. Thus, for
+DEINCOURT, No. 146--_Az., billettée, a fesse dancette or._ The early
+Heralds blazoned a "Fesse Dancette" as simply a "_Dancette_" or
+"_Danse_." See also No. 130.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 147.--Campbell.]
+
+The GYRON, a triangular figure, not known in English blazon as a
+separate charge (except perhaps in the one case of the arms of
+Mortimer), gives its title to the _gyronny field_, which is more
+commonly found in the Heraldry of the North than of the South. The field
+gyronny generally, and more particularly in Scotland, is divided into
+_eight pieces_: but the divisions are sometimes six, ten, twelve, or
+even sixteen in number. A Roll of the time of HENRY III. has, for WARIN
+DE BASINGBORNE--"_Gerony d'or et d'azur_." The Arms of CAMPBELL
+are--_Gyronny or and sa._, No. 147.[3] Here, where there are eight
+pieces of divisions, it is not necessary to specify the number; but if
+they were either more or less than eight the blazon would be--_gyronny
+of six, of ten, &c._
+
+    [Footnote 3: In the illustration the colours are unfortunately
+    reversed.]
+
+The FRETTE, in more recent Heraldry, has generally superseded the
+original _field fretty_. This interlaced design, whether borne as a
+distinct figure, as No. 148, or repeated over the field of a Shield, as
+in No. 149, differs from a field lozengy or gyronny, in being a bearing
+charged _upon_ the field of a Shield, and not a form of varied surface:
+No. 149, for DE ETCHINGHAM (E. 2), is--_Az., fretty arg._ An early
+variety or modification of Frette is the _Trellis_ or _Treille_, in
+which the pieces do not interlace, but all those in bend lie over all
+those in bend sinister, and they are fastened at the crossings with
+nails--"_clouée_," as in No. 150. RICHARD DE TRUSSELL or TRESSELL (H. 3)
+bears--_Arg., a trellis gu., clouée or_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 148.--A Frette.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 149.--De Etchingham.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 150.--Trellis Clouée.]
+
+The ROUNDLES, or ROUNDLETS. These simple figures, in constant use in
+every age of Heraldry, are divided into two groups, which correspond
+with the division of the Tinctures into "Metals" and "Colours."
+
+The first group contains the two Roundles of the _Metals_, which are
+_flat discs_: 1, The _Bezant_, or golden Roundle, No. 151, which has
+apparently derived its name from the Byzantine coins with which the
+Crusaders, when in the East, would have been familiar. 2, The Silver
+Roundle, or _Plate_, is from the Spanish "Plata"--_silver_. When Bezants
+or Plates appear in considerable numbers, the field on which they are
+charged is said to be "_bezantée_" or "_platée_." See No. 140.
+
+The second group contains the five Roundles of the _Colours_, which are
+_globular_, and are usually shaded accordingly. The _Torteau_, No. 152,
+in the plural _Torteaux_, is gules: the _Hurt_ is azure: the _Pellet_ or
+_Ogress_ is sable: the _Pomme_ is vert: and the _Golpe_ is purpure.
+These distinctive titles, which are more calculated to perplex the
+student than to simplify his study, are of comparatively recent origin,
+the early Heralds having used the terms "_Bezant_," "_Plate_," and
+"_Torteau_," with the general designations "_Roundle_" and "_Pellet_,"
+adding the tinctures for the others. Examples:--_Az., bezantée_, for WM.
+DE LA ZOUCHE: _Or, on a fesse gu. three plates_, for ROGER DE
+HUNTINGFIELD: _Arg., ten torteaux, four, three, two, one_, for ALEX.
+GIFFARD (all H. 3). See also Nos. 80, 82.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 151.--Bezant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 152.--Torteau.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 153.--Fountain.]
+
+A circular figure or Roundle that is _barry wavy arg. and az._, is
+blazoned as a "_Fountain_," No. 153. Examples:--_Arg., three fountains_,
+for WELLES: _Arg., a Chevron sable between three fountains_, borne by a
+family named _Sykes_, their name being an ancient term signifying a well
+or fountain. An _Annulet_, or a plain ring, No. 154, was sometimes
+blazoned as a "_false Roundle_"--a Roundle, that is, pierced, and having
+its central area removed.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 154.--Annulet.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION V
+
+  _Miscellaneous Charges:-- Human Beings-- Animals-- Birds-- Fish--
+  Reptiles and Insects-- Imaginary Beings-- Natural Objects-- Various
+  Artificial Figures and Devices-- Appropriate Descriptive Epithets._
+
+  "The Formes of pure celestiall bodies mixt with grosse terrestrials;
+  earthly animals with watery; sauage beasts with tame; fowles of prey
+  with home-bred; these again with riuer fowles; reptiles with things
+  gressible; aery insecta with earthly; also things naturall with
+  artificiall."
+    --GUILLIM'S "Display of Heraldry," A.D. 1611.
+
+
+Thus, in his own quaint fashion, the enthusiastic old Herald of the
+seventeenth century indicates the number and variety of the Charges,
+which in process of time had been introduced into Armory even before his
+era. In earlier days the Charges of Heraldry were much less varied,
+comparatively few in their numbers, and generally of a simple character.
+It will readily be understood, however, that fresh figures and devices
+would continually appear in blazon; and also that these, in their turn,
+would lead the way for the introduction of further varieties and new
+modifications.
+
+Human Beings are of very rare occurrence, except as Supporters. Parts of
+the human frame constantly appear, but they are more generally borne as
+Crests upon helms than as charges on shields. "Moor's heads" or
+"Saracen's heads" appear in some coats, with arms, hands and legs: and a
+human heart is well known as a charge in the coat of the famous house of
+DOUGLAS, where it was placed to commemorate the duty entrusted by ROBERT
+BRUCE to the "good Sir JAMES DOUGLAS," that he should bear with him the
+heart of his Sovereign and friend to the Holy Land, and bury it there.
+Sir James fell, fighting with the Moors of Spain, A.D. 1330. This Shield
+of Douglas is a characteristic example of the gradual development of
+armorial composition. About A.D. 1290, the Seal of WILLIAM, Lord
+DOUGLAS, displays his Shield, No. 155, bearing--_Arg., on a chief az.
+three mullets of the field._ Next, upon the field of the Shield of
+WILLIAM, Lord DOUGLAS, A.D. 1333, there appears, in addition, _a human
+heart gules_, as in No. 156. And, finally, the heart is ensigned with a
+_royal crown_, as in No. 157, this form appearing as early as 1387.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 155.--Shield of Douglas.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 156.--Shield of Douglas.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 157.--Shield of Douglas.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 158.--Isle of Man.]
+
+The Shield of the ancient kingdom of the ISLE OF MAN, No. 158, still
+continues to be the heraldic ensign of that island: it is--_Gu., three
+human legs in armour ppr., conjoined in the fesse-point at the upper
+part of the thighs, and flexed in triangle._ This true curiosity of
+Heraldry leads Mr. Planché to remark, that "the _arms_ of MAN are
+_legs_" ("Pursuivant of Arms," p. 112). The Shield represented in No.
+158 is drawn from an original example of the age of EDWARD I. in the
+Heralds' College. At later periods, the armour of the conjoined limbs is
+represented in conformity with the usages then prevalent, and golden
+spurs are added. The ancient symbol of the island of Sicily, in which
+the limbs are without either armour or clothing, has been represented in
+No. 10: this device also appears in ancient examples with a human head
+at the junction of the limbs. Three human arms, united in the same
+manner, are borne on the shield of the mediæval family of TREMAINE.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 159.--Shield of St. Alban's Abbey
+  (partly restored).]
+
+Human figures, winged and vested, and designed to represent ANGELS, are
+occasionally introduced in English Heraldry, their office generally
+being to act as "Supporters" to armorial Shields. Fine examples, in
+admirable preservation, may be seen boldly sculptured in the noble
+timber-roof of Westminster Hall; also in panels over the principal
+entrance to the Hall, and in various parts of the Abbey of Westminster.
+In the grand Abbey Church of St. Alban at St. Alban's, numerous other
+examples of great excellence yet remain, the works of Abbot John de
+Wheathamstede, about A.D. 1440. In No. 159 I give a representation of
+the Shield of Arms of the Abbey of ST. ALBAN--_Az., a saltire or_,
+supported by Angels, and the Shield ensigned by the Mitre of Abbot
+Thomas De la Mere, as it is represented in his noble Brass in the Abbey
+Church. The Shield and the Angel Figures are the work of Abbot John. The
+Heads of the Figures, which are destroyed in the original, are restored
+from stained glass of the same period in the Abbey Church. Figures of
+Angels holding Shields of Arms--each figure having a shield in front of
+its breast, are frequently sculptured as corbels in Gothic churches.
+
+In the earliest Rolls of Arms, the Lion is the only animal that is found
+in blazon, with the sole addition of Boar's heads. Deer, dogs, bulls,
+calves, rams, and a few other animals subsequently appear to share
+heraldic service and honours with the king of beasts. In modern Armory,
+however, almost every living creature has been required to discharge
+such duties as Heralds have been pleased to assign to them. The Lion of
+Heraldry I leave to be considered, with the Eagle, in the next Chapter.
+In comparatively early blazon, the _Bear_ is borne by FITZ URSE: the
+_Calf_, by CALVELEY and DE VELE: the _Ram_, by RAMSEY and RAMRYGE: the
+_Lamb_, by LAMBERT and LAMBTON: the _Otter_ (_loutre_, in French), by
+LUTTREL: the _Hedgehog_ (Fr., _herrison_), by DE HERIZ, afterwards
+HARRIS: and so also, in like manner, some other animals appear as _armes
+parlantes_ (see p. 16).
+
+With the lordly Eagle a few other Birds are associated in early
+Heraldry: and, after a while, others join them, including the Falcon,
+Ostrich, Swan, Peacock or Pawne, and the Pelican borne both as a symbol
+of sacred significance, and also by the PELHAMS from being allusive to
+their name. Cocks, with the same allusive motive, were borne by
+COCKAYNE: Parrots, blazoned as "_Popinjays_," appear as early as
+HENRY III.: and in a Roll of EDWARD II., the Sire MOUNPYNZON has a Lion
+charged on the shoulder with a Chaffinch--in French a _Pinson_. The
+favourite bird, however, of the early Heralds is the Martlet, the
+heraldic Martin, a near relative of the Swallow or _Hirondelle_. The
+Martlet is practically always represented in profile, at rest, and with
+its wings closed. The few exceptions are modern. In some early examples
+the feet are shown, as in No. 160: but, in the Shield of Earl WM. DE
+VALENCE in Westminster Abbey, A.D. 1296, the Martlet appears feetless,
+as in No. 161; and at a later period this mode of representation was
+generally adopted. French Heralds deprive their Martlets of beak as well
+as feet.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 160.--Early Martlet.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 161.--Martlet.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 162.--Banner of De Barre.]
+
+"As the symbol of a name," writes Mr. Moule, "almost all Fish have been
+used in Heraldry; and in many instances Fish have been assumed in Arms
+in reference to the produce of the estate, giving to the quaint device a
+twofold interest" ("Heraldry of Fish," p 13). The earliest examples are
+the Barbel, the Dolphin, the Luce (or Pike), the Herring, and the Roach.
+In conjunction with fish we may perhaps consider the Escallop which, as
+a charge, belongs to the earliest period of Heraldry. The Barbel, so
+named from the barbs attached to its mouth to assist it in its search
+for food, was introduced into English Heraldry by JOHN, Count DE BARRE,
+whose elder brother married ALIANORE, eldest daughter of EDWARD I. At
+Carlaverock he displayed, as the chronicler has recorded, "_a blue
+banner, crusilly, with two Barbels of gold, and a red border
+en-grailed_," No. 162. The Dolphin, borne by GILES DE FISHBOURNE (H. 3),
+and afterwards introduced into several English Shields, is best known as
+the armorial ensign of the DAUPHIN, the eldest son and heir apparent of
+the Kings of France, who bore, marshalled with the arms of FRANCE--_Or,
+a Dolphin az._ This title of "Dauphin" was first assumed by CHARLES V.,
+who succeeded to the Crown of France in 1364. In No. 8 I have shown
+after what manner the Dolphin was represented by an ancient Greek
+Artist: in the Middle Ages the heraldic Dolphin appeared as in No. 163.
+GEFFREY DE LUCY (H. 3) bears--_Gu., three Lucies or._ On his marriage
+with the heiress of ANTHONY, Lord LUCY, in 1369, HENRY, fourth Lord
+PERCY of Alnwick, quartered these three fish, with his own lion (blue on
+a golden field) and his fusils (gold on a blue field), upon the
+well-known Shield of the Earls of NORTHUMBERLAND (Chapter XI).
+
+  [Illustration: No. 163.--Dolphin.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 165.--Escallop.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 164.--De Lucy.]
+
+Another Carlaverock Banneret, ROBERT DE SCALES, whom the chronicler
+declares to have been both "handsome and amiable" as well as gallant in
+action, had "_six escallops of silver on a red banner_." This beautiful
+charge of the escallop, happy in its association with the pilgrims of
+the olden time, and always held in high esteem by Heralds, is generally
+drawn as in No. 165.
+
+Reptiles and Insects occur but rarely in English Heraldry. Bees, Flies,
+Butterflies, and Snails are sometimes found, but they have no place in
+the earliest Rolls of Arms. Bees, as might be expected, appear in the
+Arms of _Bees_ton. _Azure, three Butterflies_, are the Arms of MUSCHAMP,
+and they are carved twice in the vaulting of the cloisters at
+Canterbury. Upon a monumental brass in the Church of Wheathampstead, in
+Hertfordshire, the Shield of HUGO BOSTOCK (about A.D. 1435)
+bears,--_Arg., three Bats, their wings displayed, sa._
+
+Imaginary and Fabulous Beings, some of them the creations of heraldic
+fancy when in a strangely eccentric mood, frequently appear as
+Supporters; and, in some cases, they take a part in the blazonry of
+Shields, or they are borne independently as Badges. A very brief
+description (all that is necessary) of the greater number of these
+monsters of _un_natural history will be given in the "Glossary of
+heraldic terms," in Chapter X.; consequently, it is enough here merely
+to refer to them as having a place in blazon. The Griffin or Gryphon,
+the most worthy of the group, is comparatively common. The Dragon and
+the Wivern or Wyvern, both of them winged monsters, differ in this
+respect, that the former has four legs, while the latter has two only.
+In early blazon this distinction was not always observed. The
+Cockatrice, always having two legs, is a Wyvern with a cock's head.
+
+Natural Objects of all kinds are blazoned as Charges of Heraldry, and
+they will be found described and illustrated in their proper places in
+Chapter X. They include the _Sun_, the _Moon_, the _Stars_; also such
+terrestrial objects as _Trees_, _Flowers_, _Fruits_, _Sheaves and Ears
+of Corn_, _Leaves_, _Chaplets_, _&c._ And with these Charges I may group
+the always beautiful Fleur de Lys, and the Trefoil, Quatrefoil,
+Cinquefoil, and Sixfoil.
+
+Of the various Artificial Figures and Devices that Heralds have charged
+upon Shields of Arms, it will be unnecessary for me to give detailed
+descriptions, except when either the heraldic name may require
+explanation, or some special circumstances connected with any particular
+figure or device may impart to it peculiar claims for attention. Again I
+refer to the "Glossary" for notices and examples of all Charges of this
+class--Annulets, Buckles, Castles, Crowns, Cups, Horseshoes, Keys,
+Knots, Sickles, Stirrups, Trumpets, and many others.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 166A.--Crescent]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 166B.--Increscent]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 166C.--Decrescent]
+
+In blazoning Charges of various classes, Heralds employ _appropriate
+Epithets and descriptive Terms_, of which the following are
+characteristic examples:--The _Sun_ is "_in splendour_." The _Moon_,
+when full, is "_in her complement_": she is a "_Crescent_" when she
+appears in No. 166, A: she is "_Increscent_" when as in No. 166, B: and
+she is "_Decrescent_" when as in No. 166, C. Animals and Birds of prey
+are said to be "_armed_" of their talons, teeth, and claws. All horned
+animals, also, except Stags and Antelopes, are "_armed_" of their horns;
+and a Cock is "_armed_" of his spurs; whilst Griffins and birds of prey
+are "_armed_" of their beaks and claws (_i.e._ the part of the leg which
+is unfeathered). Animals are "_hoofed_" or "_unguled_" of their hoofs;
+and "_langued_" of their tongues. Fierce animals are "_vorant_" of their
+prey, when represented in the act of devouring it. Deer, when reposing,
+are "_lodged_" Nos. 25 and 26: when standing, and looking out from the
+Shield, No. 167, "_at gaze_": when in easy motion, they are termed
+"_trippant_," or sometimes the word "_tripping_" is substituted, No.
+168: and when in rapid motion, they are "_courant_," "_at speed_," or
+sometimes described as "_in full course_," No. 169. The male Stag is
+sometimes termed a "_Hart_," and the female a "_Hind_." There is really
+a distinction between the Buck and the Stag, but it is very usually
+disregarded in Heraldry. The antlers of the Hart are "_Attires_," their
+branches are "_Tynes_"; and they are said to be "_attired_" of their
+antlers. A Stag's head full-faced, but without the neck, as No. 170, is
+"_cabossed_" or "_caboshed_."
+
+  [Illustration: No. 167.--At Gaze.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 169.--At Speed.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 168.--Tripping.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 170.--Stag's Head Cabossed.]
+
+Eagles and Hawks with expanded wings, as in No. 206, are "_displayed_."
+Expanded wings may be "_elevated_," or, if drooping, "_inverted_" or
+"_in lure_." Birds about to take wing are "_rising_"; when in flight,
+they are "_volant_"; when at rest, they are "_close_." A Bird
+"_trusses_" its prey. A Peacock having its tail expanded is "_in its
+pride_"; and this same expression is applied to the Turkey. A Pelican,
+when feeding its young, is said to be "_in her piety_," but may be
+merely "_vulning herself_" if the young are not represented. A Swan,
+when blazoned "_proper_," is white with red legs and black beak.
+
+Fish, represented swimming in fesse, are "_naiant_"; if they are in
+pale, they are "_hauriant_," No. 164; but if their heads are to the
+base, the term "_urinant_" is said to apply, but I cannot say I have so
+far come across an authenticated instance of the use of this word; if
+their bodies are bent, as the Dolphin is generally represented, they are
+"_embowed_," No. 163. Fish, also, are said to be "_finned_" of their
+fins. Insects are "_volant_." Reptiles are "_gliding_"; or, if they are
+twined into knots, "_nowed_." Trees of mature growth are "_accrued_";
+when with leaves, "_in foliage_" (but these two terms are so seldom used
+that they may be entirely disregarded); with fruit or seeds, "_fructed_"
+or "_seeded_"; if without leaves, "_blasted_"; and if their roots are
+exposed, "_eradicated_." Branches or leaves torn off are "_slipped_."
+
+The terms which denote the attitudes of Lions, all of them described in
+the next chapter, are equally applicable to other animals. Some other
+descriptive terms, not noticed here, will be found in the "Glossary" in
+Chapter X.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION VI
+
+  _The Lion and the Eagle in Heraldry_
+
+  "The LION and a King of Beasts."
+    --SHAKESPEARE, _Richard II._
+
+  "The EAGLE, ennobled by Nature in as high a degree of nobility as
+  the chiefest of the terrestrial animals, is the most honourable
+  bearing of Birds."
+    --GWILLIM (_Edition of 1724_).
+
+
+The regal dignity of the LION amongst the creatures that are quadrupeds,
+like himself, would naturally secure for him a position of corresponding
+eminence in Heraldry. From the dawn of the heraldic era, accordingly,
+the Lion is blazoned on the Shields of Sovereigns, Princes, and Nobles.
+The tressured Lion has been already noticed upon the Royal Shield of
+SCOTLAND, No. 138; and a crowned Lion has also appeared in the same
+attitude, borne by an English Prince, RICHARD, Earl of CORNWALL, No.
+140. From the time that they first possessed any true armorial insignia,
+the Sovereigns of the Realm of ENGLAND have borne Lions upon their Royal
+Shield. A Lion was the Ensign of the Native Princes of WALES, as he was
+of the Kings of LEON, of NORWAY, and of DENMARK, and of the Counts of
+HOLLAND, HAINAULT, EU, &c. And, in like manner, the Lion was in high
+favour with the most noble and powerful Barons of England--the MOWBRAYS,
+BOHUNS, LONGESPEES, FITZ-ALANS, LACIES, PERCIES, SEGRAVES, and such as
+they.
+
+It was a necessary consequence of his great popularity that the Lion of
+Heraldry should be blazoned in various attitudes, and also variously
+tinctured, otherwise it would not be possible duly to distinguish the
+Lions of different Shields. Heralds of all countries appear readily to
+have permitted their Lions to lay aside their natural tawny hue, and in
+its stead to assume the heraldic _or_, _argent_, _azure_, _gules_, and
+_sable_; but Continental Heralds were not generally disposed to
+recognise in their Lions any other attitude than the one which they held
+to be consistent with their Lion character, instincts, and
+habits--erect, that is, with one hind paw only on the ground, looking
+forward towards their prey, so as to show but one eye, and evidently in
+the act of preparing to spring. This undoubtedly most characteristic
+attitude is _rampant_, No. 171: and only when he was in this rampant
+attitude did the early Heralds consider any Lion to be a Lion, and
+blazon him by his true name. A Lion walking and looking about him, the
+early Heralds held to be acting the part of a leopard: consequently,
+when he was in any such attitude, they blazoned him as "_a leopard_."
+The animal bearing that name bore it simply as an heraldic title, which
+distinguished a Lion in a particular attitude. These heraldic "leopards"
+were drawn in every respect as other heraldic "lions," without spots or
+any leopard_ish_ distinction whatever. This explains the usage, retained
+till late in the fourteenth century, which assigned to the Lions of the
+Royal Shield of England the name of "leopards." They were so called, not
+by the enemies of England for derision and insult, as some persons, in
+their ignorance of early Heraldry, have been pleased both to imagine and
+to assert; but the English Kings and Princes, who well knew their
+"Lions" to be Lions, in blazon styled them "leopards," because they also
+knew that Lions in the attitude of their "Lions" were heraldic
+"leopards." When at length the necessity of varying the attitude of
+their Lions was admitted by all Heralds, in consequence of the greatly
+increased numbers of the bearers of Lions, some strict adherents to the
+original distinctive nomenclature blazoned any Lion that was _not
+rampant_ by the compound term of a "_lion-leopard_," or a
+"_lion-leopardé_." But that controversy has long been at rest.
+
+The following terms are now in use to denote the various attitudes of
+the Lion in Heraldry:--
+
+_Rampant_: erect, one hind paw on the ground, the other three paws
+elevated, the animal looking forward and having his tail elevated, No.
+171. _Rampant Guardant_: as before, but looking out from the Shield, No.
+172. _Rampant Reguardant_: as before, but looking backwards.
+
+_Passant_: walking, three paws on the ground, the dexter fore-paw being
+elevated, looking forward, the tail displayed over the back, No. 173.
+_Passant Guardant_: as before, but looking out from the Shield, No. 174.
+_Passant Reguardant_: as before, but looking backwards.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 171.--Rampant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 172.--Rampant Guardant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 173.--Passant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 174.--Passant Guardant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 175.--Statant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 176.--Statant Guardant.]
+
+_Statant_: standing, his four paws on the ground, and looking before
+him, No. 175. _Statant Guardant_: as before, but looking out from the
+Shield, No. 176: in this example the Lion has his tail extended, but
+this would be specified in the blazon, as it is an unusual position. In
+like manner, if the tail of a Lion in any other attitude be extended,
+there must be a statement to that effect.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 177.--Couchant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 178.--Sejant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 179.--Dormant.]
+
+_Sejant_: sitting down with his head elevated, No. 178. If he looks out
+from the Shield, the word _Guardant_ is to be added. A Scottish Lion
+sejant usually has his fore paws raised in the air, and in English terms
+of blazon would be described as "_Sejant erect_" or "_Sejant rampant_."
+
+_Couchant_: is at rest, the fore legs stretched on the ground, as No.
+177.
+
+_Dormant_: asleep, head resting on fore paws, No. 179.
+
+_Salient_: in the act of springing, the hind paws on the ground, both
+the fore paws elevated, No. 180.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 180.--Salient.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 181.--Double-queued.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 182.--Coward.]
+
+_Queue fourchée_: having a forked tail.
+
+_Double-queued_: two tails, as No. 181, which is a _lion rampant
+double-queued_.
+
+_Coward: passant reguardant_, his tail between his legs, No. 182.
+
+Two Lions rampant, when face to face, are _Counter rampant_, or
+_Combatant_: when back to back, they are _Addorsed_: when passant or
+salient in contrary directions, they are _Counter passant_ or _Counter
+salient_.
+
+Lions, whatever their tincture, except it be red, or they are charged on
+a field of that tincture, are _armed and langued gules_; but _azure_ in
+the case of either of these exceptions, unless the contrary be specified
+in the blazon. When several Lions appear in one composition, or when
+they are drawn to a comparatively very small scale, they are sometimes
+blazoned as "_Lioncels_." This term "_Lioncel_," it must be added, when
+used alone, denotes a _small Lion rampant_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 183.--Lion's Head.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 184.--Lion's Face.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 185.--Lion's Jambe.]
+
+A Lion's _head_ is a Charge: it may be _erased_, as in No. 183; or cut
+off smooth, when it is _couped_. A Lion's _face_ also is a Charge, No.
+184; so is his _jambe_ or _paw_, No. 185. A _demi-lion rampant_ is the
+upper half of his body and the extremity of his tufted tail, as in No.
+186.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 186.--Demi-Lion Rampant.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 187.--England.]
+
+The LIONS OF ENGLAND are _golden Lions leopardé_, three in number,
+placed one above the other on a red Shield. They are blazoned--_Gu.,
+three Lions pass. guard., in pale, or_, No. 187.
+
+A Lion in this attitude, of this tincture, and on a field gules, may be
+blazoned as a "Lion of England." These three Lions _first_ appear upon
+the second Great Seal of RICHARD I., A.D. 1194, on the Shield of the
+King, No. 188. An earlier Seal, used by Prince JOHN before his brother's
+accession, has a Shield charged with _two_ Lions only, and they are
+_passant_, No. 189. The first Great Seal of the lion-hearted King has a
+Shield, bowed in its contour, and charged with a _single_ Lion rampant
+facing to the sinister, or _counter-rampant_, No. 190; and it has been
+conjectured that, were the whole face of this Shield visible, a second
+Lion rampant facing to the dexter would appear, thus charging the Shield
+with _two Lions combattant_; this, however, is a conjecture which is not
+supported by the authority of many Shields of the same form. A red
+Shield charged with _two golden Lions passant guardant in pale_ (No.
+22), and therefore closely resembling No. 189, as I have already shown,
+has been assigned to WILLIAM I., and his two sons and his grandson,
+WILLIAM II., HENRY I., and STEPHEN. The Shield bearing the three Lions,
+No. 187, has been assigned to HENRY II., but it first makes its
+appearance on the Great Seal of his son. The probability is that up to
+this period the device was simply a lion, indeterminate in position or
+numbers. This same Shield has continued, from the time of RICHARD I., to
+display the ROYAL ARMS of the REALM OF ENGLAND: how, in the course of
+ages, these Arms become grouped with other insignia, I shall presently
+have to show.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 188.--Richard I.--2nd Gt. Seal.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 190.--Richard I.--1st Gt. Seal.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 189.--Prince John.--Seal.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 191.--Le Strange.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 192.--Giffard.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 193.--Mowbray.]
+
+The _Lion passant_ is carefully distinguished in the earliest Rolls as a
+different Charge from the _Lion passant guardant_. Thus (H. 3), for
+HAMON LE STRANGE--_Gu., two Lions passant arg._, No. 191; and for JOHN
+GIFFARD--_Gu., three Lions pass. arg._, No. 192: for Sir NICHOLAS CAREW
+(E. 2),--_Or, three Lions pass. sa._
+
+  [Illustration: No. 194.--De Lacy.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 195.--De Segrave.]
+
+From the numerous early Shields which bear _Lions rampant_, I select the
+following examples, associated with names illustrious in English
+History. For ROGER DE MOWBRAY (H. 3)--_Gu., a Lion rampt. arg._, No.
+193: this Coat is quartered by the present Lord MOWBRAY, SEGRAVE and
+STOURTON. For FITZ-ALAN, Earl of ARUNDEL--_Gu., a Lion rampt. or_
+(H. 3), No. 193. For DE LACI, Earl of LINCOLN--_Or, a Lion rampt.
+purpure_ (E. 2), No. 194. For Sir JOHN DE SEGRAVE (E. 2)--_Sa., a Lion
+rampt. arg., crowned or_, No. 195. For PERCY, Earl of
+NORTHUMBERLAND--_Or, a Lion rampt. az._, No 196: this Shield is drawn
+from the fine counter-seal of Sir HENRY DE PERCY, first Lord of Alnwick,
+who died A.D. 1315.
+
+Two Shields of the DE BOHUNS, Nos. 114, 115, already described,
+exemplify the display of Lioncels as heraldic charges. An earlier
+Shield, charged with six Lioncels, but without any Ordinary, was borne
+by FAIR ROSAMOND'S son, WILLIAM LONGESPÉE, Earl of SALISBURY, A.D. 1226:
+it is boldly sculptured with his noble effigy in Salisbury Cathedral,
+and it also appears upon his Seal--_Az., six Lioncels or_, No. 197. The
+Roll of Edward II., confirmed by his Seal, gives for Sir WM. DE
+LEYBOURNE the same composition, with a difference in the
+tincturing--_Az., six Lioncels arg._ Other members of the same family
+change these tinctures for _gules and or_, _gules and argent_, and _or
+and sable_ (E. 2). Examples of Shields which bear Lions or Lioncels with
+various other charges will be described and illustrated in succeeding
+chapters.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 196.--De Percy.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 197.--Longespée.]
+
+Lions also fulfil important duties of high honour in English Heraldry as
+_Crests_ and _Supporters_, and also as _Badges_. From the time of
+EDWARD III. a Crowned Lion, at the first standing on a Cap of Estate,
+and afterwards upon the Crown, has been the Royal Crest of ENGLAND;
+a Lion also has always been the Royal Crest of SCOTLAND (see Chapter
+XVIII.). The Princes of the Royal Houses of England, in like manner,
+have always borne the Royal Lion distinguished by some "Mark of Cadency"
+(see Chapter XII.): No. 198 is the Lion Crest of the BLACK PRINCE, from
+his Monument at Canterbury, the Lion differenced with the Prince's
+silver label. The Lion also appears as the Crest of many noble and
+distinguished families, as the DE BOHUNS, the PERCIES, and the HOWARDS.
+The Lion Crest of RICHARD II., sculptured _statant guardant_ upon his
+helm, with a chapeau and mantling, and with the Badge of two Ostrich
+feathers, in Westminster Hall, is without any crown: No. 199.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 198.--Crest of Black Prince.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 199.--Crest of Richard II.]
+
+As a Royal Supporter of the Arms of _England_, the Lion appears in
+company with some other creature from the time of HENRY VI., EDWARD IV.
+sometimes having his Shield supported by two Lions. On the accession of
+JAMES I. of Great Britain, the Royal Lion Supporter formed that alliance
+with the Unicorn of Scotland which still continues, and will continue,
+it is to be hoped, throughout all time. Lions, as I shall point out more
+in detail in Chapter XVI., were frequently introduced into the
+composition of Seals before true heraldic Supporters were in use. In
+more recent Heraldry the Lion is a favourite Supporter: he now appears
+supporting the Shields of the Dukes of NORFOLK, ARGYLL, ATHOLL, BEDFORD,
+GRAFTON, NORTHUMBERLAND, PORTLAND, and WELLINGTON; also, with many
+others, those of the Marquesses of BATH, EXETER, HEADFORT, and
+SALISBURY; of the Earls of ALBEMARLE, BROWNLOW, CARLISLE, CARNARVON,
+CORK, ESSEX, and HARDWICK; of the Viscount HARDINGE; and of the Barons
+ARUNDEL, CAMOYS, DUNBOYNE, MONSON, MOWBRAY, PETRE, and SOUTHAMPTON. As a
+Supporter the Lion is represented _rampant_, _rampant reguardant_, and
+_sejant rampant_. Lions also, and Demi-Lions, are frequently borne as
+modern Crests.
+
+In our own treatment of the Lions of Heraldry, whatever their attitude
+or tincture, whatever also the position they may occupy or the heraldic
+duty they may discharge, we are always to draw and to blazon them as
+true _heraldic Lions_, while, at the same time, in their expression and
+general characteristics they are to be _genuine Lions_.
+
+In becoming fellowship with the Lion, the EAGLE appears in the earliest
+English Rolls and examples of Arms. The Royal bird, however, does not
+occur in English blazon so frequently as the Lion; and his appearance
+often denotes an alliance with German Princes. A Roll of Arms (printed
+in "Archæologia," XXX.) of the year 1275 commences with the Shields of
+the "EMPEROR OF GERMANY," and of the "KING OF GERMANY," which are
+severally blazoned as,--"_Or, an Eagle displayed having two heads sa._,"
+and, "_Or, an Eagle displayed sable_." In York Cathedral, in stained
+glass, there are Shields with both the double-headed and the
+single-headed Eagles, all of them German, which may be considered to
+have been executed before the year 1310. In the north choir-aisle at
+Westminster, the Shield (now mutilated) of the Emperor FREDERICK II. is
+boldly sculptured by an heraldic artist of the time of our HENRY III.,
+No. 200; here the Eagle had one head only. The German Emperors naturally
+adopted the Eagle for their heraldic Ensign, in support of their claim
+to be successors to the Roman Cæsars; and the Russian Czars, with the
+same motive, have also assumed the same ensign. The Eagle having two
+heads, which severally look to the dexter and the sinister, as in No.
+201, typified a rule that claimed to extend over both the Eastern and
+the Western Empires; as the Eagle with a single head, No. 202, might be
+considered to have a less comprehensive signification. The Eagles of the
+Princes of Germany are frequently to be found, blazoned for them, in
+England.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 200.--In Westminster Abbey.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 201.--Imperial Eagle.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 202.--Royal Eagle.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 203.--Cornwall.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 204.--Seal of Euphemia Leslie.]
+
+RICHARD, the second son of King JOHN, in the year 1256 was elected King
+of Germany (he is generally styled "King of the Romans"), when he bore
+the Eagle of the Empire: but the only Seals of this Prince that are
+known to exist in England display the Shield of his English Earldom of
+Cornwall, No. 140. His Son EDMUND, who succeeded to his father's
+Earldom, on his Seals has represented an _Eagle bearing in its beak his
+Shield of Cornwall_, as in No. 203: this is a peculiarly interesting
+example of an heraldic usage of striking significance, and it also
+illustrates the early existence of the sentiment which at a later period
+led to the adoption of "Supporters" to Shields of Arms. In the early
+Heraldry of Scotland, a single displayed Eagle is occasionally found
+supporting an armorial Shield; as in the Seals of ALEXANDER STEWARD,
+Earl of MENTEITH, A.D. 1296, and WILLIAM, Earl of DOUGLAS and MAR, A.D.
+1378 (Seton's "Scottish Heraldry," Plates VIII. and XII.): sometimes
+also, as Mr. Seton has observed, "the Eagle's breast is charged with
+more than one Shield, as in the case of the Seals of MARGARET STEWART,
+Countess of ANGUS (1366), and EUPHEMIA LESLIE, Countess of ROSS (1381),
+on both of which _three_ escutcheons make their appearance" ("Scottish
+Heraldry," p. 268, and Plate XII., No. 5): in No. 204 I give a woodcut
+of this interesting composition; the Shields are, to the dexter,
+LESLIE--_Arg., on a bend az., three buckles or_; in the centre, the Arms
+of the Earl of ROSS--_Gu., three Lions rampant arg., within a tressure_;
+and, to the sinister, CUMMIN--_Az., three garbs or_. The Imperial Eagle
+is sometimes represented crowned; the heads also in some examples are
+encircled with a _nimbus_ or glory, as in No. 212. I must add that in
+the Heraldry of the English Peerage the Imperial Eagle still supports
+the Shields of some few Peers of different ranks; as, for example, that
+of Baron METHUEN.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 205.--Shield of Piers Gaveston.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 206.--Montacute and Monthermer.]
+
+PIERS GAVESTON, who was created Earl of CORNWALL by EDWARD II.,
+bore--_Vert, six Eaglets or_, No. 205, (E. 2 and York stained glass): on
+his Seal, however, the number of the Eaglets is reduced to _three_.
+Another early example is the Shield of that gallant and persevering
+knight, RALPH DE MONTHERMER--_Or, an Eagle displayed vert_, No. 206, who
+became Earl of GLOUCESTER in right of his wife, JOAN, daughter of
+EDWARD I., and widow of GILBERT DE CLARE, the "Red Earl"; this green
+Eagle of Monthermer long held a place of high distinction in the
+mediæval Heraldry of England, marshalled on the Shields of the Earls of
+SALISBURY and WARWICK; in which, as in the example, No. 206, the Eagle
+of Monthermer is quartered with the coat of Montacute, No. 20 (page 17).
+The Eagle of early Heraldry was sometimes blazoned as an "_Erne_,"[4]
+and sometimes as an "_Alerion_," WILLIAM D'ERNFORD (H. 3) bears--_Sa.,
+an Erne displayed arg._: and, at the same period WM. DE ERNFIELD bears a
+pair of Erne's or Eagle's Wings, called a "_Vol_," No. 207. From Shields
+of the fourteenth century which bear Eagles, and are blazoned in the
+Roll of Edward II., I select the following small group as good
+examples:--Sir WM. DE MONGOMERIE--_Or, an Eagle displayed az._: Sir
+NICHOLAS DE ETONE--_Gu., a Chevron between three Eaglets arg._: Sir JOHN
+DE CHARLESTONE--_Arg., on a Chevron vert three Eaglets or_: Sir PHILIP
+DE VERLEY--_Or, a Bend gu., between six Eaglets sa._: Sir JOHN DE LA
+MERE--_Arg., on a Bend az. three Eaglets or_, No. 209: a Shield bearing
+a Bend charged with three Eagles, but with different tinctures, No. 88,
+I have shown to have been the Arms of the Grandisons.
+
+    [Footnote 4: Query if this is not really a herne or
+    heron.--A. C. F.-D.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 207.--A Vol.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 209.--De la Mere.]
+
+Eagles, under their name of "_Alerions_" (which early Heralds
+represented without feet and beaks), are blazoned in the same
+disposition as in No. 209, in the Arms of the Duchy of LORRAINE,--_Or,
+on a Bend gu. three alerions arg._: and this device the Dukes of
+Lorraine _are said_ to have borne in commemoration of an exploit of
+their famous ancestor, GODFREY DE BOLOGNE, _who is also said_, when
+"shooting against David's tower in Jerusalem," to have "broched upon his
+arrow three footless birds called alerions." "It is impossible," remarks
+Mr. Planché upon this legend, "now to ascertain who broached this
+wonderful story; but it is perfectly evident that the narrator was the
+party who drew the long bow, and not the noble GODFREY." Mr. Planché
+adds, that the Alerions of Lorraine may indicate an alliance with the
+Imperial House; and he directs attention to "a similarity in sound
+between 'Alerion' and 'Lorraine,'" and also to a singular Anagram
+produced by the letters ALERION and LORAINE, which are the same
+("Pursuivant of Arms," p. 87). The Arms of Lorraine are still borne by
+the Emperor of AUSTRIA: and in England they were quartered by Queen
+MARGARET of Anjou.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 210.--Shield at St. Albans.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 211.--The Austrian Eagle.]
+
+The Roll of Edward II. gives also for Sir HUGH DE BILBESWORTH these
+arms--_Az., three Eagles displayed or_. A similar Shield, the tinctures
+changed to--_Arg., three Eagles displayed gu., armed or_, was borne by
+ROBERT DE EGLESFIELD, Confessor to PHILIPPA of Hainault, Queen of
+EDWARD III., who in the year 1340 founded Queen's College, Oxford: this
+Shield of the Founder is borne by the College. One of the Shields in the
+Chantry of Abbot RAMRYGE in St. Albans Abbey Church bears the same
+charges--_three eagles displayed_, No. 210: the drawing of the eagle in
+this Shield is remarkable, and the form of the Shield itself is
+singularly characteristic of the close of the fifteenth century. Another
+Shield in the same monument bears a single Eagle, drawn in the same
+manner, and sculptured with extraordinary spirit. The German Heralds,
+and also their brethren of France, delight in exaggerations of what I
+may distinguish as the Westminster Eagle, No. 200. The Austrian Eagle,
+besides having both its heads crowned, has a large Imperial Crown placed
+between and above the two heads, as in No. 211. The Imperial Eagle (Holy
+Roman Empire) sometimes has a nimbus or glory about each head, which
+dignified accessory is represented by a circular line, as in No. 212. In
+some examples of Eagles, as well in our own Heraldry as in that of
+continental countries, the wings are represented as _erect_ (the more
+usual form in England), and having the tips of all the principal
+feathers pointing upwards, as in No. 213. The Eagle borne as the Ensign
+of Imperial FRANCE was represented grasping a thunderbolt, in an
+attitude of vigilance, having its wings displayed, but with the tips of
+the feathers drooping, as they would be in the living bird; No. 214.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 212.--Imperial Eagle, with Nimbus.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 213.--Eagle "displayed," with Wings erect.]
+
+EDWARD III., as a Second Crest, bore an Eagle. An Eagle also was borne
+for his Crest, as the imperial bird was displayed upon his Shield (No.
+206), by Earl RALPH DE MONTHERMER. In the more recent Heraldry of
+England, the Eagle is a Supporter to the Shields of the Earls of
+CLARENDON, COVENTRY, and MALMESBURY; the Viscounts BOLINGBROKE and ST.
+VINCENT; and the Barons HEYTESBURY, RADSTOCK, WYNFORD, and others.
+Eagles also and Demi-Eagles are borne as Crests in the English Heraldry
+of our own day.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 214.--French Imperial Eagle.]
+
+In drawing our heraldic Eagles, we can scarcely improve upon some of the
+examples in which early English Heralds expressed their ideas of the
+king of birds.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION VII
+
+  _Glossary of Titles, Names, and Terms_
+
+  "The several denominations given to these tokens of honour ...
+  with the terms of art given to them."
+    --RANDLE HOME: "Academy of Armoury," A.D. 1688.
+
+
+In this Glossary, which obviously must be as concise as possible,
+I shall include no word that is ordinarily well understood, unless some
+special signification should be attached to it when it is in use in
+armorial blazon.
+
+_Abased._ Said of a charge when placed lower than its customary
+position.
+
+_Abatement._ A supposed sign of degradation. (See Chapter XII.)
+
+_Accollée._ Placed side by side.
+
+_Accosted._ Side by side.
+
+_Achievement_, or _Achievement of Arms_. Any complete heraldic
+composition.
+
+_Addorsed._ Back to back.
+
+_Affrontée._ So placed as to show the full face or front.
+
+_Alerion._ A name sometimes given by early Heralds to the heraldic
+_Eagle_, which, when blazoned under this title, was also sometimes drawn
+without legs or beak. (See p. 97.)
+
+_Ambulant._ In the act of walking.
+
+_Annulet._ A plain ring; sometimes blazoned as a "_false roundle_": in
+modern English cadency, the difference of the fifth son or brother: No.
+154.
+
+_Annulettée._ Ending in Annulets.
+
+_Antelope._ Depicted by early Heralds in a conventional manner, but now
+generally rendered more naturally, the earlier type being termed the
+heraldic antelope.
+
+_Anthony, St._ His cross is in the form of the letter T, No. 93.
+
+_Antique Crown._ See _Eastern Crown_.
+
+_Appaumée._ Said of a hand, when open, erect, and showing the palm: No.
+215.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 215.--Badge of Ulster.]
+
+_Arched._ Bent, or bowed.
+
+_Archbishop._ A prelate of the highest order in the English Church; his
+heraldic insignia are his _Mitre_, _Crozier_, and _Pall_. Next to the
+Royal Family, the Archbishop of Canterbury is the first subject in the
+realm; he is styled "Most Reverend Father in God," "by Divine
+Providence," and "Your Grace." The Archbishop of York is third in rank
+(the Lord Chancellor being second), and his style is the same, except
+that he is Archbishop "by Divine permission." Archbishops impale their
+own arms with those of their see, the latter being marshalled to the
+dexter.
+
+_Argent._ The metal silver.
+
+_Arm._ A human arm. When a charge, crest, or badge, it must be blazoned
+with full particulars as to position, clothing, &c. If couped between
+the elbow and the wrist, it is a _cubit arm_.
+
+_Armed._ A term applied to animals and birds of prey, to denote their
+natural weapons of offence and defence: thus, a Lion is said to be
+"_armed_ of his claws and teeth"; a Bull, to be "_armed_ of his horns";
+an Eagle, "of its beak and talons."
+
+_Armory._ Heraldry. Also, a List of Names and Titles, with their
+respective Arms.
+
+_Arms_, _Armorial Bearings_. Heraldic compositions, and the Figures and
+Devices which form them. (See Chapter I.)
+
+_Arms of Community._ Borne by Corporate and other Bodies and
+Communities, as cities, colleges, &c.
+
+_Arms of Dominion._ Borne by Sovereign Princes, being also the Sovereign
+arms of the realms over which they rule.
+
+_Arms of Office._ Borne, with the personal arms, to denote official
+rank.
+
+_Armes Parlantes._ Such as are allusive to the Name, Title, Office, or
+Property of those who bear them: thus, _Leaves_ for _Leve_son,
+a _Castle_ for _Castile_, a _Cup_ for _Butler_, _Fish_ for those who
+derive revenues from Fisheries, &c. The more usual term is, however,
+"canting arms" (See _Rebus_: also page 15.)
+
+_Arrow._ Is _barbed_ of its head, and _flighted_ of its feathers;
+a bundle of arrows is a _sheaf_; with a blunt head, it is a _bird-bolt_.
+
+_At Gaze._ A term applied to animals of the chase, to denote their
+standing still, and looking straight forward: No. 167.
+
+_Attires_, _Attired_. The antlers of a Buck, Stag, or Hart: having
+antlers. A Reindeer is represented in Heraldry with double attires, one
+pair erect, and the other drooping forward.
+
+_Augmentation._ An honourable addition to a Coat of Arms, specially
+granted with a peculiar significance: thus, the "Union" Device of the
+British Empire, blazoned on an inescutcheon, is the "_Augmentation_"
+specially granted to the great Duke of WELLINGTON, to be borne on the
+honour point of his paternal shield.
+
+_Augmented._ Having an "Augmentation."
+
+_Avellane._ A variety of the heraldic Cross: No. 109.
+
+_Azure._ The colour _blue_ (indicated by horizontal lines): No. 52.
+
+_Badge._ A figure or device, distinct from a crest, and capable of being
+borne without any background or other accessory. Badges are, however,
+often depicted upon a standard or roundle of the livery colour or
+colours. Badges were depicted as a sign of ownership upon property; were
+worn by servants and retainers, who mustered under the standards on
+which badges were represented. (See Chapter XV.)
+
+_Banded._ Encircled with a band.
+
+_Banner._ A flag, charged with the coat of arms of the owner, displayed
+over its entire surface. (See Chapter XVII.)
+
+_Banneret._ A Knight who had been advanced by the King to that higher
+military rank which entitled him to display a banner.
+
+_Bar._ One of the Ordinaries: Nos. 81, 82.
+
+_Bars Gemelles._ Barrulets borne in pairs: Nos. 83, 84.
+
+_Barbed._ Pointed, as an arrow. The term is also applied to the small
+green leaves between the petals of heraldic roses. (See _Rose_.)
+
+_Barbel._ A Fish borne as an allusive device by the family of DE BARRE:
+No. 162.
+
+_Barded._ Having horse-trappings.
+
+_Bardings._ Horse-trappings, often enriched with armorial blazonry. On
+the Great Seal of EDWARD I. the Bardings of the King's charger for the
+first time appear adorned with the Royal arms. On both sides of the
+horse, the head is supposed to be to the dexter. An example is
+represented in the Seal of ALEXANDER DE BALLIOL, in Chapter XIV.
+
+_Barnacles_, _Breys_. An instrument used in breaking horses. A rebus of
+Sir REGINALD BRAY, architect of St. George's Chapel, Windsor, and
+repeatedly represented there: No. 216.
+
+_Baron._ The lowest rank in the British Peerage. A Baron is "Right
+Honourable," and is styled "My Lord." His coronet, first granted by
+Charles II., has on a golden circlet six large pearls, of which four
+appear in representations, as in No. 217. An Irish Baron has no coronet.
+All a Baron's children are "Honourable."
+
+_Baron._ A purely heraldic term signifying a _husband_, a _wife_ in
+Heraldry being _femme_.
+
+_Baroness._ A lady in whom a Barony is vested by inheritance in her own
+right; also, the wife of a Baron. In either case she is "Right
+Honourable"; is styled "My Lady," and her coronet is the same as that of
+a Baron.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 216.--Breys.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 217.--Circlet of a Baron's Coronet.]
+
+_Baronet._ An hereditary rank, lower than the peerage, instituted in
+1612 by JAMES I., who fixed the precedence of Baronets before all
+Knights, those of the Order of the Garter alone excepted. As originally
+created, all Baronets were "of Ulster," or "of Nova Scotia"; afterwards
+all new creations were "of Great Britain"; now all are "of the United
+Kingdom." The "Badge of Ulster," generally borne as an augmentation upon
+a canton or small inescutcheon, is--_Arg., a sinister hand, couped at
+the wrist and appaumée, gu._,--No. 215. The arms of Nova Scotia, which
+may be (but seldom are) similarly borne on a canton or inescutcheon,
+are--_Arg., on a saltire az., the Royal arms of Scotland_. (See No.
+138.) By letters patent of JAMES I., the wives of Baronets have the
+titles of "_Lady_, _Madam_, or _Dame_," at their pleasure prefixed to
+their names.
+
+_Barrulet._ The diminutive of a Bar.
+
+_Barrulée_, _Barruly_. Barry of ten or more pieces.
+
+_Barry._ Divided into an even number of Bars, which all lie in the same
+plane: Nos. 85, 86.
+
+_Barry Bendy._ Having the field divided by lines drawn _bar-wise_, which
+are crossed by others drawn _bend-wise_: No. 119.
+
+_Bar-wise._ Disposed after the manner of a Bar,--crossing the field,
+that is, horizontally. The term _fessways_ is more usually employed.
+
+_Base._ The lowest extremity: No. 27, B.
+
+_Basilisk._ A cockatrice having its tail ending in a dragon's head.
+
+_Basinet._ A helm fitting close to the head.
+
+_Baton._ A diminutive of the bend, couped at its extremities.
+
+_Battled_, or _Embattled_. Having battlements, or bordered, as No. 38,
+F.
+
+_Beacon_, or _Fire Beacon_. An iron case of burning combustibles set on
+a pole, against which a ladder is placed.
+
+_Beaked._ Applied to birds, not of prey.
+
+_Bearer._ An old Scottish term for a _Supporter_.
+
+_Bearing_, _Bearings_. Armorial insignia, borne on shields.
+
+_Bell._ Drawn, and generally blazoned as a _church-bell_, unless
+specified to be a _hawk's-bell_.
+
+_Belled._ Having bells attached.
+
+_Bend._ One of the Ordinaries: Nos. 111-115.
+
+_Bendlet._ The diminutive of a bend: No. 117.
+
+_Bend-wise_, or _In Bend_. Placed in the position of or arranged in the
+direction of a bend.
+
+_Bendy._ Parted bend-wise into an even number of divisions: No. 116.
+
+_Besant._ A golden "Roundle" or disc, flat like a coin: No. 151, and No.
+140.
+
+_Billet._ An oblong figure of any tincture: _Billetée_--strewn with
+"Billets": Nos. 130, 146.
+
+_Bird._ Many Birds appear in blazon, and they are represented both in
+heraldic tinctures and "proper"--in their natural aspect. (See Chapters
+VIII. and IX.)
+
+_Bird-bolt._ An arrow with a blunt head.
+
+_Bishop._ The Bishops are "by Divine permission," and are styled "Right
+Reverend Father in God," and "My Lord Bishop." The Bishops of England
+and Wales are not Peers but are all "spiritual lords" of Parliament,
+some of the junior Bishops, however, having no seats. The Suffragan
+Bishops are merely assistant Bishops, and are not Lords of Parliament.
+The heraldic insignia of Bishops consist of _a mitre_ and _pastoral
+staff_; they impale their official and personal arms, as do the
+Archbishops; and, like them also, they bear no crests, but they ensign
+their shields with a mitre.
+
+_Blasted._ Leafless, withered.
+
+_Blazon._ Heraldry: Armorial Compositions. "To blazon" is to _describe_
+or to _represent_ any armorial Figure, Device, or Composition in an
+heraldic manner. _Blazoning_--_Describing_ in heraldic language: also,
+_representing_ in an heraldic manner. _Blazonry_--the representation of
+any heraldic Figure, Device, or Composition. But the distinction is in
+practice usually made to employ the word "emblazon" in cases of
+representation.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 218.--Water Bouget.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 219.--Bourchier Knot.]
+
+_Boar._ In Heraldry occasionally termed _Sanglier_.
+
+_Bordure._ A Subordinary: Nos. 139, 140. Also, an important
+"Difference." (See Chapters XII. and XIII.)
+
+_Botoneé_, _Botoneé Fitcheé_. Varieties of the heraldic Cross: Nos. 103,
+110. This Cross is also termed _Trefleé_.
+
+_Bouget_, or _Water Bouget_. A charge, representing the vessels used by
+the Crusaders for carrying water. The word is an early form of Bucket.
+Fine early examples occur in the Temple Church, at Beverley Minster, and
+in a monument at Blyborough, Lincolnshire: No. 218.
+
+_Bourchier Knot._ The badge of the Bourchier family represented in No.
+219.
+
+_Bourdon._ A palmer's or pilgrim's staff. (See _Pilgrim's Staff_.)
+
+_Bow._ The archer's weapon, in all its varieties of form, is a charge.
+
+_Bowed._ Having a convex contour.
+
+_Bowen Knot._ No. 220.
+
+_Braced._ Interlaced.
+
+_Breys._ Barnacles, _q.v._
+
+_Brisure_, or _Brizure_. Any difference or mark of cadency.
+
+_Buckle._ See _Fermaile_.
+
+_Burgonet._ A helm worn in the sixteenth century.
+
+_Cabossed_, or _Caboshed_. The head of a stag, or other horned animal,
+represented full-faced, so as to show the face only: No. 170. In the
+case of a lion or leopard when the head is so represented it is termed
+the face.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 220.--Bowen Knot.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 221.--Caltrap.]
+
+_Cadency, Marks of._ Figures and devices, introduced into armorial
+compositions, in order to distinguish the different members and branches
+of the same family. (See _Difference_, and Chapter XII.)
+
+_Cadet._ A junior member or branch of a family.
+
+_Caltrap._ An implement formerly strewn on the ground in war to maim
+horses: No. 221.
+
+_Canting Heraldry._ Refer to _Armes Parlantes_.
+
+_Canton._ One of the Subordinaries: Nos. 129, 130.
+
+_Cantoned._ Placed in the quarters of a shield.
+
+_Carbuncle._ The same as _Escarbuncle_.
+
+_Cartouche._ No. 46.
+
+_Castle._ Generally represented with two or three turrets, as in the
+shield of Queen Alianore, of Castile: No. 222. Refer to _Tower_.
+
+_Celestial Crown._ No. 223.
+
+_Centaur._ Also blazoned as a _sagittary_, and supposed to have been a
+badge of King Stephen.
+
+_Cerceleé_, or _Recerceleé_. A descriptive term to denote a variety of
+the heraldic Cross: No. 98.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 222.--Castle.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 223.--Celestial Crown.]
+
+_Chapeau._ Also entitled _a cap of dignity_, _of maintenance_, or _of
+estate_. An early symbol of high dignity, and in England of right of
+Peerage. In addition it is now more frequently met with supporting
+certain crests: No. 224.
+
+_Chaplet._ A garland or entwined wreath of leaves and flowers, or of
+flowers alone. A _chaplet of rue_, sometimes called a _crancelin_, is
+blazoned bend-wise in the shield of Saxony--_Barry of ten or and sa.,
+over all a chaplet of rue vert_: No. 225. (See _Crancelin_.)
+
+  [Illustration: No. 224.--Chapeau.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 225.--Arms of Saxony.]
+
+_Charge._ Any heraldic figure or device. _Charged_--placed on a shield,
+banner, &c., as any heraldic figure or device may be.
+
+_Chequeé_, _Chequy_, _Checky_. Divided into three, or into more than
+three, contiguous rows of small squares, alternately of a metal (or fur)
+and a colour: No 68.
+
+_Chess rook._ A piece used in the game of Chess: borne by _Roke_wood and
+others: No. 226.
+
+_Chevron._ One of the Ordinaries: Nos. 123, 125.
+
+_Chevronel._ A diminutive of the Chevron: No. 124.
+
+_Chevroneé_, _Chevrony_. A field composed of a number of pieces divided
+and disposed _per Chevron_: No. 124A.
+
+_Chief._ One of the Ordinaries: Nos. 71-75. _In Chief_--placed in the
+upper part of the shield, or arranged in a horizontal row across the
+upper part of the field.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 226.--Chess Rook.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 227.--Cinque foil.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 228.--Clarions.]
+
+_Cinque-foil._ A flower or leaf of five foils: No. 227.
+
+_Civic Crown._ A wreath of oak-leaves and acorns.
+
+_Clarenceux._ See _Herald_.
+
+_Clarion._ An ancient musical instrument, a badge, apparently, of the DE
+CLARES. By some this charge is supposed to represent a _lance-rest_, and
+is sometimes so blazoned: No. 228, which shows two varieties of form.
+
+_Clecheé._ A variety of the heraldic Cross: No. 105.
+
+_Close._ With closed wings.
+
+_Closet._ A Diminutive of the Bar, one half its width.
+
+_Cloueé._ Fastened with Nails, and showing the Nail-heads: No. 150.
+
+_Coat Armour._ True armorial or heraldic bearings, duly granted or
+inherited, and rightly borne: so entitled, from having been depicted by
+warriors of the Middle Ages upon their _surcoats_, worn by them over
+their armour.
+
+_Coat of Arms._ A complete armorial composition, properly what would be
+charged upon a Shield or Banner, but often used as an alternative for
+_Achievement_, _q.v._
+
+_Cockatrice._ A fabulous creature, represented in No. 229.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 229.--Cockatrice.]
+
+_Collar._ One of the insignia of Orders of Knighthood, worn about the
+neck. Also any ornament or distinction worn in the same manner. Knights
+occasionally wore collars charged with their own badge. In addition to
+their badges of the Red and White Rose, examples exist showing that
+adherents of the rival houses of York and Lancaster sometimes wore
+collars, the former formed of alternate _Suns and Roses_, No. 230; and
+the latter, of the letter S continually repeated, No. 231. No certain
+origin has been discovered for the Lancastrian "Collar of S.," but it
+has been suggested that it represents the word SOVERAYGNE, the motto of
+HENRY IV. No. 230 is from the Brass to HENRY BOURCHIER, K.G., Earl of
+Essex, at Little Easton, Suffolk, A.D. 1483; and No. 231 from the Brass
+to Lord CAMOYS, K.G., at Trotton, Sussex, A.D. 1424.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 230.--A Collar of York.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 231.--A Collar of Lancaster.]
+
+_College of Arms_, or _Heralds' College_. (See _Herald_.)
+
+_Colour._ See Chapter V., page 41. The term "_Colours_" is applied to
+Flags, particularly to those of infantry regiments, and to such as are
+displayed at sea. (See Chapter XVII.)
+
+_Combatant._ Two lions, or other animals of prey, rampant and face to
+face.
+
+_Compartment._ In Scottish Heraldry, "a kind of carved panel, of no
+fixed form, placed below the escutcheon, bearing the supporters, and
+usually inscribed with a motto or the name and designation of the
+owner." --_Seton._ Other objects placed below the shield are met with
+under this description.
+
+_Componée_, _Compony_, or _Gobony_. A single row of small squares
+alternately of two tinctures or furs: No. 66. (See _Counter Componée_.)
+
+_Complement, In her._ Applied to the moon when full.
+
+_Compound Quartering._ The quartering of a quarter, or division of a
+quartered Coat-of-Arms. (See page 34.)
+
+_Compound Arms._ Arms formed from the combination of the bearings of two
+or more distinct coats, to produce a single compound coat.
+
+_Conjoined in Lure._ Two wings united, their tips in base.
+
+_Contoise._ A flowing scarf, worn attached to the helm before 1350. Two
+examples occur in effigies in Exeter Cathedral, and another in
+Westminster Abbey.
+
+_Contournée._ Facing to the sinister.
+
+_Cornish Chough._ A bird like a crow, black, with red beak and legs.
+
+_Coronet._ An ensign of rank worn upon the head, in use in England from
+about the middle of the fourteenth century, but without any distinctive
+tokens of gradations of rank until a later period. In modern times
+English Coronets have enclosed a velvet cap with a bullion tassel. This
+cap originated in the cap of estate worn by Peers. (See _Prince_,
+_Duke_, _Marquess_, _Earl_, _Viscount_, and _Baron_.)
+
+_Cotise._ A diminutive of the Bend or other Ordinary, being one-fourth
+of their width. _Cotised_. When a Bend or Chevron is placed between two
+Cotises, or when a Fesse or Bar is placed between two Barrulets. Nos.
+114, 115.
+
+_Couchant._ In repose. No. 177.
+
+_Couchée._ Said of a Shield when suspended from the sinister extremity
+of the chief, or when placed as if it were so suspended. No. 49.
+
+_Count_, _Countess_. _Count_, in Latin "Comes," the same as Earl.
+_Countess_, the wife of an Earl: she is "Right Honourable," and styled
+"My Lady": her coronet is the same as that of an Earl.
+
+_Counter._ Reversed or opposite.
+
+_Counter-changing._ See page 44, and Nos. 70, 126.
+
+_Counter Componée._ Double _Componée_, or two conjoined rows of
+alternately tinctured squares. No. 67.
+
+_Counter-Embattled._ A term in use for a fesse, bar, or chevron when
+embattled on both edges.
+
+_Counter-seal._ Early seals were generally impressed on both sides; and
+the seals thus were produced from two dies or matrices. The two sides
+were severally called the _seal_ and the _counter-seal_, the latter
+being termed the _reverse_ of the compound composition. Every such
+double impression constituted a single seal. Both seal and counter-seal
+were sometimes used alone; and the counter-seal was regarded as a
+private seal, or _secretum_.
+
+_Couped._ Cut off _smoothly_--the reverse of "erased."
+
+_Couple-close._ Half a _chevronel_.
+
+_Courant._ Running.
+
+_Courtesy, Titles of._ Nominal degrees of rank, conceded to, and borne
+by, the Eldest Sons of Dukes, Marquesses, and Earls, and other titles
+used by their younger children and all children of Viscounts and Barons.
+
+_Coward_, _Cowed_. A term applied to an animal with its tail between its
+legs. No. 182.
+
+_Crampet._ The decorated end of a sword-scabbard.
+
+_Crancelin._ From the German _kranzlein_, "a small garland," applied to
+the chaplet that crosses the shield of Saxony, No. 225: this charge is
+also blazoned as _a bend treflée vert_, _a bend archée coronettée_, or
+_a coronet extended in bend_: it is said to be an augmentation
+conferred, with the Dukedom of Saxony, on BERNHARD of Ascania, by the
+Emperor BARBAROSSA. The Emperor took from his head his own chaplet of
+rue, and threw it across the shield of Duke Bernhard. This story is
+probably untrue.
+
+_Crenellated._ Embattled.
+
+_Crescent._ No. 166. In modern English cadency, the difference of the
+second son, or house.
+
+_Cresset._ A beacon.
+
+_Crest._ A figure or device originally worn upon a helm, and now
+generally represented above a Shield of arms. Crests at first were
+ensigns of high honour, and their use was restricted to a few persons of
+eminence: they were attached by a _wreath_, or _torse_, or by a
+_coronet_, to the helm or basinet; and sometimes a crest stood upon a
+cap of estate. Crests are still represented standing upon either a
+wreath, or a cap, or issuing from a coronet: but in our own Heraldry a
+_crest-coronet_ must always be carefully distinguished from those
+coronets that are insignia of princely and noble rank. Crests are not
+borne by ladies, a reigning Sovereign only excepted. (See _Panache_,
+_Rebus_, and Chapter XIV.)
+
+  [Illustration: No. 232.--Crest Coronet.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 233.--Crest-Wreath.]
+
+_Crest-Coronet._ A coronet from which issues, or which supports,
+a crest. No. 232.
+
+_Crest-Wreath_, or _Torse_. In the Middle Ages, of rich materials and
+costly workmanship; now represented as being formed of two rolls of silk
+of the principal metal and colour in the arms, which are twisted to show
+the metal and colour alternately. The earliest examples are about A.D.
+1375. No. 233 shows three varieties of representation. (See Chapter
+XIV.)
+
+_Crined._ Having a mane or hair.
+
+_Cross._ One of the Ordinaries. Nos. 90-110.
+
+_Crown._ The ensign of Royal and Imperial dignity; in Heraldry borne as
+a charge, and also used to denote the rank of a Sovereign Prince. The
+Crown that is generally borne as a charge is represented without arches,
+and resembling No. 232. Certain other crowns, each distinguished by an
+appropriate title, are also sometimes borne on shields, or introduced as
+heraldic accessories. (See _Celestial_, _Eastern_ or _Radiated_,
+_Mural_, _Naval_, and _Vallary_ Crowns.) The different forms assumed at
+different periods by the Royal Crown of England are faithfully
+exemplified in the seals and the coinage of the successive Sovereigns,
+and several fine examples are preserved in the Royal effigies. The
+adornment of the regal circlet was arbitrary before the fifteenth
+century; still, it always was enriched with gems and surmounted by
+golden foliage. HENRY V. first arched his crown; and by HENRY VI. the
+circlet was first heightened with alternate crosses-patée and fleurs de
+lys. This arrangement has since been retained, the subsequent
+alterations being restricted to changes in the number and in the contour
+of the arches. The crown of His Majesty the KING has the circlet
+heightened with four crosses and as many fleurs de lys; from the crosses
+rise the arches, which are surmounted by a mound and a cross-patée. No.
+234. This, the heraldic crown, is not an exact reproduction of the
+actual crown of the King.
+
+_Crozier._ Strictly, the cross-staff of an archbishop; distinguished by
+its form from the pastoral-staff with a crook-head, of bishops; but the
+term is loosely and very generally applied also to the crook-headed
+pastoral-staff.
+
+_Crusilee_, _Crusily_. Having the field semée of crosses-crosslets, or
+of other small crosses, their peculiar form (when not crosslets) being
+specified.
+
+_Cubit arm._ A human arm couped between the elbow and the wrist.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 234.--Crown of H.M. The King.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 235.--Dacre Knot and Badges.]
+
+_Cup_, _Covered Cup_. A vessel formed like a chalice, and having a
+raised cover; borne by the BOTILERS, BUTLERS, &c.
+
+_Cushion_, _Pillow_, _Oreiller_. Unless described of another form,
+square or oblong, and with a tassel at each corner.
+
+_Dacre Knot._ No. 235. (See _Knot_.)
+
+_Dancetté._ No. 38B. In early blazon, a fesse dancetté is styled simply
+"a _dancette_" or "a _danse_." Nos. 78, 146; and No. 20A, page 70.
+
+_Debruised._ When an ordinary surmounts an animal or another charge.
+
+_Decrescent._ A half-moon having its horns to the sinister. No. 166C.
+
+_Deer._ In general practice very little if any differentiation is made
+between the _Stag_, the _Buck_, and the _Hart_; the female is a _Hind_,
+and of course is without attires. (See Chapter VIII.)
+
+_Degrees._ A term applied to the steps upon which a Cross Calvary is
+represented.
+
+_Demembered_, _Dismembered_. Cut into pieces, but without any alteration
+in the form of the original figure.
+
+_Demi._ The half. The upper, front, or dexter half, unless the contrary
+be specified. No. 186.
+
+_Depressed._ Surmounted.
+
+_Dexter._ The right side. No. 27C.
+
+_Diaper_, _Diapering_. Surface decoration. No. 68.
+
+_Difference_, _Differencing_. An addition to, or some change in,
+a Coat-of-Arms, introduced for the purpose of distinguishing Coats which
+in their primary qualities are the same. (See Chapters XII. and XIII.)
+
+_Dimidiated._ Cut in halves per pale, and one half removed: No. 250.
+(See Chapter XI.)
+
+_Disclosed._ With expanded wings, in the case of birds that are _not_
+birds of prey. The contrary to _Close_.
+
+_Displayed._ Birds of prey with expanded wings. No. 200.
+
+_Disposed_, _Disposition_. Arranged, arrangement.
+
+_Dividing Lines._ No. 38: also Nos. 27-37.
+
+_Dolphin._ A favourite fish with Heralds. The heraldic Dolphin of
+antiquity is exemplified in No. 8; that of the Middle Ages in No. 163.
+
+_Dormant._ Asleep, as in No. 179.
+
+_Double-queued._ Having two tails. No. 181.
+
+_Doubling._ The lining of a Mantle or Mantling.
+
+_Dove-tail._ No. 381.
+
+_Dragon._ A winged monster having four legs. No. 236.
+
+_Duke._ The highest rank and title in the British Peerage; first
+introduced by EDWARD III. in the year 1337, when he created the BLACK
+PRINCE the first English Duke (in Latin, "_Dux_"). A Duke is "Most
+Noble"; he is styled "My Lord Duke," and "Your Grace"; and all his
+younger sons are "Lords," and all his daughters "Ladies," with the
+prefix "Right Honourable." His eldest son bears, by courtesy, his
+father's "second title"; and, accordingly, he generally bears the title
+of Marquess. Whatever his title, however, the rank of the eldest son of
+a Duke is always the same, and it assigns to him precedence between
+Marquesses and Earls. The Coronet of a Duke, arbitrary in its adornment
+until the sixteenth century was far advanced, is now a circlet,
+heightened with eight conventional strawberry-leaves, of which in
+representations three and two half-leaves are shown; No. 237. It
+encloses a velvet cap. The present ducal coronet is represented in the
+portrait of LUDOVICK STUART, K.G., Duke of RICHMOND and LENNOX, who died
+in 1624; the picture, the property of the Crown, is at Hampton Court.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 236.--Dragon.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 237.--Circlet of a Duke's Coronet.]
+
+_Ducal Coronet._ A term commonly, but not very accurately, applied to a
+_Crest Coronet_. No. 232.
+
+_Duchess._ The wife of a Duke. She is "Most Noble," and is styled "Your
+Grace." Her coronet is the same as that of a Duke.
+
+_Eagle._ See Chapter IX., page 92.
+
+_Eaglet._ An Eagle on a small scale.
+
+_Earl._ In Latin, "Comes"; in French, "Comte" or "Count." Before 1337,
+the highest, and now the third degree of rank and dignity in the British
+Peerage. An Earl is "Right Honourable"; he is styled "My Lord"; his
+eldest son bears his father's "second title," generally that of
+Viscount; his other sons are styled "Honourable," but all his daughters
+are "Ladies." The circlet of an Earl's Coronet has eight lofty rays of
+gold rising from the circlet, each of which supports a large pearl,
+while between each pair of these rays there is a golden strawberry-leaf.
+In representations five of the rays and pearls are shown; No. 238.
+Elevated clusters of pearls appear in an Earl's coronet--that of THOMAS
+FITZ ALAN, Earl of ARUNDEL--as early as 1445; but the present form of
+the coronet may be assigned to the second half of the following century.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 238.--Circlet of an Earl's Coronet.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 239.--Eastern Crown.]
+
+_Eastern_, _Radiated_, or _Antique Crown_. No. 239.
+
+_Electoral Bonnet._ A cap of crimson velvet guarded with ermine, borne,
+in the Royal Arms, over the inescutcheon of the arms of Hanover from
+1801 till 1816. No. 240.
+
+_Embattled_, and _Counter-Embattled_. A term applied to a fess or bar
+when so depicted both above and below.
+
+_Embowed._ Bent. An arm embowed has the elbow to the dexter, unless
+blazoned to the contrary.
+
+_Embrued._ Stained with blood.
+
+_Endorse._ A diminutive of the pale.
+
+_Enfiled._ Pierced, _e.g._ with a sword, or surrounded, _e.g._ with a
+coronet.
+
+_Engrailed._ The border-line, No. 38D.
+
+_Enhanced._ Raised towards the chief. Thus the arms of BYRON, No. 241,
+are--_Arg., three bendlets enhanced gu._
+
+_Ensigned._ Adorned; having some ensign of honour placed above--as a
+coronet above a shield.
+
+_Entire._ Said of a charge when it is necessary to express that it
+extends to the border lines of a shield, coat, or banner; also of a
+shield, coat, or banner of arms, when borne without any difference or
+mark of cadency.
+
+_Entoire_, _Entoyre_. A bordure charged with a series of inanimate
+figures or devices, as crosslets, roundles, &c.; to a similar bordure of
+living figures the term _Enaluron_ is applied. These are not terms
+ordinarily in use.
+
+_Enveloped_, _Environed_. Surrounded.
+
+_Equipped._ Fully armed, caparisoned, or provided.
+
+_Eradicated._ Torn up by the roots.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 240.--Electoral Bonnet.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 241.--Shield of Byron.]
+
+_Erased._ Torn off with a ragged edge; the contrary to _Couped_.
+
+_Ermine_, _Ermines_, _Erminois_. Nos. 57-60 and 57A. The animal, the
+ermine, sometimes appears in blazon, and an ermine spot is borne as a
+charge.
+
+_Erne._ An eagle. (See p. 96.)
+
+_Escarbuncle._ No. 19.
+
+_Escroll._ A ribbon charged with a motto; also a ribbon, coiled at its
+extremities, borne as a charge.
+
+_Escutcheon._ An heraldic shield: Nos. 39-40: also No. 27. An
+Escutcheon, when borne as a charge, is usually blazoned as an
+"_Inescutcheon_": thus, the Arms of HAY are,--_Arg., three inescutcheons
+gu._: see also Nos. 131, 133.
+
+_Escutcheon of Pretence._ A shield charged upon the centre of the field
+of another shield of larger size, and bearing a distinct Coat-of-Arms.
+
+_Escallop_, or _Escallop-Shell_. A beautiful and favourite charge; No.
+165.
+
+_Esquire._ A rank below that of Knight. Besides those Esquires who are
+personal attendants of Knights of Orders of Knighthood at their
+installations, this title is held by most attendants on the person of
+the Sovereign, and all persons holding or having held the Sovereign's
+commission in which they are so styled.
+
+_Estate._ Dignity and rank.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 242.--Estoile.]
+
+_Estoile._ A star with wavy rays or points, which are six, eight, or
+sometimes even more in number: No. 242. (See _Mullet_.)
+
+_False._ Said of any charge when its central area is removed--thus, an
+_Annulet_ is a "false roundle."
+
+_Fan_, or _Winnowing Fan_, or _Vane_. The well-known implement of
+husbandry of that name, borne by the Kentish Family of De Sevans or
+Septvans--_Az., three fans or_ (E. 2). This shield appears in the Brass
+to Sir R. DE SEVANS, A.D. 1305, at Chartham, in Kent, and in the
+cloisters at Canterbury.
+
+_Fan Crest._ An early form of decoration for the knightly helm,
+exemplified in the 2nd Great Seal of RICHARD I., and in many other
+Seals, until about A.D. 1350. (See Chapter XIV.)
+
+_Feathers._ Generally those of the Ostrich, sometimes of the swan, the
+turkey, and a few other birds, borne generally as Crests and Badges,
+both singly and in plumes or groups. (See _Ostrich Feather_, _Panache_,
+and Chapter XIV.)
+
+_Femme._ The Wife, as distinguished from the "Baron," the Husband.
+
+_Fer-de-Moline_, or _Mill-rind_. The iron affixed to the centre of a
+mill-stone; No. 243: a modification of the _Cross-moline_; No. 97.
+
+_Fermail_ (plural _Fermaux_). A buckle: No. 244. Several varieties of
+form appear in blazon, it being usual to specify them as round, oval,
+square, or lozenge-shaped. They are always blazoned as buckles.
+
+_Fess_, or _Fesse_. One of the Ordinaries: Nos. 76-80. _Fesse-wise, In
+Fesse._ Disposed in a horizontal line, side by side, _across the centre_
+of the field, and over the _Fesse-Point_ of a shield: No. 27, M.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 243.--Fer-de-Moline.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 244.--Fermails.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 245.--Fetter-lock.]
+
+_Fetter-lock._ A shackle and padlock--a Yorkist Badge: No. 245; is from
+the Brass to Sir S. DE FELBRIGGE, K.G., at Felbrigg, Norfolk, A.D. 1414;
+this, however, being a very unusual shape.
+
+_Field._ The entire surface of a Shield or Banner, or of an Ordinary.
+
+_File._ A Label, from the Latin _filum_, a narrow ribbon.
+
+_Fillet._ A diminutive of a Chief.
+
+_Fimbriated._ Bordered--the border (which is narrow) lying in the same
+plane with the object bordered: No. 89.
+
+_Fish._ Numerous Fish appear in blazon, and generally in their proper
+tinctures. They are borne as allusive charges, and also as types of some
+connection between those persons who bear them and the sea or lakes or
+rivers. Mr. Moule has published an admirable volume on the "Heraldry of
+Fish," beautifully illustrated with examples drawn by his daughter. (See
+p. 77.)
+
+_Fitchée._ Pointed at the base, as in No. 110.
+
+_Flanches_, _Flasques_. Subordinaries: Nos. 141, 142.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 246.--Fleur de lys.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 247.--France Ancient.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 248.--France Modern.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 249.--Edmund, Earl of Lancaster.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 250.--Margaret, Queen of Edward I.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 251.--Seal of Margaret, second Queen of Edward I.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 252.--Shield of Edward III., A.D. 1340.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 253.--Shield of Henry IV., about A.D. 1405.]
+
+_Fleur de lys._ The beautiful heraldic device so long identified with
+the history of France: No. 246 (from the monument of EDWARD III.?). The
+fleur de lys, derived, it would seem, from the flower of a lily
+resembling the iris, was adopted by LOUIS VII. (A.D. 1137-1180) as his
+royal ensign, and in due time it was regularly charged upon a true
+Shield of Arms. Originally the Royal Shield of France was--_Az., semée
+of fleurs de lys, or_; the fleurs de lys scattered freely over the
+field, and the Shield itself having the appearance of having been cut
+out of a larger object, over the whole surface of which the flowers had
+been _semée_. This Shield of France is distinguished as "_France
+Ancient_": No. 247. About A.D. 1365, CHARLES V. of France reduced the
+number of the fleurs de lys to three; and this Shield is now known as
+"_France Modern_": No. 248. In the year 1275, EDMUND, first Earl of
+Lancaster, the second son of HENRY III., married BLANCHE of Artois, when
+he differenced his shield of England with _a label of France--a blue
+label charged on each point with three golden fleurs de lys_. No. 249,
+thus, for the first time did the armorial insignia of England and France
+appear together upon the same Shield. In 1299 EDWARD I. married his
+second Queen, MARGARET of France, and then this royal lady placed on one
+of her Seals a Shield of England and France dimidiated: No. 250. On
+another of her Seals, a very noble example of the Seal-engraver's art,
+Queen MARGARET displayed the Shield of King EDWARD I., her husband,
+_surrounded, on the field of the Seal, with her father's fleurs de lys_:
+No. 251. On the Seals of ISABELLE of France, Queen of EDWARD II., the
+same dimidiated shield, and another shield quartering the arms of
+England with _France Ancient_ and two other French coats (_Navarre_ and
+_Champagne_) appear. Then Prince JOHN of ELTHAM charged a "bordure of
+France" _upon his shield_, No. 24; thus applying the suggestion of the
+Seal of Queen MARGARET, No. 251, in such a manner as was consistent with
+the advanced condition of heraldic art. On his accession in 1327,
+EDWARD III. placed a fleur de lys on each side of the Shield of England
+upon his Great Seal: and in 1340, when he claimed the crown of France,
+EDWARD _quartered France Ancient with his lions of England_: No. 252.
+Shortly after his accession, perhaps in 1405, in order to conform to the
+altered blazonry of the French sovereigns, HENRY IV. quartered _France
+Modern_ on his shield: No. 253. The position of the three fleurs de lys
+was more than once changed in the Royal Shield of England (as I shall
+hereafter show more particularly) after the accession of the STUARTS;
+and they were not finally removed till the first year of the nineteenth
+century. The fleur de lys is also borne on many English Shields,
+disposed in various ways. In modern cadency the fleur de lys is the
+difference of the sixth son, or house.
+
+_Fleurettée_, _Florettée_. Terminating in, or bordered with, fleurs de
+lys; also, _semée de lys_.
+
+_Fleurie_, or _Fleury_. Ending as No. 100; also, _semée de lys_.
+
+_Flexed._ Bowed, bent.
+
+_Flighted._ Feathered, as arrows are.
+
+_Fly._ The length, and also the side of a flag farthest from the staff.
+
+_Foliated._ Crisped, or formed like a leaf.
+
+_Fountain._ No. 153.
+
+_Fourchée_, _Queue Fourchée_. A term applied to a lion with a forked
+tail.
+
+_Fret_, or _Frette_. A subordinary: No. 148. _Frettée_, _Fretty_:
+covered with fretwork: No. 149.
+
+_Fructed._ Bearing fruit or seeds.
+
+_Furs._ See p. 41: Nos. 57-65.
+
+_Fusil._ An elongated Lozenge: No. 20A, p. 70. _Fusillée_, or _Fusilly_.
+A field entirely composed of Fusils, all lying in the same plane.
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 254, 255.--Fylfot.]
+
+_Fylfot._ A peculiar cruciform figure, supposed to have a mystic
+signification, found in military and ecclesiastical decorations in
+England, and on Eastern coins, &c.: Nos. 254, 255; the latter example is
+from the monument of Bishop BRONSCOMBE, in Exeter Cathedral.
+
+_Gad_, _Gadlyng_. A spike, knob, or other figure, projecting from the
+knuckles of gauntlets.
+
+_Galley._ An ancient ship. (See _Lymphad_.)
+
+_Garb._ A sheaf of wheat; if of any other grain, this to be specified.
+
+_Garnished._ Adorned in a becoming manner.
+
+_Garter, Order of the._ See Chapter XIX.
+
+_Garter King-of-Arms_. The chief of the official Heralds of England, and
+officer of arms of the Order of the Garter. (See _Herald_.)
+
+_Gemelles._ See _Bars Gemelles_.
+
+_Gem-Ring._ A ring for the finger, set with a jewel.
+
+_Genet._ A spotted animal, somewhat like a marten: a badge of Queen
+JOANNA of Navarre.
+
+_George, Saint._ The Patron Saint of England. The circumstances which
+led to his association with England are unknown. His Shield of arms, _a
+red cross on a silver field_, first appears in English Heraldry in the
+fourteenth century: No. 1.
+
+_George, The._ A mounted figure of the Saint in the act of piercing the
+dragon with his lance, and worn as a pendant to the collar of the Order
+of the Garter; added to the insignia of the Order, with the Collar, by
+HENRY VII. The _Lesser George_ has the same group on an enamelled field,
+and surrounded by the Garter of the Order, the whole forming a "jewel,"
+generally oval in shape: it was introduced by HENRY VIII., and is now
+worn pendent from the dark-blue ribbon of the Order, the ribbon passing
+over the left shoulder and the jewel hanging on the right side of the
+wearer. Originally, this "Lesser George" was worn from either a gold
+chain or a black ribbon: by Queen ELIZABETH the colour of the ribbon was
+changed to sky-blue, and it assumed its present darker hue in the reign
+of CHARLES II.
+
+_Gerattyng._ Differencing by the introduction of small charges. It is an
+early term, now obsolete.
+
+_Gimmel-ring._ Two annulets, interlaced.
+
+_Girt_, _Girdled_. Encircled, or bound round.
+
+_Gonfannon._ A long flag, pointed or swallow-tailed at the fly, and
+displayed from a transverse bar attached to a staff.
+
+_Gorged._ Encircled round the throat.
+
+_Gouttée_, _Guttée_. Sprinkled over with drops either of gold--_gouttée
+d'or_; of silver--_d'eau_; of blue--_de larmes_ (tears); of red--_de
+sang_ (blood); or of black--_de poix_ (pitch).
+
+_Grand Quarters._ The four primary divisions of a Shield, when it is
+divided _quarterly_: Nos. 30, 36, 37. The term "Grand Quarter" may be
+used to signify a primary quarter or division of a quartered Shield or
+Coat, and to distinguish such a quarter when _it is quartered_.
+
+_Grieces._ Steps.
+
+_Guardant._ Looking out from the field: Nos. 172, 174, 176, 187.
+
+_Guige._ A Shield-belt, worn over the right shoulder, and frequently
+represented in heraldic compositions as if sustaining a Shield of arms:
+Nos. 48, 49.
+
+_Gules._ Red: No. 53.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 256.--Shield of R. de Gorges.]
+
+_Gurges_, or _Gorges_. A charge formed of a spiral line of blue on a
+white field, and supposed to represent a whirlpool: borne (H. 3) by R.
+DE GORGES: No. 256.
+
+_Gyron._ A Subordinary. _Gyronny_. A field divided into Gyrons: No. 147.
+(See page 70.)
+
+_Habited._ Clothed.
+
+_Hames_, _Heames_. Parts of horses' harness.
+
+_Hammer_, or _Martel_. Represented in blazon much in the same shape as
+the implement in common use (H. 3).
+
+_Harp._ A device and badge of Ireland. The Irish Harp of gold with
+silver strings on a blue field forms the third quarter of the Royal
+Arms.
+
+_Hart._ A stag, with attires; the female is a _Hind_: page 81.
+
+_Hastilude._ A tournament.
+
+_Hatchment._ An achievement of arms in a lozenge-shaped frame, placed
+upon the front (generally over the principal entrance) of the residence
+of a person lately deceased. In the case of the decease of an unmarried
+person, or of a widower or widow, the whole of the field of the
+hatchment is painted black; but in the case of a married person, that
+part only of the field is black which adjoins the side of the
+achievement occupied by the armorial insignia of the individual
+deceased. Thus, if a husband be deceased, the dexter half of the field
+of the hatchment is black, and the sinister white; and so, in like
+manner, if the wife be deceased, the sinister is black and the dexter
+white.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 257.--Hawk's Lure.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 258.--Hawk's Bells and Jesses.]
+
+_Hauriant._ A fish in pale, its head in chief.
+
+_Hawk's bells, jesses, and lure._ A falconer's decoy, formed of feathers
+with their tips in base, and joined by a cord and ring, No. 257; also
+bells with straps to be attached to hawks, No. 258.
+
+_Heightened._ Raised; placed above or higher.
+
+_Heights._ Applied to plumes of feathers which are arranged in rows or
+sets, one rising above another. See _Panache_.
+
+_Helm_, _Helmet_. Now placed as an accessory above a Shield of arms, and
+bearing its Crest after the fashion in which, in the Middle Ages, both
+Helm and Crest were actually worn in tournaments. A modern usage
+distinguishes Helms as follows:--The Sovereign--Helm of gold, with six
+bars, set _affrontée_, No. 259; Noblemen--Helm of silver, garnished with
+gold, set in profile, and showing five bars, No. 260; Baronets and
+Knights--of steel with silver ornaments, without bars, the vizor raised,
+set _affrontée_, No. 261; Esquires and Gentlemen--of steel, the vizor
+closed, and set in profile, Nos. 262, 263. The Helms that appear on
+early Seals and in other heraldic compositions till about A.D. 1600, are
+all set in profile, and the shield generally hangs from them _couchée_,
+as in No. 49. In these early compositions, the shield is small in
+proportion to the helm and its accessories.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 259.--Helm of the Sovereign.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 260.--Helm of Nobles.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 261.--Helm of Baronets and Knights.]
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 262, 263.--Helms of Esquires and Gentlemen.]
+
+_Hemp-brake_, _Hackle_. An instrument having saw-teeth, used for
+bruising hemp.
+
+_Heneage Knot._ No. 264.
+
+_Herald._ An officer of arms. The Heralds of England were incorporated
+by RICHARD III.; and from Queen MARY, in 1555, they received a grant of
+Derby House, on the site of which, between St. Paul's Cathedral and the
+Thames, stands their present official residence, HERALDS' COLLEGE, or
+the COLLEGE OF ARMS. The college now consists of three
+KINGS-OF-ARMS--_Garter_, _Clarenceux_, and _Norroy_; six HERALDS, who
+have precedence by seniority of appointment--_Chester_, _Lancaster_,
+_Richmond_, _Windsor_, _York_, and _Somerset_; and four
+PURSUIVANTS--_Rouge Dragon_, _Portcullis_, _Rouge Croix_, and
+_Bluemantle_. The official habit is a _Tabard_, emblazoned with the
+Royal Arms, and the Kings and Heralds wear a _Collar of SS._ The Kings
+have a Crown, formed of a golden circlet, from which rise sixteen
+oak-leaves, nine of which appear in representations; and the circlet
+itself is charged with the words, _Miserere mei Deus secundum magnam
+misericordiam tuam_ ("Have mercy on me, O God, according to thy great
+loving-kindness").
+
+  [Illustration: No. 264.--Heneage Knot.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 265.--Arms of the Heralds' College.]
+
+The supreme head of the English Heralds, under the SOVEREIGN, is the
+EARL MARSHAL, an office hereditary in the family of the DUKE OF NORFOLK.
+The Arms of the College are--_Arg., a cross gu., between four doves
+their dexter wings expanded and inverted az._: No. 265; Crest--_From a
+crest-coronet or, a dove rising az._; Supporters--_Two lions ramp.
+guard. arg., ducally gorged or_. Each of the Kings has his own official
+arms, which he impales with his paternal coat on the _dexter_ side of
+the shield. The Arms of Garter are--_Arg., a cross gu.; on a chief az.,
+a ducal coronet encircled with a Garter of the Order, between a lion of
+England and a fleur de lys, all or_. Clarenceux and Norroy have the same
+shield, but the former has _a lion of England only, crowned, on a chief
+gules_; and the latter, _on a chief per pale az. and gu._, has
+_a similar lion between a fleur de lys and a key, all of gold_.
+
+There is also another King styled "Bath," who is specially attached to
+the Order of the Bath; he is not a member of the College.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 266.--Arms of Lyon Office.]
+
+"Lyon King-of-Arms" is the chief Herald of Scotland; and the
+establishment over which he presides is styled the "Lyon Office." The
+Arms of the Office are--_Arg., a lion sejant erect and affronté gu.,
+holding in his dexter paw a thistle slipped vert, and in the sinister an
+escutcheon of the second; on a chief az., a saltire of the first_: No.
+266.
+
+Ireland is the heraldic province of "Ulster King-of-Arms." His official
+armorial ensigns differ from those of Garter only in the _charges of the
+chief_, which are _a lion of England between a golden harp and a
+portcullis_.
+
+_Herison._ A hedgehog.
+
+_Hill_, _Hillock_. A mound of earth.
+
+_Hirondelle._ A swallow.
+
+_Hoist._ The depth of a flag from chief to base. See _Fly_.
+
+_Honour Point._ No. 27, L.
+
+_Humettée._ Cut short at the extremities.
+
+_Hurst._ A clump of trees.
+
+_Hurt._ A blue roundle.
+
+_Illegitimacy._ See Chapter XII.
+
+_Imbrued_, or _Embrued_. Stained with blood.
+
+_Impaled._ Conjoined per pale.
+
+_Impalement._ The uniting of two (or more) distinct coats per pale, to
+form a single achievement.
+
+_Imperially Crowned._ Ensigned with the Crown of England.
+
+_Incensed_, _Inflamed_. On fire; having fire issuing forth.
+
+_Increscent._ No. 166, B. See _Decrescent_.
+
+_Indented._ No. 38, A.
+
+_Inescutcheon._ An heraldic Shield borne as a charge. This term is
+sometimes used to denote an _Escutcheon of Pretence_.
+
+_In bend._ Disposed in the position of a bend; _In Chevron_, _In Chief_,
+_In Cross_, _In Fesse_, &c. Disposed after the manner of a chevron, or
+in the chief of the shield, or in the form of a cross, &c.
+
+_In Foliage._ Bearing leaves.
+
+_In Lure._ Wings conjoined in the form of a hawk's lure.
+
+_In her piety._ A term applied to a pelican feeding her young.
+
+_In Pretence._ A term applied to a single inescutcheon placed upon and
+in the centre of a larger escutcheon.
+
+_In Pride._ Having the tail displayed, as a peacock's.
+
+_In Quadrangle._ When four charges are so disposed that one is in each
+quarter of the shield.
+
+_In Splendour._ The sun irradiated.
+
+_Irradiated._ Surrounded by rays of light.
+
+_Issuant._ Proceeding from, or out of.
+
+_Jambe_, _Gambe_. The leg of a lion, or other beast of prey: No. 185.
+
+_Jelloped._ Having wattles and a comb, as a cock.
+
+_Jesses._ Straps for hawk's bells.
+
+_Jessant._ Shooting forth. _Jessant de lys._--A combination of a
+leopard's face and a fleur-de-lys: No. 267.
+
+_Joust._ A tournament.
+
+_Jupon._ A short, sleeveless surcoat, worn over armour from about 1340
+to about 1405. It is often charged with armorial insignia, and thus is a
+true "coat of arms."
+
+  [Illustration: No. 267.--Jessant de lys.]
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 268, 269.--Heraldic Keys.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 270.--Hastings Badge.]
+
+_Key._ When represented in early blazon, Keys have always elegant forms.
+No. 268 is from Peterborough Cathedral, and No. 269 from Exeter.
+
+_King-of-Arms._ See _Herald_.
+
+_Knighthood, Orders of_: _Knights_. See Chapter XVI.
+
+_Knot._ An intertwined cord, borne as a badge. The varieties of this
+device are--The _Bourchier_, No. 219; the _Bowen_, No. 220; the
+_Harington_ (the same as a _Frette_), No. 148; the _Heneage_, No. 264;
+the _Lacy_, No. 274; the _Stafford_, No. 304; and the _Wake and Ormond_,
+No. 313. Cords were sometimes intertwined about other figures and
+devices, and so formed what may be regarded as _Compound Badges_, which
+significantly declared the union of two houses: thus, the knot of EDWARD
+Lord HASTINGS unites the Hungerford sickle with the Peverel garbe: No.
+270; and the _Dacre knot_ is entwined about the Dacre escallop and the
+famous "ragged staff" of Beauchamp and Neville: No. 235.
+
+_Label_, or _File_. A narrow ribbon placed across the field of a shield
+near the chief, and having three, five, or sometimes other numbers of
+_points_ depending from it, its object being to _mark Cadency_. In the
+early Labels the number of the points was arbitrary, the usual numbers
+being five and three; and, subsequently, three points were almost
+universally used; the object always was to render the Label conspicuous.
+In blazon a Label is supposed to have three points; but, if more, the
+number is to be specified; thus, No. 271 is simply "_a Label_," but No.
+272 is "_a Label of five points_." Labels appear early in the thirteenth
+century, and in the next century they are in constant use. Various
+charges may be placed on the "points" of Labels to extend their capacity
+for "differencing." Since the time of EDWARD the BLACK PRINCE the Label
+of the PRINCE OF WALES has been plain silver. The Label is almost
+exclusively (now without any exception) used in Royal Cadency; but, in
+modern Heraldry, in the case of all other persons it is the peculiar
+mark of the eldest son. The Label is also found as a charge. It has
+become a usage in the degenerate days of Heraldry to represent the Label
+as in No. 273, instead of the earlier and far preferable forms of Nos.
+271, 272.
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 271-273.--Labels.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 274.--Lacy Knot.]
+
+_Lacy Knot._ No. 274.
+
+_Lambrequin._ A mantling.
+
+_Langued._ A term which refers to the tincture of an animal's tongue.
+
+_Leaves._ Their peculiarities are to be blazoned, as _laurel leaves_,
+_oak leaves_, &c.
+
+_Leopard_, _Leopardé._ See page 84.
+
+_Letters of the Alphabet_ sometimes are Charges. Thus, the Arms of the
+Deanery of Canterbury are--_Az., on a cross arg., the letter "x"
+surmounted by the letter "i" sable:_ the "x" is on the cross at the
+intersection of its limbs, and the "i" is above it.
+
+_Line_, or _Border Line_. No. 38.
+
+_Lined._ Having a cord attached: also, having a lining.
+
+_Lion._ See page 83.
+
+_Lioncel._ A lion drawn to a small scale, and generally rampant, Nos.
+114, 115, 197.
+
+_Livery Colours._ Of the PLANTAGENETS, as one family, _white and
+scarlet_; of the house of YORK, _blue and murrey_; of the house of
+LANCASTER, _white and blue_; of the house of TUDOR, _white and green_.
+The present Royal Livery is _scarlet and gold_. In the Middle Ages, all
+great families had their own livery colours, which had no necessary
+relation to the tinctures of the shield.
+
+_Lodged._ A term denoting animals of the chase when at rest or in
+repose, Nos. 25, 26.
+
+_Lozenge._ A square figure set diagonally, No. 47 (also see page 69).
+The armorial insignia of unmarried ladies and widows, with the sole
+exception of a Sovereign, are blazoned on a Lozenge instead of an
+Escutcheon.
+
+_Lozengy._ A field divided lozengewise: No. 145.
+
+_Luce_, or _Lucy_. The fish now called pike. See page 77 and No. 164.
+
+_Lure._ See _In Lure_.
+
+_Lymphad._ An ancient galley, No. 275. It was the feudal ensign of the
+Scottish lordship of LORN, and as such quartered by the Duke of ARGYLL.
+
+_Maintenance, Cap of._ See _Chapeau_.
+
+_Manche_, _Maunche_. A lady's sleeve with a long pendent lappet, worn in
+the time of HENRY I., and borne as an armorial charge by the families of
+HASTINGS, CONYERS, and some others. HASTINGS (H. 3)--_Or, a manche gu._:
+No. 276.
+
+_Mantle._ A flowing robe worn over the armour, or over their ordinary
+costume, by personages of distinction of both sexes: the mantles of
+ladies were commonly decorated with armorial blazonry.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 275.--Lymphad.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 276.--Arms of Hastings.]
+
+_Mantling_, or _Lambrequin_. A small mantle of some rich materials,
+attached to the knightly basinet or helm, and worn hanging down. It is
+usually represented with jagged edges, to represent the cuts to which it
+would be exposed in actual battle: No. 199. (See _Panache_.) Mantlings
+blazoned with achievements of arms are sometimes adjusted in folds to
+form a background to the composition, and they are also occasionally
+differenced with various charges.
+
+_Marquess_, _Marquis_. The second order of the British Peerage, in rank
+next to that of Duke. This rank and title were introduced into England
+in 1387, by RICHARD II., who then created his favourite, ROBERT DE VERE,
+Marquess of DUBLIN. The next creation was by HENRY VI. A Marquess is
+"Most Honourable"; he is styled "My Lord Marquess": all his younger sons
+are "Lords," and his daughters "Ladies"; his eldest son bears his
+father's "second title." The Coronet, apparently contemporary in its
+present form with that of Dukes, has its golden circlet heightened with
+four strawberry leaves and as many pearls, arranged alternately: in
+representations two of the pearls, and one leaf and two half-leaves are
+shown, No. 277. The wife of a Marquess is a "Marchioness"; her style
+corresponds with that of her husband, and her coronet is the same.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 277.--Circlet of the Coronet of a Marquess.]
+
+_Marshalling._ The disposition of more than one distinct coat of arms
+upon a shield, so forming a single composition; or the aggroupment of
+two or more distinct shields, so as to form a single composition; also
+the association of such accessories as the helm, mantling, crest, &c.,
+and of knightly and other insignia with a shield of arms, thus again
+forming a single heraldic composition. See Chapter XI.
+
+_Martel._ A hammer.
+
+_Martlet._ The heraldic Martin, usually represented without feet: Nos.
+160, 161, and 70 and 86.
+
+_Mascle._ Lozenge voided: No. 143. _Masculée._ A field divided
+mascle-wise.
+
+_Masoned._ Representing brickwork.
+
+_Membered._ To denote the legs of a bird.
+
+_Merchant's mark._ A device, adopted as early as 1400 by merchants, as a
+substitute for heraldic ensigns which were not conceded to them. Such
+marks are the predecessors of the _Trade-brands_ and _Marks_ of after
+times.
+
+_Mermaid_, _Merman_, or _Triton_. The well-known fabulous creatures of
+the sea, borne occasionally as charges, but more frequently as
+supporters, badges, or crests. A mermaid was the device of Sir WILLIAM
+DE BRIVERE, who died in 1226, and it is the badge of the BERKELEYS.
+
+_Metal._ The Tinctures _Or_ and _Argent_: Nos. 50, 51.
+
+_Mill-rind._ See _Fer-de-Moline_.
+
+_Mitre._ The ensign of archiepiscopal and episcopal rank, placed above
+the arms of prelates of the Church of England, sometimes borne as a
+charge, and adopted by the BERKELEYS as their crest. The contour of the
+mitre has varied considerably at different periods, the early examples
+being low and concave in their sides, the later lofty and convex. See
+No. 159.
+
+_Moline._ A cross terminating like a Fer-de-moline, No. 97. In modern
+cadency it is the difference of the eighth son.
+
+_Moon._ No. 166, page 80.
+
+_Motto._ A word, or very short sentence, placed generally below a shield
+but sometimes above a crest, an idea perhaps derived from the
+"war-cries" of early times. A motto may be emblematical, or it may have
+some allusion to the person bearing it, or to his name and armorial
+insignia; or it may be the epigrammatic expression of some sentiment in
+special favour with the bearer of it. As a matter of course, allusive
+mottoes, like allusive arms, afford curious examples of mediæval puns.
+I give a few characteristic examples:--"_Vero nil verius_" (_nothing
+truer than truth_, or, _no greater verity than in Vere_)--VERE; "_Fare,
+fac_" (_Speak--act_; that is, _a word and blow_)--FAIRFAX; "_Cave_"
+(_beware_)--CAVE; "_Cavendo tutus_" (_safe, by caution_, or _by
+Cavendish_)--CAVENDISH; "_Set on_," says SETON; "_Fight on_," quoth
+FITTON; "_Festina lente_" (_On slow--push forward, but be cautious_,
+that is), adds ONSLOW. Again: JEFFERAY says, "_Je feray ce que je
+diray_" (_I shall be true to my word_); SCUDAMORE--_Scutum amoris
+divini_ (_the shield of Divine love_); says JAMES--"_J'aime jamais_" (_I
+love ever_); says ESTWICK--"_Est hic_" (_he is here_); and
+POLE--"_Pollet virtus_" (_valour prevails_); and TEV--"_Tais en temps_"
+(_be silent in time_). The crest of CHARTERIS, an arm with the hand
+grasping a sword, has over it--"_This our charter is_." In his arms the
+Marquess CHOLMONDELEY bears _two helmets_, and his motto is--"_Cassis
+tutissima virtus_" (_valour is the safest helm_); the crest of the
+MARTINS of Dorsetshire was an ape, with the significant motto--"_He who
+looks at Martin's ape, Martin's ape shall look at him!_" The motto of
+PERCEVAL is--"_Perse valens_" (_strong in himself_); but, "_Do no yll_,"
+quoth DOYLE. Some "lippes," as Camden remarks, have a taste for "this
+kind of lettuce."
+
+_Mound._ A globe, encircled and arched over with rich bands, and
+surmounted by a cross-patée, the whole an ensign of the royal estate.
+A mound or orb forms part of the regalia, and the same form appears upon
+the intersecting arches of the crown of the SOVEREIGN; and it also
+surmounts the single arch of the coronet of the PRINCE OF WALES: Nos.
+234, 289.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 278.--Mullet.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 279.--Mullet, pierced.]
+
+_Mount._ A green hill.
+
+_Mullet._ A star, generally of five, but sometimes of six or more points
+(if more than five the number to be specified), always formed by right
+lines, as No. 278. A mullet is sometimes "pierced," as in No. 279, when
+the tincture of the field is generally apparent through the circular
+aperture. In modern cadency an unpierced mullet is the difference of the
+third son. See _Estoile_.
+
+_Mural Crown._ Represents masonry, and is embattled: No. 280.
+
+_Naiant._ Swimming in fesse. See _Hauriant_.
+
+_Naissant._ Equivalent to _Issuant_, but applied only to living
+creatures.
+
+_Naval Crown._ Has its circlet heightened with figures of the stern and
+the hoisted sail of a ship alternating: No. 281.
+
+_Nebulée_, or _Nebuly_. No. 38, H.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 280.--Mural Crown.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 281.--Naval Crown.]
+
+_Nimbus._ A glory about the head of a figure of a sainted personage:
+sometimes used to denote sanctity in a symbolical device.
+
+_Norroy._ See _Herald_.
+
+_Nova Scotia, Badge of._ See _Baronet_.
+
+_Nowed._ Coiled in a knot, as a snake.
+
+_Ogress._ A _Pellet_, or black roundle.
+
+_Opinicus._ A fabulous heraldic monster, a dragon before, and a lion
+behind with a camel's tail.
+
+_Oppressed._ An alternative for _Debruised_.
+
+_Or._ The metal gold: No. 50.
+
+_Ordinary._ An early principal charge of a simple character. See Chapter
+VI., and Nos. 71-128: see also page 14.
+
+_Ordinary of arms._ A list of armorial bearings, classified or arranged
+alphabetically, with the names of the bearers. See _Armory_.
+
+_Oreiller._ A cushion or pillow, generally with tassels.
+
+_Orle._ A Subordinary formed of a border of a Shield, which is charged
+upon another and a larger shield, as in No. 134. _In Orle._ Arranged
+after the manner of an Orle, forming a border to a Shield, as in No. 86.
+
+_Ostrich feathers._ A Royal Badge: also a Device in a few instances
+charged by Royal and some other personages on an Armorial Shield. See
+Chapter XV.
+
+_Over all_, or _Sur tout_. To denote some one charge being placed over
+all others.
+
+_Overt._ With expanded wings.
+
+_Pale._ One of the Ordinaries: No. 87. _Pale-wise_, or _In Pale_.
+Disposed after the manner of a Pale--that is, set vertically, or
+arranged vertically one above another, as are the Lions of England in
+No. 187, page 87.
+
+_Pall_, _Pallium_. A vestment peculiar to Archbishops of the Roman
+Church: in Heraldry, as a charge, half only of the pall is shown, when
+it resembles the letter Y; it is borne in the arms of the Sees of
+CANTERBURY, ARMAGH, and DUBLIN.
+
+_Pallet._ Half a _Pale_.
+
+_Palmer's Staff_, _Pilgrim's staff_, or _Bourdon_. No. 282. JOHN BOURDON
+(H. 3) bears--_Arg., three palmer's staves gu._
+
+  [Illustration: No. 282.--Bourdon.]
+
+_Paly._ Divided per pale into an even number of parts, which all lie in
+the same plane, as in No. 88. _Paly Bendy._ Divided evenly pale-wise,
+and also bend-wise, No. 118.
+
+_Panache._ A plume of feathers, generally of the ostrich, set upright
+and born as a crest. A panache sometimes consists of a single row of
+feathers; but more generally it has two or more rows or "heights" of
+feathers, rising one above the other. In the greater number of examples
+the tips of the feathers are erect; in others they wave, or slightly
+bend over. A panache may be charged with some device or figure, "for
+difference," as by the TYNDALLS, with an _ermine circlet_, a _martlet_,
+and a _fleur de lys_. In Nos. 283, 285, from the seals of EDWARD
+COURTENAY, and EDMUND MORTIMER (A.D. 1400 and 1372) the "heights" both
+expand and rise in a curved pyramidal form. No. 284, from the seal of
+WILLIAM LE LATIMER (A.D. 1372), shows a remarkable variety of both
+panache and mantling. Waving plumes formed of distinct feathers first
+appear near the end of the fifteenth century, and are prevalent during
+the sixteenth century.
+
+_Party_, _Parted_. Divided.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 283.--PANACHE CREST: Edward Courtenay.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 284.--PANACHE CRESTS: William le Latimer.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 285.--PANACHE CRESTS: Edmund Mortimer.]
+
+_Passant._ Walking and looking forward: No. 173. _Passant Guardant._
+Walking and looking out from the shield, No. 174. _Passant Reguardant._
+Walking and looking back. _Passant Repassant_, or _Passant and Counter
+Passant_. Walking in opposite directions.
+
+_Pastoral Staff._ The official staff of a bishop or abbot, having a
+crooked head, and so distinguished from an archbishop's _crozier_.
+
+  _Patée_, or _Formée_. }
+  _Patonce._            } Varieties of the heraldic Cross, Nos.
+  _Patriarchal._        } 106, 99, and 95.
+
+_Pean._ The Fur, No. 60.
+
+_Peer._ That general title, expressing their equality as members of a
+distinct "order" in the realm, which is applied to Dukes, Marquesses,
+Earls, Viscounts, and Barons of England, Scotland, Great Britain,
+Ireland, and the United Kingdom.
+
+_Peerage._ The hereditament of a Peer: also rank of a Peer; a list of
+the Peers.
+
+_Pegasus._ A horse with wings--a classic as well as an heraldic
+imaginary creature.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 288.--A Portcullis.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 286.--A Pennon.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 287.--A Pheon.]
+
+_Pelican._ Blazoned "in her piety," when feeding her young with her own
+blood.
+
+_Pellet._ A black roundle.
+
+_Pendent._ Hanging.
+
+_Pennon._ An armorial lance flag, pointed or swallow-tailed at the fly.
+No. 286 is from the Brass to Sir JOHN D'AUBERNOUN, A.D. 1279; the arms
+are--_Az., a chevron or_.
+
+_Per._ By means of, or after the manner of.
+
+_Pheon._ A pointed arrow-head, borne with the point in base, unless the
+contrary is specified, No. 287.
+
+_Phoenix._ A fabulous eagle, always represented as issuant from flames.
+
+_Pile._ One of the Ordinaries, in form like a wedge, Nos. 126, 127, 128.
+_In Pile._ Arranged after the form of a pile.
+
+_Planta Genista._ The broom plant badge of the Plantagenets, No. 21.
+
+_Plate._ A silver roundle.
+
+_Plenitude._ The moon when full. See No. 166.
+
+_Plume._ See _Panache_.
+
+_Points of Shield._ No. 27. _In Point_ is the same as _In Pile_.
+
+_Pomme._ A green roundle.
+
+_Popinjay._ A parrot (H. 3).
+
+_Port._ A gateway, as the entrance to a castle: No. 222.
+
+_Portcullis._ A defence for a gateway, No. 288: the badge of the Houses
+of BEAUFORT and TUDOR, borne by the former with the significant motto,
+"_Altera securitas_" (additional security).
+
+_Potent._ A variety of the heraldic cross, No. 108; also a Fur, No. 64.
+
+_Powdered_, _Poudrée_. The same as _Semée_.
+
+_Preying._ When an animal devours its prey. See _Trussing_.
+
+_Prince_, _Princess_. In this country the rank and title of the members
+of the Royal Family. Their style is "Your Royal Highness." The Coronet
+of the Prince of Wales differs from the crown of the King, only in
+having a single arch instead of two intersecting arches: No. 289. The
+coronets of the Princes and Princesses, the sons and daughters of the
+King, are the same as the coronet of the Prince of Wales, but without
+any arch: No. 290. The coronets of the Princes and Princesses, the
+grandchildren of the Sovereign, differ in having the circlet heightened
+with two crosses patée, as many strawberry leaves, and four
+fleurs-de-lys, No. 291. Other Royal coronets have the circlet heightened
+with four crosses patée, and as many strawberry leaves. No. 292. For the
+arms of their Royal Highnesses, see Chapter XVIII.
+
+_Purfled._ Lined and bordered or garnished.
+
+_Purpure._ A colour: No. 56.
+
+_Pursuivant._ A Herald of the lowest rank. In the Middle Ages, these
+officers were attached to the households of personages of high rank, and
+bore titles generally taken from the armorial insignia of their lords.
+
+_Quadrate._ A form of cross: No. 94.
+
+_Quarter._ The first (from the dexter chief) of the divisions of a
+shield that is parted per cross, as in No. 30; also any other division
+of a shield, to be specified in blazoning. See No. 36, and _Canton_.
+
+_Quartering._ Marshalling two or more coats of arms in the different
+quarters of the same shield. When two coats are thus quartered, the one
+in the first quarter is repeated in the fourth, and the one in the
+second in the third; when three are quartered, the first quartering is
+repeated in the fourth quarter. Any required number of coats may be
+quartered on the same principle. This same term is also applied to
+denote the dividing a shield "_quarterly_," as in No. 30, or into more
+than four divisions, as in No. 36.
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 289-292.--CIRCLETS OF ROYAL CORONETS
+  No. 289. Prince of Wales.]
+  No. 290. King's Daughters and Younger Sons.]
+  No. 291. King's Grandchildren.]
+  No. 292. Royal Dukes.]
+
+_Quarterly._ A shield divided into four divisions, as in No. 30: each
+division to contain a complete coat of arms, or a distinct heraldic
+device or composition. Should the shield be divided into more than four
+sections, the number is to be specified: thus, No. 36 is "_quarterly of
+eight_," &c. See Nos. 252, 253.
+
+_Quarterly Quartering_ and _Quartered_. The quartering of a "quarter" of
+a shield that is divided "quarterly"; also distinguished as "_Compound
+Quartering_." See page 34.
+
+_Quatrefoil._ A flower or figure having four foils or conjoined leaves,
+No. 293. In modern cadency a _Double Quatrefoil_ is the difference of
+the ninth son.
+
+_Queue Fourchée._ Having a forked tail; No. 181.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 293.--Quatrefoil.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 294.--The Ragged Staff Badge.]
+
+_Quilled._ Used to blazon the quills of feathers: thus, a blue feather
+having its quill golden is blazoned--_A feather az., quilled or_.
+
+_Radiant._ Encircled with rays.
+
+_Rayonée._ Formed of Rays.
+
+_Ragulée_, _Raguly_. Serrated, as No. 38, G. A "ragged staff," No. 294,
+is a part of a stem from which the branches have been cut off roughly.
+This "ragged staff," or "_staff ragulée_," is the famous badge of the
+BEAUCHAMPS, and, derived from them, of the NEVILLES. No. 294 is from the
+monument of the great Earl, RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G., who died in
+1439, at Warwick.
+
+_Rampant_, _Rampant Guardant_ and _Reguardant_. Nos. 171, 172; when
+_reguardant_, the animal looks backward.
+
+_Rebus._ An allusive charge or device. A cask, or _tun_, to represent
+the final syllable "_ton_" of many surnames, is frequently found. I give
+a few examples of several varieties of Rebus:--JOHN OXNEY,
+Canterbury--An eagle (the emblem of _St. John_ the Evangelist, to denote
+"_John_") standing on an _ox_, charged on its side with the letters _N
+E_. JOHN WHEATHAMSTEDE, St. Albans--An eagle and an Agnus Dei (the
+emblems of _St. John_ the Evangelist and _St. John_ the Baptist, to
+denote "_John_"), and clusters of _ears of wheat_. JOHN RAMRYGE, St.
+Albans--A _ram_, gorged with a collar inscribed with the letters _R Y G
+E_. WOODSTOCK--The stump or _stock of a tree_. Abbot ISLIP,
+Westminster--A man falling from a tree, exclaiming, "I slip!" and a
+human _eye_, and a _slip_ (small branch of a tree). WALTER LYHART,
+Norwich--_A hart_ (stag) _ly_ing down in _water_. An _owl_, with the
+letters _D O M_ on a scroll in its beak, for BISHOP OLDHAM, at Exeter.
+A church ("_kirk_") on a _tun_, with a pastoral staff and the initial R,
+for Abbot ROBERT KIRTON, No. 295; and a _bird_ on a _tun_, and a _tree_
+growing out of a _tun_, for BURTON and ASHTON, all at Peterborough. At
+Wells, with an initial T, a fire-_beacon_ planted _in_ a _tun_, for
+Bishop THOMAS BECKYNGTON, No. 296; and at Lullinstone, Kent, in stained
+glass, the shield of Sir JOHN PECHÉ, A.D. 1522--_Az., a lion rampt.
+queue fourchée erm., crowned or_--is encircled by _peach-branches
+fructed and in foliage, each peach being charged with the letter É_, No.
+297; the crest-wreath also is formed of a similar peach-branch.
+
+_Recercelée._ A variety of the heraldic cross: No. 98.
+
+_Reflexed_, _Reflected_. Curved and carried backwards.
+
+_Reguardant._ Looking backwards: see No. 182.
+
+_Rein-deer._ Heraldically drawn with double antlers, one pair erect, the
+other drooping.
+
+_Respecting._ Face to face--applied to creatures not of a fierce nature.
+
+_Rest._ See _Clarion_, No. 228.
+
+_Ribbon_, _Riband_. A diminutive of a _Bend_.
+
+_Rising_, _Roussant_. About to fly.
+
+_Rompu._ Broken.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 295.--Rebus of Abbot Kirton.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 296.--Rebus of Bishop Beckyngton.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 297.--Arms and Rebus of Sir John Peché.]
+
+_Rose._ Represented in blazon as in Nos. 298, 299, and without leaves.
+The five small projecting leaves of the calyx, that radiate about the
+flower itself, are styled _barbs_, and when they are blazoned "proper"
+these barbs are green, as the "seeds" in the centre of the flower are
+golden. Both the "red rose" of LANCASTER and the "white rose" of YORK,
+but more especially the latter, are at times surrounded with rays, and
+each is termed a "_rose-en-soleil_," No. 300. The rose, the emblem of
+ENGLAND, is generally drawn like the natural flower; or with natural
+stem, branches, leaves, and buds, but with heraldic rose-flowers. In
+modern cadency the heraldic rose is the difference of the seventh son.
+
+_Roundle._ See page 72.
+
+_Rustre._ A mascle pierced with a circular opening: No. 144.
+
+_Sable._ The colour black: No. 54.
+
+_Sagittary._ The fabulous centaur, half man and half horse.
+
+  [Illustration: Nos. 298, 299.--Heraldic Roses.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 300.--Rose en Soleil.]
+
+_Salamander._ An imaginary being, supposed to live in flames of fire; it
+is represented sometimes as a kind of lizard, and at other times (as in
+the crest of Earl DOUGLAS, A.D. 1483) as a quadruped somewhat like a
+dog, breathing flames.
+
+_Salient._ Leaping or bounding.
+
+_Saltire._ An ordinary, in form a diagonal cross: Nos. 120, 121, 122.
+_Saltire-wise_, or _in saltire_. Arranged after the form of a saltire.
+
+_Sanglier._ A wild boar.
+
+_Sans._ Without. "_Sans nombre_," without any number fixed or specified.
+
+_Savage-man_, or _Wood-man_. A wild man, naked except large wreaths of
+leaves about his head and loins, and carrying a club.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 301.--Crest of Hamilton.]
+
+_Saw_, or _Frame-saw_. Borne as the crest of HAMILTON, Duke of HAMILTON,
+which is thus blazoned--_Out of a ducal crest-coronet or, an oak-tree
+fructed and penetrated transversely in the main stem by a frame-saw
+ppr., the frame gold; above the crest the motto_, "THROUGH!" This device
+is said to commemorate the escape into Scotland, in 1323, of Sir GILBERT
+HAMILTON, a reputed ancestor of the present ducal house. At the court of
+EDWARD II. Sir Gilbert had unadvisedly expressed admiration for ROBERT
+BRUCE, on which JOHN LE DESPENCER struck him. Despencer fell in single
+combat the next day, and Hamilton fled, hotly pursued, northward. Near
+the border the fugitive and a faithful esquire joined some wood-cutters,
+assumed their dress, and commenced working with them on an oak, when the
+pursuers passed by. Hamilton, saw in hand, observed his esquire
+anxiously watching their enemies as they passed, and at once recalled
+his attention to his woodman's duties by the word, "Through!"--thus, at
+the same time, appearing to consider the cutting down the oak to be far
+more important than the presence of the strangers. So they passed by,
+and Hamilton followed in safety. This crest does not appear in the
+Hamilton seals till long after the days of Bruce and his admirer, Sir
+Gilbert: No. 301.
+
+_Scarpe_, _Escarpe_. A diminutive of a _Bend sinister_.
+
+_Scintillant._ Emitting sparks.
+
+_Seax._ A Saxon sword.
+
+_Seeded._ Having seeds or seed-vessels, as in the centre of an heraldic
+rose. See Nos. 298-300.
+
+_Segreant._ A term applied to a griffin when rampant.
+
+_Sejant._ Sitting.
+
+_Semée._ Sown broadcast or scattered, without any fixed number, over the
+field; parts of the charge thus semée appearing at the border-lines of
+the composition. See Nos. 247, 250, 252.
+
+_Shake-fork._ Resembles the letter Y, but does not extend to the margin
+of the shield, and is pointed at its extremities.
+
+_Shamrock._ A trefoil plant or leaf, the badge of IRELAND.
+
+_Shield_, or _Escutcheon_. The Shield of Heraldry is fully described at
+page 32. See also Nos. 27, 39-49.
+
+_Ship._ Sometimes blazoned as a modern vessel, but sometimes also as an
+ancient galley. See _Lymphad_.
+
+_Shoveller._ A species of duck.
+
+_Simple Quartering._ Dividing a shield quarterly, with the quartering of
+any of the quarters. See _Quartering_.
+
+_Sinister._ The left side. No. 27.
+
+_Sinople._ The colour _vert_ in French Heraldry.
+
+_Sixfoil._ A flower of six leaves: No. 302.
+
+_Slipped._ Having a stalk, as a leaf or branch: No. 309.
+
+_Spear._ The spear or lance is not of common occurrence in blazon; but
+it appears, with heraldic propriety, in the arms granted in 1596 to the
+father of the great poet, who bore--_Or, on a bend sa. a spear gold, the
+head arg._--the arms of SHAKESPEARE, No. 303. (In the woodcut the bend
+is accidentally shaded for _gules_, instead of _sable_.)
+
+  [Illustration: No. 303.--Arms of Shakespeare.]
+
+_Spur._ Not common as an heraldic charge. Before about 1320 the spur had
+a single point, and was known as the "pryck-spur"; about that time
+appeared a "rouelle-spur" of simple form; in the middle of the fifteenth
+century spurs of extravagant length were introduced.
+
+_SS., Collar of._ See _Collar_, and No. 231.
+
+_Stafford-knot._ No. 304.
+
+_Stall-plate._ A plate bearing the arms of a knight and placed in his
+stall. The stall-plates of the Knights of the GARTER and the BATH are
+severally placed in the Chapels of ST. GEORGE and of HENRY VII., at
+Windsor and Westminster. The earliest plates now in existence at
+Windsor, though many of them bear arms of an earlier date, were executed
+about 1430.
+
+_Standard._ A long narrow flag, introduced for the purpose of heraldic
+display, in the time of EDWARD III., but not in general use till a later
+period. Standards generally had the Cross of ST. GEORGE next the staff,
+to which succeeded the badge or badges and the motto of the owner. See
+Chapter XVII.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 302.--Sixfoil.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 304.--Stafford Knot.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 305.--Stapleton Badge.]
+
+_Staple._ Borne by STAPLETON: No. 305 represents a badge formed of two
+staples.
+
+_Statant._ Standing.
+
+_Star._ See _Estoile_ and _Mullet_; also a knightly decoration.
+
+_Stirrup._ Borne, with appropriate straps and buckles, by SCUDAMORE,
+GIFFARD, and a few others.
+
+_Stock._ The stump of a tree.
+
+_Stringed._ As a harp or a bugle-horn; or, suspended by, or fastened
+with, a string.
+
+_Sun._ When represented shining and surrounded with rays, he has a
+representation of a human face upon his disc, and is blazoned "_In
+splendour_." _Sunbeams_, or _Rays_, are borne in blazon, and form an
+early charge. See _Collar_.
+
+_Supporter._ A figure of whatsoever kind that stands by a Shield of
+arms, as if _supporting_ or guarding it. Single Supporters occasionally
+appear, but the general usage is to have a pair of Supporters--one on
+each side of the _supported_ Shield. They came gradually into use in the
+course of the fourteenth century, but were not regularly established as
+accessories of Shields till about 1425, or rather later. At first they
+were generally alike, being then duplicate representations of the badge,
+but subsequently the more prevalent custom was that the two Supporters
+should differ, as in the case of the Royal Supporters, the Lion and the
+Unicorn, famous in History as in Heraldry. See _Bearer_, _Tenant_, and
+also Chapter XVI.
+
+_Surcoat._ Any garment worn over armour; but especially the long flowing
+garment worn by knights over their armour until about 1325, when its
+form was modified by cutting it short in front, and it was distinguished
+as a _Cyclas_. See _Jupon_.
+
+_Surmounted._ Placed over another.
+
+_Swan._ When blazoned "_proper_," white with black beak and red legs. It
+is the badge of the BOHUNS, and of their descendants the LANCASTRIAN
+PLANTAGENETS, the STAFFORDS, and some others. This Swan has his neck
+encircled with a coronet, from which a chain generally passes over his
+back. By HENRY V., the Swan badge of his mother, MARY DE BOHUN, was
+borne with the wings expanded.
+
+_Sword._ When borne as a charge, straight in the blade, pointed, and
+with a cross-guard. All the appointments of the weapon are to be
+blazoned. It appears, as a spiritual emblem, in several episcopal coats
+of arms; in the arms of the CITY OF LONDON, No. 306, the first quarter
+of a Shield of ST. GEORGE (_arg., a cross gu._) is charged with _a sword
+erect gules_, the emblem of ST. PAUL, the special patron of the English
+metropolitan city. The sword is also borne in blazon in its military
+capacity.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 306.--Arms of City of London.]
+
+_Tabard._ A short garment with sleeves, worn in the Tudor era. It has
+the arms blazoned on the sleeves as well as on the front and back: No.
+307, the Tabard of WILLIAM FYNDERNE, Esquire, from his brass, A.D. 1444,
+at Childrey in Berkshire: the arms are--_Arg., a chevron between three
+crosses patée sable_, the ordinary being charged with _an annulet of the
+field_ "for Difference." A similar garment is the official habit of
+heralds.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 307.--Tabard; A.D. 1444.]
+
+_Tau_, _Tau-Cross_. A cross formed like the letter T, so called in
+Greek, No. 93; borne as a charge in the arms of DRURY, TAWKE, and some
+others: this charge is also called the Cross of ST. ANTHONY: it is
+sometimes borne on a badge, as in the Bishop's Palace at Exeter. See
+Chapter XV.
+
+_Templars_, _Knights_. See Chapter XIX.
+
+_Tenent_, _Tenant_. Used by French Heralds to distinguish human figures
+from animals, as _supporters_.
+
+_Tennée_, or _Tawney_. A deep orange-colour; in use in the Middle Ages
+as a _livery-colour_.
+
+_Thistle._ The national Badge of SCOTLAND, represented after its
+national aspect, and tinctured _proper_. JAMES I. of Great Britain, to
+symbolise the union of the two realms of England and Scotland,
+compounded a Badge from the _Rose_ of one realm, and the _Thistle_ of
+the other, united by impalement under a single crown: No. 308. The
+impaled rose and thistle is borne by the Earl of KINNOULL, repeated
+eight times upon a bordure.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 308.--Badge of James I.]
+
+_Timbre._ In the early Heraldry of England, this term denotes the true
+heraldic _crest_: but, in the modern Heraldry of France, the "timbre" is
+the _Helm_ in an armorial achievement. _Timbred._ Ensigned with a Helm;
+or, if referring to an early English achievement, with a Crest. It is a
+term very seldom met with in use.
+
+_Tiercée._ _In tierce_, _Per tierce_. Divided into three equal parts.
+
+_Tinctures._ The two _metals_ and the five _colours_ of Heraldry: Nos.
+50-56. See page 40. It was one of the puerile extravagancies of the
+Heralds of degenerate days to distinguish the Tinctures by the names of
+the _Planets_ in blazoning the arms of Sovereign Princes, and by the
+names of _Gems_ in blazoning the arms of Nobles.
+
+_Torse._ A crest-wreath.
+
+_Torteau_, plural _torteaux_. A red spherical Roundle: No. 152.
+
+_Tower_, _Turret_. A small castle. _Towered._ Surmounted by towers, as
+No. 222, which is a "_Castle triple towered_."
+
+_Transposed._ Reversed.
+
+_Trefoil._ A leaf of three conjoined foils, generally borne "slipped,"
+as in No. 309.
+
+_Treflée_, or _Botonée_. A variety of the cross: No. 103. _Treflée_ also
+implies _semée_ of trefoils.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 309.--Trefoil Slipped.]
+
+_Treille_, _Trellis_. See page 71, and No. 150.
+
+_Tressure._ A subordinary. See pages 66, 67; and Nos. 135-8.
+
+_Tricked._ Sketched in outline.
+
+_Trippant_, or _Tripping_. In easy motion, as a stag. See page 81; and
+No. 168.
+
+_Triton._ See _Mermaid_.
+
+_Trivet._ A circular or triangular iron frame, with three feet, borne by
+the family of TRYVETT.
+
+_Trogodice._ An animal like a reindeer.
+
+_Trumpet._ In blazon usually a long straight tube, expanding at its
+extremity: No. 310, from the brass to Sir R. DE TRUMPINGTON, at
+Trumpingdon, near Cambridge; A.D. 1272.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 310.--Trumpet.]
+
+_Trussed._ With closed wings. _Trussing._ Devouring--applied to birds of
+prey.
+
+_Tudor Rose._ An heraldic rose, _quarterly gu. and arg._; or a white
+heraldic rose, _charged upon_ a red one.
+
+_Tun._ A cask; the rebus of the final syllable _TON_ in many surnames.
+See _Rebus_.
+
+_Tynes._ Branches of a stag's antlers. See _Attires_.
+
+_Ulster._ See _Baronet_ and _Herald_.
+
+_Undy_, _Undée_. Wavy: No. 38, C.
+
+_Unguled._ Hoofed.
+
+_Unicorn._ A well-known fabulous animal, famous as the sinister
+supporter of the Royal Shield of England.
+
+_Union Jack._ The National Ensign of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
+and Ireland, fully described in Chapter XVII. It is borne on an
+inescutcheon upon the arms of the Duke of WELLINGTON as an augmentation.
+
+_Uriant._ A term said to be applied to a fish when it swims in a
+vertical position, head downwards. The reverse of _Hauriant_, _q.v._
+
+_Vair._ A Fur: Nos. 61, 62, 63.
+
+_Vane._ See _Fan_.
+
+_Vert._ In French Heraldry, _Sinople_. The colour green: No. 55.
+
+_Vervels_, _Varvals_. Small rings.
+
+_Vested._ Clothed.
+
+_Viscount._ The _fourth_ degree of rank and dignity in the British
+Peerage, in Latin _Vice-Comes_, introduced by HENRY VI., A.D. 1440.
+_Vice-comes_ is also the Latin word for the office of Sheriff.
+A Viscount is "Right Honourable," and is styled "My Lord." All his sons
+and daughters are "Honourable." His Coronet, granted by JAMES I., has a
+row of sixteen pearls, of comparatively small size set on the circlet;
+in representations nine are shown: No. 311. The wife of a Viscount is a
+_Viscountess_, who has the same rank, style, and coronet as her husband.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 311.--Circlet of a Viscount's Coronet.]
+
+_Vivre._ An early term, fallen into general disuse; but apparently
+denoting a _Barrulet_ or _Cotise Dancettée_; as in No. 312, at St.
+Michael's Church, St. Albans.
+
+_Voided._ Having the central area removed.
+
+_Voiders._ Diminutives of _Flanches_.
+
+_Volant._ Flying. _Vorant._ Devouring.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 312.--Shield at St. Michael's Church, St. Alban's.]
+
+_Vol._ Two bird's wings conjoined, having the appearance of an eagle
+displayed without its body: No. 207.
+
+_Vulned._ Wounded.
+
+_Wake Knot._ No. 313.
+
+_Walled._ Made to represent brick or stone-work. The term _masoned_ is,
+however, usually employed.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 313.--Wake Knot.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 315.--Wyvern.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 314.--Catherine Wheel.]
+
+_Water Bouget._ No. 218.
+
+_Wattled._ Having a comb and gills, as a cock.
+
+_Wavy_, _Undée._ No. 38, C.
+
+_Wheat-sheaf._ See _Garb_.
+
+_Wheel_, _Catherine Wheel_. Has curved spikes projecting from its rim:
+No. 314: from a shield upon a boss, about A.D. 1400, in the south
+choir-aisle of the church of Great Yarmouth.
+
+_Wreath_, _Crest-Wreath_. See _Crest-Wreath_, and No. 233; also Chapter
+XIV.
+
+_Wreathed._ Adorned with a wreath, chaplet, or garland; or twisted into
+the form of a wreath, &c.
+
+_Wyvern_, _Wivern_. A fabulous creature, being a species of dragon with
+two legs: No. 315.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+MARSHALLING
+
+  _Aggroupment-- Combination-- Quartering-- Dimidiation-- Impalement--
+  Escutcheon of Pretence-- Marshalling the Arms of Widowers, Widows, and
+  others; Official Arms; and, the Accessories of Shields._
+
+  "Marshalling is a conjoining of diverse Coats in one Shield."
+    --GUILLIM.
+
+
+Upon this concise definition, Guillim, in another part of his work, adds
+the following comment:--"_Marshalling_ is an orderly disposing of sundry
+Coat Armours pertaining to distinct Families, and their contingent
+ornaments, with their parts and appurtenances, in their proper places."
+Hence it is apparent that this term, "Marshalling," implies--
+
+1. First, the bringing together and the disposition of two or more
+distinct "Coats in one Shield":
+
+2. Secondly, the aggroupment of two or more distinct Coats to form a
+single heraldic composition, the Shields being still kept distinct from
+one another: and,
+
+3. Thirdly, the association of certain insignia with a Shield of arms,
+so as to produce a complete heraldic achievement.
+
+The association of "Arms" with Names, Dignities, and Estates would
+necessarily require, at an early period in the history of Heraldry, the
+establishment of some regular and recognised system for the combination
+and aggroupment of various distinct coats and insignia, whenever a
+single individual became the representative of more than one family, or
+was the hereditary possessor of several dignities and properties.
+
+Again: it would be equally necessary that this system should extend to
+the becoming heraldic declaration and record of _Alliances_ of every
+kind, including (a matter of no little importance in the Middle Ages)
+_feudal dependence_.
+
+In another, and a secondary sense, this same term, _Marshalling_, is
+used by Heralds to denote the general arrangement and disposition of
+heraldic charges and insignia in blazon upon the field of a Shield.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 316.--Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 317.--Seal of Margaret, Lady de Ros. (_Laing._)]
+
+In its simplest form, MARSHALLING is effected by _Aggroupment_ without
+Combination--by placing two or more Shields of arms, that is, in such
+positions as to form a connected group of distinct Shields, either with
+or without various accessories. Seals afford excellent examples of
+Marshalling of this order. These Seals may be classified in two
+groups,--one, in which an effigy appears; and a second, in which the
+composition does not include any effigy. Here I may observe that the
+same armorial blazonry that was displayed upon their military surcoats
+by Princes, Nobles, and Knights, was adopted by Ecclesiastics for the
+decoration of their official vestments, and also (towards the close of
+the thirteenth century) by Ladies of rank, as an appropriate style of
+ornamentation for their own costume: and many examples of the effigies
+of Ladies, with a few of Ecclesiatics, adorned in this manner with
+heraldic insignia, exist in Seals and in Monumental Memorials. In
+Beverley Minster there is a noble effigy of a priest, a member of the
+great family of PERCY (about A.D. 1330), the embroideries of whose
+vestments are elaborately enriched with numerous allied shields of arms.
+Upon his episcopal seal, LEWIS BEAUMONT, Bishop of Durham from 1317 to
+1333, has his effigy standing between two Shields of Arms (to the
+dexter, _England_; to the sinister, a cross potent between four groups
+of small crosses patées, three crosses in each group), while his
+chasuble is semée de lys and also charged with a lion rampant--the arms
+of the house of Beaumont. The obverse of the Seal of MARGARET, daughter
+of PHILIP the Hardy, King of France, the second Queen of our EDWARD I.,
+illustrates this usage in the instance of ladies: No. 316. Upon her
+tunic the Queen has emblazoned the three lions of her royal husband; on
+her right side is a shield of _France_, the arms of her royal father;
+and on the left side a corresponding shield is charged with a lion
+rampant. I have already shown the reverse of this fine Seal (No. 251),
+which in the original is one inch more in depth than it appears in these
+woodcuts.[5] Other characteristic examples are the Seals of AGNES DE
+PERCY, whose effigy, having the arms of Louvaine upon the tunic, holds
+two armorial shields, one in each hand: and of MARGARET, Countess of
+LINCOLN and PEMBROKE (about 1241), who blazons the old arms of DE
+LACI--_quarterly or and gu., a bend sa., over all a label vert_--upon
+the tunic of her effigy, and has the same arms on a Shield to the
+dexter, while another Shield to the sinister is charged with the _lion
+rampant_, borne by the DE LACIES as Earls of LINCOLN. The effigies of
+illustrious Ladies, which appear on Seals with allied Shields of arms,
+are not always represented in heraldic costume: good examples are the
+Seals of ISABELLE OF FRANCE, Queen of EDWARD II., and of ELIZABETH,
+daughter of EDWARD I., who was Countess, first of HOLLAND, and
+afterwards of HEREFORD: both are engraved in Sandford's "Genealogical
+History of England," page 121. The Seal of MARGARET BRUCE, of Skelton,
+Lady DE ROS, attached to a deed, dated 1820, has the effigy of the noble
+lady, wearing her ermine mantle, and supporting two Shields of arms--the
+Shield of DE ROS, _gu., three water-bougets arg._, to the dexter, and a
+Shield of BRUCE, _a lion rampant_: No. 317. I am indebted, for the use
+of the excellent woodcut of this very interesting seal, to Mr. Laing of
+Edinburgh, the talented author of the two noble volumes on the _Early
+Seals of Scotland_, which occupy a foremost position amongst the most
+valuable as well as the most beautiful heraldic works that have ever
+been published in Great Britain. (See page 11.) In the Monumental
+Brasses and also in the Sculptured Monumental Effigies of Ladies of the
+fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, heraldic costume is frequently
+represented, and the figures are constantly associated with groups of
+Shields of arms. As most characteristic examples I may specify the
+effigy of a Lady, about A.D. 1325, at Selby in Yorkshire; and the Brass
+in Westminster Abbey, A.D. 1399, to ALIANORE DE BOHUN, Duchess of
+GLOUCESTER.
+
+    [Footnote 5: In No. 251 the initial A of the word AQVITANNIE has
+    been omitted.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 318.--Seal of Joan, Countess of Surrey.]
+
+The aggroupment of various armorial ensigns upon a Seal, without the
+presence of any effigy, is exemplified in the characteristic Seal of
+JOAN, daughter of HENRY Count DE BARRE, and of ALIANORE, daughter of
+EDWARD I., the widow of JOHN DE WARRENNE, Earl of SURREY, A.D. 1347. In
+this remarkable composition, No. 318, the arms, blazoned on lozenges,
+are, in the centre, _Warrenne_; in chief and base, _England_; and to the
+dexter and sinister, _De Barre_ (No. 162): also, at the four angles of
+the group, the lion and castle of _Leon_ and _Castile_, in direct
+allusion to the descent of the Countess from ALIANORE, first Queen of
+EDWARD I. In the original, this elaborate composition is only one and a
+half inches in diameter. Still smaller, measuring no more than one and a
+quarter inches in diameter, and yet no less rich in either its Heraldry
+or its Gothic traceries, is the beautiful little Counter-seal of MARY DE
+SAINT PAUL, wife of AYMER DE VALENCE, Earl of PEMBROKE, which is
+faithfully shown on an enlarged scale, in order to render the details
+more effectively, in No. 319. This illustrious lady, who founded
+Pembroke College, Cambridge, A.D. 1373, was the daughter of GUY DE
+CHASTILLON, Count of ST. PAUL, by his wife MARY, daughter of JOHN DE
+DREUX, Duke of BRITTANY, and of BEATRICE, sister of EDWARD I. On her
+Seal, accordingly, the Countess of Brittany marshals, in the centre, the
+arms of her husband (_De Valence_: No. 86), and those of her father (_De
+Chastillon_--_gu., three pallets vair, on a chief or a label of three
+points az._), united upon a single shield by "Dimidiation"--a process
+presently to be described: to the dexter, the arms of her Royal
+relatives of _England_ are blazoned in a circular compartment: to the
+sinister, in a similar compartment, are the fleurs de lys of _France
+Ancient_, No. 247, at that time so closely allied with the English
+lions: and, finally, in a third roundle, in the base of the composition,
+are the arms of _De Dreux_ (_chequée or and az., within a bordure
+gu.;[6] over all a canton of Brittany_, No. 15, borne by the maternal
+grandfather of the Countess: the legend is, + S . MARIE . DE . SEYN .
+POVL . COMITISSE . PEMPROCHIE. The original impression of this Seal,
+from which the woodcut, No. 319, was drawn, is appended to a charter,
+dated 1347, which is preserved amongst the muniments of Pembroke
+College. A very good example of the aggroupment of Shields upon a Seal,
+under conditions differing from those that now have been illustrated,
+I have already given in No. 204. Another beautiful and most interesting
+example, now unfortunately partially mutilated, is the Seal of MATILDA
+of LANCASTER, the wife, first, of WILLIAM DE BURGH, Earl of ULSTER (and
+by him mother of ELIZABETH, the wife of Prince LIONEL OF CLARENCE), and,
+secondly, of Sir RALPH DE UFFORD. This seal, of circular form, No. 320,
+displays to the dexter a shield of _De Burgh_--_or, a cross gu._; to the
+sinister, a shield of _Ufford_--_or, a cross engrailed sa._, in the
+first quarter _a fleur de lys, for difference_: in base there is a
+lozenge of _De Chaworth_ (the mother of the Countess was MATILDA DE
+CHAWORTH)--_barrulée arg. and gu., an orle of martlets sa._; and in
+chief there remains part of another lozenge of _Lancaster_, to complete
+this remarkable heraldic group. Of the legend there remains only . .
+ILLV MATILD' . . . . SE . . . The introduction of _Badges_, with a
+Shield or Shields of arms, in the composition of a Seal, is another
+variety of this same system of Marshalling. No. 321, the Seal of OLIVER
+DE BOHUN, exemplifies this usage, having the _white swan Badge_ of the
+noble house of BOHUN thrice repeated about the Shield. See No. 114. Also
+see, in the frontispiece, the Seal of Earl RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, No.
+449, which is described in Section II. of Chapter XXII.
+
+    [Footnote 6: In No. 319 the bordure of _De Dreux_ in the roundle in
+    base is charged with Lions of England, as borne by JOHN DE DREUX;
+    but the presence of these in the Seal of the Countess is uncertain.
+    See No. 322.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 319.--Seal of Mary, Countess of Pembroke.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 320.--Seal of Matilda of Lancaster.]
+
+Marshalling by Aggroupment was practised under another form by placing
+Shields of arms in the different panels of the same architectural
+monument.
+
+MARSHALLING _by Combination_ is effected by actually forming, for the
+blazonry of a single Shield, a composition which includes the principal
+charges of two or more allied Shields. The composition of the Shield
+borne by the house of DE DREUX, to which I have just referred in
+describing the Seal of the Countess of Pembroke, No. 319, is a most
+striking example of this variety of Marshalling: and this Shield was
+borne by JOHN DE DREUX, created Earl of RICHMOND by his uncle King
+EDWARD I., who lived and died in England, as it is represented in No.
+322--the _field, chequée or and azure_, being for De Dreux; the _canton
+ermine_ for Brittany; and the _bordure, gules charged with golden lions
+of England_, representing the royal Shield of England, and showing the
+close connection existing between the Earl of Richmond and his
+Sovereign. The shield of Prince JOHN of ELTHAM (No. 24), _England within
+a bordure of France_, is another characteristic example of this
+Marshalling by Combination.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 321.--Seal of Oliver de Bohun.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 322.--Shield of Earl John de Dreux.]
+
+For many reasons, except in particular instances, these methods of
+Marshalling were not considered to be altogether satisfactory.
+Accordingly, a fresh arrangement was devised which would preserve intact
+the original integrity of each coat of arms, would imply a definite
+systematic method of arrangement, and would admit into a single
+composition any required number of distinct coats. This MARSHALLING _by
+Quartering_, naturally suggested by such simple bearings as Nos. 16 and
+17, consists in dividing the Shield, as in No. 30, into four parts, and
+placing in each of these divisions or quarters one of the coats to be
+marshalled on a single Shield. If two coats only are thus to be
+"_quartered_," the most important of the two occupies the first quarter,
+and is repeated in the fourth; and, the other coat is placed in the
+second quarter, and repeated in the third. The earliest example known in
+England is the quartered Shield of _Castile and Leon--quarterly: first
+and fourth, gules, a castle triple-towered or; second and third, argent,
+a lion rampant gu._, No. 323. This shield is sculptured upon the
+monument in Westminster Abbey to ALIANORE, daughter of FERDINAND III.,
+King of CASTILE and LEON, and Queen of EDWARD I.: the date is 1290. This
+form of Marshalling began gradually to be adopted during the first half
+of the fourteenth century, and in the second half of that century it
+became generally adopted. Other examples of quartered shields I have
+already given in Nos. 252 and 253.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 323.--Shield of Castile and Leon.]
+
+Should there be _three_ Coats to be quartered, they would severally
+occupy the first, second, and third quarters of the Shield, in due
+order, and the first quarter would be repeated in the fourth. In
+quartering _four_ coats, no repetition would be necessary. If more than
+four coats would require to be quartered, the Shield would be divided
+into whatever number of sections might be necessary, as in No. 36, and
+the required arrangement would be made; should any repetition be
+necessary, the first quarter is to be repeated in the fourth. This
+process, whatever the number of the coats thus marshalled (and their
+number sometimes is very great), is always entitled "_quartering_"; and
+each of these divisions of a Shield, for the purpose of Marshalling, is
+distinguished as a "Quarter." Occasionally a _quartered coat_ would have
+to be marshalled with others. In the "grand quartering" which then takes
+place, the quartered coat is treated precisely as any other member of
+the group. See No. 37. For example, the Shield, No. 324 (R. 2), of
+HENRY, first Earl of NORTHUMBERLAND, is--I. and IV. Grand
+Quarters,--_first and fourth, or, a lion rampt. az._, for Louvaine, or
+Percy modern: _second and third, gu., three lucies haurient arg._ (No.
+164) for Lucy: II. and III. Grand Quarters,--_az., five fusils conjoined
+in fesse or_, for Percy ancient.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 324.--Shield of Henry, Earl of Northumberland.]
+
+When a Shield to be quartered has a very numerous array of Quarterings,
+Grand Quartering is seldom adopted; but, in its stead, the new
+quarterings are marshalled in their proper succession, with the original
+quarterings of the Shield.
+
+In this Marshalling the first quarter is occupied by the most important
+quartering, which is determined (without any fixed rule) by the original
+grant or licence: the other quarterings follow, in the order in which
+they may have been "brought in" to the composition.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 325.--Shield of Mayor of Winchelsea.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 326.--De Valence, dimidiating Claremont Nesle.]
+
+To denote and record ALLIANCE BY MARRIAGE, two distinct Coats were first
+marshalled upon a single Shield by _Dimidiation_. This process is
+accomplished in the following manner. The Shield to be charged with the
+two Coats in union is divided _per pale_, as in No. 28: on the dexter
+half the corresponding half, or generally somewhat more than that half,
+of the arms of the husband is marshalled: then, in like manner, the
+sinister half is charged with the corresponding portion of the arms of
+the wife. In the Shield, No. 250, from another Seal of Queen MARGARET,
+_England_ dimidiates _France ancient_, Nos. 187 and 247. This
+Dimidiation in most cases produces a singular effect; as in No. 325,
+a Shield from the Seal of the Mayor of Winchelsea, one of the famous
+Sussex Cinque Ports, which bears _England_ dimidiating _azure, three
+hulls of ships, in pale, or_: here the dimidiated lions and ships appear
+to unite for the purpose of forming the most extravagant of compound
+monsters. The Seal of the Borough of Great Yarmouth substitutes _three
+herrings_, in allusion to the staple fishery of the port, for the ships,
+and dimidiates them with the national lions. In the central Shield of
+the Seal, No. 319, I have shown _De Valence_ dimidiating _De
+Chastillon_. In No. 326, from the monument of WILLIAM DE VALENCE, _De
+Valence_ appears dimidiating the French Coat of _Claremont Nesle_--_gu.,
+semée of trefoils, two barbels haurient addorsed or_: the Dimidiation
+here cuts off and removes one-half of the De Valence martlets and also
+one of the two barbels of Claremont.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 327.--Camoys, impaling Mortimer.]
+
+The characteristic features of one or of both of the united Coats, as I
+have just shown, being commonly rendered indistinct and uncertain by
+Dimidiation, that form of marshalling was generally superseded by
+IMPALEMENT in the course of the third quarter of the fourteenth century.
+This process, at once simple and effectual, marshals the whole of the
+husband's arms on the dexter half of a Shield divided per pale, as No.
+28; and the whole of the arms of the wife on the sinister half of it.
+Such an impaled Shield is borne by a husband and wife during their
+conjoint lives; and should the wife become a widow, by her the impaled
+arms are borne during her widowhood charged upon a lozenge. The dexter
+half only--the husband's arms--of an impaled Shield is hereditary. Fine
+examples of Shields that are both impaled and quartered, are preserved
+in the monuments of EDWARD III. and his Queen PHILIPPA, in the Brass to
+ALIANORE DE BOHUN, and in the monument to MARGARET BEAUFORT, all in
+Westminster Abbey. Other fine examples occur on the monument of Earl
+RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, at Warwick. No. 327, from the Brass to THOMAS, LORD
+CAMOYS, K.G., and his wife, ELIZABETH MORTIMER (the widow of HENRY
+HOTSPUR), at Trotton, in Sussex, A.D. 1410, marshals _Camoys_--_arg., on
+a chief gu. three plates_, impaling _Mortimer_, No. 131. Again, at
+Warwick, the Brass to Earl THOMAS DE BEAUCHAMP and his Countess,
+MARGARET FERRERS of Groby, A.D. 1406, has a Shield of _Beauchamp_--_gu.,
+a fesse between six crosslets or_, impaling _Ferrers_--_gu., seven
+mascles, three three and one, or_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 328.--D'Aubigny, impaling Scotland.]
+
+It is to be observed that _Bordures_ and _Tressures_, which are not
+affected by Quartering, are _dimidiated by Impalement_,--that is, that
+side of both a Bordure and a Tressure which adjoins the line of
+Impalement is generally removed: thus, one of the small Shields
+sculptured upon the canopy of the monument of Queen MARY STUART, at
+Westminster, is charged with _D'Aubigny_ impaling _Scotland_,--that is,
+_az., three fleurs de lys or, within a bordure gu. charged with eight
+buckles gold_, impaling No. 138. This Shield, represented in No. 328,
+has both the bordure on its dexter half, and the tressure on its
+sinister half, dimidiated by the impalement. There are other excellent
+examples of this partial dimidiating in the monuments of MARGARET TUDOR
+and MARGARET BEAUFORT, in the same chapel of Westminster Abbey.
+
+The husband of an _Heiress_ or a _Co-heiress_, instead of impaling the
+arms of his wife, marshals them upon his Shield charged as an
+_Escutcheon of Pretence_. The son of an heiress, as heir to his maternal
+grandfather through his mother, as well as to his own father, _quarters_
+on his Shield, and transmits to his descendants, _the arms of both his
+parents_, his father's arms generally being in the first quarter. The
+Shield of RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, K.G., Earl of WARWICK (died in 1439), is a
+good example of the use of an Escutcheon of Pretence; it is represented
+in No. 329, drawn from the garter-plate of the Earl, in St. George's
+Chapel, Windsor. The Earl himself, as his hereditary coat, quarters
+_Beauchamp_ with _Newburgh_--_chequée or and az., a chevron erm._: upon
+this, for his Countess, ISABELLE, daughter and heiress of THOMAS LE
+DESPENCER, Earl of GLOUCESTER, he marshals an Escutcheon of Pretence
+charged with _De Clare_, No. 124, quartering _Le Despencer_--_quarterly
+arg. and gu., in the second and third quarters a frette or, over all a
+bend sa._ In the monument of this great Earl, at Warwick, upon the
+Escutcheon of Pretence the arms of Bohun are quartered with those of
+Clare and Despencer.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 329.--Shield of Earl Richard Beauchamp.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 330.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 331.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 332.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 333.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 334.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 335.]
+
+A few very simple diagrams will clearly elucidate the principle of
+Marshalling the arms of Husband and Wife. Suppose B (_Baron_) to
+represent the Husband, and F (_Femme_) the Wife: then, No. 330 B may
+represent the arms of the Husband, and No. 330 F the arms of the Wife.
+If F be _not_ an heiress, the arms of B and F, as husband and wife, are
+borne impaled, as in No. 330 B F; and their son bears No. 330 B only. If
+F _be an heiress_, the arms of B and F, as husband and wife, are borne
+as in No. 331--the arms of the wife on an Escutcheon of Pretence; and,
+in this case, the son of B and F quarters the arms of both his parents,
+as No. 332. Now, suppose this son, whose arms are No. 332, to marry a
+lady, _not_ an heiress, whose arms are No. 330 F F, he would simply
+impale the arms of his wife, as in No. 333, and his son would bear No.
+332 only, as his father bore that quartered shield before his marriage.
+But if the wife of the bearer of No. 332 were to _be an heiress_, he
+would charge the arms of his wife in pretence upon his own hereditary
+paternal Shield, as in No. 334; and his son, by this heiress, as before,
+would quarter the arms of both his parents, as in No. 335. It is obvious
+that Marshalling on this system (of which I here give the general
+outline) admits of a widely-extended application. Younger sons in all
+cases place over all the quarterings of their Shield their own
+distinctive Mark of Cadency, until they inherit some different
+quartering from those to which the head of their house is entitled, and
+the quartering itself then forms sufficient difference.
+
+A _Widower_ who marries again places the arms of both his wives upon any
+permanent record, but for ordinary purposes of use, _e.g._ on a seal or
+carriage, bears only the arms of his living wife.
+
+An _Unmarried Lady_ bears her paternal arms on a _lozenge_, without any
+Helmet, Crest, or Motto.
+
+A _Widow_ bears on a _lozenge_ the arms borne by her husband and
+herself. Should she marry again, a Widow ceases to bear the arms of her
+former husband.
+
+A _Peeress in her own right_, if married to a Peer, has both her own
+arms and those of her husband fully blazoned, and the lozenge and the
+Shield, with all their accessories, are marshalled to form a single
+united group, the achievement of the husband having precedence to the
+dexter. If married to a Commoner, a Peeress in her own right bears her
+own arms on a lozenge as before, and her husband marshals her arms
+ensigned with her coronet in pretence on his Shield: and this lozenge
+and Shield are grouped together, the lozenge yielding precedence.
+
+_Prelates_ bear the arms of their see impaling their own paternal and
+hereditary arms, the insignia of the see occupying the dexter half of
+the Shield, this Shield being ensigned with a mitre only. A married
+Prelate bears also a second Shield, placed to the sinister of the other,
+on which are marshalled, in accordance with ordinary usage, his own
+personal arms with those of his wife. The mitre then is placed over the
+conjoined shields.
+
+The _Kings of Arms_, in like manner, bear two Shields, disposed to form
+a single group: on the dexter Shield their official arms impale their
+personal; and on the sinister Shield their personal arms are marshalled
+with the arms of their wives.
+
+Again, the same usage obtains in marshalling the arms of _Knights of
+Orders of Knighthood_ who, when married, bear two Shields grouped
+together. On the dexter Shield are blazoned the arms of the Knight
+himself alone; and around this Shield are displayed the insignia of his
+Order, or Orders, of Knighthood: and on the sinister Shield the arms of
+the Knight and of his wife are marshalled, but without the knightly
+insignia. This second Shield is generally environed with decorative
+foliage. This usage, prevalent in England, is not accepted or adopted by
+foreign Heralds: nor does it appear to be required by true heraldic
+principle, or to be strictly in accordance with it. The wife of a Knight
+shares his knightly title, and takes precedence from her husband's
+knightly rank; and a knight, with perfect heraldic consistency, might
+marshal his own knightly insignia about the Shield which is charged with
+his own arms and those of his wife, whether united by impalement, or
+when the latter are borne in pretence: and thus a single Shield would be
+borne, and there would cease to exist any motive for endeavouring to
+impart to a second Shield some general resemblance to its companion by
+wreaths or other unmeaning accessories. There are ancient precedents for
+the use of a single shield.
+
+_Official Arms_ are not hereditary.
+
+_Royal Personages_, when married, bear their own arms on a separate
+Shield; and a second Shield bears the arms of the husband and wife
+conjoined.
+
+The circumstances of every case must exercise a considerable influence
+in determining the Marshalling of the Accessories of any Shield,
+Lozenge, or Group. As a general rule, however, the _Helm_ always rests
+on the chief of the Shield: Commoners, Knights, Baronets, and Peers
+place their _Crest_ upon the Helm: Peers and Princes place their _Helm_
+upon the Coronet, and their Crest is placed upon the Helmet. The
+SOVEREIGN places the Crest upon the Royal Crown, which is a part of the
+Royal Crest, and it is unusual to duplicate the Crown by repeating it
+below the Helmet. The _Mantling_ is displayed from the back of the Helm:
+it is most effective when simple in its form and adjustment, and when it
+droops behind the Shield. The _Motto_ is usually placed below the
+Shield; but if it has special reference to the Crest, above the Crest.
+A Scottish motto always goes over the Crest. _Supporters_ are usually
+placed erect, as if in the act of really supporting the Shield: they
+ought to stand either on an appropriate ground, or on a Gothic basement
+to the entire Achievement. _Badges_, with all _Official_ and _Knightly
+Insignia_, and all other _Honourable Insignia_ of every kind, are
+rightly marshalled in an Achievement of Arms.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+CADENCY
+
+  _Marks of Cadency are temporary or permanent-- The Label-- The
+  Bordure-- The Bendlet, Barrulet, and Canton-- Change of Tincture--
+  Secondary Charges-- Single Small Charges-- Differences of
+  Illegitimacy-- Cadency of Crests, Badges, &c.-- Modern Cadency._
+
+  "Merke ye wele theys questionys here, now folowying!"
+    --BOKE OF ST. ALBANS, A.D. 1486.
+
+
+Amongst his comrades in arms, or in the midst of a hostile array, the
+last object that a mediæval Knight would expect or desire to observe, on
+the morning of a battle or a joust, would be an exact counterpart of
+himself. Occasions, indeed, might sometimes arise, when it might be
+highly desirable that five or six counterfeit "Richmonds" should
+accompany one real one to "the field"; or, when a "wild boar of
+Ardennes" might prefer to encounter the hunters, having about him the
+choice of his own "boar's brood," garnished at all points exactly after
+his own fashion. These, however, are rare and strictly exceptional
+cases. And the Knight, to whom distinction was as the breath of his
+nostrils, as he closed his vizor trusted confidently to his heraldic
+insignia to distinguish him, while, in the fore-front of the fray, with
+sword and lance and axe he would strive manfully to distinguish himself.
+This implies that Heraldry, besides assigning to different families
+their own distinct insignia, should possess the faculty of
+distinguishing the several members, and also the various branches of the
+same family, the one from the other. A faculty such as this Heraldry
+does possess, in its marks of CADENCY.
+
+In "_marking Cadency_"--that is, in distinguishing the armorial insignia
+of kinsmen, who are members of the very same family, or of some one of
+its various branches, it is a necessary condition of every system of
+"Differencing" that, while in itself clear and definite and significant,
+it should be secondary to the leading characteristics of the original
+Coat of Arms which denotes the senior branch of the Family, and also
+declares from what fountain-head all the kinsmen of all the branches
+have derived their common descent.
+
+Various methods for thus marking Cadency were adopted, and accepted as
+satisfactory, in the early days of Heraldry. Of these I now shall
+describe and illustrate such as are most emphatic in themselves, and in
+their character most decidedly heraldic,--such also as most
+advantageously may be retained in use in our own Heraldry of the present
+time. It will be seen that the "Differences" which mark Cadency
+necessarily resolve themselves into two groups or classes: one, in which
+the "Difference" is _temporary_ only in its significance and use,--as,
+when an eldest son, on the death of his father, succeeds to the position
+in the family which his father had held, he removes his Mark of Cadency
+as eldest son from his Shield, assumes the unmarked Shield as his father
+had borne it before him, and transfers to his own son the mark that
+previously had distinguished his Shield from that of his father. In the
+other group, the Marks of Cadency are more _permanent_, and consequently
+may become integral elements of the heraldic composition in which they
+appear: thus, the mark of Cadency which distinguishes any particular
+branch of a family, is borne alike by all the members of that branch,
+and in that branch it is transmitted from generation to generation.
+
+More than one Mark of Cadency may be introduced into the same Coat of
+Arms; and, for the purpose of some form of secondary distinction, it is
+quite correct Heraldry to _mark Marks of Cadency_--to charge one variety
+of mark, that is, upon another.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 336.--Eldest Sons of Edward I. and II.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 337.--Black Prince.]
+
+The LABEL, Nos. 271, 272, is blazoned as a Mark of Cadency in the
+earliest Rolls of Arms, and it appears discharging this duty in the
+earliest examples. The Label is generally borne with three points, as in
+No. 271; frequently with five, as in No. 272; and occasionally with four
+or with more than five points. It is quite certain that no significance
+was formerly attached to the number of the points, the object in all
+cases being to make the Label distinctly visible, and to adjust the
+points to the general composition of the Shield. Labels are of various
+tinctures. EDWARD I., EDWARD II., and EDWARD III., each one during the
+lifetime of his father, bore the Shield of England, No. 187, differenced
+with an _azure label_, sometimes of three points, as in No. 336, and
+sometimes having five points. EDWARD the BLACK PRINCE marked the Royal
+Shield of EDWARD III. with a _label argent_, as in No. 337; and a plain
+silver label has since been the Mark of Cadency of every succeeding
+heir-apparent to the English throne. The Label has been used in this
+manner by personages of all ranks who have borne arms, from the time of
+HENRY III.; and examples abound in all the early Rolls of Arms, in
+Monuments, and upon Seals.
+
+The _Label_, borne as a Mark of Cadency, was sometimes, particularly in
+the cases of junior members of the Royal Family, charged with other
+figures and devices, as differences of a secondary rank. Or, when it is
+thus charged, the charges upon a Label may be considered to be elements
+of the Label itself, in its capacity of a Mark of Cadency. EDMOND, the
+first Earl of LANCASTER, as I have already shown, No. 249, differenced
+his father's Arms of England with a _Label of France_, No. 338--an azure
+label, that is, charged with golden fleurs de lys, to denote his French
+alliance; and thus by the same process he was Marshalling and Marking
+Cadency. JOHN OF GHENT, Duke of LANCASTER, differenced with an _ermine
+Label_, No. 339, derived from the ermine shield of Brittany (No. 15):
+and the Plantagenet Dukes of YORK charged each point of their silver
+Label with _three torteaux_, No. 340, which may be considered to have
+been derived from the shield of Wake (No. 82). In order to show them on
+a larger scale, the Labels in Nos. 338-343 are represented without the
+Shields on which they were charged. All these Shields would be
+repetitions of the same blazonry of France and England quarterly: Nos.
+252 and 253.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 338.--Lancaster.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 339.--Brittany.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 340.--York.]
+
+The Label, with various Differences, has generally been the Royal Mark
+of Cadency; and now differenced silver Labels are borne, to mark
+Cadency, by every member of our Royal Family.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 341.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 342.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 343.]
+
+Like the points of Labels, the Charges blazoned on those points had no
+fixed or determinate numbers. That both the Labels and their Charges
+should be distinct and conspicuous, was the special object with which
+they were blazoned. Accordingly, in different examples of the same Label
+the number of the repetitions of the Charges sometimes is found to
+differ. At the same time, in the earliest examples of charged Labels,
+the repetitions of the Charges, while devoid of any special differencing
+aim or meaning, may be considered to have been suggested by the sources
+from which the Charges themselves were derived. For example: the Label
+of Lancaster, No. 338, of Earl EDMOND, derived directly from the Shield
+of _France ancient_, No. 247, with its field _semée de lys_, has three
+fleurs de lys upon each point, so that this Label has the appearance of
+being also _semée de lys_. Had it been derived from the Shield of
+_France modern_, No. 248, charged with three fleurs de lys only,
+a single fleur de lys in all probability would have been blazoned on
+each of the three points of this same Label. Upon this principle the
+Label of Prince LIONEL, DUKE of CLARENCE, second son of EDWARD III.,
+which is differenced with _cantons gules_, has a single canton on each
+point, as in No. 341, evidently because only a single canton can be
+blazoned on a Shield. The figures and devices that are charged for
+secondary difference upon Labels vary widely in their character; but,
+however difficult it now may be in very many instances to trace these
+differencing charges to their sources, and so to determine the motive
+which led to their adoption, there can be no doubt that originally they
+were chosen and adopted for the express purpose of denoting and
+recording some alliance or dependency. Some early Labels are of a
+compound character; that is, they are charged with two distinct groups
+of devices, which are at once divided and conjoined by impalement. Such
+a Label was borne by Prince HENRY, son of JOHN of GHENT, between the
+time of his father's death and his own accession as HENRY IV. (Feb. 3 to
+Sept. 30, 1399): it was a _Label of five points per pale of Brittany and
+Lancaster_, No. 342, being his father's Label impaling that of his
+mother's father. The second son of this Prince, THOMAS Duke of CLARENCE,
+instead of adopting impalement, charged _a red canton upon each point of
+an ermine Label_, as in No. 343: while his brother, JOHN Duke of
+BEDFORD, bore their father's Label, No. 342.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 344.--Holland, of Kent.]
+
+The BORDURE, both plain and charged, is a Mark of Cadency borne by
+Princes and by personages of various ranks. EDMOND, youngest son of
+EDWARD I., differenced _England_ with a plain _silver bordure_, as in
+No. 344: the HOLLANDS, Earls of KENT, did the same: and the same silver
+bordure also was borne by THOMAS, youngest son of EDWARD III., about the
+quartered shield of _France ancient and England_; and about the
+quartered shield of _France modern and England_ by HUMPHREY, youngest
+son of HENRY IV. Prince JOHN of ELTHAM, as I have already shown, and
+after him the HOLLANDS, Dukes of EXETER, differenced _England with a
+Bordure of France_: No. 24. Though not so numerous as Labels, Bordures
+employed to mark Cadency exist in very many early examples, and a
+variety of devices appear charged upon them for secondary Difference.
+See No. 140. In the Royal Heraldry of our own times the Bordure is not
+used as a Royal Difference; but its use is retained in Scotland for
+differencing Shields of less exalted rank.
+
+In some few early Examples a BENDLET is charged upon the paternal shield
+as a mark of Cadency: and a BARRULET is found to have been also used for
+the same purpose. Thus, HENRY, second son of EDMOND the first Earl of
+LANCASTER, during the lifetime of his elder brother, differenced
+_England_ with an _azure Bendlet_, as in No. 345: and, in the Seal of
+HENRY DE PERCY, son and heir of HENRY third Baron, the lion is
+debruised, for Difference, by a Barrulet which crosses the Shield in the
+honour-point. Possibly, this Barrulet may be a _Label without points_.
+A CANTON, plain, or more frequently charged, and in many examples of
+ermine, is also added to Shields to mark Cadency, but more frequently
+nowadays its use denotes absence of blood descent. See Nos. 128, 129,
+130.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 345.--Henry of Lancaster.]
+
+To mark Cadency by a _change of Tinctures_ was a simple expedient, and
+such a one as would naturally be practised at an early period. It was
+effected, first, in the case of the _Field_: thus (H. 3) the brothers DE
+LA ZOUCHE severally bear--_Gu., bezantée_, and, _Az., bezantée_; and the
+brothers FURNIVAL (H. 3) bear--_Arg., a bend between six martlets gu._,
+and, _Or, a bend between six martlets gu._ Secondly, the change is
+effected in the _Charges_: thus, two William BARDOLFS (H. 3 and E. 2)
+severally bear--_Az., three cinquefoils or_, and, _Az., three
+cinquefoils arg._ Thirdly, the tinctures are _reversed_: for example,
+for two Sir JOHN HARCOURTS (E. 2)--_Gu., two bars or_, and, _Or, two
+bars gu._ Fourthly, there is a complete change in _all the tinctures_:
+and so, while Sir ANDREW LOTEREL (E. 2) bears--_Or, a bend between six
+martlets sa._, Sir GEFFREY LOTEREL (E. 2) bears--_Az., a bend between
+six martlets argent_. Finally, this system of marking Cadency admits
+various modifications of the changes already described: thus, in the
+Arms of Mortimer, No. 131, _gules_ is substituted for _azure_; and,
+again, in the same Shield an _inescutcheon ermine_ takes the place of
+the _inescutcheon argent_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 346.--Beauchamp of Elmely.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 347.--Beauchamp at Carlaverock.]
+
+Another and a favourite method of marking Cadency, calculated to
+exercise a great and decided influence in the development of heraldic
+blazon, is the _addition of secondary Charges_ of small size (not on a
+Label or a Bordure but) semée over the field of a Shield, or charged
+upon an Ordinary, or disposed in orle. In a large number of examples,
+these small charges are found to have been gradually reduced to six or
+three, in order to admit of their being blazoned on a somewhat larger
+scale, and consequently made more distinct. Again: while the number and
+the tinctures of the secondary differencing charges remain the same, in
+order to carry out the Cadency still farther the secondary charges
+themselves are varied: and, once more, in other cases the identity of
+the original secondary charges is retained, but their number is
+increased or diminished. I must be content to illustrate these various
+forms of Cadency with a few examples only. First, a group of shields of
+the BEAUCHAMPS:--Beauchamp of Elmely (H. 3)--_Gu., a fesse or_, No. 346:
+Beauchamp at Carlaverock--_Gu., crusilée and a fesse or_, No. 347:
+Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick--_Gu., a fesse between six crosses crosslets
+or_, No. 348: and Beauchamp of Bletshoe--_Gu., a fesse between six
+martlets or_, No. 349. Second, a corresponding group of shields of the
+BERKELEYS:--Maurice de Barkele (or Berkeley)--_Gu., a chevron arg._
+(H. 3): and then for other Berkeleys--_Gu., a chevron between ten
+crosses pattées, six and four, arg._; and the same Ordinary, with either
+_ten cinquefoils of silver_, or the same number of _white roses_. Three
+CORBETS bear severally (E. 2)--_Or, a raven sa._; _Or, two ravens sa._;
+and, _Or, three ravens sa._ And, once more, their original Shield--_Gu.,
+a chevron or_, is differenced by the COBHAMS by charging the Ordinary
+with three lioncels, three eaglets, three crosslets, three mullets,
+three estoiles, three crescents, or three fleurs de lys, all of them
+sable. The particular devices and figures selected thus to mark Cadency,
+like those charged upon Labels or Bordures, must be considered to have a
+special significance of their own, though this significance may
+frequently fail to be discerned in consequence of our being no longer
+able to trace out their association with the sources from which they
+were obtained. The alliances and the incidents that give these various
+Marks of Cadency, when it is possible to ascertain what they may have
+been, illustrate in a striking manner the motives by which the early
+Heralds were influenced when they differenced the Arms of Kinsmen.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 348.--Beauchamp of Warwick.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 349.--Beauchamp of Bletshoe.]
+
+_Official Insignia_ sometimes become Marks of Cadency. Thus, JOHN DE
+GRANDISON, Bishop of Exeter (A.D. 1327-1369), on the bend in his
+paternal arms, No. 89, substitutes a _golden mitre_ for the central
+eaglet, as in No. 350. WILLIAM COURTENAY, Archbishop of Canterbury (A.D.
+1381-1396), adopts a different course, and charges three golden mitres
+upon each point of the Label of Courtenay--_Or, three torteaux, over all
+a label of three points az. charged on each point with as many mitres
+gold_. And again, HENRY LE DESPENCER, Bishop of Norwich (A.D.
+1370-1406), places about his paternal shield an _azure bordure charged
+with eight golden mitres_ (see the largest shield in No. 351). On his
+official seal the canopied effigy of the Bishop stands between this, his
+personal Shield, and the Shield of his see--_az., three mitres or_: but
+his Secretum, or private seal, is much more interesting, as an heraldic
+image of the man himself. Haughty, fierce, cruel, and pugnacious, his
+career not less inglorious as a military commander than as a churchman,
+this HENRY LE DESPENCER, a grandson of the unhappy favourite of the no
+less hapless EDWARD II., was one of the war-loving prelates who
+occasionally appear sustaining a strange, and yet as it would seem a
+characteristic, part in the romantic drama of mediæval history. His
+Secretum, No. 351, displays his Shield of _Despencer_, differenced with
+his bordure of mitres, couché from a large mantled helm, surmounted by a
+mitre, in place of a crest-coronet, which supports the Despencer crest,
+a silver griffin's head of ample size; on either side are the Shields of
+the _see of Norwich_, and of _Ferrers_ (the Bishop's mother was Anne,
+daughter of WILLIAM Lord FERRERS of Groby)--_Or, seven mascles, three
+three and one, gu._; the legend is, S . HENRICI . DESPENCER .
+NORWICENSIS . EPISCOPI.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 350.--Bishop Grandison.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 351.--Secretum of Bishop le Despencer.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 352.--Sir Fulk Fitz Warin.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 353.--Thomas le Scrope.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 354.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 355.]
+
+At an early period, Cadency was marked by _adding a single small charge_
+to the blazon of a Shield, or by charging some secondary device or
+figure upon any accessory of a Shield of arms. Such a Mark of Cadency as
+this, obtained from some allied Shield, and charged upon an ordinary or
+principal bearing, or occupying a conspicuous position in the general
+composition, was in high favour with the Heralds of both the fourteenth
+and fifteenth centuries. From the early examples, which exist in great
+numbers and in as great variety, it will be sufficient for me to adduce
+only a few specimens--a single example, indeed, illustrates the system.
+The Shield of _Ufford_, in the Seal of MATILDA of LANCASTER, which I
+have already described (No. 320), is thus differenced with a single
+fleur de lys in the first quarter. Precisely in the same manner Sir FULK
+FITZ WARIN differences the Shield of the head of his house, No. 17, by
+charging a _mullet sable_ upon the first quarter, as in No. 352. THOMAS
+LE SCROPE, on the other hand, for Cadency marks the golden bend upon his
+azure Shield, No. 111, with an _annulet sable_, as in No. 353. Two
+members of the family of Beauchamp charge their golden fesse (see Nos.
+346-349), the one with a _crescent sable_, and the other with a _pierced
+mullet_ of the same tincture: Nos. 354, 355. In like manner, in addition
+to various labels, the NEVILLES charge no less than eight different
+small figures upon their silver saltire, No. 121, to distinguish
+different members and branches of their powerful race: I give one of
+these Shields in No. 356, which was borne by GEORGE NEVILLE, Lord
+LATIMER, from the monument to Earl RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP at
+Warwick--_Gu., on a saltire arg. a gimmel-ring az._: another differenced
+shield of Neville, No. 357, has _a cinquefoil_ charged on the saltire:
+a third example from this group I have already given, No. 122,
+differenced with _a rose_: this shield, No. 122, is now borne by the
+Earl of ABERGAVENNY. Once more: Sir WILLIAM DE BREWYS (E. 2)
+bears--_Az., crusilée and a lion rampt. or_, No. 358, which coat another
+Sir WILLIAM DE BREWYS differences, to distinguish himself from his
+kinsman, while at the same time declaring their near relationship, by
+simply charging a _red fleur de lys_ upon his lion's shoulder.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 356.--Lord Latimer.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 357.--Neville.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 358.--Sir William de Brewys.]
+
+Differences of Illegitimacy, which rightly and indeed necessarily are
+included under the general head of "Cadency," do not appear at any time
+to have assumed a definite or decided character, and yet they bring
+before the student of Heraldry much curious matter for inquiry and
+investigation. Early in the true heraldic era illegitimate sons are
+found to have differenced their paternal arms, as other sons lawfully
+born might have done: and it does not appear that any peculiar methods
+of differencing were adopted, palpably for the purpose of denoting
+illegitimacy of birth, before the fourteenth century had drawn near to
+its close. And even then, if any express heraldic rule on this point
+ever was framed, which is very doubtful, it certainly was never observed
+with any care or regularity.
+
+The earliest known example of the arms of a man of illegitimate birth is
+the fine Shield of WILLIAM LONGESPÉE, Earl of SALISBURY, son of
+HENRY II. and FAIR ROSAMOND, No. 197. This Shield is supposed to have
+been assumed and borne by the Earl on his marriage with the daughter and
+heiress of D'EVREUX, when in right of his wife he succeeded to the
+Earldom of Salisbury: but this theory does not rest upon any solid
+foundation, since it would be very difficult to show that the Shield
+with the six lioncels was certainly borne, on his armorial ensign, by
+the father-in-law of Earl William. Also, if a Shield charged with an
+escarbuncle and many lioncels, which has been assigned to GEOFFREY Count
+of ANJOU, was really borne by the Founder of the House of PLANTAGENET,
+Earl WILLIAM LONGESPÉE may have derived his own Shield from his paternal
+grandfather. Upon his Counterseal the Earl displays his own "long sword"
+as his proper device. In like manner, certain other personages, also
+illegitimate, appear to have borne arms which were either expressly
+assigned to themselves by the Sovereign, or such as they assumed in
+right of their mothers or wives. In all such cases as these, the Arms
+were not the paternal coat in any way differenced, but what now would be
+designated "fresh grants." Towards the beginning of the fifteenth
+century, however, a peculiar kind of Differencing for Illegitimacy
+gradually prevailed throughout Europe: thus, illegitimate children
+either altered the position of the charges in their paternal Shield; or
+they marshalled the entire paternal arms upon a bend or a fesse; or they
+composed for themselves a fresh Shield, either using their father's
+badges and the actual charges of his Shield, or adopting devices
+evidently derived from the paternal bearings; or they bore the paternal
+Shield differenced in a peculiarly conspicuous manner with certain marks
+by which they might be readily and certainly distinguished.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 359.--Henry, Earl of Worcester.]
+
+When the composition of the paternal Shield would admit of such an
+arrangement, the field not being argent, an illegitimate son sometimes
+bore his father's arms marshalled fesse-wise, so as to leave both the
+chief and the base of his Shield plain white. HENRY, Earl of WORCESTER,
+whose father was an illegitimate son of HENRY BEAUFORT, third Duke of
+SOMERSET, bore the arms of Beaufort couped in this manner in chief and
+in base, as if they were charged upon a very broad fesse on the field:
+No. 359.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 360.--Beaufort before 1397.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 361.--Beaufort after 1397.]
+
+JOHN DE BEAUFORT (great-grandfather of HENRY, Earl of WORCESTER), eldest
+illegitimate son of Prince JOHN of GHENT, _before_ the Act for his
+legitimation was passed in the year 1397, bore his father's hereditary
+arms of _Lancaster_--_England with a label of France_, No. 249--_on a
+broad bend_, the field being _per pale arg. and az._, the Lancastrian
+livery colours: No. 360. After their legitimation act had become a law,
+this same JOHN DE BEAUFORT, with his brothers, sons, and grandsons, bore
+the Royal quartered shield of France and England, No. 361, differenced,
+not with labels, but with _a bordure componée arg. and az._ (the
+Lancastrian colours): the different members of the Beaufort family
+slightly varied the bordure, but by the head of their house it was borne
+as in No. 361. It will be seen that this is the coat that HENRY, Earl of
+WORCESTER (himself the legitimate son of an illegitimate son), bore
+fesse-wise, as in No. 359. The father of this Earl HENRY, CHARLES
+SOMERSET, Earl of WORCESTER (illegitimate son of the third Duke of
+SOMERSET), differenced _Beaufort_, No. 361, with a _silver bendlet
+sinister_, as in No. 362, the bendlet covering the quarterings, but
+being included within the bordure.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 362.--Charles, Earl of Worcester.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 363.--Sir Roger de Clarendon.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 364.--Radolphus de Arundel.]
+
+Since the fifteenth century, in English Heraldry, a narrow bendlet or
+baton sinister, couped at its extremities, either plain or charged, has
+usually been the mark employed as difference by the illegitimate
+descendants of the Royal Family. It was borne by ARTHUR PLANTAGENET,
+Viscount LISLE, son of EDWARD IV.: by HENRY FITZ ROY, Duke of RICHMOND,
+son of HENRY VIII., and, variously differenced, by illegitimate
+descendants of CHARLES II.--that is, it is borne at the present day,
+_argent_, by the Duke of BUCCLEUCH; _ermine_, by the Duke of CLEVELAND;
+_componée arg. and az._, by the Duke of GRAFTON; and, _gules charged
+with three white roses_, by the Duke of ST. ALBANS.
+
+Sir ROGER DE CLARENDON, illegitimate son of the BLACK PRINCE, bore _on a
+sable bend the three Ostrich Feathers_ of his illustrious father's
+"_Shield of Peace_," the field of his Shield being golden, as in No.
+363. Here the "Difference for Illegitimacy" is very emphatically marked
+in a singularly felicitous and beautiful Shield.
+
+The paternal arms of illegitimate children have also sometimes been
+carried by them charged on a _canton_, either dexter or sinister, the
+rest of the Shield being left blank, or perhaps in some cases displaying
+the maternal arms; of this usage I am not able to give any good example,
+in English Heraldry, of certain authority: one other variety of these
+singular Shields, however, I must add to my small group of examples,
+which was first noticed by Mr. MONTAGU ("Guide to the Study of
+Heraldry," p. 44). This is the Shield, No. 364, of RADOLPHUS DE ARUNDEL;
+and it bears the quartered arms of the Earls of ARUNDEL--_Fitz Alan_ and
+_Warrenne_ (_gu. a lion rampt. or_, and No. 68), "_flanched_,"--that is,
+blazoned only upon the flanches (see No. 141) of the Shield, the central
+area being blank.
+
+For a lengthy period the use of the _bend_, _bendlet_, and _baton
+sinister_ was usual for the purpose of denoting illegitimacy, but this
+has now given way to the use, in England, of a _bordure wavy_; in
+Scotland, of a _bordure compony_; whilst in Ireland both these
+_bordures_ are used, more usually, however, the _bordure wavy_ being
+employed. By a curious divergence the _bordure wavy_ is not a mark of
+illegitimacy in Scotland, but a mark of perfectly legitimate cadency.
+The use of the _bendlet sinister_ for the debruising of crests still
+exists in England and Ireland, but crests are not usually differenced
+for any reason in Scotland.
+
+In treating of this subject, some writers have maintained that the
+_bordure componée_ is, in its heraldic nature, the most decided and
+unquestionable Difference for Illegitimacy: and this opinion these
+writers have derived from the singularly contradictory fact, that the
+BEAUFORTS differenced with a bordure componée when they became legally
+_legitimate_. A bordure componée _may_, indeed, be used with such an
+intention, as it is used by the Duke of RICHMOND, who bears the arms of
+CHARLES II. within a _bordure componée arg. and gu., charged with eight
+roses of the last_; but by the BEAUFORTS it was used with an intention
+exactly the reverse of this. The bordure, however, whatever its aspect
+or modification of treatment, remains still, as it was of old, an
+honourable Difference, until some abatement of honour has been
+associated with its presence under special circumstances. But the
+stereotyped use of the _bordure wavy_ in England with a set meaning,
+gives to the wavy variety a lack of desirability. Marks of illegitimacy
+are intended to remain upon a shield for all time, although in a few
+historic cases their use has been discarded. And precisely the same
+words may be applied to any other charge that has been employed, or may
+be required to mark Cadency.
+
+Marks of Cadency, as they are borne on Shields of Arms, may also be
+charged on Badges, Crests, and Supporters. As a matter of course, they
+appear on Armorial Banners and Standards under the same conditions that
+they are blazoned upon Shields and Surcoats. Such examples as may be
+necessary to illustrate heraldic usage in these cases, I propose to
+describe in the following Chapters.
+
+It cannot be necessary for me to adduce any arguments in order to
+impress upon Students of Heraldry the importance of investigating early
+Cadency, or to assure them that a special interest is inseparable from
+this inquiry: I may suggest, however, that it is most desirable that
+Students should arrange groups of allied Shields, and should carefully
+blazon them with their various "Marks of Cadency," being careful also to
+record their authorities for every example.
+
+MODERN CADENCY is marked by the Label and by single small Charges, which
+take precedence in the following order:--
+
+  1. The _Label_, No. 271.
+  2. The _Crescent_, No. 166, A.
+  3. The _Mullet_, No. 278.
+  4. The _Martlet_, No. 161.
+  5. The _Annulet_, No. 154.
+  6. The _Fleur de lys_, No. 246.
+  7. The _Rose_, No. 298.
+  8. The _Cross Moline_, No. 99.
+  9. The _Octofoil_, or _Double Quatrefoil_.
+
+When they are adopted, Marks of Cadency now are generally placed upon
+the Honour Point of the Shield, or in some other conspicuous position:
+one of these Marks also may be charged upon another, if desired,--as a
+Martlet may be charged upon a Crescent to denote the fourth son of a
+second son; and so in other cases.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 365.--Seal of William Fraser:
+  appended to Homage Deed, A.D. 1295, preserved in H.M. Record Office.]
+
+The Seal of WILLIAM FRASER, No. 365, from Mr. Laing's Collection,
+exemplifies in a singular and interesting manner the early use of a
+differenced Label. Here the Label appears, without any Shield, borne as
+if it were a Badge: and it is charged, on each of its three points, with
+two devices that have the appearance of mullets of six points, but which
+really may be _fraises_--strawberry-leaves, the rebus-device of Fraser.
+(See pp. 182-185.)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+DIFFERENCING
+
+  _Differencing to denote Feudal Alliance or Dependency: Differencing
+  without any Alliance-- Augmentation-- Abatement._
+
+  "Differencing, which comprises in truth the growth and ramification
+  of Coat-Armour, and the whole system of its early development, has
+  been strangely lost sight of in the numerous treatises on Armory
+  that have satisfied recent generations of Englishmen."
+    --HERALD AND GENEALOGIST, II. 32.
+
+
+DIFFERENCING, using the term here as distinct from, or perhaps as not
+identical with, the subject of CADENCY, includes not only the treatment
+of Coats of Arms and other armorial insignia, that denote and are based
+upon _Feudal Alliance_ or _Dependency_, but without blood-relationship;
+but also implies a comprehensive system of distinguishing similar Arms,
+when they are borne by individuals or families between whom no kind of
+alliance is known to have existed. It is evident, on the one hand, that
+a feudal influence would naturally lead to some degree of assimilation
+to the Coat-Armour of the feudal Chief, in the Arms of all allies and
+dependants: and, on the other hand, it will readily be understood that,
+even in the early days of its career, Heraldry would see the necessity
+for providing for the constantly increasing demands upon its resources;
+and, consequently, that it would organise a system which would enable
+the same Ordinaries and the same principal Charges to appear in distinct
+Shields, without either confusion or misapprehension.
+
+It is highly probable, and indeed it may be assumed to be certain, that
+what I have called a "feudal influence," in the thirteenth and
+fourteenth centuries in no slight degree affected the general
+composition of Coats of Arms. In very many instances the working of this
+influence is still palpable; and it is always interesting to the student
+of Heraldry, as it must always be eminently useful to the student of
+History, to detect its presence and to explore its method of action.
+Like Cadency, feudal Differencing is expressed by various means, all of
+them indicating, in a greater or a less degree, the motive which
+suggested their adoption. I proceed at once to examples, which
+illustrate and explain the system so clearly and so fully, that
+prolonged introductory remarks are altogether superfluous.
+
+Upon his Seal, RANULPH DE BLONDEVILLE, Earl of CHESTER (died in 1232)
+bears three garbs or wheat-sheaves; and Rolls of Arms of the time of
+HENRY III. blazon the Shield of the Earl of CHESTER as--_Az., three
+garbs or_, No. 366. This Shield has been assigned to the Earls of
+CHESTER to this day: and, in token of feudal alliance, from the middle
+of the thirteenth century, "one or more garbs," in the words of Mr.
+PLANCHÉ, "are seen in the majority of Coats belonging to the nobility
+and gentry of the County Palatine of Chester." Thus, since the year
+1390, the arms of GROSVENOR have been--_Az., a garb or_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 366.--Earl of Chester.]
+
+A cinquefoil, said to have been borne by him on a red Shield, was the
+device of ROBERT FITZ-PERNEL, Earl of LEICESTER, who died in 1204.
+Accordingly, the cinquefoil, derived from him, as early as the
+thirteenth century, appears in token of feudal connection on the Shields
+of many families of Leicestershire. As I have already shown, (page 183)
+a BERKELEY, who was of Leicestershire, substituted _ten cinquefoils_ for
+the ten crosses patée of the Berkeley Shield; and thus he combined
+feudal Differencing with Cadency.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 367.--Fitz Ralph.]
+
+Many a red chevron or chevronel, with other devices, charged upon a
+golden field, or a gold chevron on a red field, is a sign of feudal
+alliance with the great house of DE CLARE, whose Shield was--_Or, three
+chevronels gu._, No. 124. For example, the FITZ-RALPHS, near neighbours
+of the De Clares at Clare in Suffolk, differenced the Shield of the
+Earls by charging _silver fleurs de lys_ on each chevronel, as in No.
+367 (E. 2); and, for secondary difference, they sometimes added a
+_bordure azure_, as in the fine early Brass at Pebmarsh, near Clare.
+Again: by a change of tinctures, without affecting the charges of the
+Shield, the Arms of L'ERCEDECKNE (now Archdeacon) are--_Arg., three
+chevronels sa._
+
+At Carlaverock, EDMUND DE HASTINGS, brother of the Earl, bore--_Or,
+a maunche gu., with a label of five points sa._, the Earl himself
+bearing simply--_Or, a maunche gu._, No. 276. And, close by the side of
+EDMOND DE HASTINGS was his friend and companion, the feudal ally,
+without doubt, of his house, JOHN PAIGNEL, a very proper comrade, as the
+chronicler testifies--
+
+  "Un bacheler jolif et comté,"
+
+who differenced Hastings by change of tinctures, and bore--_Vert,
+a maunche or_.
+
+The Shield of the noble house of DE LUTERELL, or LOTEREL, I have
+blazoned with changed tinctures for two near kinsmen bearing that name
+(page 182), thus showing in what manner they marked their Cadency. This
+same shield, No. 368--_Or, a bend between six martlets sa._, was also
+differenced by other families to mark their feudal alliance with the
+house of Luterell. Thus, the DE FURNIVALS, themselves a powerful and
+distinguished family, who held their lands by feudal tenure under the
+Luterells, in token of this alliance bore the Shield of De Luterell with
+a fresh change of tinctures; and, accordingly, the arms of the De
+Furnivals are well known as--_Arg., a bend between six martlets gu._
+Then, while the FURNIVALS, for Cadency, differenced these arms amongst
+themselves, _their_ feudal allies and dependants, the ECCLESALLS or
+EKELESHALES, the MOUNTENEYS, the WADESLES or WADSLEYS, and the WORTELES
+or WORTLEYS, all united in declaring their connection with their chief
+by assuming arms founded upon the Furnival Coat. These very interesting
+and characteristic examples of feudal Differencing are well blazoned, as
+follows, in the Roll of EDWARD II. For DE ECCLESALL--_Sa., a bend
+between six martlets or_: for DE MOUNTENEY--_Gu., a bend between six
+martlets or_: for DE WADSLEY--_Arg., on a bend between six martlets gu.,
+three escallops or_, No. 369: and for DE WORTLEY--_Arg., on a bend
+between six martlets gu., three bezants_, No. 370.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 368.--De Luterell.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 369.--De Wadsley.]
+
+The MOUNTENEYS further difference their common arms, for Cadency, after
+this manner. Instead of _gules_, Sir ERNAUF DE MOUNTENEY has the field
+of his shield _azure_, his bend and martlets being _golden_: Sir JOHN
+bears these same arms, but charges his bend with a _mullet gules_, No.
+371: Sir T. DE MOUNTENEY bears Sir John's arms, but with _a field
+gules_: and another Sir JOHN cotises his bend thus--_Gu., a bend cotised
+between six martlets or_, No. 372.
+
+North of the Tweed, also, the same principle is found to be exemplified
+in Scottish Heraldry. "In Annandale," writes Mr. SETON, "the chief and
+saltire of the Bruces are carried (of different tinctures and with
+additional figures) by the Jardines, Kirkpatricks, Johnstons, and other
+families." The arms of BRUCE are--_Or, a saltire and a chief gu._, No.
+73: those of JARDINE are--_Arg., a saltire and a chief gu., the latter
+charged with three mullets of the field, pierced of the second_: and the
+arms of KIRKPATRICK are--_Arg., a saltire and chief az., the latter
+charged with three cushions or_. This coat of Kirkpatrick is also borne
+by the JOHNSTONS, the tinctures differenced thus--_Arg., a saltire sa.,
+and on a chief gu. three cushions or_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 370.--De Wortley.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 371.--Sir John de Mounteney.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 372.--Sir John de Mounteney.]
+
+Once more, returning to the southern side of the Scottish border, of
+RICHARD DE NEVILLE, the renowned "King-maker," we find it to be recorded
+that, so great was his popularity at Calais, of which city he was
+governor, that his Badges were universally adopted,--"no man esteeming
+himself gallant whose head was not adorned with his _silver ragged
+staff_ (No. 294); nor was any door frequented, that had not his _white
+cross_ (silver saltire, No. 121) painted thereon." This was an
+extravagant application of the earlier usage in denoting feudal
+alliance, such as was in keeping with the heraldic sentiment of the
+second half of the fourteenth century. Those good citizens of Calais,
+however, who were Neville-worshippers four hundred years ago, were not
+singular in exhibiting an armorial ensign at the entrance to their
+houses. Numerous, indeed, are the doorways in various parts of England,
+and particularly in the counties of Surrey, Sussex, and Norfolk, which
+in the "sign of the chequers" still display the insignia (_chequée or
+and az._, No. 68) of the once mighty Earls of WARRENNE and SURREY; and
+thus show that relics of the old feudal influence are endowed with a
+tenacious vitality, which prolongs their existence for ages after the
+feudal system itself has passed away. But no doubt some cases must be
+referred to the less romantic explanation of the reckoning board of the
+Steward.
+
+Differencing adopted, so far as now is apparent, _simply for the sake of
+distinction_, lays open before the student of Heraldry a wide and a
+diversified field of inquiry. All the miscellaneous charges that are
+associated in blazon with the Ordinaries, and also with the
+Subordinaries, thus are brought under consideration; and, without a
+doubt, it was for the express purpose of Differencing that many of these
+charges were introduced into English Heraldry. How far some remote
+degree of relationship, or some subordinate feudal motive now lost to
+sight and forgotten, may originally have affected the choice of Charges
+"for difference," it is not possible now to determine; nor can we always
+follow the rebus-loving search for a "Difference," that might speak
+through that allusive quality which is a primary element of the Herald's
+science. We do know that the act of bearing the same arms by different
+families, without some heraldic Difference, was of very rare occurrence;
+and that, when it did occur, it was regarded with marked surprise, and
+on more than one occasion led to a memorable controversy: and, further,
+we find great numbers of early differenced Shields, which illustrate in
+a very effective manner the growth and development of English Heraldry.
+Shields of this order have strong claims on our attention. The examples
+that I am able here to place before students are to be regarded simply
+as specimens, few in number, and yet sufficient to show some of the
+varied forms under which early Differencing was effected.
+
+The proceedings in the High Court of Chivalry in the suit between Sir
+RICHARD LE SCROPE and Sir ROBERT GROSVENOR, relative to the right to the
+Arms--_Azure, a bend or_, No. 111--commenced on the 17th of August 1385,
+and the final judgment of the King himself upon the appeal of the
+defendant against the finding of the Court was not pronounced till the
+27th of May 1390. On the 15th of May 1389 the judgment of the Court
+assigned the arms--_Azure, a bend or_--to Sir RICHARD LE SCROPE; and to
+Sir ROBERT GROSVENOR, these arms--_Az., a bend or, within a plain
+bordure argent_. Thus the Court confirmed to Sir Richard le Scrope the
+right to bear the Ordinary in its severe simplicity, without any other
+charge and without any Difference: and, at the same time, it was decided
+that these arms of Scrope should be differenced, in order that they
+might become the arms of Grosvenor, and the "Difference" was to be a
+_plain silver bordure_. The whole of the proceedings in this remarkable
+case are preserved, and have been published; and they derive a peculiar
+interest from the circumstance, that amongst the witnesses who gave
+evidence was the father of English Poetry, GEOFFREY CHAUCER. Appeal
+having been made to the Sovereign, RICHARD II. determined that a "plain
+bordure argent" was a Mark of Cadency, good and right, and perfectly
+sufficient as a Difference "between Cousin and Cousin in blood"; but
+that it was "not a sufficient Difference in Arms between two strangers
+in blood in one kingdom." The King, therefore, cancelled and annulled
+the sentence of the Court of Chivalry; and in so doing he gave a very
+clear definition of the distinction to be observed in Heraldry between
+kinsmen and strangers in blood. Then it was that the Shield, _Azure,
+a garb or_, was adopted as the arms of Grosvenor. We may assume, that
+the judgment of the Court would have been confirmed by the King, had Sir
+Robert Grosvenor been commanded to blazon his golden bend between two
+garbs, or charged with one or more garbs, or with three garbs on a
+chief, or with any other decided Difference which would be palpably
+distinct from a Mark of Cadency.
+
+The examples of Differenced Shields which follow I have selected from
+the Roll of EDWARD II. It will be seen that in each small group of these
+examples some primary feature of the composition is common to every
+Shield, so that the distinction between the Shields in each group is
+effected either by a simple change of tinctures, or by the introduction
+of various secondary charges.
+
+CHIEFS.--Sir JOHN DE ARDERNE--_Gu., crusilée and a chief or_. Sir THOMAS
+LE ROUS--_Erm., on a chief indented gu. two escallops arg._ Sir JOHN DE
+CLINTONE--_Arg., on a chief az. two fleurs de lys or_, No. 74. Sir JOHN
+DE CLINTONE, of Maxtoke--_Arg., on a chief az. two mullets or_, No. 75:
+here the Difference denotes Cadency as well as a distinct individuality.
+
+BENDS.--Sir ROBERT POUTREL.--_Or, on a bend az. three fleurs de lys
+arg._ Sir WALTER DE BERMYNGHAM--_Arg., on a bend gu., cotised az., three
+esallops or_. OLIVER DE BOHUN--_Az., on a bend, cotised and between six
+lioncels or, three escallops gu._, No. 321.
+
+FESSES AND BARS.--Sir JOHN DE DAGEWORTH--_Erm., a fesse gu. bezantée_,
+No. 80. Sir G. DE WACHESHAM--_Arg., a fesse and in chief three crescents
+gu._ Sir R. DE COLEVILLE--_Or, a fesse gu., and in chief three
+torteaux_. Sir J. DE GEYTONE--_Arg., a fesse between six fleurs de lys
+gu._ Sir G. DE OUSFLET--_Arg., on a fesse az. three fleurs de lys or_.
+Sir R. DE LOMELYE (Lumley)--_Gu., on a fesse between three popinjays
+arg., as many mullets sa._ Sir B. BADLESMERE--_Arg., a fesse between
+bars gemelles gu._ Sir G. DE LA MERE--_Or, a fesse between bars gemelles
+az._, No. 84. Sir J. DE PREIERES--_Gu., a fesse between bars gemelles
+arg._ Sir J. WAKE--_Or, two bars gu., in chief three torteaux_, No. 82.
+Sir B. PYCOT--_Az., two bars or, in chief three bezants_. Sir R. DE
+WEDONE--_Arg., two bars gu., in chief three martlets sa._ Sir R.
+BORDET--_Az., two bars or, on the uppermost three martlets gu._ Sir R.
+DE ROYINGE--_Arg., three bars and an orle of martlets gu._ Sir N. DE
+ESTOTEVILLE--_Barry arg. and gu., three lioncels sa._ Sir R. DE
+YNGELFELD--_Barrulée arg. and gu., on a chief or a lion pass. az._ Sir
+W. DE MONECASTRE--_Barrulée arg. and gu., on a bend sa. three escallops
+or_. Sir T. DE PONINGE--_Barry or and vert, on a bend gu. three mullets
+arg._
+
+CROSSES.--Sir N. DE WEYLANDE--_Arg., on a cross gu. five escallops or_.
+Sir R. BYGOD--_Or, on a cross gu. five escallops arg._ Sir WM.
+KIRKETOT--_Az., on a cross arg. five escallops gu._ Sir WM. DE
+BERHAM--_Sa., a cross between four crescents arg._ Sir R. DE
+BANNEBURY--_Arg., a cross patée between four mullets gu._ Sir J.
+RANDOLF--_Gu., on a cross arg. five mullets sa._ Sir G. DE DUREM--_Arg.,
+on a cross gu. five fleurs de lys or_. Sir P. DE GEYTONE--_Arg.,
+crusilée and three fleurs de lys az._ Sir R. DE HOFTOT--_Az., a cross
+patée erm. between four roses erm._
+
+CHEVRONS.--Sir G. ROSSEL--_Or, a chevron az., between three roses gu._
+Sir J. DE CRETINGE--_Arg., a chevron between three mullets gu._ Sir R.
+MALET--_Sa., a chevron between three buckles arg._ Sir T. DE
+ANVERS--_Gu., a chevron between three mullets or_. Sir WM. DE
+BERKEROLES--_Az., a chevron between three crescents or_. Sir W.
+BLUET--_Or, a chevron between three eagles vert_. Sir R. DE
+CAPLE--_Arg., a chevron gu. between three torteaux_. Sir T. MALET--_Sa.,
+a chevron between three buckles arg._ Sir R. DE PEYVRE--_Arg., on a
+chevron az. three fleurs de lys or_, No. 125. Sir R. DE
+BOTERELS--_Chequée or and gu., on a chevron az. three horseshoes arg._
+
+  [Illustration: No. 373.--At St. Albans.]
+
+LIONS.--The Earl of LINCOLN--_Or, a lion rampt. purp._, No. 194. The
+Earl of ARUNDEL--_Gu., a lion rampt. or_. Sir HENRY DE PERCY--_Or,
+a lion rampt. az._, No. 196. Sir JOHN MOWBRAY--_Gu., a lion rampt.
+arg._, No. 193. Sir R. DE SOTTONE (Sutton)--_Or, a lion rampt. vert_.
+Sir J. DE NORTONE--_Vert, a lion rampt. or_. Sir W. FAUCONBERG--_Arg.,
+a lion rampt. az._ Sir G. DE HAUTVILLE--_Sa., crusilée, a lion rampt.
+arg._ Sir ---- DE MOUNTFORT--_Arg., crusilée gu., a lion rampt. az._ Sir
+WM. MAUFEE--_Arg., semée of escallops gu., a lion rampt. sa._ Sir J. DE
+CREPPINGE--_Gu., billetée or, a lion rampt. arg._ Sir R. DE
+ASSCHEBY--_Arg., a lion rampt. sa. billetée or_. Sir J. DE
+DEYVILLE--_Gu., semée de lys, a lion rampt. arg._ _Arg., within a
+bordure gu. bezantée, a lion rampt. sa._, for Sir T. DE PICKERING; and,
+_Arg., within an orle of roses gu., a lion rampt. sa._, for Sir R.
+PIERPOUND, both apparently founded on the shield of the Earl of
+CORNWALL, No. 140, which also is blazoned in this Roll. Sir J. LE
+STRANGE--_Gu., two lions pass. arg._, No. 191. Sir J. DE SOMERI--_Or,
+two lions pass. az._ Sir R. DE ST. WALY--_Or, two lions pass. gu._ Sir
+N. CARRU (Carew)--_Or, three lions pass. sa._ Sir J. GIFFARD--_Gu.,
+three lions pass. arg._, No. 192. Sir R. LE FITZ PAYN--_Gu., three lions
+pass. arg., over all a bendlet az._ Sir G. DE CANVYLE--_Az., three lions
+pass arg._ In the beautiful chantry of Abbot THOMAS RAMRYGE, at St.
+Albans, one of the large sculptured Shields is charged with a lion
+rampant within what may be considered to be an _orle of roses_--the
+arms, as I have just shown, assigned in the Roll of EDWARD II. to Sir R.
+PIERPOUND. This Shield, carefully drawn by the engraver himself from the
+original in the Abbey Church of St. Alban, is represented in No. 373.
+
+AUGMENTATION, or AUGMENTATION OF HONOUR, is a term employed to denote an
+addition to a Shield of arms, specially granted by the Sovereign to
+commemorate some worthy or illustrious deed, and forming an integral
+element of the Shield as an hereditary bearing. Such additions will be
+found marshalled in the forms of Chiefs and Inescutcheons as Cantons, or
+as Quarterings; or they may assume the character of additional charges.
+Also, this same term denotes similar additions of Crests, Badges, or any
+other accessories of Shields.
+
+The Augmentation displayed upon the Ducal Shield of WELLINGTON, a most
+honourable exception to the prevailing degenerate heraldic feeling of
+the period in which it was granted to the Great Duke, in characteristic
+and expressive qualities is second to no other example of its own class
+and order. This true Augmentation of Honour is the _National Device of
+the British Empire_, as it is blazoned in the "Union Jack," charged upon
+an inescutcheon, and displayed upon the honour point of the Duke's
+paternal Shield.
+
+An equally significant Augmentation of an earlier date is borne in the
+Arms of HOWARD. These Arms before the battle of Flodden were--_Gu.,
+a bend between six crosses crosslets fitchée arg._ To commemorate the
+great victory won by him at Flodden Field, Sept. 9, 1513, when JAMES IV.
+of Scotland was defeated and slain, HENRY VIII. granted to THOMAS
+HOWARD, Duke of Norfolk, and to his descendants, as an Augmentation of
+Honour, the _Royal Shield of Scotland_ (No. 138), _but having a
+demi-lion only, which is pierced through the mouth with an arrow_, to be
+borne in the middle of the bend of his proper arms. This Shield is
+represented in No. 374; and in No. 374A the augmentation is shown on a
+larger scale.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 374.--Howard, after Flodden.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 374A.--The Howard Augmentation.]
+
+A small group of additional examples will be sufficient to illustrate
+this most interesting class of historical Arms, and at the same time
+will not fail to excite in students a desire very considerably to extend
+the series through their own inquiries and researches. In memory of the
+devoted courage and all-important services of JANE LANE, after the
+disastrous battle of Worcester, CHARLES II. granted as an Augmentation a
+_Canton of England_ (No. 187 marshalled on a canton), to be added to the
+hereditary Coat of Lane, which is--_Per fesse or and az., a chevron gu.
+between three mullets counterchanged_. The Crest of the family of DE LA
+BERE is said to have been conferred by the BLACK PRINCE upon SIR RICHARD
+DE LA BERE, as a memorial of the good service rendered by that gallant
+knight on the memorable field of Cressi. This Crest is--_Out of a
+crest-coronet a plume of five ostrich feathers per pale arg. and az._,
+the Plantagenet colours--the device (as Mr. LOWER observes) being
+evidently derived from the Prince's own Badge, and also forming a
+variety of the "panache," the Crest then held in such high estimation.
+The heart charged upon the shield of DOUGLAS (see Nos. 156, 157, p. 74)
+is another remarkable Augmentation. So also is the adoption of the
+armorial insignia of the CONFESSOR, No. 2, by RICHARD II., and his
+marshalling it upon his own Royal Shield, impaled to the dexter with the
+quartered arms of France and England.
+
+English Heraldry has been required to recognise another and a perfectly
+distinct class of "Augmentations," which consist of additions to the
+blazonry of a Shield or of additional quarterings or accessories,
+granted as tokens of Royal favour, for heraldic display, but without any
+particular "merit" in the receiver, or any special historical
+significance in themselves. Augmentations of this order may be
+considered to have been first introduced by RICHARD II., when he
+granted, "out of his mere grace," to his favourite ROBERT DE VERE, Earl
+of OXFORD, Marquess of DUBLIN and Duke of IRELAND, a differenced Coat of
+ST. EDMUND (No. 3)--_Az., three crowns or, within a bordure argent_, to
+be quartered with the DE VERE arms as the arms of IRELAND. In the same
+spirit, RICHARD II. granted, as similar Augmentations, the arms of the
+CONFESSOR to be marshalled, with Differences, on their Shields by THOMAS
+and JOHN HOLLAND, Dukes of SURREY and EXETER, and by THOMAS MOWBRAY,
+Duke of NORFOLK. It will be remembered that it was one of the capital
+charges against the then Earl of SURREY, a lineal descendant of this
+THOMAS MOWBRAY, the Duke of NORFOLK, in 1546, that he had assumed,
+without the special licence of HENRY VIII., the same arms of the
+CONFESSOR as an augmentation.
+
+By EDWARD IV. similar augmentations, "by grace" and not "for merit,"
+were granted; and by HENRY VIII. the system was carried to excess in the
+grants made to augment the armorial blazonry of ANNE BOLEYN, and of his
+English consorts, her successors.
+
+ABATEMENT is a term which was unknown until it made its appearance in
+certain heraldic writings of the sixteenth century, when it was used to
+denote such marks or devices as, by the writers in question, were held
+to be the reverse of honourable Augmentation--_Augmentations of
+dishonour_ indeed, and tokens of degradation. True Heraldry refuses to
+recognise all such pretended abatements, for the simple reason that they
+never did exist, and if they could exist at all, they would be in direct
+antagonism to its nature, its principles, and its entire course of
+action. Honourable itself, Heraldry can give expression only to what
+conveys honour, and it records and commemorates only what is to be
+honoured and held in esteem.
+
+The very idea of an heraldic Abatement implies, if not a complete
+ignorance, certainly a thorough misconception of the character and the
+office of Heraldry. Even if Heraldry were to attempt to stigmatise what
+is, and what ought to be esteemed, dishonourable, who would voluntarily
+accept insignia of disgrace, and charge and display them upon his
+Shield, and transmit them to his descendants? And the believers in
+Abatement must hold that Heraldry can exert a compulsory legislative
+power, which might command a man to blazon his own disgrace, and force
+him to exhibit and to retain, and also to bequeath, any such blazonry.
+A belief in heraldic Abatement, however, is by no means singular or
+rare. A curious example of its existence was recently brought under my
+notice, in connection with one of the most renowned of the historical
+devices of English Heraldry. The _bear_, the badge of the BEAUCHAMPS,
+Earls of WARWICK, which appears at the feet of the effigy of Earl
+RICHARD in the Beauchamp chapel at Warwick, in accordance with a special
+provision to that effect, is "_muzzled_"; and, wearing a muzzle has this
+bear been borne, as their Badge, by the successors of the BEAUCHAMPS in
+the Warwick Earldom, the Earls of the houses of NEVILLE, DUDLEY, RICH,
+and GREVILLE. But, it would seem that a legend has found credence at
+Warwick Castle itself, which would associate the muzzle of the bear with
+some dishonourable action of an Earl of the olden time; and,
+consequently, it was proposed that at length this Abatement should be
+removed from the bears still at Warwick! Earl RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP was
+not exactly the man to have displayed upon _his_ bear any ensign of
+dishonour; nor were his son-in-law, the "King-maker," and Queen
+ELIZABETH'S ROBERT DUDLEY, at all more probable subjects for any similar
+display; still, it is quite certain that they bore the muzzled bear, as
+he appears on the seal of the great Earl, No. 448.[7] That muzzle,
+doubtless, has its becoming heraldic significance, without in the
+slightest degree partaking in the assumed character of an Abatement.
+I hope eventually to be able to trace out conclusively what the muzzle
+may really imply, and I commend the research to other inquirers:
+meanwhile, neither at Warwick nor elsewhere is there any such thing as
+"Abatement" in English Heraldry.
+
+    [Footnote 7: See Frontispiece.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+CRESTS
+
+  "On high their glittering crests they toss." --LORD OF THE ISLES.
+
+            "Then he bound
+  Her token on his helmet." --ELAINE.
+
+
+The idea of a CREST, of some accessory specially designed to form its
+crowning adornment, appears inseparable from the existence and use of a
+Helm. The Warriors and Warrior Divinities of classic antiquity are
+represented to us, wearing head-pieces richly crested: and, in the
+Middle Ages, had no other Heraldry ever been devised, assuredly
+ornaments of some kind would have been placed on helms and basinets, and
+these insignia would have been held in high esteem and honour.
+Accordingly, about the time that Coat-Armour became hereditary, having
+been reduced to a system and accepted as an independent science,
+heraldic Crests began to be worn as honourable distinctions of the most
+exalted dignity by the mediæval chivalry.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 375.--Richard I.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 376.--Henry de Perci.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 377.--Henry de Laci.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 378.--Seal of Alexander de Balliol, A.D. 1292.]
+
+Upon the Second Great Seal of RICHARD I. the cylindrical helm of the
+King appears surmounted by a kind of cap or fan charged with a lion
+passant, the whole being arched over by a radiated ornament somewhat
+resembling a displayed fan, as in No. 375. Similar Crests, somewhat
+modified in their details, are represented in other seals of the same
+era, and with them the flowing Contoise or Scarf is sometimes
+associated, as in No. 376, from the seal of Baron HENRY DE PERCI, A.D.
+1300. Similar ornaments were also placed by the knights of those ages
+upon the heads of their chargers. The seal of HENRY DE LACI, Earl of
+LINCOLN, A.D. 1272, shows the Fan-Crest both upon the helm of the Earl,
+No. 377, and the head of his war-horse. Another equally characteristic
+example is the Seal of ALEXANDER DE BALLIOL, No. 378, appended to the
+"General Release" given by JOHN BALLIOL to EDWARD I., 2nd January, 1292:
+it will be observed that this knight displays the arms of his house, No.
+134, upon his Shield, and also, in addition to the Fan-Crest, upon the
+barding of his charger. Again I am indebted to the kindness and
+liberality of Mr. Laing for the use of his admirable woodcut of this
+fine and interesting seal.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 379.--Helm of Thomas, second Earl of Lancaster.]
+
+The flowing Contoise continued to be attached to helms till about the
+middle of the fourteenth century; unless, indeed, some veritable "lady's
+favour" were worn in its stead by knights favoured as was Sir LAUNCELOT,
+who, on a memorable day,--
+
+  "Wore, against his wont, upon his helm
+  A sleeve of scarlet, broidered with great pearls,
+  Some gentle maiden's gift."
+
+  [Illustration: No. 380.--Helm and Crest of Sir Geoffrey Luterell:
+  A.D. 1345.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 381.--Seal of Sir Robert de Marny, A.D. 1366.]
+
+The seal of THOMAS, second Earl of LANCASTER, about A.D. 1320, gives an
+excellent example both of such figures as were beginning at that early
+time to supersede the Fan-Crests, and also of the Contoise; No. 379.
+About this same period the fashion was introduced of fixing two tall
+spikes, one on each side of the Crest, upon the helm, probably intended
+in the first instance to display the contoise. These singular spikes may
+have been derived by the English Heralds from their brethren of Germany,
+who delighted, as they still delight, in placing upon helms as Crests,
+or as the accessories of Crests, small banners displayed from staves set
+erect and surmounted by spear-heads. In German Heraldry also Crests are
+very frequently placed between tall upright horns or trumpets: and,
+sometimes, upon a German helm the Crest stands between horns shaped like
+two elephant's trunks (for which they have often been mistaken by
+English Heralds), placed in the same erect position, and, like the
+trumpets, so adjusted as to have the general aspect of the curved
+outline of a classic lyre. The helm of Sir GEOFFREY LUTERELL, A.D. 1345,
+No. 380, drawn from a celebrated illumination, between the tall spikes
+has a late example of the Fan-Crest; and it exemplifies the practice
+sometimes adopted of charging armorial insignia upon Crests of this fan
+form. The Arms of Luterell--_Or, a bend and six martlets sa._--were
+borne by Sir GEOFFREY thus differenced (E. 2)--_Az., a bend and six
+martlets arg._ A pair of lofty upright wings were held in much esteem in
+the Heraldry of both England and Scotland, to form the accessories of
+Crests. The Seal of Sir ROBERT DE MARNY, A.D. 1366, No. 381, shows his
+armorial shield--_Gu., a lion rampant arg._, suspended from a tree,
+between two crested helms, the crest in both cases being a _winged
+chapeau_, having the wings very tall and very slender.
+
+From the earliest times, Crests have occasionally been identical with
+the principal charge in the Shield of Arms, or they have repeated the
+principal charge with some slight modification of attitude or accessory:
+but, more generally, Crests have been altogether distinct. The Dragon
+and the Wyvern, the latter well exemplified in No. 315, are amongst the
+earliest figures that were borne as Crests in England. Other early
+Figure-Crests are the Lion, crowned and assumed for the first time by an
+English Sovereign by EDWARD III.; and the Eagle, borne by the same
+Prince. Various devices and figures are found gradually to have been
+added to these earliest Crests. The graceful and peculiarly appropriate
+_Panache_ soon joined them, with the heads of various animals and other
+creatures: and, as the fourteenth century advances, the _Crest-Coronet_,
+No. 232, the _Crest-Wreath_, No. 233, and the _Chapeau_, No. 224, assume
+their places in connection with Crests; and the _Mantling_ falls in rich
+folds from them, covering the back of the Helm. In the succeeding
+century, with Helms less dignified in form, but more elaborately
+enriched, and with strangely fantastic Mantlings, Crests become
+considerably larger in their proportions; and they often are extravagant
+in their character, devices constantly being assumed and borne as
+Crests, which are no less inconsistent with true heraldic feeling, than
+with the peculiar conditions and the proper qualities of true heraldic
+Crests. The Crest of the Duke of HAMILTON, No. 301, is far from being
+one of the most inconsistent devices that were intended to be worn upon
+helms. And, as it is scarcely necessary for me to add, every really
+consistent Crest should be such a figure or device as might be actually
+worn upon his helm, by a mediæval knight, with dignity and with a happy
+effect.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 382.--Seal of William de Wyndesor.]
+
+Early examples of Panache-Crests exist in considerable numbers, and they
+show much variety of treatment. No. 285, already given at page 142,
+shows a Panache of several heights of feathers, the general outline
+having an oval contour. In No. 283, from the Seal of EDWARD DE
+COURTENAY, Earl of DEVON, A.D. 1372, there are three heights of
+feathers, and the outline has a square form. Again, the Seal of WILLIAM
+LE LATIMER, A.D. 1415, gives the peculiar Panache, with the no less
+peculiar variety of mantling, shown in No. 284. A Panache of ample
+proportions, and of exceedingly graceful form, is represented in the
+Seal of WILLIAM DE WYNDESOR, A.D. 1381. The comparatively small size of
+the armorial Shield, as it generally appears when introduced into the
+composition of Seals in the fourteenth century, is shown in a striking
+manner in this same example, No. 382, which in the woodcut is slightly
+enlarged, in order to show the device more clearly: the arms are--_Gu.,
+a saltire or_. Other fine examples of Panache-Crests may be seen in the
+effigies of Sir RICHARD DE PEMBRIDGE, K.G., A.D. 1375, in Hereford
+Cathedral; of Sir ROBERT DE MARMION, A.D. 1400, at Tanfield, Yorkshire;
+and of Sir THOMAS ARDERNE, about the same date, at Elford, in
+Staffordshire. The very fine effigy of Sir EDWARD DE THORPE, A.D. 1418,
+at Ashwelthorpe, in Norfolk, has a helm of rare beauty of form, with a
+rich mantling, and a most graceful Panache of peacock's feathers; and
+peacock's feathers also form the Panache of Lord FERRERS of CHARTLEY, in
+his Brass, A.D. 1425, at Merevale, in Warwickshire. And, once more, upon
+the Seal of THOMAS DE HATFIELD, Bishop of Durham, A.D. 1345, the Panache
+rises from the episcopal mitre, after the same manner as it does in No.
+383 from a Coronet.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 383.--Crest of Sir Richard Grey, K.G., A.D. 1420.]
+
+Another episcopal Seal, that of Bishop HENRY LE DESPENCER, No. 351,
+shows a Shield of small size when compared with the helm and crest, the
+latter being the favourite device of a gryphon's head between two tall
+upright wings. The Seals of the FITZALANS, Earls of Arundel, and the
+Seal of JOHN TIPTOFT, Earl of Worcester, may be specified as displaying
+fine examples of the same Crest. With them may be grouped the Crest of
+Sir RICHARD GREY, K.G., Lord Grey of Codnor, A.D. 1420--_A peacock's
+head and neck, between two wings erect, the feathers az., and their
+pens_ (quills) _arg._, No. 383, from the Garter-plate at Windsor. This
+Crest rises from such a Crest-Coronet as was borne on their helms by
+noblemen in the time of HENRY V.
+
+The use of the _Chapeau_, or Cap of Estate, instead of a Crest-Coronet,
+to support a Crest upon a helm, I have already illustrated with Nos. 198
+and 199, severally the Lion-Crests of the BLACK PRINCE and of his son
+RICHARD II. Like No. 199, No. 384 is from one of the unrivalled series
+of helms sculptured in Westminster Hall, with the Crest and
+Ostrich-feather Badge of King RICHARD II. In both of these examples the
+adjustment of the _Mantling_ is shown. Two famous Lion-Crests are those
+borne by the great families of HOWARD and PERCY, severally Dukes of
+Norfolk and Northumberland. The HOWARD lion, originally granted by
+RICHARD II. to THOMAS MOWBRAY, Earl Marshal, and now borne by the Duke
+of NORFOLK, is _a lion statant guardant, his tail extended or, and
+ducally gorged arg._: the PERCY lion is _statant, his tail extended or_:
+each lion stands upon a chapeau. The Lion-Crest of the BLACK PRINCE,
+being charged with the _silver Label_ (which he may be said to wear
+after the fashion of a collar), exemplifies the prevailing practice of
+_differencing Crests with marks of Cadency_. Crests admit every variety
+of Difference: and Mantlings also are frequently differenced with small
+charges, or with badges; as in the Garter-plate of Sir JOHN BEAUMONT,
+K.G., and in the Brass at Little Easton, Essex, to Sir HENRY BOURCHIER,
+K.G., Earl of ESSEX.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 384.--Helm, Crest, Mantling,
+  and Badge of Richard II., from Westminster Hall.]
+
+The _Crest-Wreath_ first appears about the middle of the fourteenth
+century. The earliest example to which I can refer is represented in the
+Brass to Sir HUGH HASTINGS, at Elsyng, in Norfolk, A.D. 1347. In this
+most remarkable engraven memorial, the finial of the principal canopy is
+surmounted by a helm with mantling, wreath, and the crest of
+HASTINGS--_a bull's head sable_; No. 385. In the effigy of Sir R. DE
+PEMBRIDGE, K.G., already noticed, the date of which is 1375, the crest
+is united to the great helm that supports the head of the knight by a
+wreath formed of a band of four-leaved flowers. A little later, A.D.
+1384, at Southacre, in Norfolk, the Brass of Sir JOHN HARSYCK has a
+Crest-Wreath formed of two rolls, probably of silk, twisted as in No.
+386. In the second half of the next century, amongst many good examples
+of Crest-Wreaths I select as typical specimens those which appear in the
+Brasses to Sir WILLIAM VERNON, A.D. 1467, at Tong, in Shropshire, No.
+386; and to Sir ROBERT HARCOURT, K.G., No. 387, at Staunton Harcourt,
+Oxfordshire.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 385.--Crested Helm of Sir Hugh Hastings;
+  A.D. 1347.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 386, 387, and 388.--Crest-Wreaths.]
+
+The Crest-Wreath in the form shown in the last examples, and now almost
+universally used in representations of such Crests as are without the
+Crest-Coronet and the Chapeau, may fairly be considered to have been
+derived from the rich ornamentation, generally, as it would seem, formed
+of costly textile fabrics, if not executed in jewelled or enamelled
+goldsmith's work, that was frequently wreathed about knightly basinets.
+These wreath-like ornaments are represented in numerous effigies both
+sculptured and engraven; and they are shown to have been worn either
+flat, as in No. 388, or wrought to high relief, as in No. 389. These two
+examples are severally from the effigies of a knight in Tewkesbury Abbey
+Church, about A.D. 1365, and of Sir HUMPHREY STAFFORD, A.D. 1450, at
+Bromsgrove, in Worcestershire. The enamelled effigy of Earl WILLIAM DE
+VALANECE, A.D. 1296, at Westminster, has a wreath of delicate
+workmanship in relief, which once was set with real or imitative jewels.
+
+For many years after their first appearance, heraldic Crests were
+regarded as insignia of great dignity and exalted estate; and it was not
+till a considerably later period that the right to bear a Crest came to
+be regarded as an adjunct of the right to bear arms. Still later, when
+they were granted with Coat-Armour to corporate bodies, communities, and
+institutions, Crests altogether lost their original significance; and
+they became, in their use, Badges in everything except the habit of
+placing them, with their accessories of Wreath or Crest-Coronet, of
+Chapeau and Mantling, upon representations of helms.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 389.--Basinet with Crest-Wreath,
+  Effigy of Sir Humphrey Stafford, A.D. 1450.]
+
+When they were actually worn, Crests were undoubtedly constructed of
+some very light materials. It is probable that _cuir bouilli_ (boiled
+leather), the decorative capabilities of which were so well understood
+by mediæval artists, was generally employed.
+
+It has been sometimes held that Crests are personal bearings only; and,
+therefore, not hereditary, though capable of being bequeathed or granted
+by their possessors. This theory is not sustained by early or general
+usage; and, accordingly, Crests must be pronounced to be hereditary, as
+is Coat-Armour.
+
+It is evident that as one person may inherit, and therefore may quarter,
+two or more Coats of Arms, so the same person might claim to bear _two
+or more Crests_ by a similar right of inheritance. This in early times
+resulted in selection because no early British precedent exists for the
+simultaneous display of _two_ Crests. But it was soon recognised that as
+no woman could bear a Crest, she ought not to transmit one, and the idea
+of the inheritance of the Crest with a quartering from a female
+ancestress ceased. At the present day, several Crests, each with its own
+helm and mantling, are occasionally represented above a Shield of arms:
+but, in England, by strict heraldic rule, two (or more than two) Crests
+can be borne by one individual, only when he has obtained the Royal
+licence to bear and use the _Surname and Arms_ of another family _in
+addition_ to those of his own family, or, by a special grant from the
+Crown.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+BADGES
+
+  "Might I but know thee by thy household Badge!"
+    --SHAKESPEARE, _Henry VI._, _Part 2_.
+
+
+A BADGE, like a Coat of Arms, is an armorial ensign that is complete in
+itself, and possesses a definite signification of its own. In use with a
+decided heraldic significance long before the adoption of systematic
+Heraldry, Badges have always held a conspicuous position in the
+estimation of Heralds. A Badge resembles any single charge in Heraldry,
+in being a figure or device that is assumed as the distinctive
+cognisance of a particular individual or family: but, unlike a charge,
+it may be borne by itself, without any Shield, and also without any
+accompanying accessory, with the exception, in some instances, of a
+_Motto_ (See "Motto," p. 138). Badges, however, are found depicted on
+roundels of the livery, and upon Standards, and for decorative purposes
+are often depicted upon mantlings. It will be evident that a Badge may
+be the very same figure or device as a Crest; but, it must be remembered
+that a Badge always differs from a Crest, in usually being altogether
+without crest-wreath or coronet, in consequence of having no connection
+whatever with the knightly helm. There was, however, a period in which
+the Badge was much confused with the Crest, which has resulted in many
+devices which are really Crests being officially recorded as Badges.
+
+After the establishment of a true Heraldry, Badges were generally used
+to commemorate remarkable exploits, or in reference either to some
+family or feudal alliance, or to indicate some territorial rights or
+pretensions. Very many Badges are allusive, and consequently they are
+_Rebuses_ (see "Rebus," p. 146). Some are taken from the charges of the
+bearer's Shield, or they have a more or less direct reference to those
+charges. Some trace of Marshalling or of feudal Difference may
+constantly be observed in Badges; and even where the motive for the
+selection of certain devices has not been discovered, it may fairly be
+assumed that a good heraldic motive still exists, although it has become
+obscured or been forgotten. It was not uncommon for the same personage
+or family to use more than one Badge; and, on the other hand, two or
+more Badges were often borne in combination, to form a single compound
+device, as in Nos. 235 and 270. The _ragged staff_, in like manner, No.
+294, and the _bear_, both of them Badges of the BEAUCHAMPS, Earls of
+WARWICK, were sometimes united to form a single Badge, and by the
+successors of that great family the "bear and ragged staff" were
+generally borne as a single device. (See No. 448, and p. 319.)
+
+Two distinct classes of Badges were in general use in the fourteenth,
+fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. Those of the first class, well known
+as the insignia of certain eminent personages and powerful houses, were
+borne by all the followers, retainers, dependants, and partisans of
+those personages and houses: and they were so borne by them, and they
+were used by their owners for every variety of decorative purpose,
+because they were _known and understood_; and, consequently, because the
+presence of these Badges would cause all persons and objects bearing
+them to be readily and certainly distinguished. By means of these most
+useful devices a wide and comprehensive range was given to the action
+and the influence of true Heraldry, without infringing in the slightest
+degree upon the lofty and almost sacred exclusiveness of the Coat-Armour
+of a noble or a gentle house. In the words which SHAKESPEARE teaches
+CLIFFORD to address to WARWICK, "Might I but know thee by thy household
+Badge!" it is implied that all the followers of Warwick were well known
+by his "household Badge," which was displayed by them all, while some
+other insignia were worn by the great Earl upon his own person.
+
+Mr. Lower has remarked ("Curiosities of Heraldry," p. 145) that
+"something analogous to the fashion" of embroidering the household
+Badges of their lords "upon the sleeves or breasts" of the dependants of
+great families in the olden times, "is retained in the Crest which
+adorns the buttons of our domestic servants." The accomplished writer
+might have added that, in thus employing _Crests_ to discharge
+_Badge_-duties, we are content to indulge a love for heraldic display
+without observing becoming heraldic distinctions. Crested livery buttons
+are heraldic anomalies under all circumstances--even the head of a house
+himself, if he were a Herald, would not display his Crest, as a Crest,
+upon buttons to be used exclusively by himself. Crests are to be borne
+on helms, or represented as being borne on helms: Badges are decorative
+insignia, and fulfil with consistent significance their own distinct and
+appropriate functions.
+
+Badges of the second class were devices that were borne exclusively by
+the exalted personages who were pleased to assume them, often for
+temporary use only, and generally with some subtle or latent
+significance, which had been studiously rendered difficult to be
+detected, and dubious in its application.
+
+These Badges, thus displayed rather to effect disguise or to excite
+curiosity than to secure recognition, must be regarded for the most part
+as the expressions of heraldic revelry--as the fantasies and
+eccentricities of an age, which loved to combine quaint conceits and
+symbolical allusions with the display of gorgeous magnificence.
+Accordingly, Badges of this order are found generally to have been
+assumed on the occasion of the jousts or Hastiludes, the masques, and
+other pageants that in feudal times were celebrated with so much of
+elaborate and brilliant splendour.
+
+The adoption of Badges of this peculiar character is exactly in keeping
+with the sentiment which prompted men of exalted rank and eminent
+distinction to appear in public, on occasions of high festivity, bearing
+the arms of some friend, kinsman, or ally, instead of their own. A mark
+of especial favour and of peculiar distinction would be conferred, when
+a Sovereign or a Prince thus would display upon his own person the
+armory of some honoured subject or comrade. EDWARD III. delighted thus
+to honour the most distinguished cavaliers of his chivalrous Court. For
+example, in or about the year 1347, royal Hastiludes were celebrated at
+Lichfield with great splendour, the jousters consisting of the KING and
+seventeen Knights, and the Earl of LANCASTER and thirteen Knights.
+A conspicuous part was taken in these festivities by the King's daughter
+ISABELLE, afterwards Countess of BEDFORD, and by six Ladies of high
+rank, with twenty-one other Ladies, who all wore blue dresses and white
+hoods of the same materials as well as the same colours as the robes of
+the Knights, together with various masks or vizors. On this occasion,
+the KING himself over his armour wore a surcoat with the Arms of Sir
+THOMAS DE BRADESTONE. These Arms in a Roll of EDWARD III. are blazoned
+as--_Arg., on a canton gu. a rose or_ (see _Archæologia_, xxxi., pp. 40
+and 118). On another occasion, during Hastiludes at Canterbury,
+EDWARD III. "is said to have given eight harnesses, worked with the arms
+of Sir STEPHEN DE COSYNTON (_az., three roses arg._), to the PRINCE OF
+WALES, the Earl of LANCASTER, and six other Knights." In the same
+spirit, RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, Earl of WARWICK, at a great festival of
+arms held at Calais under his presidency, on the first day entered the
+lists decorated with the arms of his ancestor the Lord TONEY: on the
+second day, he wore the arms of Hanslap: and, on the third day, "he
+appeared as the Earl of WARWICK, quartering Beauchamp, Guy, Hanslap, and
+Toney, on his trappings; his vizor open, and the chaplet on his helm
+enriched with pearls and precious stones." In such times, Badges of
+curious device and occult signification could not fail to enjoy a
+popularity, not the less decided because of the restricted use and
+exclusive character of the Badges themselves.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 390.--Secretum of Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick;
+  A.D. 1296.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 391.--Seal of Sir Walter de Hungerford, K.G.;
+  A.D. 1425.]
+
+EXAMPLES OF BADGES, such as are distinctive, and consequently of the
+class that I have first described. The Badges of PERCY are a _silver
+crescent_ and a _double manacle_: of HOWARD, a _white lion_: PELHAM, _a
+buckle_: DOUGLAS, a _red heart_: SCROPE, a _Cornish chough_: CLINTON,
+a _golden mullet_: TALBOT, a _hound_: BOHUN, a _white swan_: HUNGERFORD,
+a _sickle_: PEVEREL, a _garb_: STOURTON, a _golden "drag" or sledge_.
+The various "Knots," described and illustrated in Chapter X., Nos. 219,
+235, 263, 270, 274, 304, and 313, are Badges. The _bear and ragged
+staff_ of the BEAUCHAMPS, and, after them, of the NEVILLES and DUDLEYS,
+I have already noticed. Seals frequently have Badges introduced upon
+them, in very early times, by themselves, the Badge in each case
+constituting the device of the Seal (see p. 193). The Secretum or
+private Seal of ROBERT BRUCE, Earl of CARRICK, the father of the King,
+appended to the homage-deed extorted by EDWARD I. from the Scottish
+nobles, is a good example, No. 390: this is another of Mr. Laing's
+beautiful woodcuts. Badges also constantly appear upon Seals in
+association with Shields of arms. Thus, a Seal of one of the BERKELEYS,
+A.D. 1430, has a mermaid on each side of an armorial shield. Two other
+examples of this kind I have already given: No. 318, the Seal of JOAN DE
+BARRE, which is charged with the _castle_ and _lion_ of Castile and
+Leon, as Badges: and No. 321, the Seal of OLIVER DE BOHUN, charged,
+about the Shield, with the Bohun _Swan_. On his Seal, No. 391, Sir
+WALTER DE HUNGERFORD, K.G., Lord of HEYTESBURY and HOMET (the latter a
+Norman barony), displays his own Badge, the _sickle_, in happy alliance
+with the _garb_ of Peverel (borne by him in right of his wife,
+CATHERINE, daughter and co-heir of THOMAS PEVEREL), to form his Crest.
+The Crest, it will be observed, in No. 391, is _a garb between two
+sickles_. The Shield of Hungerford only--_sa. two bars arg., and in
+chief three plates_, is also placed between _two sickles_. Two banners,
+denoting important alliances, complete the Heraldry of this remarkable
+composition: the banner to the dexter, for Heytesbury, bears--_per pale
+indented gu. and vert., a chevron or_; and that to the sinister, for
+Hussy--_barry of six erm. and gu._ Lord HUNGERFORD died in 1449, and was
+succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Sir ROBERT DE HUNGERFORD. The
+Seal of this Sir Robert, used by him during the lifetime of his father,
+precisely the same in its heraldic composition as his father's Seal, is
+remarkable from having _each of its four sickles differenced with an
+ermine-spot upon the blade_, to mark Cadency; and also, with the same
+motive, it shows that a label of three points was charged upon the
+Shield, and upon each of the two banners; No. 392.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 392.--Seal of Sir Robert de Hungerford:
+  before A.D. 1449.]
+
+Through an alliance with the Hungerfords, _sickles_ were borne, as one
+of their Badges, by the great family of COURTENAY. They appear, with a
+_dolphin_, a _tau cross_, and this same _tau-cross_ having _a bell_
+attached to it, as in No. 393, sculptured on the fine heraldic
+chimney-piece, the work of Bishop PETER DE COURTENAY (died in 1492), now
+in the hall of the Episcopal Palace at Exeter.
+
+The BADGES of our early Heraldry are comparatively but little
+understood. They invite the particular attention of students, both from
+their own special interest, and the light they are qualified to throw
+upon the personal history of the English people, and also from their
+peculiar applicability for use by ourselves at the present day. Indeed,
+at this time, when the revival of true Heraldry is in the act of being
+accomplished with complete success, it appears to be peculiarly
+desirable that Badges should be brought into general use. It is not
+enough for us to revive our old English Heraldry as once in the olden
+time it flourished in England, and to rest content with such a revival:
+but we must go on to adapt our revived Heraldry, in its own spirit and
+in full sympathy with its genuine feeling, to conditions of our age and
+of the state of things now in existence. And very much may be done to
+effect this by the adoption of Badges, as our favourite and most
+expressive heraldic insignia, both in connection with Coat-Armour and
+for independent display. Unlike Crests, which must necessarily be
+associated with helms and the wearers of helms, and consequently have
+both a military and a mediæval character, Badges are equally appropriate
+for use by Ladies, as well as by men of every profession, and they
+belong alike to every age and period. This has been recognised
+officially, to the extent that the officers of arms have now reverted to
+the ancient practice of granting and confirming badges and Standards.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 393.--A Courtenay Badge, at Exeter.]
+
+ROYAL BADGES.--I conclude this chapter with a concise list of the more
+important of the Badges that have been borne by the Sovereigns and
+Princes of England; and with some general remarks upon the famous Badge
+of the _Ostrich Feathers_, now considered to be exclusively the Ensign
+of the PRINCES OF WALES, not as such, but as the heirs-apparent to the
+Throne.
+
+The _Planta-genista_, or Broom-plant, No. 21, is well known as an
+English Royal Badge, from the surname derived from it for one of the
+most remarkable of the Royal Houses that ever have flourished in Europe.
+
+As well known are the _Rose_, _Thistle_, and _Shamrock_, severally the
+Badges of the three realms of the United Kingdom of ENGLAND, SCOTLAND,
+and IRELAND. A _golden Rose stalked proper_ was a badge of EDWARD I.:
+and from it apparently were derived, but by what process it is unknown,
+the _White Rose_ of YORK, the _Red Rose_ of LANCASTER, and the _White
+and Red Rose_ of the House of TUDOR.
+
+WILLIAM RUFUS: _A Flower of five foils._
+
+HENRY I.: _A Flower of eight foils._
+
+STEPHEN: _A Flower of seven foils: a Sagittarius._
+
+HENRY II.: _The Planta-genista: an Escarbuncle: a Sword and
+Olive-Branch._
+
+RICHARD I.: _A Star of thirteen rays and a Crescent: a Star issuing from
+a Crescent: a Mailed Arm grasping a broken Lance, with the
+Motto--"Christo Duce."_
+
+JOHN and HENRY III.: _A Star issuing from a Crescent._
+
+EDWARD I.: _An heraldic Rose or, stalked ppr._
+
+EDWARD II.: _A Castle of Castile._
+
+EDWARD III.: _A Fleur de lys: a Sword: a Falcon: a Gryphon: the Stock of
+a Tree: Rays issuing from a Cloud._
+
+RICHARD II.: _A White Hart lodged: the Stock of a Tree: A White Falcon:
+the Sun in splendour: the Sun clouded._
+
+HENRY IV.: _The Cypher SS: a crowned Eagle: an Eagle displayed: a White
+Swan: A Red Rose: a Columbine Flower: A Fox's Tail: a crowned Panther:
+the Stock of a Tree: a Crescent._ His QUEEN, JOAN OF NAVARRE: _An
+Ermine_, or _Gennet_.
+
+HENRY V.: _A Fire-beacon: a White Swan gorged and chained: a chained
+Antelope._
+
+HENRY VI.: _Two Ostrich Feathers in Saltire: a chained Antelope:
+a Panther._
+
+EDWARD IV.: _A White Rose en Soleil: a White Wolf and White Lion:
+a White Hart: a Black Dragon and Black Bull: a Falcon and Fetter-lock:
+the Sun in splendour._
+
+HENRY VII.: _A Rose of York and Lancaster, a Portcullis and a Fleur de
+lys, all of them crowned: a Red Dragon: a White Greyhound: a Hawthorn
+Bush and Crown, with the cypher_ H.R.
+
+HENRY VIII.: The same, without the Hawthorn Bush, and with a _White
+Cock_. His QUEENS: CATHERINE OF ARAGON--_A Rose, Pomegranate, and Sheaf
+of Arrows._ ANNE BOLEYN--_A Crowned Falcon, holding a Sceptre._ JANE
+SEYMOUR--_A Phoenix rising from a Castle, between Two Tudor Roses._
+CATHERINE PARR--_A Maiden's Head crowned, rising from a large Tudor
+Rose._
+
+EDWARD VI.: _A Tudor Rose: the Sun in splendour._
+
+MARY: _A Tudor Rose impaling a Pomegranate_--also _impaling a Sheaf of
+Arrows, ensigned with a Crown, and surrounded with rays: a Pomegranate._
+
+ELIZABETH: _A Tudor Rose_ with the motto, "_Rosa sine Spinâ_" (a Rose
+without a Thorn): _a Crowned Falcon and Sceptre._ She used as her own
+motto--"_Semper Eadem_" (Always the same).
+
+JAMES I.: _A Thistle: a Thistle and Rose dimidiated and crowned_, No.
+308, with the motto--"_Beati Pacifici_" (Blessed are the peacemakers).
+
+CHARLES I., CHARLES II., JAMES II.: The same Badge as JAMES I., without
+his motto.
+
+ANNE: _A Rose-Branch and a Thistle growing from one branch._
+
+From this time distinctive personal Badges ceased to be borne by English
+Sovereigns. But various badges have become stereotyped and now form a
+constituent part of the Royal Arms, and will be found recited later in
+Chapter XVIII.
+
+The _Ostrich Feather Badge_. The popular tradition, that the famous
+Badge of the Ostrich Feathers was won from the blind KING OF BOHEMIA at
+Cressi by the BLACK PRINCE, and by him afterwards borne as an heraldic
+trophy, is not supported by any contemporary authority. The earliest
+writer by whom the tradition itself is recorded is CAMDEN (A.D. 1614),
+and his statement is confirmed by no known historical evidence of a date
+earlier than his own work. As Sir N. HARRIS NICHOLAS has shown in a most
+able paper in the _Archæologia_ (vol. xxxi. pp. 350-384), the first time
+the Feathers are mentioned in any record is in a document, the date of
+which must have been after 1369, and which contains lists of plate
+belonging to the King himself, and also to Queen PHILLIPA. It is
+particularly to be observed, that all the pieces of plate specified in
+this roll as the personal property of the Queen, if marked with any
+device at all, are marked with her _own initial_, or with some heraldic
+insignia that have a direct reference to _herself_. One of these pieces
+of plate is described as "a large dish for the alms of the Queen, of
+silver gilt, and enamelled at the bottom with _a black escutcheon with
+Ostrich Feathers_--_eym in fund vno scuch nigro cum pennis de ostrich_."
+And these "Ostrich Feathers," thus blazoned on a sable field upon the
+silver alms-dish of Queen PHILIPPA, Sir N. H. Nicholas believed to have
+been borne by the Queen as a daughter of the House of HAINAULT; and he
+suggested that these same "Ostrich Feathers" might possibly have been
+assumed by the Counts of the Province of Hainault from the Comté of
+Ostrevant, which formed the appanage of their eldest sons.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 394.--At Worcester Cathedral.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 395.--At Peterborough Cathedral.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 396.--At Peterborough Cathedral.]
+
+At the first, either a single Feather was borne, the quill generally
+transfixing an escroll, as in No. 394, from the monument of Prince
+ARTHUR TUDOR, in Worcester Cathedral; or, two Feathers were placed side
+by side, as they also appear upon the same monument. In Seals, or when
+marshalled with a Shield of Arms, two Feathers are seen to have been
+placed after the manner of Supporters, one on each side of the
+composition: in such examples the tips of the Feathers droop severally
+to the dexter and sinister: in all the early examples also the Feathers
+droop in the same manner, or they incline slightly towards the
+spectator. Three Feathers were first grouped together by ARTHUR TUDOR,
+PRINCE OF WALES, eldest son of HENRY VII., as in Nos. 395 and 396, from
+Peterborough Cathedral; or with an escroll, as in No. 397, from a
+miserere in the fine and interesting church at Ludlow. The plume of
+three Feathers appears to have been encircled with a coronet, for the
+first time, by Prince EDWARD, afterwards EDWARD VI., but who never was
+PRINCE OF WALES: No. 398, carved very boldly over the entrance gateway
+to the Deanery at Peterborough, is a good early example. In No. 399 I
+give a representation of another early plume of three Ostrich Feathers,
+as they are carved, with an escroll in place of a coronet, upon the
+Chantry of Abbot RAMRYGE in the Abbey Church at St. Albans: and again,
+in No. 400, from the head of a window near the east end of the choir, on
+the south side, in Exeter Cathedral, the three Feathers are charged upon
+a Shield _per pale azure and gules_, and this Shield is on a roundle.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 397.--In Ludlow Church.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 398.--The Deanery, Peterborough.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 399.--In the Abbey Church of St. Alban.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 400.--In Exeter Cathedral.]
+
+The Ostrich Feathers were borne, as a Badge with his Shield of Arms,
+upon one Seal of EDWARD III. himself: they were used, as an heraldic
+device, about the year 1370, by PHILIPPA, his Queen: they appear on
+some, but not on all, the Seals of the BLACK PRINCE, and they are
+omitted from some of his Seals after the battle of Cressi (A.D. 1346):
+and they were also borne, generally with some slight difference, marking
+Cadency, in all probability by all the other sons of
+EDWARD III.--certainly by JOHN OF GHENT, Duke of LANCASTER, and by
+THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, Duke of GLOUCESTER. They were adopted by
+RICHARD II., and placed on either side of his crested Helm in the
+heraldic sculpture of Westminster Hall, as appears in two of these
+beautiful examples, Nos. 199 and 384: by this Prince the Ostrich
+Feathers were placed on his first Royal Seal, and they were habitually
+used for decoration and heraldic display; and they also were formally
+granted by him, as a mark of especial favour, to be borne as an
+Augmentation of the highest honour, to his cousin THOMAS MOWBRAY, Duke
+of NORFOLK. The Ostrich Feathers were borne, in like manner, by the
+succeeding Princes, both LANCASTRIAN and YORKIST: by at least two of the
+BEAUFORTS: by the Princes of the House of TUDOR: and by their successors
+the STUARTS. Thus, it is certain that the Ostrich Feathers were held to
+be a _Royal Badge_, from the time of their first appearance in the
+Heraldry of England about the middle of the fourteenth century; and that
+in that character they were adopted and borne by the successive
+Sovereigns, and by the Princes, sometimes also by the Princesses (as in
+the instance of a Seal of MARGARET BEAUFORT, the mother of HENRY VII.),
+of the Royal Houses, without any other distinction than some slight mark
+of Cadency, and without the slightest trace of any peculiar association
+with any one member of the Royal Family. From the time of the accession
+of the House of Stuart to the Crown of the United Kingdom, however, the
+coroneted plume of three Ostrich Feathers appears to have been regarded,
+as it is at this present day, as the special Badge of the Heir to the
+Throne.
+
+In accordance with the express provision of his will, two armorial
+Shields are displayed upon the monument of the BLACK PRINCE in
+Canterbury Cathedral, which Shields the Prince himself distinguishes as
+his Shields "for War" and "for Peace"; the former charged with his
+quartered arms of France and England differenced with his silver Label,
+No. 337; and the latter, _sable_, charged with _three Ostrich Feathers
+argent_, their quills passing through scrolls bearing the Motto, "_Ich
+Diene_" No. 401. The same motto is placed over each of the Shields that
+are charged with the Feathers, as in No. 401: and over each Shield
+charged with the quartered arms (there are on each side of the tomb six
+Shields, three of the Arms, and three of the Feathers, alternately) is
+the other motto of the Prince, "_Houmout_." In his will, the BLACK
+PRINCE also desired that a "_black Pennon with Ostrich Feathers_" should
+be displayed at his Funeral; and he further appointed that his Chapel in
+Canterbury Cathedral should be adorned in various places with his Arms,
+and "_likewise with our Badge of Ostrich Feathers--noz bages dez plumes
+d'ostruce_."
+
+  [Illustration: No. 401.--Shield "for Peace" of the Black Prince.]
+
+The will of the BLACK PRINCE proves the Feathers to have been a Badge,
+and not either a Crest or the ensign of a Shield of Arms, since twice he
+expressly calls them "_our Badge_": and it also is directly opposed to
+the traditional warlike origin and military character of the Feathers,
+as a Badge of the BLACK PRINCE, for it particularly specifies the
+peaceful significance of this Badge, and distinguishes it from the
+insignia that were worn and displayed by the Prince when he was equipped
+for war. The Mottoes "_Ich Diene_" and "_Houmout_" are old German, and
+they signify, "I serve," and "magnanimous." It has been suggested by Mr.
+Planché, that "Houmout" is Flemish, and that the three words really form
+a single Motto, signifying, "Magnanimous, I serve," that is, "I obey the
+dictates of magnanimity" (_Archæologia_, xxxii. 69).
+
+  [Illustration: No. 402.--From the Seal of King Henry IV.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 403.--From the Seal of Thomas, Duke of Gloucester.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 404.--From the Garter-Plate of John Beaufort, K.G.]
+
+Upon a very remarkable Seal, used by HENRY IV. a short time before his
+accession, the shield with helm and crest are placed between two tall
+Feathers, about each of which is entwined _a Garter_ charged with his
+favourite and significant Motto--the word SOVEREYGNE, as in No. 402. His
+father, Prince JOHN OF GHENT, placed _a chain_ upon the quills of his
+Feathers, as in the very curious boss in the cloisters at Canterbury.
+The uncle of HENRY IV., THOMAS, Duke of GLOUCESTER, on one of his Seals,
+differenced his two Feathers with _Garters_ (probably of the Order)
+displayed along their quills, as in No. 403. And, about A.D. 1440, JOHN
+BEAUFORT, K.G., Duke of SOMERSET, on his Garter-plate placed two Ostrich
+Feathers erect, their _quills componée argent and azure_, and fixed in
+golden escrolls; No. 404. In the Harleian MS. 304, f. 12, it is stated
+that the Ostrich Feather of silver, the pen thus componée argent and
+azure, "is the Duke of Somerset's": also that the "Feather silver, with
+the pen gold, is the King's: the Ostrich Feather, pen and all silver, is
+the Prince's: and the Ostrich Feather gold, the pen ermine, is the Duke
+of Lancaster's."
+
+The Shield charged with three Ostrich Feathers, No. 401, was borne by
+Prince JOHN OF GHENT; and it appears on the splendid Great Seal of
+HENRY IV., between the Shields of the Duchy of CORNWALL and the Earldom
+of CHESTER. HUMPHREY, Duke of GLOUCESTER, is also recorded to have borne
+this same Feather Shield.
+
+In the Vaulting of the ceiling over the steps leading to the Hall at
+Christchurch, Oxford, the Ostrich Plume Badge is carved within a Garter
+of the Order: and, again, the Badge is represented after the same
+manner, environed with the Garter, in the beautiful binding of a copy of
+the Bible which is reputed to have been used by CHARLES I. in his last
+moments.
+
+The Ostrich Feathers are repeatedly mentioned in early documents; and
+they are shown to have been constantly used for various decorative
+purposes, always evidently with an heraldic motive and feeling, by the
+same Royal personages who blazoned them on their Seals, and displayed
+them elsewhere as their armorial insignia. A well-known example of a
+diaper of White Ostrich Feathers on a field per pale argent and vert, is
+preserved in the stained glass now in the great north window of the
+transept of Canterbury Cathedral.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+SUPPORTERS
+
+                  "Standing by the Shield
+  In silence." --IDYLLS OF THE KING.
+
+
+A SUPPORTER is a figure, sometimes of an angel, frequently of a human
+being, but more generally of some animal, bird, or imaginary creature,
+so placed in connection with a Shield of Arms as to appear to be
+protecting and supporting it. In English Heraldry a single Supporter is
+of comparatively rare occurrence, but a number of examples are to be
+found in the Heraldry of Scotland. In early examples, when two
+Supporters appear, they are in most cases alike: but, more recently
+(except in the Heraldry of France), the two figures are generally quite
+distinct the one from the other, the earlier usage of having the two
+Supporters alike being less frequent. The modern prevailing practice in
+England is happily exemplified in the well-known instance of the present
+Royal Supporters, the Lion and the Unicorn.
+
+Supporters are considered to have been introduced into the Heraldry of
+England during the reign of EDWARD III.; but they may with greater
+accuracy be assigned to the middle of the fifteenth century, than to the
+second half of the fourteenth. As armorial insignia of a very high rank,
+Supporters are granted in England only by the express command of the
+Sovereign, except to Peers and Knights Grand Cross and Knights Grand
+Commanders. In Scotland, where they occur more frequently than in the
+Heraldry of the South of the Tweed, the "Lord Lyon" has power to grant
+Supporters. Originally by the Scottish Heralds these accessories of
+Shields were entitled "Bearers."
+
+Supporters are now granted, on payment of fees, to all Peers of the
+Realm to descend to the holders of a specified Peerage, and to Knights
+of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick, and to Knights Grand Cross and
+Knights Grand Commanders of all other orders of knighthood to be borne
+for life. Most Nova Scotia Baronets and Chiefs of Scottish Clans have
+supporters registered with their arms.
+
+Supporters probably owe their origin rather to several concurrent
+circumstances, than to any one particular circumstance. The mere fact of
+a Knight carrying his own armorial Shield, or his Esquire bearing it
+beside him, might suggest the general idea of some _supporting_ figure
+in connection with a representation of that Shield. The act of carrying
+a Banner of Arms, in like manner, might suggest a representation of a
+"Supporter" for a Shield of Arms. To early Seals, however, Heraldry is
+in an especial degree indebted for the development of the idea of
+Supporters, and for bringing it into a definite form. Again, the
+prevalent use of Badges in the fourteenth century, and in the fifteenth
+also, would necessarily exercise a powerful influence in the same
+direction; and would lead Heralds to associate with Shields of Arms
+certain other figures which, while in themselves distinct and
+independent, were closely allied with certain Shields of Arms. The
+prototypes of true Supporters, indeed, as they appear on Seals, are
+Badges. In fact, it is often difficult to determine whether specified
+figures on the Seals of a certain period are heraldic supporters or
+merely representations of Badges.
+
+An Effigy represented upon a Seal, as in No. 405, the Seal of
+DEVORGUILLA CRAWFORD, about A.D. 1290, from LAING'S Volume: or in Nos.
+316, 317, would be even more than a suggestion of a Supporter. The same
+may be said, when some figure, almost certainly a Badge, was introduced
+into the composition of a Seal, holding or supporting a Shield by its
+guige, as in No. 203; or when a Shield, or two or more Shields, were
+charged upon some figure, as in No. 204: both of these examples, indeed,
+might be regarded as illustrations of the origin or first adoption of
+single Supporters.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 405.--Seal of Devorguilla Crawford, about 1290.]
+
+The introduction of angelic figures, which might have the appearance of
+acting as "Guardian Angels," in their care of Shields of Arms, was in
+accordance with the feeling of the early days of English Heraldry; and,
+while it took a part in leading the way to the systematic use of regular
+Supporters, it served to show the high esteem and honour in which
+armorial insignia were held by our ancestors of those ages. In No. 159 I
+have already shown an example of a sculptured Shield thus supported by
+Angels, from St. Albans. In the same noble church there are other
+examples of the same character in stained glass. Angel Supporters, the
+figures treated in various ways, occur in very many Gothic edifices;
+particularly, sculptured as corbels, bosses or pateræ, or introduced in
+panels, and employed for the decoration of open timber roofs, as in
+Westminster Hall. They appear also on Seals; as on the Seal of HENRY OF
+LANCASTER, about A.D. 1350, which has the figure of an Angel above the
+Shield, and a lion on each side of it.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 406.--Part of Seal of Margaret, Lady Hungerford.]
+
+The representation of armorial Banners upon Seals would lead to at least
+the occasional introduction of some figure to hold, or _support_, the
+Banner; and here, again, we discern the presence of some of the
+immediate predecessors of "Supporters," properly so called. In the
+Seals, Nos. 391, 392, the Banners are not supported, and yet they are
+indirectly suggestive of giving support to the Shield which is
+marshalled with them in the same composition. Another Hungerford Seal,
+that of MARGARET BOTREAUX, widow of the second Baron HUNGERFORD (who
+died in 1477), in the centre of the composition has a kneeling figure of
+the noble lady, and on each side a banner of arms is held (_supported_)
+erect, so that the two banners form a kind of canopy over her head, by a
+lion and a gryphon. In No. 406 I give a part only of this elaborate
+Seal, sufficient to show how its general composition bears upon the
+adoption of Supporters. The Monument in Westminster Abbey of Sir LUDOVIC
+ROBSART, K.G., Lord BOURCHIER, Standard-Bearer to HENRY V. at Agincourt,
+has two banners sculptured in the stone work of the canopy, which are
+placed precisely in the same manner as the banners in No. 406; and, like
+them, they are held by Badges acting as Supporters. Two well-known seals
+of the PERCIES are charged with banners, and in each case the
+banner-staff is held by a single Supporter: one of these figures is a
+man-at-arms, A.D. 1386; the other is a lion, A.D. 1446. At the same
+period, two lions appear on another Percy Seal. Another, of the same
+date, has the shield supported by an armed man, without any banner, but
+having a lance with a long pennon charged with the Crescent badge of
+PERCY, No. 412, p. 247. Other Percy Seals, again, of the fourteenth
+century, on either side of the Shield have two lions or two birds.
+
+Numerous examples of great interest illustrate the early introduction of
+Badges into the composition of Seals, as accessories of Shields. A Seal
+of Prince JOHN OF GHENT, which has two falcons and padlocks, is one of
+the most beautiful and suggestive works of its class: in this Seal the
+two birds are addorsed, and consequently they also have their backs
+turned towards the central achievement. This position of the figures on
+early Seals is not uncommon; but it is an illustration that the use of
+Badges in the form from which they developed into supporters was an
+artistic necessity, arising from the form of the spaces to be occupied
+by the figures upon the Seal. Another most characteristic example of
+that marshalling of Badges upon Seals, which certainly led the way to
+true Supporters, is the Seal of Sir MAURICE DE BERKELEY, A.D. 1430, upon
+which _a mermaid_--the Berkeley badge--is blazoned on each side of the
+Shield. The two figures are drawn with much skill and elegance. The
+Shield itself quarters _Berkeley_ within a bordure, and a differenced
+coat of _Bottetourt_: it hangs from a large helm, which, in its turn, is
+ensigned by as large a _mitre_--the singular Crest of the Berkeleys. The
+two figures, generally animals, which fill up the spaces to the dexter
+and sinister of the central achievement on Seals, in the fifteenth
+century are almost invariably drawn of a comparatively large size; and,
+for the most part, they really act as _Supporters to the Crested Helm_,
+being themselves _supported by the Shield_. The composition of the Seal
+of EDMUND DE MORTIMER, Earl of MARCH, A.D. 1400, though now mutilated,
+exhibits in a most satisfactory manner this very effective arrangement,
+from which true Supporters to a Shield of Arms might obviously be
+derived. In this Seal, No. 407, the Shield quarters _Mortimer_, No. 131,
+and--_or, a cross gu._, for _Ulster_. The Seal of WM. DE WYNDESOR, No.
+382, illustrates with no less happy effect the occasional use of birds
+instead of beasts, as Supporting Badges. Other examples exist in great
+numbers, and in abundant variety: the two that I add from Mr. Laing's
+Volume, Nos. 408 and 409, are in every respect most characteristic; they
+are severally the Seals of ROBERT GRAHAM, of Kinpont, and of Sir WILLIAM
+LINDSAY, of the Byres.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 407.--Seal of Earl Edmund de Mortimer; A.D. 1400.]
+
+It is scarcely necessary for me to point out to students that Supporters
+always have a decided heraldic significance. In supporting a Shield of
+Arms, they discharge an heraldic duty: but, in themselves, Supporters
+are armorial symbols of a high rank; and, with peculiar emphasis, they
+record descent, inheritance, and alliance, and they blazon illustrious
+deeds.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 408.--Seal of Robert Graham, of Kinpont,
+  A.D. 1433.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 409.--Seal of Sir Wm. Lindsay, of the Byres,
+  A.D. 1390.]
+
+Supporters should always be represented in an erect position. In
+whatever direction also they actually may be looking, they always ought
+to appear to fulfil their own proper office of giving vigilant and
+deferential _support to the Shield_. It would be well, in our blazoning
+of supported Achievements, not only for us to regard a becoming position
+and attitude for Supporters to be matters determined by positive
+heraldic law, but also that some satisfactory arrangement should be made
+and recognised for general adoption, by which an equally becoming
+_support_ would be provided for "Supporters." An unsatisfactory custom
+has been either to place the Supporters, whatever they may be, upon some
+very slight renaissance scroll work that is neither graceful nor
+consistent, or, to constrain the Motto scroll to provide a foundation or
+standing-place for them. In the latter case, an energetic lion, or a
+massive elephant, and, in a certain class of achievements of
+comparatively recent date, a mounted trooper, or a stalwart man-of-war's
+man, probably with a twenty-four pounder at his feet, are made to stand
+on _the edge of the ribbon_ that is inscribed with the Motto. Mr. Laing
+has enabled me to give an excellent example of Supporters--two lions
+standing upon a motto-scroll or ribbon--in No. 410, the Seal of JOHN
+DRUMMOND, created Earl of MELFORT and Viscount FORTH in the year 1686:
+the Shield is _Scotland, within a bordure componée_; the Supporters are
+gorged with collars charged with thistles; and the Crest is the Crest of
+Scotland issuing from a celestial Crown. As says the Motto of Sir
+WILLIAM MAHON, "_Moniti, meliora sequamur_"--now that we have been told
+of it, let us produce something better than this support for our
+Supporters. Happily the best heraldic artists of the moment seem very
+generally to have reverted to the older and more preferable form.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 410.--Seal of John Drummond, Earl of Melfort,
+  A.D. 1686.]
+
+The Heralds of France still restrict the term "Supporters"--"_Les
+Supports_"--to animals; whilst to human beings, to figures of angels,
+and to mythological personages or other figures in human form, when
+supporting a Shield, they apply the term "_Les Tenants_." When trees or
+other inanimate objects are placed beside any armorial shield, and so
+discharge the duty of Supporters in French achievements, they are
+distinguished as "_Les Soutiens_." An old French writer on Heraldry,
+PALLIOT, however, says that in his time (A.D. 1660), _Tenant_ is used in
+the singular number, and denotes any kind of _single Supporter_, while
+_Supports_ is used when there are _two_.
+
+In the French Heraldry of the present time, a single Tenant or Support
+is of rare occurrence; and when two Tenants or Supports appear in
+blazon, they are generally, though not always, alike.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+FLAGS
+
+  _The Pennon-- The Banner-- The Standard-- The Royal Standard-- The
+  Union Jack-- Ensigns-- Military Standards and Colours-- Blazoning--
+  Hoisting and Displaying Flags._
+
+  "Many a beautiful Pennon fixed to a lance,
+  And many a Banner displayed."
+    --SIEGE OF CARLAVEROCK, A.D. 1300.
+
+  "Prosper our Colours!"
+    --SHAKESPEARE, _Henry VI._, _Part 3_.
+
+
+Admirably adapted for all purposes of heraldic display, rich in glowing
+colours, and peculiarly graceful in their free movement in the wind,
+FLAGS are inseparably associated with spirit-stirring memories, and in
+all ages and with every people they enjoy an enthusiastic popularity
+peculiar to themselves.
+
+In the Middle Ages, in England, three distinct classes of heraldic Flags
+appear to have been in general use, each class having a distinct and
+well-defined signification.
+
+1. First, the PENNON, small in size, of elongated form, and either
+pointed or swallow-tailed at the extremity, is charged with the Badge or
+some other armorial ensign of the owner, and by him displayed upon his
+own lance, as his personal ensign. The Pennon of Sir JOHN D'ABERNOUN,
+No. 286, fringed and pointed, A.D. 1277, bears his arms--_Az., a chevron
+or_: and No. 411, another example of the pointed form of Pennon, is from
+the Painted Chamber, Westminster, about A.D. 1275. No. 412, a long
+swallow-tailed Pennon, charged with the Percy crescent Badge, is from
+the Seal of HENRY DE PERCI, first Earl of NORTHUMBERLAND. Before the
+true heraldic era, _Lance-Flags_ with various decorative devices, but
+without any blazonry having a definite signification, were in use: See
+Nos. 5, 6. The _Pennoncelle_ was a modification of the Pennon.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 411.--Pennon, from the Painted Chamber.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 412.--Pennon of Percy; A.D. 1400.]
+
+2. Second, the BANNER, square or oblong in form, and of a larger size
+than the Pennon, bears the entire Coat of Arms of the owner blazoned
+over its whole surface, precisely as the same composition is blazoned
+upon a Shield: No. 162. The Banner has been described as the ensign of
+the Sovereign, or of a Prince, a Noble, or a Knight who had been
+advanced to the higher rank or degree of a "Banneret"; but it would seem
+almost certain that the display of Arms upon a Banner was never confined
+to a Banneret. Two Banners are represented in each of the Hungerford
+Seals, Nos. 391, 392. A small group of oblong Banners, with two pointed
+Pennons, is represented in No. 413, from the Painted Chamber.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 413.--Oblong Banners and Pointed Pennons,
+  from the Painted Chamber.]
+
+In the olden time, when a Knight had distinguished himself by
+conspicuous gallantry, it was the custom to mark his meritorious conduct
+by prompt advancement on the very field of battle. In such a case, the
+point or points of the good Knight's Pennon were rent off, and thus the
+small Flag was reduced to the _square_ form of the Banner, by which
+thenceforth he was to be distinguished. FROISSART, in his own graphic
+manner, has described the ceremonial which attended the first display of
+the Banner of a newly-created Banneret on the field of battle. Sir JOHN
+CHANDOS, one of the Knights Founders of the Garter, appeared with his
+maiden Banner on the field, on the morning of the battle of Naveret, in
+Castile, April 3rd, 1367:--"He brought his banner in his hands," says
+the chronicler, "rolled up" (rolled round the staff), "and said to the
+PRINCE OF WALES"--it was the BLACK PRINCE,--"'My Lord, behold, here is
+my Banner: I deliver it to you in this way,"--still rolled round the
+staff, that is--"'that it may please you to display it, and that this
+day I may raise it; for, thank God, I have land and heritage sufficient
+to support the rank as it ought to be!' Then the Prince and the
+King"--Don PETRO, King of Castile--"took the Banner, which was of silver
+with a sharp pile gules, between their hands by the staff, and displayed
+it, and returned it to him, the Prince saying--'Sir John, behold your
+Banner; may God grant you may do your duty!' Then Sir JOHN CHANDOS bore
+his Banner (displayed) to his own Company, and said--'Gentlemen, see
+here my Banner and yours; preserve it as your own!'" We see that, like
+another hero of a later period, the BLACK PRINCE held the
+maxim--"England expects every man to do his duty."
+
+  [Illustration: No. 414.--Seal of Earl John Holland,
+  Admiral of England, &c., A.D. 1436.]
+
+Quarterings, Marks of Cadency, and Differences (but not impalements) are
+blazoned on Banners under the very same conditions that they appear on
+Shields of Arms. For example, the Banners, as well as the Shield, on the
+seal of Sir Robert de Hungerford, No. 392, are Differenced with a label
+for Cadency, and thus are distinguished from the corresponding Banners
+and Shield on the Seal of Sir Robert's father, No. 391.
+
+Crests, Badges, Supporters, and other external accessories and ornaments
+of Armorial Shields have no place on Banners, a Banner representing a
+Shield, and being charged as a Shield. In the seventeenth century,
+however, English Banners sometimes were charged with Achievements of
+Arms, including all the accessories and ornaments of Shields.
+
+In early times Banners appear in use at sea, as well as on land; and the
+same Banners were used both on shore and afloat. The _sails_ of our
+early shipping, also, are constantly represented as covered with
+armorial blazonry, and they thus were enabled to act as Ship-Flags. Many
+curious and interesting representations of the strange, unwieldy,
+unship-shape looking craft that were the ancestors of the British Navy,
+are introduced with their _heraldic sails_ and their Banners into the
+compositions of Seals. A fine example of its order is the Seal of JOHN
+HOLLAND, Earl of HUNTINGDON, A.D. 1436, "Admiral of England, Ireland,
+and Aquitaine," No. 414. The ship is really a noble-looking vessel, with
+her solitary sail blazoned with the Lord Admiral's Arms--_England,
+within a bordure of France_,--the same arms that were borne by Prince
+JOHN OF ELTHAM, No. 24. In this example the crew are not represented:
+but in other Seals of early shipping figures are commonly introduced,
+and almost always they are drawn of ludicrously disproportionate size.
+This ship does not display any Banner from a banner-staff, but has a
+nautical Pennon of ample size flying at the mast-head: when Banners are
+displayed on board ships upon early Seals, they are generally narrow in
+proportion to their height, a form of Banner adopted on land as well as
+at sea, in consequence of the greater inconvenience attending the
+display of broad or really square Banners. At a later period, however,
+Ship-Flags of very large size came into favour.
+
+3. The STANDARD, the third variety of early heraldic Flags, which first
+appears about the middle of the fourteenth century, and was in general
+use by personages of high rank in the two following centuries, appears
+to have been adopted for the special purpose of displaying the Badge.
+The Badge was worn on his livery by a servant as retainer, and
+consequently the Standard by which he mustered in camp was of the livery
+colours, and bore the Badge, with both of which the retainer was
+familiar.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 415.--Standard of Sir Henry de Stafford, K.G.:
+  about A.D. 1475.]
+
+This Flag is of ample proportions, and great length; but its size varies
+with the owner's rank. Next to the Staff was usually to be found the
+_red cross on a silver field_ of ST. GEORGE. The rest of the field is
+generally divided per fesse into two tinctures, in most cases the livery
+colours of the owner, or the prevailing tinctures of his Coat of Arms,
+which in such cases may almost be assumed to have been his livery. With
+some principal figure or device occupying a prominent position, various
+Badges are displayed over the whole field, a Motto, which is placed
+bend-wise, having divided the Standard into compartments. The edges are
+fringed throughout, and the extremity is sometimes swallow-tailed, and
+sometimes rounded.
+
+The Standard of Sir HENRY DE STAFFORD, K.G., second son of HENRY, second
+Duke of BUCKINGHAM (executed in 1483), is represented in No. 415, from a
+drawing in the Heralds' College. It is charged, first, with _a cross of
+St. George_: then, on a _field per fesse sable and gules_ (the colours
+of the Duke's livery), _the White Swan_ of the De Bohuns, with the
+_silver Stafford-knot_ (No. 304), differenced with _a Crescent gules_
+for Cadency; the Motto is HVMBLE : ET: LOYAL; and the fringe, of the
+same colours as the field, is _componée sa. and gu._ In other examples a
+greater variety of Badges is introduced. The student will not fail to
+take notice of the systematic display of the ensign of St. George in
+these Standards, as the national armorial device of England. The use and
+heraldic display of these standards had practically lapsed, but the
+College of Arms has now reverted to its ancient practice of recording
+them in cases of the grant or confirmation of a Badge.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 416.--The Royal Standard, or Banner.]
+
+The ROYAL STANDARD (to give it its popular name) is not really a
+Standard at all, but is the King's Banner of his arms. It stands at the
+head of our English Flags of the present day, and bears the full
+blazonry of the Royal Arms of His Majesty THE KING, as they are
+marshalled on the Royal Shield: No. 416. It is personal to the King, and
+its use by other people is not permitted. This splendid Flag, so truly
+heraldic in its character, and charged with Coat-Armour and not with
+Badges, ought to be styled the ROYAL BANNER. The same Standard is duly
+differenced with their own Marks of Cadency and their Shields of
+Pretence for the different members of the Royal Family. For use at sea,
+whilst the PRINCE OF WALES has his own Flag or Banner of his arms, all
+other members of the Royal Family use a flag showing the Royal Arms
+within a bordure ermine. QUEEN MARY and QUEEN ALEXANDRA fly flags of
+their impaled arms.
+
+The UNION JACK, which is regarded as the national British Flag, as we
+now display it, is the second of its race. Strictly speaking, it is as
+much the property of the Sovereign as the Royal Banner, but objection to
+its use and display is not officially made. The _First Union Jack_, No.
+417, was produced in obedience to a Royal Proclamation of JAMES I. in
+the year 1606. Its object was to provide a single National Flag for both
+England and Scotland as a single kingdom, which might put an end to
+certain serious disputes concerning the precedence of their respective
+Banners of St. George and St. Andrew, Nos. 418, 419, between the natives
+of England and Scotland--of "South and North Britain." This "Union" Flag
+combined the blazonry of the two rival ensigns, not marshalling them by
+quartering after the early heraldic usage, but by reviving a still
+earlier process, and by blending the cross and the saltire of Nos. 418
+and 419 in a single composition. This was effected, accordingly, by
+charging the Cross of St. George, with a narrow border or "fimbriation"
+of white to represent its white field, _upon_ the Banner of St. Andrew,
+the result being the Flag shown in No. 417. On the final "Union" between
+England and Scotland in 1707, this device was formally declared to be
+the "Ensign armorial of the United Kingdom of Great Britain."
+
+  [Illustration: No. 418.--St. George.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 417.--The First Union Jack.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 419.--St. Andrew.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 420.--The Second Union Jack.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 421.--St. Patrick.]
+
+Upon the first day of January, 1801, the _Second Union Jack_, the "Union
+Jack" of to-day, No. 420, superseded the Flag of King JAMES and Queen
+ANNE. The "Union" with Ireland rendered a change necessary in the Union
+Jack, in order to incorporate with its blazonry the Banner of ST.
+PATRICK, No. 421, _arg., a saltire gu._ There seems good reason to
+believe that the so-called Cross of St. Patrick had little, if indeed
+any, separate or prior existence. The process that had been adopted
+before was again brought into action, but now a single compound device
+had to be formed by the combination of a cross and two saltires, Nos.
+418, 419, and 421. As before, in this new Flag the blue field of ST.
+ANDREW forms the field: then the two Saltires, the one white and the
+other red, are formed into a single compound Saltire counter-changed of
+the two tinctures alternating, the white having precedence; a narrow
+edging of white is next added to each red side of this new figure, to
+represent the white field of St. Patrick, as the narrow edging of white
+about the red cross represented the white field of ST. GEORGE in No.
+418; and, finally, the red cross of St. George fimbriated with white, as
+in the First Jack, is charged over all. Such is the Second Union Jack,
+No. 420. In this compound device it will be observed that the _broad
+diagonal white_ members represent the _silver saltire_ of St. Andrew,
+No. 419: that the _red diagonal_ members represent the _saltire gules_
+of St. Patrick, No. 421, and that the _narrow diagonal white_ lines are
+added in order to place this _saltire gules on a field argent_: that the
+_diagonal red and the broad diagonal white members_ represent the two
+Saltires of St. Andrew and St. Patrick in combination: and that the
+_fimbriated red cross_ in the front of the goodly alliance declares the
+presence of the symbol of St. George.
+
+Sir HARRIS NICHOLAS has suggested that this flag may have acquired its
+name of "Jack" ("Union" is obvious enough) from the original author of
+the First Union Flag, King JAMES, who, in the Heralds' French language,
+would be styled _Jacques_: and so the Flag would be called "Jacques'
+Union," which would easily settle down into "Jack's Union," and finally
+would as easily become "Union Jack." The Second Union Flag is always to
+be hoisted as it is represented in No. 420, the diagonal white having
+precedence in the first canton. To reverse the proper display of the
+Flag implies distress or danger; or such a procedure (very often, as I
+am aware, unconsciously adopted, through ignorance of the real meaning
+of the Flag itself) subjects the Union Jack to degradation.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 422.--The Red Ensign.]
+
+By a recent warrant Lords Lieutenant fly the Union Jack charged with a
+sword fesseways.
+
+The ENSIGNS now in use are:--
+
+1. The _Red Ensign_, a plain red Flag cantoning a Union Jack--having a
+Jack in the dexter chief angle next to the point of suspension: No. 422.
+This Ensign shares with the Union Jack the honour of being the "Ensign
+of England"--the Ensign, that is, of the British Empire. When displayed
+at sea, it now distinguishes all vessels that do not belong to the Royal
+Navy: but, before the year 1864, it was the distinguishing ensign of the
+"red squadron of the Navy," and of the "Admirals of the Red"--the
+Admirals of the highest rank.
+
+2. The _White_ or _St. George's Ensign_ is the old banner of St. George,
+No. 418, with a Jack cantoned in the first quarter. It now is the Ensign
+of the Royal Navy: but, before 1864, it distinguished the "white
+squadron" of the Navy, and the Admirals--second in rank--of that
+Squadron.
+
+3. The _Blue Ensign_ differs from the Red only in the field being plain
+blue instead of red. It now is the Ensign of the Naval Reserve: before
+1864 it was the Ensign of "Admirals of the Blue," third in rank, and of
+their Squadron of the Royal Navy.
+
+A Red Ensign is often charged with a Crown, or with some appropriate
+device, to denote some particular department of the public service.
+
+With the Ensigns may be grouped the _Flag of the Admiralty_, which
+displays a yellow anchor and cable set fesse-wise on a red field.
+
+The Ensigns are always to be hoisted so as to have the Jack next to the
+point of suspension, as in No. 422.
+
+MILITARY FLAGS. 1. _Cavalry Standards_, being lineal descendants of the
+knightly Banners of mediæval chivalry, are small square Flags, the
+colour of the field the same as the regimental facings; and each
+Standard bears the Number, Motto, and specific Title of its own
+Regiment, with whatever heraldic Badge or Device may be associated with
+it. Upon these Standards also are blazoned the regimental
+"_Honours_"--such words as WATERLOO, ALMA, LUCKNOW, and others, which
+briefly and with most emphatic significance declare the services of the
+corps. The Household Cavalry, the Life Guards and Blues, have all their
+Standards of Crimson, and they are blazoned with the Royal Insignia and
+their own "Honours" and Devices.
+
+2. _Infantry Colours._ In the first instance, each Regiment of Infantry
+had one "Colour": subsequently, two others were added: and, finally, in
+the reign of Queen Anne, it was decided that every Infantry Regiment or
+Battalion of the Line (the Rifles of the Line excepted, who have no
+"Colours") should have its own "Pair of Colours." Of this "Pair," one is
+the "_King's Colour_"--a Union Jack charged with some regimental
+Devices: the other, the "_Regimental Colour_" is of the tincture of the
+facings, on which the "Honours" and "Devices" of the Regiment are
+charged, and in the dexter chief angle a small Jack is cantoned: in
+fact, the "Regimental Colour" is the same as the Red or Blue Ensign (No.
+422), the Colour of the field varying with the regimental facings, and
+the field itself being charged with the various Devices.
+
+In their Colours, the Guards reverse the arrangement that obtains with
+the Regiments of the Line. With them, the _Kings Colour_ is always
+crimson, with or without a Jack, but charged with the Royal Cypher and
+the regimental Devices: the _Regimental Colour_ of the Guards is the
+Union Jack.
+
+3. The _Royal Artillery_ have no Colours or Standards.
+
+Military Flags are not now used in actual warfare by British troops.
+
+I conclude this Chapter, which treats briefly of the Heraldry of the
+most important English Flags, with four still more brief general
+remarks:--
+
+1. First: by all English people who are disposed to exclaim, making
+SHAKESPEARE'S words their own, "_Prosper our Colours!_" it ought to be
+understood that their National Flags are endowed with heraldic, that is,
+with historical significance, recorded after an heraldic fashion.
+
+2. Second: this significance of their Flags ought also to be understood,
+that it may be appreciated, by all true English people.
+
+3. Third: our Flags ought always to be made and represented correctly.
+
+And 4. Lastly: our Flags, and all other Flags also, ought always to be
+hoisted and displayed rightly and properly.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+THE ROYAL HERALDRY OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND
+
+  _Shields of Arms of the Reigning Sovereigns of England; of Scotland;
+  of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland-- Crests--
+  Supporters-- Mottoes-- Crowns-- Banners-- Armorial Insignia of the
+  late Prince Consort; of the Prince and Princess of Wales; of the other
+  Princes and Princesses._
+
+  "On his Banner were three Leopards, courant, of fine gold, set on
+  red: fierce were they, haughty and cruel, to signify that, like them,
+  the KING is dreadful to his enemies; for his bite is slight to none
+  who inflame his anger: and yet, towards such as seek his friendship
+  or submit to his power his kindness is soon rekindled."
+    --ROLL OF CARLAVEROCK.
+
+  "With Scotland's Arms, Device and Crest
+  Embroidered round and round."
+    --MARMION.
+
+
+How the "three Leopards courant" of the shrewd chronicler of Carlaverock
+are identical with the "three Lions passant guardant" of the Royal
+Shield of England I have already shown (see page 84). To the Norman
+Sovereigns of England, WILLIAM I., WILLIAM II., HENRY I., and STEPHEN
+(A.D. 1066-1154), the same Shield of Arms has been assigned--_Gu., two
+lions pass. guard., in pale, or_, No. 22. It must be distinctly
+understood, however, that there exists no certain authority for these
+Arms.
+
+In like manner, STEPHEN is also _said_ to have borne on a red Shield
+three golden _Sagittaries_, or Centaurs, with bows and arrows. And,
+again, HENRY II. is _considered_ to have added a third lion to the two
+on the Shield of his father, a _single golden lion passant guardant on
+red_ being (also considered to be) the armorial ensign of the province
+of Aquitaine, acquired by HENRY in right of his Consort, ALIANORE.
+
+As early as the reign of HENRY III., a Shield of Arms, No. 23, was
+assigned to the Anglo-Saxon Kings: another Shield, No. 2, was assigned
+to EDWARD THE CONFESSOR: and a third Shield, No. 3, to another sainted
+Anglo-Saxon Prince, EDMUND.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 22.--Royal Arms, supposed to have been borne
+  before A.D. 1189.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 187.--Royal Arms, from A.D. 1189 to 1340.]
+
+From the appearance of the Second Great Seal of RICHARD I., about A.D.
+1195, all uncertainty concerning the Royal Arms of England is at an end,
+and they are borne as follows by the successive English Sovereigns:--
+
+RICHARD I.: JOHN: HENRY III.: EDWARD I.: EDWARD II.: and EDWARD III.,
+till the thirteenth year of his reign, A.D. 1340:--_Gu., three lions
+passant guardant in pale or_,--No. 187.
+
+EDWARD III., from the thirteenth year of his reign, when he claimed to
+be King of France as well as of England, and so styled himself:
+RICHARD II.: and HENRY IV., till about the fifth year of his
+reign:--_France Ancient and England quarterly_,--No. 252.
+
+RICHARD II. sometimes bore the Arms of the CONFESSOR, No. 2, with his
+own, on a separate shield, as at Westminster Hall; and sometimes he
+impaled the Confessor's Arms with his own quartered Shield, the arms of
+the Confessor having the precedence.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 252.--Royal Arms from A.D. 1340 to about 1405.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 253.--Royal Arms from about A.D. 1405 to 1603.]
+
+HENRY IV. from about 1405: HENRY V.: HENRY VI.: EDWARD IV.: EDWARD V.:
+RICHARD III.: HENRY VII.: HENRY VIII.: EDWARD VI.: MARY: and ELIZABETH,
+to A.D. 1603:--_France Modern and England Quarterly_, No. 253.
+
+The Royal Shield of SCOTLAND, No. 138, first appears upon the Seal of
+ALEXANDER II. about A.D. 1235; and, as Mr. Seton well observes, the
+origin of its bearings "is veiled by the mists of Antiquity." The same
+Shield, without any modification or change, was borne by all the
+Sovereigns of Scotland.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 138.--Royal Arms of Scotland.]
+
+JAMES I.: CHARLES I.: CHARLES II.: JAMES II.: WILLIAM III. and MARY: and
+ANNE, till May 1, 1707: _Quarterly_: 1 _and_ 4, _Grand Quarters, France
+Modern and England_ (No. 253): 2, _Grand Quarter, Scotland_ (No. 138):
+3, _Grand Quarter--Az., a harp or, stringed arg., for Ireland_: No. 423.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 423.--Royal Arms of the Stuart Sovereigns.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 425.--Diagram of Shield of William III. and Mary.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 424.--Arms of Nassau.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 426.--Diagram of Shield of William III. alone.]
+
+WILLIAM III., as an elected Sovereign, charged his paternal shield of
+NASSAU, No. 424--_Az., billettée, a lion rampt. or_,--in pretence upon
+the Royal Shield: also, during the life of his Consort, till Dec. 28,
+1694, he bore the _Stuart_ shield with _Nassau_ in pretence on the
+dexter half of his Shield, and thus impaled in the sinister half of his
+Shield the same Stuart arms, as in the Diagram, No. 425, to denote their
+joint Sovereignty: the Shield represented in this Diagram, No. 425,
+bears the whole of No. 423 on its dexter half, with No. 424 in pretence;
+and on its sinister half it also bears the whole of No. 423. When he
+reigned alone, WILLIAM III. bore his own dexter half of the impaled
+Shield alone, as in the Diagram, No. 426: the Shield represented in this
+Diagram being the dexter half of No. 425.
+
+Queen ANNE, from May 1, 1707, till 1714, bore the Royal Arms marshalled
+as in the Diagram, No. 427:--1 and 2, _England_ impaling _Scotland_; 3,
+_France Modern_ (No. 253); 4, _Ireland_ (the Harp, as in the third
+quarter of No. 423).
+
+  [Illustration: No. 427.--Diagram of the Second Royal Shield
+  of Queen Anne.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 428.--Arms of Hanover.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 429.--Diagram of the Royal Shield
+  from A.D. 1714 to 1801.]
+
+The Arms of HANOVER, on the accession of GEORGE I., August 1, 1714, were
+added to the Shield of the United Kingdom. This was accomplished by
+removing the charges (_England and Scotland impaled_) from the fourth
+quarter of the Shield, No. 427, and charging that quarter with the arms
+of _Hanover_ as they appear on the Shield, No. 428:--_Per pale and per
+chevron_, 1, _Gu., two lions passant guardant or_, for _Brunswick_: 2,
+_Or, Semée of hearts, a lion rampt. az._, for _Lunenburgh_: 3, _Gu.,
+a horse courant arg._, for _Westphalia_: 4, _Over all, on an
+inescutcheon gules, the golden crown of Charlemagne_. This marshalling
+is shown in the Diagram, No. 429, which represents a Shield bearing,--1
+and 2, _England_ impaling _Scotland_;  3, _France Modern_; 4, _Ireland_;
+5, _Hanover_ (as in No. 428, without the Crown).
+
+On January 1, 1801, the Fleurs de Lys of France were removed from the
+Royal Shield of Great Britain, which then was marshalled as in the
+diagram, No. 430, _quarterly_, 1 _and_ 4, _England_; 2, _Scotland_; 3,
+_Ireland_; 5, _Hanover_--the shield of Hanover being ensigned with the
+_Electoral Bonnet_, No. 240, till 1816, but, after Hanover became a
+kingdom, with a _Royal Crown_ in place of the Electoral Bonnet from 1816
+till 1837, as it appears in No. 428.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 430.--Diagram of the Royal Shield
+  from A.D. 1801 to 1837.]
+
+GEORGE I.: GEORGE II.: GEORGE III., till Jan. 1, 1801:--The arms
+indicated in the diagram, No. 429.
+
+GEORGE III., till 1816:--The arms indicated in the diagram, No. 430, the
+inescutcheon ensigned with an electoral bonnet.
+
+GEORGE III., after 1816: GEORGE IV.: WILLIAM IV.:--The same arms as No.
+430, but the inescutcheon ensigned with a Royal Crown.
+
+QUEEN VICTORIA, KING EDWARD VII., and KING GEORGE V.:--The same as No.
+430, but without the inescutcheon, the four quarters being marshalled as
+on the Royal Standard, No. 416.
+
+
+ROYAL CRESTS.
+
+For ENGLAND:--_A golden lion statant guardant, imperially crowned_;
+assumed by EDWARD III., and by him borne on his Helm standing upon a Cap
+of Estate; retained from his time, and now borne standing on an Imperial
+Crown. No. 431.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 431.--Royal Crest of England.]
+
+For SCOTLAND:--First Crest. _A lion statant guardant gu._, assumed by
+ROBERT II., about A.D. 1385; retained, and with some modifications used
+by his successors, till about A.D. 1550. Second Crest. _On an Imperial
+Crown, a lion sejant affronté erect gu.; imperially crowned, holding in
+the dexter paw a sword, and in the sinister paw a sceptre, both erect
+and ppr._; with the motto--IN: DEFENSE; assumed by JAMES V.; borne by
+MARY, and shown in her signet-ring, No. 432, about 1564; retained, and
+now in use.
+
+
+ROYAL SUPPORTERS.
+
+For ENGLAND. Of uncertain authority before HENRY VI., who bore _two
+white antelopes_: also, _a lion and a panther_, or _antelope_.
+
+EDWARD IV.:--_A lion or_, or _argent, and a bull sable_: or, _two lions
+argent_: or, _a lion and a hart argent_.
+
+RICHARD III.:--_A lion or and a boar arg._: or, _two boars arg._
+
+HENRY VII.:--_A dragon gu., and a greyhound arg._: or, _two greyhounds
+arg._: or, _a lion or and a dragon gu._
+
+HENRY VIII.:--_A lion or and a dragon gu._: or, _a dragon gu., and
+either a bull sable, a greyhound argent, or a cock arg._
+
+EDWARD VI.:--_A lion or, and a dragon gu._
+
+MARY and ELIZABETH:--_A lion or, and a greyhound arg._, or _a dragon
+gu._
+
+For SCOTLAND.--First Supporters:--_Two lions rampt. guard._; first seen
+on a Seal of JAMES I., A.D. 1429. Second Supporters: _Two silver
+unicorns, crowned with imperial and gorged with open crowns and chained
+or_; assumed by JAMES IV., and retained in use. On the signet of Queen
+MARY STUART, No. 432: for this beautiful cut once more I am indebted to
+Mr. Laing.
+
+For the UNITED KINGDOM. Dexter Supporter: _A lion rampt. guard., royally
+crowned, or_. Sinister Supporter: _A unicorn rampt. arg., armed, crined
+and gorged with a coronet composed of crosses pattée and fleurs de lis,
+and chained or_. Assumed by JAMES I. of Great Britain: retained, and
+still in use.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 432.--The Signet of Queen Mary Stuart,
+  considerably enlarged.]
+
+
+ROYAL MOTTOES.
+
+The ancient English war-cry--DIEU . ET . MON . DROIT!--"_God and my
+Right!_" assumed as a regular Motto by HENRY VI., has been retained in
+use since his time.
+
+Queens ELIZABETH and ANNE also used--SEMPER . EADEM--"_Always the
+Same_." JAMES I. used--BEATI . PACIFICI--"_Blessed are the
+Peace-makers_."
+
+Mottoes of Scotland: NEMO . ME . IMPUNE . LACESSIT--"_No man with
+impunity attacks me_:" and, above the Crest--IN . DEFENSE. The former is
+really the Motto of the Order of the Thistle.
+
+
+THE CROWN
+
+Till the time of HENRY IV., the Crown, the symbol of the Sovereignty of
+England, was a golden circlet richly jewelled, and heightened with
+conventional _strawberry-leaves_: fine examples are represented in the
+effigies of HENRY III., JOHN, and EDWARD II.
+
+HENRY IV., as shown by his splendid effigy at Canterbury, introduced
+_fleurs de lys_, alternating with the leaves.
+
+From the time of HENRY V., the circlet has been heightened by _crosses
+pattées_ and _fleurs de lys_ alternating, four of each, and without any
+leaves. HENRY V. also first _arched the circlet with jewelled bands_,
+which at their intersection he surmounted with a _mound and cross_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 234.--Crown of H.M., The King.]
+
+The arched Crown of HENRY V. has four half-arches,--that is, it is
+arched over twice: HENRY VI. and CHARLES I. arched their crown three
+times: all the other Sovereigns have had two complete arches only, and
+the Crown still retains these two arches intersecting at right angles,
+as in No. 234. At different periods, while the design of the Crown has
+remained unchanged, the contour of the arches, and the artistic
+treatment of the ornamentation have undergone various modifications.
+
+The ROYAL BANNERS, or STANDARDS, are charged with the bearings of the
+Royal Shield of Arms for the time being.
+
+The Armorial Insignia of H.R.H. the late PRINCE CONSORT. The SHIELD
+was--_Quarterly_, 1 _and_ 4,--_The Royal Arms of the late Queen_, as in
+No. 416, but differenced with _a silver label of three points charged on
+the central point with a cross of St. George_: 2 _and_ 3,--_Saxony_, No.
+225. This Shield was encircled with the Garter of the Order, and
+ensigned with the Prince's own Coronet, shown in No. 441.
+
+The CREST was the _Royal Crest of England_, No. 431, the lion having the
+same _label_ that differences the Shield adjusted about his neck as a
+collar, and being crowned with the coronet, _vide_ No. 441, in place of
+the Imperial Crown.
+
+The SUPPORTERS were those of the Royal Arms, _the golden lion and silver
+unicorn_, both of them differenced with the same _label_, and the lion
+crowned with the same coronet.
+
+The Motto.--TREU . UND . FEST--"True and Faithful." To the dexter of
+this Achievement, the complete Royal Achievement of QUEEN VICTORIA.
+
+The Arms of KING EDWARD VII. were and those of KING GEORGE V. are
+practically the same as those of QUEEN VICTORIA. As PRINCES OF WALES,
+these Arms were differenced by a plain _label_ of three points argent,
+and an inescutcheon of SAXONY was superimposed. In each case upon
+accession to the throne, the inescutcheon of Saxony was removed, and
+consequently there has been no change whatsoever in the Royal Arms,
+those of KING EDWARD and KING GEORGE being the same as those of QUEEN
+VICTORIA, save, of course, the necessary change in the Royal
+Cyphers--the full blazon of the Royal Arms for the present reign
+being:--
+
+ARMS.-- _Quarterly_, 1 _and_ 4, _gules, three lions passant guardant in
+pale or_ (ENGLAND); 2, _or, a lion rampant within a double tressure
+flory and counterflory gules_ (SCOTLAND); 3, _azure, a harp or, stringed
+argent_ (IRELAND).
+
+HELMET--_of gold, affronté and with grylles_.
+
+MANTLING, _cloth of gold lined with ermine_.
+
+CRESTS _upon the Imperial Crown, a lion statant guardant, crowned or_
+(ENGLAND).
+
+_Upon the Crown of Scotland, a lion sejant erect affronté gules; crowned
+or, holding in the dexter paw a sword, and in the sinister a sceptre,
+both proper_ (SCOTLAND).
+
+On a Wreath, _or and azure, a tower triple-towered of the first, from
+the portal a hart springing argent, attired and unguled gold_ (IRELAND).
+
+SUPPORTERS (dexter), _a lion guardant or, crowned as the crest_;
+(sinister), _a unicorn argent, armed, crined and unguled or, gorged with
+a coronet composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lis, a chain affixed
+thereto, passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back of the
+last_.
+
+BADGES.--
+
+  1. _The Red and White Rose, united and crowned_ (ENGLAND).
+
+  2. _The Thistle, crowned_ (SCOTLAND).
+
+  3. _A Harp or, stringed argent, crowned_ (IRELAND).
+
+  4. _A Trefoil slipped vert, crowned_ (IRELAND).
+
+  5. _The Rose, Thistle and Shamrock united on one stem and crowned_
+    (UNITED KINGDOM).
+
+  6. _A Shield, crowned and bearing the device of the Union Jack_
+    (UNITED KINGDOM).
+
+  7. _Upon a mount vert, a dragon passant with wings elevated gules_
+    (WALES). _N.B._--This badge is not crowned.
+
+MOTTO.--DIEU . ET . MON . DROIT in the compartment below the Shield,
+with the Union, Rose, Shamrock, and Thistle engrafted on the same stem.
+
+The Shield is encircled by the Garter of that Order.
+
+The Arms of H.M. QUEEN ALEXANDRA, early in the reign of KING EDWARD,
+were declared by Royal Warrant. Within the Garter are impaled (dexter)
+the Arms of KING EDWARD VII. and (sinister) the undifferenced Arms of
+DENMARK as under:--
+
+The ROYAL ARMS OF DENMARK. The Shield divided into four quarters by the
+national _white cross_, having a _border of red_ to represent the red
+field of the Danish Ensign. First Quarter:--DENMARK--_Or, semée of
+hearts gu., three lions pass. guard. in pale az._ Second
+Quarter:--SLESWICK--_Or, two lions pass. in pale az._ Third
+Quarter:--_Per fesse, in chief_, SWEDEN--_Az., three crowns or; in
+base_, ICELAND--_Gu., a stock-fish arg., crowned or; impaling_, for
+FAROE ISLANDS--_Az., a buck pass. arg._; and, for GREENLAND--a _polar
+bear rampt. arg._ Fourth Quarter:--_Per fesse, in chief_, for
+JUTLAND--_Or, ten hearts, four, three, two, one, gu., and in chief a
+lion pass. az.; in base_, for VANDALIA--_Gu., a wyvern, its tail nowed
+and wings expanded, or_.
+
+On an Inescutcheon, quarterly: First, for HOLSTEIN--_Gu., an
+inescutcheon per fesse arg. and of the first, in every point thereof a
+nail in triangle, between as many holly-leaves, all ppr._ Second, for
+STORMERK--_Gu., a swan arg., gorged with a coronet or_. Third, for
+DITZMERS--_Az., an armed knight ppr., brandishing his sword, his charger
+arg._ Fourth, for LAUENBURGH--_Gu., a horse's head couped arg._
+
+Over all, in pretence upon a second Inescutcheon, OLDENBURGH--_Or, two
+bars gu._; impaling--_Az., a cross patée fitchée or_, for DALMENHURST.
+
+The above-mentioned warrant for Her Majesty declares the arms to be
+surmounted by the Royal Crown, and supported (dexter) by a lion
+guardant, and imperially crowned or, and (sinister) by a savage wreathed
+about the temples and loins with oak and supporting in his exterior hand
+a club all proper.
+
+The Arms of H.M. QUEEN MARY, as declared by Royal Warrant, are:--Within
+the Garter ensigned with the Royal Crown the Arms of the United Kingdom
+of Great Britain and Ireland impaling quarterly (for Cambridge) the
+Royal Arms as borne by GEORGE III. differenced by a label of three
+points arg., the centre point charged with the St. George's Cross, and
+each of the other points with two hearts in pale gu., 2nd and 3rd (for
+Teck) or, three stags' attires fesseways in pale, the point of each
+attire to the sinister sa., impaling or, three lions passant in pale
+sa., langued gu., the dexter fore paws of the last, over all an
+inescutcheon paly bendy sinister sa. and or. _Supporters_ (dexter)
+a lion guardant or, crowned with the Royal Crown ppr.; (sinister) a stag
+ppr.
+
+H.R.H. the PRINCE OF WALES bears a Shield--_Quarterly_, 1 _and_ 4,
+ENGLAND; 2, SCOTLAND; 3, IRELAND, differenced by a plain _label of three
+points argent_. In pretence over these Arms he bears an Inescutcheon of
+the Arms of WALES, viz. quarterly or and gu., four lions passant
+guardant counter-changed, the Inescutcheon surmounted by the Coronet of
+the Heir-Apparent. His Crest is the Crest of England, and his Supporters
+are also the same, but the Crest and each of the Supporters are
+differenced by a similar _label_, and for the Imperial Crown in the
+Crest and dexter supporter the coronet of the Prince of WALES is
+substituted. The Badges of the Prince of WALES are two:--viz. 1, _A
+plume of three ostrich feathers arg., quilled or, enfiled by a coronet
+composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lys_, with the MOTTO, "ICH
+DIEN": 2, _on a mount vert, a dragon passant with wings elevated gu.,
+differenced with a label of three points arg._ Below the SHIELD the
+MOTTO "ICH DIEN" is repeated, and the Shield is surrounded by the
+Garter.
+
+The other PRINCES and PRINCESSES, younger children of the late QUEEN
+VICTORIA, all bore the Royal Arms of the Sovereign, the Princes on
+_Shields_, the Princesses on _Lozenges_. All their Royal Highnesses bore
+the Royal _Supporters_; all have a Shield of _Saxony_, in pretence on
+their own Shield or Lozenge; all ensign their Shield or Lozenge with
+their own Coronet, No. 290; and the Princes bear the Royal _Crest_. In
+every case, the dexter Supporter is crowned and the sinister Supporter
+is gorged, and the Crest stands upon and is ensigned with the same
+Coronet which appears above the Shield as their particular coronet of
+rank: all the Shields, Lozenges, Crests, and Supporters, are differenced
+with a _silver label of three points, the labels being differenced_ as
+follows:--
+
+H.R.H. the late Duke of EDINBURGH, &c.:--_On the central point a red
+cross; on each of the other two points a red anchor_ (when the Duke
+succeeded to the throne of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, a radical change in
+his Arms was made). H.R.H. the Duke of CONNAUGHT:--_Red cross, and two
+blue fleurs de lys_. H.R.H. the late Duke of ALBANY:--_Red cross, and
+two red hearts_. H.I.M. the late GERMAN EMPRESS, PRINCESS ROYAL OF
+ENGLAND, on the central point of her _label_ had a _red rose_, and on
+each of the other two points a _red cross_. H.R.H. the late Princess
+ALICE OF HESSE had on her _label_ a _red rose_, between two _ermine
+spots_. H.R.H. the Princess HELENA, Princess CHRISTIAN, has on her
+_label_ a _red cross_ between two _red roses_. H.R.H. the Princess
+LOUISE (Duchess of ARGYLL):--_Red rose, and two red cantons_. H.R.H. the
+Princess BEATRICE:--_Red heart, and two red roses_.
+
+The Warrants for the three daughters of King EDWARD were issued in the
+lifetime of Queen VICTORIA when they were grandchildren of the
+Sovereign, and no change has since been made. Consequently the _labels_
+are of _five points_ instead of _three_. The Charges upon the label of
+H.R.H. the Duchess of FIFE (Princess ROYAL OF ENGLAND) are: _Three red
+crosses, and two thistles slipped alternately_. H.R.H. Princess VICTORIA
+has a _label_ of _five points argent_, charged with _three roses_ and
+_two crosses gules_; and H.M. the Queen of NORWAY a similar _label_,
+charged with _three hearts_ and _two crosses gules_.
+
+The _label_ of H.R.H. the first Duke of CAMBRIDGE was silver, of three
+points, and the points differenced with _a red cross_ in the centre, and
+on each of the two side points _two red hearts in pale_. The second and
+late Duke bore the same _label_ as his father, and below it a second
+_label_ of three points _gules_. The _label_ of H.R.H. the first Duke of
+CUMBERLAND (son of KING GEORGE III.) was of silver, and of _three
+points_ charged with a _fleur de lys_ between _two crosses gules_. The
+second Duke bore an additional _label_ of _three points gules_, the
+_centre point_ charged with the _white horse of Hanover_. These Dukes
+bore the Royal Arms as used in the reign of GEORGE III. and not as
+altered for Queen VICTORIA, differencing the accessories as well as the
+Shield with their _labels_.
+
+In 1904 a warrant was issued for H.R.H. Prince ARTHUR OF CONNAUGHT. The
+label was of five points charged with three red crosses and two blue
+fleurs de lys alternately. The coronet assigned to him was of crosses
+patée and strawberry leaves alternately.
+
+An interesting warrant was issued for the Princess VICTORIA EUGENIE OF
+BATTENBERG, now Queen of SPAIN, in view of her then approaching
+marriage. This assigned to her the arms of her father within a bordure
+of England, and each of the supporters had a banner of the Royal Arms of
+the United Kingdom placed in his paws.
+
+Even more interesting was the warrant issued in 1913 to H.H. Princess
+ALEXANDRA, Duchess of FIFE. This assigned to her upon a lozenge the
+Royal Arms, differenced by the same label as that of her mother the
+Princess Royal, and upon an inescutcheon the quarterly coat of Duff, the
+inescutcheon being surmounted by the coronet of a Duchess of the United
+Kingdom, and the lozenge itself being surmounted by the coronet of a
+Princess of the rank of Highness. The dexter supporter is the Royal Lion
+of England crowned with the last-mentioned coronet and charged with the
+label as in the arms. The sinister supporter is a savage taken from the
+supporters of the late Duke of Fife.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD AND INSIGNIA OF HONOUR
+
+  _Feudal Knighthood-- Orders of Knighthood: Knights of St. John;
+  Knights Templars; The Order of the Garter; of the Thistle; of St.
+  Patrick; of the Bath; of St. Michael and St. George; of The Star of
+  India-- Order of Merit-- Royal Victorian Order-- Imperial Service
+  Order-- The Victoria Cross-- The Albert Medal-- Naval and Military
+  Medals-- Foreign Insignia bestowed on British Subjects._
+
+  "The same King would make an Order of KNIGHTS of himself
+  and his Sons, and of the bravest of his land."
+    --FROISSART.
+
+  "I will say as I have said,--
+  Thou art a noble KNIGHT."
+    --LORD OF THE ISLES.
+
+
+KNIGHTHOOD, as that term is generally understood in its comprehensive
+acceptation, has been well defined to be "a distinction of rank amongst
+freemen, depending not upon birth or property, but simply upon the
+admission of the person so distinguished, by the girding of a sword or
+other similar solemnity, into an order of men having by law or usage
+certain social or political privileges," and also a certain appropriate
+title. It is evident, therefore, from this definition that Knighthood
+implies the existence of these two conditions: the one, that the man to
+be admitted to the rank of Knighthood should possess such qualifications
+as may entitle him to that distinction; and the other, that Knighthood
+should be conferred by a personage endowed with a competent power and
+authority.
+
+In feudal times the qualifications for Knighthood were military exploits
+of a distinguished character, and eminent services, of whatever kind,
+rendered to the King and the realm: also, the holding a certain property
+in land (in the time of EDWARD I., land then of the yearly value of £20,
+or upwards), whether directly from the King, or under some Noble, by the
+feudal tenure of personal military service to be rendered under certain
+established conditions; but it has been disputed whether there was any
+necessary connection between Knighthood, as such, and the Knight Service
+of Feudal Tenure. During the first two centuries after the Conquest,
+Knighthood was conferred by the great Barons and by the Spiritual Peers,
+as well as by the King himself, or by his appointed representative: but,
+after the accession of HENRY III., the prevailing rule appears to have
+been that in England no persons should be created Knights except by the
+King, or the Prince Royal acting for his Father, or by the King's
+General-in-Chief, or other personal representative.
+
+The knightly rank, as it gave an increase of dignity, implied also the
+maintenance of a becoming state, and the discharge of certain civil
+duties: and, more particularly, all Knights were required to make such a
+provision for rendering military service as was held to be consistent
+with their position and their property; and it was expected from them
+that they should take a dignified part in the chivalrous exercises and
+celebrations of their times. It followed, that feudal Knighthood was a
+distinction which, if not conferred for the sake of honour, became
+obligatory; and fines, accordingly, were imposed upon men qualified for
+Knighthood who, notwithstanding, were found not to be Knights. In the
+course of time, as the rigour of the feudal system abated, the numbers
+of the military tenants of small tenures greatly increased: and, since
+many of these persons had no inclination for the profession of arms,
+they gladly accepted the alternative of paying a fine, which enabled
+them to evade an honour unsuited as well to their means as to their
+personal tastes and their peaceful avocations. A fruitful source of
+revenue thus was secured for the Crown, while the military character of
+Knighthood was maintained, and at the same time a new and important
+class of the community gradually became established.
+
+The Knights of Norman England, who at first were soldiers of the highest
+order, derived their designation from their warlike predecessors of
+Anglo-Saxon times, the word "_cniht_," in the late Anglo-Saxon tongue,
+signifying a military attendant. When they had established themselves in
+the position and in the possession of the lands of the Anglo-Saxons, the
+Anglo-Norman Knights retained their own original title. The Latin
+equivalent for that title of "Knight" is "_Miles_," and the
+Norman-French is "_Chevalier_."
+
+These Knights may be grouped in two classes. The first class contains
+all persons who had been admitted into the comprehensive Order of
+Chivalry--who were Knights by reason of their common Knighthood. The
+second class is formed of Knights who, in addition to their Knightly
+rank, were members of some special and distinct Fraternity,
+Companionship, or Order of Knighthood. Every Society of this kind has
+always possessed Laws, Institutions, Titles, and Insignia peculiar to
+itself.
+
+The peculiar character and object of the Crusades led to the formation
+of two Orders of _Priest-Knights_--Orders not belonging to any
+particular nation, but numbering amongst their members men of all
+nations. These are the Orders of the KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM,
+or HOSPITALLERS, and of the KNIGHTS TEMPLARS.
+
+The HOSPITALLERS, instituted about A.D. 1092, were introduced into
+England about 1100. In the year 1310 they were established at Rhodes,
+and in 1530 at Malta, under their forty-third Grand Master, PHILIPPE DE
+VILLIERS DE L'ISLE-ADAM. Their device is a _silver cross of eight
+points_, No. 107, charged upon a _black field_, or worn upon a black
+surcoat or mantle. The Order was finally suppressed in England in 1559.
+
+The TEMPLARS, instituted about A.D. 1118, were introduced into England
+about 1140. In the year 1309 they were suppressed, and in 1312 their
+Order was finally abolished. They wore _a Cross_ of the same form as No.
+107, but of a _red colour upon a white field_. This red cross they
+charged upon a white banner: and they bore another banner, No. 13, of
+_black and white_, entitled "_Beau Seant_." The same words, "_Beau
+Seant!_" were their war-cry. The Badges of the Templars were the _Agnus
+Dei_--the Holy Lamb, holding a red-cross banner; and a device
+representing two Knights mounted on a single horse, intended to denote
+the original poverty of the Order.[8]
+
+    [Footnote 8: The Arms of the Inner Temple of the present day
+    are--_Azure, a pegasus_ (or winged horse) _argent_, or sometimes
+    _or_. This Coat is derived from the early Badge, _the two horsemen_
+    having been mistaken in later times for _wings_. The Arms of the
+    Middle Temple are--_Argent, on a cross gules_, the Agnus Dei.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 433.--Insignia of the Order of the Garter.]
+
+THE ORDER OF THE GARTER, a military Fraternity under the special
+patronage of "ST. GEORGE, the good Knight," was instituted at Windsor by
+King EDWARD III. in, or about, the year 1350--very probably in the
+summer of 1348, but the exact time is not positively known. It may
+safely be assumed, that the occasion which led to the institution of
+this most noble and renowned Order, was a Tournament or Hastilude of
+unusual importance held at his Castle of Windsor by EDWARD III. at the
+most brilliant period of his reign: and it is highly probable that the
+Order suggested itself to the mind of the King, as a natural result of
+his own chivalrous revival of a knightly "Round Table," such as
+flourished in the days of King Arthur. How much of historical fact there
+may be in the popular legend, which professes to derive from a certain
+romantic incident the Title certainly borne by King EDWARD'S Order from
+the time of its original institution, it is not possible to determine:
+but the legend itself is not in any way inconsistent with the spirit of
+those times; nor would the Knights Founders of the Garter regard their
+Order as the less honourable, because its Title might remind them of the
+happy gallantry, with which the casual misadventure of a noble Lady had
+been turned to so good an account by a most princely Monarch. The
+Statutes of the Order have been continually modified and altered, and
+the original military character of the Institution has long ceased to
+exist: still, no changes in the Order of the Garter have affected the
+pre-eminence of its dignity and reputation. Illustrious now as ever, and
+foremost in rank and honour in our own country, the GARTER is second to
+no knightly Order in the world.
+
+The MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER consists of the SOVEREIGN and
+Twenty-five KNIGHTS COMPANIONS, of whom the PRINCE OF WALES always is
+one. By a Statute of the year 1805, the Order includes such lineal
+descendants of GEORGE III. as may be elected: and still more recent
+statutes have provided for the admission of foreign Sovereigns, and also
+of certain "Extra Knights," who are elected "Companions" as vacancies
+occur.
+
+The OFFICERS of the Order are--The _Prelate_, the Bishop of Winchester:
+the _Chancellor_, the Bishop of Oxford: the _Registrar_, the Dean of
+Windsor: the _Herald_, Garter King of Arms: and, the _Usher of the Black
+Rod_.
+
+Knights of the Garter place the initials "K.G." after their names; and
+these letters take precedence of all other titles, those of Royalty
+alone excepted.
+
+The Stalls of the Knights are in the choir of St. George's Chapel,
+Windsor Castle, where their Garter-plates are fixed, and their Banners
+are displayed.
+
+The INSIGNIA of the Order of the Garter are--The _Garter_ itself, of a
+light blue originally, now of a dark blue, with border, buckle, and
+pendant of gold. On it, in golden letters, the
+_Motto_--HONI . SOIT . QVI . MAL . Y . PENSE--"Dishonour to him who
+thinks ill of it;" and not, as it is commonly rendered, "Evil to him
+that evil thinks."
+
+The Badge of the Order is circular, and formed of a buckled Garter
+enclosing a Shield of St. George, the whole blazoned in the proper
+tinctures: it is worn on the left shoulder of the blue velvet Mantle.
+When irradiated with eight rays of silver or diamonds, a device
+resembling the Badge in every respect, except that the cross of St.
+George is enclosed within the Garter without being charged on a Shield,
+forms the _Star_ of the Order.
+
+The _Collar_, of gold enamelled, is formed of twelve buckled Garters,
+each encircling a Tudor Rose, and as many knots of intertwined cords.
+Attached to this Collar is the _George_--a mounted figure of the Saint
+in the act of trampling down the dragon and piercing him with his lance.
+The Collar and George were added to the Insignia by HENRY VII.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 434.--The Lesser George, of the Garter.]
+
+The _Lesser George_, or _Jewel_, added by HENRY VIII., has the same
+device placed on an enamelled field, and forming a jewel generally oval
+in form; it is encircled by a buckled Garter of the Order, and
+represented in No. 434. It was this Lesser George that CHARLES I.,
+immediately before he suffered, delivered to Archbishop JUXON, with the
+word, "Remember." As a matter of course, the figure of ST. GEORGE ought
+always to be represented as a Knight, armed and equipped as one of the
+Christian chivalry of the Middle Ages--not as a pagan horseman of
+antiquity, and more particularly not in the guise of such a nude
+champion as appears on some of our modern coins. The Lesser George,
+often incorrectly called the Badge, at first was sometimes worn from a
+gold chain, and sometimes from a _black Ribbon_. The Colour of the
+ribbon was changed to _sky blue_ by Queen ELIZABETH; and it has since
+been again changed to the _dark blue_ of the broad Ribbon now worn. This
+_Ribbon_ of the Order crosses the figure of the wearer, passing over the
+left shoulder, and the Lesser George hangs from it under the right arm.
+
+Since the time of CHARLES II. it has been customary for the nearest
+representatives of a deceased K.G. to return his Insignia to the
+Sovereign.
+
+Each Officer of the Order, except the Usher, has his own proper Badge.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 450.--Insignia of the Order of the Thistle.]
+
+
+The ORDER OF THE THISTLE, OF SCOTLAND, styled "Most Noble and Most
+Ancient," and indicated by the Initials "K.T.," was originally
+instituted long before the accession of a Scottish Sovereign to the
+Crown of England; but it is now governed by statutes framed by JAMES II.
+of Great Britain, ANNE, and GEORGE IV.
+
+The Order consists of the SOVEREIGN and sixteen KNIGHTS. Its OFFICERS
+are--The _Dean_; _the Lord Lyon King of Arms_; and the _Gentleman Usher
+of the Green Rod_.
+
+The INSIGNIA are--The _Badge_ of gold enamelled, being a figure of St.
+Andrew standing upon a mount holding his silver Saltire and surrounded
+by rays in the form of a glory. This Badge is worn from the _Collar_ of
+the Order, formed of sixteen Thistles alternating with as many bunches
+of rue-sprigs; or, from a broad _dark green Ribbon_, which crosses the
+left shoulder. There are fine examples of these Insignia sculptured upon
+the Monument of MARY, Queen of Scots, in Westminster Abbey. The jewel is
+shown in No. 435.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 435.--Jewel of the Thistle.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 436.--Badge of St. Patrick.]
+
+The _Star_ of this Order, of silver or diamonds, is in the form of a St.
+Andrew's Saltire, having its four limbs alternating with the four points
+of a lozenge: in the centre, surrounded by the Motto (NEMO ME IMPUNE
+LACESSIT), is a Thistle proper.
+
+The Most Illustrious Order of ST. PATRICK, OF IRELAND, indicated by the
+Initials, "K.P.", and instituted in 1783 by GEORGE III., consists of the
+SOVEREIGN, the GRAND MASTER, and twenty-two KNIGHTS. The OFFICERS are
+the Grand Master, the _Chancellor_, the _Secretary_, _Ulster King of
+Arms_ and _Registrar_, two _Heralds_, and one _Pursuivant_, the
+_Genealogist_, and the _Usher of the Black Rod_.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 451.--Insignia of the Order of St. Patrick.]
+
+The INSIGNIA are--The _Badge_ or _Jewel_, of gold enamelled, and oval in
+form. It has a Shamrock (or Trefoil slipped) having on each leaf a Royal
+Crown, charged on the Saltire of St. Patrick, the field being surrounded
+by the _Motto_--QVIS . SEPARABIT . ("Who will sever?") MDCCLXXXIII., on
+a blue band, which in its turn is encircled with a wreath of Shamrocks
+on gold. This Badge, No. 436, is worn from the _Collar_, composed of
+Roses and Harps, alternating with each other and with knotted cords,
+a Crown surmounting a Harp being in the centre; or, the Badge is worn
+from a broad _sky-blue Ribbon_, crossing the right shoulder.
+
+The _Star_ resembles the Badge, except that its centre is circular
+instead of oval; and that it has eight rays of silver or diamonds, in
+place of the wreath of Shamrocks.
+
+The Most Honourable ORDER OF THE BATH is an early Institution which,
+after having long been in abeyance, has been revived and remodelled, and
+has received fresh statutes in the years 1725, 1815, 1847, and 1859.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 452.--Collar and Military Badge.
+  Insignia of the Order of the Bath.]
+
+The Order, now numbering about a thousand members, consists of several
+distinct Groups or Classes, which include, with the SOVEREIGN, the Royal
+Princes, and some few distinguished Foreigners, Officers of our own Navy
+and Army, and also Diplomatic and Civil Servants of the Crown.
+
+The Three "Classes" of the Order alike include members of the Three
+Services, and each class is divided into two divisions, viz. Military
+and Civil.
+
+The "First Class," of KNIGHTS GRAND CROSS OF THE BATH--G.C.B.--has 55
+Military and 27 Civil Knights.
+
+The "Second Class" numbers (with power to increase these numbers) 145
+Military and 108 Civil KNIGHTS COMMANDERS OF THE BATH--K.C.B.
+
+The "Third Class," not of Knights, but of COMPANIONS OF THE
+BATH--C.B.--has 705 Military and 298 Civil Members, who take rank
+between Knights and Esquires.
+
+The MILITARY INSIGNIA are--The BADGE, a complicated combination of
+devices, characteristic of the debased period which produced it. It is
+represented in No. 437.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 437.--Badge of the Bath (Military Division).]
+
+The Cross is white; the circle with the Motto, red; and the small scroll
+in base, blue; all the rest being enamelled "proper." This Badge is worn
+by the G.C.B. attached to a _Collar_, formed of nine Crowns and eight
+clusters of the Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock issuing from a Sceptre,
+alternating with seventeen Knots enamelled argent: or, this Badge is
+suspended by the G.C.B. from a broad _red Ribbon_, crossing the left
+shoulder. By the K.C.B. the Badge is worn from a narrower red Ribbon
+about the neck, or a still narrower at the button-hole. Also, by the
+C.B. it is attached to a narrow red Ribbon at the button-hole.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 453.--Star of Knight Grand Cross (Civil).]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 454.--Star of Knight Commander (Military).]
+
+The _Star_ of the G.C.B. is similar to the Badge without The Cross and
+the lions, surrounded by silver rays having a lozenge-shaped outline.
+The _Star_ of the K.C.B., which is in the form of a Maltese Cross, omits
+the Cross of the Badge. The C.B. have no Star.
+
+The Diplomatic and Civil INSIGNIA are--The _Badge_, No. 438, worn with
+the same distinctions as the Naval and Military Badge; but the C.B.
+Badge is of smaller size than the Badges of the two higher Classes.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 438.--Badge of the Bath (Civil Division).]
+
+The _Star_ of the G.C.B. has eight silver rays encircling their Badge in
+a circular form. The Star of the K.C.B. is the same as that of the Naval
+and Military K.C.B., omitting the laurel-wreath and the small scroll and
+motto.
+
+The _Motto_ of the Order--TRIA . JUNCTA . IN . UNO--"Three united in
+one," refers to the Union of the three Realms of England, Scotland, and
+Ireland, in the Order.
+
+The _Stalls_ of the Knights of the Bath, before the Order was divided
+into classes, and those of their Esquires, are in Henry the Seventh's
+Chapel, Westminster Abbey; but no installation has taken place since
+1815, when the Order was reorganised, and no new plates or banners have
+been set up.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 455.--Order of Merit.]
+
+THE ORDER OF MERIT (O.M.) instituted in the year 1902, although it gives
+to its members neither style nor precedence, ranks next to the Order of
+the Bath, and is divided into two classes, Military and Civil. The only
+Insignia are the Badge and the Ribbon parti-coloured of _red_ and
+_blue_. The Badge is _a cross pateé of four arms_, the outline of the
+cross being circular. The cross is of _blue enamel_ and superimposed
+thereupon a smaller cross of the same design of _red_. The centre is
+_blue_, bearing the words, "FOR MERIT," in gold letters within a laurel
+wreath. The cross is surmounted by the Royal Crown. The reverse of the
+Badge shows the Royal and Imperial Cypher. To the Badge _two swords
+saltirewise_ in the angles of the cross are added in the case of members
+of the Military Division.
+
+
+  [Illustration: No. 456.--Collar and Insignia of the Exalted Order
+  of the Star of India.]
+
+The Most Exalted ORDER OF THE STAR OF INDIA, instituted by Queen
+Victoria in 1861, to render especial honour to high merit and loyalty in
+the Indian Empire, was enlarged on the 24th of May 1866, and ordained to
+consist of the SOVEREIGN, a GRAND MASTER, and 291 Ordinary COMPANIONS or
+MEMBERS; together with such extra and Honorary Members as the Sovereign
+at any time may be pleased to appoint.
+
+The VICEROY AND GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA for the time being is always
+the GRAND MASTER. The Ordinary Members are divided into Three
+Classes:--The "First Class" comprises 36 KNIGHTS GRAND COMMANDERS:
+G.C.S.I. In the "Second Class" there are 85 KNIGHTS COMMANDERS: K.S.I.
+And, the "Third Class" numbers 170 COMPANIONS: C.S.I.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 439.--Badge of the Star of India.]
+
+The INSIGNIA are--The _Badge_, No. 439, formed of diamonds, having the
+Motto on a field of light blue enamel, and the bust of the late Queen
+executed as an onyx cameo. This Badge is attached by a mullet to the
+_Collar_, composed of heraldic roses and lotus flowers alternating with
+palm-branches, a crown being in the Centre: or, the Badge is worn from a
+_Ribbon of pale blue with white borders_ crossing the left shoulder. The
+_Star_, of diamonds, has a mullet upon an irradiated field in its
+centre, within the _Motto_--HEAVEN'S . LIGHT . OUR . GUIDE, the whole
+being environed with wavy rays having a circular outline.
+
+
+The Most Distinguished ORDER OF ST. MICHAEL AND ST. GEORGE, originally
+instituted in 1818 for use in Malta and the Ionian Islands, has been
+extended and enlarged in 1868, 1877, and 1902, and now is awarded for
+Colonial and for Foreign Services. It consists of 100 KNIGHTS GRAND
+CROSS (G.C.M.G.), 300 KNIGHTS COMMANDERS (K.C.M.G.), and 600 COMPANIONS
+(C.M.G.), in addition to Honorary Members. The numbers are not adhered
+to. The _Star_ is of seven long rays, smaller rays intervening. This is
+charged with the Cross of St. George, and in the centre is a
+representation of St. Michael encountering Satan within a blue circle,
+bearing the Motto of the Order, "AUSPICIUM MELIORIS ÆVI."
+
+  [Illustration: No. 457.--Star and Collar of the Order of St. Michael
+  and St. George.]
+
+The _Collar_ is composed alternately of lions of England, Maltese
+Crosses, and Cyphers, S. M. and S. G. In the centre is the Crown
+_over two winged lions passant guardant, each holding a book and
+seven arrows_.
+
+The _Badge_ is a gold cross of fourteen points of white enamel, and has
+in the centre, within the Motto of the Order (on the one side), St.
+Michael encountering Satan (and on the other side), St. George and the
+Dragon. The Badge is surmounted by the Crown.
+
+
+  [Illustration: No. 458.--Eminent Order of the Indian Empire.]
+
+The Most Eminent ORDER OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, instituted in 1878 and
+subsequently enlarged, is the second Indian Order, and consists of three
+classes, KNIGHTS GRAND COMMANDERS (G.C.I.E.), KNIGHTS COMMANDERS
+(K.C.I.E.), and COMPANIONS (C.I.E.).
+
+The _Star_ is of five rays of silver, alternated with as many rays of
+gold. In the centre, within a purple circle, inscribed with the Motto,
+"IMPERATRICIS AUSPICIIS," and surmounted by the Crown, is an effigy of
+Queen VICTORIA.
+
+The _Collar_ is composed of elephants, lotus-flowers, peacocks in their
+pride, and Indian roses, all connected by gold chains.
+
+The _Badge_ is a red enamelled rose, in the centre of which is the
+effigy within the Motto as on the Star.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 459.--The Badge.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 460.--G.C.V.O. Star.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 461.--K.C.V.O. Star.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 462.--G.C.V.O. Badge.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 463.--K.C.V.O. Badge.]
+
+The ROYAL VICTORIAN ORDER was instituted in 1896 as the personal Order
+of the British Sovereign, and is divided into five classes--KNIGHTS
+GRAND CROSS (G.C.V.O.), KNIGHTS COMMANDERS (K.C.V.O.), COMMANDERS
+(C.V.O.), and Members of the Fourth and Fifth Classes (both M.V.O.).
+
+The _Star_ is of eight points, and of chipped silver, having in the
+centre a representation of the Badge.
+
+The BADGE is a white Maltese Cross. It has an oval enamelled centre of
+crimson with the monogram V. R. I., within a blue enamelled circle,
+carrying the Motto of the Order "VICTORIA," the circle surmounted by
+the Crown. There is no collar for the order, but the King occasionally
+bestows, as an extreme mark of favour, "The Royal Victorian Chain,"
+a decoration not governed by express Statute.
+
+
+  [Illustration: No. 464.--Distinguished Service Order.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 465.--Imperial Service Order.]
+
+The DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER is a Military Decoration instituted in
+1886, but which does not carry the style of Knighthood. The _Badge_ is a
+gold cross enamelled white and of a circular outline. In the centre (on
+the one side) is the Crown on a red enamel ground within a wreath of
+laurel, (and on the other side) the Royal Cypher takes the place of the
+Crown.
+
+
+The IMPERIAL SERVICE ORDER, a purely Civil Decoration instituted in
+1902, is confined to the Administrative Services of the Empire. The
+_Badge_ is an eight-rayed star bearing (on one side) the Royal Cypher
+and (on the other side) "For faithful service," surrounded by a wreath
+of laurel and surmounted by the Crown.
+
+
+  [Illustration: No. 440.--The Victoria Cross.]
+
+The VICTORIA CROSS, of bronze, was instituted by her late Majesty Queen
+VICTORIA in 1856, to render honour to "conspicuous bravery" in actual
+conflict, by sea or land. This Cross, No. 440, is worn on the left
+breast, attached to a _blue_ ribbon for the Navy, and to a _red_ ribbon
+for the Army. A Bar is attached to the ribbon for every additional such
+act of bravery as would have won the Cross.
+
+
+  [Illustration: No. 441.--The Albert Medal.]
+
+The ALBERT MEDAL, No. 441, which was instituted also by Queen VICTORIA,
+dates from March 13, 1866, and is to distinguish those who save, or who
+at the peril of their own lives endeavour to save, life or perform other
+meritorious acts of bravery. The Coronet is that of H.R.H. the late
+PRINCE CONSORT; and the Monogram consists of the Initials V. A., with an
+anchor. This Medal is executed in Silver and Bronze for two classes of
+recipients. The anchor in the Badge is omitted when awarded for land
+services.
+
+Other Decorations are "The Royal Order of Victoria and Albert" (of four
+classes) and the Imperial Order of the Crown of India (of one class),
+both confined to ladies, the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal, the Volunteer
+Officers' Decoration, the Territorial Decoration, the Edward Medal, the
+King's Police Medal, the Royal Red Cross, and the Order of Mercy; whilst
+the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England receives
+official recognition.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+PRECEDENCE. GENEALOGIES
+
+      "Orders and Degrees
+  Jar not with Liberty, but well consist."
+    --_Paradise Lost_, Book V.
+
+  "The use of Arms was closely connected with the Study of Genealogy."
+    --DALLAWAY, _Science of Heraldry_ (A.D. 1793).
+
+
+When JAMES I. succeeded to the Crown of England while he was actually
+the King regnant of Scotland, and accordingly became Sovereign of the
+two Realms, he found it necessary to produce a "Union Flag" for the
+whole of Great Britain, in consequence of the serious disputes for
+Precedence that arose between the natives of South and North Britain.
+Before the time of the peace-loving son of Mary Stuart, a Sovereign of
+another mould, HENRY VIII., had felt the necessity of framing and
+establishing some definite system of Precedence amongst the various
+degrees, orders, and ranks of his subjects: and, in 1539, a statute to
+that effect was enacted. Other statutes afterwards were added; and, from
+time to time, Royal Letters Patent on the same subject have been issued;
+and thus the Precedence now recognised and in use amongst us has been
+established.
+
+The General Scale of Precedence follows, but there are Special scales
+for use in (_a_) Scotland, (_b_) Ireland, (_c_) India, (_d_) Canada,
+(_e_) Colonies, (_f_) Army and Navy, (_g_) Diplomatic Service.
+
+
+THE GENERAL ORDER OF PRECEDENCE.
+
+  The SOVEREIGN.
+  The Prince of Wales.
+  The Younger Sons of the Sovereign.
+  The Grandsons of the Sovereign.
+  The Brothers of the Sovereign.
+  The Uncles of the Sovereign.
+  The Nephews of the Sovereign.
+
+  The Archbishop of Canterbury.
+  The Lord Chancellor.
+  The Archbishop of York.
+  The Premier.
+  The Lord High Treasurer.
+  The Lord President of the Council.
+  The Lord Privy Seal.
+
+The following GREAT OFFICERS OF STATE _precede all Peers of their own
+Degree_--that is, if Dukes, they precede all other Dukes; if Earls, all
+other Earls; &c.:--
+
+  The Lord Great Chamberlain.
+  The Lord High Constable.
+  The Earl Marshal.
+  The Lord High Admiral.
+  The Lord Steward of the Royal Household.
+  The Lord Chamberlain of the Royal Household.
+  The Master of the Horse.
+
+The Peers of each Degree take Precedence in their own Degree, according
+to their Patents of Creation.
+
+  Dukes
+    (_a_) of England,
+    (_b_) of Scotland,
+    (_c_) of Great Britain,
+    (_d_) of Ireland,
+    (_e_) of the United Kingdom and, if created since the Union,
+      of Ireland.
+  Marquesses (_vide_ Dukes).
+    Eldest Sons of Dukes.
+  Earls (_vide_ Dukes).
+    Eldest Sons of Marquesses.
+    Younger Sons of Dukes.
+  Viscounts (_vide_ Dukes).
+    Eldest Sons of Earls.
+    Younger Sons of Marquesses.
+  Bishops of (_a_) London, (_b_) Durham, and (_c_) Winchester.
+  Bishops, according to Seniority of Consecration.
+  Barons (_vide_ Dukes).
+  The Speaker of the House of Commons.
+  Commissioners of Great Seal.
+  The (_a_) Treasurer and the (_b_) Comptroller of the Royal Household.
+  Vice-Chamberlain of the Household.
+  The Secretaries of State, when not Peers.
+    Eldest Sons of Viscounts.
+    Younger Sons of Earls.
+    Eldest Sons of Barons.
+  Knights of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick, not being Peers.
+  Privy Councillors.
+  The Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+  The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
+  The Lord Chief Justice.
+  The Master of the Rolls.
+  Lord Justices of Appeal and Pres. of Probate Court.
+  Judges of High Court.
+    Younger Sons of Viscounts.
+    Younger Sons of Barons.
+    Sons of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (Life Peers).
+  Baronets.
+  Knights Grand Cross of the Bath.
+  Knights Grand Commanders of the Star of India.
+  Knights Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George.
+  Knights Grand Commanders of Indian Empire.
+  Knights Grand Cross of Victorian Order.
+  Knights Commanders of the various Orders
+    (in the same order of progression).
+  Knights Bachelors.
+  Commanders of Victorian Order.
+  County Court Judges.
+  Serjeants-at-Law.
+  Masters in Lunacy.
+  Companions of the various Orders.
+  Members of Fourth Class of Victorian Order.
+  Companions of Distinguished Service Order.
+    Eldest Sons of the Younger Sons of Peers.
+    Eldest Sons of Baronets.
+    Eldest Sons of Knights.
+  Members of Fifth Class of Victorian Order.
+    Baronets' Younger Sons.
+    Knights' Younger Sons.
+  Esquires:--Including
+    the Eldest Sons of the Sons of Viscounts and Barons,
+    the eldest Sons of all the younger Sons of Peers,
+    and their eldest Sons in perpetual Succession:
+    the younger Sons of Baronets:
+    the Sons of Knights,
+    the eldest Son of the eldest Son of a Knight
+      in perpetual Succession:
+    persons holding the King's Commission,
+    or who may be styled "Esquire" by the King in any Official Document.
+  Gentlemen.
+
+
+THE PRECEDENCE OF WOMEN
+
+is determined, before marriage, by the Rank and Dignity, but not by the
+Office, of their Father.
+
+All the unmarried Sisters in any family have the same Degree, which is
+the Degree that their eldest Brother holds (or would hold) amongst men.
+Thus:--Of the Sons of an Earl the _eldest_ alone has an honorary Title
+of Nobility and is styled "My Lord," while _all_ the Daughters of an
+Earl have a similar honorary Title, and are styled "My Lady."
+
+By Marriage Women share the Dignities and Precedence of their Husbands:
+but, the strictly Official Dignity of a Husband is not imparted to a
+wife (except in India), in the case of the Archbishops and Bishops or
+holders of other offices.
+
+The Dignities which Ladies have by Birth or by right of Inheritance, are
+not imparted by Marriage to their Husbands: nor does Marriage with an
+inferior in Dignity in any way affect the Precedence that a Lady may
+enjoy by Birth, Inheritance, or Creation--both her own Precedence and
+that of her Husband remain as before their Marriage, unless the Husband
+be a Peer.
+
+In the ROYAL FAMILY the following Precedence takes effect:--
+
+  The Queen.
+  The Queen Dowager.
+  The Princess of Wales.
+  The Daughters of the Sovereign.
+  The Wives of the Younger Sons of the Sovereign.
+  The Granddaughters of the Sovereign.
+  The Wives of the Grandsons of the Sovereign.
+  The Sovereign's Sisters.
+  Wives of the Sovereign's Brothers.
+  The Sovereign's Aunts.
+  Wives of the Sovereign's Uncles.
+  The Sovereign's Nieces.
+  Wives of the Sovereign's Nephews (Brothers' and Sisters' Daughters).
+  Granddaughters of the Sovereign not bearing the style
+    of Royal Highness.
+
+To whatever Precedence she may be entitled by Birth, the Wife of a Peer
+always takes her rank, and therefore takes her actual Precedence, from
+her Husband.
+
+The Widow of a Peer, so long as she remains a Widow, retains the rank
+she enjoyed whilst married: but, should she contract a second Marriage,
+her Precedence then is determined either by the rank of her second
+Husband, or by the rank that was her own by Birth and which she enjoyed
+before her first Marriage.
+
+The Wife of the Eldest Son of any degree precedes all her Husband's
+Sisters, and also all other Ladies having the same degree of rank with
+them. Thus:--the Wife of the Eldest Son of an Earl takes Precedence of
+_all_ Daughters of Earls. In actual practice, however, by a principle of
+Precedence that is accepted and adopted in all families of the same
+degree amongst themselves, the Sisters in every case have their place
+immediately after the Wife of their own Eldest Brother.
+
+
+GENEALOGIES.
+
+GENEALOGIES, the Records of the Descents and Alliances of Families, are
+necessarily associated with the Armorial Ensigns borne by those
+Families, and by the several Members and Branches of them. Still, it
+does not apparently follow, in the same manner, as a matter of
+necessity, that the study and investigation of Genealogies should be
+interesting and even attractive, because interest and attractiveness are
+inseparable from Heraldry. And yet, I do not hesitate to claim for
+genealogical researches the favourable regard of students of Armory, on
+the very ground of the interest which they are certain to feel in such
+researches; and also in confident reliance on that inherent power of
+attraction, inseparable from the subject itself, that will not fail both
+to win their favourable regard, and to lead them on from one inquiry to
+another.
+
+The very act of tracing up some eminent and illustrious personage, from
+generation to generation of his forefathers, noting down the alliances
+that have interwoven one thread of a brilliant line with others not less
+lustrous; or, the reverse of this process, the following the lineage of
+some worthy of the olden time onward down the stream, observing both the
+tributaries that flow into the main channel and the streamlets that
+issue from it--all this, when once it has been systematically
+undertaken, leads the student through the most picturesque regions of
+historical romance.
+
+The popular idea of Genealogy may be, that it consists in placing in a
+formal order of arrangement a series of dry names, connected with dates
+that (if it be possible) are even more dry. It is not uncommon to
+dispose of many things precisely in the same way, when an opinion is
+formed without even the slightest attempt to judge of a question by its
+true merits--it is so easy to decline the trouble and to avoid the
+effort attendant on inquiry and investigation, and so pleasant to become
+the possessor of an "opinion" and "views," without any outlay in
+acquiring them. A Map has no value in the estimation of those who ignore
+Geography: the claims of Archæology are disregarded by all who are
+content to remain in ignorance even of what it implies: and History
+itself becomes and continues to be a dead letter, so long as an
+acquaintance is formed only with the exterior of its volumes. And, in
+like manner, Genealogy appears under a very different aspect to those
+who know it only by name, and to lovers of Biography and History who are
+familiar with its lucid and yet ever suggestive guidance. Without
+written Genealogies, who can clearly understand the political and
+historical position of the rival Princes of the red and white Roses; or
+of HENRY VII. and the "last of the Plantagenets"; or of Queens ELIZABETH
+TUDOR, MARY STUART, and JANE GREY? Or who, without similar aid, will
+follow out the fortunes of the Houses of BEAUCHAMP and NEVILLE and
+DUDLEY, and connect them with the existing noble lord of Warwick Castle;
+or, when reading of the DE CLARES, the BOHUNS, or the PERCIES, will see
+at a glance the connection between "STRONGBOW" and the "red Earl
+GILBERT," or will understand the significance of the white swan Badge of
+the STAFFORDS, or will read at sight the quartered Shield of the Duke of
+NORTHUMBERLAND, of to-day, and will discern the line that connects the
+living Earl PERCY with the "HOTSPUR" whose fame was two centuries old
+when SHAKESPEARE wrote of him? And further, who, that is unable to
+accomplish such things as these, can appreciate History, can enjoy it
+and apply its lessons aright?
+
+In arranging a Genealogy the utmost conciseness is essential, all
+details being left for full description elsewhere. All the members of
+the same family are placed side by side, on the same level, in their
+order of seniority; and all are connected by lines with one another and
+with their parents. Successive generations also, throughout all the
+branches of any family, or in allied families, have their places on the
+same levels; and the connecting and distinguishing lines are continued
+throughout. Examples of Genealogies treated in the most scientific and
+yet simple manner, easy to be understood, and perfect as models for
+students, may be obtained in any Part of the _Herald and Genealogist_,
+formerly edited by the late Mr. J. G. NICHOLS, F.S.A., Parliament
+Street, Westminster. I refer to this excellent Periodical, because it is
+not possible for me here in the space at my disposal to set forth a
+really useful example of a Genealogy: and, I must add, because it is
+most desirable that students of Heraldry should form such an
+acquaintance with Mr. Nichols, as may be acquired through his works.
+_Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica_, now edited by Mr. W. B.
+BANNERMAN, is another Periodical, which ought to be in the hands of all
+Genealogists.
+
+In Genealogies, this mark = denotes alliance by marriage, and it is
+placed between the names of a husband and wife: and the lines that
+proceed from this mark, thus,
+
+             =
+             |
+    ________/ \________
+   /                   \
+
+point out their issue. The initials S. P. (of the Latin words _Sine
+Prole_, "without issue") show where a line or a branch ceases. Other
+abbreviations and signs in general use will suggest their own
+signification.
+
+As I began this Chapter with quotations, so with a quotation I conclude
+it. "There are some persons," writes Mr. LOWER, in his "Curiosities of
+Heraldry" (p. 292), "who cannot discriminate between the taste for
+pedigree" (or genealogy) "and the pride of ancestry. Now these two
+feelings, though they often combine in one individual, have no necessary
+connection with each other. Man is said to be a hunting animal. Some
+hunt foxes; others for fame or fortune. Others hunt in the intellectual
+field; some for the arcana of Nature and of mind; some for the roots of
+words, or the origin of things. I am fond of hunting out a pedigree."
+And, gentle reader, when you have joined the chase genealogical,
+I promise you, so also will you be.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+  _The College of Arms-- The Lyon Office of Scotland-- Grants of Arms--
+  Tax on "Armorial Bearings," and on "Arms Found"_
+
+  "They were conspicuous for judgment, experience, learning, and
+  elegance; they gained honour wherever they were employed."
+   --NOBLE, _History of the College of Arms_.
+
+  "What is your Crest and Motto?--Send name and county to ----'s
+  Heraldic Office. For plain Sketch, 3s. 6d. In heraldic colours, 6s."
+    --_Morning Newspapers._
+
+
+I. The HERALDS OF ENGLAND, who before had been attached to the Household
+either of the Sovereign or of some Personage of exalted rank, were
+incorporated as a Fraternity by RICHARD III., a Prince whose historical
+reputation is by no means in harmony with that early act of his reign,
+which has done such good service to English History--the Foundation and
+Establishment of the COLLEGE OF ARMS, or, as it is commonly called, the
+HERALDS' COLLEGE.
+
+The Letters Patent, issued for this purpose by RICHARD III., bear date
+March the 2nd, 1483, the first year of his reign. Very important
+privileges and immunities, with high powers and authority, were granted
+to the incorporated Heralds: and the "right fair and stately house,"
+called "Pulteney's Inn," situate in the metropolitan parish of All
+Saints, was assigned to them as their permanent official residence. The
+Charter granted to the Heralds by the last Plantagenet Sovereign was
+confirmed by his successors.
+
+The buildings of the College were destroyed by the great fire of 1666;
+but all the records and documents fortunately escaped, having been
+removed to Whitehall; and the edifice was subsequently rebuilt, chiefly
+at the cost of the Heralds themselves, where it now stands between St.
+Paul's Cathedral and the Thames. There, in the College of Arms, are
+still carefully preserved all that the early Heralds recorded and
+transmitted to our times. There, not the least valuable of the contents
+of the College, an unique Library is in the keeping of Guardians, who
+understand its true uses, as they appreciate its preciousness. And there
+also the Headquarters of English Heraldry are as duly established, as
+those of the British Army are at the Horse Guards in Whitehall.
+
+The great change that has come upon London since the Heralds rebuilt
+their official home, has already caused some structural alteration in
+the building, and has resulted in the College of Arms now appearing out
+of place in its original position in the City. Other changes, which
+follow in such rapid succession in that busy neighbourhood, render it by
+no means improbable that the site of their College may be required for
+some great "City improvement"; and so the Heralds may be constrained to
+establish themselves in the more congenial regions of the metropolitan
+"far west." This, as I am disposed to consider, is one of those
+consummations that are devoutly to be desired.
+
+The times have been in which Heraldry could not number amongst its true
+friends the official Heralds of the College of Arms: but, happily,
+a very different, and in many most important respects a thoroughly
+satisfactory condition of things now obtains at the College. So far as
+the Heralds are concerned, as a body of learned, accomplished, and
+courteous gentlemen, Heraldry now is admirably represented amongst us,
+and faithfully supported. What still is deficient in the existing
+constitution of the College of Arms, as a National Institution, is
+adaptation to existing circumstances, sentiments, and requirements. It
+is but a truism to assert that, as a National Institution, the College
+of Arms does not fill its proper position: and, to all who are familiar
+with the facts of the case, it is equally obvious that this is simply
+because the College does not vindicate its indisputable title to that
+position which really is its own.
+
+Heraldry is decidedly popular. This popularity also is assuming a more
+practical, and at the same time a more enduring form, through gradually
+becoming the result of a correct appreciation of the true character of
+Heraldry, and of its intrinsic value. At a time in which people are
+beginning to feel and to admit that they _ought to know_ something about
+Heraldry, the College of Arms _ought to take the lead_ in making
+Heraldry still better understood, still more justly appreciated, still
+more popular. The time, also, is indeed come in which it is the bounden
+duty of the College of Arms to impress upon the community at large, that
+_the sole source and fountain-head of authority in all matters armorial,
+under the Sovereign, centres in itself_. This is to be accomplished by
+the same process, and only by the same process, by which the College of
+Arms may win for itself thorough popularity and universal confidence. If
+the College requires fresh or increased powers, application to that
+effect should be made to the Legislature. The Heraldry of Scotland has
+been dealt with by Parliament: and it would be equally easy to obtain
+such a statute as would enable English Heraldry to do justice to itself,
+while fulfilling its own proper duties.
+
+Without abating or compromising in the slightest degree its own dignity
+or the dignity of Heraldry, the College of Arms requires to be
+transmuted from an exclusive into a popular Institution. It requires,
+not indeed to have its object and aim and system of action changed, but
+to have them expanded, and expanded so widely as to comprehend all the
+heraldic requirements of the age. This is a subject of too urgent
+importance not to be noticed here; but still, it is not possible to do
+more than to notice it in very general terms.
+
+Upon one specific point, however, a few plain words may be spoken
+without hesitation, and may be left by themselves without comment. The
+Fees and Charges of all kinds for granting, matriculating, confirming,
+and recording the rightful possession of armorial Insignia must be
+arranged upon a perfectly fresh system, with such provisions and
+modifications as may adapt them to every variety of circumstance and of
+requirement. This is a question which can be regarded only from one
+point of view by every true lover of Heraldry, and consequently by every
+true friend of the College of Arms.
+
+II. The National Heraldic body in Scotland, entitled the LYON OFFICE, is
+under the presidency of the _Lyon King of Arms_. The Chief of the
+Scottish official Heralds from May 1796 to a recent period had been a
+Peer of that realm; and the duties of the office, accordingly, had been
+discharged for seventy years by a _Lyon Depute_. But, on the death of
+the Earl of KINNOUL, in February 1866, it was determined to remodel in
+some respects the arrangements of the Lyon Office; and Mr. GEORGE
+BURNETT, who had long been "Lyon Depute," was appointed by Her Majesty
+to be "Lyon King." He has been succeeded by Sir J. BALFOUR PAUL. The
+Arms of the Lyon Office I have already given, No. 266.
+
+The action of the Scottish Lyon King of Arms, and of the Institution
+over which he presides, after having degenerated from the worthy
+standard of earlier days, has revived under far happier conditions, and
+with prospects that are eminently gratifying. It may be fairly expected,
+indeed, that the most salutary results will be produced by the very
+decided "tendency" that for some time has existed, "to cultivate the
+rules and principles of that earlier age, to which"--writes Mr.
+Seton--"we are indebted for a system of Scottish Heraldry, whose purity
+certainly has not been surpassed in any other corner of Christendom."
+These words occur in a highly interesting memoir of the Lyon Office, in
+the fourth chapter of the work entitled "The Law and Practice of
+Heraldry in Scotland," an able and admirable volume, published in 1863
+in Edinburgh, which shows the growing popularity of a true Heraldry
+north of the Tweed, and proves that in the author, Mr. Seton, Scottish
+Heraldry possesses an advocate no less powerful than zealous and
+judicious.
+
+III. Arms and Armorial Insignia are granted _only_ through the College
+of Arms in England, and through the Lyon Office in Scotland, in both
+realms with the direct sanction of the Crown expressed in England by the
+Earl Marshal. In Ireland all Grants are made by Ulster King of Arms with
+the same sanction.
+
+It is to be observed and kept in remembrance that the _sole right_ to
+Arms is a Grant from the College or the Crown, or Inheritance by lineal
+descent from an ancestor to whom a Grant was made or in whom a right to
+bear Arms has been officially recognised and registered by the Crown.
+
+All "Grants" and "Confirmations of Arms" (Confirmations, that is, of the
+Claims of certain individuals to bear certain Arms, by some uncertain
+right and title duly set forth and approved and thereafter legalised by
+the Crown) are formally and regularly recorded, with a full blazon of
+the insignia, at the College or Offices of Arms.
+
+It is very greatly to be desired that, in addition to this time-honoured
+usage of the Heralds in making these records, some simple plan could be
+adopted for the periodical registration at the College of Arms of all
+armorial insignia that are borne by right. Almost equally desirable,
+also, it would be to make a corresponding registration, as far as might
+be possible, of whatever insignia are borne _without_ any right. The
+contents of both registers would form unquestionably useful publications
+of a periodical character. In connection with any such project as I have
+just suggested, it appears to me that good service might be rendered to
+the cause of true Heraldry amongst us, if _Badges and Mottoes_ (without
+any other insignia whatever) were formally granted by the College, under
+certain conditions, and at the cost of a small Fee.[9]
+
+    [Footnote 9: I leave this sentence as it has hitherto stood in the
+    book. Badges are now granted and recorded, but a prior right to arms
+    is required. --A. C. F.-D. 1908.]
+
+In new Grants of Arms, as in so many formal documents, something of the
+early form of Expression, with some traces of its piquant quaintness,
+are still retained. Very quaint indeed, and very extravagant also, is
+the style that was generally adopted by the Heralds of the sixteenth and
+seventeenth centuries, and yet characteristic of both the men and their
+times. As an example of one of these old documents, an example of no
+common interest in itself, I now give the Grant of Arms to JOHN
+SHAKESPERE, the Poet's father, in the year 1596. Two draft copies of the
+original Grant are preserved in the College of Arms; the following
+transcript is printed from the later of the two copies, the earlier
+having been used to supply any word or passage that now is wanting in
+the other. The insertions thus obtained are printed in brackets.
+
+  [Transcriber's Note:
+  All brackets except footnote references are in the original. Letters
+  in braces { } ("curly brackets") were printed as superscripts.]
+
+GRANT OF ARMS TO JOHN SHAKESPERE, A.D. 1596.
+
+  To all and singuler Noble and Gentelmen of what estate [or] degree
+  bearing arms to whom these presentes shall come, William Dethick
+  alias Garter principall King of Armes sendethe greetinges. Know
+  yee that, whereas by the authoritie and auncyent pryveleges
+  perteyning to my office from the Quenes most excellent Ma{te} and
+  by her highnesse most noble and victorious progenitors, I am to
+  take generall notice and record and to make declaration and
+  testemonie for all causes of arms and matters of Gentrie thoroughe
+  out all her Majestes Kingdoms, Domynions, Principalites, Isles,
+  and Provinces, To th' end that, as manie gentelmen, by theyre
+  auncyent names of families, kyndredes and descentes, have and
+  enjoye certeyne enseignes and cotes of arms, So it is verie
+  expedient in all ages that some men for theyr valeant factes,
+  magnanimite, vertu, dignites, and desertes, may use and beare
+  suche tokens of honour and worthinesse, whereby theyre name and
+  good fame may be the better knowen and divulged, and theyre
+  children and posterite in all vertu (to the service of theyre
+  Prynce and Contrie) encouraged. Wherefore being solicited and by
+  credible report informed that John Shakespeare of Stratford uppon
+  Avon in the counte of Warwik, whose parentes and late
+  antecessors[10] were for theyre faithefull and va[leant service
+  advaunced and rewarded by the most prudent] prince King Henry the
+  Seventh of [famous memorie, sythence which tyme they have
+  continewed at] those partes, being of good reputacion [and credit;
+  and that the] said John hathe maryed [Mary, daughter and one of
+  the heyrs of Robert Arden, of Wilmcote, in the said] counte,
+  esquire.[11] In consideration whereof, and for the encouragement
+  of his posterite, to whom such Blazon [or Atchevement] by the
+  auncyent custome of the lawes of armes maie descend, I the said
+  Garter King of Armes have assigned, graunted and by these
+  presentes confirmed this shield or cote of arms, viz. Gould, on a
+  bend sables a speare of the first, steeled argent; and for his
+  crest or cognizance a falcon, his winges displayed, argent,
+  standing on a wrethe of his coullors, supporting a speare gould,
+  steeled as aforesaid, sett upon a helmett with mantelles and
+  tasselles as hath ben accustomed and dothe more playnely appeare
+  depicted on this margent. Signefieng hereby, and by the authorite
+  of my office aforesaid ratifieng, that it shalbe lawfull for the
+  sayd John Shakespeare gent. and for his cheldren, yssue and
+  posterite (at all tymes and places convenient) to bear and make
+  demonstracion of the said Blazon or Atchevement uppon theyre
+  Shieldes, Targets, Escucheons, Cotes of arms, Pennons, Guydons,
+  Ringes, Edefices, Buyldinges, Utensiles, Lyveries, Tombes or
+  Monumentes, or otherwise, for all lawfull warrlyke factes or
+  civile use and exercises, according to the lawes of armes, without
+  let or interruption of any other person or persons for use or
+  bearing the same. In witnesse and perpetuall remembrance hereof I
+  have hereunto subscribed my name, and fastened the seale of my
+  office endorzed with the signett of my armes, At the Office of
+  Armes, London, the xx. daye of October, the xxxviij. yeare of the
+  reigne of our Soveraigne Lady Elizabeth, by the grace of God Quene
+  of England, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faythe, etc.
+  1596.
+
+    [Footnote 10: Above the word _antecessors_ is written
+    _Grandfather_.]
+
+    [Footnote 11: _Gent._ was first written, and it is altered to
+    _esquire_.]
+
+Like other documents of its class, in this Grant the language is framed
+after certain regular forms; so that it is to be read without that exact
+observance of particular expressions, which is rightly bestowed upon
+legal and historical records. The interest inseparable from this Grant
+is enhanced in no slight degree by the strong probability that John
+Shakespere made his application to the College of Arms by the advice and
+in consequence of the request of his son. Had the worthy Garter been
+able to divine the "dignities and desertes" of the son, he might
+possibly have employed formal language of a still more complimentary
+character, when drawing up a Grant of Arms for the father.
+
+A much more curious specimen of the heraldic style and form of
+expression (and also of the spelling) of the earlier days of the Queen
+ELIZABETH era, is a Grant of Augmentation and Crest, by LAWRENCE DALTON,
+Norroy King of Arms, to JOHN BENNETT, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, Gentleman,
+A.D. 1560. The Preamble to this Grant, which is printed in full in
+_Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica_ (p. 48), is thus written:--
+
+  To All and Singuler as well nobles and gentles as kings herauldes
+  and officers of Armes as others w{ch} thes presentes shall see
+  Reade or heare Lawrence Dalton Esquire Al's Norrey Kinge of Armes
+  of thest and west p'tyes of Englande fro the Ryver of trent
+  northwarde Sendythe Due and humble comendacons and greatinge
+  fforasmuche as awncyentlye fro the begynnynge and not w{th}owt
+  great Delyberacon Equitie and Reason hyt hathe byn by the moste
+  noble and famous princes Constytutyd and ordeynyd that men of
+  wysdom knoledge vertue and of noble lyefe and Coorage haue byn
+  notoryowslye commendyd to the Woorlde w{th} Sonndrye monumentes
+  and Remembrances w{th} tokens of honnor for A testamonye of
+  theyre good Desertes As Amonge the Romayns y{e} Erecc'on of
+  Statues and Images w{th} tytles and Appellac'ons of honnour And
+  of more latre Dayes w{th} the moste p'te of nac'ons bearinge of
+  Signes and tokens in Shyldes callyd Armes w{ch} be the
+  Demonstrac'ons and Evidences of noblenes vertue and woorthynes
+  that to eu'ry man accordinge to theyre Desertes be Dyu'slye
+  Dystrybutyd Wherby such signes and tokens of the woorthye and
+  cooragyous might appeare before the cowarde vnwoorthye and
+  Ignorant Even so yt ys yet obs'vyd that suche w{ch} have merytyd
+  or donne com'endable s'vice to theyre prince or countrye or by
+  theyre woorthye and Lawdable lyefe Do Daylye encrease in vertue
+  wysdom and knowledge shulde not be forgoten and so put in oblyvyon
+  but rewardyd w{th} som token of honnor for the same the Rather to
+  move and styrre other to the Imytac'on of lyke noblenes vertue and
+  woorthynes ffor w{ch} purpose hyt was not therefor w{th}owt
+  great provydence ordeynyd and yet ys that there Shulde be officers
+  and herauldes of Armes to whose office hyt shulde be appropryate
+  to kepe in Regestre tharmes pedegrees and Descentes of nobles and
+  gentles w{th} theyre woorthye and valyant actes and to have power
+  and awethorytye to allowe and Ratefye vnto the woorthye Som
+  awgmentac'on token or Remembrance of noblenes for theyre seyde
+  woorthynes And now beinge Desyryd--
+
+And so forth, worthy Mr. Norroy having forgotten such "signes and
+tokens" as stops, while carefully showing what style and form it is
+_not_ desirable for us to adopt, however excellent may be his system of
+building up honourable insignia upon a foundation of nobleness, virtue,
+and worthiness.
+
+I add one other early document of another kind, which is an excellent
+model for present use by the Heralds of our own days, the orthography
+having by them been duly corrected.
+
+  EXAMPLE OF A CONFIRMATION OR RECORD OF ARMS:-- Theis are the
+  anncient Armes and Creast, belonging to the name and famely of
+  LEECHFORDE in the County of Surrey, descended from the LEECHFORDS
+  in Buckinghamsheire. Which at the request of S{R} RICHARD
+  LEECHFORDE of Shelwood in the County of Surrey Knight, I WILL'M
+  SEGAR Garter, Principall King of Armes have blasoned, and sett
+  forth in coullors, according as they are here depicted in the
+  margent. Viz." (here follows a written blazon).... "Testifying
+  hereby the saide armoryes to belong vnto the saide S{R} RICHARD
+  LEECHFORD and to his yssue, to vse, beare, and shewe forth at all
+  tymes, and in all places, at their free lib'ty and pleasure. In
+  Witnes wherof....
+
+&c. &c., with Seal and Signature, and the Date 3rd of JAMES I.
+
+I presume that an argument in support of the abolition of all Taxation
+of "Armorial Bearings," on the plea of the utter absurdity of a tax upon
+an honourable distinction, would be met with the reply that "Armorial
+Bearings" are taxed purely as "luxuries," and without the slightest
+reference to their intrinsic character. If the validity of this plea
+must be admitted, still this tax might be levied with what may be styled
+a becoming heraldic discrimination.
+
+For example:--Arms distinguished by "Augmentations of Honour" might be
+altogether exempted; a higher rate might be fixed in the case of Arms
+that are ensigned with Coronets, and that display Supporters. Arms borne
+by unquestionable right, and which are duly recorded at the College,
+might be rated at a comparatively low charge, certainly not to exceed
+five shillings a year. On the other hand, all Arms or armorial insignia
+borne with a very questionable right, or without even the pretence of
+any right whatever, might be subjected to the ordinary tax for "Armorial
+Bearings" of their class multiplied (according to circumstances) by
+four, six, or ten.
+
+The tax estimated by the aid of the multiplication-table, that has just
+been suggested, would extend, under a special schedule possessing a high
+multiplying power, to any self-constituted "Establishment" or "Office,"
+which, powerless to "grant" Arms, undertakes--in consideration of a very
+trifling fee--to "find," and either to "sketch" or to "colour" them.
+Exceedingly simple is the process, by means of which this undertaking is
+accomplished. It consists in consulting a printed Armory; and, when the
+desired "Arms" have been "found" in its well-stored columns, they then
+at once are assigned to the applicant, in conformity with the
+comprehensive and beautifully simple theory, that all persons having the
+same surname and who also live (or were born) in the same county are
+equally entitled to bear the same Arms. Probably it does not occur to
+the patrons of advertising Heraldry-dealers, that upon precisely the
+same principle every person who has the same "name and county" with any
+officer who may be "found" in the Navy or the Army List, might assert a
+right to whatever rank and title such an officer may enjoy by virtue of
+his commission.
+
+The almost universal desire to possess some kind of armorial insignia,
+implies a corresponding recognition of the necessity to obtain them from
+some Institution or Personage, supposed to be competent and authorised
+both to determine what they should be, and to impart a right to accept
+and to assume and bear them. It rests with the Heralds of the College of
+Arms to take the initiative in a course of action, which would direct
+all aspirants for heraldic distinctions, as a matter of course, to their
+own doors. The Heralds, who really are Heralds, and who alone are real
+Heralds, may rely on the support of Public Opinion. If a fictitious
+Heraldry is not only prevalent, but in some sense actually in the
+ascendant, it is not because the counterfeit is preferred to the
+genuine, but because it is unconsciously mistaken for it. In very many
+instances, indeed, a determination to obtain "Arms" is coupled with an
+ignorance of Heraldry so complete, as to ignore the existence of any
+such thing as a Heraldry that is fictitious.
+
+A popular College of Arms, without any serious difficulty, might
+establish its own authority with all classes of the community; and, at
+the same time, it would not fail to impress upon the public mind the
+very decided difference that exists between the heraldic and the
+non-heraldic acceptation of the expression--"_an escutcheon of
+pretence_." Much real good would certainly result from the rude shock
+that would be given to many a complacent display of armorial insignia,
+by showing the proud blazonry to be _abated_ with the baton sinister of
+heraldic untruth and unwarrantable assumption. And better still it would
+be to show to all who possess, or who desire to possess and to bear
+"Arms," that the "Pride of Heraldry" is a worthy and a noble pride,
+because it is the Pride of Truth and Right.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+  _MISCELLANEOUS:-- Coins-- Seals-- Heraldry in Architecture; in
+  Monuments; in Illuminations; in Encaustic Tiles-- Heraldic Personal
+  Ornaments, and various Heraldic Decorations-- Conclusion._
+
+  "The Spandrels over the Wall-arcading are exquisitely beautiful...
+  Those in the western arm contained Shields of a large number of the
+  great men of the day ... the few which remain are nobly executed."
+    --GLEANINGS FROM WESTMINSTER ABBEY, by G. G. Scott, R.A.:
+    2nd Edition, p. 33.
+
+
+I. The HERALDRY OF THE COINAGE, in addition to the Shields of Arms of
+successive Sovereigns, exemplifies the changes that have taken place in
+the form and adornment of the Crown, and it also is rich in various
+Badges and Devices having an historical significance.
+
+In Coins the Royal Shield is sometimes quartered by a cross charged upon
+it, as in the silver penny of EDWARD VI. A mediæval ship, having a sail
+covered with heraldic blazonry, appears on the _Noble_--a coin worthy of
+its name. A figure of the King in armour (not particularly well
+proportioned to the size of the vessel), his sword in one hand, and his
+Shield of arms in the other, is also represented in these fine examples
+of mediæval numismatic art. A ship without any sail, but in its stead
+charged with the Royal Shield heightened by a Cross, forms the reverse
+of another excellent coin, the _Angel_, the obverse bearing a figure of
+ST. MICHAEL with his lance thrusting down the dragon. The Angel of
+EDWARD IV. on either side of the Cross has the initial E and the white
+rose of York; and the legend is-- PER : CRVCEM : TVA : SALVA : NOS :
+XTE : REDEMPT : ("By thy Cross save us, O Redeemer Christ!"). A Crowned
+Rose, with a Royal Cypher, is another favourite device; as in the
+Shilling of Henry VIII., with the legend-- POSVI : DEV : ADIVTOREM :
+MEVM : ("I have placed God (before me as) my helper").
+
+Such are a few examples of the early Heraldry of English Coins. More
+recently, and particularly in our own Coinage, Heraldry and Art have
+declined together, so that feeble designs, but too commonly executed
+with lamentable consistency, are associated with heraldic inaccuracies
+which continue uncorrected to this day--witness the _tressure of
+Scotland_ often incorrectly blazoned on the Royal Shield; and poor
+BRITANNIA, in her old position, sitting forlorn on the copper and bronze
+coinage, as if conscious of being constrained to display on her oval
+Shield an obsolete blazonry, that placed the reign of Queen VICTORIA in
+the eighteenth century![12]
+
+    [Footnote 12: The specimens of the existing Coinage of Europe,
+    displayed at the Universal Exposition, at Paris, showed that if the
+    art of the English Mint is now at a low ebb, the prevailing standard
+    of numismatic art is not a single degree higher, the coins of France
+    alone being in many respects an honourable exception to the general
+    rule.]
+
+II. To what has been already said on the value of heraldic SEALS I
+desire here to add a few words, in the hope of inducing all students of
+Heraldry to study them with the most diligent care.
+
+Casts of fine impressions are not difficult to obtain. Almost every
+accessible fine Seal has been copied by Mr. Ready, of the British
+Museum, who supplies admirable casts at a very moderate cost. The
+Scottish Seals of the late Mr. H. Laing, of Edinburgh, were purchased on
+his decease by the authorities of the British Museum. The most
+satisfactory casts are made in gutta-percha, which may be gilt by simply
+rubbing a gold powder with a soft brush upon them, after slightly
+warming their surfaces. Moulds for reproducing casts or impressions may
+be made in gutta-percha; and from these moulds casts, also in
+gutta-percha, may be obtained. The process is very simple: the
+gutta-percha, softened by immersion in hot water, is pressed upon an
+impression in relief, until a perfect intaglio is formed. When this
+mould is cold and hard, it will stamp an impression upon gutta-percha
+softened in the same manner.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 442.--Seal of Lord Bardolf.]
+
+I add to the examples of fine heraldic Seals that I have already given,
+the richly traceried Seal bearing the armorial Shield of JOHN, Lord
+BARDOLF, of Wormegay in Norfolk, about A.D. 1350; No. 442. This most
+beautiful Seal, which in the original in diameter is only one and
+one-sixth inches, has been somewhat enlarged in the engraving, in order
+to show the design more plainly. The arms of BARDOLF are--_Az., three
+cinquefoils or_.
+
+The liberality and kindness of Mr. Laing enable me to associate with the
+Seal of Lord BARDOLF a small group of additional examples of Scottish
+Seals: two of them are good illustrations as well of English as of
+Scottish Heraldry, and they exemplify the usage of introducing Gothic
+traceries into the composition of Seals with Shields of Arms: in both
+these examples, however, the leading outlines only of the traceries
+remain, and the rich cusping (which is so perfect in the Seal of Lord
+BARDOLF) is lost. No. 443, the Seal of WILLIAM MURE, A.D. 1397, has a
+Shield bearing--_Arg., on a fesse az. three mullets of the field_. No.
+444, the Seal of THOMAS MONYPENY, A.D. 1415, has the Shield _couchée_
+charged with _Az., a chevron between three crosses crosslets fitchée
+issuing from as many crescents arg._: the Crest, on a helm, is a bird,
+probably a popinjay or parrot. The Seal of RICHARD STUART, No. 445,
+probably about 1350, may be compared with No. 414, p. 249: in the
+smaller and earlier example, the solitary individual who represents the
+crew may be assumed to be Richard Stuart himself; his vessel displays
+two banners which are evidently affected by contrary currents of air,
+and a pennon.
+
+  [Illustration: No. 443.--Seal of William Mure.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 444.--Seal of Thomas Monypeny.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 445.--Seal of Richard Stuart.]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 447.--Counter Seal of Earl Thomas de Beauchamp,
+  A.D. 1344]
+
+The noble Seal, No. 446 (_see_ Frontispiece), engraved from a most
+perfect impression recently discovered appended to a document in the
+guardianship of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, represents its
+illustrious owner, THOMAS DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G., third Earl of WARWICK, in
+armour, with his shield and jupon charged with the armorial insignia of
+Beauchamp (_gu., a fesse between six crosses crosslets or_), and with
+the same insignia repeated upon the bardings of the charger upon which
+the Earl is mounted. The engraving of the Seal itself appears on the
+Frontispiece to this Volume: and the Counter-Seal, one of the most
+beautiful and most perfect examples in existence of the early
+seal-engraver's art, is here represented in No. 447. The Shield
+displayed on this Counter-Seal is charged only with the Arms of the
+NEWBURGHS (_chequée or and az., a chevron erm._), from whom the Earldom
+of Warwick passed by inheritance to the House of Beauchamp. The
+inscription is commenced on the Seal, No. 446, and continued on the
+Counter-Seal, No. 447, and is as follows:-- S : THOE : COMITIS :
+WARRWYCHIE : ANNO : REGNI : REGIS : E : T'CII : POST : CÕQVEST[Vm] :
+ANGLIE : SEPTIO : DECIO : ET : REGNI : SVI : FRANCIE : QVARTO--
+"The Seal of Thomas, Earl of Warwick, in the seventeenth year of the
+reign of King Edward III. (of that name) after the Conquest of England,
+and the fourth of his reign over France." Thus, the date of the
+execution of this fine Seal is the year 1344. The Earl himself died
+in 1369.
+
+A second Beauchamp Seal is also represented in the Frontispiece. This is
+the Seal of RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G., fifth Earl of WARWICK, who died
+in the year 1439. The Heraldry in this example is particularly
+interesting. The Shield, charged with _Newburgh_ and _Beauchamp_
+quarterly, is couchée from the helm of the Earl which is ensigned with
+his coronet and crest; and on either side is _a bear with a ragged
+staff_, the famous Badges of the BEAUCHAMPS: No. 448 (_see_
+Frontispiece). The Inscription is-- SIGILL : RIC : DE : BELLO : CAMPO :
+COMIT : WARWICH-- "The Seal of Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick"
+(see pages 223 and 224).
+
+III. In GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Heraldry is always a consistent, beautiful,
+and most effective accessory. Indeed, so thoroughly is the spirit of
+Heraldry in harmony with the great Architecture which grew up in the
+Middle Ages, that Heraldry must be considered rather as an element of
+its nature than as an allied Art. Gothic Architecture is essentially
+heraldic; and hence, as well as from its elastic nature and its equally
+consistent and happy applicability to every use and requirement, it is
+peculiarly appropriate as our own national style.
+
+From the earliest years of its existence as a definite Science, Heraldry
+is found to be most intimately associated with the Gothic Architecture
+of England: and happy it was for the early Heralds, that in their days
+the English Gothic was at work in the full strength of its first
+maturity. And this alliance was never interrupted, or permitted to
+decline from its original cordiality. As long as the Gothic flourished,
+Heraldry held its own place in Architecture. And in the finest works
+that exist amongst us, relics of the grand Gothic Ages of English
+Architecture, Heraldry is ever present to adorn them with its graphic
+records. In the spandrels of arcades, in panels, upon bosses in
+vaulting, in stained glass, in encaustic floor-tiles, and indeed in
+almost every position in which such ornamentation could be admissible,
+the early Herald is found to have been the fellow-worker with the early
+Gothic architect. Gothic Architecture, accordingly, has preserved for us
+very noble collections and specimens of the most valuable illustrations
+of our national Heraldry. Canterbury and York Cathedrals, and the Abbey
+Churches of Westminster and St. Alban's, with the Chapel of King's
+College, Cambridge, are especially rich in heraldic treasures: and
+Westminster Hall and the northern Castles of Alnwick and Warkworth may
+be specified as noble examples of secular Architecture, which retain
+their heraldic enrichments.
+
+IV. Gothic MONUMENTS, and in common with them their successors of the
+Renaissance era, abound in every variety of armorial blazonry. And fine
+examples of heraldic Monuments are no less abundant, than are the
+Shields and other insignia that appear on particular memorials. The
+principles which directed the selection of Shields to be introduced into
+the composition of early Monuments are worthy of careful consideration:
+and the same remark is no less applicable in the case of Architecture.
+I must be content to specify a very small group of heraldic Monuments of
+especial interest and value. In Westminster Abbey: the Monuments of
+Queens ALIANORE of Castile, PHILIPPA of Hainault, ELIZABETH TUDOR, and
+MARY STUART; the Monuments of King EDWARD III. and King HENRY VII.; and
+those of ALIANORE DE BOHUN, Duchess of GLOUCESTER, the Countess of
+LENNOX, the Countess of DERBY, the two DE VALENCES, Earls of Pembroke,
+EDMUND, Earl of Lancaster, Lord BOURCHIER, and Sir GILES DAUBENEY, K.G.
+In Canterbury Cathedral: the Monuments of the BLACK PRINCE, and of
+HENRY IV. and JOANNA of Navarre. In Salisbury Cathedral: the Monument of
+Earl WILLIAM LONGESPÉE. In St. Alban's Abbey Church: the Monuments of
+HUMPHREY, Duke of GLOUCESTER, and of the Abbots WHEATHAMSTEDE and
+RAMRYGE. Also, other fine Monuments in the Churches at Elsyng in
+Norfolk, Ewelme and Northleigh in Oxfordshire, King's Langley in
+Hertfordshire, and Cobham in Kent; in Beverley Minster, and in the
+Beauchamp Chapel at Warwick.
+
+V. In the ILLUMINATIONS of the Middle Ages Heraldry has a place of
+honour: and in the revival of that early Art, which is held in such high
+estimation at the present day, Heraldry ought to occupy a position of
+corresponding prominence. This implies in the Illuminators of to-day
+some knowledge of Heraldry, and at least some degree of familiarity with
+good early examples. I venture to suggest, therefore, to students of
+Illumination the study both of the Herald's Art and his Science, as no
+unimportant part of their preparation for the practice of the Art of
+Illumination on the principle of the sagacious maxim of a great modern
+painter, quoted by Mr. RUSKIN in his "Seven Lamps of
+Architecture"--"Know what you have to do, and _then_ do it."
+
+VI. In the ornamentation of early ENCAUSTIC or INLAID PAVEMENT TILES,
+Shields of Arms and various heraldic devices frequently occur: and in
+many examples the Shields of Arms are arranged with much skill and in
+excellent taste, to form decorative compositions in combination with
+foliage and traceries. Numerous heraldic Tiles of a very interesting
+character remain in the Cathedrals of Worcester, Gloucester, and Exeter;
+and in the Churches of Great Malvern, King's Langley, the Abbey Church
+of St. Alban, and many others. The student will observe that the devices
+upon these Tiles are frequently _reversed_, evidently the result of the
+neglect to reverse the designs upon the original dies or stamps.
+
+VII. Heraldic blazonry was highly esteemed in the Middle Ages as a
+becoming decoration for PERSONAL COSTUME. The Knights wore their _Coats
+of Arms_, and they carried and used their _Shields of Arms_, and their
+armorial insignia were displayed upon their weapons and upon the various
+accessories of their personal equipment. The Ladies adapted this usage
+to their own Costume, and they also wore _Mantles and Dresses of Arms_;
+and many of their personal ornaments were strictly heraldic. Without
+even suggesting now to our Ladies any revival of heraldic costume,
+properly so called--such as dresses, mantles, or shawls emblazoned with
+the bearings of armorial shields--I certainly do desire to see Heraldry
+exercising a powerful influence in all designs for personal ornaments,
+the works of the goldsmith and the jeweller more especially. Badges also
+may supply the motive for designing many patterns that are to adorn
+fabrics used for costume: and, in like manner also, the designs woven
+into carpets, curtains, and various other fabrics may be derived with
+the greatest advantage from the same source. The loom is employed in
+blazoning heraldic insignia in white damask: why should it not work,
+under judicious and cautious guidance, in silk and velvet, in satin and
+every woollen fabric?[13]
+
+    [Footnote 13: I have lately seen a design for the embroidery of a
+    dress for a young lady of the Clan CAMPBELL; its characteristic
+    features are the Scottish Thistle and the Myrtle, the latter the
+    Badge of the Campbells. I may express my approval of the motive of
+    this design: others, as I have reason to believe, have approved the
+    treatment of it.]
+
+It must be understood, however, that heraldic ornaments and devices,
+unless they be of such a character that they are universally applicable,
+must have a reference to the wearer, or they degenerate at once into
+heraldic parodies. Personal ornaments, costume, furniture, if heraldic,
+must display devices that have a significance as well as a beauty: such
+costume and ornaments must be, not "becoming" only to the wearer, but
+(in the heraldic acceptation of that term) "belonging" also. And so in
+every instance.
+
+For purposes of universal decoration and adornment, Heraldry is no less
+applicable now than when EDWARD III. or HENRY IV. reigned in England.
+Happily, a taste for furniture and all the appliances of every-day life
+in the Gothic style is gradually becoming prevalent; and this is
+inseparable from the use of Heraldry for the purposes of ornamentation.
+I presume that the fallacy of regarding the Gothic style of Art as
+exclusively ecclesiastical in its associations and uses, or as no less
+necessarily inseparable from mediæval sentiments and general usages, is
+beginning to give way to more correct views, as the true nature of the
+Gothic and its original universal employment are better understood.
+I consider it to be unnecessary for me, therefore, to enter here, in
+support of my own sentiments, into any detailed explanations to show
+that the revival of a Style of Art which flourished in bygone ages, and
+with it the revival of Heraldry as it was invented and grew into its
+early dignity and popularity, are in no way or degree whatever connected
+with an implied return to the mode of life of four, five, or six
+centuries ago. We have used Roman and even what we intended to be Greek
+Architecture in nineteenth-century England; we are still in the habitual
+use of Roman and Greek designs for every variety of decoration; and of
+late we have added Egyptian and Scandinavian works of Art to the
+deservedly prized collections of models, that we have formed for the
+express purpose of imitating them: and yet we do not consider that we
+thus in any way bind ourselves to adopt Roman, or Greek, or Egyptian, or
+Scandinavian costumes or customs; nor in our use of the Arts of
+Antiquity do we perceive any demonstration of retrogression in
+ourselves.
+
+It is the same with Mediæval Heraldry and Gothic Art. We may apply to
+our own times, our own uses, our own delight, what the old Heralds and
+the Gothic Artists have taught us, without even dreaming of wearing
+armour or re-establishing the feudal system. True Heraldry (for it is
+with Heraldry that I am now more especially concerned) is a Science, and
+it also is an Art, for all time--for our times, and for future times, as
+well as for the times that are past. If we understand and appreciate it,
+we shall not fail to use and to apply it aright.
+
+
+  [Illustration: No. 449.--Seal of Sir WALTER SCOTT,
+  of Branxholm and Kirkurd, A.D. 1529. (Laing).]
+
+From the initial-letter of my first Chapter I suspended the Shield borne
+by that Sir WALTER SCOTT, of Abbotsford, whose name will ever be a
+household word with every lover of what is chivalrous and knightly. Here
+I place the Seal, No. 449, of an earlier Sir WALTER SCOTT, of Branxholm
+and Kirkurd--a Knight of another branch of the same distinguished House,
+who differenced the Shield of Scott so as to bear--_Or, on a bend azure
+a mullet and two crescents gold_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+PEERAGE DIGNITIES
+
+  _The Dignity of Earl-- Of Baron-- The Parliament of 1295-- Landed
+  Qualifications-- Creation of the Title Duke of Cornwall-- The Title of
+  Marquis-- The Premier Baron of England-- The Peerage of Scotland--
+  Scottish remainders-- Daughter Inherits in her own right--
+  Determination of an Abeyance-- The Right to Create Peers of Ireland--
+  Rights and Privileges of a Peeress-- The Daughters of Peers--
+  Anomalies of the English Scale of Precedence._
+
+
+Although the name of the dignity of Earl is derived from a Saxon word,
+the dignity itself, like all others, is more Norman than Saxon in its
+character. At the period of the Conquest, and whilst the Norman dynasty
+was on the throne, there were a number of people who bore this title. At
+that time and for long afterwards, certainly well into the Plantagenet
+period, an Earl within his earldom was little short of a petty
+sovereign. Issues of justice and many other rights of regality were in
+his hands, and he occupied a position very much akin to a viceroy for
+the King, seeing that what he did he did in his own name and as Earl, or
+"comes," of the County. The High Sheriff was the "vice-comes." Some of
+the earldoms had more extensive rights of regality than others, some
+were actual palatinates, and all earldoms originally were honours in fee
+heritable by the heir-general. Earldoms had a territorial nature, and
+the Earl took his "third penny" in the issues of the Courts in his
+earldom.
+
+The only other dignity at that period was that of Baron, and just as the
+Earls of to-day have little in common save dignity and title with the
+Earls of the past, so the Barons originally were very unlike the latest
+creations of modern Prime Ministers in the name of the King. At the
+Norman Conquest, and for long afterwards, the Barons, an indeterminate
+number, were those who held their land in barony.
+
+It is a matter of much uncertainty at what date Parliament came into
+being. The word goes back to a much earlier period, and is used
+concerning a variety of meetings which are now generally regarded as
+meetings of different Councils and not of Parliament, but historians are
+agreed that whether or not any earlier meetings can be properly
+described as Parliaments, the Parliament of 1295 was properly and fully
+constituted in all its elements. To this Parliament all those who were
+personally summoned by the King in their own names and were not
+nominated or elected by other people are Peers, and of these Peers those
+who are not described as Earls are Barons. It should, however, be noted
+that Bishops and Abbots were summoned by right of the offices they held,
+and there are certain other officials who were summoned also because of
+their offices and could be distinguished from the Barons and Earls.
+There is no shadow of doubt that the reason for the summoning of the
+Barons was the fact that they were great subjects and important because
+of their ownership of land. It was landowners who had to provide the
+military services for the country, and Parliament was chiefly concerned,
+not in law-making, but in authorising and consulting as to military
+expeditions, or in providing the subsidies necessary for these
+expeditions, and the other services of the Crown. In addition to this
+Peers exercised some of the judicial functions of the Crown. But
+law-making was done by the King and his Council until a later period.
+The landed qualifications which justified the summoning of a man to
+Parliament as a Baron usually descended to his heir and similarly
+justified the summoning of that heir; and in that way, but without any
+intention to that end, the right of summons and the right of peerage
+became hereditary. Originally it had been arbitrary and at the
+discretion of the Crown. It was not until the reign of Edward IV. that
+the hereditary peerage character of a barony was fully recognised, and
+with that recognition came the divorce of the territorial idea from the
+right of peerage. Like ancient earldoms, ancient baronies were honours
+in fee heritable by the heirs general. Save that William the Conqueror
+was Sovereign Lord of the Duchy of Normandy and as such Duke, the
+dignity of duke did not exist in England until 1337, when Edward the
+Black Prince was created Duke of Cornwall with remainder to his heirs
+the eldest sons of the Kings of England. That was the creation of the
+title now enjoyed by the Prince of Wales, but this Duchy of Cornwall and
+the Duchy of Lancaster are really Duchies as distinguished from the
+Dukedoms enjoyed by other people having the designation of Duke.
+
+The title of Marquis dates from 1386, when Richard II. created Robert de
+Vere Marquis of Dublin; and the title of Viscount from 1440, when the
+Viscounty of Beaumont was created. The first Barony by Letters Patent
+was created in 1387, but the oldest surviving barony by patent now in
+existence dates from 1448, when Sir John Stourton was created Baron and
+Lord Stourton of Stourton, co. Wilts. The present Lord Mowbray, Segrave
+and Stourton, who has inherited the barony of Stourton, also claims, as
+Lord Mowbray, to be the premier baron of England although the barony of
+Mowbray is placed on the roll of precedence after the baronies of Le
+Despenser and De Ros. Although earldoms were granted by charters from
+the earliest period, because, attached to the earldom, were also
+material rights which needed to be conveyed, patents did not come into
+use for baronies until it was desired to limit the succession of the
+peerage to the heirs male of the body of the grantee, which is a
+limitation and a less heirship than is comprised in the enjoyment of an
+honour in fee simple. Privilege of peerage with all it entails has been
+a slow growth of accretion; and save for place and precedence and the
+right of any peer or peeress to be tried in the House of Lords, and the
+now limited and threatened right of peers to legislate, little of
+privilege of peerage remains.
+
+The peerage of Scotland is very similar to that of England, and, before
+the Union, the principal difference between the two countries was the
+persistency with which the Scottish peerage remained attached to the
+land. Until a late date a patent creating a Scottish peerage erected
+certain lands into a barony or earldom as the case might be, and
+entailed those lands with the dignity. The difference arising from this
+form of procedure was more than counterbalanced by the recognised and
+constantly-adopted procedure of resigning a Scottish inheritance into
+the hands of the Crown, and then obtaining what is known as a
+"Novodamus," with either the same or different limitations.
+
+The many Scottish remainders, which are quite unknown to English peerage
+law, are all a consequence of this territorial nature of a Scottish
+peerage. One of the chief differences at the present time between an
+English and a Scottish peerage is to be found in those which are
+heritable by females. Unless governed by special remainder contained in
+the instrument of creation, a Scottish peerage, which in the event of
+failure of a male heir devolves upon a female heir, differs from an
+English one in its manner of descent. In Scotland the elder daughter
+inherits as of right, standing in the line of heirship next after her
+youngest brother and before any uncle or a younger sister. On the other
+hand, such an inheritance is only known by virtue of a special remainder
+in England. All Baronies by writ are Baronies in fee in England, and
+heritable by the heir general, which means that they can if necessary
+devolve upon females. If the only child of a peer having such a peerage
+be a daughter she inherits in her own right, but if his issue is two
+daughters, then the peerage falls into abeyance between them, because
+under the law of England there is no seniority amongst daughters, and as
+both of them cannot enjoy one single peerage, neither of them has it,
+and it remains in abeyance until the Crown interferes or until by the
+natural course of events one line becomes extinguished by the extinction
+of all issue of the one daughter, when the peerage then at once devolves
+upon the heir of the other. Sometimes an abeyance will last several
+hundred years, sometimes it may end with the lapse of one or two; but at
+any time during the continuance of an abeyance the Crown may, at its
+entire pleasure, signify that any co-heir shall enjoy the peerage. This
+is what is termed the determination of an abeyance, and this is effected
+by the issue of a writ of summons to Parliament if the co-heir be a male
+or by the issue of letters patent in the case of a lady. The co-heir in
+whose favour the abeyance is determined then at once enjoys the peerage
+with the same designation and precedence as those who have held it
+hitherto, and his or her heir succeeds in due course.
+
+Although there is one judgment to the contrary, it is now pretty
+universally admitted that there is no such thing as an Irish Barony by
+writ. With the union of England and Scotland, no further peerages of
+either country were created, and subsequent peerages were either of
+Great Britain or of Ireland; and it has been already judicially decided
+by the House of Lords that the power to create a Scottish peerage does
+not now exist in the Crown. There is no similar judgment in relation to
+a peerage of England, but the fact is that no attempt has since been
+made to create one, and though the point up to the present time still
+has to be decided, it is certainly a matter for argument whether or not
+such a right remains. Since the union of Great Britain with Ireland no
+further peerages of Great Britain or of England have been created, but
+the right to create peers of Ireland was specifically retained under
+certain conditions and has been constantly taken advantage of. Other
+peerages since created have, however, been of the United Kingdom.
+Whether or not we shall ever have peerages of the Empire remains a
+matter for the future.
+
+Since the latter part of the seventeenth century it has been the custom
+for peers and peeresses in their own right to sign simply by the
+designation of their peerage. The peeress by marriage prefixes her
+Christian name or initials to her husband's title. It is statute law in
+Scotland, but not in England, that no person may sign his surname
+without prefixing a Christian name or initials. A peeress by marriage
+who is also a peeress in her own right signs first her husband's title,
+adding her own afterwards; for instance, the signature of the Countess
+of Yarborough is Marcia Yarborough, Fauconberg and Conyers. One cannot
+call to mind in recent times any instances in which the peeress in her
+own right has married a peer of lower rank than her own, and until such
+a case occurs it is difficult to forecast what the signature should be.
+A peeress by marriage after re-marriage loses all privilege of peerage
+and precedence, and all right which she acquired by marriage, but as a
+matter of courtesy she usually retains her peerage designation if her
+subsequent marriage is to a commoner.
+
+The daughter of a peer if married to another peer takes the precedence
+of her husband and relinquishes her own, but she retains it if she
+marries a commoner; and one of the anomalies of the English scale of
+precedence is to be found in the following circumstances. If the two
+elder daughters of a Duke were to marry an Earl and a Baron
+respectively, whilst the youngest daughter were to run away with the
+footman, she would, nevertheless, rank as the daughter of a Duke above
+her sisters ranking as wives of an Earl and a Baron.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abated, Abatement, 100, 207
+  Abbotsford, 1, 326
+  Abased, 100
+  Aberdeen, Earl of: Arms, 68
+  Abergavenny, Earl of: Arms, 187
+  Abeyance, 330, 331
+  Accollée, 100
+  Accosted, 100
+  Accrued, 82
+  Achievement, Achievement of Arms, 100
+  Addorsed, 86, 100
+  Admirals, 256;
+    "Admiral of England," 250
+  Admiralty, Flag of, 256
+  Æschylus, 6
+  Affrontée, 100
+  Aggroupment of Arms, 158, 163
+  Agnes de Percy: Seal, 160
+  Agnus Dei, as a Badge, 147, 276
+  Alant, Aland, 100
+  Albany, Duke of, 271
+  Albemarle, Earl of: Supporters, 92
+  Albert, H.R.H., the late Prince. _See_ Prince Consort
+  Albert Medal, 293
+  Alerion, 96, 100
+  Alianore de Bohun. _See_ Bohun
+  Alianore of Aquitaine: Arms, 259
+  Alianore of Castile and Leon:
+    Arms, 162, 166;
+    Monument, 322
+  Alianore, Daughter of Edward I., 77
+  Alice of Hesse, H.R.H., the Princess, 271
+  Alliance, Heraldic Record of, 159, 164;
+    Feudal, 194
+  Allusive Heraldry, 15
+  Alnwick Castle, 322
+  Alphabet, the Letters of the, in Heraldry, 135
+  Aluminium, 47
+  Ambulant, 100
+  Angels, Heraldic figures of, 75;
+    as Supporters, 75, 247
+  Anglo-Saxon Shields and Standards, 5, 55
+  Anglo-Saxon Sovereigns, Arms attributed to the, 18, 259
+  Anjou, Geoffrey, Count of, 188
+  Anjou, Queen Margaret of, 97
+  Annandale, Arms in, 198
+  Anne Boleyn, Queen, 229
+  Anne Stuart, Queen, 253;
+    Arms, 260, 262;
+    Badge, 229;
+    Motto, 265
+  Annulet, Annuletté, 72, 100, 101, 120;
+    in Modern Cadency, 193
+  Antelope, 80, 101
+  Anthony, Saint; his Cross, 101, 154
+  Antique Crown, 101
+  Anvers, Sir T. de: Arms, 202
+  Appaumée, 101
+  Aquitaine: Arms, 259
+  Archbishop, 101;
+    Marshalling his Arms, 173
+  Archdeacon, L'Ercedeckne: Arms, 196
+  Arched, Archy, 101
+  Arderne, Sir J.: Arms, 201
+  Argent, 40, 101
+  Argyll, Duke of:
+    Supporters, 91;
+    Duchess of, 271
+  Arm, Armed, 80, 101, 102
+  Armagh, See of: Arms, 141
+  "Armes Parlantes," 16, 76, 102
+  Armorial Bearings, 39, 101;
+    Tax on, 313
+  Armory, 2, 101
+  Arms, Shields and Coats of, 2;
+    Aggroupment of, 158;
+    Attributed, 18;
+    Combination of, 158;
+    of Community, 102;
+    of Dominion, 102;
+    of Heiress and Co-heiress, 170, 172;
+    of Herald Kings, 173;
+    of Husband and Wife, 167, 171;
+    of Knight, 174;
+    of Office, 102;
+    Official, 174;
+    of Parlante, 102;
+    of Peeress in her own right, 173;
+    of Prelate, 173;
+    of Royal Personages, 174, 258;
+    of Unmarried Lady, 173;
+    of Widow and Widower, 173
+  Arms, Grants and Confirmations of, 308
+  "Arms found," 313
+  Arms, right to bear, 308
+  Arragon, Queen Catherine of: Arms, 229
+  Arrow, 102
+  Art, Heraldic, 24, 27, 326
+  Art, Gothic, 325
+  Artificial Figures and Devices in Heraldry, 78
+  Arthur Plantagenet, 190
+  Arthur Tudor, The Prince: Badge, 231
+  Arundel: Arms, 17, 203
+  Arundel, Fitz Alans, Earls of, 89, 191, 215
+  Arundel, Thomas Fitz Alan, Earl of, 118
+  Arundel, Radulphus de: Arms 191
+  Arundel, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+  Ascania, Bernhard of, 113
+  Ashton: Badge, 147
+  Ashwelthorpe: Monument, 215
+  Asscheby (Ashby), Sir R. de: Arms, 203
+  At gaze, 80, 81, 102;
+    At speed, 81
+  Athole, Duke of: Supporters, 91
+  Attires, Attired, 81, 102
+  Attributed Arms, 18
+  Aubernoun, Sir J. d': Pennon and Arms, 143, 246
+  Augmentation, Augmented, 102
+  Augmentations of Honour, 204;
+    by "Royal Favour," 206
+  Austria, The Emperor of, 97
+  Avellane, 57, 102
+  Aventinus, 6
+  Azure, 41, 47, 102
+
+  Badge, 102, 103, 175, 220;
+    Varieties of, 221, 222;
+    Examples of, 224, 241;
+    marked for Cadency, 192, 226;
+    in Seals, 164, 225;
+    peculiarly appropriate for present use, 227;
+    to supersede Crests, 218, 227;
+    borne by Ladies, 277;
+    Royal, 220;
+    in Modern Heraldry, 309
+  Badge, of Ostrich Feathers, 230;
+    of Garter, 278;
+    of Thistle, 280;
+    of St. Patrick, 281;
+    of Bath, 283, 284, 285;
+    of Star of India, 288
+  Badge, Yorkist, 121
+  Badges, granted and recorded, 309
+  Badges, worn by, 251
+  Badlesmere, Sir B. de: Arms, 202
+  Balliol: Arms, 66;
+    Sir Alexander de, Seal, 103, 210
+  Balliol College, Oxford, 66
+  Bannebury, Sir R. de, 202
+  Branded 103
+  Banner, Armorial, 3, 103, 247;
+    blazoning of, 39;
+    made on field of Battle, 248;
+    Royal, 266;
+    marked for Cadency, 192, 252;
+    on Seals, 239;
+    at Sea, 250;
+    of Leicester, 14;
+    of Templars, 13, 276
+  Banneret, 103;
+    creation of, 248
+  Bannerman, W. Bruce, 302
+  Bar, 51, 103;
+    examples of, 201
+  Barbarossa, The Emperor, 113
+  Barbed, 103
+  Barbel, 77, 103
+  Barded, Bardings, 103
+  Bardoff: Arms, 182;
+    John Lord, 318
+  Barkele. _See_ Berkeley
+  Barnacles, Breys, 103
+  Baron, 103, 104, 328;
+    Baroness, 104
+  Baronet, 104
+  Barre, de: Arms, 103, 162;
+    Joan de, 162, 224;
+    Henry de, 162;
+    John de, 77
+  Barrulée, Barruly, 52, 104
+  Barrulet, 51, 106, 182
+  Barry, 52, 104
+  Barry Bendy, 60, 104
+  Bars Gemelles, 52, 103, 126
+  Bar-wise, 53, 104
+  Base, 33, 105
+  Basilisk, 105
+  Basinet, 105, 218
+  Basingborne, Wm. de: Arms, 70
+  Bassett: Arms, 62
+  Bat in Heraldry, 79
+  Bath Herald, 131
+  Bath, Order of the, 283;
+    Knights of, 284;
+    Companions of, 284;
+    Insignia of, 284;
+    Stalls of Knights, 286
+  Bath, Marquess of, 92
+  Baton, 105;
+    Sinister, 190, 191
+  Battled, or Embattled, 105
+  Bayeux Tapestry, 5
+  Beacon, Fire Beacon, 105
+  Beaked, 105
+  Bear, in Heraldry, 76;
+    Bear and Ragged Staff, 221, 321
+  Bearer, 105
+  Bearings, Armorial Bearings, 39, 105.
+    _See_ Arms
+  Beasts, in Heraldry, 76
+  Beatrice, H.R.H., The Princess, 271
+  Beauchamp, Earl Richard de, 164, 171, 208, 319;
+    his Badges, 221;
+    at Jousts at Calais, 223
+  Beauchamp, Earl Thomas de, 169, 319, 320
+  Beauchamp, K.G., Earl Richard, 146
+  Beauchamp, of Warwick: Arms, 169, 171, 183;
+    Badges, 146
+  Beauchamp, of Bletshoe: Arms, 183
+  Beauchamp, of Elmley: Arms 183
+  Beauchamp, at Carlaverock: Arms, 183
+  Beauchamp: Differences, 187
+  Beauchamp Chapel, the, at Warwick, 169, 187, 322
+  Beaufort: Arms and Differences, 189, 190, 192;
+    Badge, 140, 233
+  Beaufort, Margaret de, 169, 170, 233
+  Beaufort, John de, 189, 190, 236
+  Beaufort, Henry de, 189
+  Beaumont, Bishop Lewis de: Effigy and Arms, 159
+  Beaumont, Sir J.: Crest, 216
+  Beaumont, Viscount, 329
+  Beausseant, 13, 276
+  Bec, Bishop Anthony, 56
+  Beckyngton, Bishop: Rebus, 147
+  Bedford, Isabelle, Countess of, 223
+  Bedford, John, Duke of, 181
+  Bedford, the Duke of: Supporters, 91
+  Bees, in Heraldry, 79
+  Beeston, Arms, 79
+  Bell, 105
+  Belled, 105
+  Bend, 58, 105, 191;
+    Examples, 201;
+    Sinister, 60
+  Bendlet, 58, 105, 191;
+    in Cadency, 182;
+    Sinister, 191
+  Bendwise, or Bendways, distinction between, 59
+  Bend-wise, In Bend, 59, 105
+  Bendy, 59, 105
+  Bennett, John: Grant of Arms to, 311
+  Bere, Sir de la: Crest, 206
+  Berham, Sir Wm. de, 202
+  Berkeley:
+    Arms, 183, 196, 241;
+    Badge, 138, 224, 241;
+    Crest, 138, 241
+  Berkeroles, Sir Wm. de: Arms, 202
+  Bermyngham, Sir Wm. de: Arms, 201
+  Bernhard, of Ascania, 113
+  Beverley Minster, 27, 106, 159
+  Bezant, 71, 105;
+    Bezantee, 72
+  Bilbesworth, Sir H. de: Arms, 97
+  Billet, Billettée, 64, 70, 105
+  Birds, in Heraldry, 76, 105
+  Birds of prey, 80
+  Bird-bolt, 102, 105
+  Bishop, 105, 173
+  Bishops, Suffragan, 106
+  Black Prince, _See_ Edward
+  Blasted, 82, 106
+  Blazon, 31, 106;
+    Epithets and Terms in, 80, 106;
+    modern refinement of, 52
+  Blazoning, 31, 39, 45, 106;
+    Descriptive, 46, 106;
+    in Tinctures, 47
+  Blazonry, 31, 106
+  Blondeville, Ranulph de: Arms, 195
+  Blue Ensign, 256
+  Bluemantle, 130
+  Bluet, Sir Wm.: Arms, 202
+  Blundell: Arms, 65
+  Blyborough, Monument at, 106
+  Boar, in Heraldry, 106;
+    Boar's Head, 76
+  Bohemia, the King of, 230
+  Bohun, De, Earl of Hereford:
+    Arms, 59, 89;
+    Crest, 91;
+    Badge, 155, 164, 251
+  Bohun, Alianore de, 162, 169, 323
+  Bohun, Mary de, 153
+  Bohun, Earl Humphrey de, 59, 83
+  Bohun, Sir Gilbert de, 59
+  Bohun, Oliver de, 201, 225
+  Boleyn, Queen Anne: Arms, 207, 229
+  Bolingbroke, the Viscount: Supporters, 99
+  Bologne, Godfrey de, 96
+  Bordet, Sir R.: Arms, 202
+  Bordoun, Sir J.: Arms, 17, 106, 141
+  Bordure, 43, 68, 106;
+    Examples, 26, 181;
+    Quartered and Impaled, 169;
+    Componée, 192;
+    Wavy, 192;
+    of France, 124
+  Bostock, Hugo: Arms, 97
+  Boterels, Sir R. de: Arms, 203
+  Botiler, Le: Arms, 50, 58, 115. _See_ Butler
+  Botonée, Botonée Fitchée, 56, 106
+  Bottetourt: Arms, 241
+  Bottreaux, Margaret: Seal, 240
+  Bouget, Water Bouget, 106
+  Bourchier, Lord: Arms, 241, 323
+  Bourchier, Sir H. de: Arms, 110, 216
+  Bourchier Knot, 106, 133
+  Bourdon, 17, 106
+  Bow, Bowed, 107
+  Bowen Knot, 107, 133
+  Braced, 107
+  Bradestone, Sir T. de: Arms, 223
+  Brewys, Sir Wm. de, 187
+  Brey, Sir Reginald de: Badge, 60, 104
+  Breys, 107
+  Brian, Bryan, Sir Guy de: Arms, 62
+  Brittany: Arms, 14, 165
+  Brittany, John, Duke of, 163
+  Brivere, Sir W. de: Badge, 135, 138
+  Brisure, Brizure, 107
+  Bromesgrove, 217
+  Bronscombe, Bishop, 125
+  Broom-plant, 17
+  Brownlow, the Earl: Supporters, 92
+  Bruce, de: Arms, 161, 198
+  Bruce, Margaret, Lady de Ros: Seal, 164
+  Bruce, King Robert de, 150
+  Bruce, Robert de, Earl of Carrick: Seal, 224
+  Brunswick: Arms, 262
+  Brus, Sir Bernard de: Arms, 50
+  Buccleuch, Duke of: Difference, 191
+  Buck, 116
+  Buckle. _See_ Fermail
+  Burgh, de: Arms, 164
+  Burgh, Elizabeth de: Arms, 164
+  Burgh, Hubert de: Arms, 69
+  Burgh, William de: Arms, 163
+  Burgonet, 107
+  Burke, Sir B.: his "Peerage," 98
+  Burnett, George, Esquire, Lord Lyon, 307
+  Burton, Abbot: Rebus, 147
+  Butterflies, in Heraldry, 79
+  Buttons, Heraldic, 222
+  Bygod, Sir R., 202
+  Byron: Arms, 119
+
+  Cabossed, or Caboshed, 81, 107
+  Cadency, 107, 178;
+    Marked, 179;
+    Marks of, 107, 179;
+    by Label, 179;
+    by Bordure, 181, 192;
+    by Bendlet, 181, 189;
+    by Canton, 182, 191;
+    by Change of Tinctures, 182;
+    by Change of Charges, 182;
+    by Small Charges, 182;
+    by Official Insignia, 184;
+    by Single Small Charge, 186;
+    of Illegitimacy, 187, 192;
+    Marked on Badges, Banners, Crests, Mantlings, Standards,
+        and Supporters, 192, 22, 249;
+    Modern, 193
+  Cadency, King Richard II. on, 200
+  Cadency, unpierced mullet, 139
+  Cadet, 107
+  Calais, Citizens of, 198
+  Calf, 76
+  Caltrap, 107
+  Calvary Cross, 55
+  Calveley: Arms, 76
+  Cambridge, H.R.H., the Duke of, 270
+  Camden, 139, 230
+  Camoys, Eliz., Lady, 169
+  Camoys, Thos., Lord de, 110, 169
+  Camoys, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+  Campbell: Arms, 71;
+    Badge, 324
+  Canterbury: Arms of See, 141;
+    Arms of Deanery, 135;
+    Archbishop of, 101;
+    Heraldry of the Cathedral, 236, 322
+  Canterbury, Wm. de Courtenay, Archbishop of, 184
+  Canting Heraldry, 16, 107
+  Canton, Cantoned, 64, 107;
+    in Cadency, 180, 190
+  Canton and Quarter distinction, 65
+  Cantons, Chiefs and Inescutcheons of, 204
+  Canvyle, Sir G. de: Arms, 204
+  Caple, Sir R. de: Arms, 202
+  Carbuncle. _See_ Escarbuncle
+  Carew, Sir Nicholas: Arms, 89
+  Carlaverock, Roll of, 12, 258
+  Carlisle, 13
+  Carlisle, Earl of: Supporters, 92
+  Carnarvon, Earl of: Supporters, 92
+  Carrick, Earl o, 224
+  Carru, Sir N., 204
+  Cartouche, 37, 107
+  Castile and Leon: Arms, 17, 102, 166
+  Castile and Leon, Queen Alianore of, 166
+  Castile and Leon, Ferdinand III., King of, 166;
+    Pedro, King of, 248
+  Castle, 102, 107
+  Castle-acre Priory, 44
+  Catherine, Queen, of Arragon, 229
+  Catherine Parr, Queen, 229
+  Cavalry Standards, 256
+  Cave: Motto, 138
+  Cavendish: Motto, 138
+  Celestial Crown, 107
+  Centaur, Sagittarius, 108, 258
+  Cercelée, Recercelée, 56, 108
+  Chaffinch, 76
+  Champagne: Arms, 124
+  Chandos, Sir P. de, 62;
+    Sir John, 248
+  Chapeau, 108, 213, 215
+  Chaplet, 108
+  Charge, 38, 108;
+    Miscellaneous, 70;
+    Secondary, 183;
+    Single Small, 186
+  Charlemagne: his Crown, 262
+  Charles I., 191, 279;
+    Arms, 260;
+    Badge, 229;
+    Crown, 266
+  Charles II., 103, 192, 205, 279;
+    Arms, 260;
+    Badge, 229
+  Charles V., of France, 78, 122
+  Charlestone, Sir. J.: Arms, 96
+  Charteris, 139
+  Chartham, 120
+  Chastillon: Arms, 163, 168;
+    Guy de, 163
+  Chaucer, Geoffrey, 200
+  Chaworth, De: Arms, 164;
+    Matilda de, Seal, 164
+  Chequée, Chequy, Checky, 43, 108
+  Chess-rook, 109
+  Chester, County Palatine of, 195;
+    Arms, 195, 267;
+    Ranulph, Earl of, 195
+  Chester, Earls of, 195
+  Chester Herald, 130
+  Chevron, Chevronel, Chevronnée, Chevrony, 61, 109;
+    Examples, 203
+  Chief, 33, 49, 109;
+    Examples, 201
+  Childrey, Brass at, 154
+  Chivalry, High Court of, 200, 201;
+    Order of, 275
+  Cholmondeley: Motto, 139
+  Christchurch, Oxford, 236
+  Church-Bell. _See_ Bell
+  Cinquefoil, 109
+  Cinque Ports: Arms, 168
+  Civic Crown, 109
+  Clare, De: Arms, 61, 196;
+    Badge 109
+  Clare, Gilbert de, the "Red Earl," 95
+  Clare, in Suffolk, 196
+  Claremont Nesle: Arms, 169
+  Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, 164, 180
+  Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, 181
+  Clarenceux, 109, 130, 131;
+    Arms, 131
+  Clarendon, K.G., Earl of, 57
+  Clarendon, Sir Roger de: Arms, 191
+  Clarendon, the Earl of, Supporters, 99
+  Clarion, 109
+  Clasps, 290
+  Clechee, 57, 109
+  Cleveland, Duke of: Difference, 191
+  Clifford, Lord, 50, 51
+  Clintone, Clinton, Sir J. de, 50, 201;
+    of Maxtoke, 201;
+    Badge, 224
+  Close, 109, 116
+  Closed, 81
+  Closet, 109
+  Clouée, 71, 109
+  Coat of Arms, 3, 109, 324
+  Coat Armour, 109
+  Cobham Monuments, 323
+  Cockatrice, 79, 110
+  Cockayne: Arms, 76
+  Co-Heiress: Arms, 170
+  Coinage, Heraldry of the, 316
+  Coleville, Sir R. de: Arms, 201
+  Collar, 110, 130;
+    of the Garter, 278;
+    of the Thistle, 200;
+    of St. Patrick, 281;
+    of the Bath, 283;
+    of the Star of India, 287
+  College of Arms or Heralds' College. _See_ Herald
+  College of Arms, Arms of, 131
+  Colour, 40, 41, 47, 110
+  "Colours," 110, 265
+  Combattant, 86, 110
+  Combination of Arms, 158, 165
+  Compartment, 110
+  Complement, 111
+  Componée, Compony, or Gobony, 43, 111;
+    Bordure, 191
+  Compound Badges, 133
+  Compound Quartering, 34, 111
+  Compounded Arms, 111, 158, 164
+  Confessor, the, 206. _See_ St. Edward
+  Confirmation of Arms, 308;
+    Example, 312
+  Conjoined in Eure, 111
+  Connaught, H.R.H. Duke of, 271
+  Consort, H.R.H., the late Prince: Arms, 266;
+    Difference, 266;
+    Coronet, 267, 294;
+    Crest, 267;
+    Supporters, 267;
+    Motto, 267
+  Contoise, 111, 211
+  Contournée, 111
+  Controversy, the Scrope and Grosvenor, 200
+  Corbet: Arms, 17
+  Cork, Earl of: Supporters, 92
+  Cornish Chough, 111
+  Cornwall, Edmund, Earl of, 94;
+    Richard, Earl of, 68, 83, 94, 204
+  Cornwall, Piers Gaveston, Earl of, 95
+  Coronet, 111
+  Costume, Heraldry of, 324
+  Cosynton, Sir S. de: Arms, 223
+  Cotise, Cotised, 53, 58, 111
+  Couchant, Dormant, 86, 111
+  Couchée, 38, 111
+  Count, Countess, 112
+  Counter, 112
+  Counter-changing, 44, 112, 254
+  Counter Componée, 43, 112
+  Counter Embattled, 112
+  Counter Passant, 86
+  Counter Potent, 41
+  Counter Rampant, 86
+  Counter Salient, 86
+  Counter-Seal, 112
+  Counter-Vair, 41
+  Couped, 54, 87, 112
+  Couple-Close, 112
+  Courant, 81, 112
+  Courtenay, William de, Archbishop, 184;
+    Peter de, Bishop, 226
+  Courtenay Earl Edward de, 141, 214;
+    Badge, 226
+  Courtesy, Titles of, 112
+  Courthope, William, Esq., late Somerset Herald, 9
+  Coventry, Earl of: Supporters, 99
+  Coward, Cowed, 86, 112
+  Crampet, 112
+  Crancelin, 112
+  Crawford, Deverguilla: Seal, 239
+  Crenelated, 113
+  Crescent, 68, 113;
+    in Modern Cadency, 193
+  Cresset, 113
+  Crest, 113, 174, 208;
+    Early, 213;
+    Marked for Cadency, 193;
+    Differenced, 216;
+    as originally worn, 218;
+    two or more, 219;
+    superseded by Badge, 218, 227;
+    of England, 90, 264;
+    of Scotland, 90, 264;
+    of English Princes, 90, 266;
+    of Edward III., 99;
+    German, 212
+  Crest-Coronet, 113, 119
+  Crest-Wreath, 113, 120, 123
+  Crests, Inheritance of, 219
+  Cretinge, Sir J. de: Arms, 202
+  Crined, 114
+  Crombe, de: Arms, 62
+  Cross, 54, 114;
+    Throughout, 54;
+    Couped, or Humettée, 54;
+    Voided, 55;
+    Fimbriated, 54;
+    of St. George, 54, 253;
+    of St. Andrew, 61, 253;
+    of St. Patrick, 61, 253;
+    of St. Anthony, or Tau, 55;
+    Greek, 55;
+    Latin, 55;
+    Quarter-pierced, 54;
+    Quarterly-pierced, 55;
+    on Degrees, 55;
+    Calvary, 55;
+    Heraldic Varieties of, 55;
+    Quadrate, 55, 145;
+    Patriarchal, 55, 142;
+    Fourchée, 55, 125;
+    Moline, 55, 138, 193;
+    Recercelée, 56, 150;
+    Patonce, 56, 142;
+    Fleury, 56, 125;
+    Fleurettee, 56, 125;
+    Pommée, 56;
+    Botonée, or Treflée, 56, 106;
+    Crosslet, 56;
+    Clechée, 57, 109;
+    Patee, or Formée, 57, 142;
+    Maltese, and of eight points, 57;
+    Potent, 57, 144;
+    Avellane, 57, 103;
+    Fitchée, 58, 121
+  Crosslet, Crossed Crosslet, 56
+  Crown, 114, 139, 266
+  Crown of India, Order of, 294
+  Crozier, 114
+  Crusader Kings, The: Arms, 43
+  Crusades, 4
+  Crusilée, Crusily, 56, 115
+  Cubit-Arm, 115
+  Cumberland, H.R.H. Duke of, 271
+  Cummin: Arms, 95
+  Cup, Covered Cup, 115
+  "Curiosities of Heraldry," by Mr. M. A. Lower, 303
+  Cushion, Pillow, Oreiller, 115
+  Cyclas, 153
+  Czar, The: Arms, 92
+
+  Dacre Knot, 115, 134
+  Dageworth, Sir J.: Arms, 51, 201
+  Dalmenhurst: Arms, 269
+  Dancetté, 35, 70, 115, 157
+  Danse. _See_ Dancetté
+  Darcy, D'Arcy: Arms, 65
+  Darnley, Lord: Arms, 68
+  Daubeney, Sir Giles, K.G., 323
+  D'Aubigny: Arms, 170
+  Debased, 115
+  Debruised, 115
+  Decoration, Heraldic, 324
+  Decrescent, In Detriment, 80, 115
+  Deer, 80, 115
+  Degrees, 55, 116
+  Deincourt: Arms, 70
+  Delamere, Sir John, 96;
+    Sir G., 202
+  Demembered, Dismembered, 116
+  Demi, 116
+  Demi-Eagle, 99
+  Demi-Lion, 87
+  Denbigh, Earl of, 98
+  Denmark: Arms, 83, 268
+  Dependency, Feudal, 194
+  Depressed, 116
+  Despencer, Le: Arms, 171;
+    Barony, 329
+  Despencer, Isabelle le, 171;
+    Bishop Henry le, 186, 215;
+    John le, 150
+  Devon, Earl of, 214
+  Dexter, 32, 33, 116
+  Deyville, Sir J. de, 202
+  Diaper, Diapering, 44, 116
+  Difference, Differencing, 116, 177, 190, 194
+  Differenced Shields, 186, 200
+  Differences, Temporary, 177;
+    Permanent, 177;
+    for Distinction only, 199;
+    of Illegitimacy, 187
+  Dignities, 31
+  Dimidiation, Dimidiated, 116, 162, 167
+  Disclosed, 116
+  Displayed, 81, 116
+  Disposition, Disposed, 45, 116
+  Distinguished Service Order, 292
+  Ditzmers: Arms, 269
+  Dividing and Border Lines, 34, 116
+  Dolphin, 7, 77, 78, 82, 116
+  Dormant, 86, 116
+  Double-queued, 116
+  Doubling, 116
+  Douglas: Arms, 74;
+    Crest, 149;
+    Badge, 224;
+    Augmentation, 206
+  Douglas Sir James, 74;
+    Lord William, 74;
+    the first Earl, 74
+  Douglas and Mar William, Earl of, 94
+  Dove-tail, 35, 116
+  Doyle, 139
+  Dragon, 79, 116
+  "Dresses of Arms," 324
+  Dreux, De: Arms, 116, 165
+  Dreux, J. de, Duke of Brittany, 163, 165
+  Drummond, John: Seal, 244
+  Drury: Arms, 154
+  Dublin, De Vere, Marquess of, 136, 329
+  Dublin: Arms of, See, 141
+  Ducal Coronet, 117
+  Duchess, 117
+  Duchies of Cornwall and Lancaster, 329
+  Dudley, Earl Robert, 208
+  Dudley, Thomas: Seal, 216
+  Duke, 116, 329
+  Dunboyne, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+  Durem, Sir G. de, 202
+  Durham, 14
+
+  Eagle, 117;
+    Heraldic, 25, 76;
+    in Stained glass at York, 92;
+    sculptured in Westminster Abbey, 92;
+    with one Head, 92;
+    with two Heads, 93;
+    Imperial, crowned, 95;
+    with Nimbus, 95;
+    Drawing of, 98;
+    Austrian, 98;
+    French, 98;
+    as Supporter, 99;
+    as Badge, 148
+  Eagles and Hawks, 81
+  Eaglet, 95, 99, 117
+  Earl, 117, 327
+  Earl Marshal, the, 131
+  Eastern, Radiated, or Antique Crown, 118
+  Ecclesal Ekeleshale: Arms, 197
+  Ecclesiastics, Heraldic decoration of their Vestments, 159
+  Echingham, De: Arms, 71
+  Edinburgh, H.R.H., the Duke of, 280
+  Edmond, Son of Edward I., 181
+  Edmund, Saint: Arms, 19, 206, 259
+  Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, 94
+  Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, 123, 179, 181, 323
+  Edward, Saint, the Confessor: Arms, 19, 181
+  Edward I.: Label as Prince Royal, 178;
+    Arms, 259;
+    Badge, 228;
+    Barding of Charger, 103;
+    Rolls of Arms of his era, 13
+  Edward II.: Label as Prince Royal, 178;
+    Arms, 259;
+    Badge, 228;
+    Roll of Arms of his era, 13
+  Edward III.: Label as Prince Royal, 178;
+    Arms, 259;
+    quarters France Ancient, 123;
+    Crest, 90, 99, 213, 263;
+    Badges, 227, 232;
+    Supporters, 237;
+    Heraldry of his Monument, 26, 169;
+    Roll of Arms of his era, 13;
+    Heraldry in his time, 9;
+    his love of Heraldry, 223;
+    founds the Order of the Garter, 276
+  Edward IV.: Arms, 260;
+    Supporters, 91, 264;
+    Badges, 229;
+    Coins, 317;
+    grants Augmentations, 213
+  Edward V.: Arms, 260
+  Edward VI.: Arms, 260;
+    Supporters, 264;
+    Badges, 229;
+    bears the Ostrich Feather Badge, 230;
+    Coins, 316
+  Edward VII. _Vide_ King
+  Edward the Black Prince: Arms, 134, 178, 191;
+    Crest, 91, 215;
+    Badge, 230, 231;
+    Motto, 234;
+    First English Duke and Prince of Wales, 116, 234, 329;
+    at Navaret, 248;
+    his Will, 234;
+    his Monument, 26, 233
+  Eglesfield, Robert de: Arms, 97
+  Eglintoun, Earls of, 11
+  Eleanor. _See_ Alianore
+  Electoral Bonnet, 118, 263
+  Elford, Monuments at, 215
+  Elizabeth, Queen: Arms, 260;
+    Supporters, 264;
+    Badges and Mottoes, 229, 265;
+    Changes Colour of Ribbon of the Garter, 126, 279;
+    her Monument, 322
+  Elizabeth, Countess of Holland and of Hereford, 161
+  Elsyng, Brass at, 216, 323
+  Eltham, Prince John of, 26, 124, 165, 181, 250
+  Embattled, and Counter Embattled, 34, 118
+  Emblazoning, 47
+  Emblems, 9
+  Embowed, 82, 118
+  Embrued, 118
+  Endorse, Endorsed, 53, 118
+  Enfiled, 118
+  England: Arms, 27, 83, 89, 258;
+    Royal Heraldry of, 258, 267;
+    Patron Saints of, 19;
+    Lions of, 87, 258;
+    Crest, 90, 263;
+    Supporters, 91, 264;
+    Badges, 149, 228;
+    Crowns, 266;
+    Flags, 253
+  England, Bordure Wavy, 191, 192
+  Engrailed, 34, 118, 197
+  Enhanced, 118
+  Ensign, 255;
+    Red, 255;
+    White, 256;
+    Blue, 256
+  Ensigned, 119
+  Entire, Entoire, Entoyre, 119
+  Enveloped, Environed, 119
+  Epithets, Heraldic, and Descriptive Terms, 80
+  Equipped, 119
+  Eradicated, 82, 119
+  Erased, 87, 119
+  Ermine, Ermines, Erminois, 41, 42, 119
+  Erne, 96, 119
+  Erneford, Wm. de: Arms, 96
+  Erskine: Arms, 53
+  Escallop or Escallop-Shell, 59, 77, 78, 120
+  Escarbuncle, 15, 119
+  Eschales: Arms, 17
+  Escroll, 119
+  Escutcheon, 119;
+    of Pretence, 120, 170, 314
+  Esquire, 120
+  Essex, Henry, Earl of, 216
+  Essex, Earl of, Geoffrey de, 15
+  Essex, the Earl of: Supporters, 92
+  Estate, 120
+  Estoile, 120
+  Estoteville, Sir N. de: Arms, 202
+  Estwick: Motto, 139
+  Etone, Sir N. de: Arms, 96
+  Eureux, D', of Salisbury, 188
+  Ewelme, 323
+  Exeter Cathedral, 111, 231
+  Exeter, Hollands, Dukes of, 181;
+    John Grandison, Bishop of, 184
+  Exeter, Marquess of: Supporters, 92
+  Expression, Styles and Forms of, 30
+
+  Fabulous Beings, in Heraldry, 79
+  Fairfax: Motto, 138
+  Falconer: Arms, 17
+  False, 120;
+    False Cross, 55;
+    False Escutcheon, 66;
+    False Roundle, 72, 120
+  Fan, or Winnowing Fan, or Vane, 120
+  Fan-Crest, 120, 210
+  Faroe Islands: Arms, 264
+  Fauconberg, Sir Wm.: Arms, 203
+  Feathers, in Heraldry, 120. _See_ Ostrich Feathers
+  Fees, for Grants of Arms, &c., 308, 310
+  Felbrigge, Sir S. de, K.G., 121
+  Felbrigg, Brass at, 121
+  Femme, 120
+  Fenwick, John: Arms, 44
+  Fer-de-Moline, or Mill rind, 120
+  Fermail, Fermaux, 121
+  Ferrers, De: Arms, 185;
+    Anne, de, 185;
+    Margaret, de, 170;
+    William, Lord, of Groby, 185;
+    Lord, of Chartley, 215
+  Fess or Fesse, 50, 121;
+    Examples, 201
+  Fesse-Point, 33, 121
+  Fesse-wise, In Fesse, 51, 121
+  Fessways, 105
+  Fetter-lock, 121
+  Feudal Alliance and Dependency, Heraldic Record of, 159, 194
+  Feudal Influence, in Heraldry, 201
+  Feudal Tenure, 274
+  Field, 38, 121;
+    Varied Fields, 42;
+    "Of the Field," 43
+  Fife, H.R.H. Duchess of, 271
+  File, 121
+  Fillet, 121
+  Fimbriation, Fimbriated, 54, 121
+  Finned, 82
+  Fish, in Heraldry, 77, 82, 103, 121
+  Fishbourne, Giles de: Arms, 78
+  Fitched, 57
+  Fitchee, 58, 121
+  Fitton: Motto, 138
+  Fitz Alan, of Bedale, 52
+  Fitz Alan, Earl of Arundel, 83, 89, 118, 215
+  Fitz Parnel, Earl Robert, 195
+  Fitz Payne, Sir R. le: Arms, 204
+  Fitz Ralph: Arms, 196
+  Fitz Walter, Robert Le: Arms, 51
+  Fitz Warine, Fitz Waryn: Arms, 14;
+    Sir Fulk de, 186
+  Fitz Urse: Arms, 76
+  Flags, 257;
+    Military, 256, 257;
+    Four remarks upon, 257
+  Flanches, Flasques, 68, 69, 122
+  Flanched, 191
+  Fleur de Lys, 122;
+    quartered by Edward III, 124;
+    Removed from Royal Shield of England, 262;
+    in Modern Cadency, 193
+  Fleurie, or Fleury, 56, 125
+  Fleurettée, Florettée, 56, 125
+  Flexed, 125
+  Flighted, 102, 125
+  Flodden Field, 205
+  Fly, 125
+  Flory-counter-flory, 35
+  Foliated, 125
+  Formée, 57
+  Forneus, Sir R. de: Arms, 62
+  Forth, Viscount: Seal, 244
+  Fountain, 72, 125
+  Fourchée, Queue Fourchée, 55, 86, 125
+  Fraise, 193
+  "France Ancient," 122, 124;
+    "France Modern," 122, 125;
+    "Bordure of France," 124;
+    "Label of France," 123;
+    Imperial Eagle of, 99
+  Fraser, Wm.: Seal, 193
+  Frederick II., Emperor: Arms, 92
+  Frere: Arms, 58
+  Fret, Frette, Frettée, Fretty, 64, 71, 125, 133
+  Froissart, 248, 273
+  Fructed, 82, 125
+  Furs, 40, 42, 125
+  Furnival, De: Arms, 182, 203
+  Fusil, Fusillée, Fusily, 70, 125
+  Fylfot, 125
+  Fynderne, Wm., 156
+
+  Gad, Gadlyng, 125
+  Galley, 125
+  Gambe. _See_ Jambe
+  Garb, 125, 195, 201
+  Garnished, 125
+  Garter, Order of the, 125, 276;
+    Insignia of the, 125, 278;
+    Stalls and Garter Plates of Knights, 278;
+    Officers, 278
+  Garter King-of-Arms, 126, 130;
+    Arms, 131
+  Gaveston, Piers: Arms, 95
+  Gemelles. _See_ Bars Gemelles
+  Gem-Ring, 126
+  Genealogies, 300
+  Genet, 126
+  Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, 188
+  George, Saint: Arms, 19, 126, 253;
+    Chapel of, 103
+  George, The, of the Garter, 126, 278;
+    The Lesser, 126, 278
+  George I.: Arms, 263
+  George II.: Arms, 263
+  George III.: Arms, 263
+  George IV.: Arms, 263
+  Gerattyng, 126
+  German Empress, 271
+  Germany, the Emperor of: Arms, 92
+  Germany, the King of: Arms, 92
+  Geytone, Sir J. de: Arms, 201;
+    Sir P. de, 202
+  Ghent, Prince John of, 179, 189, 232, 235, 241
+  Giffard: Arms, 152
+  Giffard, Sir A., 72;
+    Sir J., 89, 204
+  Gimmel-Ring, 126
+  Girt, Girdled, 126
+  Gliding, 82
+  "Glossary of Heraldry," The Oxford, 31
+  Glossary of Titles, Names, and Terms, 100
+  Gloucester, Alianore, Duchess of, 323.
+    _See_ De Bohun
+  Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 181, 236, 323;
+    Thomas, Duke of, 232, 235, 322
+  Gloucester, Thomas le Despencer, Earl of, 171
+  Gloucester, Ralph de Monthermer, Earl of, 95
+  Gloucester Cathedral, Tiles at, 323
+  Gold, 42, 47
+  Golpe, 72
+  Gonfannon, 126
+  Gorged, 127
+  Gorges, R. de: Arms, 127
+  Gothic Architecture, Heraldry in, 321
+  Gothic Art, its Heraldic Character, 325
+  Gothic Monuments, Heraldry of, 322
+  Gough, Lord: Arms, 23
+  Gouttée, Guttée, 127
+  Grafton, Duke of: Supporters, 91;
+    Differences, 191
+  Graham, Robert: Seal, 242
+  Grand Quartering, Grand Quarters, 35, 127, 166
+  Grandison: Arms, 5, 96, 184
+  Grandison, Bishop John de, 184
+  Grants of Arms, 308;
+    Example, 309
+  Great Malvern, Tiles at, 323
+  Great Yarmouth: Arms, 168
+  Greek Cross, 55
+  Greenland: Arms, 269
+  Greville, Earl of, 208
+  Grey: Arms, 52;
+    Crest of Sir Richard de Grey, K.G., 215
+  Grieces, 127
+  Griffin. _See_ Gryphon
+  Grosvenor: Arms, 195;
+    Sir R. de, 58, 200
+  Gryphon, Griffin, 79, 80
+  Guardant, 85, 127
+  "Guide to the Study of Heraldry," by Mr. Montagu, 2, 9, 191
+  Guige, 127
+  Gules, 41, 48, 127
+  Gurges, Gorges, 127
+  Gyron, Gyronnée, Gyronny, 34, 64, 70, 127
+
+  Habited, 127
+  Hainault, the Counts of: Arms, 83
+  Hainault, Queen Philippa of, 230, 232
+  Hames, Haimes, 127
+  Hamilton, Crest, 150, 213
+  Hamilton, Duke of, 150
+  Hamilton, Sir Gilbert de, 150
+  Hammer, or martel, 127
+  Hanover, 263;
+    Arms, 262
+  Harcourt, Sir R.: Arms, 217;
+    Harecourt, or Harcourt: Arms, 51, 182
+  Hardinge, Viscount: Supporters, 92
+  Hardwick, Earl of: Supporters, 92
+  Harp, 127
+  Harris: Arms, 76
+  Harington Knot, 133
+  Harsyck, Sir J.: Crest, 216
+  Hart, 81, 116, 127
+  Hastilude, 128
+  Hastings, the Earl, 196;
+    Edmund de, 196;
+    Edward, Lord, 133;
+    Sir Hugh, 216
+  Hastings: Arms, 136;
+    Crest, 216
+  Hatchment, 128
+  Hatfield, Thomas, 215
+  Hauriant, 82, 128
+  Hautville, Sir G. de: Arms, 203
+  Hawk's Bells, Jesses, and Lure, 105, 128
+  Hay: Arms, 66, 119
+  Headfort, the Marquess of: Supporters, 92
+  Hedge-hog, 76
+  Heightened, 128
+  Heights, 128
+  Heiress, Arms of, 170
+  Helena, H.R.H., the Princess, Princess Christian, 271
+  Helm, Helmet, 128, 174
+  Hemenhale: Arms, 51
+  Hempbrake, Hackle, 130
+  Heneage Knot, 130, 133
+  Henry I.: Arms, 88, 260;
+    Badge, 228
+  Henry II.: Arms, 260;
+    Badges, 228
+  Henry III.: Arms, 259;
+    Badge, 228;
+    Rolls of Arms of his Era, 13
+  Henry IV.: Label, as Duke of Lancaster, 181;
+    Motto, 110, 235;
+    Arms, 259;
+    quarters "France Modern," 125;
+    Badges, 228;
+    Crown, 266;
+    Seal, 235
+  Henry V.: Arms, 260;
+    Badges, 153, 228;
+    Crown, 114, 266
+  Henry VI.: Arms, 260;
+    Badges, 229;
+    Supporters, 91, 228, 264;
+    Crown, 114, 266;
+    Motto, 265
+  Henry VII.: 126, 279;
+    Arms, 260;
+    Badges, 229;
+    Supporters, 264
+  Henry VIII.: 126, 191, 207, 279, 295;
+    Arms, 260;
+    Badges, 229;
+    Supporters, 264;
+    Coins, 317
+  Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, 181
+  "Herald and Genealogist," 302
+  Heralds of England, Incorporated, 304
+  Herald, 130, 212
+  Heraldic Sails, 250
+  Heralds' College, 130, 304
+  Heraldry, Early Love, of in England, 2;
+    Early Influence, 2;
+    Definition and True Character of, 3;
+    of the twelfth century, 4;
+    Utility of, 4;
+    English Mediæval, 5;
+    Ancient, 6, 9;
+    English, its Career, 9;
+    Early English Literature of, 12;
+    its Allusive Character, 15;
+    Canting, 16;
+    Revival in England, 20, 24, 306;
+    Debasement, 21, 22;
+    a Science, 24, 27, 30, 326;
+    an Art, 24, 27, 326;
+    Style of Art in, 24, 30;
+    Treatment of Animate Creatures in, 24, 27;
+    Language of, 29;
+    Nomenclature, 29;
+    Style and Forms of Expression, 30;
+    Birds in, 76;
+    Beasts in, 76;
+    Human Beings in, 73;
+    the Lion in, 83, 86;
+    the Eagle in, 9, 91;
+    Scottish, 131;
+    of Monuments, 322;
+    Royal, 258;
+    of the Coinage, 316;
+    its present Popularity, 304;
+    in Architecture, 321;
+    of Illuminations, 324;
+    in Inlaid Tiles, 323;
+    of Costume, 324
+  "Heraldry of Fish," by Mr. Moule, 77, 121
+  Hereford, De Bohuns, Earls of, 59;
+    Elizabeth, Countess of, 161
+  Hereford Cathedral, 214
+  Herison, Herrison, 76, 131
+  Heriz, De (Harris): Arms, 76
+  Heron: Arms, 17
+  Herring, 77
+  Herschel, Sir J.: Arms, 23
+  Heytesbury and Homet, Lord, 225
+  Heytesbury, the Baron: Supporters, 99
+  Hill, Hillock, 131
+  Hind, 81, 116
+  Hirondelle, 77, 132
+  Hoftot, Sir R. de, 202
+  Hoist, 132
+  Holland, Counts of, 83;
+    Elizabeth, Countess of, 161
+  Hollands, of Exeter, 181, 206;
+    of Kent and Surrey, 181, 206
+  Holland, John, Earl of Huntingdon:
+    Seal, 258
+  Holstein: Arms, 269
+  Honour, Augmentations of, 204
+  Honour-Point, 33, 132
+  "Honours," Regimental, 256
+  Honourable Insignia, Medals, and Clasps, 175
+  Hoofed, 80
+  Hospitallers. _See_ St. John, Knights of
+  Hotspur, Henry, 169
+  Howard: Arms, 205;
+    Augmentation, 205;
+    Crest, 91, 216;
+    Badge, 224
+  Howard, Thos., Duke of Norfolk, 205
+  Human Beings, in Heraldry, 73
+  Humettée, 54, 132
+  Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 181, 236, 322
+  Hungerford, 225;
+    Badge, 224
+  Hungerford, Lord, 240;
+    Sir Walter de, 225, 247;
+    Sir Robert de, 225, 249
+  Huntingfield, Roger de: Arms, 72
+  Huntercumbe: Arms, 52
+  Huntley, the Marquess of, 68
+  Hurst, 132
+  Hurt, 72, 132
+  Husband and Wife, Marshalling their Arms, 167, 171
+  Hussy: Arms, 225
+
+  Iceland: Arms, 269
+  Illegitimacy, Cadency of, 132, 187
+  Illuminations, Heraldry of, 323
+  Imaginary Beings, in Heraldry, 79
+  Imbrued, Embued, 132
+  Impalement, Impaled, 132, 168, 249;
+    of the Bordure and Tressure, 170
+  Impaling, 181
+  Imperial Crown, the, 114, 264;
+    Imperially Crowned, 132
+  Imperial Service Order, 292
+  Incensed, Inflamed, 132
+  In Bend, 59, 132
+  In Chevron, 62, 132
+  In Chief, 50, 132
+  In Complement, 80
+  In Cross, 55, 132
+  In Fesse, 51, 132
+  In Foliage, 82, 132
+  In Full Course, 81
+  In Lure, 81, 132
+  In Orle, 66
+  In Pale, 54
+  In Point, 63
+  In her Piety, 81, 132
+  In Pretence, 132
+  In Pride, 81, 132
+  In Quadrangle, 132
+  In Saltire, 61
+  In Splendour, 80, 132
+  Increscent, 80, 132
+  Indented, 35, 132
+  Indian Empire, Order of, 290
+  Inescutcheon, 65, 132
+  Infantry Colours, 256
+  Innes, Walter: Seal, 11
+  Innes, or De Ynays, Wm.: Seal, 11
+  Insects, in Heraldry, 79, 82
+  Invected, or Invecked, 35
+  Inverted, 81
+  Ireland: Badge, 151, 228;
+    Heraldry of, 308;
+    Chief Herald of, 131
+  Ireland, Bordures, 191
+  Ireland, De Vere, Duke of, 206
+  Irradiated, 132
+  Isabel, of France: Seal, 124, 161
+  Isabel, Countess of Bedford, 223
+  Isabel le Despenser, 171
+  Isle of Man: Arms, 9, 74
+  Islip, Abbot: Rebus, 147
+  Issuant, 132
+
+  JAMBE, Gambe, 87, 132
+  James I. of Scotland: Badge, 229;
+    Supporters, 264
+  James IV. of Scotland: at Flodden, 205;
+    Supporters, 265
+  James V. of Scotland: Crest and Motto, 264;
+    Garter Plate, 68
+  James VI. of Scotland--James I. of Great Britain: Arms, 260;
+    Supporters, 91, 265;
+    Badges and Motto, 154, 229, 265;
+    creates Baronets, 104;
+    his proclamation for first "Union Jack," 253
+  James II.: Arms, 260;
+    Supporters, 264;
+    Badge, 229;
+    frames Statutes for Order of Thistle, 280
+  James: Motto, 138
+  Jane Seymour, Queen, 229
+  Jardine: Arms, 198
+  Jefferay: Motto, 138
+  Jelloped, 133
+  Jerusalem: Arms, 43
+  Jessant, Jessant de lys, 133
+  Jesses, 133
+  Jewellery, Heraldic, 324
+  Joan, Daughter of Edward I., 95
+  Joan, Countess of Surrey: Seal, 162
+  Joanna, of Navarre, Queen: Badge, 126, 228
+  John, King: his Seal as Prince, 88;
+    Arms, 259;
+    Badge, 228
+  John, Prince, of Eltham, 26, 124, 165, 181, 250
+  John, Prince of Ghent, 179, 189, 232, 241
+  John de Dreux, 163, 165
+  John, Duke of Bedford, 181
+  John de Warrenne, Earl of Surrey, 162
+  Johnston: Arms, 198
+  Joust, 133
+  Jowlopped, or Jelloped, 133
+  Jupon, 133
+  Juxon, Archbishop, 279
+
+  KAISAR-I-HIND medal, 294
+  Kent, De Burgh, Earl of, 70;
+    Hollands, Earls of, 181
+  Key, 133
+  KING, H.M. THE: Crown, 114, 266;
+    Arms, 263, 267;
+    Banner, 252
+  "King Maker," the, 198, 208
+  King, Mr.: his "Hand-book of Engraved Gems," 6
+  King-of-Arms, 130, 133, 177. _See_ Herald
+  King's College Chapel, Cambridge, Heraldry of, 25, 322
+  "King's Colour," 257
+  King's Langley, Monument at, 323
+  Kinnoul, Earl of, 154, 307
+  Kirketot, Sir Wm., 202
+  Kirkpatrick: Arms, 198
+  Kirton, Abbot: Rebus, 147
+  Knights, Knighthood, Knightly Orders, 117, 133, 175, 273
+  Knights of St. John, 57, 275;
+    Templars, 13, 275
+  Knot, 133, 224
+  Kyrkeby: Arms, 65
+
+  LABEL, _or File_, 134, 178;
+    Forms of, 134;
+    Points of, 134, 178;
+    Differenced, 179, 180;
+    a Royal Difference, 178;
+    as borne by Princes Royal, 178;
+    by Black Prince, 178;
+    by Princes of Wales, 178;
+    of Brittany, 179;
+    of France, 179;
+    of Lancaster, 179, 180;
+    of York, 179;
+    borne as a Badge, 193;
+    in Modern Cadency, 193
+  Laci, Lacy, De: Arms, 83, 89, 161
+  Laci, Earl Henry de: Crest, 210
+  Lacy Knot, 134
+  Ladies, Unmarried: their Arms, 173
+  Ladies', Heraldic Costume, 160, 161, 324;
+    their right to bear Badges, 227
+  Laing, Mr. H., his "Catalogue of Scottish Seals,"
+      11, 161, 193, 211, 224, 239, 242, 265, 317
+  Lamb, 76
+  Lambert: Arms, 76
+  Lambrequin, 135. _See_ Mantling
+  Lambton: Arms, 76
+  Lancaster, Label of, 179;
+    Rose of, 149, 228;
+    Badge of, 153;
+    Livery Colours of, 135;
+    Collar of, 110
+  Lancaster, Edmund, Earl of, 123, 179, 181, 323;
+    Henry, Earl of, 183, 239;
+    Thomas, Earl of, 211;
+    John of Ghent, Duke of, 179 (_see_ John of Ghent);
+    Matilda of, 163, 186
+  Lancaster Herald, 130
+  Lance-Rest. _See_ Clarion
+  Lane, Jane, 205
+  Language of Heraldry, 29, 30
+  Langued, 80, 135
+  Latimer, George, Lord, 187;
+    William le, 142, 214
+  Latin Cross, 55
+  "Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland," by Mr. Seton,
+      9, 68, 94, 198, 260, 307
+  Law of Tinctures, 43
+  Leaves in Heraldry, 102, 135
+  Leechford, Sir R.: Confirmation of Arms to, 312
+  Legh, Gerard, 22
+  Leicester, Banner of, 14
+  Leicester, Robert, Earl of, 195
+  Leicestershire Families, their Arms, 196
+  Lennox, Countess of: Arms, 68, 323
+  Leon: Arms, 83, 166. _See_ Castile
+  Leopard, Leopardé, 84, 135, 258
+  L'Ercedeckne: Arms, 196
+  Leslie: Arms, 94;
+    Euphemia, Countess of Ros, 94
+  "Lesser George," the, 126
+  Le Strange. _See_ Strange
+  Letters of the Alphabet, in Heraldry, 135
+  Leveson: Arms, 17, 102
+  Leybourne, Sir W. de: Arms, 90
+  Lichfield, Joust at, 223
+  Lincoln, Earls of: Arms, 89, 161, 203
+  Lincoln, Henry, Earl of: Crest, 210
+  Lincoln and Pembroke, Margaret, Countess of, 161
+  Lindsay, Sir W.: Seal, 242
+  Line, Border Line, Lined, 135
+  Lion in Heraldry, 25, 27, 76, 83, 87, 135;
+    Heraldic Treatment of, 23, 92;
+    of England, 88, 258;
+    of Scotland, 67, 259;
+    as a Crest, 90;
+    as a Supporter, 90, 91, 264;
+    Percy Lion, 216;
+    Howard Lion, 216;
+    Examples of Lions, 203
+  Lion's Face, 87;
+    Head, 87;
+    Jambe, 87
+  Lioncel, 87, 135
+  Lion-leopard, Lion-leopardé, 85
+  Lionel, Prince, of Clarence, 164, 180
+  Lisle, Arthur, Viscount, 190
+  Little Easton, Brass at, 110, 216
+  Livery, Badges depicted on, 220
+  Livery Colours, 135
+  Lodged, 80, 135
+  Lomelye, Lumley, Sir R.: Arms, 202
+  London, City of: Arms, 153
+  Longespée, William, Earl of Salisbury, 83, 90, 188, 323
+  Lord Lyon, 131, 238, 307
+  Lorn: Arms, 135
+  Lorraine: Arms, 97;
+    Duchy of, 96
+  Loterel, Luterell: Arms, 76, 182, 196, 212
+  Loterel, Luterell, Sir A., 182;
+    Sir G., 182, 212
+  Louis VII., of France, 122
+  Louise, H.R.H., The Princess, 271
+  Loutre, 76
+  Louvaine: Arms, 167
+  Lower, Mr. M. A., 9, 302;
+    on Crests, 222
+  Lozenge, 37, 69, 135
+  Lozengy, 135
+  Luce, or Lucy, 17, 77, 135
+  Lucy: Arms, 17, 170;
+    Sir Anthony, 78;
+    Geoffrey de, 78
+  Ludlow Church, 231
+  Lullingstone, 147
+  Lunenburgh: Arms, 262, 278
+  Lure, 81, 135
+  Luterell. _See_ Loterel
+  Lyhart, Bishop Walter: Rebus, 147
+  Lymphad, 135
+  Lyon Office, 131, 307;
+    Depute, 307
+
+  MAHON, Sir W.: Motto, 244
+  Maintenance, Cap of, 136
+  Malet, Sir R., 202;
+    Sir T., 202
+  Malmesbury, Earl of: Supporters, 99
+  Maltese Cross, 57
+  Man, Isle of, 9, 74
+  Manche, Maunche, 136
+  Mandeville, Geoffrey de, 15
+  Manfee, Sir W.: Arms, 203
+  Mantle, 136
+  Mantling, Badges depicted on, 220
+  Mantling, or Lambrequin, 136, 175, 213;
+    Marked for Cadency, 192
+  March, Mortimers, Earls of: Seals, 242
+  Margaret, of Anjou, Queen, 97;
+    of France, 123, 160, 168;
+    Bruce, 161;
+    Beaufort, 169;
+    Tudor, 170;
+    Countess of Lincoln, 161;
+    de Ferrers, 170
+  Marks of Cadency, Marking Cadency. _See_ Cadency
+  Marlborough, Duke of, 95, 98
+  Marmion, Sir R. de: Crest, 215
+  Marny, Sir R. de: Seal, 213
+  Marquess, Marquis, Marchioness, 136
+  Marriage, Heraldic Record of, 168
+  Marshalling, 137, 159;
+    by Combination, 165;
+    by Quartering, 166;
+    Quartered Coats, 167;
+    Arms of Husband and Wife, 167, 171;
+    Crests, 174;
+    Helms, Coronets, Mantlings, Mottoes, Supporters, Badges,
+        and Various Insignia, 174, 175
+  Martel, 17, 137
+  Martlet, 77, 137;
+    in Modern Cadency, 193
+  Martin: Crest and Motto, 139
+  Mary Tudor, Queen: Arms, 260;
+    Supporters, 264;
+    Badges, 229;
+    grants Derby House to the Heralds, 130
+  Mary Stuart, Queen: Arms, 260
+  Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots: her Signet, 265;
+    Heraldry of her Monument, 281
+  Mary, The Princess, of Teck, 270
+  Mary de Saint Paul: Seal, 163
+  Mascle, Masculée, 69, 137
+  Masoned, 137
+  Matilda de Chaworth, 164;
+    of Lancaster, 163
+  Maufee, Sir Wm., 202
+  Melfort, Earl: Seal, 244
+  Membered, 137
+  Menteith, Earl of, 94
+  Merchant's Mark, 137
+  Mercy, Order of, 293
+  Mere, De la. _See_ Delamere
+  Mere, De la: Arms, 52
+  Merevale, Brass at, 215
+  Merit, Order of, 286
+  Mermaid, Merman, or Triton, 137
+  Metals, 40, 42, 138
+  Methuen, the Baron, 95
+  Military Flags, 257
+  Mill-rind. _See_ Fer-de-Moline
+  "Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica," 302
+  Mitre, 138
+  Moline, 56, 138
+  Molines, Molyneux, De: Arms, 56
+  Monecastre, Sir W. de: Arms, 202
+  Monson, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+  Montacute, De, Montagu: Origin of the Name, 16;
+    Arms, 70, 95
+  Montagu, Mr., his work on Heraldry, 2, 9, 196
+  Montfort, De: Arms, 60;
+    Sir ---- de, 203
+  Montgomerie, Sir W. de, 96
+  Montgomerie, Earl of Eglintoun: Arms, 10
+  Monthermer, Sir Ralph de, 95, 99
+  Moon, the, 80, 138
+  Moor's heads, 73
+  Monypeny, Thomas: Seal, 319
+  Mortimer, De: Origin of the Name, 16;
+    Arms, 65, 169;
+    Differences, 182;
+    Crest, 141
+  Mortimer, Edmund de, Earl of March: Seal, 242
+  Mortimer's, 65
+  Motto, 138, 174, 219;
+    Royal, 219
+  Moule, Mr., his "Heraldry of Fish," 77, 121
+  Mound, 139
+  Mounpynzon: Arms, 76
+  Mount, 139
+  Mounteney, De: Arms, 197;
+    Sir E. de, 197;
+    Sir J. de, 197;
+    Sir T. de, 197
+  Mowbray, Segrave and Stourton, Lord, 89, 329
+  Mowbray, Sir J., 203;
+    Roger de, 89;
+    Supporters of Baron, 92;
+    Thomas de, Duke of Norfolk, 207, 216, 233
+  Mullet, 139;
+    in Modern Cadency, 193
+  Mundegumri, John: Seal, 10
+  Mural Crown, 139
+  Murallée, Walled. _See_ Walled
+  Mure, Wm.: Seal, 319
+  Murrey, 135
+  Muschamp: Arms, 79
+
+  Naiant, 82, 140
+  Naissant, 140
+  Names, 31
+  Nassau: Arms, 261
+  Natural Objects, in Heraldry, 79
+  Naval Crown, 140
+  Navarre: Arms, 124, 228
+  Naveret, Battle of, 248
+  Nebulée, or Nubuly, 34, 140
+  Nelson, Admiral Lord: Arms, 23
+  Neville: Arms, 61;
+    Differences, 187;
+    Badge, 146
+  Neville, George de, Lord Latimer, 187
+  Neville, Earl Richard de, 198, 208, 222
+  Newburgh: Arms, 320, 321
+  Nicholas, Sir N. Harris, 9;
+    on Ostrich Feather Badge, 230;
+    on "Union Jack," 253
+  Nichols, Mr. J. Gough, 9, 15, 302
+  Nimbus, 140
+  Nomenclature, Heraldic, 29
+  Norfolk, the Duke of, 131;
+    Arms, 205;
+    quarters Mowbray, 89;
+    Supporters, 91;
+    Crest, 216;
+    Earl Marshal, 131
+  Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of, 233
+  Normans, their Shields and Standards, 5
+  Norroy, 130. _See_ Herald
+  Northleigh, 323
+  Northumberland, Earls of: Arms, 78, 89, 247
+  Northumberland, Henry, 1st Earl of, 167;
+    the Duke of, 91
+  Nortone, Sir J. de: Arms, 203
+  Norway: Arms, 83
+  Norway, H.M., Queen of, 271
+  Norwich: Arms of the See, 185;
+    Henry, Bishop of, 185
+  Nova Scotia, Badge. _See_ Baronet
+  Nowed, 82, 140
+
+  Octofoil, in Modern Cadency, 193
+  Official Insignia, 175;
+    in Cadency, 184
+  Official Arms, 174
+  Ogress, 72, 140
+  Oldenburgh: Arms, 269
+  Oldham, Bishop: Rebus, 147
+  Onslow: Motto, 138
+  Opinions, 140
+  Oppressed, Debruised, 140
+  Or, 40, 140
+  Orders of Knighthood. _See_ Knighthood
+  Order of Merit, 286
+  Ordinaries, 42, 49;
+    their structural Origin, 14, 64
+  Ordinary of Arms, 140. _See_ Armory
+  Oreiller, 140
+  Orle, In Orle, 66, 140
+  Ornaments, 209, 210
+  Osbaldistone, Frank, 1
+  Ostrevant, Comté of, 230
+  Ostrich Feather Badge, 141, 216, 230
+  Otter, 76
+  Ousflet, Sir G. de: Arms, 202
+  Overall, Sur tout, 141
+  Overt, 141
+  Ownership, Badges as a sign of, 103
+  Oxford, De Veres, Earls of, 206
+  Oxney, John: Rebus, 146
+
+  Padlock, Badge, 241
+  Paignel, John: Arms, 196
+  Painted Chamber, Westminster, 246
+  Pale, Pale-wise, In Pale, Paly, 53, 54, 141
+  Pall, 141
+  Pallet, 53, 141
+  Palliot, French Writer on Heraldry, 244
+  Paly Bendy, 60, 141
+  Panache, 141, 213, 214
+  Parliament, 328
+  Parr, Queen Catherine, 229
+  Party, Parted, 33, 142
+  Passant, Passant Guardant, Passant Reguardant, Passant Repassant,
+      85, 142
+  Pastoral Staff, 142
+  Patée, or Formée, 57, 142
+  Pateshulle, J. de: Arms, 51
+  Patonce, 56, 142
+  Patriarchal, 55, 142
+  Paul, Sir J. Balfour, 307
+  Pawne, Peacock, 76
+  Peach-Branches, 147
+  Pean, 41, 142
+  Pebmarsh, Brass at, 196
+  Peché, Sir John, 147
+  Pedro, King of Castile, 248
+  Peer, 142
+  Peerage, 143;
+    Privilege of, 330
+  Peerage Dignities, 327
+  Peeress in her own Right, 173
+  Pegasus, 143, 276
+  Pelham: Arms, 76;
+    Badge, 224
+  Pelican, 76, 132, 143
+  Pellet, 72, 143
+  Pembridge, Sir R. de: Crest, 214, 216
+  Pembroke, the Earl of, 163;
+    De Valences, Earls of, 52, 323
+  Pembroke College, Cambridge, 163
+  Penbrugge: Arms, 52
+  Pendent, 143
+  Pennon, 3, 143, 246
+  Per, 33, 143
+  Perceval: Motto, 139
+  Perci, Percy: Arms, 70, 83, 167;
+    Crest, 91, 216;
+    Badges, 224, 241, 246;
+    Seals, 241
+  Perci, Henry de, 78, 182, 203, 210
+  Perci, Henry de, 3rd Baron, 182;
+    Agnes de, 160
+  Percy Shrine, Beverley Minster, 27
+  Percy Effigy, at Beverley, 159
+  Peterborough, 147;
+    Cathedral and Deanery, 231
+  Petrasancta, Silvester de, 40
+  Petre, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+  Peverel: Badge, 224;
+    Catherine, 225
+  Peverel Garbe, 133
+  Peyvre, Sir R. de: Arms, 62, 203
+  Philip, "the Hardy," 160
+  Philippa, Queen, of Hainault: Badge, 230, 232;
+    Heraldry of her Monument, 169, 322
+  Phoenix, 143
+  Pickering, Sir T. de: Arms, 204
+  Pigot: Arms, 17
+  Pile, In Pile, 62, 143
+  Pirepound, Sir R.: Arms, 204
+  Planche, Mr., 9, 74, 96, 195, 235
+  Plantagenet, The Royal House of, 17, 188;
+    Livery Colours of, 135;
+    Arthur, 190
+  Planta Genista, 17, 143, 227
+  Plate, Plattee, 72, 143
+  Plenitude, 144
+  Plume, 144
+  Points, or Stops, in Heraldry, 46
+  Points of a Shield, 33, 144;
+    In Point, 144
+  Pole: Motto, 139
+  Pomme, Pommee, 56, 144
+  Poninge, Sir T. de: Arms, 202
+  Popinjay, 76, 144
+  Port, 144
+  Portcullis, 144;
+    Pursuivant, 130
+  Portland, Duke of: Supporters, 91
+  Potent, 41, 57, 144
+  Poudree, Powdered, 45, 144
+  Poutrel, Sir R.: Arms, 201
+  Potent, 41
+  Preieres, Sir J. de: Arms, 202
+  Precedence, Order of, 295;
+    in the Royal Family, 299;
+    of Women, 298
+  Prelates: Arms, 173
+  Pretence, Escutcheon of, 120, 170, 314
+  Preying, 144
+  Prince, Princess, 144
+  Princes and Princesses of the Royal Family; Armorial Insignia,
+      269, 270;
+    Coronets, 144
+  Proper, 42, 81
+  Provence: Arms, 38
+  Purfled, 144
+  Purpure, 41, 48, 144
+  Pursuivant, 130, 144
+  "Pursuivant of Arms," by Mr. Planché. _See_ Planché
+  Pycot, Sir B.: Arms, 202
+
+  Quadrate, 55, 145
+  Quarter, 64, 145. _See_ Canton
+  Quarter Pierced, 55
+  Quartering, 34, 145;
+    Simple, 34;
+    Compound, 34, 165;
+    Grand, 167;
+    Marshalling by, 165;
+    the Bordure and Tressure, 170
+  Quarterings, Quarters, 34, 165;
+    Grand, 34, 165
+  Quartered Coats, Marshalling of, 165
+  Quarterly Quartered, 34, 145
+  Quarterly Quartering, 34, 146
+  Quarterly Pierced, 55
+  Quatrefoil, 146
+  Queen Alexandra, 268, 269
+  Queen Victoria, 263
+  Queen's College, Oxford, 97
+  Quency, De: Arms, 17
+  Queue Fourchée, 86, 125, 146
+  Quilled, 146
+  Quintefueil, 17
+
+  Radclyffe, Radcliffe: Arms, 58
+  Radiant, Rayonée, 146
+  Radstock, the Baron: Supporters, 99
+  Ragged Staff, 134, 146, 198, 321
+  Ragulée, Raguly, 34, 146
+  Ram, 76
+  Rampant, Rampant Guardant and Reguardant, 84, 85, 146
+  Ramryge, John, 147
+  Ramryge, Thomas, Abbot of St. Albans, 25, 76, 97, 204, 231, 323
+  Ramsey: Arms, 76
+  Randolf, Sir J., 202
+  Rayonne, 35
+  Ready, Mr., his Casts of Seals, 317
+  Rebus, 146, 221
+  Recercelee, 56, 147
+  Red Ensign, 255
+  References to Authorities, 13
+  Reflexed, Reflected, 147
+  Regalia, 139
+  "Regimental Colour," the, 257
+  Reguardant, 85, 147
+  Rein-deer, 102, 147
+  Reptiles, in Heraldry, 79
+  Respecting, 147
+  Rest. _See_ Clarion
+  Ribbon, Riband, 58, 147;
+    of the Garter, 279;
+    Bath, 285;
+    Thistle, 281;
+    St. Patrick, 282;
+    Star of India, 288
+  Rich, Earl of, 208
+  Richard I.: Arms, 88, 259;
+    Crest, 220;
+    Seals, 88, 209;
+    Badges, 228
+  Richard II.: Arms, 206, 259;
+    Crest 91, 216;
+    Badges, 27, 216, 228, 233;
+    Roll of Arms of his Era, 13
+  Richard III.: Arms, 260;
+    Badges, 228;
+    Supporters, 264;
+    incorporates Heralds, 130, 304
+  Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and King of the Romans, 68, 93
+  Richard, Earl of Warwick, 208
+  Richmond, Henry, Duke of, 190, 192
+  Richmond, John de Dreux, Earl of, 165
+  Richmond and Lennox, Ludovic Stuart, Duke of, 117
+  Richmond Herald, 130
+  Rising, Roussant, 81, 147
+  Riveres: Arms, 51
+  Robert II. of Scotland, 264
+  Robsart, Earl Ludovic: Monument, 240
+  Rolls of Arms, 12, 29
+  Romans, Richard, King of the, 68, 93
+  Rompu, 148
+  Roringe, Sir R. de: Arms, 202
+  Ros, de, Barony, 329
+  Ross, Euphemia, Countess of, 94;
+    Marg., Lady de, 161;
+    the Earl of, 94
+  Rosamond, Fair, 90, 188
+  Rose, 148;
+    en Soleil, 149;
+    of England, 149, 228;
+    of Lancaster, 149, 228;
+    of York, 149, 228;
+    Badge of Edward I., 228;
+    in Modern Cadency, 193
+  Rossel, Sir G.: Arms, 17, 202
+  Rouge Croix, Pursuivant, 130
+  Rouge Dragon, Pursuivant, 130
+  Roundle, Roundlet, 71, 72
+  Rous, Sir Thomas le, 201
+  Royal Arms, 118
+  Royal Badges, 227, 229, 268;
+    Banners, 266;
+    Personages, their Arms, 174;
+    Mottoes, 265;
+    Red Cross, 294;
+    Standards, 250, 266;
+    Supporters, 264
+  Royal Family, junior members of, 179
+  Royal Livery, 136
+  Rue, Chaplet of, 108
+  Ruskin, Mr., 323
+  Rustre, 69, 149
+
+  Sable, 41, 48, 149
+  Saggitarius, Sagittary, 149, 258
+  Sails, Heraldic, 250
+  Saint Alban, Abbey Church and Arms of, 25, 75, 204, 322;
+    Heraldic Tiles at, 324
+  Saint Albans, Duke of, 191
+  Saint Andrew: Arms, 61;
+    Banner, 254
+  Saint Anthony: Badge, 154
+  Saint Edmund. _See_ Edmund
+  Saint Edward, the Confessor. _See_ Edward
+  Saint George: Arms and Banner, 54, 251, 253, 279;
+    Ensign, 256;
+    Chapel, 171
+  Saint John, of Jerusalem, Knights of, 275, 294
+  Saint Michael and Saint George, Order of, 288
+  Saint Michael's Church, St. Albans, 157
+  Saint Patrick: Arms and Banner, 61, 262;
+    Order of, 281
+  Saint Paul: Badge, 153
+  Saint Paul, Mary de, 163;
+    Guy, Count de, 163
+  Saint Vincent, the Viscount: Supporters, 99
+  Saint Waly, Sir R. de: Arms, 204
+  Salamander, 149
+  Salient, 86, 149
+  Salisbury, Longespée, Earl of, 90, 95, 188
+  Salisbury, D'Eureux, Earl of, 188
+  Salisbury Cathedral, 323
+  Salisbury, Marquess of: Supporters, 92
+  Saltire, Saltire-wise, In Saltire, 61, 149
+  Sanglier, 106, 149
+  Sans, 52, 149
+  Saracen's heads, 73
+  Savage-man, Wood-man, 149
+  Saw, Frame Saw, 150
+  Saxony: Dukedom and Arms, 113, 267
+  Scales, Rob. de: Arms, 78
+  Scarpe, Escarpe, 150
+  Science of Heraldry, 24, 30, 326
+  Scintillant, 150
+  Scotland, Bordure Company, 191;
+    Early Heraldry of, 94;
+    Heraldry of, 198;
+    Royal Heraldry of, 258;
+    Royal Arms of, 67, 83, 170, 258;
+    Crests, 91, 244, 264;
+    Badge, 151, 228;
+    Illegitimacy Marks in, 191;
+    Supporters, 264;
+    Mottoes, 265;
+    Scottish Supporters, 237;
+    Differenced Shield of, 205;
+    Early Seals of, 161 (_see_ Laing, Mr. H.)
+  Scots, Mary Queen of, 68
+  Scott, Sir Walter, of Abbotsford, 1, 326
+  Scott, Sir Walter, 1, 326
+  Scottish Seals, Laing's Catalogue of, 11. _See_ Laing
+  Scrope, Le: Arms, 58, 200;
+    Badge, 224
+  Scrope, Sir R. le, 58, 200;
+    Thos. le, 186;
+    Controversy, 200
+  Scudamore: Arms, 152;
+    Motto, 138
+  Seals: their value in Heraldry, 10, 317;
+    Early Scottish, 11;
+    Casts of, 317;
+    Suggestive of Supporters, 238;
+    Examples, 317
+  Seax, 150
+  Secondary Charges, 183
+  Seeded, 82, 150
+  Segrave: Arms, 83;
+    Sir John, 89
+  Segreant, 150
+  Sejant, 86, 150
+  Semee, 45, 150;
+    de lys, 125
+  Seton, Mr., his "Scottish Heraldry,"
+      9, 68, 94, 138, 198, 260, 307, 308
+  Sevans, Septvans: Arms, 120
+  Seymour, Queen Jane, 229
+  Shakefork, 151
+  Shakespeare: Arms, 151;
+    grant of Arms to, 309
+  Shamrock, 151, 228
+  Shelly: Arms, 17
+  Shield, or Escutcheon, Heraldic, 14, 37, 151;
+    Parts, Points, and Divisions of, 32;
+    Varieties, 35;
+    Bowed, 35;
+    à Bouche, 36;
+    Couchee, 38;
+    Differenced, 200;
+    treatment, 38
+  Shield-belt. _See_ Guige
+  Shield-boss, 15
+  Shields-of-Arms, 2
+  Ship, 151
+  Shoveller, 151
+  Sickle, 225, 266
+  Simple Quartering, 34, 151
+  Single Small Charges, for Difference, 186
+  Sinister, 32, 33, 151
+  Sinople, 41, 151, 158
+  Six-foil, 151
+  Sleswick: Arms, 269
+  Slipped, 82, 151
+  Someri, Sir J. de: Arms, 204
+  Somerset, Henry, Duke of, 189, 190;
+    John, Duke of, 236
+  Somerset Herald, 130
+  Sottone, Sutton, Sir R. de: Arms, 203
+  Southacre, 216
+  Southampton, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+  "Soutiens, Les," 244
+  Spain, Queen of, 272
+  Spear, 151
+  Spiritual Peers, 105
+  Spur, 151
+  SS., Collar of, 110, 130, 151. _See_ Collar
+  St. Quintin: Arms, 62
+  Staff, crook-headed, 115
+  Stafford, De: Arms, 61;
+    Badge, 153
+  Stafford, Sir H. de: Standard, 251
+  Stafford, Sir Humphrey de: Crest-wreath, 217
+  Stafford Knot, 133, 151, 251
+  Stag, 116
+  Stains, 42
+  Stall-Plate, 151, 278
+  Standard, 152, 251;
+    Anglo-Saxon, 5;
+    Anglo-Norman, 5;
+    Badges on, 220;
+    Marked for Cadency, 192;
+    Royal, 252, 266;
+    Recording, 252
+  Staple, 152
+  Stapleton: Badge, 152
+  Star, 152
+  Star of India, Order of, 287
+  Statant, Statant Guardant, 85, 152
+  Staunton Harcourt, 217
+  Stephen: Arms, 88;
+    Badges, 108, 228
+  Steward, Alexander, Earl of Menteith: Seal, 94
+  Steward, Board of, 199
+  Stewart, Margaret, Countess of Angus, 94
+  Stirrup, 152
+  Stock, 152
+  Stormerk: Arms, 269
+  Stourton: Badge, 224;
+    Lord, 329
+  Strange, Le Strange: Arms, 89
+  Strange, Hamon Le, 89;
+    Sir J. Le, 204
+  Stringed, 152
+  "Strongbow:" Seal, 62
+  Stuart, Ludovic, 117;
+    Sir Richard: Seal, 319;
+    Badge, 233
+  Stuarts: Arms, 124;
+    Livery Colours, 135
+  Subordinaries, 42, 64
+  Suns and Roses, Collar of, 110, 152. _See_ Collar
+  Supporters, 152, 175, 237;
+    their probable Origin, 94, 237;
+    their heraldic Significance, 243;
+    rightly supported, 243;
+    Royal, 264;
+    of the United Kingdom, 265;
+    of Scotland, 264;
+    granted by the Lord Lyon, 237
+  "Supports, Les," 244
+  Surcoat, 153, 192
+  Surmounted, 153
+  Surrey, Earl of, 162, 207
+  Swan, 81, 153, 251
+  Sweden: Arms, 269
+  Sword, 153
+  Swyneborne: Arms, 17
+  Sykes: Arms, 72
+  Symbolical Expression and Record ancient and universal, 5
+
+  Tabard, 130, 154
+  Talbot: Badge, 224
+  Tanfield, 215
+  Tapestry, Bayeux, 5
+  Tau Cross, 55, 226
+  Tawke: Arms, 154
+  Tax on "Armorial Bearings," 313
+  Teck, Arms of, 270
+  Templars, Order of, 276;
+    their Banner, 13, 276
+  Templars, Barristers of the Temple, 276
+  Temple Church, London, 15;
+    at Beverley Minster, 107
+  Tenent, 154, 244
+  Tennée, Tawny, 42, 154
+  Tetlow: Arms, 23
+  Tey: Motto, 139
+  Thistle, 68, 154, 228;
+    Order and Insignia of the, 280
+  Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, 148, 181, 232, 235
+  Thomas, Duke of Clarence, 181
+  Thorpe, Sir E. de: Helm and Crest, 215
+  Throne: heirs apparent, 227
+  Through, 54
+  Tiercée, In Tierce, Per Tierce, 155
+  Tiles, Encaustic, 323
+  Timbre, Timbred, 154, 155
+  Tinctures, 40, 155;
+    Law of, 43, 46;
+    Blazoning in, 47;
+    Change of, for Cadency, 182
+  Tiptoft, John, Lord: Seal, 215
+  Titles, 31
+  Tong, 217
+  Torse, 113, 155
+  Torteau, Torteaux, 72, 155
+  Tower, Turret, 155
+  Transposed, 155
+  Treflée, or Botonée, 56, 155
+  Trefoil, 155
+  Treille, Trellis, 71, 155
+  Tremaine: Arms, 75
+  Tressure, 66, 67, 155;
+    impaled and quartered, 170;
+    incorrectly blazoned, 317
+  Tricked, In Trick, 42, 155
+  Trippant or Tripping, 80, 81, 155
+  Triton, 155
+  Trivet, 155
+  Trompintoun, Trumpington, Sir R. de, 17, 155
+  Trotton: Brass at, 110, 169
+  Trumpet, 155
+  Trumpington: Brass at, 17, 158
+  Trussed, Trussing, 155
+  Trussell, Tressell: Arms, 71
+  Trusses, 81
+  Tryvett: Arms, 155
+  Tudor, Arthur: Badge, 130, 233
+  Tudor, Margaret, 170
+  Tudor: Badge, 144;
+    Livery Colours, 135;
+    Rose, 156, 228
+  Tun, 148, 156
+  Tyndall: Crest, 146
+  Tyndalls, 141
+  Tynes, 81, 156
+
+  Ufford, Sir Ralph de: Arms, 164, 186
+  Ulster, Badge of, 104. _See_ Baronet and Herald
+  Ulster, William, Earl of, 163
+  Ulster King-of-Arms, 131, 308
+  Undée, Undy, 35, 156
+  Unguled, 80, 156
+  Unicorn, 91, 156, 264, 265
+  "Union Jack," 54, 156, 252;
+    the First, 253;
+    the Second, 253, 254
+  Union Device, 102, 205
+  United Kingdom: Supporters, 265
+  Unmarried Ladies: Arms, 173
+  Urdée, 57
+  Uriant, 82, 156
+
+  Vair, 41, 42, 156
+  Valence, De: Arms, 163, 168, 323
+    Dimidiating Claremont Nesle, 168
+  Valence, Earl William de, 45, 53, 77, 217;
+    Earl Aymer de, 163
+  Vandalia: Arms, 269
+  Vane. _See_ Fan
+  Varied Fields, 42, 59
+  Vavasour, William le, 51
+  Vele, De: Arms, 76
+  Vere, De: Motto, 138
+  Vere, Robert de, 136, 206
+  Verley, Sir Philip de, 96
+  Vernon, Sir William, 217
+  Vert, 41, 48, 156
+  Vervels, Vervals, 156
+  Vesci, William de, 56
+  Vested, 156
+  VICTORIA, QUEEN: Arms, 263
+  Victoria Cross, 293
+  Victoria, H.R.H. Princess, 271
+  Victorian Order, 291
+  Victoria and Albert, Order of, 294
+  Villiers, de L'Isle Adam, Phillippe de, 57, 275
+  Viscomes, 156
+  Viscount, Viscountess, 156
+  Vivre, 157
+  Voided, 55, 157
+  Vol, 96, 157
+  Volant, 81, 82, 157
+  Volunteers: Motto and Flag, 256;
+    Decoration, 294
+  Vulned, 157
+  Vulning, 81
+
+  Wachesham, Sir G. de: Arms, 201
+  Wadesles, Wadsley, De: Arms, 147
+  Wake: Arms, 51, 179;
+    Sir J., 202
+  Wake Knot, 133, 157
+  Waldegrave: Arms, 14
+  Wales, Native Princes of, 83
+  Wales, the Princes of, always K.G., 278;
+    also Earls of Chester, 195
+  Wales, H.R.H. The Prince of: his Armorial Insignia, 269, 270;
+    his Label, 134, 178;
+    his Coronet, 139;
+    his Badge, 231;
+    his eldest son's Label, 270
+  Wales, Princess of, 270
+  Walford, Mr., 9
+  Walled, 157
+  Waltone, De: Arms, 68
+  Warkworth, 322
+  Warrenne, De, the Earls: Arms, 43, 45, 199
+  Warwick, the Earls of, 56;
+    Arms and Seals, 95, 169, 171, 183, 319
+  Water Bouget, 157
+  Wattled, 157
+  Wavy, Undée, 35, 157
+  Wedone, Sir R. de: Arms, 202
+  Welles: Arms, 72
+  Wellington, the Duke of: Arms, 23;
+    Supporters, 91;
+    Augmentation, 102, 156, 204
+  Westminster Abbey, Heraldry of, 19, 26, 53, 68, 92, 111, 169, 286, 322
+  Westminster Hall, Heraldry of, 27, 91, 215, 259
+  Westphalia: Arms, 262
+  Weylande, Sir N. de, 202
+  Wheathamstede, John de, Abbot of St. Albans, 75, 147, 323
+  Wheathampstead Church, Brass at, 79
+  Wheat-Sheaf. _See_ Garbe
+  Wheel, Catherine Wheel, 157
+  White Ensign, 256
+  Whitworth, Shield at, 14
+  Widow, Widower: Arms, 173
+  Wife and Husband, Marshalling their Arms, 171
+  William I., 329;
+    Arms, 18, 88, 258
+  William II.: Arms, 88, 258;
+    Badge, 227
+  William III. and Mary: Arms, 260
+  William III.: Arms, 262
+  William IV.: Arms, 263
+  Winchelsea: Seal of the Mayor of, 168
+  Windsor Herald, 130
+  Windsor, St. George's Chapel, 171
+  Wingfield: Arms, 17
+  Winnowing Fan. _See_ Fan
+  Wings in Crests, 212
+  Woodstock, Duke Thomas of, 181, 232;
+    Badge, 149
+  Worcester, Charles, Earl of, 190;
+    Henry, Earl of, 189, 190;
+    John, Earl of, 215
+  Worcester Cathedral, 230, 323
+  Wortele, Worteley, De: Arms, 197
+  Wreath, Orle, Crest-Wreath, Wreathed, 157
+  Wyllers, De: Arms, 66
+  Wyndesor, Wm. de: Seal, 214, 242
+  Wynford, the Baron: Supporters, 99
+  Wyvern, Wivern, 72, 157
+
+  Yarborough, Countess of, 331
+  Yarmouth, Great: Arms, 168
+  Yngelfeld, Sir R. de: Arms, 202
+  York, Dukes of, 179
+  York, Archbishop of: Arms, 101
+  York, Rose of, 149, 228;
+    Collar of, 110;
+    Livery Colours of, 135
+  York Cathedral, Heraldic Glass at, 92
+  York Herald, 130
+
+  Zouche, de La: Arms, 72;
+    Differenced Arms, 186
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Errata
+
+Punctuation in the Index and in Figure captions has been silently
+regularized, and invisible periods (full stops) have been supplied.
+Inconsistent hyphenization is as in the original.
+
+  Author of "The Monumental Brasses of England,"  [England,']
+  [Contents] Earliest Heraldic Shields and Banners
+    ["Earlies  Heraldic" with invisible t]
+  a fine shield of the thirteenth century in Westminster Abbey
+    [Westminister]
+  7. _Potent_ (note different shape of divisions)  [_Potent_) note]
+  thus, the Arms of the Earl de WARENNE are _Chequée or and az._
+    [elsewhere spelled "Warrenne"]
+  _armes parlantes_ (see p. 16)  [p. 15]
+  It is a very common error to overload heraldic blazoning with commas
+    ["commas" here means "inverted commas", i.e. apostrophes]
+  for DE HEMENHALE, No. 79,--  [No, 79]
+  _Az., billettée, on a canton or a raven ppr._
+    [Here and in a few other passages, a term is used before it has
+    been defined.]
+  _Arg., a lion rampt. gu., crowned or  [gu. crowned]
+
+  [Glossary]
+  _Buckle._ See _Fermaile_. [elsewhere spelled "fermail"]
+  _Saltire._ An ordinary, in form a diagonal cross: Nos. 120, 121, 122.
+    [Nos. 120, 121. 122.]
+  famous as the sinister supporter of the Royal Shield of England.
+    [of England,]
+  extend to the becoming heraldic declaration and record
+    [text unchanged: error for "becoming the..."?]
+
+  [Illustration: No. 330.]
+    [Four consecutive illustrations are captioned "No. 330."
+    (See text.)]
+  A bordure componée _may_, indeed, be used  [componeé]
+  Sir WM. KIRKETOT--  [Sir.]
+  impaled in the sinister half of his Shield  [sinster]
+  The Arms of the Lyon Office I have already given, No. 266.
+    [printed "265" corrected by unknown hand]
+
+  [Index: Heraldry]
+    Canting, 16;  ["Cantin , 16" with invisible g]
+
+
+Illustrations
+
+"Fig(s)." in text has been regularized to "No(s)." in the following:
+
+  No. 35. ... (See No. 87.)  [(See Fig. 87.)]
+  _gyronny_ (No. 147) ... Nos. 30 and 33  [(Fig. 147) _and_ Figs.]
+  when the piles are intended to converge, as in No. 128
+  Eagles and Hawks with expanded wings, as in No. 206
+  The CREST ... _vide_ No. 441
+  The INSIGNIA ... shown in No. 435.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Handbook to English Heraldry, by 
+Charles Boutell
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HANDBOOK TO ENGLISH HERALDRY ***
+
+***** This file should be named 23186-8.txt or 23186-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/3/1/8/23186/
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Jeannie Howse, Ted Garvin and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/23186-8.zip b/23186-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..169d121
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-8.zip
diff --git a/23186-h.zip b/23186-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8e554f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h.zip
diff --git a/23186-h/23186-h.htm b/23186-h/23186-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40a76ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/23186-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,23683 @@
+
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>The Handbook to English Heraldry</title>
+<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+
+<style type = "text/css">
+
+body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+div.titlepage, div.intro, div.maintext
+{margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 3em;}
+
+hr {width: 80%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;}
+hr.mid {width: 40%;}
+hr.spacer {margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;}
+
+sup {font-size: 75%; line-height: 50%;}
+span.smallcaps sup {font-size: 85%;}
+
+a.tag {text-decoration: none; vertical-align: .3em; font-size: 80%;
+line-height: 0em; padding-left: .25em;}
+a {text-decoration: none;}
+
+h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {text-align: center; font-style: normal;
+font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: .5em;
+margin-bottom: .5em;}
+
+h1 {font-size: 300%;}
+h2 {font-size: 200%;}
+div.titlepage h1, div.titlepage h2 {letter-spacing: .16em;
+padding-left: .16em;}
+h3 {font-size: 150%;}
+h4 {font-size: 120%;}
+div.intro h4, div.maintext h4 {margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 1em;}
+h5 {font-size: 100%;}
+h6 {font-size: 85%;}
+div.titlepage h6 {font-size: 75%;}
+
+p {margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: 0em; line-height: 1.2;}
+
+p.right {text-align: right;}
+p.center {text-align: center;}
+
+p.footnote, div.footnote {margin: 1em 2em; font-size: 95%;}
+
+
+/* illustrations */
+
+p.illustration {text-align: center; margin: 1em 1em .5em; clear: both;}
+img + img {padding-left: 1em;}
+
+p.caption {text-align: center; margin-bottom: .5em; font-size: 88%;
+margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+span.caption {font-size: 88%;}
+p.caption + p.illustration {margin-top: .5em;}
+
+div.floatright {float: right; clear: right;}
+div.floatleft {float: left; clear: left;}
+div.floatright.w180, div.floatleft.w180 {width: 180px;}
+
+div.floatright p.illustration, div.floatright p.caption
+{margin-right: 0em; margin-left: 1em;}
+div.floatleft p.illustration, div.floatleft p.caption
+{margin-right: 1em; margin-left: 0em;}
+
+
+/* tables */
+
+table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;
+margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;}
+
+td {vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding: 0em;}
+td.middle, tr.middle td {vertical-align: middle;}
+td.center {text-align: center;}
+
+td.illustration {text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;
+padding: .5em;}
+td.caption {text-align: center; font-size: 88%; padding-left: 1em;
+padding-right: 1em;}
+
+td.number, td.item {text-align: right;}
+td.item {padding-right: .5em;}
+
+td.bracket {vertical-align: middle; background-repeat: no-repeat;}
+td.bracket.lft {padding-left: 1em; background-position: center left;
+background-image: url("images/bracket.gif");}
+td.bracket.lft3 {padding-left: 1em; background-position: center left;
+background-image: url("images/bracket3.gif");}
+td.bracket.rt {padding-right: 1em; background-position: center right;
+background-image: url("images/bracket_rt.gif");}
+
+
+/* introduction */
+
+td.chapnum {text-align: center; font-size: 90%; padding-top: .75em;
+padding-bottom: .25em;}
+td.chapnum.left {text-align: left; font-size: 100%;}
+
+table.illus, table.toc {font-size: 95%;}
+table.toc p, table.illus p {margin-top: 0em;
+margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; line-height: normal;}
+
+table.toc td.number, table.illus td.number {vertical-align: bottom;}
+
+table.illus p.deep {margin-left: 4em; text-indent: -3.5em;}
+
+
+/* main text */
+
+h4 span.subhead {font-size: 80%; letter-spacing: .1em;}
+div.maintext h5 {font-size: 105%;}
+div.maintext h6 {margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: .5em;}
+
+p.first {margin-top: 1em;}
+p.summary {font-style: italic; margin-left: 3em; text-indent: -2em;
+margin-right: 1em;}
+p.quotation {margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 95%;}
+
+div.poem {margin: .5em 2em;}
+div.poem p {margin-top: 0em; margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;
+line-height: normal; font-size: 95%;}
+div.poem p.half {text-indent: 2em;}
+
+p.inset {margin-left: 2em;}
+
+div.hanging p {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em;}
+div.hanging p.inset {margin-left: 3em;}
+
+div.hanging.close {margin-top: .5em;} /* grouped paragraphs */
+div.hanging.close p {margin-top: 0em;}
+
+table.diagram {font-size: 95%; border-spacing: 1em .5em;}
+table.inline {margin-left: 0em; border-spacing: 1em .25em;}
+table.diagram p, table.inline p {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;
+line-height: normal; margin-top: 0em;}
+
+div.glossary p {margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;}
+div.glossary div.floatright p {text-indent: 0em;}
+div.glossary div.floatleft p {margin-left: 0em; text-indent: 0em;}
+div.glossary p.plain {text-indent: 0em;}
+
+table.bracket {margin: 0em;}
+
+
+/* index */
+
+div.index {margin: 1em 2em;}
+div.index p {margin-top: 0em; line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em;
+text-indent: -1em; font-size: 90%;}
+div.index p.letterhead {margin: 1em 0 .5em 6em;}
+
+
+/* text formatting */
+
+.hidden {display: none;}
+
+.smallroman {font-size: 0.8em;}
+.smallcaps {font-variant: small-caps;}
+.firstword {font-variant: small-caps;}
+.smaller {font-size: 80%;}
+.extended {letter-spacing: 0.2em;}
+
+
+/* additions */
+
+.greek {border-bottom: 1px dotted #666;}
+
+ins.correction {text-decoration: none; border-bottom: thin dotted red;}
+
+.pagenum {position: absolute; right: 2%; font-size: 95%;
+font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; text-align: right;
+text-indent: 0em;}
+
+div.mynote, p.mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000;
+margin: 1em 5%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%;}
+div.mynote {padding: .5em 1em 1em;}
+p.mynote {padding: 1em;}
+div.mynote p {text-indent: 0em;}
+
+div.footnote p.mynote {font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%;
+padding: .5em; margin: .5em; border: 2px ridge #A9F;}
+
+</style>
+
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's The Handbook to English Heraldry, by Charles Boutell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Handbook to English Heraldry
+
+Author: Charles Boutell
+
+Editor: A. C. Fox-Davies
+
+Illustrator: R. B. Utting
+
+Release Date: October 24, 2007 [EBook #23186]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HANDBOOK TO ENGLISH HERALDRY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Jeannie Howse, Ted Garvin and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class = "mynote">
+<a name = "start" id = "start"> </a>
+<p>This text uses utf-8 (unicode) file encoding. If the apostrophes and
+quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, you may have an
+incompatible browser or unavailable fonts. First, make sure that the
+browser’s “character set� or “file encoding� is set to Unicode (UTF-8).
+You may also need to change your browser’s default font.</p>
+
+<p>In the printed book, all illustrations were line drawings using the
+conventional color representations explained in Chapter&nbsp;V. For this
+e-text, some illustrations are also shown in “colorized� form. All
+colors were chosen to be “web-safe� for reliable display in all
+browsers; they are not intented to reproduce the exact shades of
+standard heraldry. When the text notes a misprint in the colors, it was
+corrected for the colorized version.</p>
+
+<p>A few very long paragraphs in the “Grammar of Heraldry� section have
+been broken up to give better access to illustrations.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig448" id = "fig448"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig448.png" width = "347" height = "347"
+alt = "see caption"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+Seal of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Richard de Beauchamp, K.G.</span>,
+Fifth Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Warwick</span>: died <span class
+= "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1439. No. 448.&mdash;See pages
+<a href = "#page208">208</a>,
+<a href = "#page321">321</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig446" id = "fig446"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig446.png" width = "487" height = "493"
+alt = "see caption"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+Seal of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas de Beauchamp, K.G.</span>,
+Third Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Warwick</span>: died <span class
+= "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1369. Date of the Seal, 1344. No.
+446.&mdash;See <a href = "#fig447">No. 447</a>, page 320, also see page
+<a href = "#page321">321</a>.</p>
+
+<hr class = "mid">
+
+<div class = "titlepage">
+
+<h6>“To describe ... emblazoned Shields.� &mdash;<span class =
+"smallcaps">Milton</span></h6>
+
+<h2>THE HANDBOOK TO</h2>
+
+<h1>ENGLISH<br>
+HERALDRY</h1>
+
+<h6>BY</h6>
+
+<h4>CHARLES BOUTELL, M.A.</h4>
+
+<h6>AUTHOR OF “THE MONUMENTAL BRASSES OF ENGLAND<ins class =
+"correction" title = "text has single quote">,�</ins><br>
+EDITOR AND PART AUTHOR OF “ARMS AND ARMOUR IN ANTIQUITY<br>
+AND THE MIDDLE AGES,� ETC.</h6>
+
+<h6>WITH</h6>
+
+<h4>NEARLY FIVE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS</h4>
+
+<h6>Drawn and Engraved on Wood by Mr. <span class = "smallcaps">R. B.
+Utting</span> and Others</h6>
+
+<h5><i>ELEVENTH EDITION</i></h5>
+
+<h6>THOROUGHLY REVISED WITH AN ADDITIONAL CHAPTER BY</h6>
+
+<h4>A. C. FOX-DAVIES</h4>
+
+<h6>OF LINCOLN’S INN &nbsp; BARRISTER-AT-LAW</h6>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/title.png" width = "166" height = "177"
+alt = "see caption"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Royal Arms</span> (1340-1405)</p>
+
+<h5>LONDON: REEVES &amp; TURNER</h5>
+<h5>1914</h5>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class = "spacer mid">
+
+<h6>Printed by <span class = "smallcaps">Ballantyne, Hanson &amp;
+Co.</span><br>
+at the Ballantyne Press, Edinburgh</h6>
+
+<hr class = "spacer mid">
+
+<div class = "intro">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">vii</span>
+
+<h4><a name = "pref11" id = "pref11">PREFACE</a><br>
+<span class = "smaller">TO THE ELEVENTH EDITION</span></h4>
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">This</span> standard work of reference has
+been revised throughout, and enlarged by the addition of an extra
+chapter on Peerage Dignities.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">A. C. FOX-DAVIES.</p>
+
+<p class = "smaller">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Lincoln’s Inn</span>, <i>November
+1913</i>.</p>
+
+<hr class = "spacer mid">
+
+<h4><a name = "pref10" id = "pref10">PREFACE</a><br>
+<span class = "smaller">TO THE TENTH EDITION</span></h4>
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">In</span> the revision of this well-known
+work I have held my hand, rather than the contrary, trying to bear
+always in mind that it was the hand-book of Mr. Charles Boutell and not
+a production of my own. My alterations have been concerned chiefly
+<span class = "pagenum">viii</span>
+in bringing the volume up to date, a&nbsp;necessity imposed by the
+creation of new orders of knighthood, and change of Sovereign.
+I&nbsp;have certainly omitted a few remarks which I have thought might
+be the cause of leading students of the science astray: I&nbsp;have
+altered ambiguous wording to emphasise the real, and I have no doubt the
+originally intended meaning. But in many points which, being deductions,
+are naturally matters of opinion, I&nbsp;have left herein various
+expressions of Mr. Boutell’s opinion, with which I can hardly say I
+personally altogether agree or would myself put forward. I&nbsp;hold
+that it is no part of an editor’s duty to air his own opinions under the
+protection or repute of another’s name, and herein I have inserted
+nothing for which my own opinion is the only authority.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">A. C. FOX-DAVIES.</p>
+
+<p class = "smaller">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Lincoln’s Inn</span>, <i>June 1908</i>.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">ix</span>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig1" id = "fig1"> </a>
+<a name = "fig2" id = "fig2"> </a>
+<a name = "fig3" id = "fig3"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig1-2-3.png" width = "341" height = "261"
+alt = "see caption"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 2.&mdash;St. Edward. &nbsp;
+No. 1.&mdash;St. George. &nbsp;
+No. 3.&mdash;St. Edmund.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h4><a name = "preface" id = "preface">AUTHOR’S PREFACE</a></h4>
+
+
+<p><span class = "firstword">This</span> Volume, specially prepared for
+the use of students at an early period of their study of English
+Heraldry, commends itself also to those inquirers who may desire to
+obtain some general information on the same subject, without having any
+intention to devote to Heraldry much either of their time or of their
+serious regard.</p>
+
+<p>The success, no less extraordinary than gratifying, of my larger work
+on Heraldry, led me to hope that a not less favourable reception might
+be extended to a simpler and much shorter essay, more decidedly
+elementary in its aim and character, and yet as far as possible within
+its limits complete. Such a treatise I have endeavoured to produce in
+this Volume.</p>
+
+<p>Inseparably associated with the History of our Country, and more
+particularly when our national History becomes
+<span class = "pagenum">x</span>
+the Biography of eminent Englishmen, English Heraldry has the strongest
+claims upon the attention not only of all Historians, but also of all
+who desire to become familiar with their writings. In like manner,
+Heraldry may be studied with no less of advantage than of satisfaction
+by all Artists, whether Architects, Sculptors, Painters, or Engravers.
+Nor is it too much to assert that some knowledge of Heraldry, in
+consequence of its singular and comprehensive utility, ought to be
+estimated as a necessary element of a liberal education. In confirmation
+of my own views, I&nbsp;am tempted to quote the following passage from
+<span class = "smallcaps">M. Gourdon de Genouillac’s</span> introduction
+to his excellent “Grammaire Héraldique,� published at Paris:&mdash;“Le
+blason,� says M. de Genouillac, “est une langue qui s’est conservée dans
+sa pureté primitive depuis les siècles, langue dont la connaissance, est
+indispensable aux familles nobles, qui y trouvent un signe d’alliance ou
+de reconnaissance, aux numismates, aux antiquaires, aux archéologues,
+enfin à tous les artistes, gens de lettres, &amp;c.; cependant cette
+langue est presque inconnue, et la plupart des personnes qui possedent
+le droit de porter des armoiries seraient fort en peine de les expliquer
+selon les termes techniques!� Heraldry, indeed, I&nbsp;believe to be a
+study worthy to be universally regarded with affectionate respect, as it
+certainly is eminently qualified to inspire such a sentiment in every
+class of student.</p>
+
+<p>In this spirit I have here treated the elements of the Heraldry of
+England, confident that, of those who may
+<span class = "pagenum">xi</span>
+accompany me as far as I shall lead them, very many will not be content
+to stop where I shall take leave of them. Thus much I promise my
+companions&mdash;I will be to them a faithful guide. They may trust to
+my accuracy. I&nbsp;have made no statement, have adduced no example, nor
+have I exhibited any illustration, except upon authority. I&nbsp;myself
+like and admire what is real and true in Heraldry; and it is by the
+attractiveness of truth and reality that I desire to win for Heraldry
+fresh friends, and to secure for it firm friendships.</p>
+
+<p>It will be understood that from the authority, the practice, and the
+associations of the early Heraldry of the best and most artistic eras,
+I&nbsp;seek to derive a Heraldry which we may rightly consider to be our
+own, and which we may transmit with honour to our successors. I&nbsp;do
+not suggest the adoption, for present use, of an obsolete system. But,
+while I earnestly repudiate the acceptance and the maintenance amongst
+ourselves of a most degenerate substitute for a noble Science, I&nbsp;do
+aspire to aid in restoring <span class = "smallcaps">Heraldry</span> to
+its becoming rank, and consequently to its early popularity, now in our
+own times. This is to revive the fine old Heraldry of the past, to give
+to it a fresh animation, and to apply it under existing conditions to
+existing uses and requirements: not, to adjust ourselves to the
+circumstances of its first development, and to reproduce as copyists its
+original expressions. It is not by any means a necessary condition of a
+consistent revival of early Heraldry, that our revived Heraldry should
+admit no deviation
+<span class = "pagenum">xii</span>
+from original usage or precedent. So long as we are thoroughly animated
+by the spirit of the early Heralds, we may lead our Heraldry onwards
+with the advance of time. It is for us, indeed, to prepare a Heraldry
+for the future, no less than to revive true Heraldry in the time now
+present. We may rightly modify, therefore, and adapt many things, in
+order to establish a true conformity between our Heraldry and the
+circumstances of our own era: for example, with advantage as well as
+propriety we may, in a great measure, substitute Badges for Crests; and
+we shall do well to adopt a style of drawing which will be perfectly
+heraldic, without being positively unnatural.</p>
+
+<p>The greater number of my Illustrations have been engraved only in
+outline, with the twofold object of my being thus enabled to increase
+the number of the examples, and to adapt the engravings themselves to
+the reception of colour. It will be very desirable for students to
+blazon the illustrations, or the majority of them, in their proper
+tinctures: and those who are thoroughly in earnest will not fail to form
+their own collections of additional examples, which, as a matter of
+course, they will seek to obtain from original authorities. With the
+exception of a few examples, my Illustrations, considerably over 400,
+have all been executed expressly for this work; and they all have been
+engraved by Mr. <span class = "smallcaps">R.&nbsp;B. Utting</span>. The
+chief exceptions are thirteen admirable woodcuts of Scottish Seals, all
+of them good illustrations of Heraldry south of the Tweed, originally
+engraved for Laing’s noble quarto upon “The
+<span class = "pagenum">xiii</span>
+Ancient Seals of Scotland,� published in Edinburgh. Scottish Heraldry,
+I&nbsp;must add, as in any particulars of law and practice it may differ
+from our Heraldry on this side of the Tweed, I&nbsp;have left in the
+able hands of the Heralds of the North: at the same time, however, the
+Heraldry of which I have been treating has so much that is equally at
+home on either side of “the Border,� that I have never hesitated to look
+for my examples and authorities to both the fair realms which now form
+one Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p class = "right">C. B.<br>
+<img src = "images/signature.png" width = "172" height = "28"
+alt = "handwritten signature">
+</p>
+
+<!-- <span class = "pagenum">xiv</span> -->
+
+<span class = "pagenum">xv</span>
+<h4><a name = "contents" id = "contents">CONTENTS</a></h4>
+
+<table class = "toc" summary = "table of contents">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smaller">PAGE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum left smallcaps">
+<a href = "#pref11">Preface to Present Edition</a></td>
+<td class = "number">vii</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum left smallcaps">
+<a href = "#preface">Author’s Preface</a></td>
+<td class = "number">ix</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum left smallcaps">
+<a href = "#illus">List of Illustrations</a></td>
+<td class = "number">xix</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapI">CHAPTER I</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Introductory</span>&mdash; Early Popularity
+of Heraldry in England&mdash; Origin of English Heraldry; Definition;
+Characteristics; Development; Early Uses; Not connected with Earlier
+Systems&mdash; Ancient Heraldry&mdash; Past and Present Treatment of the
+Subject</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapII">CHAPTER II</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Early Heraldic Authorities</span>&mdash;
+Seals; Monumental Effigies, &amp;c.; Rolls of Arms, Official Heraldic
+Records, &amp;c.&mdash; Earlies<ins class = "correction" title =
+"invisible">t</ins> Heraldic Shields and Banners&mdash; Allusive Quality
+of Early Armory&mdash; Attributed Arms</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapIII">CHAPTER III</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p>The English Heraldry that is now in existence&mdash; First Debasement
+of Heraldry&mdash; Later Debasement&mdash; Revival of English
+Heraldry&mdash; Heraldic Art</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">20</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapIV">CHAPTER IV</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grammar of Heraldry</span>: Section
+I.&mdash; Language&mdash; Nomenclature&mdash; Style and Forms of
+Expression&mdash; Blazon&mdash; The Shield: its Parts, Points,
+Divisions, Dividing Lines, Varieties of Form, and Heraldic Treatment</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">29</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<span class = "pagenum">xvi</span>
+<a href = "#chapV">CHAPTER V</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grammar of Heraldry</span>: Section
+II.&mdash; Tinctures: Metals, Colours, Furs&mdash; Varied Fields&mdash;
+Law of Tinctures&mdash; Counter-changing&mdash; Diaper&mdash;
+Disposition&mdash; Blazoning&mdash; Emblazoning in Tinctures</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapVI">CHAPTER VI</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grammar of Heraldry</span>: Section
+III.&mdash; The Ordinaries:&mdash; Chief: Fesse: Bar: Pale: Cross; its
+Heraldic Varieties: Bend: Saltire: Chevron: and Pile</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">49</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapVII">CHAPTER VII</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grammar of Heraldry</span>: Section
+IV.&mdash; The Subordinaries:&mdash; Canton or Quarter: Inescutcheon:
+Oile: Tressure: Bordure: Flanches: Lozenge, Mascle, Rustre: Fusil:
+Billet: Gyron: Frette&mdash; The Roundles</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">64</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapVIII">CHAPTER VIII</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grammar of Heraldry</span>: Section
+V.&mdash; Miscellaneous Charges:&mdash; Human Beings: Animals: Birds:
+Fish: Reptiles and Insects: Imaginary Beings: Natural Objects: Various
+Artificial Figures and Devices&mdash; Appropriate Descriptive
+Epithets</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">73</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapIX">CHAPTER IX</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grammar of Heraldry</span>: Section
+VI.&mdash; The Lion and the Eagle in Heraldry</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">83</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapX">CHAPTER X</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grammar of Heraldry</span>: Section
+VII.&mdash; Glossary of Titles, Names, and Terms</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">100</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapXI">CHAPTER XI</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Marshalling</span>:&mdash; Aggroupment:
+Combination: Quartering: Dimidiation: Impalement: Escutcheon of
+Pretence: Marshalling the Arms of Widowers, Widows, and others: Official
+Arms; and the Accessories of Shields</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">158</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<span class = "pagenum">xvii</span>
+<a href = "#chapXII">CHAPTER XII</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Cadency</span>:&mdash; Marks of Cadency are
+temporary, or permanent: the Label: the Bordure: the Bendlet, Barrulet,
+and Canton: Change of Tincture: Secondary Charges: Single Small Charges:
+Differences of Illegitimacy: Cadency of Crests, Badges, &amp;c.: Modern
+Cadency</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">176</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapXIII">CHAPTER XIII</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Differencing</span>:&mdash; Differencing to
+denote Feudal Alliance or Dependency: Differencing without any
+Alliance&mdash; Augmentation&mdash; Abatement</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">194</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapXIV">CHAPTER XIV</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Crests</span></p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">209</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapXV">CHAPTER XV</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Badges</span></p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">220</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapXVI">CHAPTER XVI</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Supporters</span></p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">237</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapXVII">CHAPTER XVII</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Flags</span>:&mdash; The Pennon: the
+Banner: the Standard: the Royal Standard: the “Union Jack�: Ensigns:
+Military Standards and Colours: Blazoning: Hoisting and Displaying
+Flags</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">246</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapXVIII">CHAPTER XVIII</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Royal Heraldry of England and
+Scotland</span>:&mdash; Shields of Arms of the Reigning Sovereigns of
+England, of Scotland, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
+Ireland: Crests: Supporters: Mottoes: Crowns: Banners: Armorial Insignia
+of the late Prince Consort; of the Prince and Princess of Wales; of the
+other Princes and Princesses</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">258</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<span class = "pagenum">xviii</span>
+<a href = "#chapXIX">CHAPTER XIX</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Orders of Knighthood and Insignia of
+Honour</span>:&mdash; Feudal Knighthood&mdash; Orders of Knighthood:
+Knights of St. John: Knights Templars: the Order of the Garter; of the
+Thistle; of St. Patrick; of the Bath; of St. Michael and St. George; of
+the Star of India&mdash; The Order of Merit&mdash; The Royal Victorian
+Order&mdash; The Imperial Service Order&mdash; The Victoria Cross&mdash;
+The Albert Medal&mdash; Naval and Military Medals&mdash; Foreign
+Insignia bestowed on British Subjects</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">273</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapXX">CHAPTER XX</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Precedence Genealogies</span></p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">295</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapXXI">CHAPTER XXI</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">College of Arms</span>&mdash; The <span
+class = "smallcaps">Lyon Office</span> of Scotland&mdash; Grants of
+Arms&mdash; Tax on “Armorial Bearings,� and on “Arms Found�</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">304</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapXXII">CHAPTER XXII</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Miscellaneous</span>:&mdash; Coins&mdash;
+Seals&mdash; Heraldry in Architecture, in Monuments, in Illuminations,
+in Encaustic Tiles&mdash; Heraldic Personal Ornaments, and various
+Heraldic Decorations&mdash; Conclusion</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">316</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum" colspan = "2">
+<a href = "#chapXXIII">CHAPTER XXIII</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapname">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Peerage Dignities</span>:&mdash; The
+Dignity of Earl&mdash; Of Baron&mdash; The Parliament of 1295&mdash;
+Landed Qualifications&mdash; Creation of the Title Duke of
+Cornwall&mdash; The Title of Marquis&mdash; The Premier Baron of
+England&mdash; The Peerage of Scotland&mdash; Scottish Remainders&mdash;
+Daughter Inherits in her own Right&mdash; Determination of an
+Abeyance&mdash; The Right to Create Peers of Ireland&mdash; Rights and
+Privileges of a Peeress&mdash; The Daughters of Peers&mdash; Anomalies
+of the English Scale of Precedence</p>
+</td>
+<td class = "number">327</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "chapnum left smallcaps">
+<a href = "#index">General Index</a></td>
+<td class = "number">335</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">xix</span>
+<h4><a name = "illus" id = "illus">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</a></h4>
+
+<p class = "mynote">
+Page numbers are from the original text. Some illustrations have been
+shifted slightly from their original location; links lead directly to
+the illustration. Illustrations 4-315 are in the separate file
+containing chapters I-X. Words in <i>italics</i> were added by the
+transcriber. There is no Figure 208.</p>
+
+<table class = "illus" summary = "list of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "number smaller">NO.</td>
+<td class = "number smaller" colspan = "2">PAGE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig1">1.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of St. George</p></td>
+<td class = "bracket lft" rowspan = "3">ix</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig2">2.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of St. Edward</p></td>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig3">3.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of St. Edmund</p></td>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig4">4.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Sir Walter Scott, of Abbotsford</p></td>
+<td class = "number">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig5">5.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lance Flag, Bayeux Tapestry</p></td>
+<td class = "number">6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig6">6.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lance Flag, Bayeux Tapestry</p></td>
+<td class = "number">6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig7">7.</a></td>
+<td><p>Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase</p></td>
+<td class = "number">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig8">8.</a></td>
+<td><p>Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase</p></td>
+<td class = "number">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig9">9.</a></td>
+<td><p>Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase</p></td>
+<td class = "number">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig10">10.</a></td>
+<td><p>Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase</p></td>
+<td class = "number">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig11">11.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Walter Innes</p></td>
+<td class = "number">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig12">12.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of William Innes</p></td>
+<td class = "number">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig13">13.</a></td>
+<td><p>Banner of Templars</p></td>
+<td class = "number">14</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig14">14.</a></td>
+<td><p>Banner of Leicester</p></td>
+<td class = "number">14</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig15">15.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Brittany</p></td>
+<td class = "number">14</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig16">16.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Waldegrave</p></td>
+<td class = "number">14</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig17">17.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Fitz Warine</p></td>
+<td class = "number">14</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig18">18.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Whitworth</p></td>
+<td class = "number">14</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig19">19.</a></td>
+<td><p>The Escarbuncle</p></td>
+<td class = "number">15</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig20">20.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Montacute</p></td>
+<td class = "number">17</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig20a">20<span class = "smallroman">A</span>.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Montacute</p></td>
+<td class = "number">70</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig21">21.</a></td>
+<td><p>The Planta Genista</p></td>
+<td class = "number">17</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig22">22.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms assigned to William I.</p></td>
+<td class = "number">18, <a href = "#fig22n">259</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig23">23.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms assigned to the Saxon Princes</p></td>
+<td class = "number">18</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig24">24.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Prince John of Eltham</p></td>
+<td class = "number">26</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig25">25.</a></td>
+<td><p>Badge of Richard II., Westminster Hall</p></td>
+<td class = "number">27</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig26">26.</a></td>
+<td><p>Badge of Richard II., Westminster Hall</p></td>
+<td class = "number">27</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig27">27.</a></td>
+<td><p>The Points of an Heraldic Shield</p></td>
+<td class = "number">33</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig28">28.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield divided per Pale</p></td>
+<td class = "number">33</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig29">29.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield divided per Fesse</p></td>
+<td class = "number">33</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig30">30.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield divided Quarterly</p></td>
+<td class = "number">33</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig31">31.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield divided per Bend</p></td>
+<td class = "number">33</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig32">32.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield divided per Bend Sinister</p></td>
+<td class = "number">33</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig33">33.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield divided per Saltire</p></td>
+<td class = "number">33</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig34">34.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield divided per Chevron</p></td>
+<td class = "number">33</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig35">35.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield divided per Tierce</p></td>
+<td class = "number">33</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig36">36.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield Quarterly of Eight</p></td>
+<td class = "number">34</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig37">37.</a></td>
+<td><p>Compound Quartering</p></td>
+<td class = "number">34</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig38">38.</a></td>
+<td><p>Border and Dividing Lines</p></td>
+<td class = "number">35</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig39">39.</a></td>
+<td><p>Bowed Shield</p></td>
+<td class = "number">36</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig40">40.</a></td>
+<td><p>Heraldic Shield</p></td>
+<td class = "number">36</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig41">41.</a></td>
+<td><p>Heraldic Shield</p></td>
+<td class = "number">36</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig42">42.</a></td>
+<td><p>Heraldic Shield</p></td>
+<td class = "number">36</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig43">43.</a></td>
+<td><p>Heraldic Shield</p></td>
+<td class = "number">37</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig44">44.</a></td>
+<td><p>Heraldic Shield</p></td>
+<td class = "number">37</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig45">45.</a></td>
+<td><p>Modern Shield</p></td>
+<td class = "number">37</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig46">46.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cartouche</p></td>
+<td class = "number">37</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig47">47.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lozenge</p></td>
+<td class = "number">37</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig48">48.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Provence</p></td>
+<td class = "number">38</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig49">49.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield Couché</p></td>
+<td class = "number">38</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig50">50.</a></td>
+<td><p>Symbolisation of Or</p></td>
+<td class = "number">40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig51">51.</a></td>
+<td><p>Symbolisation of Argent</p></td>
+<td class = "number">40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig52">52.</a></td>
+<td><p>Symbolisation of Azure</p></td>
+<td class = "number">40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig53">53.</a></td>
+<td><p>Symbolisation of Gules</p></td>
+<td class = "number">40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig54">54.</a></td>
+<td><p>Symbolisation of Sable</p></td>
+<td class = "number">40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig55">55.</a></td>
+<td><p>Symbolisation of Vert</p></td>
+<td class = "number">40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig56">56.</a></td>
+<td><p>Symbolisation of Purpure</p></td>
+<td class = "number">40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">
+<p class = "deep">
+<a href = "#fig57">57</a>,
+<a href = "#fig57a">57<span class = "smallroman">A</span></a>.
+Ermine</p></td>
+<td class = "number">41, 42</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig58">58.</a></td>
+<td><p>Ermines</p></td>
+<td class = "number">41</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig59">59.</a></td>
+<td><p>Erminois</p></td>
+<td class = "number">41</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig60">60.</a></td>
+<td><p>Pean</p></td>
+<td class = "number">41</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig61">61.</a></td>
+<td><p>Vair</p></td>
+<td class = "number">41</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig62">62.</a></td>
+<td><p>Vair</p></td>
+<td class = "number">41</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig63">63.</a></td>
+<td><p>Counter Vair</p></td>
+<td class = "number">41</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig64">64.</a></td>
+<td><p>Potent</p></td>
+<td class = "number">41</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig65">65.</a></td>
+<td><p>Counter Potent</p></td>
+<td class = "number">41</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig66">66.</a></td>
+<td><p>Componée</p></td>
+<td class = "number">43</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig67">67.</a></td>
+<td><p>Counter Componée</p></td>
+<td class = "number">43</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig68">68.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Earl de Warrenne</p></td>
+<td class = "number">45</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig69">69.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Jerusalem</p></td>
+<td class = "number">44</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig70">70.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Fenwick</p></td>
+<td class = "number">44</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig71">71.</a></td>
+<td><p>A Chief</p></td>
+<td class = "number">50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig72">72.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Le Botiler</p></td>
+<td class = "number">50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig73">73.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Brus</p></td>
+<td class = "number">50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig74">74.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Clintone</p></td>
+<td class = "number">50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig75">75.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Clintone</p></td>
+<td class = "number">50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig76">76.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Clifford</p></td>
+<td class = "number">50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig77">77.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Pateshulle</p></td>
+<td class = "number">50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig78">78.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Le Vavasour</p></td>
+<td class = "number">50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig79">79.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Hemenhale</p></td>
+<td class = "number">51</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig80">80.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Dageworthe</p></td>
+<td class = "number">51</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig81">81.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Harecourt</p></td>
+<td class = "number">51</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig82">82.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Wake</p></td>
+<td class = "number">51</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig83">83.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Huntercumbe</p></td>
+<td class = "number">52</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig84">84.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De la Mere</p></td>
+<td class = "number">52</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<span class = "pagenum">xx</span>
+<a href = "#fig85">85.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Fitzalan of Bedale</p></td>
+<td class = "number">53</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig86">86.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Valence</p></td>
+<td class = "number">53</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig87">87.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Erskine</p></td>
+<td class = "number">53</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig88">88.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Grandison</p></td>
+<td class = "number">53</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig89">89.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cross Fimbriated</p></td>
+<td class = "number">54</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig90">90.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cross Pointed</p></td>
+<td class = "number">54</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig91">91.</a></td>
+<td><p>Greek Cross</p></td>
+<td class = "number">55</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig92">92.</a></td>
+<td><p>Latin Cross</p></td>
+<td class = "number">55</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig93">93.</a></td>
+<td><p>Tau Cross</p></td>
+<td class = "number">55</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig94">94.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cross Quadrate</p></td>
+<td class = "number">55</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig95">95.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cross Patriarchal</p></td>
+<td class = "number">55</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig96">96.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cross Lourchée</p></td>
+<td class = "number">55</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig97">97.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Molines</p></td>
+<td class = "number">56</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig98">98.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Bishop Anthony Bec</p></td>
+<td class = "number">56</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig99">99.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of William de Vesci</p></td>
+<td class = "number">56</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig100">100.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cross Fleurie</p></td>
+<td class = "number">56</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig101">101.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cross Fleurettée</p></td>
+<td class = "number">56</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig102">102.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cross Pommee</p></td>
+<td class = "number">56</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig103">103.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cross Botonee</p></td>
+<td class = "number">57</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig104">104.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cross Crosslet</p></td>
+<td class = "number">57</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig105">105.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cross Clechée</p></td>
+<td class = "number">57</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig106">106.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cross Patee</p></td>
+<td class = "number">57</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig107">107.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cross Maltese</p></td>
+<td class = "number">57</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig108">108.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cross Potent</p></td>
+<td class = "number">57</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig109">109.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cross Avellane</p></td>
+<td class = "number">57</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig110">110.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cross Botonée Fitchée</p></td>
+<td class = "number">57</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig111">111.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Le Scrope</p></td>
+<td class = "number">58</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig112">112.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Radclyffe</p></td>
+<td class = "number">58</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig113">113.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Le Boteler</p></td>
+<td class = "number">58</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig114">114.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Bohun, Earl of Hereford</p></td>
+<td class = "number">59</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig115">115.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Bohun (differenced)</p></td>
+<td class = "number">59</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig116">116.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Montford</p></td>
+<td class = "number">60</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig117">117.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Bray</p></td>
+<td class = "number">60</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig118">118.</a></td>
+<td><p>Paly Bendy</p></td>
+<td class = "number">60</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig119">119.</a></td>
+<td><p>Barry Bendy</p></td>
+<td class = "number">60</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig120">120.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of St. Andrew</p></td>
+<td class = "number">60</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig121">121.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Neville</p></td>
+<td class = "number">60</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig122">122.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Neville</p></td>
+<td class = "number">60</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig123">123.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Stafford</p></td>
+<td class = "number">61</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig124">124.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Clare</p></td>
+<td class = "number">61</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig125">125.</a></td>
+<td><p>Early Shield of De Clare</p></td>
+<td class = "number">62</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig126">126.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Chandos</p></td>
+<td class = "number">62</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig127">127.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Prian</p></td>
+<td class = "number">62</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig128">128.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Passett</p></td>
+<td class = "number">62</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig129">129.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Kyrkeby</p></td>
+<td class = "number">65</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig130">130.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Blundell</p></td>
+<td class = "number">65</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig131">131.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Mortimer</p></td>
+<td class = "number">66</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig132">132.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Darcy</p></td>
+<td class = "number">66</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig133">133.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Wyllers</p></td>
+<td class = "number">66</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig134">134.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Balliol</p></td>
+<td class = "number">66</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig135">135.</a></td>
+<td><p>Single Tressure Flory</p></td>
+<td class = "number">67</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig136">136.</a></td>
+<td><p>Tressure Flory Counterflory</p></td>
+<td class = "number">67</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig137">137.</a></td>
+<td><p>Double Tressure Flory</p></td>
+<td class = "number">67</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig138">138.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Scotland</p></td>
+<td class = "number">67, <a href = "#fig138n">260</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig139">139.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Waltone</p></td>
+<td class = "number">68</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig140">140.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Richard, Earl of Cornwall</p></td>
+<td class = "number">68</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig141">141.</a></td>
+<td><p>Flanche</p></td>
+<td class = "number">69</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig142">142.</a></td>
+<td><p>Flasques</p></td>
+<td class = "number">69</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig143">143.</a></td>
+<td><p>Mascle</p></td>
+<td class = "number">69</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig144">144.</a></td>
+<td><p>Rustre</p></td>
+<td class = "number">69</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig145">145.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Burgh, Earl of Kent</p></td>
+<td class = "number">69</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig146">146.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Deincourt</p></td>
+<td class = "number">70</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig147">147.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Campbell</p></td>
+<td class = "number">70</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig148">148.</a></td>
+<td><p>A Frette</p></td>
+<td class = "number">71</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig149">149.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Etchingham</p></td>
+<td class = "number">71</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig150">150.</a></td>
+<td><p>Trellis Clouée</p></td>
+<td class = "number">71</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig151">151.</a></td>
+<td><p>Bezant</p></td>
+<td class = "number">72</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig152">152.</a></td>
+<td><p>Torteau</p></td>
+<td class = "number">72</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig153">153.</a></td>
+<td><p>Fountain</p></td>
+<td class = "number">72</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig154">154.</a></td>
+<td><p>Annulet</p></td>
+<td class = "number">72</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig155">155.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Douglas</p></td>
+<td class = "number">74</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig156">156.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Douglas</p></td>
+<td class = "number">74</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig157">157.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Douglas</p></td>
+<td class = "number">74</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig158">158.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Isle of Man</p></td>
+<td class = "number">74</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig159">159.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of St<ins class = "correction" title = "invisible">.
+</ins>Alban’s Abbey</p></td>
+<td class = "number">75</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig160">160.</a></td>
+<td><p>Early Martlet</p></td>
+<td class = "number">77</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig161">161.</a></td>
+<td><p>Martlet</p></td>
+<td class = "number">77</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig162">162.</a></td>
+<td><p>Banner of De Barre</p></td>
+<td class = "number">77</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig163">163.</a></td>
+<td><p>Dolphin</p></td>
+<td class = "number">78</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig164">164.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Lucy</p></td>
+<td class = "number">78</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig165">165.</a></td>
+<td><p>Escallop</p></td>
+<td class = "number">78</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig166">166.</a></td>
+<td><p><i>Moon</i> A, B, C, Crescent, Increscent, Decrescent</p></td>
+<td class = "number">80</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig167">167.</a></td>
+<td><p><i>Stag</i> At Gaze</p></td>
+<td class = "number">81</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig168">168.</a></td>
+<td><p><i>Stag</i> Tripping</p></td>
+<td class = "number">81</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig169">169.</a></td>
+<td><p><i>Stag</i> At Speed</p></td>
+<td class = "number">81</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig170">170.</a></td>
+<td><p>Stag’s Head Cabossed</p></td>
+<td class = "number">85</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig171">171.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lion Rampant</p></td>
+<td class = "number">85</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig172">172.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lion Rampant Guardant</p></td>
+<td class = "number">85</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig173">173.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lion Passant</p></td>
+<td class = "number">85</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig174">174.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lion Passant Guardant</p></td>
+<td class = "number">85</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig175">175.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lion Statant</p></td>
+<td class = "number">85</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig176">176.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lion Statant Guardant</p></td>
+<td class = "number">85</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig177">177.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lion Couchant</p></td>
+<td class = "number">86</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig178">178.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lion Sejant</p></td>
+<td class = "number">86</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig179">179.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lion Dormant</p></td>
+<td class = "number">86</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig180">180.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lion Salient</p></td>
+<td class = "number">86</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig181">181.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lion Double queued</p></td>
+<td class = "number">86</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig182">182.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lion Coward</p></td>
+<td class = "number">86</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig183">183.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lion’s Head</p></td>
+<td class = "number">87</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig184">184.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lion’s Face</p></td>
+<td class = "number">87</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig185">185.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lion’s Jambe</p></td>
+<td class = "number">87</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig186">186.</a></td>
+<td><p>Demi Lion Rampant</p></td>
+<td class = "number">87</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig187">187.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of England</p></td>
+<td class = "number">87, <a href = "#fig187n">259</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig188">188.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Richard I.</p></td>
+<td class = "number">88</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig189">189.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Prince John</p></td>
+<td class = "number">88</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig190">190.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Richard I.</p></td>
+<td class = "number">88</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig191">191.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Le Strange</p></td>
+<td class = "number">89</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig192">192.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Giffard</p></td>
+<td class = "number">89</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig193">193.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Mowbray</p></td>
+<td class = "number">89</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig194">194.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Lacy</p></td>
+<td class = "number">89</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig195">195.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Segrave</p></td>
+<td class = "number">89</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig196">196.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Percy</p></td>
+<td class = "number">90</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig197">197.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De Longespée</p></td>
+<td class = "number">90</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig198">198.</a></td>
+<td><p>Crest of Black Prince</p></td>
+<td class = "number">91</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig199">199.</a></td>
+<td><p>Crest &amp;c., Richard II.</p></td>
+<td class = "number">91</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig200">200.</a></td>
+<td><p>Eagle Shield in Westminster Abbey</p></td>
+<td class = "number">93</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig201">201.</a></td>
+<td><p>Imperial Eagle</p></td>
+<td class = "number">93</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig202">202.</a></td>
+<td><p>Royal Eagle</p></td>
+<td class = "number">93</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig203">203.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Earl of Cornwall</p></td>
+<td class = "number">94</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<span class = "pagenum">xxi</span>
+<a href = "#fig204">204.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Euphemia Leslie</p></td>
+<td class = "number">94</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig205">205.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Piers Gaveston</p></td>
+<td class = "number">95</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig206">206.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Montacute and Monthermer</p></td>
+<td class = "number">95</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig207">207.</a></td>
+<td><p>A Vol</p></td>
+<td class = "number">96</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig209">209.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of De la Mere</p></td>
+<td class = "number">96</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig210">210.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield at St. Albans</p></td>
+<td class = "number">97</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig211">211.</a></td>
+<td><p>Austrian Eagle</p></td>
+<td class = "number">97</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig212">212.</a></td>
+<td><p>German Imperial Eagle</p></td>
+<td class = "number">98</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig213">213.</a></td>
+<td><p>German Eagle, wings erect</p></td>
+<td class = "number">98</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig214">214.</a></td>
+<td><p>French Imperial Eagle</p></td>
+<td class = "number">99</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig215">215.</a></td>
+<td><p>Badge of Ulster</p></td>
+<td class = "number">101</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig216">216.</a></td>
+<td><p>Breys</p></td>
+<td class = "number">104</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig217">217.</a></td>
+<td><p>Baron’s Coronet</p></td>
+<td class = "number">104</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig218">218.</a></td>
+<td><p>Water Bouget</p></td>
+<td class = "number">106</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig219">219.</a></td>
+<td><p>Bourohier Knot</p></td>
+<td class = "number">106</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig220">220.</a></td>
+<td><p>Bowen Knot</p></td>
+<td class = "number">107</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig221">221.</a></td>
+<td><p>Caltrap</p></td>
+<td class = "number">107</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig222">222.</a></td>
+<td><p>Castle</p></td>
+<td class = "number">108</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig223">223.</a></td>
+<td><p>Celestial Crown</p></td>
+<td class = "number">108</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig224">224.</a></td>
+<td><p>Chapeau of Estate</p></td>
+<td class = "number">108</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig225">225.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Saxony</p></td>
+<td class = "number">108</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig226">226.</a></td>
+<td><p>Chess Rook</p></td>
+<td class = "number">109</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig227">227.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cinquefoil</p></td>
+<td class = "number">109</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig228">228.</a></td>
+<td><p>Clarions</p></td>
+<td class = "number">109</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig229">229.</a></td>
+<td><p>Cockatrice</p></td>
+<td class = "number">110</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig230">230.</a></td>
+<td><p>Collar of York</p></td>
+<td class = "number">110</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig231">231.</a></td>
+<td><p>Collar of Lancaster</p></td>
+<td class = "number">110</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig232">232.</a></td>
+<td><p>Crest Coronet</p></td>
+<td class = "number">113</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig233">233.</a></td>
+<td><p>Crest Wreaths</p></td>
+<td class = "number">113</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig234">234.</a></td>
+<td><p>Crown of H.M. The King</p></td>
+<td class = "number">115, <a href = "#fig234n">266</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig235">235.</a></td>
+<td><p>Dacre Knot and Badges</p></td>
+<td class = "number">115</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig236">236.</a></td>
+<td><p>Dragon</p></td>
+<td class = "number">117</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig237">237.</a></td>
+<td><p>Duke’s Coronet</p></td>
+<td class = "number">117</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig238">238.</a></td>
+<td><p>Earl’s Coronet</p></td>
+<td class = "number">118</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig239">239.</a></td>
+<td><p>Eastern Crown</p></td>
+<td class = "number">118</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig240">240.</a></td>
+<td><p>Electoral Bonnet</p></td>
+<td class = "number">119</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig241">241.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Byron</p></td>
+<td class = "number">119</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig242">242.</a></td>
+<td><p>Estoile</p></td>
+<td class = "number">120</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig243">243.</a></td>
+<td><p>Fer-de-Moline</p></td>
+<td class = "number">121</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig244">244.</a></td>
+<td><p>Fermails</p></td>
+<td class = "number">121</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig245">245.</a></td>
+<td><p>Fetter lock</p></td>
+<td class = "number">122</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig246">246.</a></td>
+<td><p>Fleur de lys</p></td>
+<td class = "number">122</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig247">247.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of France Ancient</p></td>
+<td class = "number">122</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig248">248.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of France Modern</p></td>
+<td class = "number">122</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig249">249.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Edmund, Earl of Lancaster</p></td>
+<td class = "number">123</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig250">250.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.</p></td>
+<td class = "number">122</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig251">251.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.</p></td>
+<td class = "number">123</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig252">252.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Edward III., <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1340</p></td>
+<td class = "number">124, <a href = "#fig252n">260</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig253">253.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Henry IV., about 1405</p></td>
+<td class = "number">124, <a href = "#fig253n">260</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">
+<p class = "deep">
+<a href = "#fig254">254</a>, <a href = "#fig255">255</a>.
+Fylfots</p></td>
+<td class = "number">125</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig256">256.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of R. de Gorges</p></td>
+<td class = "number">127</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig257">257.</a></td>
+<td><p>Hawk’s Lure</p></td>
+<td class = "number">128</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig258">258.</a></td>
+<td><p>Hawk’s Bells and Jesses</p></td>
+<td class = "number">128</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig259">259.</a></td>
+<td><p>Helm of the Sovereign</p></td>
+<td class = "number">129</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig260">260.</a></td>
+<td><p>Helm of Princes and Nobles</p></td>
+<td class = "number">129</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig261">261.</a></td>
+<td><p>Helm of Baronets and Knights</p></td>
+<td class = "number">129</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig262">262.</a></td>
+<td><p>Helm of Esquires and Gentlemen</p></td>
+<td class = "number">129</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig263">263.</a></td>
+<td><p>Helm of Esquires and Gentlemen</p></td>
+<td class = "number">129</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig264">264.</a></td>
+<td><p>Heneage Knot</p></td>
+<td class = "number">130</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig265">265.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of the Heralds College</p></td>
+<td class = "number">130</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig266">266.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Lyon Office</p></td>
+<td class = "number">131</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig267">267.</a></td>
+<td><p>Jessant de lys</p></td>
+<td class = "number">133</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">
+<p class = "deep">
+<a href = "#fig268">268</a>, <a href = "#fig269">269</a>.
+Heraldic Keys</p></td>
+<td class = "number">133</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig270">270.</a></td>
+<td><p>Hastings Badge</p></td>
+<td class = "number">133</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">
+<p class = "deep">
+<a href = "#fig271">271</a>, <a href = "#fig272">272</a>,
+<a href = "#fig273">273</a>.
+Labels</p></td>
+<td class = "number">134</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig274">274.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lacy Knot</p></td>
+<td class = "number">134</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig275">275.</a></td>
+<td><p>Lymphad</p></td>
+<td class = "number">136</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig276">276.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Hastings</p></td>
+<td class = "number">136</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig277">277.</a></td>
+<td><p>Coronet of Marquess</p></td>
+<td class = "number">137</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig278">278.</a></td>
+<td><p>Mullet</p></td>
+<td class = "number">139</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig279">279.</a></td>
+<td><p>Mullet Pierced</p></td>
+<td class = "number">139</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig280">280.</a></td>
+<td><p>Mural Crown</p></td>
+<td class = "number">140</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig281">281.</a></td>
+<td><p>Naval Crown</p></td>
+<td class = "number">140</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig282">282.</a></td>
+<td><p>Pourdon</p></td>
+<td class = "number">141</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig283">283.</a></td>
+<td><p>Panache Crest of Edward Courtenay</p></td>
+<td class = "number">142</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig284">284.</a></td>
+<td><p>Panache Crest of William le Latimer</p></td>
+<td class = "number">142</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig285">285.</a></td>
+<td><p>Panache Crest of Edmund Mortimer</p></td>
+<td class = "number">142</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig286">286.</a></td>
+<td><p>Pennon of D’Aubernoun</p></td>
+<td class = "number">143</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig287">287.</a></td>
+<td><p>Pheon</p></td>
+<td class = "number">143</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig288">288.</a></td>
+<td><p>Portcullis</p></td>
+<td class = "number">143</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig289">289.</a></td>
+<td><p>Coronet of Prince of Wales</p></td>
+<td class = "number">145</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig290">290.</a></td>
+<td><p>Coronet of King’s Daughters and Younger Sons</p></td>
+<td class = "number">145</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig291">291.</a></td>
+<td><p>Coronet of King’s Grandchildren</p></td>
+<td class = "number">145</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig292">292.</a></td>
+<td><p>Coronet of King’s Cousins</p></td>
+<td class = "number">145</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig293">293.</a></td>
+<td><p>Quatrefoil</p></td>
+<td class = "number">146</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig294">294.</a></td>
+<td><p>The Ragged Staff Badge</p></td>
+<td class = "number">146</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig295">295.</a></td>
+<td><p>Rebus of Abbot Kirton</p></td>
+<td class = "number">148</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig296">296.</a></td>
+<td><p>Rebus of Bishop Peckyngton</p></td>
+<td class = "number">148</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig297">297.</a></td>
+<td><p>Rebus of Sir John Peche</p></td>
+<td class = "number">148</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">
+<p class = "deep">
+<a href = "#fig298">298</a>, <a href = "#fig299">299.</a>
+Heraldic Roses</p></td>
+<td class = "number">149</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig300">300.</a></td>
+<td><p>Rose en Soleil</p></td>
+<td class = "number">149</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig301">301.</a></td>
+<td><p>Crest of Hamilton</p></td>
+<td class = "number">150</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig302">302.</a></td>
+<td><p>Sixfoil</p></td>
+<td class = "number">152</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig303">303.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Shakespeare</p></td>
+<td class = "number">151</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig304">304.</a></td>
+<td><p>Stafford Knot</p></td>
+<td class = "number">152</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig305">305.</a></td>
+<td><p>Staple Padge</p></td>
+<td class = "number">152</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig306">306.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of City of London</p></td>
+<td class = "number">153</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig307">307.</a></td>
+<td><p>Tabard</p></td>
+<td class = "number">154</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig308">308.</a></td>
+<td><p>Badge of James I.</p></td>
+<td class = "number">154</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig309">309.</a></td>
+<td><p>Trefoil Slipped</p></td>
+<td class = "number">155</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig310">310.</a></td>
+<td><p>Trumpet</p></td>
+<td class = "number">155</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig311">311.</a></td>
+<td><p>Viscount’s Coronet</p></td>
+<td class = "number">156</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig312">312.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield at St<ins class = "correction" title = "invisible">.
+</ins>Michael’s Church, St<ins class = "correction" title =
+"invisible">. </ins>Albans</p></td>
+<td class = "number">157</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig313">313.</a></td>
+<td><p>Wake Knot</p></td>
+<td class = "number">157</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig314">314.</a></td>
+<td><p>Catherine Wheel</p></td>
+<td class = "number">157</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig315">315.</a></td>
+<td><p>Wyvern</p></td>
+<td class = "number">157</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig316">316.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.</p></td>
+<td class = "number">160</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig317">317.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Margaret Lady De Ros</p></td>
+<td class = "number">161</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<span class = "pagenum">xxii</span>
+<a href = "#fig318">318.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Joan, Countess of Surrey</p></td>
+<td class = "number">162</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig319">319.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Mary, Countess of Pembroke</p></td>
+<td class = "number">164</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig320">320.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Matilda of Lancaster</p></td>
+<td class = "number">164</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig321">321.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Oliver de Bohun</p></td>
+<td class = "number">165</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig322">322.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Earl John de Dreux</p></td>
+<td class = "number">165</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig323">323.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Castile and Leon</p></td>
+<td class = "number">166</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig324">324.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Henry, Earl of Northumberland</p></td>
+<td class = "number">167</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig325">325.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Mayor of Winchelsea</p></td>
+<td class = "number">168</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig326">326.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of De Valence and Claremont Nesle</p></td>
+<td class = "number">168</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig327">327.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Camoys and Mortimer</p></td>
+<td class = "number">169</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig328">328.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of D’Aubigny and Scotland</p></td>
+<td class = "number">170</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig329">329.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Earl Richard Beauchamp</p></td>
+<td class = "number">171</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig330">330.</a></td>
+<td><p>Four Diagrams illustrative of Marshalling</p></td>
+<td class = "number">171-2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">
+<p class = "deep">
+<a href = "#fig331">331</a>, <a href = "#fig332">332.</a>
+Two Diagrams illustrative of Marshalling</p></td>
+<td class = "number">172</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">
+<p class = "deep">
+<a href = "#fig333">333</a>, <a href = "#fig334">334</a>,
+<a href = "#fig335">335.</a>
+Three Diagrams illustrative of Marshalling</p></td>
+<td class = "number">172</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig336">336.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Eldest Sons of Edward I. and II.</p></td>
+<td class = "number">178</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig337">337.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Black Prince</p></td>
+<td class = "number">178</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig338">338.</a></td>
+<td><p>Label of Lancaster</p></td>
+<td class = "number">179</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig339">339.</a></td>
+<td><p>Label of Brittany</p></td>
+<td class = "number">179</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig340">340.</a></td>
+<td><p>Label of York</p></td>
+<td class = "number">179</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig341">341.</a></td>
+<td><p>Label of Clarence</p></td>
+<td class = "number">180</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig342">342.</a></td>
+<td><p>Label of Henry and John of Lancaster</p></td>
+<td class = "number">180</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig343">343.</a></td>
+<td><p>Label of Thomas of Lancaster</p></td>
+<td class = "number">180</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig344">344.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Holland, of Kent</p></td>
+<td class = "number">181</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig345">345.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Henry of Lancaster</p></td>
+<td class = "number">182</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig346">346.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Beauchamp of Elmely</p></td>
+<td class = "number">183</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig347">347.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Beauchamp at Carlaverock</p></td>
+<td class = "number">183</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig348">348.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Beauchamp of Warwick</p></td>
+<td class = "number">184</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig349">349.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Beauchamp of Bletshoe</p></td>
+<td class = "number">184</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig350">350.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Bishop Grandison</p></td>
+<td class = "number">185</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig351">351.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Bishop Le Despencer</p></td>
+<td class = "number">185</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig352">352.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Sir Fulk Fitz Warin</p></td>
+<td class = "number">186</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig353">353.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Thomas le Scrope</p></td>
+<td class = "number">186</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig354">354.</a></td>
+<td><p>Crescent, for Difference</p></td>
+<td class = "number">186</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig355">355.</a></td>
+<td><p>Mullet, for Difference</p></td>
+<td class = "number">186</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig356">356.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Lord Latimer</p></td>
+<td class = "number">187</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig357">357.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Neville</p></td>
+<td class = "number">187</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig358">358.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Sir Wm. de Brewys</p></td>
+<td class = "number">187</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig359">359.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Henry, Earl of Worcester</p></td>
+<td class = "number">189</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig360">360.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Beaufort, before 1397</p></td>
+<td class = "number">189</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig361">361.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Beaufort, after 1397</p></td>
+<td class = "number">189</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig362">362.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Charles, Earl of Worcester</p></td>
+<td class = "number">190</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig363">363.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Sir Roger de Clarendon</p></td>
+<td class = "number">190</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig364">364.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Radulphus de Arundel</p></td>
+<td class = "number">190</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig365">365.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of William Fraser</p></td>
+<td class = "number">193</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig366">366.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Earl of Chester</p></td>
+<td class = "number">195</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig367">367.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Fitz Ralph</p></td>
+<td class = "number">196</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig368">368.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of De Luterell</p></td>
+<td class = "number">197</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig369">369.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of De Wadsley</p></td>
+<td class = "number">197</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig370">370.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of De Wortley</p></td>
+<td class = "number">198</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig371">371.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of De Mounteney</p></td>
+<td class = "number">198</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig372">372.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of De Mounteney</p></td>
+<td class = "number">198</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig373">373.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield in St. Alban’s Abbey</p></td>
+<td class = "number">203</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig374">374.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield of Howard, after Flodden</p></td>
+<td class = "number">205</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig374a">374<span class = "smallroman">A</span>.</a></td>
+<td><p>Howard Augmentation</p></td>
+<td class = "number">205</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig375">375.</a></td>
+<td><p>Fan-Crest, Richard I.</p></td>
+<td class = "number">209</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig376">376.</a></td>
+<td><p>Fan-Crest, Henry de Perci</p></td>
+<td class = "number">209</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig377">377.</a></td>
+<td><p>Fan-Crest, Henry de Laci</p></td>
+<td class = "number">209</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig378">378.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Alexander de Balliol</p></td>
+<td class = "number">210</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig379">379.</a></td>
+<td><p>Helm, &amp;c., Thomas, Earl of Lancaster</p></td>
+<td class = "number">211</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig380">380.</a></td>
+<td><p>Helm, &amp;c., Geoffrey Luterell</p></td>
+<td class = "number">212</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig381">381.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal, Sir Robert de Marny</p></td>
+<td class = "number">212</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig382">382.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal, William de Wyndesor</p></td>
+<td class = "number">214</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig383">383.</a></td>
+<td><p>Crest, Sir R. Grey, K.G.</p></td>
+<td class = "number">215</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig384">384.</a></td>
+<td><p>Helm, &amp;c., Richard II.</p></td>
+<td class = "number">216</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig385">385.</a></td>
+<td><p>Helm, &amp;c., Sir Hugh Hastings</p></td>
+<td class = "number">217</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig386">386.</a></td>
+<td><p>Crest-Wreath, Sir William Vernon</p></td>
+<td class = "number">217</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig387">387.</a></td>
+<td><p>Crest-Wreath, Sir Robert Harcourt</p></td>
+<td class = "number">217</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig388">388.</a></td>
+<td><p>Crest-Wreath, Effigy at Tewkesbury</p></td>
+<td class = "number">217</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig389">389.</a></td>
+<td><p>Basinet and Crest-Wreath, Sir H. Stafford</p></td>
+<td class = "number">218</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig390">390.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal, Earl Robert Bruce</p></td>
+<td class = "number">225</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig391">391.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal, Sir Walter Hungerford</p></td>
+<td class = "number">225</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig392">392.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal, Sir Robert de Hungerford</p></td>
+<td class = "number">226</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig393">393.</a></td>
+<td><p>Badge, Tau and Bell</p></td>
+<td class = "number">227</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig394">394.</a></td>
+<td><p>Ostrich Feather Badge</p></td>
+<td class = "number">231</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">
+<p class = "deep">
+<a href = "#fig395">395</a>, <a href = "#fig396">396.</a>
+Three Ostrich Feathers, Peterborough</p></td>
+<td class = "number">231</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig397">397.</a></td>
+<td><p>Ostrich Feather Badge, Ludlow</p></td>
+<td class = "number">232</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig398">398.</a></td>
+<td><p>Ostrich Feather Badge, Deanery, Peterborough</p></td>
+<td class = "number">232</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig399">399.</a></td>
+<td><p>Ostrich Feather Badge, St. Alban’s Abbey</p></td>
+<td class = "number">232</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig400">400.</a></td>
+<td><p>Ostrich Feather Badge, Exeter Cathedral</p></td>
+<td class = "number">232</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig401">401.</a></td>
+<td><p>Shield “for Peace� of Black Prince</p></td>
+<td class = "number">234</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig402">402.</a></td>
+<td><p>Ostrich Feather Badge, Seal of Henry IV.</p></td>
+<td class = "number">235</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig403">403.</a></td>
+<td><p>Ostrich Feather Badge, Seal of Thomas, Duke of Gloster</p></td>
+<td class = "number">235</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig404">404.</a></td>
+<td><p>Ostrich Feather Badge, Garter Plate of John Beaufort</p></td>
+<td class = "number">235</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<span class = "pagenum">xxiii</span>
+<a href = "#fig405">405.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Devorguilla Crawford</p></td>
+<td class = "number">239</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig406">406.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Margaret, Lady Hungerford</p></td>
+<td class = "number">240</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig407">407.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Earl Edmund de Mortimer</p></td>
+<td class = "number">242</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig408">408.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Robert Graham</p></td>
+<td class = "number">243</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig409">409.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Sir Wm. Lindsay</p></td>
+<td class = "number">243</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig410">410.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Sir John Drummond</p></td>
+<td class = "number">244</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig411">411.</a></td>
+<td><p>Pennon</p></td>
+<td class = "number">247</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig412">412.</a></td>
+<td><p>Pennon of Percy</p></td>
+<td class = "number">247</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig413">413.</a></td>
+<td><p>Banners and Pennons</p></td>
+<td class = "number">248</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig414">414.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Earl John Holland</p></td>
+<td class = "number">249</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig415">415.</a></td>
+<td><p>Standard of Sir H. de Stafford, K.G.</p></td>
+<td class = "number">251</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig416">416.</a></td>
+<td><p>The Royal Standard</p></td>
+<td class = "number">252</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig417">417.</a></td>
+<td><p>The First Union Jack</p></td>
+<td class = "number">253</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig418">418.</a></td>
+<td><p>Banner of St. George</p></td>
+<td class = "number">253</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig419">419.</a></td>
+<td><p>Banner of St. Andrew</p></td>
+<td class = "number">253</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig420">420.</a></td>
+<td><p>The Second Union Jack</p></td>
+<td class = "number">254</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig421">421.</a></td>
+<td><p>The Banner of St. Patrick</p></td>
+<td class = "number">254</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig422">422.</a></td>
+<td><p>Red Ensign</p></td>
+<td class = "number">255</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig423">423.</a></td>
+<td><p>Royal Arms of Stuart Sovereigns</p></td>
+<td class = "number">261</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig424">424.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Nassau</p></td>
+<td class = "number">261</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig425">425.</a></td>
+<td><p>Diagram of Arms of William III. and Mary</p></td>
+<td class = "number">261</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig426">426.</a></td>
+<td><p>Diagram of Arms of William III. alone</p></td>
+<td class = "number">261</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig427">427.</a></td>
+<td><p>Diagram of Arms of Anne</p></td>
+<td class = "number">262</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig428">428.</a></td>
+<td><p>Arms of Hanover</p></td>
+<td class = "number">262</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">
+<p class = "deep">
+<a href = "#fig429">429</a>, <a href = "#fig430">430.</a>
+Diagrams of Royal Arms</p></td>
+<td class = "number">262, 263</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig431">431.</a></td>
+<td><p>Crest of England</p></td>
+<td class = "number">264</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig432">432.</a></td>
+<td><p>Signet Ring of Queen Mary Stuart</p></td>
+<td class = "number">265</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig433">433.</a></td>
+<td><p>Insignia of the Order of the Garter</p></td>
+<td class = "number">277</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig434">434.</a></td>
+<td><p>“Lesser George� of the Garter</p></td>
+<td class = "number">279</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig435">435.</a></td>
+<td><p>Jewel of the Thistle</p></td>
+<td class = "number">281</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig436">436.</a></td>
+<td><p>Badge of St. Patrick</p></td>
+<td class = "number">281</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig437">437.</a></td>
+<td><p>Badge of the Bath, Naval and Military</p></td>
+<td class = "number">284</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig438">438.</a></td>
+<td><p>Badge of the Bath, Diplomatic and Civil</p></td>
+<td class = "number">285</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig439">439.</a></td>
+<td><p>Badge of the Star of India</p></td>
+<td class = "number">288</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig440">440.</a></td>
+<td><p>Victoria Cross</p></td>
+<td class = "number">293</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig441">441.</a></td>
+<td><p>The Albert Medal</p></td>
+<td class = "number">293</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig442">442.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Lord Bardolf</p></td>
+<td class = "number">318</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig443">443.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of William Mure</p></td>
+<td class = "number">319</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig444">444.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Thomas Monypeny</p></td>
+<td class = "number">319</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig445">445.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Richard Stuart</p></td>
+<td class = "number">319</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig446">446.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Earl Thomas de Beauchamp</p></td>
+<td class = "number"><i>Frontispiece</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig447">447.</a></td>
+<td><p>Counter-Seal of the same</p></td>
+<td class = "number">320</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig448">448.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Earl Richard de Beauchamp</p></td>
+<td class = "number"><i>Frontispiece</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig449">449.</a></td>
+<td><p>Seal of Sir Walter Scott, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1529</p></td>
+<td class = "number">326</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig450">450.</a></td>
+<td><p>Insignia of the Order of the Thistle</p></td>
+<td class = "number">280</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig451">451.</a></td>
+<td><p>Insignia of the Order of St. Patrick</p></td>
+<td class = "number">282</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig452">452.</a></td>
+<td><p>Collar and Military Badge, Order of the Bath</p></td>
+<td class = "number">283</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig453">453.</a></td>
+<td><p>Star of Knight Grand Cross (Civil)</p></td>
+<td class = "number">285</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig454">454.</a></td>
+<td><p>Star of Knight Commander (Military)</p></td>
+<td class = "number">285</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig455">455.</a></td>
+<td><p>Order of Merit</p></td>
+<td class = "number">286</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig456">456.</a></td>
+<td><p>Collar and Insignia of Exalted Order of the Star of
+India</p></td>
+<td class = "number">287</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig457">457.</a></td>
+<td><p>Star and Collar of the Order of St. Michael and St.
+George</p></td>
+<td class = "number">289</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig458">458.</a></td>
+<td><p>Eminent Order of the Indian Empire</p></td>
+<td class = "number">290</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig459">459.</a></td>
+<td><p>Badge of same</p></td>
+<td class = "number">291</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig460">460.</a></td>
+<td><p>G. C. V. O. Star</p></td>
+<td class = "number">291</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig461">461.</a></td>
+<td><p>K. C. V. O. Star</p></td>
+<td class = "number">291</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig462">462.</a></td>
+<td><p>G. C. V. O. Badge</p></td>
+<td class = "number">291</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig463">463.</a></td>
+<td><p>K. C. V. O. Badge</p></td>
+<td class = "number">291</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig464">464.</a></td>
+<td><p>Distinguished Service Older</p></td>
+<td class = "number">292</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<a href = "#fig465">465.</a></td>
+<td><p>Imperial Service Order</p></td>
+<td class = "number">292</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "footnote">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Note.</span>&mdash;<i>Several illustrations
+used herewith in connection with the new Orders created of recent date
+are inserted by arrangement with the Editor of Debrett’s
+“Peerage.�</i></p>
+
+<!-- <span class = "pagenum">xxiv</span> -->
+
+</div> <!-- end div intro -->
+
+
+<h3 class = "extended">ENGLISH HERALDRY</h3>
+
+
+<div class = "maintext">
+
+<span class = "pagenum">1</span>
+<a name = "page1" id = "page1"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapI" id = "chapI">CHAPTER I</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">INTRODUCTORY</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "summary">
+Early Popularity of Heraldry in England&mdash; Origin of English
+Heraldry; Definition; Characteristics; Developments; Early Uses; not
+connected with Earlier Systems&mdash; Ancient Heraldry&mdash; Past and
+Present Treatment of the Subject.</p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“What! Is it possible? not know the figures of Heraldry! Of what could
+your father be thinking?� &mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Rob
+Roy.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "floatleft">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig4" id = "fig4"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig4.png" width = "145" height = "163"
+alt = "T (The)" title = "T (The)"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 4.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "hidden">T</span>he sentiment unquestionably was his own
+which Sir Walter Scott made delightful Di Vernon express when, with
+indignant surprise, she asked Frank Osbaldistone of what his father
+could have been thinking, that he had been permitted to grow up without
+any knowledge of Heraldry. Sir Walter was right in his estimate of the
+high value of Heraldry as an element of education: and, in professing
+herself a votaress of the Herald’s “gentle science,� it was quite right
+in Di Vernon to suggest to other ladies that it would be well for them
+if Heraldry should find favour in their eyes also. The age of Rob Roy,
+however, was far from being
+<span class = "pagenum">2</span>
+<a name = "page2" id = "page2"> </a>
+in harmony with heraldic associations: nor was the author of “Waverley�
+himself permitted to accomplish more, than to lead the way to that
+revival of a popular sympathy with every expression of early Art, which
+now forms one of the most remarkable characteristics of our own era.</p>
+
+<p>In the olden time, in England, the love of Heraldry, which was
+prevalent amongst all classes, was based upon an intelligent
+appreciation of its worthiness. A&nbsp;part of the feudal system of the
+Middle Ages, and at once derived from the prevailing form of thought and
+feeling, and imparting to it a brilliant colouring peculiar to itself,
+Heraldry exercised a powerful influence upon the manners and habits of
+the people amongst whom it was in use. By our early ancestors,
+accordingly, as Mr. Montagu has so happily written, “little given to
+study of any kind, a&nbsp;knowledge of Heraldry was considered
+indispensable:� to them it was the “outward sign of the spirit of
+chivalry, the index, also, to a lengthened chronicle of doughty deeds.�
+And this Heraldry grew up, spontaneously and naturally, out of the
+circumstances and requirements of those times. It came into existence,
+because it was needed for practical use; it was accepted and cherished,
+because it did much more than fulfil its avowed purpose. At first,
+simply useful to distinguish particular individuals, especially in war
+and at the tournament, English Heraldry soon became popular; and then,
+with no less rapidity, it rose to high honour and dignity.</p>
+
+<p>From the circumstance that it first found its special use in direct
+connection with military equipments, knightly exercises, and the
+<i>mêlée</i> of actual battle, mediæval Heraldry has also been entitled
+<span class = "smallcaps">Armory</span>. Men wore the ensigns of
+Heraldry about their persons, embroidered upon the garments that
+partially covered their armour,&mdash;and so they called them
+<i>Coats-of-Arms</i>: they bore these same ensigns on their
+shields,&mdash;and they called them <i>Shields-of-Arms</i>: and
+<span class = "pagenum">3</span>
+<a name = "page3" id = "page3"> </a>
+in their Armorial Banners and Pennons they again displayed the very same
+insignia, floating in the wind high above their heads, from the shafts
+of their lances.</p>
+
+<p>The Heraldry or Armory of England, an honourable and honoured member
+of the illustrious family of mediæval European Heraldry, may be defined
+as a symbolical and pictorial language, in which figures, devices, and
+colours are employed instead of letters. Each heraldic composition has
+its own definite and complete significance, conveyed through its direct
+connection with some particular individual, family, dignity, or office.
+Every such heraldic composition, also, is a true legal possession, held
+and maintained by an express right and title: and it is hereditary, like
+other real property, in accordance with certain laws and precedents of
+inheritance. But in this respect heraldic insignia are singular and
+unlike other property, inasmuch as it is a general rule that they cannot
+be alienated, exchanged, or transferred otherwise than by inheritance or
+other lawful succession. Exceptions to this rule, when they are observed
+occasionally to have occurred, show clearly their own exceptional
+character, and consequently they confirm the true authority of the rule
+itself. It will be understood, as a necessary quality of its hereditary
+nature, that the significance of an heraldic composition, while
+“definite and complete� in itself, admits of augmentation and expansion
+through its association with successive generations. Thus, the Royal
+Shield of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span> is
+“complete� as the heraldic symbol of that great monarch, and of the
+realm under his rule: and yet this same shield, equally “complete� (with
+one simple modification) as the heraldic symbol of each successive
+Sovereign till the death of <span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth</span>,
+has its significance infinitely augmented and expanded through its
+hereditary association with all the Sovereigns of the Houses of
+Plantagenet and Tudor.</p>
+
+<p>Until the concluding quarter of the twelfth century, the
+<span class = "pagenum">4</span>
+<a name = "page4" id = "page4"> </a>
+traces of the existence of Heraldry are faint and few in number. Early
+in the thirteenth century the new science began to establish itself
+firmly amongst our ancestors of that age; and it is certain that, as
+soon as its character and capabilities were in any degree understood
+aright, it grew speedily into favour; so that in the reign of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span> (<span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1216-1272) Heraldry in England had confirmed
+its own claims to be regarded as a Science, by being in possession of a
+system, and a classification of its own.</p>
+
+<p>The Crusades, those extraordinary confederacies without a parallel in
+the history of civilised nations, were themselves so thoroughly a matter
+of religious chivalry, that it was only an inevitable result of their
+existence that they should give a powerful impulse to the establishment
+and development of Heraldry in its early days.</p>
+
+<p>But Heraldry, from the time of its first appearance in England, was
+found to be valuable for other uses besides those which so intimately
+connected it with both real and imitative warfare, with the fierce
+life-and-death conflict of the battle-field, and with the scarcely less
+perilous struggle for honour and renown in the lists. Very soon after
+the Norman Conquest, in consequence of their presence being required to
+give validity to every species of legal document, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Seals</span> became instruments of the greatest importance;
+and it was soon obvious that heraldic insignia, with a representation of
+the knightly shield upon which they were displayed, were exactly suited
+to satisfy every requirement of the seal-engraver. By such means
+Heraldry became interwoven as well with the peaceful concerns of
+everyday life, as with the display of martial splendour and the turmoil
+of war.</p>
+
+<p>Many attempts have been made to set aside the opinion that the
+Heraldry of the Middle Ages in England was a fresh creation,
+a&nbsp;production of indigenous growth: and
+<span class = "pagenum">5</span>
+<a name = "page5" id = "page5"> </a>
+great is the ingenuity that has been brought into action to carry back
+the Heraldry of our own country from the commencement of the thirteenth
+century through the previous elementary stages of its existence, in
+order to trace its direct lineal descent from certain decorative and
+symbolical devices that were in use at much earlier periods. The careful
+and diligent researches, however, of the most learned Heralds have at
+present led them almost unanimously to reject all such theories as
+these, as speculative and uncertain. At the same time, it is an
+indisputable fact that, in all ages of the world, and amongst all races
+of men, some form of symbolical expression has been both in use and in
+favour. And it is equally true that this symbolism, whatever it may have
+been, has generally been found in some way associated with a military
+life and with the act of warfare. Soldiers, and particularly those in
+high command, have always delighted to adorn their shields with devices
+that sometimes were significant of their own condition or exploits, or
+sometimes had reference to their country, or even to their families;
+and, in like manner, it has been a universal custom to display similar
+devices and figures in military standards of all kinds. At the time of
+the Conquest, as is shown in the famous Bayeux Tapestry of the
+Conqueror’s Consort, the shields and standards of both Normans and
+Anglo-Saxons were painted, and perhaps the latter were embroidered, with
+various figures and devices; but certainly without any heraldic
+significance or any personal associations being indicated by these
+figures and devices, which bear a general resemblance to the insignia of
+the Legions and Cohorts of Imperial Rome. Figures Nos. 5 and 6 give
+representations of the standards that are introduced into the Bayeux
+Tapestry. The same species of decoration, consisting chiefly of painted
+patterns, with discs, stars, crescents, and some other figures,
+continued in use in our own country until superseded by a true Heraldry;
+and may
+<span class = "pagenum">6</span>
+<a name = "page6" id = "page6"> </a>
+also be assumed to have prevailed in England in much earlier times.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig5" id = "fig5"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig5.png" width = "136" height = "137"
+alt = "see caption">
+<a name = "fig6" id = "fig6"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig6.png" width = "137" height = "123"
+alt = "see caption">
+</p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+Nos. 5 and 6.&mdash;Lance Flags&mdash;Bayeux Tapestry.</p>
+
+<p>In still more remote ages a more decided heraldic system was
+displayed upon signets, coins, shields, and standards. In this ancient
+Heraldry, if so it may be termed, occasionally the important and
+characteristic quality of hereditary association in certain devices is
+apparent. Thus, Virgil (Æneid, vii. 657) assigns to Aventinus
+“<i>insigne paternum</i>� upon his shield&mdash;his hereditary device,
+derived by him from his father. But these devices generally appear to
+have their significance in a greater or a less degree restricted,
+amongst the ancients, to certain particular incidents; consequently in
+all these examples there is nothing to show that the man who bore one
+device at one time, did not bear another device at another time.<a class
+= "tag" name = "tag1" id = "tag1" href = "#note1">1</a> For example,
+Æschylus, the Greek tragedian (<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>
+600), has recorded that Capaneus, when attacking the
+<span class = "pagenum">7</span>
+<a name = "page7" id = "page7"> </a>
+city of Thebes, bore on his shield the figure of a warrior carrying a
+lighted torch, with the motto, “I will fire the city!� But, on another
+occasion, we have reason to believe that the same Capaneus bore quite a
+different device, applicable to that other occasion; and this deprives
+these ancient devices, heraldic as they are in their general character,
+of that special personal association which true Heraldry requires and,
+indeed, implies. The beautiful painted vases, the works of Greek
+artists, that are discovered in such extraordinary numbers and in
+perfect preservation in some parts of Italy, constantly give most
+striking representations of the shields of ancient Greek warriors and
+other personages, with what appear heraldic devices displayed upon them.
+These shields illustrate, in a remarkable manner, both the appropriate
+significance of particular devices, and the usage then prevalent for a
+variety of devices to be borne on different occasions by the same
+individual. Shields upon vases in the collections in the Museum of the
+Louvre at Paris, and in the British Museum, where they are easy of
+access, contain a great variety of devices. The examples, Nos. 7, 8, 9,
+and 10, are from our own National Collections. No. 7, the shield black,
+the border and the pegasus red; No. 8, the shield black, and the two
+dolphins white; No. 9, the shield black, with a border adorned with red
+discs, the serpent white; No. 10, the shield black, with
+<span class = "pagenum">8</span>
+<a name = "page8" id = "page8"> </a>
+purple border, the three human legs conjoined white. The shields, Nos. 9
+and 10, are both borne by the goddess <span class = "greek" title =
+"ATHÊNÊ">ΑΘΗ�Η</span> (Minerva); and the remarkable device displayed on
+No. 10 is also found on the coins of ancient Sicily. Other similar
+shields display lions, horses, dogs, wild boars, fish, birds, clusters
+of leaves, chariots and chariot-wheels, votive tripods, serpents,
+scorpions, with many others, including occasional examples of human
+figures. In another collection I have seen an anchor and an Amazon’s
+bow. A&nbsp;device differing from that in No. 10 only in having the
+conjoined limbs in armour, will be found in our own English Heraldry to
+be the armorial ensign of the Isle of Man.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig7" id = "fig7"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig7.png" width = "163" height = "164"
+alt = "see caption">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig8" id = "fig8"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig8.png" width = "162" height = "164"
+alt = "see caption">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">No. 7</td>
+<td class = "caption">No. 8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig9" id = "fig9"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig9.png" width = "156" height = "156"
+alt = "see caption">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig10" id = "fig10"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig10.png" width = "157" height = "156"
+alt = "see caption">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">No. 9</td>
+<td class = "caption">No. 10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption" colspan = "2">
+Ancient Shields from Greek Vases.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>This Heraldry of Antiquity is to be regarded as the predecessor, and
+not as the ancestor of the Heraldry of England. There may be much that
+is common to both; but, there is nothing to show the later system to
+have been a
+<span class = "pagenum">9</span>
+<a name = "page9" id = "page9"> </a>
+lineal descendant from the earlier. It would seem much more likely that
+Heraldry, when it had been evolved, adopted ready made the emblems of an
+older civilisation for its own purpose, often appropriating at the same
+time the symbolism attaching to the emblems. The Heraldry, therefore,
+that has flourished, declined, and now is in the act of reviving in our
+own country in almost the full vigour of its best days, I&nbsp;shall
+treat as an independent science, proceeding from a single source, and
+from thence flowing onwards with varied fortunes, side by side with the
+chequered chronicles of England. In the course of its progress from the
+palmy days of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>, it has
+had to encounter, in a degree without precedent or parallel, that most
+painful and mischievous of trials&mdash;the excessive admiration of
+injudicious friends. Hence, Heraldry was brought into disrepute, and
+even into contempt, by the very persons who loved it with a genuine but
+a most unwise love. In process of time, no nonsense appeared too
+extravagant, and no fable too wild, to be engrafted upon the grave
+dignity of the Herald’s early science. Better times at length have
+succeeded. Heraldry now has friends and admirers, zealous as of old,
+whose zeal is guided aright by a sound judgment in alliance with a pure
+taste. Very much already has been accomplished to sweep away the amazing
+mass of absurdities and errors which had overwhelmed our English
+Heraldry, by such men as Nicholas, Nichols, Courthope, Seton, Planché,
+Walford, Montagu, and Lower: and the good work goes on and prospers,
+with the most cheering assurances of complete and triumphant
+success.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote">
+<a name = "note1" id = "note1" href = "#tag1">1.</a>
+In his “Hand-book of Engraved Gems,� Mr. King maintains that “the
+devices on the signets of the ancients were both hereditary and
+unalterable, like our armorial bearings;� but, at the same time, he
+admits that the “armorial bearings,� which appear “on the shields of the
+Grecian heroes in the most ancient pictures extant, the Vase-paintings,�
+“seem to have been assumed at the caprice of the individual, like the
+knight’s <i>cognisances</i> at tournaments in the days of chivalry, and
+not to have been hereditary.�&mdash;“Hand-book,� page 216. Almost
+immediately, however, Mr. King adds, that traditions exist which
+represent the mythic heroes bearing “engraved on their signets the same
+devices that decorated their shields.� It would seem that the argument
+from such traditions would rather indicate the signet-devices to have
+been arbitrary, than the shield-devices to have been unalterable. While
+I readily admit the very interesting devices of antiquity to possess
+decided heraldic attributes, I&nbsp;cannot consider Mr. King to have
+shown that, as a general rule, they were held by the ancients themselves
+to have been either “unalterable� or “hereditary.� Possibly, further
+light may be thrown upon the hereditary quality of ancient Heraldry:
+but, I&nbsp;certainly do not expect to see any evidence adduced, which
+would establish a line of descent connecting the Mediæval Heraldry of
+England with any heraldic system of classic antiquity.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">10</span>
+<a name = "page10" id = "page10"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapII" id = "chapII">CHAPTER II</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">EARLY HERALDIC AUTHORITIES</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "summary">
+Seals: Monumental Effigies, &amp;c.: Rolls of Arms, Official Heraldic
+Records, &amp;c.&mdash; Earliest Heraldic Shields and Banners&mdash;
+Allusive Quality of Early Armory&mdash; Attributed Arms.</p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“Let us begin at the beginning.� &mdash;<span class =
+"smallcaps">Pursuivant of Arms.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "firstword">At</span> the head of the earliest existing
+authorities in English Heraldry are <span class =
+"smallcaps">Seals</span>. To the fortunate circumstance of the legal
+importance attached to them we are indebted for the preservation of
+these equally interesting and valuable relics, in great variety and in
+very considerable numbers. The heraldic evidence of Seals is necessarily
+of the highest order. They are original works, possessing
+contemporaneous authority. Produced with peculiar care and approved by
+their first possessors, their original authenticity is confirmed by
+their continued use through successive generations.</p>
+
+<p>Having been in use before the introduction and adoption of Heraldry
+in England, Seals enable us to compare the devices that preceded true
+Heraldry with the earliest that are truly heraldic: and thus they show
+that, in many instances, regular coats-of-arms were derived in their
+hereditary bearings from similar devices that had been adopted in the
+same families before the heraldic era. For example: the Seal of John
+Mundegumri, about <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1175, bears a
+<i>single fleur-de-lys</i>, not placed upon a shield; and, accordingly,
+here is seen the origin of the <i>three golden fleurs-de-lys</i>, borne
+afterwards upon a blue shield by the descendants
+<span class = "pagenum">11</span>
+<a name = "page11" id = "page11"> </a>
+of this John, the Montgomeries, Earls of Eglintoun. Again: the Seal of
+Walter Innes, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1431, displays the
+shield of arms of his house&mdash;<i>three blue mullets</i> (stars
+generally of five rays) on a field of silver, No. 11; and these mullets
+may be traced to the <i>single star</i>, that appears on the Seal of
+William Innes, or De Ynays, No. 12, appended to his deed of homage to
+Edward I., in the year 1295. I&nbsp;have selected these examples from
+the “Catalogue of Scottish Seals,� published by Mr. Laing, of Edinburgh,
+that I may be enabled here to refer in the highest terms of admiring
+commendation to that most excellent work. It is greatly to be desired
+that a corresponding publication should treat, with equal ability, of
+the Seals of England which, from the dawn of Heraldry, continue their
+admirable examples and illustrations throughout its career.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig11" id = "fig11"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig11.png" width = "90" height = "95"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig12" id = "fig12"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig12.png" width = "93" height = "95"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 11.&mdash; Seal of Walter Innes.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 12.&mdash; Seal of Wm. Innes.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Monumental Effigies, Sepulchral Memorials, early Buildings, and early
+Stained Glass, frequently are rich in authoritative examples of “the
+figures of Heraldry.� In addition to the various forms and combinations
+of heraldic composition, these works illustrate the early style of
+drawing in favour with Heralds during the great eras of mediæval Art,
+and they have preserved to us most useful and suggestive representations
+of various devices in their proper heraldic aspect. In many instances
+the Heraldry of early Monuments and Architecture possesses a peculiar
+value, arising from the circumstance of the shields of arms and other
+insignia having been sculptured in low relief or outlined in incised
+lines, and consequently these devices
+<span class = "pagenum">12</span>
+<a name = "page12" id = "page12"> </a>
+and compositions retain their original forms: and, in like manner, the
+original colouring of the Heraldry of Stained Glass remains safe from
+restoration or destruction, in consequence of the impossibility of
+re-painting&nbsp;it.</p>
+
+<p>The early written Literature of English Heraldry is calculated to
+throw but little light upon either its true character or its history. In
+addition, however, to the various and numerous official documents of the
+Heralds’ College, several examples of one particular class of heraldic
+record have been preserved, the value of which cannot be too highly
+estimated. These are <span class = "smallcaps">Rolls of
+Arms</span>&mdash;long, narrow strips of parchment, on which are written
+lists of the names and titles of certain personages, with full
+descriptions of their armorial insignia. The circumstances under which
+these Rolls were prepared are obviously not identical and for the most
+part unknown: but, the exact accuracy of their statements has been
+established beyond all question by careful and repeated comparison with
+Seals and other Monuments, and also with Documents which give only an
+indirect and yet not the less conclusive corroboration to the records of
+the Rolls of Arms themselves. The earliest of these Rolls at present
+known date about <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1240 to 1245;
+and since in these earliest Rolls a very decided technical language is
+uniformly adopted, and the descriptions are all given in palpable
+accordance with fixed rules which must then have been well understood,
+we infer that by the end of the first half of the thirteenth century
+there was in existence a system for the regulation of such matters.
+Heraldry was perhaps recognised as a Science, with fixed terms and rules
+for describing heraldic devices and figures, and established laws to
+direct the granting, the assuming, and the bearing of arms.</p>
+
+<p>The most interesting of these early heraldic Rolls records, in a
+metrical form, and in Norman-French, the siege and capture of the
+fortress of Carlaverock, on the Scottish border, by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span>, in the year 1300. In
+<span class = "pagenum">13</span>
+<a name = "page13" id = "page13"> </a>
+addition to very curious descriptions of the muster of the Royal troops
+at Carlisle, their march northwards, and the incidents of the siege
+(which last have a strange resemblance to what Homer has recorded of
+incidents that took place during the siege of Troy), this Roll gives
+some graphic personal sketches of the princes, nobles, bannerets, and
+knights, whose banners and shields of arms are set forth in it with
+minute exactness. This Roll, as well as several others, has been
+published, with translations and very valuable notes.</p>
+
+<p>In the Manuscript Collections of the British Museum also, and of
+other Libraries both public and private, and in the County Histories,
+and other works of a cognate character, there are many documents which
+contain various important records and illustrations of early English
+Heraldry.</p>
+
+<p>In any references to authorities, that it may appear desirable for me
+to make in the course of this and the following chapters, I&nbsp;must be
+as concise as possible. A&nbsp;direct reference to Seals, Effigies,
+&amp;c., will be necessary in each case: but, in referring to Rolls of
+Arms, it will be sufficient to denote the period of the authority in
+general terms. Accordingly, I&nbsp;shall refer, not to each particular
+Roll, but collectively to those of each of the following
+reigns&mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span>, <span
+class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;II.</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>, and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;II.</span>; and these references will severally
+be made thus,&mdash;(H.&nbsp;3), (E.&nbsp;1), (E.&nbsp;2), (E.&nbsp;3),
+and (R.&nbsp;2).</p>
+
+<div class = "floatleft">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig13" id = "fig13"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig13.png" width = "88" height = "237"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 13.<br>
+Banner of<br>
+Templars.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig14" id = "fig14"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig14.png" width = "68" height = "234"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 14.<br>
+Banner of<br>
+Leicester.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Amongst the earliest Shields and Banners of Arms, all of them
+remarkable for their simplicity, many are found to be without any device
+whatever, their distinction consisting simply in some peculiarity in the
+colouring. Such examples may be considered to have been derived from
+pre-heraldic times, and transmitted, without any change or addition, to
+later periods. The renowned Banner of the Knights Templars, by them
+called <i>Beauseant</i>, No. 13, is black above and white below, which
+is said to have
+<span class = "pagenum">14</span>
+<a name = "page14" id = "page14"> </a>
+denoted that, while fierce to their foes, they were gracious to their
+friends. An ancient Banner of the Earl of Leicester (H.&nbsp;3) is white
+and red, the division being made by a vertical indented line; No. 14.
+This design, however, was not the coat of arms of the earl. The Shield
+of the ducal House of Brittany, closely connected with the Royal Family
+of England, is simply of the fur ermine; No. 15. The Shield of
+Waldegrave is silver and red, as in No. 16: and that of Fitz Warine
+(H.&nbsp;3), also of silver and red, is treated as in No.&nbsp;17.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig15" id = "fig15"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig15.png" width = "115" height = "126"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig16" id = "fig16"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig16.png" width = "115" height = "127"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig17" id = "fig17"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig17.png" width = "111" height = "129"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 15.&mdash; Brittany.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 16.&mdash; Waldegrave.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 17.&mdash; Fitz Warine.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class = "floatright w180">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig18" id = "fig18"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig18.png" width = "134" height = "160"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 18.&mdash; Shield at Whitworth.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Some of the earliest of the simple devices of true Heraldry were
+evidently adopted from the <i>structural formation</i> (or from a
+<i>structural strengthening</i>) of the Shields, on which they were
+displayed. Thus, a&nbsp;raised border, and bands of metal variously
+disposed in order to impart additional strength to a shield, with
+distinct colouring, would produce a series of heraldic compositions.
+A&nbsp;good example occurs in the shield of an early Effigy at
+Whitworth, Durham, No. 18, in which the heads of the rivets or screws
+employed to fix the border on the shield, appear to have been made to
+assume
+<span class = "pagenum">15</span>
+<a name = "page15" id = "page15"> </a>
+the character of heraldic additions to the simple border and horizontal
+bands. Other primary devices of the same simple order, which in like
+manner may have had a structural origin, I&nbsp;shall consider in detail
+in subsequent chapters. (See particularly <a href =
+"#chapVI">Chapter&nbsp;VI.</a>)</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig19" id = "fig19"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig19.png" width = "190" height = "271"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 19.&mdash; The Escarbuncle.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The central boss, at once an appropriate ornament of an early shield,
+and an important addition to its defensive qualities, when extended in
+the form of decorative metal-work, would readily suggest a variety of
+heraldic figures, and amongst others several beautiful modifications of
+a simple cruciform device which it might be made to assume. The figure
+called an escarbuncle, No. 19, is simply a shield-boss developed into
+decorative structural metal-work. This figure appears in the Temple
+Church, London, upon the shield of an Effigy, which Mr. J. Gough Nichols
+has shown to have been incorrectly attributed to Geoffrey de Mandeville,
+Earl of Essex.</p>
+
+<p>The greater number of the earliest devices that appear in English
+Heraldry were adopted for the express purpose of their having some
+<i>allusive association</i>, through a similarity of sound in their own
+names or descriptions with the names and titles or the territories of
+certain persons, dignities, and places. In exact accordance with the
+principles and aim of primitive mediæval Heraldry, and in perfect
+harmony with the sentiments and requirements of the age in which it grew
+up into a science, devices of this kind addressed themselves in very
+plain and expressive language to the men of their own era. In them they
+saw the kind of symbolical writing that they could remember, as well as
+understand.
+<span class = "pagenum">16</span>
+<a name = "page16" id = "page16"> </a>
+They also evidently liked the quaint style of suggestiveness that was a
+characteristic of these allusive devices: and, it is more than probable
+that there frequently lurked in them a humorous significance, which by
+no means tended to detract from their popularity. Devices of this same
+order have never ceased to be in favour with Heralds and lovers of
+Heraldry. They were used in the sixteenth century at least as commonly
+as in the thirteenth; but, as would be expected, in the later period
+they often became complicated, far-fetched, and extravagant.</p>
+
+<p>This allusive quality, distinguished in English Heraldry as
+“<i>canting</i>,� has commonly been misunderstood, and therefore
+incorrectly estimated, by modern writers, who have supposed it to be a
+fantastic conceit of the Heralds of a degenerate age. By writers such as
+these, accordingly, all “<i>canting arms</i>� (by French Heralds called
+“<i>armes parlantes</i>�) have been absurdly assigned to a separate
+class, in their estimation having an inferior heraldic grade.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig20" id = "fig20"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig20.png" width = "130" height = "152"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 20.&mdash; Shield<br>
+of Montacute.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The prevalence of the allusive quality in early arms may be assumed
+to have been even more general than is now apparent, since so many of
+the original echoes and allusions have become obscured or altogether
+lost in the lapse of time, and through the changes that have taken place
+since the accession of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span>
+in the French language and in our own also. The use of the Latin
+language, again, in the Middle Ages led, at later periods, to
+translations of names; French names, too, were translated in the same
+manner into English equivalents: and, at other times, the sound of a
+Latin or a French (Anglo-Norman) name was transferred to an English
+representative having a somewhat similar sound, without the slightest
+reference to the original signification. Who, for example, in the name
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Montagu</span> now recognises instinctively
+the original allusion to a <i>mountain</i> with its <i>sharply</i>
+peaked crests, and so discerns the probable allusive origin of the
+<i>sharp</i> triple points of the devices on
+<span class = "pagenum">17</span>
+<a name = "page17" id = "page17"> </a>
+the old Montacute shield, No. 20? It is easy to see how much must have
+been unconsciously done, by such changes in names and their
+associations, to obliterate what once was clear, significant, and
+expressive. I&nbsp;must be content here to give, simply by way of
+explanatory illustration, a&nbsp;very few examples of allusive arms;
+and, in so doing, it may be well for me to observe that the early
+Heralds of our country always employed the French language as it was
+spoken in their own times in England as well as in France. In the time
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span>, G.&nbsp;de Lucy has
+for his arms <i>three lucies</i>&mdash;fish now known as pike: Robert
+Quency has a <i>quintefueil</i>&mdash;a flower of five leaves: Thos.
+Corbett has <i>two corbeaux</i>&mdash;ravens: A.&nbsp;de Swyneburne has
+“<i>trois testes de senglier</i>�&mdash;three heads of the wild boar, or
+<i>swine</i>: (E.&nbsp;2), Sir R. de Eschales has <i>six
+escallops</i>&mdash;<i>shells</i>: Sir G. de Trompintoun, of
+Trumpington, near Cambridge, has <i>two trompes</i>&mdash;trumpets: Sir
+J. Bordoun has <i>three bourdons</i>&mdash;pilgrim’s staves: Sir
+G.&nbsp;Rossel has <i>three roses</i>: and Sir O. Heron has the same
+number of <i>herons</i>. So also, for the Spanish provinces Castile and
+Leon, a&nbsp;<i>castle</i> and a <i>lion</i>: for Falconer,
+a&nbsp;<i>falcon</i>: Butler, <i>cups</i>: Forester, <i>bugle-horns</i>:
+Arundel, <i>hirondelles</i>&mdash;swallows: Wingfield, <i>wings</i>:
+Shelley, <i>shells</i>: Pigot, <i>pick-axes</i>: Leveson, <i>leaves</i>:
+and Martel, <i>martels</i>&mdash;hammers. The <i>Broom-plant</i> with
+its seed-pods, in Latin <i>Planta genista</i>, No. 21, gave its name to
+the <span class = "smallcaps">Plantagenet</span> Dynasty. I&nbsp;shall
+hereafter add several other curious examples of devices of this class,
+when treating of <i>Badges</i>, <i>Rebuses</i>, and <i>Mottoes</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig21" id = "fig21"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig21.png" width = "127" height = "173"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 21.<br>
+Planta Genista.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There is one class of early arms, which it is important
+<span class = "pagenum">18</span>
+<a name = "page18" id = "page18"> </a>
+that students of Armory should observe with especial care, lest they be
+led by them into unexpected errors. These are arms that were invented
+<i>after</i> Heraldry had been established, and then were assigned to
+personages of historical eminence who had lived and died <i>before</i>
+the true heraldic era. In the days in which every person of prominence
+bore heraldic arms, and when Heraldry had attained to high renown, it
+was natural enough to consider that suitable armorial devices and
+compositions should be assigned to the men of mark in earlier ages, both
+to distinguish them in accordance with the usage then prevalent, and to
+treat their memory with becoming honour. Such arms were also in a sense
+necessary to their descendants for the purposes of quartering. No proof
+can be shown that the arms said to have been borne by <span class =
+"smallcaps">William the Conqueror</span> are not of this
+order&mdash;made for him, that is, and attributed to him in after times,
+but of which he himself had no knowledge. These arms, No. 22, differ
+from the true Royal Insignia of England only in there being <i>two</i>,
+instead of <i>three</i>, lions displayed upon the shield. The arms of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Edward the Confessor</span>, <a href =
+"#fig2">No.&nbsp;2</a>, were certainly devised long after his death, and
+they appear to have been suggested to the heralds of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span> by one of the Confessor’s coins: the
+shield is blue, and the cross and five birds (martlets) are gold. In
+like manner, the arms attributed to the earlier Saxon Sovereigns of
+England, No. 23, a&nbsp;gold cross upon
+<span class = "pagenum">19</span>
+<a name = "page19" id = "page19"> </a>
+blue, are really not earlier than the thirteenth century. The arms,
+<a href = "#fig2">No.&nbsp;2</a>, having been assigned to <span class =
+"smallcaps">St. Edward</span>, a&nbsp;patron saint of mediæval England,
+were long regarded with peculiar reverence. I&nbsp;have placed them,
+drawn from a fine shield of the thirteenth century in <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘Westminister’">Westminster</ins>
+Abbey, to take a part in forming a group at the head of my Preface, with
+the shields of the two other saintly Patrons of “old England,� <span
+class = "smallcaps">St. George</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">St.
+Edmund</span>, <a href = "#fig1">No.&nbsp;1</a> and <a href =
+"#fig3">No.&nbsp;3</a>&mdash;a red cross on a silver shield, and three
+golden crowns upon a shield of blue.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig22" id = "fig22"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig22.png" width = "133" height = "143"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig23" id = "fig23"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig23.png" width = "122" height = "137"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 22.&mdash; <span class = "smallcaps">William&nbsp;I.</span></td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 23.&mdash; Saxon Princes.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">20</span>
+<a name = "page20" id = "page20"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapIII" id = "chapIII">CHAPTER III</a></h4>
+
+<p class = "summary">
+The English Heraldry that is now in existence&mdash; First Debasement of
+Heraldry&mdash; Later Debasement&mdash; Revival of English
+Heraldry&mdash; Heraldic Art.</p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“Sans changer.� &mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Motto of
+Stanley.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "firstword">English</span> Heraldry, as it exists amongst
+us in our own times, is the very same Heraldry that flourished under the
+kindly influences of the greatest of the Plantagenets, though perhaps
+modified in some details by changed circumstances. It is not of a new,
+but of the old, Heraldry of England that I am setting forth the
+elements. Our Heraldry has had to pass from good days to bad ones: and,
+having gone through the worst of bad days, the circle at length has
+revolved, so that we are witnessing the happy change of a vigorous
+heraldic revival. Heraldry already enjoys a very great popularity; and,
+without a doubt, it will become still more popular, in the degree that
+it is better and more generally understood. For its complete ultimate
+success, the present revival of true English Heraldry must mainly depend
+upon the manner in which we apply the lessons that may be learned by us,
+no less from the warnings of the recent evil days of the science, than
+from the example of the brilliant ones that preceded them long ago. Nor
+should we deal faithfully with our revived Heraldry, were we not to form
+a just estimate of whatever was imperfect in the best era of its early
+history, in order to apply to present improvement the lessons that thus
+also may be learned. It must be admitted that the Heralds and Heraldic
+writers of the 17th century, following the footsteps of some of their
+immediate predecessors, led the
+<span class = "pagenum">21</span>
+<a name = "page21" id = "page21"> </a>
+way towards the thorough debasement of their own science. Their example
+was not without effect upon those who followed them&mdash;men quite
+equal to the perpetration of whatever had not been already done to bring
+Heraldry into contempt. This was accomplished first, by gravely
+discoursing, in early heraldic language, upon the imaginary Heraldry of
+the patriarchal and antediluvian worthies: making a true coat of arms of
+Joseph’s “coat of many colours,� giving armorial ensigns to David and
+Gideon, to Samson and Joshua, to “that worthy gentilman Japheth,� to
+Jubal and Tubal-Cain, and crowning the whole by declaring that our
+common progenitor, Adam, bore on his own red shield Eve’s shield of
+silver, after the mediæval fashion that would denote his wife to have
+been an heiress!</p>
+
+<p>Then there set in a flood of allegorical and fantastic absurdities,
+by which the fair domain of Heraldry was absolutely overwhelmed. Wild
+and strange speculations, in a truly vain philosophy, interwoven with
+distorted images of both the myths and the veritable records of classic
+antiquity, were either deduced from armorial blazonry, or set forth as
+the sources from whence it was developed. Fables and anecdotes, having
+reference to less remote eras, were produced in great variety and in
+copious abundance. The presence in blazon of animated beings of
+whatsoever kinds, whether real or fabulous, led to rambling
+disquisitions in the most ludicrously <i>un</i>natural of imaginary
+Natural History. From every variety also of inanimate figure and device,
+the simplest no less than the more elaborate, after the same fashion
+some “moral� was sought to be extracted. The technical language, too, of
+the early Heralds, had its expressive simplicity travestied by a
+complicated jargon, replete with marvellous assertions, absurd
+doctrines, covert allusions devoid of consistent significance, quaint
+and yet trivial conceits, and bombastic rhapsodies. Even the
+nomenclature of the Tinctures was not exempt from a characteristic
+<span class = "pagenum">22</span>
+<a name = "page22" id = "page22"> </a>
+course of “treatment,� two distinctive additional sets of titles for
+gold, silver, blue, red, &amp;c., having been devised and substituted
+for those in general use (see <a href = "#chapV">Chapter V.</a>); of
+these the one set was derived from the names of the <i>Planets</i>, and
+employed to emblazon the insignia of Sovereign Princes; and the other
+set, derived from the names of <i>Jewels</i>, was applied to the arms of
+Nobles. In the midst of all the rubbish, however, which they thus
+delighted to accumulate, there may generally be discovered in the works
+of writers of this class, here and there, references to earlier usages
+and illustrations of original principles which, in the extreme dearth of
+genuine early heraldic literature, are both interesting and of real
+value. Nor are these writings without their value, estimated from
+another point of view, as contemporaneous and unconscious commentaries
+upon the history of their own times. It must be added that, in more than
+a few instances, beneath the surface there lurks a vein of both
+political and personal allusion, of which the point and bearing now are
+altogether lost, or at the most are only open to conjecture and surmise.
+And, again, even in their most extravagant and frivolous lucubrations,
+the heraldic writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are not
+without touches of humour; as when Gerard Legh (<span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1562), discoursing of “beastes,� remarks of the
+“Ramme� that in “aucthoritye he is a Duke, for hee hath the leadyng of
+multitudes and flockes of his own kynde;� and of the ass, “I could write
+much of this beaste, but that it might be thought it were to mine own
+glorie.�</p>
+
+<p>The adoption of additional quarterings for the purpose of display,
+and the introduction of more complicated compositions in the time of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VIII.</span>, were speedily
+followed by the substitution of pictorial representations, often of a
+most frivolous and inconsistent character, and many of them altogether
+unintelligible without written explanations, instead of the simple,
+dignified, and expressive
+<span class = "pagenum">23</span>
+<a name = "page23" id = "page23"> </a>
+insignia of true Heraldry. For example, in the year 1760, a&nbsp;grant
+of arms was made to a Lincolnshire family named Tetlow, which, with
+thirteen other figures, includes the representation of a book duly
+clasped and ornamented, having on it a silver penny; while above the
+book rests a dove, holding in its beak a crow-quill! This was to
+commemorate one of the family having, with a crow-quill, actually
+achieved the exploit of writing the Lord’s Prayer within the compass of
+a silver penny. Amongst the most objectionable of the arms of this class
+are those which were granted to distinguished naval and military
+officers&mdash;arms, that certainly ought to have conferred fresh honour
+on illustrious names, instead of inflicting dishonour upon Heraldry
+itself. Battles by sea and land, landscapes and sea views and fortified
+cities, flags of all kinds, with medals and ribbons, all of them
+intermixed with devices not quite so unheraldic, abound in these
+extravagant compositions. The arms of Lord Nelson, and still more
+recently those of General Lord Gough, may be specified as flagrant
+examples of this degenerate pictorial Heraldry. The Duke of Wellington
+happily escaped a similar infliction. It would be but too easy to
+enumerate other equally inconsistent and unheraldic compositions: but,
+I&nbsp;must be content to refer only to the armorial shield granted to
+the great astronomer, Sir John Herschel, on which is displayed his
+forty-foot reflecting telescope, with all its apparatus! These, and all
+such violations of heraldic truth and consistency, though in some
+instances they are of very recent date, are now to be assigned to a
+closed chapter in the history of English Heraldry. But in considering
+them it must not be forgotten that this kind of grant was not confined
+to this country, but flourished to a still greater extent abroad.</p>
+
+<p>In our present revival of English Heraldry, it is essential that we
+impress upon our minds a correct conception
+<span class = "pagenum">24</span>
+<a name = "page24" id = "page24"> </a>
+of the twofold character of all Heraldry&mdash;that it is a
+<i>Science</i>, and also that it is an <i>Art</i>. We have to vindicate
+the reputation of our Heraldry, as well in the one capacity as in the
+other. Of very noble heraldic Art we happily possess original examples
+in great numbers, which have been bequeathed to us, as a precious
+inheritance, from “the brave days of old.� The style of Art that we see
+exemplified in these early authorities we may accept almost unreservedly
+as our own style; and we must aspire to sympathise heartily with their
+genuine heraldic feeling. In our representation, also, of almost all
+inanimate and natural objects in our own armorial compositions, as a
+general rule, we may trust confidently to the same good guidance. The
+early method of representation, indeed, must form the basis of our
+system of treatment; and, we may faithfully adhere to this rule, and yet
+occasionally we may find it to be desirable that the form and the
+accessories of some devices should be adapted to modern associations. In
+truth, it is not by merely copying the works of even the greatest of the
+early heraldic artists, that we are to become masters in heraldic Art.
+When the copies are good, copying is always valuable, as a branch of
+study; but, if it be our highest and only aim to reproduce the
+expressions of other men’s thoughts, then copying is worse than
+worthless. What we have to do is to express our heraldic Art in the
+spirit of the early Heralds, to keep it in harmony with what, in the
+best of the early days, they would have accepted as the highest heraldic
+Art, and at the same time to show that our heraldic Art in very truth is
+our own.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig24" id = "fig24"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig24.png" width = "332" height = "405"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 24.&mdash; Prince <span class = "smallcaps">John of Eltham</span>,
+<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1336.</p>
+
+<p>The treatment of animate creatures in Heraldry requires a certain
+kind, and also a certain degree, of conventionalism. Here, as before, in
+the early Heralds we have excellent masters; but, here we must follow
+their teaching with more of reserve, and with cautious steps. We
+recognise the happy
+<span class = "pagenum">25</span>
+<a name = "page25" id = "page25"> </a>
+consistency of the conventionalism which they displayed in their
+representation of animate creatures, without any purpose to adopt it in
+the same degree with them. Had the early Heralds been more familiar with
+the living presence of the various creatures that they summoned to enter
+into their service, without a doubt they would have represented them
+with a much closer conformity to Nature. We must apply our better
+knowledge, as we may feel confident the early Heralds would have applied
+a similar knowledge had they been able to have acquired it. Heraldic
+animals of every kind&mdash;lions, eagles, dolphins, and all
+others&mdash;must be so far subjected to a conventional treatment, that
+they will not exhibit a <i>strictly</i> natural appearance: and, on the
+other hand, being carefully preserved from all exaggerated
+conventionalisms, they must approach as near to Nature as a definite
+conventional rendering of natural truth will admit. The lions of the
+early Heralds, spirited beasts always, generally show a decided
+disposition to exhibit their heraldic sympathies in excess. They have in
+them rather too much that is heraldic conventionalism, and not quite
+enough that is natural lion. And, with the first symptoms of decline in
+heraldic Art, the treatment of lions showed signs of a tendency to carry
+conventionalism to the utmost extravagance. The same remarks are
+applicable to eagles. It must be added, however, that truly admirable
+examples of heraldic animals occasionally may be found as late even as
+the commencement of the sixteenth century, as in the chantry of Abbot
+Ramryge, in the Abbey Church at St. Alban’s, and in King’s College
+Chapel at Cambridge. It must be our care to blend together the true
+attributes of the living lion and eagle, and those also of other living
+creatures, with the traditional peculiarities of their heraldic
+representatives. And we must extend the corresponding application of the
+same principles of treatment to imaginary beings and heraldic monsters,
+as they occur in our Heraldry.
+<span class = "pagenum">26</span>
+<a name = "page26" id = "page26"> </a>
+The shield, <a href = "#fig24">No. 24</a>, of Prince <span class =
+"smallcaps">John of Eltham</span>, younger brother of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>, finely sculptured with his effigy
+in alabaster, in Westminster Abbey (<span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1336), and in perfect preservation, gives us
+characteristic examples of lions of the best heraldic era, their frames,
+attenuated as they are, being perfect types of fierce elasticity. With
+this shield may be grouped others, having admirably suggestive examples
+of heraldic lions of a somewhat later date, which are preserved upon the
+monuments of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span> and the
+<span class = "smallcaps">Black Prince</span>, severally at Westminster
+and Canterbury. I&nbsp;shall refer to these fine shields again, and to
+other admirable examples with them, hereafter (<a href =
+"#chapIX">Chapter IX.</a>). The conventionalism in all these examples,
+however felicitous the manner in which it is treated in them, is very
+decidedly exaggerated. These examples, and others such as these, are not
+the less
+<span class = "pagenum">27</span>
+<a name = "page27" id = "page27"> </a>
+valuable to us because their teaching includes an illustration of the
+excesses that we must always be careful to avoid. I&nbsp;may here
+observe, that on the subject of armorial Art I leave my examples (all of
+them selected from the most characteristic authorities, and engraved
+with scrupulous fidelity) for the most part to convey their own lessons
+and suggestions: my own suggestion to students being that, in such
+living creatures as they may represent in their compositions, while they
+are careful to preserve heraldic consistency and to express heraldic
+feeling, they exhibit beauty of form coupled with freedom of action and
+an appropriate expression. “Freedom of action� I&nbsp;intend to imply
+more than such skilful drawing, as will impart to any particular
+creature the idea of free movement of frame and limb: it refers also to
+repeated representations of the same creature, under the same heraldic
+conditions of motive and attitude. And, here “freedom of action� implies
+those slight, yet significant, modifications of minor details which,
+without in the least degree affecting armorial truth, prevent even the
+semblance of monotonous reiteration. Thus, at Beverley, in the Percy
+Shrine in the Minster, upon a shield of England the three lions are all
+heraldically the same; but, there is nothing of sameness in them
+nevertheless, because in each one there is some little variety in
+<span class = "pagenum">28</span>
+<a name = "page28" id = "page28"> </a>
+the turn of the head, or in the placing of the paws, or in the sweep of
+the tail. And again, in Westminster Hall, the favourite badge of Richard
+II., a&nbsp;white hart, chained, and in an attitude of rest, is repeated
+as many as eighty-three times; and all are equally consistent with
+heraldic truth and accuracy, without any one of them being an exact
+counterpart of any other. In Nos. 25 and 26 two examples are shown from
+this remarkable series of representations of this beautiful badge, each
+one different from the other, and yet both really the same.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig25" id = "fig25"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig25.png" width = "158" height = "152"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig26" id = "fig26"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig26.png" width = "158" height = "151"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 25.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 26.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption" colspan = "2">
+Badge of <span class = "smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;II.</span>, Westminster
+Hall.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">29</span>
+<a name = "page29" id = "page29"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapIV" id = "chapIV">CHAPTER IV</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY</span><br>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Section I</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "summary">
+The Language of Heraldry&mdash; The Nomenclature&mdash; Style and Forms
+of Expression&mdash; Blazon&mdash; The Shield: its Parts, Points,
+Divisions, Dividing Lines, Varieties of Form, and Heraldic
+Treatment.</p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“The shield hangs down on every breast.� &mdash;<span class =
+"smallcaps">Lord of the Isles.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "smallcaps">The Language of Heraldry.</span>&mdash;The
+original language of English Heraldry was the Norman-French, which may
+also be designated Anglo-Norman, habitually spoken at the Court of
+England in the early heraldic era. After a while, a&nbsp;mixed language
+succeeded, compounded of English and the original Norman-French; and
+this mixed language still continues in use.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Nomenclature.</span>&mdash;Like its
+language, the Nomenclature of English Heraldry is of a mixed character,
+in part technical and peculiar to itself, and in part the same that is
+in common use. Thus, many of the figures and devices of Heraldry have
+their peculiar heraldic names and titles, while still more bear their
+ordinary designations. Descriptive terms, whether expressed in English
+or in French (Anglo-Norman), are generally employed with a special
+heraldic intention and significance. In the earliest Roll of Arms known
+to be now in existence, which was compiled (as appears from internal
+evidence) between the years 1240 and 1245, the Nomenclature is the same
+that is found
+<span class = "pagenum">30</span>
+<a name = "page30" id = "page30"> </a>
+in Rolls and other heraldic documents of a later date. This fact of the
+existence of a definite Nomenclature at that time, proves that before
+the middle of the thirteenth century the Heraldry of England was subject
+to a systematic course of treatment, and had become established and
+recognised as a distinct and independent Science.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Style and Forms of
+Expression.</span>&mdash;With the Nomenclature, a&nbsp;settled Style and
+certain fixed technical Forms of Expression were introduced and accepted
+in the thirteenth century; and, since that period, the Style and Forms
+of Expression have undergone only such comparatively slight
+modifications as tended to render them both more complete and more
+consistent. As it was at the first, it still is the essence of heraldic
+language to be concise yet complete, expressive, and also abounding in
+suggestions. Not a syllable is expressed that is not absolutely
+necessary; not a syllable omitted, the absence of which might possibly
+lead to any doubt or uncertainty. In the more matured style, the
+repetition of any important word in the same sentence is scrupulously
+avoided; and, where it would be required, another form of expression is
+substituted in its stead. Much meaning also is left to be implied and
+understood, through inference, either based upon certain accepted rules
+and established heraldic usages for the arrangement of the words and
+clauses of a sentence, or derived from the natural qualities and
+characteristic conditions of certain figures and devices: but, nothing
+is ever left to be inferred when an uncertain inference might possibly
+be adopted, or that can be understood clearly and with certainty only by
+means of an explicit statement. Superfluous words and particles of all
+kinds are altogether omitted. Descriptive epithets follow the nouns to
+which they refer: as, a&nbsp;<i>red cross</i> is styled a <i>cross
+gules</i>. The general rules, by which the arrangement of the words in
+heraldic descriptive sentences
+<span class = "pagenum">31</span>
+<a name = "page31" id = "page31"> </a>
+is determined, will be found in the last subdivision of this chapter.
+Examples of heraldic Language, Nomenclature, Style and Forms of
+Expression, will be given in abundance throughout the following chapters
+and sections of this treatise. With these examples students will do well
+to familiarise themselves: then, let them prepare additional examples
+for that “practice,� which (as Parker’s “Glossary of Heraldry� says, p.
+60) “alone will make perfect,� by writing down correct descriptions of
+heraldic compositions from the compositions themselves; after which
+process they may advantageously reverse the order of their study, and
+make drawings of these same (or, if they prefer it, of some other)
+heraldic compositions from their own written descriptions of them.</p>
+
+<p>When any heraldic description of a figure, device, or composition has
+been completed, a&nbsp;statement is made to signify the person, family,
+community, or realm whose armorial ensign it may be. This is done by
+simply writing the appropriate name, after the last word of the
+description; or, by prefixing the word “for� before the name when it is
+placed in the same position. Thus, a&nbsp;description of the three lions
+of England is to be followed by the word&mdash;“<span class =
+"smallcaps">England</span>�; or, by the formula&mdash;“for <span class =
+"smallcaps">England</span>.� If preferred, with equal consistency the
+arrangement may be reversed, and the Name, with or without the prefix
+“for,� may precede the description: thus&mdash;“<span class =
+"smallcaps">England</span>,� or “For <span class =
+"smallcaps">England</span>,� three lions, &amp;c. It is to be borne in
+remembrance, that armorial ensigns are personal inheritances,
+and&mdash;with the exception of Sovereign Princes&mdash;by comparison
+but very rarely relate to <i>Titles</i> and <i>Dignities</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Blazon, Blazoning,
+Blazonry.</span>&mdash;When a knight entered the lists at a tournament,
+his presence was announced by sound of trumpet or horn, after which the
+officers of arms, the official Heralds, declared his armorial
+<span class = "pagenum">32</span>
+<a name = "page32" id = "page32"> </a>
+insignia&mdash;they “blazoned� his Arms. This term, “to blazon,� derived
+from the German word “<i>blasen</i>,� signifying “to blow a blast on a
+horn� (or, as one eminent German Herald prefers, from the old German
+word “<i>blaze</i>� or “<i>blasse</i>,� “a mark� or “sign�), in Heraldry
+really denotes either to <i>describe</i> any armorial figure, device, or
+composition in correct heraldic language; or to <i>represent</i> such
+figure, device, or composition accurately in form, position,
+arrangement, and colouring. But, as a matter of practical usage,
+pictorial representation is usually allied to the word “emblazon.� The
+word “blazon� also, as a noun, may be employed with a general and
+comprehensive signification to denote “Heraldry.�</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Shield:&mdash;its Parts, Points, and
+Divisions.</span>&mdash;Their Shield, which the knights of the Middle
+Ages derived from the military usage of antiquity, and which contributed
+in so important a degree to their own defensive equipment, was
+considered by those armour-clad warriors to be peculiarly qualified to
+display their heraldic blazonry. And, in later times, when armour had
+ceased to be worn, and when shields no longer were actually used,
+a&nbsp;Shield continued to be regarded as the most appropriate vehicle
+for the same display. The Shield, then, which with its armorial devices
+constitutes a <i>Shield of Arms</i>, always is considered to display its
+blazonry upon its face or external surface. This blazoned surface of his
+shield the bearer, when holding it before his person, presents (or would
+present, were he so to hold it) towards those who confront him. The
+right and the left sides of the person of the bearer of a Shield,
+consequently, are <i>covered</i> by the right and left (in heraldic
+language, the <i>dexter</i> and <i>sinister</i>) sides of his shield:
+and so, from this it follows that the dexter and sinister sides of a
+Shield of Arms are severally <i>opposite</i> to the left and the right
+hands of all observers. The Parts and Points of an heraldic Shield,
+<span class = "pagenum">33</span>
+<a name = "page33" id = "page33"> </a>
+which is also entitled an “<i>Escutcheon</i>,� are thus
+distinguished:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "diagram" summary = "diagram">
+<tr>
+<td class = "middle" rowspan = "2">
+<p>A, <i>The chief</i></p>
+<p>E, <i>The Dexter Chief</i></p>
+<p>C, <i>The Dexter Side</i></p>
+<p>H, <i>The Dexter Base</i></p>
+<p>G, <i>The Middle Chief</i></p>
+<p>L, <i>The Honour Point</i></p>
+<p>M, <i>The Fesse Point</i></p>
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig27" id = "fig27"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig27.png" width = "144" height = "175"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "middle" rowspan = "2">
+<p>F, <i>The Sinister Chief</i></p>
+<p>D, <i>The Sinister Side</i></p>
+<p>I, <i>The Sinister Base</i></p>
+<p>K, <i>The Middle Base</i><a class = "tag" name = "tag2" id = "tag2"
+href = "#note2">2</a></p>
+<p>B, <i>The Base</i></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 27.</td>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In blazoning the Divisions of a Shield, the term “<i>Per</i>,�
+signifying “in the direction of,� is employed sometimes alone, and
+sometimes (having the same signification) preceded by the word “parted�
+or “party.� The primary Divisions of a Shield are indicated in the
+following diagrams, Nos. 28-35:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig28" id = "fig28"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig28.png" width = "75" height = "81"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig29" id = "fig29"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig29.png" width = "74" height = "81"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig30" id = "fig30"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig30.png" width = "77" height = "81"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 28.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 29.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 30.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>No. 28. <i>Per Pale</i>, or <i>Parted per Pale</i>, or <i>Party per
+Pale</i>.</p>
+
+<p>No. 29. <i>Per Fesse</i>, or <i>Parted per Fesse</i>.</p>
+
+<p>No. 30. (Nos. 28 and 29 together) <i>Per Cross</i>, or
+<i>Quarterly</i> (the latter is the more usual term).</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">34</span>
+<a name = "page34" id = "page34"> </a>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig31" id = "fig31"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig31.png" width = "76" height = "80"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig32" id = "fig32"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig32.png" width = "77" height = "81"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig33" id = "fig33"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig33.png" width = "74" height = "81"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 31.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 32.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 33.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>No. 31. <i>Per Bend.</i></p>
+
+<p>No. 32. <i>Per Bend Sinister.</i></p>
+
+<p>No. 33. (Nos. 31 and 32 together) <i>Per Saltire.</i></p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig34" id = "fig34"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig34.png" width = "75" height = "82"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig35" id = "fig35"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig35.png" width = "80" height = "84"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 34.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 35.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>No. 34. <i>Per Chevron.</i></p>
+
+<p>No. 35. Tierced in pale (divided into three equal divisions by two
+vertical lines), a&nbsp;form seldom met with in English Heraldry.
+Technically this in English Heraldry is simply the representation of a
+pale. (See <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Fig.’">No.</ins>&nbsp;87.)</p>
+
+<p>To these divisions should strictly be added the further division
+<i>gyronny</i> (<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Fig.’">No.</ins> 147); but neither the term <i>per</i> nor <i>parted
+per</i> is ever employed in this connection. As will be seen, it is a
+combination of the forms shown in <ins class = "correction" title =
+"text reads ‘Figs.’">Nos.</ins> 30 and&nbsp;33.</p>
+
+<p>A Shield may be further divided and subdivided, thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig36" id = "fig36"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig36.png" width = "134" height = "139"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig37" id = "fig37"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig37.png" width = "134" height = "140"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 36.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 37.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>It may be divided into any number of <i>Quarterings</i> by lines
+drawn <i>per pale</i> and <i>per fesse</i>, cutting each other, as in
+No. 36, which Shield is <i>quarterly of eight</i>: in like manner the
+<i>Quarterings</i> of any Shield, whatever their number (which need not
+be an even number), are blazoned as, <i>quarterly of twelve, &amp;c.</i>
+This, to whatever extent the dividing of the Shield may be carried, is
+<i>simple Quartering</i>. Again: a&nbsp;quartered Shield may have one or
+more of its primary quarters, or every one of them, <i>quartered</i>:
+this, which is the subdivision of a part, <i>the quartering of
+quarters</i>, is <i>compound Quartering</i>: for example, in No. 37, the
+Shield is first divided into the <i>four primary quarters</i>, severally
+marked A, B, C, D; then, so far as the quarters A, B, D&nbsp;are
+concerned,
+<span class = "pagenum">35</span>
+<a name = "page35" id = "page35"> </a>
+the “simple quartering� is subjected to the process of “compound
+quartering,� and quarters A, D&nbsp;are <i>quarters quarterly</i>, and B
+is <i>a quarter quarterly of six</i>, while C remains unaffected by the
+secondary process. The terms “<i>quarterly quartering</i>� and
+“<i>quarterly quartered</i>� are used to signify such secondary
+quartering as is exemplified in A, B, D&nbsp;of No. 37. The four primary
+quarters (A, B, C, D&nbsp;of No. 37) are distinguished as <i>Grand
+Quarters</i>: consequently, the quarter B of this example is the
+<i>second grand quarter, quarterly of six</i>. This term “Grand Quarter�
+may be employed to distinguish any primary quarter when any quarter in
+the Shield is “quarterly quartered.�</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dividing</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Border Lines</span>, in addition to simple right lines and
+curves, assume the forms that are represented in the next diagram, No.
+38:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class = "diagram" summary = "list of borders">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<a name = "fig38" id = "fig38"> </a>
+No. 38.</td>
+<td>A. <i>Indented</i></td>
+<td>
+<img src = "images/fig38a.png" width = "172" height = "17"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>B. <i>Dancetté</i></td>
+<td>
+<img src = "images/fig38b.png" width = "164" height = "29"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "bracket rt"><p>C. <i>Wavy</i> or <i>Undée</i><br>
+(2 varieties)</p></td>
+<td>
+<img src = "images/fig38c.png" width = "169" height = "46"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>D. <i>Engrailed</i></td>
+<td>
+<img src = "images/fig38d.png" width = "168" height = "12"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>E. <i>Invected</i> or <i>Invecked</i></td>
+<td>
+<img src = "images/fig38e.png" width = "170" height = "13"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>F. <i>Embattled</i></td>
+<td>
+<img src = "images/fig38f.png" width = "171" height = "13"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>G. <i>Raguly</i></td>
+<td>
+<img src = "images/fig38g.png" width = "175" height = "16"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "bracket rt"><p>H. <i>Nebuly</i><br>
+(2 varieties)</p></td>
+<td>
+<img src = "images/fig38h.png" width = "167" height = "68"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>I. <i>Dovetailed</i></td>
+<td>
+<img src = "images/fig38i.png" width = "173" height = "17"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Two others, less frequently met with, however, are <i>rayonné</i> and
+<i>flory-counter-flory</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig39" id = "fig39"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig39.png" width = "53" height = "90"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 39.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Shield: its Varieties of
+Form.</span>&mdash;The front face of an heraldic Shield is generally
+flat; but sometimes the curved edges are made to appear as if they had
+been slightly rounded off. Some early Shields are represented
+<span class = "pagenum">36</span>
+<a name = "page36" id = "page36"> </a>
+as <i>bowed</i>&mdash;hollowed, that is, in order to cover more closely
+the person of the bearer, and consequently having a convex external
+contour, as in No. 39. In early examples of bowed Shields the whole of
+the armorial blazonry is sometimes displayed on the face of that portion
+of the Shield which is shown. A&nbsp;<i>ridge</i>, dividing them in
+pale, but not necessarily in any way acting as an heraldic dividing
+line, appears in many Shields, and particularly in those of the
+fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The large elongated Shields that have
+been entitled “kite-shaped,� and which were in use in the days of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;I.</span> and amongst the Barons of
+Magna Charta, were superseded by the smaller “heater-shaped� Shield as
+early as the reign of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span></p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig40" id = "fig40"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig40.png" width = "97" height = "110"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig41" id = "fig41"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig41.png" width = "108" height = "111"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig42" id = "fig42"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig42.png" width = "128" height = "148"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 40.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 41.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 42.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The most beautiful forms of this Shield are represented in Nos. 40,
+41, and 42: of these, No. 40 has its curves described about the sides of
+an inverted equilateral triangle, and then they are prolonged by
+vertical lines towards the chief: in Nos. 41, 42, the sides curve from
+the chief to the base. The forms of Shields admit of various slight
+modifications, to adjust them to varying conditions. Towards the close
+of the fourteenth century the form of the Shield is found to undergo
+some singular changes: and, at later periods, changes in form of this
+kind became generally prevalent. Nos. 43, 44, exemplify such changes as
+these: they also show the curved notch that was cut in the dexter chief
+of the Shields of the same periods, to permit the lance
+<span class = "pagenum">37</span>
+<a name = "page37" id = "page37"> </a>
+to pass through it as the Shield hung down on the breast: a&nbsp;Shield
+so pierced is said to be <i>à bouche</i>. The Surface of the Shield, No.
+43, which is in the Episcopal palace at Exeter, is wrought into a series
+of shallow hollows, which curve gracefully from the central ridge, some
+to the dexter, and others to the sinister.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig43" id = "fig43"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig43.png" width = "133" height = "165"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig44" id = "fig44"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig44.png" width = "111" height = "161"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 43.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 44.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Such a Shield as this may be consistently used in our own Heraldry:
+but, since now we do not associate lances laid in rest with our heraldic
+Shields, it appears desirable that we should not draw our Shields <i>à
+bouche</i>. In recent Heraldry the Shield has commonly been made to
+appear such an unsightly and un-heraldic deformity as is represented in
+No. 45. Instead of a true heraldic Shield also, a&nbsp;rounded oval with
+a convex surface, called a <i>cartouche</i>, or <i>cartouche shield</i>,
+No. 46, is occasionally used for the display of armorial blazonry; or a
+circle is substituted for such an oval. These cartouches probably owe
+their origin to the usage of placing a Garter of the Order about a
+Shield (prevalent in the fifteenth century), and to a subsequent period,
+when we find the omission of the exact outline of the actual Shield. But
+their frequent appearance in Ecclesiastical Heraldry suggests that
+perhaps they were deliberately preferred to the purely military shield.
+A&nbsp;<i>Lozenge</i>, No. 47, takes the place of a Shield to bear the
+arms of Ladies, with
+<span class = "pagenum">38</span>
+<a name = "page38" id = "page38"> </a>
+the exception of the Sovereign; this very inconvenient substitute for
+the heraldic Shield was introduced early in the fourteenth century.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig46" id = "fig46"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig46.png" width = "58" height = "71"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig45" id = "fig45"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig45.png" width = "110" height = "109"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig47" id = "fig47"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig47.png" width = "66" height = "90"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 46.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 45.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 47.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Shield: its Heraldic
+Treatment.</span>&mdash;When a Shield is represented as standing erect,
+it is not necessary to specify that fact, since such a position may be
+assumed for a Shield unless another be set forth in blazoning. Shields
+are sometimes made to appear suspended by the <i>guige</i>, or
+shield-belt (which was worn by Knights to sustain and secure their
+Shields to their persons); in some Seals and generally in architectural
+compositions, Shields-of-Arms appear suspended, erect, from their
+guiges; at Westminster some of the earliest Shields are thus suspended,
+with a very happy effect, from two points of suspension, the guige
+passing over sculptured heads, as in No. 48, the Arms of Provence, borne
+by <span class = "smallcaps">Alianore</span> of Provence, Queen of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span>&mdash;the <i>shield</i> is
+<i>gold</i>, and on it are blazoned <i>four red pallets</i>. In Seals,
+the suspended Shield is generally represented hanging by the
+sinister-chief angle, as in No. 49; and it hangs thus diagonally from
+below the helm. A&nbsp;Shield thus placed is said to be “<i>couché</i>.�
+This arrangement is also frequently adopted, when a Shield or an
+Achievement of arms is not placed upon a Seal; but in any case the
+position has no importance except as a matter of artistic treatment.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig48" id = "fig48"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig48.png" width = "240" height = "134"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig49" id = "fig49"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig49.png" width = "106" height = "148"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 48.&mdash; Arms of Provence,<br>
+Westminster Abbey.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 49.&mdash; Shield Couché.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The entire surface of every Shield is termed the “<i>Field</i>.�
+<span class = "pagenum">39</span>
+<a name = "page39" id = "page39"> </a>
+The same term is also applied to <i>every plain surface</i>.
+A&nbsp;Shield is said to be “borne� by the personage to whom it belongs:
+and, in its turn, the Shield “bears� whatever figures and devices may be
+displayed upon it; whence, all these figures and devices are entitled
+“<i>Bearings</i>� or “<i>Armorial Bearings</i>.� All figures and devices
+are also styled “<i>Charges</i>�; and they are said to be
+“<i>charged</i>� upon a Shield, Banner, or Surcoat, or upon one another.
+In blazoning, the field of the Shield is always first noticed and
+described: next follow the charges that rest upon the field of the
+Shield itself; then descriptions are given of the secondary bearings
+that are charged upon others of greater importance. As a general rule,
+of several charges which all alike rest immediately upon the field of
+the Shield, the most important is the first to be blazoned; so that the
+arrangement of blazoning is determined by the comparative dignity of the
+bearings, as well as by the degree in which charges are nearer to the
+field and further from beholders. In some cases, however, a&nbsp;bearing
+charged upon the field of a Shield and many times repeated on a small
+scale, is blazoned (for the sake of simplicity and clearness of
+expression) next to the field of the Shield itself:&mdash;thus, if a
+lion be charged on the field of a Shield, and a considerable number of
+crosses surround the lion, and, like him, are placed on the field of the
+Shield also&mdash;the field of the Shield is blazoned first, the crosses
+second, and the lion third; and, if a crescent (or other bearing) be
+charged upon the lion’s shoulder, it is the last in the blazon. In
+quartered Shields the blazoning commences afresh with each quartering.
+In blazoning armorial banners and horse-trappings, the latter often
+gorgeously enriched with heraldic blazonry, the dexter side of a flag is
+always next to the staff, and the head of a horse is supposed always to
+be looking towards the dexter.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote">
+<a name = "note2" id = "note2" href = "#tag2">2.</a>
+This term is very seldom if ever used.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">40</span>
+<a name = "page40" id = "page40"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapV" id = "chapV">CHAPTER V</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY</span><br>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Section II</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "summary">
+The Tinctures’ Metals&mdash; Colours&mdash; Furs&mdash; Varied
+Fields&mdash; Law of Tinctures&mdash; Counterchanging&mdash;
+Diaper&mdash; Disposition&mdash; Blazoning in Tinctures.</p>
+
+<div class = "poem">
+<p>“All the devices blazoned on the Shield</p>
+<p>In their own tinct�</p>
+<p class = "half">
+&mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Elaine.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "firstword">In</span> English Heraldry the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Tinctures</span> comprise <i>Two Metals</i>, <i>Five
+Colours</i>, and <i>Eight Furs</i>. They are symbolised or indicated by
+dots and lines&mdash;a very convenient system, said to have been
+introduced, about the year 1630, by an Italian named Silvestre de
+Petrasancta. Some such symbolisation, however, may occasionally be found
+in anticipation of Petrasancta. The system now in use was not generally
+adopted till the commencement of the eighteenth century. This system is
+never officially employed in a matter of record, and is now being
+discarded by many artists. The Metals, Colours, and Furs are named,
+their names are abbreviated, and they are severally indicated, as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Two Metals</h5>
+
+<table class = "inline" summary = "the metals">
+<tr class = "smaller">
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Titles</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Abbreviations</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Symbolisation.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>1. Gold</td>
+<td><i>Or</i></td>
+<td>Or</td>
+<td>No. 50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2. Silver</td>
+<td><i>Argent</i></td>
+<td>Arg.</td>
+<td>No. 51</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig50" id = "fig50"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig50.png" width = "63" height = "66"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig50color.png" width = "64" height = "66"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig51" id = "fig51"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig51.png" width = "64" height = "66"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption" colspan = "2">
+No. 50.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 51.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">41</span>
+<a name = "page41" id = "page41"> </a>
+
+<h5 class = "smallcaps">Five Colours</h5>
+
+<table class = "inline" summary = "the colors">
+<tr class = "smaller">
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Titles</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Abbreviations</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Symbolisation.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>1. Blue</td>
+<td><i>Azure</i></td>
+<td><i>Az.</i></td>
+<td>No. 52.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2. Red</td>
+<td><i>Gules</i></td>
+<td><i>Gu.</i></td>
+<td>No. 53.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>3. Black</td>
+<td><i>Sable</i></td>
+<td><i>Sa.</i></td>
+<td>No. 54.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>4. Green</td>
+<td><i>Vert</i></td>
+<td><i>Vert</i></td>
+<td>No. 55.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>5. Purple</td>
+<td><i>Purpure</i></td>
+<td><i>Purp.</i></td>
+<td>No. 56.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "center">
+(In French Heraldry, <i>Green</i> is <i>Sinople</i>.)</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig52" id = "fig52"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig52.png" width = "63" height = "66"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig53" id = "fig53"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig53.png" width = "64" height = "66"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig54" id = "fig54"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig54.png" width = "61" height = "65"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig55" id = "fig55"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig55.png" width = "64" height = "66"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig56" id = "fig56"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig56.png" width = "64" height = "66"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 52.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 53.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 54.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 55.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 56.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig52color.png" width = "64" height = "66"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig53color.png" width = "64" height = "66"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig54color.png" width = "64" height = "66"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig55color.png" width = "64" height = "66"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig56color.png" width = "64" height = "66"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h5><span class = "smallcaps">Eight Furs</span> (not abbreviated).</h5>
+
+<table class = "inline" summary = "the furs">
+<tr class = "smaller">
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Titles</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps"><ins class = "correction" title = "caption added by transcriber">Symbolisation.</ins></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>1.</td>
+<td><p><i>Ermine</i>,&mdash;black spots on white</p></td>
+<td>No. 57.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>2.</td>
+<td><p><i>Ermines</i>,&mdash;white spots on black</p></td>
+<td>No. 58.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>3.</td>
+<td><p><i>Erminois</i>,&mdash;black spots on gold</p></td>
+<td>No. 59.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>4.</td>
+<td><p><i>Pean</i>,&mdash;gold spots on black</p></td>
+<td>No. 60.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig57" id = "fig57"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig57.png" width = "106" height = "113"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig59" id = "fig59"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig59.png" width = "107" height = "113"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig60" id = "fig60"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig60.png" width = "105" height = "108"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 57.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 59.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 60.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig58" id = "fig58"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig58.png" width = "107" height = "113"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig59color.png" width = "105" height = "112"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig60color.png" width = "105" height = "108"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 58.</td>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class = "inline" summary = "the furs">
+<tr class = "middle">
+<td>5.</td>
+<td class = "bracket rt">
+<p><i>Vair</i>,&mdash;alternate divisions of blue and white,</p></td>
+<td>No. 61.<br>
+No. 62.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>6.</td>
+<td><p><i>Counter Vair</i> (note difference of arrangement)</p></td>
+<td>No. 63.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>7.</td>
+<td><p><i>Potent</i><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘) ’">
+(</ins>note different shape of divisions)</p></td>
+<td>No. 64.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>8.</td>
+<td><p><i>Counter Potent</i></p></td>
+<td>No. 65.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig61" id = "fig61"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig61.png" width = "106" height = "106"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig62" id = "fig62"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig62.png" width = "106" height = "107"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig63" id = "fig63"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig63.png" width = "107" height = "108"
+alt = "see text">
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 61.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 62.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 63.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig61color.png" width = "104" height = "105"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig62color.png" width = "105" height = "106"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig63color.png" width = "107" height = "108"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig64" id = "fig64"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig64.png" width = "106" height = "107"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig65" id = "fig65"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig65.png" width = "108" height = "109"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 64.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 65.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig64color.png" width = "106" height = "107"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig65color.png" width = "108" height = "109"
+alt = "see text">
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">42</span>
+<a name = "page42" id = "page42"> </a>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig57a" id = "fig57a"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig57a.png" width = "137" height = "134"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 57<span class = "smallroman">A</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Two other Colours, or tints of Colour, are sometimes heard
+of&mdash;<i>Tenne</i>, a&nbsp;tawny or orange colour, indicated by
+vertical lines crossing those of <i>Purpure</i>: and <i>Murrey</i> or
+<i>Sanguine</i>, a&nbsp;dark crimson red, indicated by diagonal lines
+from both dexter and sinister, crossing each other. These two are
+sometimes termed stains, but their real usage was in liveries. The Furs,
+Nos. 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, and 65, are of comparatively rare occurrence,
+and do not appear in the best ages of Heraldry. <i>Vair</i> and
+<i>Ermine</i> are common. A&nbsp;good early form of <i>Vair</i> is shown
+in No. 62: and in No. 57<span class = "smallroman">A</span>, I&nbsp;give
+a fine example of the treatment of <i>Ermine</i>, from the monument of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span></p>
+
+<p>In order to avoid repeating or referring to the word “<i>Or</i>,� the
+word “<i>Gold</i>� is sometimes used. The Furs, Nos. 61, 62, 63, 64, and
+65, are always <i>argent</i> and <i>azure</i>, unless some other metal
+and colour be named in the blazoning. Animated beings and all objects,
+that in Heraldry are represented in their natural aspect and colouring,
+are blazoned “<i>proper</i>� abbreviated <i>ppr.</i> Heraldic charges
+and compositions, when sketched in outline with pen and ink or with
+pencil, and with the colours <i>written</i> thereon, are said to be
+“<i>tricked</i>,� or “<i>in trick</i>.�</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Varied Fields.</span>&mdash;It is not
+necessary that the Field of a Shield, or of any Bearing, should be of
+any one uniform tincture: but varied surfaces are usually tinctured of
+some one metal and some one colour alternating; and the patterns or
+devices thus produced are generally derived (the Furs, Nos. 61-65, which
+are good examples of varied surfaces, being the exceptions) from the
+forms of the original simple charges that are distinguished as
+<i>Ordinaries</i> and <i>Subordinaries.</i> And these varied surfaces or
+fields are always <i>flat</i>; the whole of their devices or patterns
+are <i>level</i>, their
+<span class = "pagenum">43</span>
+<a name = "page43" id = "page43"> </a>
+metal and colour lying in the same plane. It is evident that, in
+representing any examples of this class, no shading is to be introduced
+to denote relief.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig66" id = "fig66"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig66.png" width = "100" height = "19"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig67" id = "fig67"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig67.png" width = "96" height = "37"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 66.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 67.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig66color.png" width = "100" height = "19"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig67color.png" width = "96" height = "37"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Should the field of any charge be divided into a single row of small
+squares, alternately, <i>e.g.</i> of a metal and a colour, as No. 66, it
+is <i>Componée</i> or <i>Compony</i> (sometimes written <i>gobony</i>):
+if into two such rows, as in No. 67, it is <i>Counter Compony</i>: but,
+if the field of a Shield, or the surface of any charge be divided into
+three, or more than three, such rows, it is <i>Chequée</i> or
+<i>Checky</i>; thus, the Arms of the Earl <ins class = "correction"
+title = "elsewhere spelled ‘de Warrenne’">de <span class =
+"smallcaps">Warenne</span></ins> are <i>Chequée or and az.</i>, No. 68
+(H. 3 and E.&nbsp;2).</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig68" id = "fig68"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig68.png" width = "235" height = "250"
+alt = "see text">
+<img src = "images/color/fig68color.png" width = "233" height = "249"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 68.&mdash; Shield of Arms of Earl de Warrenne, Castle Acre Priory,
+Norfolk.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Law of Tinctures.</span>&mdash;Every
+charge is supposed to rest upon the field of a Shield, or on the surface
+of some charge. It is a strict rule, that a charge of a metal must rest
+upon a field that is of a colour or fur; or, contrariwise, that a charge
+of a colour must rest on a field that is of a metal or fur,&mdash;that
+is, that <i>metal be not on metal, nor colour on colour</i>. This rule
+is modified in the case of <i>varied fields</i>, upon which may be
+charged a bearing of either a metal or a colour: also, a&nbsp;partial
+relaxation of the rule is conceded when one bearing is charged upon
+another, should the conditions of any particular case require such a
+concession. This rule does not apply to bordures, nor very stringently
+to augmentations or crests, and it is not so rigidly enforced in Foreign
+as in British Heraldry. There are, of course, a&nbsp;few exceptions, but
+they are not numerous, the one usually instanced as an intentional
+violation being the <i>silver</i> armorial Shield of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Crusader Kings</span> of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Jerusalem</span>, No. 69, upon which <i>five golden
+crosses</i> are charged; the motive in this remarkable exception to an
+established rule being said to be to cause this Shield to
+<span class = "pagenum">44</span>
+<a name = "page44" id = "page44"> </a>
+be unlike that of any other potentate. What may be termed the
+accessories of a charge are not included in this law of tinctures: thus,
+a&nbsp;silver lion having a red tongue may be charged on a blue shield,
+and the red tongue may rest on the blue field of the Shield.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig69" id = "fig69"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig69.png" width = "120" height = "124"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig70" id = "fig70"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig70.png" width = "120" height = "125"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 69.&mdash; Arms of Jerusalem.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 70.&mdash; Arms of Fenwick.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig69color.png" width = "120" height = "124"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig70color.png" width = "120" height = "125"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Counterchanging</span> is dividing the
+field of a Shield in such a manner that it is, <i>e.g.</i> in part of a
+metal and in part of a colour, and then arranging the charges in such a
+manner that they shall be reciprocally of the same colour and metal:
+thus, the shield of John Fenwick, No. 70 (R.&nbsp;2)
+is,&mdash;<i>per-fesse gu. and arg., six martlets, three, two, one,
+counterchanged</i>; that is, the field is red in chief and silver in
+base, and the birds or parts of the birds on the red field are silver,
+and those on the silver field are red.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Diapering.</span>&mdash;This term denotes a
+system of decorating plain surfaces in various ways, which was in great
+favour with the early heraldic artists. In the use of Diaper, which is
+often desirable when artistic reasons suggest its suitability, care must
+be taken that the decorative designs and patterns do not in any way
+admit of their being mistaken for charges. This diaper may be executed
+in low relief, subordinated to the relief of the charges; and it is not
+required to yield any obedience to the law of tinctures. In the Shield,
+<a href = "#fig68">No. 68</a> (the original, a&nbsp;very noble shield,
+is at Castle Acre Priory, Norfolk), which is simply <i>chequée</i>, the
+Diapering may be alternately azure and or on the squares that are
+alternately or and azure; or the Diaper may be
+<span class = "pagenum">45</span>
+<a name = "page45" id = "page45"> </a>
+dark blue, or sable, or argent on the azure squares, and on the golden
+ones whatever the artist might consider would be most effective; but the
+Diaper, in this and in all other examples, must always be subordinate to
+the area and tincture of the field. The finest known early example of
+heraldic Diaper in enamel, is the Shield of <span class =
+"smallcaps">William de Valence</span>, Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Pembroke</span>, in Westminster Abbey, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1296. Very beautiful early examples of
+Diapering have been preserved in relics of heraldic stained glass.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Disposition: Blazoning.</span>&mdash;By
+<i>Disposition</i> is understood the placing and arranging of charges.
+A&nbsp;single important charge, which has not a fixed position of its
+own, is placed in the centre of any composition: and minor charges are
+arranged in their most natural and consistent order and positions, any
+deviation from which must be specified. A&nbsp;single charge, many times
+repeated, and small in size, whether with or without any special orderly
+disposition, is said to be <i>Semée</i>&mdash;strewn, that is, or
+scattered over the field, as seed is sown by the hand; or, if the
+charges are very small or very numerous, the term <i>poudrée</i> or
+<i>powdered</i> has sometimes been used. The expression&mdash;“<i>three,
+two, one</i>,� signifies that a charge is repeated six times, the
+Disposition
+<span class = "pagenum">46</span>
+<a name = "page46" id = "page46"> </a>
+being three in a horizontal row towards the chief of the Shield, then
+two in a similar row in the centre, and one in base. In the same manner,
+the expressions&mdash;“<i>four, four, one</i>,� “<i>four, three, two,
+one</i>,� “<i>three and one</i>,� &amp;c., are used as occasion may
+require. For other dispositions of charges other appropriate terms will
+present themselves to our notice, growing out of our subject as it
+advances.</p>
+
+<p>Should a <i>Tincture</i> or a <i>Number</i> occur a second time in
+blazoning a single composition, it must be indicated, not by repeating
+the word already used, but by reference to it. Thus, if the tincture of
+the field should occur a second time, reference is made to it in the
+formula&mdash;“<i>of the field</i>:� or, perhaps more
+frequently&mdash;“<i>of the first</i>;� or, if the tincture that is
+named second in order in the blazoning be repeated, it is indicated by
+the expression&mdash;“<i>of the second</i>;� and so on. Again: should
+there be three fleurs de lys and also three crescents in one and the
+same composition, having specified the “three fleurs de lys,� the number
+of the crescents would be set forth in the words&mdash;“<i>as many</i>
+crescents:� providing nothing else has in the wording of the blazon
+intervened in such a way as to cause uncertainty by the use of the term;
+and so, in like manner, with any other numbers of these or of any other
+charges.</p>
+
+<p>In descriptive Blazoning, Epithets, which follow their own Nouns,
+precede the Tinctures that are associated with those nouns: thus,
+a&nbsp;black rampant lion having golden claws is blazoned,&mdash;<i>a
+lion rampt. sa., armed or</i>. In written and printed blazoning, the
+arrangement of the words and the placing the stops are alike matters of
+supreme importance. The sentences are to be short. A&nbsp;comma is to
+mark the end of each complete minor clause or division of a sentence:
+a&nbsp;colon, each more important clause. A&nbsp;point or period is to
+follow every abbreviated word, to mark the fact of the abbreviation, but
+without affecting the additional
+<span class = "pagenum">47</span>
+<a name = "page47" id = "page47"> </a>
+presence of a comma (as in the blazoning, “<i>a lion rampant sa.</i>,�)
+or of a colon, as the case may be; but a second period is unnecessary.
+It is a very common error to overload heraldic blazoning with commas
+which, instead of aiding to simplify the sentences, obscure the meaning
+and perplex the reader. It is always correct to write&mdash;“<i>three
+lion’s heads</i>,� “<i>six pilgrim’s staves</i>,� &amp;c.: and always
+incorrect to write&mdash;“<i>three lions’ heads</i>,� “<i>six pilgrims’
+staves</i>,� &amp;c.; but it is a point printers have an apparently
+invincible objection to accept.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Emblazoning in Tinctures.</span>&mdash;On
+this head I must be content to offer to students only a few brief
+practical observations. The metal <i>Gold</i> may be rendered with gold
+prepared in small saucers, or (most advantageously) in minute slabs;
+this preparation is applied, like a common water-colour, by moistening
+the gold with water; and it is desirable previously to have washed the
+paper, card (or vellum) with diluted white of egg. Gold leaf may also be
+used, but the process is tedious, and requires both skill and experience
+to ensure complete success. Yellow paint, again, may be used to
+represent the metal, the best colours being <i>cadmium yellow</i>, or
+“<i>aureolin</i>� (Winsor and Newton) mixed with <i>Chinese white</i>.
+For shading, <i>carmine</i>, or <i>crimson lake</i>, mixed with gum. For
+<i>Silver</i>, <i>aluminium</i> may be used with excellent effect; or
+<i>Chinese white</i>; or the paper may be left white: for shading,
+<i>grey</i> (<i>blue</i> and <i>Indian ink</i> mixed) and gum. The
+Aluminium is prepared, like the gold, in minute slabs: it may be
+obtained, of great excellence, from Messrs. Winsor &amp; Newton, by whom
+also a very pure preparation of gold is sold; but both the gold and the
+aluminium slabs are sold by all good artists’ colourmen. These Metals
+may be diapered, as well as burnished, with an agate-burnisher.</p>
+
+<p>For <i>Azure</i>:&mdash;<i>French blue</i>, freely mixed with
+<i>Chinese white</i> and a very little gum, the colour to be laid on
+thick:
+<span class = "pagenum">48</span>
+<a name = "page48" id = "page48"> </a>
+shade with <i>Prussian blue</i> mixed with a larger proportion of gum.
+For <i>Gules</i>:&mdash;<i>Orange vermilion</i> either pure, or mixed
+with a very little <i>cadmium yellow</i> or <i>Chinese white</i>, and
+still less gum: (never use a brilliant but most treacherous preparation
+known as “pure scarlet:�) shade with <i>carmine</i> or <i>crimson
+lake</i>, and gum. For <i>Vert</i>:&mdash;<i>emerald green</i>, with
+<i>Chinese white</i> and a little gum: shade with dark green, made from
+mixing <i>aureolin</i> (or <i>gamboge</i>) with <i>Prussian blue</i> and
+gum. For <i>Purpure</i>:&mdash;mix <i>carmine</i> and <i>French
+blue</i>, with a little gum: shade with a darker tint of the same. For
+<i>Sable</i>:&mdash;Very dark <i>grey</i>, made by mixing a little
+<i>Chinese white</i> and gum with black: shade with black and more
+gum.</p>
+
+<p>When the Metals are rendered by gold and aluminium, it is desirable
+that these tinctures should be applied, and that the diapering and
+burnishing of the Metals should also be completed with the burnisher,
+before the adjoining colours are laid on. The burnishing may be executed
+in two or three hours after the Metals have been applied to the paper;
+and the paper should be placed upon a piece of glass during the
+processes of burnishing and diapering.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">49</span>
+<a name = "page49" id = "page49"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapVI" id = "chapVI">CHAPTER VI</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY</span><br>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Section III</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "summary">
+The Ordinaries:&mdash; The Chief; Fesse; Bar; Pale; Cross, its heraldic
+varieties; Bend; Saltire; Chevron; and Pile.</p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“Marks of Hereditary Honour, given or authorised by some supreme Power.�
+&mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Science of Heraldry.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "smallcaps">The Ordinaries.</span>&mdash;The simple
+Charges of early Heraldry, which always have been held in the highest
+esteem and which are most familiar, are:&mdash;The <i>Chief</i>, the
+<i>Fesse</i>, the <i>Bar</i>, the <i>Pale</i>, the <i>Cross</i>, the
+<i>Bend</i>, the <i>Saltire</i>, the <i>Chevron</i>, and the
+<i>Pile</i>. They may be considered to have been derived from various
+means that were adopted to strengthen Shields for use in combat, the
+<i>Cross</i> always being in great favour from having a definite
+symbolism of its own. These Ordinaries may be formed by any of the
+Border Lines, <a href = "#fig38">No. 38</a>. Occasionally they are borne
+alone; but more generally they are associated with other bearings, or
+they have various figures and devices charged upon themselves. In some
+cases, presently to be specified, more than one Ordinary may appear in a
+single composition. The <i>Bar</i>, the <i>Pale</i>, the <i>Bend</i>,
+and the <i>Chevron</i> have <i>Diminutives</i>. The <i>Cross</i> has
+many <i>Varieties</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig71" id = "fig71"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig71.png" width = "109" height = "105"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 71.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Chief</span> (H. 3), bounded by a
+horizontal line, contains the uppermost third (or, in practice, somewhat
+less than the third, of the field of a Shield, as in No. 71. The Shield
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Le Botiler</span>, No. 72, is&mdash;<i>Or,
+a&nbsp;chief indented az.</i> (H.&nbsp;3). A&nbsp;Chief may be borne
+with any other Ordinary except the
+<span class = "pagenum">50</span>
+<a name = "page50" id = "page50"> </a>
+Fesse; it may also be charged with any other figures or
+devices:&mdash;thus, for Sire <span class = "smallcaps">Bernard de
+Brus</span>, No. 73,&mdash;<i>Az., a&nbsp;chief and a saltire or</i>:
+for Sire <span class = "smallcaps">Johan de Clintone</span>, No.
+74,&mdash;<i>Arg., on a chief az. two fleurs de lys or</i>: and for Sire
+<span class = "smallcaps">Johan de Clintone</span> de Madestoke, No.
+75,&mdash;<i>Arg., on a chief az. two mullets or</i> (all E.&nbsp;2).
+When any charge is set in the uppermost third of a Shield, or when
+several charges are disposed in a horizontal row across the uppermost
+part of a Shield, they all are said to be “<i>in Chief</i>.�</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig72" id = "fig72"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig72.png" width = "108" height = "106"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig73" id = "fig73"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig73.png" width = "111" height = "112"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 72.&mdash; Le Botiler.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 73.&mdash; De Brus.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig72color.png" width = "108" height = "106"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig73color.png" width = "111" height = "112"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig74" id = "fig74"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig74.png" width = "114" height = "116"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig75" id = "fig75"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig75.png" width = "112" height = "112"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 74.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 75.&mdash; De Clintone.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig74color.png" width = "114" height = "116"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig75color.png" width = "112" height = "112"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Fesse</span> (H. 3), which crosses the
+centre of a Shield horizontally, when charged occupies about one-third
+(or rather less than one-third) of the field; but when without charges,
+it is usually drawn somewhat narrower. The
+<span class = "pagenum">51</span>
+<a name = "page51" id = "page51"> </a>
+Shield of Lord <span class = "smallcaps">Clifford</span>
+is,&mdash;<i>Chequée or and az., a&nbsp;fesse gu.</i>, No. 76. For <span
+class = "smallcaps">Robt. le Fitz-Water</span>,&mdash;<i>Or,
+a&nbsp;fesse between two chevrons gu.</i>: for <span class =
+"smallcaps">John de Pateshulle</span>, No. 77,&mdash;<i>Arg.,
+a&nbsp;fesse sa., between three crescents gu.</i> (all H.3): for <span
+class = "smallcaps">William le Vavasour</span>, No. 78,&mdash;<i>Or,
+a&nbsp;fesse dancette sa.</i>: for <span class = "smallcaps">De
+Hemenhale</span>, No<ins class = "correction" title = ", for .">.
+</ins>79,&mdash;<i>Or, on a fesse between two chevrons gu., three
+escallops arg.</i>: and for <span class = "smallcaps">De
+Dageworthe</span>, No. 80,&mdash;<i>Erm., a&nbsp;fesse gu. bezantée</i>
+(all E.&nbsp;2). When they are disposed in a horizontal row across the
+centre of a Shield, Charges are “<i>in fesse</i>.�</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig76" id = "fig76"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig76.png" width = "110" height = "108"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig77" id = "fig77"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig77.png" width = "109" height = "114"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig78" id = "fig78"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig78.png" width = "115" height = "115"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 76.&mdash; De Clifford.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 77.&mdash; De Pateshulle.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 78.&mdash; Le Vavasour.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig76color.png" width = "109" height = "106"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig77color.png" width = "109" height = "114"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig78color.png" width = "115" height = "115"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig79" id = "fig79"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig79.png" width = "111" height = "106"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig80" id = "fig80"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig80.png" width = "111" height = "114"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 79.&mdash; De Hemenhale.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 80.&mdash; De Dageworthe.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig79color.png" width = "111" height = "106"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig80color.png" width = "111" height = "114"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Bar</span> (H. 3), which may be placed
+horizontally in any part of the field except in fesse or at the chief of
+the Shield, is about one-fifth of the field (or sometimes less) in
+depth. A&nbsp;single bar very rarely occurs in blazon.
+Examples:&mdash;<i>Or, two bars gu.</i>,&mdash;for <span class =
+"smallcaps">De Harecourt</span>, No. 81: <i>Az., two bars dancettée
+or</i>,&mdash;for <span class = "smallcaps">De Riveres</span>: <i>Or,
+two bars gu., in chief three torteaux</i>,&mdash;for <span class =
+"smallcaps">Wake</span>, No. 82. The Diminutive of the Bar is the
+<i>Barrulet</i>, one-half of its width. When they are disposed in
+couples, Barrulets are <i>Bars Gemelles</i>, these not being so deep as
+the barrulet: thus,
+<span class = "pagenum">52</span>
+<a name = "page52" id = "page52"> </a>
+No. 83,&mdash;for <span class = "smallcaps">De
+Huntercumbe</span>,&mdash;<i>Erm., two bars gemelles gu.</i>
+(H.&nbsp;3).</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig81" id = "fig81"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig81.png" width = "108" height = "106"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig82" id = "fig82"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig82.png" width = "129" height = "140"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig83" id = "fig83"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig83.png" width = "111" height = "106"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 81.&mdash; De Harecourt.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 82.&mdash; Wake.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 83.&mdash; De Huntercumbe.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig81color.png" width = "108" height = "106"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig82color.png" width = "129" height = "140"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig83color.png" width = "111" height = "105"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>A&nbsp;Fesse or Bar, when placed between two similar figures narrower
+than barrulets, is said to be <i>cotised</i> by them; or, to be “doubly
+cotised,� when placed between two bars gemelles: thus, for <span class =
+"smallcaps">De la Mere</span>, No. 84,&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;fesse doubly
+cotised</i> (or, <i>between two bars gemelles</i>) <i>az.</i>
+(E.&nbsp;2). An <i>even</i> number of bars alternately of a metal (or a
+fur) and a colour form the varied field which is to be blazoned
+“<i>barry</i>,� the number of the bars in every case to be
+specified&mdash;as, “<i>barry of six</i>,� “<i>barry of eight</i>,�
+&amp;c. If the number of bars exceeds <i>eight</i> (some writers say
+<i>ten</i>), it is “<i>barrulée</i>� or “<i>barruly</i>�; and in this
+case it is not necessary that the number of the bars should be
+specified, the word <i>barrulée</i> being used alone, or the expression
+“<i>barrulée sans nombre</i>� to denote a considerable number, but not a
+fixed number of bars&mdash;the number, however, always to be
+<i>even</i>. But this is a modern refinement of blazon to which little
+if any attention was paid in early days. It is to be observed that while
+the bars, whatever their number, if they are blazoned as bars, are to be
+treated as if they were executed in relief upon the field of a Shield,
+a&nbsp;Shield that is barry or barrulée has its field formed by bars
+which are all in the same plane. Examples:&mdash;<i>Barry of six or and
+gu.</i>, for <span class = "smallcaps">Fitz Alan</span> of Bedale, No.
+85: <i>Barry of six arg. and az.</i>, for <span class = "smallcaps">De
+Grey</span>: <i>Barry of eight or and az.</i>,&mdash;for <span class =
+"smallcaps">De Penbrugge</span> (all H.&nbsp;3): <i>Barrulée arg. and
+az., an orle of martlets gu.</i>,&mdash;for <span class = "smallcaps">De
+Valence</span>, Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Pembroke</span>, No.
+86; in this
+<span class = "pagenum">53</span>
+<a name = "page53" id = "page53"> </a>
+example <i>ten</i> bars are represented, but in the noble enamelled
+shield of the first De Valence (<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1296) preserved in Westminster Abbey, the bars are <i>twenty-eight</i>
+in number. Charges, not “in fesse� or “in chief,� that are disposed
+horizontally across the field are “<i>bar-wise</i>.�</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig84" id = "fig84"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig84.png" width = "131" height = "142"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig85" id = "fig85"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig85.png" width = "110" height = "107"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig86" id = "fig86"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig86.png" width = "158" height = "159"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 84.&mdash; De la Mere.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 85.&mdash; Fitzalan of Bedale.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 86.&mdash; De Valence.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig84color.png" width = "131" height = "142"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig85color.png" width = "110" height = "107"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig86color.png" width = "158" height = "159"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Pale.</span>&mdash;Like the Fesse, this
+Ordinary occupies rather less than a central third of the field, but it
+is <i>vertical</i> in its position instead of horizontal. No. 87, for
+<span class = "smallcaps">Erskine</span>, is&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;pale
+sa.</i> Its Diminutives, the <i>Pallet</i> and the <i>Endorse</i>,
+severally one-half and one-fourth of its width, may be placed vertically
+in any part of the field. A&nbsp;Pale between two Endorses is
+“<i>endorsed</i>� but the term <i>cotised</i> is also employed with this
+meaning. An <i>even</i> number of Pallets of a metal (or a fur) and a
+colour set alternately, form the varied field to be blazoned
+“<i>paly</i>,� the number of the Pallets (which lie all in the same
+plane) always to be specified: thus&mdash;<i>Paly of six arg. and az.,
+on a bend gu.
+<span class = "pagenum">54</span>
+<a name = "page54" id = "page54"> </a>
+three eaglets displayed or</i>, for <span class =
+"smallcaps">Grandison</span>, No. 88 (H.&nbsp;3) Charges that are
+disposed one above another in a vertical row are “in pale.� This is the
+arrangement of the three golden lions of England.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig87" id = "fig87"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig87.png" width = "110" height = "108"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig88" id = "fig88"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig88.png" width = "161" height = "159"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 87.&mdash; Erskine.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 88.&mdash; Grandison.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig87color.png" width = "110" height = "108"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig88color.png" width = "159" height = "159"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Cross</span> (H. 3), formed from a
+combination of a Fesse with a Pale, in its simplest form is set erect in
+the centre of the field, and it extends to the border-lines of the
+Shield. If at any time it may be necessary or apparently desirable
+specially to set forth in the blazoning of a Shield, that a Cross
+charged upon it does thus extend to the border-lines, such a Cross is
+blazoned as a “<i>Cross throughout</i>.� <a href =
+"#fig1">No.&nbsp;1</a>, <i>Arg., a&nbsp;Cross gu.</i>, the armorial
+ensign of <span class = "smallcaps">St. George</span>, the special
+Patron Saint of England, may be blazoned as “<i>A Cross of St.
+George</i>.� Of this Cross, the great symbol of the Christian Faith,
+Spenser says&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "poem">
+<p>“And on his brest a bloodie Cross he bore,</p>
+<p>The deare remembrance of his dying Lord....</p>
+<p>Upon his Shield the like was also scored.�</p>
+
+<p class = "half">
+<i>Faerie Queen</i>, I. <span class = "smallroman">I</span>. 2.</p>
+</div>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig89" id = "fig89"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig89.png" width = "111" height = "107"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig90" id = "fig90"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig90.png" width = "123" height = "125"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 89.&mdash; Cross fimbriated.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 90.&mdash; Cross pointed.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig89color.png" width = "111" height = "107"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig90color.png" width = "123" height = "125"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>A Cross having a narrow border lying in the same plane with itself,
+is “fimbriated,� such a border being a “<i>fimbriation</i>�: thus, No.
+89, <i>Az., a&nbsp;cross gu., fimbriated arg.</i>, represents the Cross
+of St. George in our National “Union Jack.� <!-- also (cough, cough) the
+flag of Norway --> A&nbsp;Cross having its four extremities cut off
+square, so that it does not extend in any direction to the border-lines
+of the shield, is “<i>couped</i>� or “<i>humettée</i>�. If the
+extremities of a Cross are cut off to points, it is “<i>pointed</i>,� as
+in No. 90.
+<span class = "pagenum">55</span>
+<a name = "page55" id = "page55"> </a>
+If its central area is entirely removed, so that but little more than
+its outlines remain, it is “<i>voided</i>,� or (H.&nbsp;3) “<i>a false
+Cross</i>� (“faux croix�): when its four limbs are <i>equal</i> in
+length, it is a “<i>Greek Cross</i>,� as No. 91: when the limbs are
+<i>unequal</i>, the lower limb or shaft being longer than the other
+three, as in No. 92, it is a “<i>Latin Cross</i>� or a “long cross�: but
+neither of these two last terms are used regarding the plain cross
+throughout, notwithstanding that differences in the shape of the shield
+may materially alter the proportion of the limbs. If a cross be formed
+of a shaft and two horizontal limbs only (like the letter&nbsp;T), as in
+No. 93, it is a “<i>Tau Cross</i>,� or “<i>Cross Tau</i>�: if it is
+pierced at the intersection of the limbs, and the entire central area be
+voided, it is said to be “<i>pierced quarterly</i>.� A&nbsp;Latin Cross
+on steps, is “<i>on Degrees</i>,� and it is distinguished as a “Calvary
+Cross.� Charges having a cruciform arrangement are “<i>in
+Cross</i>.�</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig91" id = "fig91"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig91.png" width = "52" height = "56"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig92" id = "fig92"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig92.png" width = "51" height = "83"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig93" id = "fig93"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig93.png" width = "42" height = "44"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 91.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 92.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 93.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig94" id = "fig94"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig94.png" width = "92" height = "106"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig95" id = "fig95"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig95.png" width = "66" height = "98"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig96" id = "fig96"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig96.png" width = "83" height = "103"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 94.&mdash; Quadrate.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 95.&mdash; Patriarchal.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 96.&mdash; Fourchée.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Cross</span>:&mdash;its <span class =
+"smallcaps">Heraldic Varieties</span>. The Cross-symbol appears in
+English Heraldry under very many varieties and modifications of form and
+condition, some of them of great beauty. The following engraved
+representations of the various examples are so explicit, that
+descriptions of them are unnecessary. The Cross <i>Quadrate</i>, No. 94.
+The Cross <i>Patriarchal</i>, No. 95. The Cross <i>Fourchée</i>, No. 96.
+The Cross <i>Moline</i>, represented charged upon the Shield attributed
+to the <span class = "smallcaps">Saxon Kings of England</span>, <a href
+= "#fig23">No. 23</a>: this
+<span class = "pagenum">56</span>
+<a name = "page56" id = "page56"> </a>
+same shield&mdash;<i>Az., a&nbsp;Cross moline or</i>, is borne by <span
+class = "smallcaps">De Molines</span> or <span class =
+"smallcaps">Molyneux</span>, No. 97. The Cross <i>Cercelée</i> or
+<i>Recercelée</i> (H.&nbsp;3),&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;Cross recercelée
+erm.</i>, No. 98, for <span class = "smallcaps">Anthony Bec</span>,
+Bishop of <span class = "smallcaps">Durham</span>. The Cross
+<i>Patonce</i> (H.&nbsp;3),&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;Cross patonce arg.</i>,
+No. 99, from the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Wm. de Vesci</span>,
+<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1220. The Cross <i>Fleury</i>,
+No. 100, should be compared carefully with Nos. 97 and 99, the Crosses
+<i>Moline</i> and <i>Patonce</i>. The Cross <i>Fleurettée</i>, No. 101.
+The Cross <i>Pommée</i>, No. 102. The Cross <i>Botonée</i> or
+<i>Treflée</i>, No. 103. The Cross <i>Crosslet</i>, or <i>Crosslet
+crossed</i>, No. 104. The term “<i>Crosslet</i>� is strictly applicable
+to any Cross on a very small scale: but it is usually applied to denote
+a Cross that is crossed as in No. 104. Small Crosses Botonée are
+occasionally used as these “Crosses-Crosslets,�&mdash;as at Warwick in
+the arms of the <span class = "smallcaps">Beauchamps</span>, the Earls
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Warwick</span>. Crosslets are frequently
+blazoned <i>semée</i> over the field of a Shield, in which case the
+special term <i>crusilly</i> is often used; and, in smaller numbers,
+they
+<span class = "pagenum">57</span>
+<a name = "page57" id = "page57"> </a>
+also are favourite Charges. No. 105 is the Cross <i>Clechée</i> or
+<i>Urdée</i>.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig97" id = "fig97"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig97.png" width = "108" height = "107"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig98" id = "fig98"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig98.png" width = "120" height = "137"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig99" id = "fig99"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig99.png" width = "110" height = "107"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 97.&mdash; Cross Moline: Arms of De Molines.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 98.&mdash; Cross Recercelée: Arms of Bishop Anthony Bec.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 99.&mdash; Cross Patonce: Arms of William de Vesci.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig97color.png" width = "108" height = "107"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig98color.png" width = "120" height = "137"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig99color.png" width = "110" height = "107"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig100" id = "fig100"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig100.png" width = "96" height = "117"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig101" id = "fig101"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig101.png" width = "99" height = "119"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig102" id = "fig102"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig102.png" width = "95" height = "113"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 100.&mdash; Fleurie.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 101.&mdash; Fleurettée.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 102.&mdash; Pommée.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig103" id = "fig103"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig103.png" width = "90" height = "111"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig104" id = "fig104"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig104.png" width = "90" height = "92"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig105" id = "fig105"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig105.png" width = "87" height = "99"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 103.&mdash; Botonée.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 104.&mdash; Crosslet.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 105.&mdash; Clechée.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Cross <i>Patée</i> or <i>Formée</i> is represented in No. 106.
+No. 107 is the “<i>Cross of eight Points</i>,� or the <i>Maltese</i>
+Cross: this example is drawn from the portrait of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Phillippe de Villiers de L’Isle-Adam</span>, elected
+forty-third Grand Master of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, <span
+class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1521; this picture is in the possession
+of the Earl of Clarendon, K.G. The Cross <i>Potent</i>, No. 108. The
+Cross <i>Avellane</i>, No. 109. The <i>Crossed-Crosslet</i>, and the
+Crosses <i>Patée</i>, <i>Botonée</i>, and <i>Potent</i>, are also drawn
+having their shaft elongated and <i>pointed at the base</i>: in this
+form they are severally blazoned as a “<i>Crossed-Crosslet Fitchée</i>�
+(or <i>fitched</i>), a&nbsp;“<i>Cross Patée
+<span class = "pagenum">58</span>
+<a name = "page58" id = "page58"> </a>
+Fitchée</i>,� &amp;c.,&mdash;a Cross, that is, “<i>fixable</i>� in the
+ground; No. 110 is an example of a Cross <i>Botonée Fitchée</i>. Several
+of these varieties of the heraldic Cross occur but rarely; and there are
+other somewhat fanciful varieties so little in use, as to render any
+description of them unnecessary. The student of mediæval monumental
+antiquities will not fail to observe a certain degree of resemblance
+between some of the Crosses of Heraldry, and those that are incised and
+sculptured on sepulchral slabs.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig106" id = "fig106"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig106.png" width = "76" height = "79"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig107" id = "fig107"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig107.png" width = "95" height = "96"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig108" id = "fig108"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig108.png" width = "76" height = "77"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 106.&mdash; Patée.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 107.&mdash; Maltese.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 108.&mdash; Potent.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig109" id = "fig109"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig109.png" width = "97" height = "93"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig110" id = "fig110"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig110.png" width = "81" height = "99"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 109.&mdash; Avellane.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 110.&mdash; Botonée Fitchée.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Bend</span> (H. 3) resembles both the
+Fesse and the Pale in every condition, except that it crosses the field
+<i>diagonally</i> from the dexter chief to the sinister base. No. 111,
+the Shield of <span class = "smallcaps">Scrope</span>, is&mdash;<i>Az.,
+a&nbsp;bend or</i>. A&nbsp;celebrated contest for the right to bear this
+simple Shield took place, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1385-1390, between Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Richard le
+Scrope</span> and Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Robert Grosvenor</span>,
+which was decided in favour of the former. No. 112, for <span class =
+"smallcaps">Radclyffe</span>, is&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;bend engrailed
+sa.</i> Two uncharged Bends may appear in one composition: thus, for
+<span class = "smallcaps">Le Boteler</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., two bends
+az.</i>, No. 113; and for <span class =
+"smallcaps">Frere</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., two bends or</i> (both
+H.&nbsp;3).</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig111" id = "fig111"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig111.png" width = "118" height = "121"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig112" id = "fig112"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig112.png" width = "120" height = "123"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig113" id = "fig113"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig113.png" width = "110" height = "124"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 111.&mdash; Le Scrope.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 112.&mdash; De Radclyffe.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 113.&mdash; Le Boteler.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig111color.png" width = "117" height = "121"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig112color.png" width = "119" height = "126"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig113color.png" width = "110" height = "124"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Diminutives of the Bend are the <i>Bendlet</i> and the
+<i>Cotise</i>, the one containing one-half and the other one-fourth of
+its area. A&nbsp;Cotise is sometimes borne singly, when it is a
+<i>Riband</i>. A&nbsp;bendlet <i>couped</i> is a baton. A&nbsp;Bend
+between two Cotises is <i>cotised</i>: thus, No. 114, for <span class =
+"smallcaps">De Bohun</span>,&mdash;<i>Az., a&nbsp;Bend arg., cotised or,
+between six lioncels rampt. gold</i>; this Shield is engraved from the
+Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Humphrey de Bohun</span>, fourth
+<span class = "pagenum">59</span>
+<a name = "page59" id = "page59"> </a>
+Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Hereford</span> (<span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1298-1322); in it the cotised Bend is very
+narrow, evidently to give more space for the lioncels. Charges displayed
+on a Bend <i>slope with it</i>&mdash;that is, they would be erect, were
+the Bend to be set vertically and to become a Pale: thus, another <span
+class = "smallcaps">De Bohun</span>, Sir Gilbert (H.&nbsp;3),
+distinguishes his Shield by tincturing his Bend <i>or</i>, and charging
+upon it <i>three escallops gules</i>, as in No. 115. In <a href =
+"#fig88">No. 88</a>, the eaglets also exemplify the disposition of
+charges upon a Bend. Charges set diagonally on the field of a Shield, in
+the position in which a bend would occupy, are said to be “<i>in
+bend</i>� and are arranged in the same manner: but it would be quite
+possible to have three or more charges each disposed bendwise; but yet,
+nevertheless, when taken together occupying the position of a fesse and
+therefore described also as in fesse. This distinction between charges
+bendwise (or bendways) and charges in bend should be carefully
+noted.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig114" id = "fig114"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig114.png" width = "220" height = "266"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig115" id = "fig115"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig115.png" width = "232" height = "264"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 114.&mdash; Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 115.&mdash; Sir Gilbert de Bohun.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>A field divided into an <i>even</i> number of parts by lines drawn
+<i>bendwise</i>, is “<i>bendy</i>,� the number of the divisions to be
+specified: as a matter of course, a&nbsp;field thus
+<span class = "pagenum">60</span>
+<a name = "page60" id = "page60"> </a>
+“bendy� becomes a “varied field,� in which all the divisions lie in the
+same plane: thus, No. 116, for <span class = "smallcaps">De
+Montford</span> (H. 3 and E.&nbsp;2)&mdash;<i>Bendy of ten or and
+az.</i> Bendlets are in relief, as in No. 117, for <span class =
+"smallcaps">De Bray</span>&mdash;<i>Vairée, three Bendlets gu.</i> If a
+field be divided by lines drawn bendwise, and also by others drawn
+either vertically or horizontally, it is “<i>paly bendy</i>,� as No.
+118, or “<i>barry bendy</i>,� as No. 119. These two forms, which,
+however, are very rarely met with, should be carefully distinguished
+from a field lozengy. A&nbsp;Bend issuing from the sinister chief is a
+<i>Bend Sinister</i>.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig116" id = "fig116"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig116.png" width = "114" height = "125"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig117" id = "fig117"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig117.png" width = "111" height = "126"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 116.&mdash; De Montford.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 117.&mdash; De Bray.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig116color.png" width = "114" height = "125"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig117color.png" width = "111" height = "126"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig118" id = "fig118"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig118.png" width = "130" height = "139"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig119" id = "fig119"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig119.png" width = "133" height = "140"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 118.&mdash; Paly Bendy.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 119.&mdash; Barry Bendy.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">61</span>
+<a name = "page61" id = "page61"> </a>
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Saltire</span> (H.&nbsp;3),
+a&nbsp;combination of a Bend with a Bend Sinister, may also be regarded
+as a <i>Diagonal Cross</i>. Thus, the Crosses of St. <span class =
+"smallcaps">Andrew</span> of <span class = "smallcaps">Scotland</span>,
+and of St. <span class = "smallcaps">Patrick</span> of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Ireland</span> are Saltires&mdash;the former, No.
+120&mdash;<i>Az., a&nbsp;Saltire arg.</i>: the latter&mdash;<i>Arg.,
+a&nbsp;Saltire gu.</i> The arms of the great family of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Neville</span> reverse those of St. <span class =
+"smallcaps">Patrick</span>, and are&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;Saltire
+arg.</i>, No. 121: so Drayton has recorded that</p>
+
+<div class = "poem">
+<p>“Upon his surcoat valiant <span class = "smallcaps">Neville</span>
+bore</p>
+<p>A silver Saltire upon martial red.�</p>
+
+<p class = "half"><i>Barons’ War</i>, i. 22.</p>
+</div>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig120" id = "fig120"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig120.png" width = "118" height = "117"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig122" id = "fig122"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig122.png" width = "130" height = "131"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig121" id = "fig121"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig121.png" width = "119" height = "116"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 120.&mdash; St. Andrew.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 122.&mdash; De Neville.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 121.&mdash; De Neville.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig120color.png" width = "118" height = "117"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig122color.png" width = "130" height = "131"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig121color.png" width = "119" height = "119"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Charges set on a Saltire <i>slope with its limbs</i> (all, however,
+pointing to the chief), <i>the central charge being erect</i>; and the
+disposition of charges set “<i>in saltire</i>� is the same:
+a&nbsp;single charge set on a Saltire is blazoned erect on the central
+point of the Ordinary, as in No. 122, another Shield of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Neville</span>, in which the “Silver Saltire� is charged
+with a <i>rose gules</i>. A&nbsp;Saltire may be borne with a Chief, as
+in <a href = "#fig73">No.&nbsp;73</a>.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig123" id = "fig123"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig123.png" width = "125" height = "122"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig124" id = "fig124"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig124.png" width = "154" height = "153"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 123.&mdash; De Stafford.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 124.&mdash; Shield of De Clare.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig123color.png" width = "124" height = "121"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig124color.png" width = "154" height = "152"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig125" id = "fig125"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig125.png" width = "143" height = "157"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 125.&mdash; Early shield of De Clare.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Chevron</span> (H. 3), in form and
+proportions is rather more than the lower half of a Saltire. The
+Diminutive is a <i>Chevronel</i>, containing half a Chevron, or perhaps
+less: thus, for <span class = "smallcaps">De Stafford</span>
+(E.&nbsp;2),&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;Chevron gu.</i>, No. 123: for the great
+family of <span class = "smallcaps">De Clare</span>, from whom so many
+other families derived their Chevrons and Chevronels&mdash;<i>Or, three
+<span class = "pagenum">62</span>
+<a name = "page62" id = "page62"> </a>
+Chevronels gules</i>, No. 124 (H.&nbsp;3). Two Chevrons may be borne in
+one composition: or they may appear with a Fesse, as in <a href =
+"#fig79">No. 79</a>: or with a Chief, as (H.&nbsp;3), for <span class =
+"smallcaps">De Crombe</span>&mdash;<i>Erm., a&nbsp;Chevron gu., and on a
+Chief of the last three escallops or</i>; for <span class =
+"smallcaps">St. Quintin</span> (H.&nbsp;3)&mdash;<i>Or, three Chevronels
+gu., a&nbsp;Chief vair</i>. A&nbsp;field <i>Chevronée</i> is of rare
+occurrence: the three Chevronels of <span class = "smallcaps">De
+Clare</span>, however, No. 124, appear to have been derived from a field
+<i>Chevronée</i>: certainly, on his seal, “Strongbow� has the Chevronée
+Shield, No. 125, about <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1175.
+Charges set on a Chevron, or disposed “<i>in Chevron</i>,� are always
+placed erect.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Pile</span> (H. 3), resembling a wedge
+in form, is borne both single and in small groups. Unless some other
+disposition on the field be specified, this Ordinary issues from the
+chief of the Shield. Examples: <i>Or, a&nbsp;Pile gu., between six and
+charged with three estoiles</i> (or <i>mullets</i>)
+<i>counter-changed</i>,&mdash;for <span class = "smallcaps">Robert de
+Chandos</span>, No. 126: <i>Or, three Piles az.</i>, No. 127,&mdash;for
+Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Guy de Brian</span>; <i>Or, three Piles
+gu., a&nbsp;canton erm.</i>, No. 128,&mdash;for <span class =
+"smallcaps">De Bassett</span> (all H.&nbsp;3): and (E.&nbsp;2), <i>Arg.,
+a&nbsp;Pile engrailed sa.</i>&mdash;for Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">Rob. de Forneus</span>. In early emblazonments three piles
+appear almost uniformly to be depicted with the points converging.
+<span class = "pagenum">63</span>
+<a name = "page63" id = "page63"> </a>
+But a distinction is now made, and when the piles are intended to
+converge, as in <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Fig.’">No.</ins> 128, they are termed “<i>in point</i>.�</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig126" id = "fig126"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig126.png" width = "136" height = "143"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig127" id = "fig127"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig127.png" width = "124" height = "123"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig128" id = "fig128"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig128.png" width = "131" height = "141"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 126.&mdash; De Chandos.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 127.&mdash; De Brian.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 128.&mdash; De Bassett.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig126color.png" width = "136" height = "143"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig127color.png" width = "124" height = "123"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig128color.png" width = "131" height = "140"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The probable structural origin of these Ordinaries is sufficiently
+apparent to render any further comment on that interesting circumstance
+superfluous.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">64</span>
+<a name = "page64" id = "page64"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapVII" id = "chapVII">CHAPTER VII</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY</span><br>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Section IV</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "summary">
+The Subordinaries:&mdash; The Canton or Quarter: The Inescutcheon: The
+Orle: The Tressure: The Bordure: Flanches: The Lozenge, Mascle, and
+Rustre: The Fusil: The Billet: The Gyron: The Frette&mdash; The
+Roundles.</p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“The second in a line of stars.� &mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Idylls
+of the King.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "smallcaps">The Subordinaries.</span> This title has been
+assigned, but without any decisive authority, to another group of
+devices, second in rank to the Ordinaries. Very few writers agree as to
+which are ordinaries and which subordinaries; nor does there seem any
+reason why any distinction between them should exist. Nor, indeed, save
+that all are exclusively heraldic, why some of them should be regarded
+as anything more than ordinary charges. These Subordinaries are the
+<i>Canton</i>, the <i>Quarter</i>, the <i>Inescutcheon</i>, the
+<i>Orle</i>, the <i>Tressure</i>, the <i>Bordure</i>, <i>Flanches</i>,
+the <i>Lozenge</i>, <i>Mascle</i> and <i>Rustre</i>, the <i>Fusil</i>,
+the <i>Billet</i>, the <i>Gyron</i>, and the <i>Frette</i>. The Canton,
+by the early Heralds commonly styled the “Quarter,� sometimes has been
+grouped with the Ordinaries. And it must here be observed that the
+Lozenge, Fusil, Billet, Gyron, and Frette were not used as single
+charges by the early Heralds; but by them the fields of Shields were
+divided <i>lozengy</i> and <i>gyronny</i>, or they were <i>semée of
+Billets</i>, or covered over with <i>Frette</i>-work, from which the
+single charges evidently were afterwards obtained.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Canton</span> (H. 3), sometimes
+blazoned as a <span class = "smallcaps">Quarter</span>,
+<span class = "pagenum">65</span>
+<a name = "page65" id = "page65"> </a>
+cut off by two lines, the one drawn in pale and the other bar-wise, or
+in fesse, is either the first quarter of the field of a Shield, or about
+three-fourths of that quarter, but smaller if not charged. The confusion
+between the canton and the quarter is due to the fact that ancient arms
+in which the charge is now, and has been for centuries past, stereotyped
+as a canton and drawn to occupy one-ninth of the Shield, were uniformly
+drawn and blazoned in early times with the charge as a quarter. But
+there is a marked distinction now made between the canton and the
+quarter. A&nbsp;<i>Canton ermine</i> is of frequent occurrence, as in
+No. 128; but it is generally borne charged, and it always overlies the
+charges of the field of the Shield, as No. 129, for <span class =
+"smallcaps">De Kyrkeby</span> (R.&nbsp;2)&mdash;<i>Arg., two bars gu.;
+on a canton of the last a cross moline or</i>; and, for <span class =
+"smallcaps">Blundell</span> (H.&nbsp;3)&mdash;<i>Az., billettée, <!--
+term defined on pg 70 : color not named, set to or --> on a canton or a
+raven ppr.</i>, No. 130.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig129" id = "fig129"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig129.png" width = "105" height = "117"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig130" id = "fig130"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig130.png" width = "154" height = "180"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 129.&mdash; De Kyrkeby.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 130.&mdash; Blundell.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig129color.png" width = "105" height = "117"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig130color.png" width = "153" height = "180"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Inescutcheon</span> (H. 3) is a Shield
+borne as a charge, and superimposed upon another Shield larger than
+itself. When one Inescutcheon is borne, it is usually placed on the
+fesse-point; but several Inescutcheons may appear in one composition.
+The well-known Shield of the <span class = "smallcaps">Mortimers</span>
+supplies a good example, No. 131 (H.&nbsp;3)&mdash;<i>Barry of six or
+and az., an inescutcheon arg.; on a chief gold, gyroned of the second,
+two pallets of the same</i>: for <span class =
+"smallcaps">Darcy</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., an inescutcheon sa., within an
+orle of roses gu.</i>, No. 132 (E.&nbsp;2):
+<span class = "pagenum">66</span>
+<a name = "page66" id = "page66"> </a>
+<i>Arg., three inescutcheons gu.</i>, for <span class = "smallcaps">De
+Wyllers</span> (E.&nbsp;2), No. 133. This is also the well-known
+Scottish coat of Hay.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig132" id = "fig132"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig132.png" width = "131" height = "140"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig131" id = "fig131"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig131.png" width = "108" height = "119"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig133" id = "fig133"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig133.png" width = "129" height = "141"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 132.&mdash; Darcy.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 131.&mdash; De Mortimer.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 133.&mdash; De Wyllers.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig132color.png" width = "131" height = "140"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig131color.png" width = "108" height = "119"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig133color.png" width = "127" height = "139"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig134" id = "fig134"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig134.png" width = "107" height = "118"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 134.<br>
+De Balliol.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig134color.png" width = "106" height = "117"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Orle</span> (H. 3), blazoned by early
+Heralds as a “<i>false escutcheon</i>� (“<i>faux escocheon</i>�), or as
+an “<i>inescutcheon voided</i>,� is the border of a Shield or
+Escutcheon&mdash;a Shield, that is, voided of the central area of its
+field, and, like an Inescutcheon, charged on a Shield. The arms of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Balliol</span>, No. 134, are&mdash;<i>Gu., an Orle
+arg.</i> (H.&nbsp;3). These arms are blazoned on many Scottish Seals of
+the greatest interest, and on the Seals of Balliol College, Oxford.
+Small charges are frequently disposed about the border of a Shield
+“<i>in Orle</i>,� as in <a href = "#fig86">Nos. 86</a> and 132.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Tressure</span> (H. 3) may be regarded
+as a variety of the Orle; indeed, in its simplest form it is a very
+narrow Orle, which is generally set round with fleurs de lys.
+A&nbsp;Tressure thus enriched is represented in No. 135: in this example
+all the heads of the fleurs de lys point externally, and all their
+stalks internally, and this accordingly is blazoned as a “<i>Tressure
+flory</i>.� In No. 136, which, like No. 135, is a single Tressure, the
+fleurs de lys are so disposed that the heads and stalks of the flowers
+point alternately in contrary directions: this is blazoned as a
+“<i>Tressure flory counterflory</i>.� From this last example the
+Tressure that is so well known in the blazonry of the Royal Shield of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Scotland</span> differs, in being
+“<i>double</i>.� This, the double
+<span class = "pagenum">67</span>
+<a name = "page67" id = "page67"> </a>
+Tressure of Scotland, is a combination of two such single Tressures as
+No. 136, and it is produced from them in the manner
+following:&mdash;From one such single Tressure, as No. 136, all the
+alternate heads and stalks of the fleurs de lys that point internally
+are cut away and removed; then a second similar Tressure, of rather
+smaller size, is denuded of all its external adornment, and in that
+condition it is placed within the former Tressure, leaving a narrow
+interval between the two.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig135" id = "fig135"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig135.png" width = "104" height = "116"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig137" id = "fig137"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig137.png" width = "123" height = "139"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig136" id = "fig136"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig136.png" width = "104" height = "110"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 135.&mdash; Single Tressure Flory.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 137.&mdash; Double Tressure flory counterflory.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 136.&mdash; Single Tressure flory counterflory.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Each component half of this “double Tressure flory counterflory,�
+accordingly, has its own independent series of demi-fleurs de lys, the
+stalks and heads of the flowers alternating, and the one alternate
+series pointing externally, while the other points internally. When in
+combination, these two series of demi-fleurs de lys must be so arranged
+that the heads of the flowers in one series correspond with their stalks
+in the other, as in No. 137. I&nbsp;am thus particular in describing the
+process of producing the Royal Tressure, because it is frequently to be
+seen incorrectly drawn. No. 138, the Royal Shield of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Scotland</span>, now displayed in the second quarter of the
+Royal Arms of the <span class = "smallcaps">United Kingdom</span>, is
+thus blazoned&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;lion rampt. within a double Tressure
+flory counterflory, gu.</i> It
+<span class = "pagenum">68</span>
+<a name = "page68" id = "page68"> </a>
+will be observed that a narrow strip of the golden field of this Shield
+intervenes between the two Tressures. There are many fine examples of
+this Shield in Scottish Seals; in the Garter-plate, also, of <span class
+= "smallcaps">James&nbsp;V.</span> of Scotland, K.G., at Windsor; and on
+the Monuments in Westminster Abbey to <span class =
+"smallcaps">Mary</span> Queen of <span class = "smallcaps">Scots</span>
+(<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1604), and to the Countess of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Lennox</span>, the mother of Lord <span class
+= "smallcaps">Darnley</span> (<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1577). Mr. Seton (“Scottish Heraldry,� p. 447) states that the Tressure
+may be borne “triple�; and, after specifying the Scottish families upon
+whose Shields the same honourable bearing is blazoned, he
+adds:&mdash;“In the coat of the Marquess of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Huntly</span>, the Tressure is flowered with fleurs de lys
+within, and adorned with <i>crescents</i> without; while in that of the
+Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Aberdeen</span> it is flowered and
+counter-flowered with <i>thistles</i>, <i>roses</i>, and fleurs de lys
+alternately.�</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig138" id = "fig138"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig138.png" width = "168" height = "179"
+alt = "see text">
+<img src = "images/color/fig138color.png" width = "167" height = "179"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 138.&mdash; Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Bordure</span> (H. 3), as its name
+implies, forms a border to a Shield: it is borne both plain and charged.
+Thus, for <span class = "smallcaps">De Waltone</span>
+(E.&nbsp;2)&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;cross patée sa., within a Bordure
+indented gu.</i>, No. 139: for <span class = "smallcaps">Richard</span>,
+Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Cornwall</span>, second son of King
+<span class = "smallcaps">John</span> (H.&nbsp;3),&mdash;<i>Arg.,
+a&nbsp;lion rampt. gu<ins class = "correction" title = ", missing">.,
+</ins>crowned or, within a Bordure sa. bezantée</i>, No. 140. The
+Bordure, and its important services in Heraldry, will be more fully
+considered hereafter. (See <a href = "#chapXII">Chapters XII.</a> and
+<a href = "#chapXII">XIII.</a>)</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig139" id = "fig139"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig139.png" width = "129" height = "137"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig140" id = "fig140"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig140.png" width = "163" height = "174"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 139.&mdash; De Waltone.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 140.&mdash; Richard, Earl of Cornwall.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig139color.png" width = "129" height = "136"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig140color.png" width = "163" height = "174"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Flanches</span> are always borne in pairs;
+but they are not of very early date, nor do they often appear in blazon.
+<span class = "pagenum">69</span>
+<a name = "page69" id = "page69"> </a>
+<i>Flanches</i> are formed by two curved lines issuing from the chief,
+one on each side of the Shield: they are shown, shaded for azure, in No.
+141; and in No. 142 are their Diminutives, <i>Flasques</i> or
+<i>Voiders</i>, shaded for gules. But these diminutives are hardly ever
+met with. There is a close resemblance between these charges and a
+peculiar dress worn by Ladies of rank in the fourteenth and fifteenth
+centuries; but it is not easy to determine whether the dress suggested
+the Flanches on the Shield, or was derived from them. One thing,
+however, is certain&mdash;the dress must have possessed very decided
+good qualities, since it continued in favour for more than two
+centuries. It is remarkable that many of the ancient Greek Shields have
+pierced Flanches.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig141" id = "fig141"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig141.png" width = "113" height = "127"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig142" id = "fig142"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig142.png" width = "109" height = "125"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 141.&mdash; Flanches.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 142.&mdash; Flasques.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig141color.png" width = "113" height = "127"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig142color.png" width = "108" height = "124"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Lozenge</span> (E. 2), <span class =
+"smallcaps">Mascle</span> (H.&nbsp;3), and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Rustre</span>. The <i>Lozenge</i> is a diamond-shaped
+figure, or a parallelogram set diagonally. The <i>Mascle</i> is a
+<i>Lozenge voided of the field</i>, No. 143; and the <i>Rustre</i>, No.
+144, is a <i>Lozenge pierced with
+<span class = "pagenum">70</span>
+<a name = "page70" id = "page70"> </a>
+a circular opening</i>. In the early days of Heraldry the Lozenge and
+the Mascle were evidently held to be identical. The Shield of the famous
+<span class = "smallcaps">Hubert de Burgh</span>, Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Kent</span>, in the early Rolls is blazoned as
+“<i>masculée</i>�: but his Seal proves it to have been, as in No. 145,
+<i>lozengy vair and gu.</i> The Lozenge, it will be remembered, is
+always set erect upon the field of a Shield.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig143" id = "fig143"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig143.png" width = "68" height = "104"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig145" id = "fig145"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig145.png" width = "145" height = "160"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig144" id = "fig144"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig144.png" width = "69" height = "105"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 143.&mdash; Mascle.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 145.&mdash; De Burgh, Earl of Kent.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 144.&mdash; Rustre.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig143color.png" width = "68" height = "104"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig145color.png" width = "145" height = "160"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig144color.png" width = "69" height = "105"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Fusil</span> is an <i>elongated
+Lozenge</i>. The Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Montacute</span> or
+<span class = "smallcaps">Montagu</span> (see No. 20) are&mdash;<i>Arg.,
+three Fusils conjoined in fesse gu.</i>, No. 20: the Arms of <span class
+= "smallcaps">Percy</span> are&mdash;<i>Az., five fusils conjoined in
+fesse or.</i></p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig20a" id = "fig20a"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig20.png" width = "130" height = "152"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig146" id = "fig146"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig146.png" width = "147" height = "160"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 20.&mdash; Montacute.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 146.&mdash; Deincourt.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig20color.png" width = "126" height = "150"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig146color.png" width = "147" height = "160"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Billet</span> (H. 3) is a small
+elongated rectangular figure. Thus, for <span class =
+"smallcaps">Deincourt</span>, No. 146&mdash;<i>Az., billettée,
+a&nbsp;fesse dancette or.</i> The early Heralds blazoned a “Fesse
+Dancette� as simply a “<i>Dancette</i>� or “<i>Danse</i>.� See also
+<a href = "#fig130">No. 130</a>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig147" id = "fig147"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig147.png" width = "121" height = "131"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 147.<br>
+Campbell.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig147color.png" width = "121" height = "131"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Gyron</span>, a triangular figure, not
+known in English blazon as a separate charge (except perhaps in the one
+case of the arms of Mortimer), gives its title to the <i>gyronny
+field</i>, which is more commonly found in the Heraldry of the North
+than of the South. The field gyronny generally, and more particularly in
+Scotland, is divided into <i>eight pieces</i>: but the divisions are
+sometimes six, ten, twelve, or even sixteen in number. A&nbsp;Roll of
+the time of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span> has, for
+<span class = "smallcaps">Warin de
+<span class = "pagenum">71</span>
+<a name = "page71" id = "page71"> </a>
+Basingborne</span>&mdash;“<i>Gerony d’or et d’azur</i>.� The Arms of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Campbell</span> are&mdash;<i>Gyronny or and
+sa.</i>, No. 147.<a class = "tag" name = "tag3" id = "tag3" href =
+"#note3">3</a> Here, where there are eight pieces of divisions, it is
+not necessary to specify the number; but if they were either more or
+less than eight the blazon would be&mdash;<i>gyronny of six, of ten,
+&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Frette</span>, in more recent Heraldry,
+has generally superseded the original <i>field fretty</i>. This
+interlaced design, whether borne as a distinct figure, as No. 148, or
+repeated over the field of a Shield, as in No. 149, differs from a field
+lozengy or gyronny, in being a bearing charged <i>upon</i> the field of
+a Shield, and not a form of varied surface: No. 149, for <span class =
+"smallcaps">De Etchingham</span> (E.&nbsp;2), is&mdash;<i>Az., fretty
+arg.</i> An early variety or modification of Frette is the
+<i>Trellis</i> or <i>Treille</i>, in which the pieces do not interlace,
+but all those in bend lie over all those in bend sinister, and they are
+fastened at the crossings with nails&mdash;“<i>clouée</i>,� as in No.
+150. <span class = "smallcaps">Richard de Trussell</span> or <span class
+= "smallcaps">Tressell</span> (H.&nbsp;3) bears&mdash;<i>Arg.,
+a&nbsp;trellis gu., clouée or</i>.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig148" id = "fig148"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig148.png" width = "71" height = "71"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration" rowspan = "3">
+<a name = "fig149" id = "fig149"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig149.png" width = "134" height = "140"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration" rowspan = "3">
+<img src = "images/color/fig149color.png" width = "134" height = "140"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 148.&mdash; A Frette.</td>
+<!-- <td></td><td></td> -->
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig150" id = "fig150"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig150.png" width = "86" height = "84"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<!-- <td></td><td></td> -->
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 150.&mdash; Trellis Clouée.</td>
+<td class = "caption" colspan = "2">
+No. 149.&mdash; De Etchingham.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Roundles</span>, or <span class =
+"smallcaps">Roundlets</span>. These simple figures, in constant use in
+every age of Heraldry, are divided into two groups, which correspond
+with the division of the Tinctures into “Metals� and “Colours.�</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig151" id = "fig151"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig151.png" width = "43" height = "42"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 151.<br>
+Bezant.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig151color.png" width = "43" height = "42"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first group contains the two Roundles of the <i>Metals</i>, which
+are <i>flat discs</i>: 1, The <i>Bezant</i>, or golden Roundle, No. 151,
+which has apparently derived its name from
+<span class = "pagenum">72</span>
+<a name = "page72" id = "page72"> </a>
+the Byzantine coins with which the Crusaders, when in the East, would
+have been familiar. 2, The Silver Roundle, or <i>Plate</i>, is from the
+Spanish “Plata�&mdash;<i>silver</i>. When Bezants or Plates appear in
+considerable numbers, the field on which they are charged is said to be
+“<i>bezantée</i>� or “<i>platée</i>.� See <a href = "#fig140">No.
+140</a>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig152" id = "fig152"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig152.png" width = "43" height = "43"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 152.<br>
+Torteau.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig152color.png" width = "43" height = "43"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The second group contains the five Roundles of the <i>Colours</i>,
+which are <i>globular</i>, and are usually shaded accordingly. The
+<i>Torteau</i>, No. 152, in the plural <i>Torteaux</i>, is gules: the
+<i>Hurt</i> is azure: the <i>Pellet</i> or <i>Ogress</i> is sable: the
+<i>Pomme</i> is vert: and the <i>Golpe</i> is purpure. These distinctive
+titles, which are more calculated to perplex the student than to
+simplify his study, are of comparatively recent origin, the early
+Heralds having used the terms “<i>Bezant</i>,� “<i>Plate</i>,� and
+“<i>Torteau</i>,� with the general designations “<i>Roundle</i>� and
+“<i>Pellet</i>,� adding the tinctures for the others.
+Examples:&mdash;<i>Az., bezantée</i>, for <span class = "smallcaps">Wm.
+de la Zouche</span>: <i>Or, on a fesse gu. three plates</i>, for <span
+class = "smallcaps">Roger de Huntingfield</span>: <i>Arg., ten torteaux,
+four, three, two, one</i>, for <span class = "smallcaps">Alex.
+Giffard</span> (all H.&nbsp;3). See also <a href = "#fig80">Nos.
+80</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#fig82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatleft">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig153" id = "fig153"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig153.png" width = "58" height = "59"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 153.<br>
+Fountain.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig153color.png" width = "57" height = "58"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig154" id = "fig154"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig154.png" width = "51" height = "52"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 154.<br>
+Annulet.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A circular figure or Roundle that is <i>barry wavy arg. and az.</i>,
+is blazoned as a “<i>Fountain</i>,� No. 153. Examples:&mdash;<i>Arg.,
+three fountains</i>, for <span class = "smallcaps">Welles</span>:
+<i>Arg., a&nbsp;Chevron sable between three fountains</i>, borne by a
+family named <i>Sykes</i>, their name being an ancient term signifying a
+well or fountain. An <i>Annulet</i>, or a plain ring, No. 154, was
+sometimes blazoned as a “<i>false Roundle</i>�&mdash;a Roundle, that is,
+pierced, and having its central area removed.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+<p><a name = "note3" id = "note3" href = "#tag3">3.</a>
+In the illustration the colours are unfortunately reversed.</p>
+
+<p class = "mynote">
+The colors were corrected in the “colorized� version of the
+illustration.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">73</span>
+<a name = "page73" id = "page73"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapVIII" id = "chapVIII">CHAPTER VIII</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY</span><br>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Section V</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "summary">
+Miscellaneous Charges:&mdash; Human Beings&mdash; Animals&mdash;
+Birds&mdash; Fish&mdash; Reptiles and Insects&mdash; Imaginary
+Beings&mdash; Natural Objects&mdash; Various Artificial Figures and
+Devices&mdash; Appropriate Descriptive Epithets.</p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“The Formes of pure celestiall bodies mixt with grosse terrestrials;
+earthly animals with watery; sauage beasts with tame; fowles of prey
+with home-bred; these again with riuer fowles; reptiles with things
+gressible; aery insecta with earthly; also things naturall with
+artificiall.� &mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Guillim’s</span> “Display
+of Heraldry,� <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1611.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "firstword">Thus</span>, in his own quaint fashion, the
+enthusiastic old Herald of the seventeenth century indicates the number
+and variety of the Charges, which in process of time had been introduced
+into Armory even before his era. In earlier days the Charges of Heraldry
+were much less varied, comparatively few in their numbers, and generally
+of a simple character. It will readily be understood, however, that
+fresh figures and devices would continually appear in blazon; and also
+that these, in their turn, would lead the way for the introduction of
+further varieties and new modifications.</p>
+
+<p>Human Beings are of very rare occurrence, except as Supporters. Parts
+of the human frame constantly appear, but they are more generally borne
+as Crests upon helms than as charges on shields. “Moor’s heads� or
+“Saracen’s heads� appear in some coats, with arms, hands and legs: and a
+human heart is well known as a charge in the coat of
+<span class = "pagenum">74</span>
+<a name = "page74" id = "page74"> </a>
+the famous house of <span class = "smallcaps">Douglas</span>, where it
+was placed to commemorate the duty entrusted by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Robert Bruce</span> to the “good Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">James Douglas</span>,� that he should bear with him the
+heart of his Sovereign and friend to the Holy Land, and bury it there.
+Sir James fell, fighting with the Moors of Spain, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1330. This Shield of Douglas is a
+characteristic example of the gradual development of armorial
+composition. About <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1290, the Seal
+of <span class = "smallcaps">William</span>, Lord <span class =
+"smallcaps">Douglas</span>, displays his Shield, No. 155,
+bearing&mdash;<i>Arg., on a chief az. three mullets of the field.</i>
+Next, upon the field of the Shield of <span class =
+"smallcaps">William</span>, Lord <span class =
+"smallcaps">Douglas</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1333,
+there appears, in addition, <i>a human heart gules</i>, as in No. 156.
+And, finally, the heart is ensigned with a <i>royal crown</i>, as in No.
+157, this form appearing as early as 1387.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig155" id = "fig155"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig155.png" width = "110" height = "120"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig156" id = "fig156"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig156.png" width = "113" height = "122"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig157" id = "fig157"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig157.png" width = "109" height = "125"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 155.&mdash; Shield of Douglas.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 156.&mdash; Shield of Douglas.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 157.&mdash; Shield of Douglas.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig158" id = "fig158"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig158.png" width = "120" height = "121"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 158.<br>
+Isle of Man.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Shield of the ancient kingdom of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Isle of Man</span>, No. 158, still continues to be the
+heraldic ensign of that island: it is&mdash;<i>Gu., three human legs in
+armour ppr., conjoined in the fesse-point at the upper part of the
+thighs, and flexed in triangle.</i> This true curiosity of Heraldry
+leads Mr. Planché to remark, that “the <i>arms</i> of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Man</span> are <i>legs</i>� (“Pursuivant of Arms,� p. 112).
+The Shield represented in No. 158 is drawn from an original example of
+the age of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span> in the
+Heralds’ College. At later periods, the armour of the conjoined limbs is
+represented
+<span class = "pagenum">75</span>
+<a name = "page75" id = "page75"> </a>
+in conformity with the usages then prevalent, and golden spurs are
+added. The ancient symbol of the island of Sicily, in which the limbs
+are without either armour or clothing, has been represented in <a href =
+"#fig10">No. 10</a>: this device also appears in ancient examples with a
+human head at the junction of the limbs. Three human arms, united in the
+same manner, are borne on the shield of the mediæval family of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Tremaine</span>.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig159" id = "fig159"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig159.png" width = "314" height = "296"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 159.&mdash; Shield of St. Alban’s Abbey (partly restored).</p>
+
+<p>Human figures, winged and vested, and designed to represent <span
+class = "smallcaps">Angels</span>, are occasionally introduced in
+English Heraldry, their office generally being to act as “Supporters� to
+armorial Shields. Fine examples, in admirable preservation, may be seen
+boldly sculptured in the noble timber-roof of Westminster Hall; also in
+panels over the principal entrance to the Hall, and in various parts of
+the Abbey of Westminster. In the grand Abbey Church of St. Alban at St.
+Alban’s, numerous other examples of great excellence yet remain, the
+works of Abbot John de Wheathamstede, about <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1440. In No. 159 I give a representation of the
+Shield of Arms of the Abbey of <span class = "smallcaps">St.
+Alban</span>&mdash;<i>Az., a
+<span class = "pagenum">76</span>
+<a name = "page76" id = "page76"> </a>
+saltire or</i>, supported by Angels, and the Shield ensigned by the
+Mitre of Abbot Thomas De la Mere, as it is represented in his noble
+Brass in the Abbey Church. The Shield and the Angel Figures are the work
+of Abbot John. The Heads of the Figures, which are destroyed in the
+original, are restored from stained glass of the same period in the
+Abbey Church. Figures of Angels holding Shields of Arms&mdash;each
+figure having a shield in front of its breast, are frequently sculptured
+as corbels in Gothic churches.</p>
+
+<p>In the earliest Rolls of Arms, the Lion is the only animal that is
+found in blazon, with the sole addition of Boar’s heads. Deer, dogs,
+bulls, calves, rams, and a few other animals subsequently appear to
+share heraldic service and honours with the king of beasts. In modern
+Armory, however, almost every living creature has been required to
+discharge such duties as Heralds have been pleased to assign to them.
+The Lion of Heraldry I leave to be considered, with the Eagle, in the
+next Chapter. In comparatively early blazon, the <i>Bear</i> is borne by
+<span class = "smallcaps">Fitz Urse</span>: the <i>Calf</i>, by <span
+class = "smallcaps">Calveley</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">De
+Vele</span>: the <i>Ram</i>, by <span class = "smallcaps">Ramsey</span>
+and <span class = "smallcaps">Ramryge</span>: the <i>Lamb</i>, by <span
+class = "smallcaps">Lambert</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lambton</span>: the <i>Otter</i> (<i>loutre</i>, in French),
+by <span class = "smallcaps">Luttrel</span>: the <i>Hedgehog</i> (Fr.,
+<i>herrison</i>), by <span class = "smallcaps">De Heriz</span>,
+afterwards <span class = "smallcaps">Harris</span>: and so also, in like
+manner, some other animals appear as <i>armes parlantes</i> (see <a href
+= "#page16">p.&nbsp;<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘15’">16</ins></a>).</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig160" id = "fig160"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig160.png" width = "56" height = "61"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 160.<br>
+Early Martlet.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig161" id = "fig161"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig161.png" width = "94" height = "49"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 161.<br>
+Martlet.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>With the lordly Eagle a few other Birds are associated in early
+Heraldry: and, after a while, others join them, including the Falcon,
+Ostrich, Swan, Peacock or Pawne, and the Pelican borne both as a symbol
+of sacred significance, and also by the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Pelhams</span> from being allusive to their name. Cocks,
+with the same allusive motive, were borne by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Cockayne</span>: Parrots, blazoned as “<i>Popinjays</i>,�
+appear as early as <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span>: and
+in a Roll of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;II.</span>, the Sire
+<span class = "smallcaps">Mounpynzon</span> has a Lion charged on the
+shoulder with a Chaffinch&mdash;in French a <i>Pinson</i>. The favourite
+bird, however,
+<span class = "pagenum">77</span>
+<a name = "page77" id = "page77"> </a>
+of the early Heralds is the Martlet, the heraldic Martin, a&nbsp;near
+relative of the Swallow or <i>Hirondelle</i>. The Martlet is practically
+always represented in profile, at rest, and with its wings closed. The
+few exceptions are modern. In some early examples the feet are shown, as
+in No. 160: but, in the Shield of Earl <span class = "smallcaps">Wm. de
+Valence</span> in Westminster Abbey, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1296, the Martlet appears feetless, as in No.
+161; and at a later period this mode of representation was generally
+adopted. French Heralds deprive their Martlets of beak as well as
+feet.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatleft">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig162" id = "fig162"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig162.png" width = "194" height = "300"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 162.&mdash; Banner of De Barre.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>“As the symbol of a name,� writes Mr. Moule, “almost all Fish have
+been used in Heraldry; and in many instances Fish have been assumed in
+Arms in reference to the produce of the estate, giving to the quaint
+device a twofold interest� (“Heraldry of Fish,� p 13). The earliest
+examples are the Barbel, the Dolphin, the Luce (or Pike), the Herring,
+and the Roach. In conjunction with fish we may perhaps consider the
+Escallop which, as a charge, belongs to the earliest period of Heraldry.
+The Barbel, so named from the barbs attached to its mouth to assist it
+in its search for food, was introduced into English Heraldry by <span
+class = "smallcaps">John</span>, Count <span class = "smallcaps">De
+Barre</span>, whose elder brother married <span class =
+"smallcaps">Alianore</span>, eldest daughter of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span> At Carlaverock he displayed, as the
+chronicler has recorded, “<i>a blue banner, crusilly, with two Barbels
+of gold, and a red border en-grailed</i>,�
+<span class = "pagenum">78</span>
+<a name = "page78" id = "page78"> </a>
+No. 162. The Dolphin, borne by <span class = "smallcaps">Giles de
+Fishbourne</span> (H.&nbsp;3), and afterwards introduced into several
+English Shields, is best known as the armorial ensign of the <span class
+= "smallcaps">Dauphin</span>, the eldest son and heir apparent of the
+Kings of France, who bore, marshalled with the arms of <span class =
+"smallcaps">France</span>&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;Dolphin az.</i> This title
+of “Dauphin� was first assumed by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Charles&nbsp;V.</span>, who succeeded to the Crown of France
+in 1364. In <a href = "#fig8">No. 8</a> I have shown after what manner
+the Dolphin was represented by an ancient Greek Artist: in the Middle
+Ages the heraldic Dolphin appeared as in No. 163. <span class =
+"smallcaps">Geffrey de Lucy</span> (H.&nbsp;3) bears&mdash;<i>Gu., three
+Lucies or.</i> On his marriage with the heiress of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Anthony</span>, Lord <span class = "smallcaps">Lucy</span>,
+in 1369, <span class = "smallcaps">Henry</span>, fourth Lord <span class
+= "smallcaps">Percy</span> of Alnwick, quartered these three fish, with
+his own lion (blue on a golden field) and his fusils (gold on a blue
+field), upon the well-known Shield of the Earls of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Northumberland</span> (<a href = "#chapXI">Chapter
+XI</a>).</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig163" id = "fig163"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig163.png" width = "139" height = "121"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig164" id = "fig164"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig164.png" width = "182" height = "212"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig165" id = "fig165"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig165.png" width = "116" height = "108"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 163.&mdash; Dolphin.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 164.&mdash; De Lucy.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 165.&mdash; Escallop.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Another Carlaverock Banneret, <span class = "smallcaps">Robert de
+Scales</span>, whom the chronicler declares to have been both “handsome
+and amiable� as well as gallant in action, had “<i>six escallops of
+silver on a red banner</i>.� This beautiful charge of the escallop,
+happy in its association with the pilgrims of the olden time, and always
+held in high esteem by Heralds, is generally drawn as in No. 165.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">79</span>
+<a name = "page79" id = "page79"> </a>
+<p>Reptiles and Insects occur but rarely in English Heraldry. Bees,
+Flies, Butterflies, and Snails are sometimes found, but they have no
+place in the earliest Rolls of Arms. Bees, as might be expected, appear
+in the Arms of <i>Bees</i>ton. <i>Azure, three Butterflies</i>, are the
+Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Muschamp</span>, and they are carved
+twice in the vaulting of the cloisters at Canterbury. Upon a monumental
+brass in the Church of Wheathampstead, in Hertfordshire, the Shield of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Hugo Bostock</span> (about <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1435) bears,&mdash;<i>Arg., three Bats, their
+wings displayed, sa.</i></p>
+
+<p>Imaginary and Fabulous Beings, some of them the creations of heraldic
+fancy when in a strangely eccentric mood, frequently appear as
+Supporters; and, in some cases, they take a part in the blazonry of
+Shields, or they are borne independently as Badges. A&nbsp;very brief
+description (all that is necessary) of the greater number of these
+monsters of <i>un</i>natural history will be given in the “Glossary of
+heraldic terms,� in <a href = "#chapX">Chapter X.</a>; consequently, it
+is enough here merely to refer to them as having a place in blazon. The
+Griffin or Gryphon, the most worthy of the group, is comparatively
+common. The Dragon and the Wivern or Wyvern, both of them winged
+monsters, differ in this respect, that the former has four legs, while
+the latter has two only. In early blazon this distinction was not always
+observed. The Cockatrice, always having two legs, is a Wyvern with a
+cock’s head.</p>
+
+<p>Natural Objects of all kinds are blazoned as Charges of Heraldry, and
+they will be found described and illustrated in their proper places in
+<a href = "#chapX">Chapter X.</a> They include the <i>Sun</i>, the
+<i>Moon</i>, the <i>Stars</i>; also such terrestrial objects as
+<i>Trees</i>, <i>Flowers</i>, <i>Fruits</i>, <i>Sheaves and Ears of
+Corn</i>, <i>Leaves</i>, <i>Chaplets</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> And with these
+Charges I may group the always beautiful Fleur de Lys, and the Trefoil,
+Quatrefoil, Cinquefoil, and Sixfoil.</p>
+
+<p>Of the various Artificial Figures and Devices that
+<span class = "pagenum">80</span>
+<a name = "page80" id = "page80"> </a>
+Heralds have charged upon Shields of Arms, it will be unnecessary for me
+to give detailed descriptions, except when either the heraldic name may
+require explanation, or some special circumstances connected with any
+particular figure or device may impart to it peculiar claims for
+attention. Again I refer to the “Glossary� for notices and examples of
+all Charges of this class&mdash;Annulets, Buckles, Castles, Crowns,
+Cups, Horseshoes, Keys, Knots, Sickles, Stirrups, Trumpets, and many
+others.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig166" id = "fig166"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig166a.png" width = "61" height = "60"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/fig166b.png" width = "58" height = "61"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/fig166c.png" width = "58" height = "59"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<span class = "smallroman">A</span>.&mdash;Crescent</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+<span class = "smallroman">B</span>.&mdash;Increscent<br>
+No. 166</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+<span class = "smallroman">C</span>.&mdash;Decrescent</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In blazoning Charges of various classes, Heralds employ
+<i>appropriate Epithets and descriptive Terms</i>, of which the
+following are characteristic examples:&mdash;The <i>Sun</i> is “<i>in
+splendour</i>.� The <i>Moon</i>, when full, is “<i>in her
+complement</i>�: she is a “<i>Crescent</i>� when she appears in No. 166,
+<span class = "smallroman">A</span>: she is “<i>Increscent</i>� when as
+in No. 166, <span class = "smallroman">B</span>: and she is
+“<i>Decrescent</i>� when as in No. 166, <span class =
+"smallroman">C</span>. Animals and Birds of prey are said to be
+“<i>armed</i>� of their talons, teeth, and claws. All horned animals,
+also, except Stags and Antelopes, are “<i>armed</i>� of their horns; and
+a Cock is “<i>armed</i>� of his spurs; whilst Griffins and birds of prey
+are “<i>armed</i>� of their beaks and claws (<i>i.e.</i> the part of the
+leg which is unfeathered). Animals are “<i>hoofed</i>� or
+“<i>unguled</i>� of their hoofs; and “<i>langued</i>� of their tongues.
+Fierce animals are “<i>vorant</i>� of their prey, when represented in
+the act of devouring it. Deer, when reposing, are “<i>lodged</i>�
+<a href = "#fig25">Nos. 25</a> and <a href = "#fig26">26</a>: when
+standing, and looking out from the Shield, No. 167, “<i>at gaze</i>�:
+when in easy motion, they are termed “<i>trippant</i>,� or sometimes the
+word “<i>tripping</i>� is substituted, No. 168: and when in
+<span class = "pagenum">81</span>
+<a name = "page81" id = "page81"> </a>
+rapid motion, they are “<i>courant</i>,� “<i>at speed</i>,� or sometimes
+described as “<i>in full course</i>,� No. 169. The male Stag is
+sometimes termed a “<i>Hart</i>,� and the female a “<i>Hind</i>.� There
+is really a distinction between the Buck and the Stag, but it is very
+usually disregarded in Heraldry. The antlers of the Hart are
+“<i>Attires</i>,� their branches are “<i>Tynes</i>�; and they are said
+to be “<i>attired</i>� of their antlers. A&nbsp;Stag’s head full-faced,
+but without the neck, as No. 170, is “<i>cabossed</i>� or
+“<i>caboshed</i>.�</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig167" id = "fig167"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig167.png" width = "100" height = "126"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig169" id = "fig169"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig169.png" width = "114" height = "99"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 167.&mdash; At Gaze.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 169.&mdash; At Speed.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig168" id = "fig168"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig168.png" width = "79" height = "103"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig170" id = "fig170"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig170.png" width = "138" height = "119"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 168.&mdash; Tripping.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 170.&mdash; Stag’s Head Cabossed.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Eagles and Hawks with expanded wings, as in <ins class = "correction"
+title = "text reads ‘Fig.’">No.</ins> 206, are “<i>displayed</i>.�
+Expanded wings may be “<i>elevated</i>,� or, if drooping,
+“<i>inverted</i>� or “<i>in lure</i>.� Birds about to take wing are
+“<i>rising</i>�; when in flight, they are “<i>volant</i>�; when at rest,
+they are “<i>close</i>.� A&nbsp;Bird “<i>trusses</i>� its prey.
+A&nbsp;Peacock having its tail expanded is “<i>in its pride</i>�; and
+this same expression is applied to the Turkey. A&nbsp;Pelican, when
+feeding its young, is said to be “<i>in her piety</i>,� but may be
+merely “<i>vulning herself</i>� if the young are not represented.
+A&nbsp;Swan, when blazoned “<i>proper</i>,� is white with red legs and
+black beak.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">82</span>
+<a name = "page82" id = "page82"> </a>
+<p>Fish, represented swimming in fesse, are “<i>naiant</i>�; if they are
+in pale, they are “<i>hauriant</i>,� <a href = "#fig164">No. 164</a>;
+but if their heads are to the base, the term “<i>urinant</i>� is said to
+apply, but I cannot say I have so far come across an authenticated
+instance of the use of this word; if their bodies are bent, as the
+Dolphin is generally represented, they are “<i>embowed</i>,� <a href =
+"#fig163">No. 163</a>. Fish, also, are said to be “<i>finned</i>� of
+their fins. Insects are “<i>volant</i>.� Reptiles are “<i>gliding</i>�;
+or, if they are twined into knots, “<i>nowed</i>.� Trees of mature
+growth are “<i>accrued</i>�; when with leaves, “<i>in foliage</i>� (but
+these two terms are so seldom used that they may be entirely
+disregarded); with fruit or seeds, “<i>fructed</i>� or “<i>seeded</i>�;
+if without leaves, “<i>blasted</i>�; and if their roots are exposed,
+“<i>eradicated</i>.� Branches or leaves torn off are
+“<i>slipped</i>.�</p>
+
+<p>The terms which denote the attitudes of Lions, all of them described
+in the next chapter, are equally applicable to other animals. Some other
+descriptive terms, not noticed here, will be found in the “Glossary� in
+<a href = "#chapX">Chapter&nbsp;X.</a></p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">83</span>
+<a name = "page83" id = "page83"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapIX" id = "chapIX">CHAPTER IX</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY</span><br>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Section VI</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "center"><i>The Lion and the Eagle in Heraldry</i></p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“The <span class = "smallcaps">Lion</span> and a King of Beasts.�
+&mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Shakespeare</span>, <i>Richard
+II.</i></p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“The <span class = "smallcaps">Eagle</span>, ennobled by Nature in as
+high a degree of nobility as the chiefest of the terrestrial animals, is
+the most honourable bearing of Birds.� &mdash;<span class =
+"smallcaps">Gwillim</span> (<i>Edition of 1724</i>).</p>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "firstword">The</span> regal dignity of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lion</span> amongst the creatures that are quadrupeds, like
+himself, would naturally secure for him a position of corresponding
+eminence in Heraldry. From the dawn of the heraldic era, accordingly,
+the Lion is blazoned on the Shields of Sovereigns, Princes, and Nobles.
+The tressured Lion has been already noticed upon the Royal Shield of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Scotland</span>, <a href = "#fig138">No.
+138</a>; and a crowned Lion has also appeared in the same attitude,
+borne by an English Prince, <span class = "smallcaps">Richard</span>,
+Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Cornwall</span>, <a href =
+"#fig140">No. 140</a>. From the time that they first possessed any true
+armorial insignia, the Sovereigns of the Realm of <span class =
+"smallcaps">England</span> have borne Lions upon their Royal Shield.
+A&nbsp;Lion was the Ensign of the Native Princes of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Wales</span>, as he was of the Kings of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Leon</span>, of <span class = "smallcaps">Norway</span>, and
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Denmark</span>, and of the Counts of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Holland</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Hainault</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Eu</span>,
+&amp;c. And, in like manner, the Lion was in high favour with the most
+noble and powerful Barons of England&mdash;the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Mowbrays</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Bohuns</span>,
+<span class = "smallcaps">Longespees</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Fitz-Alans</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Lacies</span>,
+<span class = "smallcaps">Percies</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Segraves</span>, and such as they.</p>
+
+<p>It was a necessary consequence of his great popularity
+<span class = "pagenum">84</span>
+<a name = "page84" id = "page84"> </a>
+that the Lion of Heraldry should be blazoned in various attitudes, and
+also variously tinctured, otherwise it would not be possible duly to
+distinguish the Lions of different Shields. Heralds of all countries
+appear readily to have permitted their Lions to lay aside their natural
+tawny hue, and in its stead to assume the heraldic <i>or</i>,
+<i>argent</i>, <i>azure</i>, <i>gules</i>, and <i>sable</i>; but
+Continental Heralds were not generally disposed to recognise in their
+Lions any other attitude than the one which they held to be consistent
+with their Lion character, instincts, and habits&mdash;erect, that is,
+with one hind paw only on the ground, looking forward towards their
+prey, so as to show but one eye, and evidently in the act of preparing
+to spring. This undoubtedly most characteristic attitude is
+<i>rampant</i>, <a href = "#fig171">No. 171</a>: and only when he was in
+this rampant attitude did the early Heralds consider any Lion to be a
+Lion, and blazon him by his true name. A&nbsp;Lion walking and looking
+about him, the early Heralds held to be acting the part of a leopard:
+consequently, when he was in any such attitude, they blazoned him as
+“<i>a leopard</i>.� The animal bearing that name bore it simply as an
+heraldic title, which distinguished a Lion in a particular attitude.
+These heraldic “leopards� were drawn in every respect as other heraldic
+“lions,� without spots or any leopard<i>ish</i> distinction whatever.
+This explains the usage, retained till late in the fourteenth century,
+which assigned to the Lions of the Royal Shield of England the name of
+“leopards.� They were so called, not by the enemies of England for
+derision and insult, as some persons, in their ignorance of early
+Heraldry, have been pleased both to imagine and to assert; but the
+English Kings and Princes, who well knew their “Lions� to be Lions, in
+blazon styled them “leopards,� because they also knew that Lions in the
+attitude of their “Lions� were heraldic “leopards.� When at length the
+necessity of varying the attitude of their Lions was admitted by all
+Heralds, in consequence of the greatly increased numbers
+<span class = "pagenum">85</span>
+<a name = "page85" id = "page85"> </a>
+of the bearers of Lions, some strict adherents to the original
+distinctive nomenclature blazoned any Lion that was <i>not rampant</i>
+by the compound term of a “<i>lion-leopard</i>,� or a
+“<i>lion-leopardé</i>.� But that controversy has long been at rest.</p>
+
+<p>The following terms are now in use to denote the various attitudes of
+the Lion in Heraldry:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><i>Rampant</i>: erect, one hind paw on the ground, the other three
+paws elevated, the animal looking forward and having his tail elevated,
+No. 171. <i>Rampant Guardant</i>: as before, but looking out from the
+Shield, No. 172. <i>Rampant Reguardant</i>: as before, but looking
+backwards.</p>
+
+<p><i>Passant</i>: walking, three paws on the ground, the dexter
+fore-paw being elevated, looking forward, the tail displayed over the
+back, No. 173. <i>Passant Guardant</i>: as before, but looking out from
+the Shield, No. 174. <i>Passant Reguardant</i>: as before, but looking
+backwards.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig171" id = "fig171"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig171.png" width = "79" height = "113"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig172" id = "fig172"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig172.png" width = "83" height = "111"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig173" id = "fig173"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig173.png" width = "96" height = "77"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 171.&mdash; Rampant.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 172.&mdash; Rampant Guardant.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 173.&mdash; Passant.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Statant</i>: standing, his four paws on the ground, and looking
+before him, No. 175. <i>Statant Guardant</i>: as before, but looking out
+from the Shield, No. 176: in this example the Lion has his tail
+extended, but this would be
+<span class = "pagenum">86</span>
+<a name = "page86" id = "page86"> </a>
+specified in the blazon, as it is an unusual position. In like manner,
+if the tail of a Lion in any other attitude be extended, there must be a
+statement to that effect.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig174" id = "fig174"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig174.png" width = "94" height = "71"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig175" id = "fig175"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig175.png" width = "119" height = "76"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig176" id = "fig176"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig176.png" width = "143" height = "90"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 174.&mdash; Passant Guardant.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 175.&mdash; Statant.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 176.&mdash; Statant Guardant.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Sejant</i>: sitting down with his head elevated, No. 178. If he
+looks out from the Shield, the word <i>Guardant</i> is to be added.
+A&nbsp;Scottish Lion sejant usually has his fore paws raised in the air,
+and in English terms of blazon would be described as “<i>Sejant
+erect</i>� or “<i>Sejant rampant</i>.�</p>
+
+<p><i>Couchant</i>: is at rest, the fore legs stretched on the ground,
+as No. 177.</p>
+
+<p><i>Dormant</i>: asleep, head resting on fore paws, No. 179.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig177" id = "fig177"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig177.png" width = "98" height = "71"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig178" id = "fig178"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig178.png" width = "63" height = "91"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig179" id = "fig179"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig179.png" width = "103" height = "53"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 177.&mdash; Couchant.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 178.&mdash; Sejant.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 179.&mdash; Dormant.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Salient</i>: in the act of springing, the hind paws on the ground,
+both the fore paws elevated, No. 180.</p>
+
+<p><i>Queue fourchée</i>: having a forked tail.</p>
+
+<p><i>Double-queued</i>: two tails, as No. 181, which is a <i>lion
+rampant double-queued</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Coward: passant reguardant</i>, his tail between his legs, No.
+182.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig180" id = "fig180"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig180.png" width = "87" height = "112"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig181" id = "fig181"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig181.png" width = "96" height = "107"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig182" id = "fig182"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig182.png" width = "134" height = "81"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 180.&mdash; Salient.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 181.&mdash; Double-queued.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 182.&mdash; Coward.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Two Lions rampant, when face to face, are <i>Counter rampant</i>, or
+<i>Combatant</i>: when back to back, they are <i>Addorsed</i>: when
+passant or salient in contrary directions, they are <i>Counter
+passant</i> or <i>Counter salient</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">87</span>
+<a name = "page87" id = "page87"> </a>
+<p>Lions, whatever their tincture, except it be red, or they are charged
+on a field of that tincture, are <i>armed and langued gules</i>; but
+<i>azure</i> in the case of either of these exceptions, unless the
+contrary be specified in the blazon. When several Lions appear in one
+composition, or when they are drawn to a comparatively very small scale,
+they are sometimes blazoned as “<i>Lioncels</i>.� This term
+“<i>Lioncel</i>,� it must be added, when used alone, denotes a <i>small
+Lion rampant</i>.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig183" id = "fig183"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig183.png" width = "86" height = "103"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig184" id = "fig184"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig184.png" width = "67" height = "81"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig185" id = "fig185"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig185.png" width = "81" height = "87"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 183.&mdash; Lion’s Head.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 184.&mdash; Lion’s Face.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 185.&mdash; Lion’s Jambe.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>A Lion’s <i>head</i> is a Charge: it may be <i>erased</i>, as in No.
+183; or cut off smooth, when it is <i>couped</i>. A&nbsp;Lion’s
+<i>face</i> also is a Charge, No. 184; so is his <i>jambe</i> or
+<i>paw</i>, No. 185. A&nbsp;<i>demi-lion rampant</i> is the upper half
+of his body and the extremity of his tufted tail, as in No. 186.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig186" id = "fig186"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig186.png" width = "103" height = "87"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig187" id = "fig187"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig187.png" width = "151" height = "161"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 186.&mdash; Demi-Lion Rampant.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 187.&mdash; England.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Lions of England</span> are <i>golden
+Lions leopardé</i>, three in number, placed one above the other on a red
+Shield. They are blazoned&mdash;<i>Gu., three Lions pass. guard., in
+pale, or</i>, No. 187.</p>
+
+<p>A Lion in this attitude, of this tincture, and on a field gules, may
+be blazoned as a “Lion of England.� These
+<span class = "pagenum">88</span>
+<a name = "page88" id = "page88"> </a>
+three Lions <i>first</i> appear upon the second Great Seal of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;I.</span>, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1194, on the Shield of the King, No. 188. An
+earlier Seal, used by Prince <span class = "smallcaps">John</span>
+before his brother’s accession, has a Shield charged with <i>two</i>
+Lions only, and they are <i>passant</i>, No. 189. The first Great Seal
+of the lion-hearted King has a Shield, bowed in its contour, and charged
+with a <i>single</i> Lion rampant facing to the sinister, or
+<i>counter-rampant</i>, No. 190; and it has been conjectured that, were
+the whole face of this Shield visible, a&nbsp;second Lion rampant facing
+to the dexter would appear, thus charging the Shield with <i>two Lions
+combattant</i>; this, however, is a conjecture which is not supported by
+the authority of many Shields of the same form. A&nbsp;red Shield
+charged with <i>two golden Lions passant guardant in pale</i> (<a href =
+"#fig22">No. 22</a>), and therefore closely resembling No. 189, as I
+have already shown, has been assigned to <span class =
+"smallcaps">William&nbsp;I.</span>, and his two sons and his grandson,
+<span class = "smallcaps">William&nbsp;II.</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;I.</span>, and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Stephen</span>. The Shield bearing the three Lions, No. 187,
+has been assigned to <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;II.</span>,
+but it first makes its appearance on the Great Seal of his son. The
+probability is that up to this period the device was simply a lion,
+indeterminate in position or numbers. This same Shield has continued,
+from the time of <span class = "smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;I.</span>, to
+display the <span class = "smallcaps">Royal Arms</span> of the <span
+class = "smallcaps">Realm of England</span>: how, in the course of ages,
+these Arms become grouped with other insignia, I&nbsp;shall presently
+have to show.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig188" id = "fig188"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig188.png" width = "63" height = "164"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig189" id = "fig189"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig189.png" width = "65" height = "164"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig190" id = "fig190"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig190.png" width = "59" height = "162"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 188.<br>
+Richard I.&mdash;<br>
+2nd Gt. Seal.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 189.<br>
+Prince John.&mdash; Seal.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 190.<br>
+Richard I.&mdash;<br>
+1st Gt. Seal.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <i>Lion passant</i> is carefully distinguished in the earliest
+Rolls as a different Charge from the <i>Lion passant guardant</i>. Thus
+(H.&nbsp;3), for <span class = "smallcaps">Hamon le
+Strange</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., two Lions passant arg.</i>, No. 191; and
+for <span class = "smallcaps">John Giffard</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., three
+Lions pass. arg.</i>, No. 192: for Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">Nicholas Carew</span> (E.&nbsp;2),&mdash;<i>Or, three Lions
+pass. sa.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">89</span>
+<a name = "page89" id = "page89"> </a>
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig191" id = "fig191"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig191.png" width = "131" height = "138"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig192" id = "fig192"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig192.png" width = "146" height = "151"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig193" id = "fig193"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig193.png" width = "130" height = "139"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 191.&mdash; Le Strange.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 192.&mdash; Giffard.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 193.&mdash; Mowbray.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>From the numerous early Shields which bear <i>Lions rampant</i>,
+I&nbsp;select the following examples, associated with names illustrious
+in English History. For <span class = "smallcaps">Roger de
+Mowbray</span> (H.&nbsp;3)&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;Lion rampt. arg.</i>,
+No. 193: this Coat is quartered by the present Lord <span class =
+"smallcaps">Mowbray</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Segrave</span> and
+<span class = "smallcaps">Stourton</span>. For <span class =
+"smallcaps">Fitz-Alan</span>, Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Arundel</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;Lion rampt. or</i>
+(H.&nbsp;3), No. 193. For <span class = "smallcaps">De Laci</span>, Earl
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Lincoln</span>&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;Lion
+rampt. purpure</i> (E.&nbsp;2), No. 194. For Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">John de Segrave</span> (E.&nbsp;2)&mdash;<i>Sa., a&nbsp;Lion
+rampt. arg., crowned or</i>, No. 195. For <span class =
+"smallcaps">Percy</span>, Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Northumberland</span>&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;Lion rampt.
+az.</i>, No 196: this Shield is drawn from the fine counter-seal of Sir
+<span class = "smallcaps">Henry de Percy</span>, first Lord of Alnwick,
+who died <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1315.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig194" id = "fig194"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig194.png" width = "129" height = "138"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig195" id = "fig195"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig195.png" width = "128" height = "132"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 194.&mdash; De Lacy.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 195.&mdash; De Segrave.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Two Shields of the <span class = "smallcaps">De Bohuns</span>,
+<a href = "#fig114">Nos. 114</a>, <a href = "#fig115">115</a>, already
+described, exemplify the display of Lioncels as heraldic
+<span class = "pagenum">90</span>
+<a name = "page90" id = "page90"> </a>
+charges. An earlier Shield, charged with six Lioncels, but without any
+Ordinary, was borne by <span class = "smallcaps">Fair Rosamond’s</span>
+son, <span class = "smallcaps">William Longespée</span>, Earl of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Salisbury</span>, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1226: it is boldly sculptured with his noble
+effigy in Salisbury Cathedral, and it also appears upon his
+Seal&mdash;<i>Az., six Lioncels or</i>, No. 197. The Roll of Edward II.,
+confirmed by his Seal, gives for Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Wm. de
+Leybourne</span> the same composition, with a difference in the
+tincturing&mdash;<i>Az., six Lioncels arg.</i> Other members of the same
+family change these tinctures for <i>gules and or</i>, <i>gules and
+argent</i>, and <i>or and sable</i> (E.&nbsp;2). Examples of Shields
+which bear Lions or Lioncels with various other charges will be
+described and illustrated in succeeding chapters.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig196" id = "fig196"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig196.png" width = "199" height = "254"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig197" id = "fig197"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig197.png" width = "182" height = "204"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 196.&mdash; De Percy.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 197.&mdash; Longespée.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Lions also fulfil important duties of high honour in English Heraldry
+as <i>Crests</i> and <i>Supporters</i>, and also as <i>Badges</i>. From
+the time of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span> a Crowned
+Lion, at the first standing on a Cap of Estate, and afterwards upon the
+Crown, has been the Royal Crest of <span class =
+"smallcaps">England</span>; a&nbsp;Lion also has always been the Royal
+Crest of <span class = "smallcaps">Scotland</span> (see <a href =
+"#chapXVIII">Chapter XVIII.</a>). The Princes of the Royal Houses of
+England, in like manner, have always borne the Royal Lion distinguished
+by some “Mark of Cadency� (see
+<span class = "pagenum">91</span>
+<a name = "page91" id = "page91"> </a>
+198 is the Lion Crest of the <span class = "smallcaps">Black
+Prince</span>, from his Monument at Canterbury, the Lion differenced
+with the Prince’s silver label. The Lion also appears as the Crest of
+many noble and distinguished families, as the <span class =
+"smallcaps">De Bohuns</span>, the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Percies</span>, and the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Howards</span>. The Lion Crest of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;II.</span>, sculptured <i>statant guardant</i>
+upon his helm, with a chapeau and mantling, and with the Badge of two
+Ostrich feathers, in Westminster Hall, is without any crown: No.
+199.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig198" id = "fig198"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig198.png" width = "146" height = "164"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig199" id = "fig199"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig199.png" width = "170" height = "173"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 198.&mdash; Crest of Black Prince.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 199.&mdash; Crest of Richard II.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>As a Royal Supporter of the Arms of <i>England</i>, the Lion appears
+in company with some other creature from the time of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VI.</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;IV.</span> sometimes having his Shield supported
+by two Lions. On the accession of <span class =
+"smallcaps">James&nbsp;I.</span> of Great Britain, the Royal Lion
+Supporter formed that alliance with the Unicorn of Scotland which still
+continues, and will continue, it is to be hoped, throughout all time.
+Lions, as I shall point out more in detail in <a href =
+"#chapXVI">Chapter XVI.</a>, were frequently introduced into the
+composition of Seals before true heraldic Supporters were in use. In
+more recent Heraldry the Lion is a favourite Supporter: he now appears
+supporting the Shields of the Dukes of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Norfolk</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Argyll</span>,
+<span class = "smallcaps">Atholl</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Bedford</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Grafton</span>,
+<span class = "smallcaps">Northumberland</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Portland</span>, and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Wellington</span>; also, with many others, those of the
+Marquesses
+<span class = "pagenum">92</span>
+<a name = "page92" id = "page92"> </a>
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Bath</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Exeter</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Headfort</span>,
+and <span class = "smallcaps">Salisbury</span>; of the Earls of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Albemarle</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Brownlow</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Carlisle</span>,
+<span class = "smallcaps">Carnarvon</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Cork</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Essex</span>, and
+<span class = "smallcaps">Hardwick</span>; of the Viscount <span class =
+"smallcaps">Hardinge</span>; and of the Barons <span class =
+"smallcaps">Arundel</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Camoys</span>,
+<span class = "smallcaps">Dunboyne</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Monson</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Mowbray</span>,
+<span class = "smallcaps">Petre</span>, and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Southampton</span>. As a Supporter the Lion is represented
+<i>rampant</i>, <i>rampant reguardant</i>, and <i>sejant rampant</i>.
+Lions also, and Demi-Lions, are frequently borne as modern Crests.</p>
+
+<p>In our own treatment of the Lions of Heraldry, whatever their
+attitude or tincture, whatever also the position they may occupy or the
+heraldic duty they may discharge, we are always to draw and to blazon
+them as true <i>heraldic Lions</i>, while, at the same time, in their
+expression and general characteristics they are to be <i>genuine
+Lions</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig200" id = "fig200"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig200.png" width = "247" height = "279"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 200.&mdash; In Westminster Abbey.</p>
+
+<p>In becoming fellowship with the Lion, the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Eagle</span> appears in the earliest English Rolls and
+examples of Arms. The Royal bird, however, does not occur in English
+blazon so frequently as the Lion; and his appearance often denotes an
+alliance with German Princes. A&nbsp;Roll of Arms (printed in
+“Archæologia,� XXX.) of the year 1275 commences with the Shields of the
+“<span class = "smallcaps">Emperor of Germany</span>,� and of the “<span
+class = "smallcaps">King of Germany</span>,� which are severally
+blazoned as,&mdash;“<i>Or, an Eagle displayed having two heads sa.</i>,�
+and, “<i>Or, an Eagle displayed sable</i>.� In York Cathedral, in
+stained glass, there are Shields with both the double-headed and the
+single-headed Eagles, all of them German, which may be considered to
+have been executed before the year 1310. In the north choir-aisle at
+Westminster, the Shield (now mutilated) of the Emperor <span class =
+"smallcaps">Frederick&nbsp;II.</span> is boldly sculptured by an
+heraldic artist of the time of our <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span>, No. 200; here the Eagle had one head
+only. The German Emperors naturally adopted the Eagle for their heraldic
+Ensign, in support of their claim to be successors to the Roman Cæsars;
+and the Russian Czars, with the same motive, have also assumed the same
+<span class = "pagenum">93</span>
+<a name = "page93" id = "page93"> </a>
+ensign. The Eagle having two heads, which severally look to the dexter
+and the sinister, as in No. 201, typified a rule that claimed to extend
+over both the Eastern and the Western Empires; as the Eagle with a
+single head, No. 202, might be considered to have a less comprehensive
+signification. The Eagles of the Princes of Germany are frequently to be
+found, blazoned for them, in England.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig201" id = "fig201"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig201.png" width = "117" height = "132"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig202" id = "fig202"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig202.png" width = "121" height = "133"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 201.&mdash; Imperial Eagle.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 202.&mdash; Royal Eagle.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Richard</span>, the second son of King
+<span class = "smallcaps">John</span>, in the year 1256 was elected King
+of Germany (he is generally styled “King of the Romans�), when he bore
+the Eagle of the Empire: but the only Seals of this Prince that are
+known to exist in England display the Shield of his English Earldom
+<span class = "pagenum">94</span>
+<a name = "page94" id = "page94"> </a>
+of Cornwall, <a href = "#fig140">No. 140</a>. His Son <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edmund</span>, who succeeded to his father’s Earldom, on his
+Seals has represented an <i>Eagle bearing in its beak his Shield of
+Cornwall</i>, as in No. 203: this is a peculiarly interesting example of
+an heraldic usage of striking significance, and it also illustrates the
+early existence of the sentiment which at a later period led to the
+adoption of “Supporters� to Shields of Arms. In the early Heraldry of
+Scotland, a&nbsp;single displayed Eagle is occasionally found supporting
+an armorial Shield; as in the Seals of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Alexander Steward</span>, Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Menteith</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1296, and <span class = "smallcaps">William</span>, Earl of <span class
+= "smallcaps">Douglas</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">Mar</span>,
+<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1378 (Seton’s “Scottish
+Heraldry,� Plates VIII. and XII.): sometimes also, as Mr. Seton has
+observed, “the Eagle’s breast is charged with more than one Shield, as
+in the case of the Seals of <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret
+Stewart</span>, Countess of <span class = "smallcaps">Angus</span>
+(1366), and <span class = "smallcaps">Euphemia Leslie</span>, Countess
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Ross</span> (1381), on both of which
+<i>three</i> escutcheons make their appearance� (“Scottish Heraldry,� p.
+268, and Plate XII., No.&nbsp;5): in No. 204 I give a woodcut of this
+interesting composition; the Shields are, to the dexter, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Leslie</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., on a bend az., three buckles
+or</i>; in the centre, the Arms of the Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Ross</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., three
+<span class = "pagenum">95</span>
+<a name = "page95" id = "page95"> </a>
+Lions rampant arg., within a tressure</i>; and, to the sinister, <span
+class = "smallcaps">Cummin</span>&mdash;<i>Az., three garbs or</i>. The
+Imperial Eagle is sometimes represented crowned; the heads also in some
+examples are encircled with a <i>nimbus</i> or glory, as in <a href =
+"#fig212">No. 212</a>. I&nbsp;must add that in the Heraldry of the
+English Peerage the Imperial Eagle still supports the Shields of some
+few Peers of different ranks; as, for example, that of Baron <span class
+= "smallcaps">Methuen</span>.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig203" id = "fig203"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig203.png" width = "166" height = "225"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig204" id = "fig204"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig204.png" width = "280" height = "261"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 203.&mdash; Cornwall.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 204.&mdash; Seal of Euphemia Leslie.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Piers Gaveston</span>, who was created Earl
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Cornwall</span> by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;II.</span>, bore&mdash;<i>Vert, six Eaglets
+or</i>, No. 205, (E. 2 and York stained glass): on his Seal, however,
+the number of the Eaglets is reduced to <i>three</i>. Another early
+example is the Shield of that gallant and persevering knight, <span
+class = "smallcaps">Ralph de Monthermer</span>&mdash;<i>Or, an Eagle
+displayed vert</i>, No. 206, who became Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Gloucester</span> in right of his wife, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Joan</span>, daughter of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span>, and widow of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Gilbert de Clare</span>, the “Red Earl�; this green Eagle of
+Monthermer long held a place of high distinction in the mediæval
+Heraldry of England, marshalled on the Shields of the Earls of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Salisbury</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Warwick</span>; in which, as in the example, No. 206, the
+Eagle of Monthermer is quartered with the coat of Montacute, <a href =
+"#fig20">No. 20</a> (page 17). The
+<span class = "pagenum">96</span>
+<a name = "page96" id = "page96"> </a>
+Eagle of early Heraldry was sometimes blazoned as an “<i>Erne</i>,�<a
+class = "tag" name = "tag4" id = "tag4" href = "#note4">4</a> and
+sometimes as an “<i>Alerion</i>,� <span class = "smallcaps">William
+d’Ernford</span> (H.&nbsp;3) bears&mdash;<i>Sa., an Erne displayed
+arg.</i>: and, at the same period <span class = "smallcaps">Wm. de
+Ernfield</span> bears a pair of Erne’s or Eagle’s Wings, called a
+“<i>Vol</i>,� No. 207. From Shields of the fourteenth century which bear
+Eagles, and are blazoned in the Roll of Edward II., I&nbsp;select the
+following small group as good examples:&mdash;Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">Wm. de Mongomerie</span>&mdash;<i>Or, an Eagle displayed
+az.</i>: Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Nicholas de
+Etone</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;Chevron between three Eaglets
+arg.</i>: Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John de
+Charlestone</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., on a Chevron vert three Eaglets
+or</i>: Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Philip de
+Verley</span>&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;Bend gu., between six Eaglets sa.</i>:
+Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John de la Mere</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., on a
+Bend az. three Eaglets or</i>, No. 209: a&nbsp;Shield bearing a Bend
+charged with three Eagles, but with different tinctures, <a href =
+"#fig88">No. 88</a>, I&nbsp;have shown to have been the Arms of the
+Grandisons.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig205" id = "fig205"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig205.png" width = "232" height = "262"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig206" id = "fig206"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig206.png" width = "170" height = "192"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 205.&mdash; Shield of Piers Gaveston.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 206.&mdash; Montacute and Monthermer.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Eagles, under their name of “<i>Alerions</i>� (which early Heralds
+represented without feet and beaks), are blazoned in the same
+disposition as in No. 209, in the Arms of the Duchy of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lorraine</span>,&mdash;<i>Or, on a Bend gu. three alerions
+arg.</i>: and this device the Dukes of Lorraine <i>are said</i> to have
+borne in commemoration of an exploit of their famous ancestor, <span
+class = "smallcaps">Godfrey de Bologne</span>, <i>who is also said</i>,
+when “shooting against David’s tower in Jerusalem,� to have “broched
+upon his arrow three footless birds called alerions.� “It is
+impossible,� remarks Mr. Planché upon this legend, “now to ascertain who
+broached this wonderful
+<span class = "pagenum">97</span>
+<a name = "page97" id = "page97"> </a>
+story; but it is perfectly evident that the narrator was the party who
+drew the long bow, and not the noble <span class =
+"smallcaps">Godfrey</span>.� Mr. Planché adds, that the Alerions of
+Lorraine may indicate an alliance with the Imperial House; and he
+directs attention to “a similarity in sound between ‘Alerion’ and
+‘Lorraine,’� and also to a singular Anagram produced by the letters
+<span class = "extended">ALERION</span> and <span class =
+"extended">LORAINE</span>, which are the same (“Pursuivant of Arms,� p.
+87). The Arms of Lorraine are still borne by the Emperor of <span class
+= "smallcaps">Austria</span>: and in England they were quartered by
+Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret</span> of Anjou.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig207" id = "fig207"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig207.png" width = "138" height = "114"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig209" id = "fig209"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig209.png" width = "130" height = "136"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 207.&mdash; A Vol.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 209.&mdash; De la Mere.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Roll of Edward II. gives also for Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">Hugh de Bilbesworth</span> these arms&mdash;<i>Az., three
+Eagles displayed or</i>. A&nbsp;similar Shield, the tinctures changed
+to&mdash;<i>Arg., three Eagles displayed gu., armed or</i>, was borne by
+<span class = "smallcaps">Robert de Eglesfield</span>, Confessor to
+<span class = "smallcaps">Philippa</span> of Hainault, Queen of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>, who in the year 1340
+founded Queen’s College, Oxford: this Shield of the Founder is borne by
+the College. One of the Shields in the Chantry of Abbot <span class =
+"smallcaps">Ramryge</span> in St. Albans Abbey Church bears the same
+charges&mdash;<i>three eagles displayed</i>, No. 210: the drawing of the
+<span class = "pagenum">98</span>
+<a name = "page98" id = "page98"> </a>
+eagle in this Shield is remarkable, and the form of the Shield itself is
+singularly characteristic of the close of the fifteenth century. Another
+Shield in the same monument bears a single Eagle, drawn in the same
+manner, and sculptured with extraordinary spirit.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig210" id = "fig210"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig210.png" width = "219" height = "317"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 210.&mdash; Shield at St. Albans.</p>
+
+<p>The German Heralds, and also their brethren of France, delight in
+exaggerations of what I may distinguish as the Westminster Eagle,
+<a href = "#fig200">No. 200</a>. The Austrian Eagle, besides having both
+its heads crowned, has a large Imperial Crown placed between and above
+the two heads, as in No. 211. The Imperial Eagle (Holy Roman Empire)
+sometimes has a nimbus or glory about each head, which dignified
+accessory is represented by a circular line, as in No. 212. In some
+examples of Eagles, as well in our own Heraldry as in that of
+continental countries, the wings are represented as <i>erect</i> (the
+more usual form in England), and having the tips of all the principal
+feathers pointing upwards, as in No. 213. The Eagle borne as the Ensign
+of Imperial <span class = "smallcaps">France</span> was represented
+grasping a thunderbolt, in an attitude of vigilance, having its wings
+displayed, but with the tips of the feathers drooping, as they would be
+in the living bird; <a href = "#fig214">No. 214</a>.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig211" id = "fig211"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig211.png" width = "270" height = "265"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 211.&mdash; The Austrian Eagle.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig212" id = "fig212"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig212.png" width = "149" height = "170"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig213" id = "fig213"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig213.png" width = "142" height = "168"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 212.&mdash; Imperial Eagle, with Nimbus.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 213.&mdash; Eagle “displayed,� with Wings erect.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>, as a Second Crest,
+bore an Eagle. An Eagle also was borne for his Crest, as the imperial
+bird was displayed upon his Shield (<a href = "#fig206">No. 206</a>), by
+Earl <span class = "smallcaps">Ralph
+<span class = "pagenum">99</span>
+<a name = "page99" id = "page99"> </a>
+de Monthermer</span>. In the more recent Heraldry of England, the Eagle
+is a Supporter to the Shields of the Earls of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Clarendon</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Coventry</span>,
+and <span class = "smallcaps">Malmesbury</span>; the Viscounts <span
+class = "smallcaps">Bolingbroke</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">St.
+Vincent</span>; and the Barons <span class =
+"smallcaps">Heytesbury</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Radstock</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Wynford</span>,
+and others. Eagles also and Demi-Eagles are borne as Crests in the
+English Heraldry of our own day.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig214" id = "fig214"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig214.png" width = "207" height = "209"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 214.&mdash; French Imperial Eagle.</p>
+
+<p>In drawing our heraldic Eagles, we can scarcely improve upon some of
+the examples in which early English Heralds expressed their ideas of the
+king of birds.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote">
+<a name = "note4" id = "note4" href = "#tag4">4.</a>
+Query if this is not really a herne or
+heron.&mdash;A.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;F.-D.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">100</span>
+<a name = "page100" id = "page100"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapX" id = "chapX">CHAPTER X</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY</span><br>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Section VII</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "center"><i>Glossary of Titles, Names, and Terms</i></p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“The several denominations given to these tokens of honour ... with the
+terms of art given to them.� &mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Randle
+Home</span>: “Academy of Armoury,� <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1688.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "firstword">In</span> this Glossary, which obviously must
+be as concise as possible, I&nbsp;shall include no word that is
+ordinarily well understood, unless some special signification should be
+attached to it when it is in use in armorial blazon.</p>
+
+<div class = "glossary">
+
+<p><i>Abased.</i> Said of a charge when placed lower than its customary
+position.</p>
+
+<p><i>Abatement.</i> A supposed sign of degradation. (See <a href =
+"#chapXII">Chapter XII.</a>)</p>
+
+<p><i>Accollée.</i> Placed side by side.</p>
+
+<p><i>Accosted.</i> Side by side.</p>
+
+<p><i>Achievement</i>, or <i>Achievement of Arms</i>. Any complete
+heraldic composition.</p>
+
+<p><i>Addorsed.</i> Back to back.</p>
+
+<p><i>Affrontée.</i> So placed as to show the full face or front.</p>
+
+<p><i>Alerion.</i> A name sometimes given by early Heralds to the
+heraldic <i>Eagle</i>, which, when blazoned under this title, was also
+sometimes drawn without legs or beak. (See p.&nbsp;97.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Ambulant.</i> In the act of walking.</p>
+
+<p><i>Annulet.</i> A plain ring; sometimes blazoned as a “<i>false
+roundle</i>�: in modern English cadency, the difference of the fifth son
+or brother: <a href = "#fig154">No. 154</a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">101</span>
+<a name = "page101" id = "page101"> </a>
+<p><i>Annulettée.</i> Ending in Annulets.</p>
+
+<p><i>Antelope.</i> Depicted by early Heralds in a conventional manner,
+but now generally rendered more naturally, the earlier type being termed
+the heraldic antelope.</p>
+
+<p><i>Anthony, St.</i> His cross is in the form of the letter T,
+No.&nbsp;<a href = "#fig93">93</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Antique Crown.</i> See <i>Eastern Crown</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig215" id = "fig215"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig215.png" width = "112" height = "120"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 215.<br>
+Badge of Ulster.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Appaumée.</i> Said of a hand, when open, erect, and showing the
+palm: No. 215.</p>
+
+<p><i>Arched.</i> Bent, or bowed.</p>
+
+<p><i>Archbishop.</i> A prelate of the highest order in the English
+Church; his heraldic insignia are his <i>Mitre</i>, <i>Crozier</i>, and
+<i>Pall</i>. Next to the Royal Family, the Archbishop of Canterbury is
+the first subject in the realm; he is styled “Most Reverend Father in
+God,� “by Divine Providence,� and “Your Grace.� The Archbishop of York
+is third in rank (the Lord Chancellor being second), and his style is
+the same, except that he is Archbishop “by Divine permission.�
+Archbishops impale their own arms with those of their see, the latter
+being marshalled to the dexter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Argent.</i> The metal silver.</p>
+
+<p><i>Arm.</i> A human arm. When a charge, crest, or badge, it must be
+blazoned with full particulars as to position, clothing, &amp;c. If
+couped between the elbow and the wrist, it is a <i>cubit arm</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Armed.</i> A term applied to animals and birds of prey, to denote
+their natural weapons of offence and defence: thus, a&nbsp;Lion is said
+to be “<i>armed</i> of his claws and teeth�; a&nbsp;Bull, to be
+“<i>armed</i> of his horns�; an Eagle, “of its beak and talons.�</p>
+
+<p><i>Armory.</i> Heraldry. Also, a List of Names and Titles, with their
+respective Arms.</p>
+
+<p><i>Arms</i>, <i>Armorial Bearings</i>. Heraldic compositions, and the
+Figures and Devices which form them. (See <a href =
+"#chapI">Chapter&nbsp;I.</a>)</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">102</span>
+<a name = "page102" id = "page102"> </a>
+<p><i>Arms of Community.</i> Borne by Corporate and other Bodies and
+Communities, as cities, colleges, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>Arms of Dominion.</i> Borne by Sovereign Princes, being also the
+Sovereign arms of the realms over which they rule.</p>
+
+<p><i>Arms of Office.</i> Borne, with the personal arms, to denote
+official rank.</p>
+
+<p><i>Armes Parlantes.</i> Such as are allusive to the Name, Title,
+Office, or Property of those who bear them: thus, <i>Leaves</i> for
+<i>Leve</i>son, a&nbsp;<i>Castle</i> for <i>Castile</i>,
+a&nbsp;<i>Cup</i> for <i>Butler</i>, <i>Fish</i> for those who derive
+revenues from Fisheries, &amp;c. The more usual term is, however,
+“canting arms� (See <i>Rebus</i>: also page&nbsp;15.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Arrow.</i> Is <i>barbed</i> of its head, and <i>flighted</i> of
+its feathers; a&nbsp;bundle of arrows is a <i>sheaf</i>; with a blunt
+head, it is a <i>bird-bolt</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>At Gaze.</i> A term applied to animals of the chase, to denote
+their standing still, and looking straight forward: <a href =
+"#fig167">No. 167</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Attires</i>, <i>Attired</i>. The antlers of a Buck, Stag, or Hart:
+having antlers. A&nbsp;Reindeer is represented in Heraldry with double
+attires, one pair erect, and the other drooping forward.</p>
+
+<p><i>Augmentation.</i> An honourable addition to a Coat of Arms,
+specially granted with a peculiar significance: thus, the “Union� Device
+of the British Empire, blazoned on an inescutcheon, is the
+“<i>Augmentation</i>� specially granted to the great Duke of <span class
+= "smallcaps">Wellington</span>, to be borne on the honour point of his
+paternal shield.</p>
+
+<p><i>Augmented.</i> Having an “Augmentation.�</p>
+
+<p><i>Avellane.</i> A variety of the heraldic Cross: <a href =
+"#fig109">No. 109</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Azure.</i> The colour <i>blue</i> (indicated by horizontal lines):
+No.&nbsp;<a href = "#fig52">52</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Badge.</i> A figure or device, distinct from a crest, and capable
+of being borne without any background or other accessory. Badges are,
+however, often depicted upon a standard or roundle of the livery colour
+or colours.
+<span class = "pagenum">103</span>
+<a name = "page103" id = "page103"> </a>
+Badges were depicted as a sign of ownership upon property; were worn by
+servants and retainers, who mustered under the standards on which badges
+were represented. (See <a href = "#chapXV">Chapter&nbsp;XV.</a>)</p>
+
+<p><i>Banded.</i> Encircled with a band.</p>
+
+<p><i>Banner.</i> A flag, charged with the coat of arms of the owner,
+displayed over its entire surface. (See <a href = "#chapXVII">Chapter
+XVII.</a>)</p>
+
+<p><i>Banneret.</i> A Knight who had been advanced by the King to that
+higher military rank which entitled him to display a banner.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bar.</i> One of the Ordinaries: Nos. <a href =
+"#fig81">81</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#fig82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bars Gemelles.</i> Barrulets borne in pairs: Nos. <a href =
+"#fig83">83</a>,&nbsp;<a href = "#fig84">84</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Barbed.</i> Pointed, as an arrow. The term is also applied to the
+small green leaves between the petals of heraldic roses. (See
+<i>Rose</i>.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Barbel.</i> A Fish borne as an allusive device by the family of
+<span class = "smallcaps">De Barre</span>: <a href = "#fig162">No.
+162</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Barded.</i> Having horse-trappings.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bardings.</i> Horse-trappings, often enriched with armorial
+blazonry. On the Great Seal of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span> the Bardings of the King’s charger for
+the first time appear adorned with the Royal arms. On both sides of the
+horse, the head is supposed to be to the dexter. An example is
+represented in the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Alexander de
+Balliol</span>, in <a href = "#chapXIV">Chapter XIV.</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Barnacles</i>, <i>Breys</i>. An instrument used in breaking
+horses. A&nbsp;rebus of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Reginald
+Bray</span>, architect of St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, and repeatedly
+represented there: No. 216.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig216" id = "fig216"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig216.png" width = "86" height = "57"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig217" id = "fig217"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig217.png" width = "135" height = "58"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 216.&mdash; Breys.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 217.&mdash; Circlet of a Baron’s Coronet.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Baron.</i> The lowest rank in the British Peerage. A&nbsp;Baron is
+“Right Honourable,� and is styled “My Lord.� His coronet, first granted
+by Charles II., has on a golden circlet six large pearls, of which four
+appear in representations, as in No. 217. An Irish Baron has no coronet.
+All a Baron’s children are “Honourable.�</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">104</span>
+<a name = "page104" id = "page104"> </a>
+
+<p><i>Baron.</i> A purely heraldic term signifying a <i>husband</i>,
+a&nbsp;<i>wife</i> in Heraldry being <i>femme</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Baroness.</i> A lady in whom a Barony is vested by inheritance in
+her own right; also, the wife of a Baron. In either case she is “Right
+Honourable�; is styled “My Lady,� and her coronet is the same as that of
+a Baron.</p>
+
+<p><i>Baronet.</i> An hereditary rank, lower than the peerage,
+instituted in 1612 by <span class = "smallcaps">James&nbsp;I.</span>,
+who fixed the precedence of Baronets before all Knights, those of the
+Order of the Garter alone excepted. As originally created, all Baronets
+were “of Ulster,� or “of Nova Scotia�; afterwards all new creations were
+“of Great Britain�; now all are “of the United Kingdom.� The “Badge of
+Ulster,� generally borne as an augmentation upon a canton or small
+inescutcheon, is&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;sinister hand, couped at the
+wrist and appaumée, gu.</i>,&mdash;No. 215. The arms of Nova Scotia,
+which may be (but seldom are) similarly borne on a canton or
+inescutcheon, are&mdash;<i>Arg., on a saltire az., the Royal arms of
+Scotland</i>. (See <a href = "#fig138">No. 138</a>.) By letters patent
+of <span class = "smallcaps">James&nbsp;I.</span>, the wives of Baronets
+have the titles of “<i>Lady</i>, <i>Madam</i>, or <i>Dame</i>,� at their
+pleasure prefixed to their names.</p>
+
+<p><i>Barrulet.</i> The diminutive of a Bar.</p>
+
+<p><i>Barrulée</i>, <i>Barruly</i>. Barry of ten or more pieces.</p>
+
+<p><i>Barry.</i> Divided into an even number of Bars, which all lie in
+the same plane: Nos. <a href = "#fig85">85</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#fig86">86</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Barry Bendy.</i> Having the field divided by lines drawn
+<i>bar-wise</i>, which are crossed by others drawn <i>bend-wise</i>:
+<a href = "#fig119">No. 119</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bar-wise.</i> Disposed after the manner of a Bar,&mdash;crossing
+<span class = "pagenum">105</span>
+<a name = "page105" id = "page105"> </a>
+the field, that is, horizontally. The term <i>fessways</i> is more
+usually employed.</p>
+
+<p><i>Base.</i> The lowest extremity: <a href = "#fig27">No. 27, <span
+class = "smallroman">B</span></a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Basilisk.</i> A cockatrice having its tail ending in a dragon’s
+head.</p>
+
+<p><i>Basinet.</i> A helm fitting close to the head.</p>
+
+<p><i>Baton.</i> A diminutive of the bend, couped at its
+extremities.</p>
+
+<p><i>Battled</i>, or <i>Embattled</i>. Having battlements, or bordered,
+as <a href = "#fig38">No. 38, <span class =
+"smallroman">F</span></a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Beacon</i>, or <i>Fire Beacon</i>. An iron case of burning
+combustibles set on a pole, against which a ladder is placed.</p>
+
+<p><i>Beaked.</i> Applied to birds, not of prey.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bearer.</i> An old Scottish term for a <i>Supporter</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bearing</i>, <i>Bearings</i>. Armorial insignia, borne on
+shields.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bell.</i> Drawn, and generally blazoned as a <i>church-bell</i>,
+unless specified to be a <i>hawk’s-bell</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Belled.</i> Having bells attached.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bend.</i> One of the Ordinaries: Nos. <a href =
+"#fig111">111</a>-<a href = "#fig115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bendlet.</i> The diminutive of a bend: <a href = "#fig117">No.
+117</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bend-wise</i>, or <i>In Bend</i>. Placed in the position of or
+arranged in the direction of a bend.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bendy.</i> Parted bend-wise into an even number of divisions:
+<a href = "#fig116">No. 116</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Besant.</i> A golden “Roundle� or disc, flat like a coin: <a href
+= "#fig151">No. 151</a>, and <a href = "#fig140">No. 140</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Billet.</i> An oblong figure of any tincture:
+<i>Billetée</i>&mdash;strewn with “Billets�: Nos. <a href =
+"#fig130">130</a>, <a href = "#fig146">146</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bird.</i> Many Birds appear in blazon, and they are represented
+both in heraldic tinctures and “proper�&mdash;in their natural aspect.
+(See <a href = "#chapVIII">Chapters VIII.</a> and&nbsp;<a href =
+"#chapIX">IX.</a>)</p>
+
+<p><i>Bird-bolt.</i> An arrow with a blunt head.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bishop.</i> The Bishops are “by Divine permission,� and are styled
+“Right Reverend Father in God,� and “My Lord Bishop.� The Bishops of
+England and Wales are not Peers but are all “spiritual lords� of
+Parliament, some
+<span class = "pagenum">106</span>
+<a name = "page106" id = "page106"> </a>
+of the junior Bishops, however, having no seats. The Suffragan Bishops
+are merely assistant Bishops, and are not Lords of Parliament. The
+heraldic insignia of Bishops consist of <i>a mitre</i> and <i>pastoral
+staff</i>; they impale their official and personal arms, as do the
+Archbishops; and, like them also, they bear no crests, but they ensign
+their shields with a mitre.</p>
+
+<p><i>Blasted.</i> Leafless, withered.</p>
+
+<p><i>Blazon.</i> Heraldry: Armorial Compositions. “To blazon� is to
+<i>describe</i> or to <i>represent</i> any armorial Figure, Device, or
+Composition in an heraldic manner.
+<i>Blazoning</i>&mdash;<i>Describing</i> in heraldic language: also,
+<i>representing</i> in an heraldic manner. <i>Blazonry</i>&mdash;the
+representation of any heraldic Figure, Device, or Composition. But the
+distinction is in practice usually made to employ the word “emblazon� in
+cases of representation.</p>
+
+<p><i>Boar.</i> In Heraldry occasionally termed <i>Sanglier</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bordure.</i> A Subordinary: Nos. <a href = "#fig139">139</a>,
+<a href = "#fig140">140</a>. Also, an important “Difference.� (See <a href
+= "#chapXII">Chapters XII.</a> and <a href = "#chapXIII">XIII.</a>)</p>
+
+<p><i>Botoneé</i>, <i>Botoneé Fitcheé</i>. Varieties of the heraldic
+Cross: Nos. <a href = "#fig103">103</a>, <a href = "#fig110">110</a>.
+This Cross is also termed <i>Trefleé</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bouget</i>, or <i>Water Bouget</i>. A charge, representing the
+vessels used by the Crusaders for carrying water. The word is an early
+form of Bucket. Fine early examples occur in the Temple Church, at
+Beverley Minster, and in a monument at Blyborough, Lincolnshire: No.
+218.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig218" id = "fig218"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig218.png" width = "92" height = "85"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig219" id = "fig219"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig219.png" width = "69" height = "131"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 218.&mdash; Water Bouget.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 219.&mdash; Bourchier Knot.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Bourchier Knot.</i> The badge of the Bourchier family represented
+in No. 219.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bourdon.</i> A palmer’s or pilgrim’s staff. (See <i>Pilgrim’s
+Staff</i>.)</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">107</span>
+<a name = "page107" id = "page107"> </a>
+<p><i>Bow.</i> The archer’s weapon, in all its varieties of form, is a
+charge.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bowed.</i> Having a convex contour.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig220" id = "fig220"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig220.png" width = "86" height = "86"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 220.<br>
+Bowen Knot.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Bowen Knot.</i> No. 220.</p>
+
+<p><i>Braced.</i> Interlaced.</p>
+
+<p><i>Breys.</i> Barnacles, <i>q.v.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Brisure</i>, or <i>Brizure</i>. Any difference or mark of
+cadency.</p>
+
+<p><i>Buckle.</i> See <ins class = "correction" title = "spelled ‘Fermail’ elsewhere"><i>Fermaile</i></ins>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Burgonet.</i> A helm worn in the sixteenth century.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cabossed</i>, or <i>Caboshed</i>. The head of a stag, or other
+horned animal, represented full-faced, so as to show the face only:
+<a href = "#fig170">No. 170</a>. In the case of a lion or leopard when the
+head is so represented it is termed the face.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cadency, Marks of.</i> Figures and devices, introduced into
+armorial compositions, in order to distinguish the different members and
+branches of the same family. (See <i>Difference</i>, and <a href =
+"#chapXII">Chapter XII.</a>)</p>
+
+<p><i>Cadet.</i> A junior member or branch of a family.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig221" id = "fig221"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig221.png" width = "76" height = "69"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 221.<br>
+Caltrap.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Caltrap.</i> An implement formerly strewn on the ground in war to
+maim horses: No. 221.</p>
+
+<p><i>Canting Heraldry.</i> Refer to <i>Armes Parlantes</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Canton.</i> One of the Subordinaries: Nos. <a href =
+"#fig129">129</a>, <a href = "#fig130">130</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cantoned.</i> Placed in the quarters of a shield.</p>
+
+<p><i>Carbuncle.</i> The same as <i>Escarbuncle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cartouche.</i> <a href = "#fig46">No. 46</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Castle.</i> Generally represented with two or three turrets, as in
+the shield of Queen Alianore, of Castile: No. 222. Refer to
+<i>Tower</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Celestial Crown.</i> No. 223.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig222" id = "fig222"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig222.png" width = "109" height = "110"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig223" id = "fig223"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig223.png" width = "165" height = "93"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig224" id = "fig224"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig224.png" width = "167" height = "104"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 222.&mdash; Castle.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 223.&mdash; Celestial Crown.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 224.&mdash; Chapeau.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">108</span>
+<a name = "page108" id = "page108"> </a>
+<p><i>Centaur.</i> Also blazoned as a <i>sagittary</i>, and supposed to
+have been a badge of King Stephen.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cerceleé</i>, or <i>Recerceleé</i>. A descriptive term to denote a
+variety of the heraldic Cross: No.&nbsp;<a href = "#fig98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Chapeau.</i> Also entitled <i>a cap of dignity</i>, <i>of
+maintenance</i>, or <i>of estate</i>. An early symbol of high dignity,
+and in England of right of Peerage. In addition it is now more
+frequently met with supporting certain crests: No. 224.</p>
+
+<p><i>Chaplet.</i> A garland or entwined wreath of leaves and flowers,
+or of flowers alone. A&nbsp;<i>chaplet of rue</i>, sometimes called a
+<i>crancelin</i>, is blazoned bend-wise in the shield of
+Saxony&mdash;<i>Barry of ten or and sa., over all a chaplet of rue
+vert</i>: No. 225. (See <i>Crancelin</i>.)</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig225" id = "fig225"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig225.png" width = "197" height = "212"
+alt = "see text">
+<img src = "images/color/fig225color.png" width = "196" height = "210"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 225.&mdash; Arms of Saxony.</p>
+
+<p><i>Charge.</i> Any heraldic figure or device.
+<i>Charged</i>&mdash;placed on a shield, banner, &amp;c., as any
+heraldic figure or device may&nbsp;be.</p>
+
+<p><i>Chequeé</i>, <i>Chequy</i>, <i>Checky</i>. Divided into three, or
+into more
+<span class = "pagenum">109</span>
+<a name = "page109" id = "page109"> </a>
+than three, contiguous rows of small squares, alternately of a metal (or
+fur) and a colour: No&nbsp;68.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig226" id = "fig226"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig226.png" width = "72" height = "78"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 226.<br>
+Chess Rook.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Chess rook.</i> A piece used in the game of Chess: borne by
+<i>Roke</i>wood and others: No. 226.</p>
+
+<p><i>Chevron.</i> One of the Ordinaries: Nos. <a href =
+"#fig123">123</a>, <a href = "#fig125">125</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Chevronel.</i> A diminutive of the Chevron: <a href =
+"#fig124">No. 124</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Chevroneé</i>, <i>Chevrony</i>. A field composed of a number of
+pieces divided and disposed <i>per Chevron</i>: <a href = "#fig124">No.
+124</a><span class = "smallroman">A</span>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Chief.</i> One of the Ordinaries: Nos. <a href =
+"#fig71">71</a>-<a href = "#fig75">75</a>. <i>In Chief</i>&mdash;placed
+in the upper part of the shield, or arranged in a horizontal row across
+the upper part of the field.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cinque-foil.</i> A flower or leaf of five foils: No. 227.</p>
+
+<p><i>Civic Crown.</i> A wreath of oak-leaves and acorns.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig227" id = "fig227"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig227.png" width = "73" height = "71"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig228" id = "fig228"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig228a.png" width = "52" height = "81"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/fig228b.png" width = "66" height = "81"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 227.&mdash; Cinque foil.</td>
+<td class = "caption" colspan = "2">
+No. 228.&mdash; Clarions.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Clarenceux.</i> See <i>Herald</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Clarion.</i> An ancient musical instrument, a&nbsp;badge,
+apparently, of the <span class = "smallcaps">De Clares</span>. By some
+this charge is supposed to represent a <i>lance-rest</i>, and is
+sometimes so blazoned: No. 228, which shows two varieties of form.</p>
+
+<p><i>Clecheé.</i> A variety of the heraldic Cross: <a href =
+"#fig105">No. 105</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Close.</i> With closed wings.</p>
+
+<p><i>Closet.</i> A Diminutive of the Bar, one half its width.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cloueé.</i> Fastened with Nails, and showing the Nail-heads:
+<a href = "#fig150">No. 150</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Coat Armour.</i> True armorial or heraldic bearings, duly granted
+or inherited, and rightly borne: so entitled, from having been depicted
+by warriors of the Middle Ages upon their <i>surcoats</i>, worn by them
+over their armour.</p>
+
+<p><i>Coat of Arms.</i> A complete armorial composition, properly what
+would be charged upon a Shield or Banner, but often used as an
+alternative for <i>Achievement</i>, <i>q.v.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">110</span>
+<a name = "page110" id = "page110"> </a>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig229" id = "fig229"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig229.png" width = "113" height = "151"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 229.<br>
+Cockatrice.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Cockatrice.</i> A fabulous creature, represented in No. 229.</p>
+
+<p><i>Collar.</i> One of the insignia of Orders of Knighthood, worn
+about the neck. Also any ornament or distinction worn in the same
+manner. Knights occasionally wore collars charged with their own badge.
+In addition to their badges of the Red and White Rose, examples exist
+showing that adherents of the rival houses of York and Lancaster
+sometimes wore collars, the former formed of alternate <i>Suns and
+Roses</i>, No. 230; and the latter, of the letter S continually
+repeated, No. 231. No certain origin has been discovered for the
+Lancastrian “Collar of S.,� but it has been suggested that it represents
+the word SOVERAYGNE, the motto of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;IV.</span> No. 230 is from the Brass to <span
+class = "smallcaps">Henry Bourchier</span>, K.G., Earl of Essex, at
+Little Easton, Suffolk, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1483; and
+No. 231 from the Brass to Lord <span class = "smallcaps">Camoys</span>,
+K.G., at Trotton, Sussex, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1424.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig230" id = "fig230"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig230.png" width = "147" height = "146"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig231" id = "fig231"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig231.png" width = "224" height = "85"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 230.&mdash; A Collar of York.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 231.&mdash; A Collar of Lancaster.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>College of Arms</i>, or <i>Heralds’ College</i>. (See
+<i>Herald</i>.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Colour.</i> See <a href = "#chapV">Chapter V.</a>, page 41. The
+term “<i>Colours</i>� is applied to Flags, particularly to those of
+infantry regiments, and to such as are displayed at sea. (See <a href =
+"#chapXVII">Chapter XVII.</a>)</p>
+
+<p><i>Combatant.</i> Two lions, or other animals of prey, rampant and
+face to face.</p>
+
+<p><i>Compartment.</i> In Scottish Heraldry, “a kind of carved
+<span class = "pagenum">111</span>
+<a name = "page111" id = "page111"> </a>
+panel, of no fixed form, placed below the escutcheon, bearing the
+supporters, and usually inscribed with a motto or the name and
+designation of the owner.�&mdash;<i>Seton.</i> Other objects placed
+below the shield are met with under this description.</p>
+
+<p><i>Componée</i>, <i>Compony</i>, or <i>Gobony</i>. A&nbsp;single row
+of small squares alternately of two tinctures or furs: <a href =
+"#fig66">No. 66</a>. (See <i>Counter Componée</i>.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Complement, In her.</i> Applied to the moon when full.</p>
+
+<p><i>Compound Quartering.</i> The quartering of a quarter, or division
+of a quartered Coat-of-Arms. (See page&nbsp;34.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Compound Arms.</i> Arms formed from the combination of the
+bearings of two or more distinct coats, to produce a single compound
+coat.</p>
+
+<p><i>Conjoined in Lure.</i> Two wings united, their tips in base.</p>
+
+<p><i>Contoise.</i> A flowing scarf, worn attached to the helm before
+1350. Two examples occur in effigies in Exeter Cathedral, and another in
+Westminster Abbey.</p>
+
+<p><i>Contournée.</i> Facing to the sinister.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cornish Chough.</i> A bird like a crow, black, with red beak and
+legs.</p>
+
+<p><i>Coronet.</i> An ensign of rank worn upon the head, in use in
+England from about the middle of the fourteenth century, but without any
+distinctive tokens of gradations of rank until a later period. In modern
+times English Coronets have enclosed a velvet cap with a bullion tassel.
+This cap originated in the cap of estate worn by Peers. (See
+<i>Prince</i>, <i>Duke</i>, <i>Marquess</i>, <i>Earl</i>,
+<i>Viscount</i>, and <i>Baron</i>.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Cotise.</i> A diminutive of the Bend or other Ordinary, being
+one-fourth of their width. <i>Cotised</i>. When a Bend or Chevron is
+placed between two Cotises, or when a Fesse or Bar is placed between two
+Barrulets. Nos. <a href = "#fig114">114</a>, <a href =
+"#fig115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Couchant.</i> In repose. <a href = "#fig177">No. 177</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Couchée.</i> Said of a Shield when suspended from the sinister
+<span class = "pagenum">112</span>
+<a name = "page112" id = "page112"> </a>
+extremity of the chief, or when placed as if it were so suspended.
+No.&nbsp;<a href = "#fig49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Count</i>, <i>Countess</i>. <i>Count</i>, in Latin “Comes,� the
+same as Earl. <i>Countess</i>, the wife of an Earl: she is “Right
+Honourable,� and styled “My Lady�: her coronet is the same as that of an
+Earl.</p>
+
+<p><i>Counter.</i> Reversed or opposite.</p>
+
+<p><i>Counter-changing.</i> See <a href = "#page44">page 44</a>, and
+Nos. <a href = "#fig70">70</a>, <a href = "#fig126">126</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Counter Componée.</i> Double <i>Componée</i>, or two conjoined
+rows of alternately tinctured squares. No.&nbsp;<a href =
+"#fig67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Counter-Embattled.</i> A term in use for a fesse, bar, or chevron
+when embattled on both edges.</p>
+
+<p><i>Counter-seal.</i> Early seals were generally impressed on both
+sides; and the seals thus were produced from two dies or matrices. The
+two sides were severally called the <i>seal</i> and the
+<i>counter-seal</i>, the latter being termed the <i>reverse</i> of the
+compound composition. Every such double impression constituted a single
+seal. Both seal and counter-seal were sometimes used alone; and the
+counter-seal was regarded as a private seal, or <i>secretum</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Couped.</i> Cut off <i>smoothly</i>&mdash;the reverse of
+“erased.�</p>
+
+<p><i>Couple-close.</i> Half a <i>chevronel</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Courant.</i> Running.</p>
+
+<p><i>Courtesy, Titles of.</i> Nominal degrees of rank, conceded to, and
+borne by, the Eldest Sons of Dukes, Marquesses, and Earls, and other
+titles used by their younger children and all children of Viscounts and
+Barons.</p>
+
+<p><i>Coward</i>, <i>Cowed</i>. A term applied to an animal with its
+tail between its legs. <a href = "#fig182">No. 182</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Crampet.</i> The decorated end of a sword-scabbard.</p>
+
+<p><i>Crancelin.</i> From the German <i>kranzlein</i>, “a small
+garland,� applied to the chaplet that crosses the shield of Saxony, No.
+225: this charge is also blazoned as <i>a bend treflée vert</i>, <i>a
+bend archée coronettée</i>, or <i>a coronet extended in bend</i>: it is
+said to be an augmentation conferred, with the
+<span class = "pagenum">113</span>
+<a name = "page113" id = "page113"> </a>
+Dukedom of Saxony, on <span class = "smallcaps">Bernhard</span> of
+Ascania, by the Emperor <span class = "smallcaps">Barbarossa</span>. The
+Emperor took from his head his own chaplet of rue, and threw it across
+the shield of Duke Bernhard. This story is probably untrue.</p>
+
+<p><i>Crenellated.</i> Embattled.</p>
+
+<p><i>Crescent.</i> <a href = "#fig166">No. 166</a>. In modern English
+cadency, the difference of the second son, or house.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cresset.</i> A beacon.</p>
+
+<p><i>Crest.</i> A figure or device originally worn upon a helm, and now
+generally represented above a Shield of arms. Crests at first were
+ensigns of high honour, and their use was restricted to a few persons of
+eminence: they were attached by a <i>wreath</i>, or <i>torse</i>, or by
+a <i>coronet</i>, to the helm or basinet; and sometimes a crest stood
+upon a cap of estate. Crests are still represented standing upon either
+a wreath, or a cap, or issuing from a coronet: but in our own Heraldry a
+<i>crest-coronet</i> must always be carefully distinguished from those
+coronets that are insignia of princely and noble rank. Crests are not
+borne by ladies, a&nbsp;reigning Sovereign only excepted. (See
+<i>Panache</i>, <i>Rebus</i>, and <a href = "#chapXIV">Chapter
+XIV.</a>)</p>
+
+<p><i>Crest-Coronet.</i> A coronet from which issues, or which supports,
+a&nbsp;crest. No. 232.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig232" id = "fig232"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig232.png" width = "179" height = "93"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig233" id = "fig233"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig233.png" width = "183" height = "140"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 232.&mdash; Crest Coronet.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 233.&mdash; Crest-Wreath.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Crest-Wreath</i>, or <i>Torse</i>. In the Middle Ages, of rich
+materials and costly workmanship; now represented as being formed of two
+rolls of silk of the principal metal and colour in the arms, which are
+twisted to show
+<span class = "pagenum">114</span>
+<a name = "page114" id = "page114"> </a>
+the metal and colour alternately. The earliest examples are about <span
+class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1375. No. 233 shows three varieties of
+representation. (See <a href = "#chapXIV">Chapter XIV.</a>)</p>
+
+<p><i>Crined.</i> Having a mane or hair.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cross.</i> One of the Ordinaries. Nos. <a href =
+"#fig90">90</a>-<a href = "#fig110">110</a>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig234" id = "fig234"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig234.png" width = "195" height = "200"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 234.&mdash; Crown<br>
+of H.M. The King.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Crown.</i> The ensign of Royal and Imperial dignity; in Heraldry
+borne as a charge, and also used to denote the rank of a Sovereign
+Prince. The Crown that is generally borne as a charge is represented
+without arches, and resembling No. 232. Certain other crowns, each
+distinguished by an appropriate title, are also sometimes borne on
+shields, or introduced as heraldic accessories. (See <i>Celestial</i>,
+<i>Eastern</i> or <i>Radiated</i>, <i>Mural</i>, <i>Naval</i>, and
+<i>Vallary</i> Crowns.) The different forms assumed at different periods
+by the Royal Crown of England are faithfully exemplified in the seals
+and the coinage of the successive Sovereigns, and several fine examples
+are preserved in the Royal effigies. The adornment of the regal circlet
+was arbitrary before the fifteenth century; still, it always was
+enriched with gems and surmounted by golden foliage. <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;V.</span> first arched his crown; and by <span
+class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VI.</span> the circlet was first
+heightened with alternate crosses-patée and fleurs de lys. This
+arrangement has since been retained, the subsequent alterations being
+restricted to changes in the number and in the contour of the arches.
+The crown of His Majesty the <span class = "smallcaps">King</span> has
+the circlet heightened with four crosses and as many fleurs de lys; from
+the crosses rise the arches, which are surmounted by a mound and a
+cross-patée. No. 234. This, the heraldic crown, is not an exact
+reproduction of the actual crown of the King.</p>
+
+<p><i>Crozier.</i> Strictly, the cross-staff of an archbishop;
+distinguished by its form from the pastoral-staff with a crook-head, of
+bishops; but the term is loosely and very
+<span class = "pagenum">115</span>
+<a name = "page115" id = "page115"> </a>
+generally applied also to the crook-headed pastoral-staff.</p>
+
+<p><i>Crusilee</i>, <i>Crusily</i>. Having the field semée of
+crosses-crosslets, or of other small crosses, their peculiar form (when
+not crosslets) being specified.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cubit arm.</i> A human arm couped between the elbow and the
+wrist.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cup</i>, <i>Covered Cup</i>. A vessel formed like a chalice, and
+having a raised cover; borne by the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Botilers</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Butlers</span>,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cushion</i>, <i>Pillow</i>, <i>Oreiller</i>. Unless described of
+another form, square or oblong, and with a tassel at each corner.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig235" id = "fig235"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig235.png" width = "134" height = "189"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 235.&mdash; Dacre<br>
+Knot and Badges.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Dacre Knot.</i> No. 235. (See <i>Knot</i>.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Dancetté.</i> <a href = "#fig38">No. 38</a><span class =
+"smallroman">B</span>. In early blazon, a&nbsp;fesse dancetté is styled
+simply “a <i>dancette</i>� or “a <i>danse</i>.� Nos. <a href =
+"#fig78">78</a>, <a href = "#fig146">146</a>; and No. <a href =
+"#fig20a">20</a><span class = "smallroman">A</span>, page&nbsp;70.</p>
+
+<p><i>Debruised.</i> When an ordinary surmounts an animal or another
+charge.</p>
+
+<p><i>Decrescent.</i> A half-moon having its horns to the sinister.
+<a href = "#fig166">No. 166</a><span class = "smallroman">C</span>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Deer.</i> In general practice very little if any differentiation
+is made between the <i>Stag</i>, the <i>Buck</i>, and the <i>Hart</i>;
+<span class = "pagenum">116</span>
+<a name = "page116" id = "page116"> </a>
+the female is a <i>Hind</i>, and of course is without attires. (See
+<a href = "#chapVIII">Chapter VIII.</a>)</p>
+
+<p><i>Degrees.</i> A term applied to the steps upon which a Cross
+Calvary is represented.</p>
+
+<p><i>Demembered</i>, <i>Dismembered</i>. Cut into pieces, but without
+any alteration in the form of the original figure.</p>
+
+<p><i>Demi.</i> The half. The upper, front, or dexter half, unless the
+contrary be specified. <a href = "#fig186">No. 186</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Depressed.</i> Surmounted.</p>
+
+<p><i>Dexter.</i> The right side. <a href = "#fig27">No. 27</a><span
+class = "smallroman">C</span>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Diaper</i>, <i>Diapering</i>. Surface decoration. No.&nbsp;<a href
+= "#fig68">68</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Difference</i>, <i>Differencing</i>. An addition to, or some
+change in, a&nbsp;Coat-of-Arms, introduced for the purpose of
+distinguishing Coats which in their primary qualities are the same. (See
+<a href = "#chapXII">Chapters XII.</a> and <a href =
+"#chapXII">XIII.</a>)</p>
+
+<p><i>Dimidiated.</i> Cut in halves per pale, and one half removed:
+<a href = "#fig250">No. 250</a>. (See <a href =
+"#chapXI">Chapter&nbsp;XI.</a>)</p>
+
+<p><i>Disclosed.</i> With expanded wings, in the case of birds that are
+<i>not</i> birds of prey. The contrary to <i>Close</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Displayed.</i> Birds of prey with expanded wings. <a href =
+"#fig200">No. 200</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Disposed</i>, <i>Disposition</i>. Arranged, arrangement.</p>
+
+<p><i>Dividing Lines.</i> <a href = "#fig38">No. 38</a>: also Nos.
+<a href = "#fig27">27</a>-<a href = "#fig37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Dolphin.</i> A favourite fish with Heralds. The heraldic Dolphin
+of antiquity is exemplified in <a href = "#fig8">No. 8</a>; that of the
+Middle Ages in <a href = "#fig163">No. 163</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Dormant.</i> Asleep, as in <a href = "#fig179">No. 179</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Double-queued.</i> Having two tails. <a href = "#fig181">No.
+181</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Doubling.</i> The lining of a Mantle or Mantling.</p>
+
+<p><i>Dove-tail.</i> <a href = "#fig381">No. 381</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Dragon.</i> A winged monster having four legs. No. 236.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig236" id = "fig236"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig236.png" width = "134" height = "144"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig237" id = "fig237"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig237.png" width = "207" height = "105"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 236.&mdash; Dragon.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 237.&mdash; Circlet of a Duke’s Coronet.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Duke.</i> The highest rank and title in the British Peerage; first
+introduced by <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span> in the
+year 1337, when he created the <span class = "smallcaps">Black
+Prince</span> the first English Duke (in Latin, “<i>Dux</i>�).
+A&nbsp;Duke is “Most Noble�; he is styled “My Lord Duke,� and “Your
+Grace�; and all
+<span class = "pagenum">117</span>
+<a name = "page117" id = "page117"> </a>
+his younger sons are “Lords,� and all his daughters “Ladies,� with the
+prefix “Right Honourable.� His eldest son bears, by courtesy, his
+father’s “second title�; and, accordingly, he generally bears the title
+of Marquess. Whatever his title, however, the rank of the eldest son of
+a Duke is always the same, and it assigns to him precedence between
+Marquesses and Earls. The Coronet of a Duke, arbitrary in its adornment
+until the sixteenth century was far advanced, is now a circlet,
+heightened with eight conventional strawberry-leaves, of which in
+representations three and two half-leaves are shown; No. 237. It
+encloses a velvet cap. The present ducal coronet is represented in the
+portrait of <span class = "smallcaps">Ludovick Stuart</span>, K.G., Duke
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Richmond</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lennox</span>, who died in 1624; the picture, the property
+of the Crown, is at Hampton Court.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ducal Coronet.</i> A term commonly, but not very accurately,
+applied to a <i>Crest Coronet</i>. <a href = "#fig232">No. 232</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Duchess.</i> The wife of a Duke. She is “Most Noble,� and is
+styled “Your Grace.� Her coronet is the same as that of a Duke.</p>
+
+<p><i>Eagle.</i> See <a href = "#chapIX">Chapter IX.</a>, <a href =
+"#page92">page 92</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Eaglet.</i> An Eagle on a small scale.</p>
+
+<p><i>Earl.</i> In Latin, “Comes�; in French, “Comte� or “Count.� Before
+1337, the highest, and now the third degree of rank and dignity in the
+British
+<span class = "pagenum">118</span>
+<a name = "page118" id = "page118"> </a>
+Peerage. An Earl is “Right Honourable�; he is styled “My Lord�; his
+eldest son bears his father’s “second title,� generally that of
+Viscount; his other sons are styled “Honourable,� but all his daughters
+are “Ladies.� The circlet of an Earl’s Coronet has eight lofty rays of
+gold rising from the circlet, each of which supports a large pearl,
+while between each pair of these rays there is a golden strawberry-leaf.
+In representations five of the rays and pearls are shown; No. 238.
+Elevated clusters of pearls appear in an Earl’s coronet&mdash;that of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Thomas Fitz Alan</span>, Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Arundel</span>&mdash;as early as 1445; but the present form
+of the coronet may be assigned to the second half of the following
+century.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig238" id = "fig238"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig238.png" width = "181" height = "89"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig239" id = "fig239"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig239.png" width = "149" height = "97"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 238.&mdash; Circlet of an Earl’s Coronet.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 239.&mdash; Eastern Crown.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Eastern</i>, <i>Radiated</i>, or <i>Antique Crown</i>. No.
+239.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig240" id = "fig240"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig240.png" width = "146" height = "115"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 240.<br>
+Electoral Bonnet.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Electoral Bonnet.</i> A cap of crimson velvet guarded with ermine,
+borne, in the Royal Arms, over the inescutcheon of the arms of Hanover
+from 1801 till 1816. No. 240.</p>
+
+<p><i>Embattled</i>, and <i>Counter-Embattled</i>. A&nbsp;term applied
+to a fess or bar when so depicted both above and below.</p>
+
+<p><i>Embowed.</i> Bent. An arm embowed has the elbow to the dexter,
+unless blazoned to the contrary.</p>
+
+<p><i>Embrued.</i> Stained with blood.</p>
+
+<p><i>Endorse.</i> A diminutive of the pale.</p>
+
+<p><i>Enfiled.</i> Pierced, <i>e.g.</i> with a sword, or surrounded,
+<i>e.g.</i> with a coronet.</p>
+
+<p><i>Engrailed.</i> The border-line, <a href = "#fig38">No. 38</a><span
+class = "smallroman">D</span>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Enhanced.</i> Raised towards the chief. Thus the arms of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Byron</span>, No. 241, are&mdash;<i>Arg., three
+bendlets enhanced gu.</i></p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig241" id = "fig241"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig241.png" width = "106" height = "112"
+alt = "see text">
+<img src = "images/color/fig241color.png" width = "106" height = "112"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 241.&mdash; Shield of Byron.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">119</span>
+<a name = "page119" id = "page119"> </a>
+<p><i>Ensigned.</i> Adorned; having some ensign of honour placed
+above&mdash;as a coronet above a shield.</p>
+
+<p><i>Entire.</i> Said of a charge when it is necessary to express that
+it extends to the border lines of a shield, coat, or banner; also of a
+shield, coat, or banner of arms, when borne without any difference or
+mark of cadency.</p>
+
+<p><i>Entoire</i>, <i>Entoyre</i>. A bordure charged with a series of
+inanimate figures or devices, as crosslets, roundles, &amp;c.; to a
+similar bordure of living figures the term <i>Enaluron</i> is applied.
+These are not terms ordinarily in use.</p>
+
+<p><i>Enveloped</i>, <i>Environed</i>. Surrounded.</p>
+
+<p><i>Equipped.</i> Fully armed, caparisoned, or provided.</p>
+
+<p><i>Eradicated.</i> Torn up by the roots.</p>
+
+<p><i>Erased.</i> Torn off with a ragged edge; the contrary to
+<i>Couped</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ermine</i>, <i>Ermines</i>, <i>Erminois</i>. Nos. <a href =
+"#fig57">57</a>-<a href = "#fig60">60</a> and <a href =
+"#fig57a">57<span class = "smallroman">A</span></a>. The animal, the
+ermine, sometimes appears in blazon, and an ermine spot is borne as a
+charge.</p>
+
+<p><i>Erne.</i> An eagle. (See <a href = "#page96">p. 96</a>.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Escarbuncle.</i> <a href = "#fig19">No. 19</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Escroll.</i> A ribbon charged with a motto; also a ribbon, coiled
+at its extremities, borne as a charge.</p>
+
+<p><i>Escutcheon.</i> An heraldic shield: Nos. <a href =
+"#fig39">39</a>-40: also <a href = "#fig27">No. 27</a>. An Escutcheon,
+when borne as a charge, is usually blazoned as an “<i>Inescutcheon</i>�:
+thus, the Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Hay</span>
+are,&mdash;<i>Arg., three inescutcheons gu.</i>: see also Nos. <a href =
+"#fig131">131</a>, <a href = "#fig133">133</a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">120</span>
+<a name = "page120" id = "page120"> </a>
+<p><i>Escutcheon of Pretence.</i> A shield charged upon the centre of
+the field of another shield of larger size, and bearing a distinct
+Coat-of-Arms.</p>
+
+<p><i>Escallop</i>, or <i>Escallop-Shell</i>. A&nbsp;beautiful and
+favourite charge; <a href = "#fig165">No. 165</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Esquire.</i> A rank below that of Knight. Besides those Esquires
+who are personal attendants of Knights of Orders of Knighthood at their
+installations, this title is held by most attendants on the person of
+the Sovereign, and all persons holding or having held the Sovereign’s
+commission in which they are so styled.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig242" id = "fig242"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig242.png" width = "70" height = "57"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 242.<br>
+Estoile.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Estate.</i> Dignity and rank.</p>
+
+<p><i>Estoile.</i> A star with wavy rays or points, which are six,
+eight, or sometimes even more in number: No. 242. (See
+<i>Mullet</i>.)</p>
+
+<p><i>False.</i> Said of any charge when its central area is
+removed&mdash;thus, an <i>Annulet</i> is a “false roundle.�</p>
+
+<p><i>Fan</i>, or <i>Winnowing Fan</i>, or <i>Vane</i>. The well-known
+implement of husbandry of that name, borne by the Kentish Family of De
+Sevans or Septvans&mdash;<i>Az., three fans or</i> (E.&nbsp;2). This
+shield appears in the Brass to Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de
+Sevans</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1305, at Chartham,
+in Kent, and in the cloisters at Canterbury.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fan Crest.</i> An early form of decoration for the knightly helm,
+exemplified in the 2nd Great Seal of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;I.</span>, and in many other Seals, until about
+<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1350. (See <a href =
+"#chapXIV">Chapter XIV.</a>)</p>
+
+<p><i>Feathers.</i> Generally those of the Ostrich, sometimes of the
+swan, the turkey, and a few other birds, borne generally as Crests and
+Badges, both singly and in plumes or groups. (See <i>Ostrich
+Feather</i>, <i>Panache</i>, and <a href = "#chapXIV">Chapter
+XIV.</a>)</p>
+
+<p><i>Femme.</i> The Wife, as distinguished from the “Baron,� the
+Husband.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fer-de-Moline</i>, or <i>Mill-rind</i>. The iron affixed to the
+centre
+<span class = "pagenum">121</span>
+<a name = "page121" id = "page121"> </a>
+of a mill-stone; No. 243: a&nbsp;modification of the
+<i>Cross-moline</i>; No.&nbsp;<a href = "#fig97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fermail</i> (plural <i>Fermaux</i>). A&nbsp;buckle: No. 244.
+Several varieties of form appear in blazon, it being usual to specify
+them as round, oval, square, or lozenge-shaped. They are always blazoned
+as buckles.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig243" id = "fig243"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig243.png" width = "49" height = "76"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig244" id = "fig244"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig244.png" width = "62" height = "122"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig245" id = "fig245"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig245.png" width = "65" height = "90"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 243.&mdash; Fer-de-Moline.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 244.&mdash; Fermails.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 245.&mdash; Fetter-lock.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Fess</i>, or <i>Fesse</i>. One of the Ordinaries: Nos. <a href =
+"#fig76">76</a>-<a href = "#fig80">80</a>. <i>Fesse-wise, In Fesse.</i>
+Disposed in a horizontal line, side by side, <i>across the centre</i> of
+the field, and over the <i>Fesse-Point</i> of a shield: <a href =
+"#fig27">No. 27, <span class = "smallroman">M</span></a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fetter-lock.</i> A shackle and padlock&mdash;a Yorkist Badge: No.
+245; is from the Brass to Sir <span class = "smallcaps">S. de
+Felbrigge</span>, K.G., at Felbrigg, Norfolk, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1414; this, however, being a very unusual
+shape.</p>
+
+<p><i>Field.</i> The entire surface of a Shield or Banner, or of an
+Ordinary.</p>
+
+<p><i>File.</i> A Label, from the Latin <i>filum</i>, a&nbsp;narrow
+ribbon.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fillet.</i> A diminutive of a Chief.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fimbriated.</i> Bordered&mdash;the border (which is narrow) lying
+in the same plane with the object bordered: No.&nbsp;<a href =
+"#fig89">89</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fish.</i> Numerous Fish appear in blazon, and generally in their
+proper tinctures. They are borne as allusive charges, and also as types
+of some connection between those persons who bear them and the sea or
+lakes or rivers. Mr. Moule has published an admirable volume on the
+“Heraldry of Fish,� beautifully illustrated with examples drawn by his
+daughter. (See p.&nbsp;77.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Fitchée.</i> Pointed at the base, as in <a href = "#fig110">No.
+110</a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">122</span>
+<a name = "page122" id = "page122"> </a>
+<p><i>Flanches</i>, <i>Flasques</i>. Subordinaries: Nos. <a href =
+"#fig141">141</a>, <a href = "#fig142">142</a>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig246" id = "fig246"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig246.png" width = "56" height = "75"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 246.<br>
+Fleur de lys.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Fleur de lys.</i> The beautiful heraldic device so long identified
+with the history of France: No. 246 (from the monument of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>?). The fleur de lys, derived, it
+would seem, from the flower of a lily resembling the iris, was adopted
+by <span class = "smallcaps">Louis&nbsp;VII.</span> (<span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1137-1180) as his royal ensign, and in due time
+it was regularly charged upon a true Shield of Arms. Originally the
+Royal Shield of France was&mdash;<i>Az., semée of fleurs de lys, or</i>;
+the fleurs de lys scattered freely over the field, and the Shield itself
+having the appearance of having been cut out of a larger object, over
+the whole surface of which the flowers had been <i>semée</i>. This
+Shield of France is distinguished as “<i>France Ancient</i>�: No. 247.
+About <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1365, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Charles&nbsp;V.</span> of France reduced the number of the
+fleurs de lys to three;
+<span class = "pagenum">123</span>
+<a name = "page123" id = "page123"> </a>
+and this Shield is now known as “<i>France Modern</i>�: No. 248.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig247" id = "fig247"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig247.png" width = "149" height = "152"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig248" id = "fig248"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig248.png" width = "131" height = "130"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 247.&mdash; France Ancient.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 248.&mdash; France Modern.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "plain">
+In the year 1275, <span class = "smallcaps">Edmund</span>, first Earl of
+Lancaster, the second son of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span>, married <span class =
+"smallcaps">Blanche</span> of Artois, when he differenced his shield of
+England with <i>a label of France&mdash;a blue label charged on each
+point with three golden fleurs de lys</i>. No. 249, thus, for the first
+time did the armorial insignia of England and France appear together
+upon the same Shield. In 1299 <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span> married his second Queen, <span class
+= "smallcaps">Margaret</span> of France, and then this royal lady placed
+on one of her Seals a Shield of England and France dimidiated: No. 250.
+On another of her Seals, a&nbsp;very noble example of the
+Seal-engraver’s art, Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret</span>
+displayed the Shield of King <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span>, her husband, <i>surrounded,
+<span class = "pagenum">124</span>
+<a name = "page124" id = "page124"> </a>
+on the field of the Seal, with her father’s fleurs de lys</i>: No. 251.
+On the Seals of <span class = "smallcaps">Isabelle</span> of France,
+Queen of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;II.</span>, the same
+dimidiated shield, and another shield quartering the arms of England
+with <i>France Ancient</i> and two other French coats (<i>Navarre</i>
+and <i>Champagne</i>) appear. Then Prince <span class =
+"smallcaps">John</span> of <span class = "smallcaps">Eltham</span>
+charged a “bordure of France� <i>upon his shield</i>, <a href =
+"#fig24">No. 24</a>; thus applying the suggestion of the Seal of Queen
+<span class = "smallcaps">Margaret</span>, No. 251, in such a manner as
+was consistent with the advanced condition of heraldic art.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig249" id = "fig249"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig249.png" width = "171" height = "179"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig250" id = "fig250"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig250.png" width = "167" height = "178"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 249.&mdash; Edmund,<br>
+Earl of Lancaster.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 250.&mdash; Margaret,<br>
+Queen of Edward I.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig251" id = "fig251"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig251.png" width = "286" height = "434"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 251.&mdash; Seal of Margaret, second Queen of Edward I.</p>
+
+<p class = "plain">
+On his accession in 1327, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span> placed a fleur de lys on each side
+of the Shield of England upon his Great Seal: and in 1340, when he
+claimed the crown of France, <span class = "smallcaps">Edward</span>
+<i>quartered France Ancient with his lions of England</i>: No. 252.
+Shortly after his accession, perhaps in 1405, in order to conform to the
+altered blazonry of the French sovereigns, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;IV.</span> quartered <i>France Modern</i> on his
+shield: No. 253. The position of the three fleurs de lys was more than
+once changed in the Royal Shield of England (as I shall hereafter show
+more particularly) after the accession of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Stuarts</span>; and they were not finally removed till the
+first year of the nineteenth century. The fleur de lys is also borne on
+many English Shields, disposed in various ways. In modern
+<span class = "pagenum">125</span>
+<a name = "page125" id = "page125"> </a>
+cadency the fleur de lys is the difference of the sixth son, or
+house.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig252" id = "fig252"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig252.png" width = "170" height = "180"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig253" id = "fig253"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig253.png" width = "169" height = "180"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 252.&mdash; Shield of Edward III., <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1340.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 253.&mdash; Shield of Henry IV., about <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1405.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Fleurettée</i>, <i>Florettée</i>. Terminating in, or bordered
+with, fleurs de lys; also, <i>semée de lys</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fleurie</i>, or <i>Fleury</i>. Ending as <a href = "#fig100">No.
+100</a>; also, <i>semée de lys</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Flexed.</i> Bowed, bent.</p>
+
+<p><i>Flighted.</i> Feathered, as arrows are.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fly.</i> The length, and also the side of a flag farthest from the
+staff.</p>
+
+<p><i>Foliated.</i> Crisped, or formed like a leaf.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fountain.</i> <a href = "#fig153">No. 153</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fourchée</i>, <i>Queue Fourchée</i>. A&nbsp;term applied to a lion
+with a forked tail.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fret</i>, or <i>Frette</i>. A subordinary: <a href = "#fig148">No.
+148</a>. <i>Frettée</i>, <i>Fretty</i>: covered with fretwork: <a href =
+"#fig149">No. 149</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fructed.</i> Bearing fruit or seeds.</p>
+
+<p><i>Furs.</i> See p. 41: Nos. <a href = "#fig57">57</a>-<a href =
+"#fig65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fusil.</i> An elongated Lozenge: No. <a href = "#fig20a">20<span
+class = "smallroman">A</span></a>, p. 70. <i>Fusillée</i>, or
+<i>Fusilly</i>. A&nbsp;field entirely composed of Fusils, all lying in
+the same plane.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fylfot.</i> A peculiar cruciform figure, supposed to have a mystic
+signification, found in military and ecclesiastical decorations in
+England, and on Eastern coins, &amp;c.: Nos. 254, 255; the latter
+example is from the monument of Bishop <span class =
+"smallcaps">Bronscombe</span>, in Exeter Cathedral.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig254" id = "fig254"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig254.png" width = "58" height = "61"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig255" id = "fig255"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig255.png" width = "76" height = "75"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 254.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 255.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption" colspan = "2">
+Fylfot.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Gad</i>, <i>Gadlyng</i>. A spike, knob, or other figure,
+projecting from the knuckles of gauntlets.</p>
+
+<p><i>Galley.</i> An ancient ship. (See <i>Lymphad</i>.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Garb.</i> A sheaf of wheat; if of any other grain, this to be
+specified.</p>
+
+<p><i>Garnished.</i> Adorned in a becoming manner.</p>
+
+<p><i>Garter, Order of the.</i> See <a href = "#chapXIX">Chapter
+XIX.</a></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">126</span>
+<a name = "page126" id = "page126"> </a>
+<p><i>Garter King-of-Arms</i>. The chief of the official Heralds of
+England, and officer of arms of the Order of the Garter. (See
+<i>Herald</i>.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Gemelles.</i> See <i>Bars Gemelles</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gem-Ring.</i> A ring for the finger, set with a jewel.</p>
+
+<p><i>Genet.</i> A spotted animal, somewhat like a marten: a&nbsp;badge
+of Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Joanna</span> of Navarre.</p>
+
+<p><i>George, Saint.</i> The Patron Saint of England. The circumstances
+which led to his association with England are unknown. His Shield of
+arms, <i>a red cross on a silver field</i>, first appears in English
+Heraldry in the fourteenth century: No.&nbsp;<a href =
+"#fig1">1</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>George, The.</i> A mounted figure of the Saint in the act of
+piercing the dragon with his lance, and worn as a pendant to the collar
+of the Order of the Garter; added to the insignia of the Order, with the
+Collar, by <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VII.</span> The
+<i>Lesser George</i> has the same group on an enamelled field, and
+surrounded by the Garter of the Order, the whole forming a “jewel,�
+generally oval in shape: it was introduced by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VIII.</span>, and is now worn pendent from the
+dark-blue ribbon of the Order, the ribbon passing over the left shoulder
+and the jewel hanging on the right side of the wearer. Originally, this
+“Lesser George� was worn from either a gold chain or a black ribbon: by
+Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth</span> the colour of the
+ribbon was changed to sky-blue, and it assumed its present darker hue in
+the reign of <span class = "smallcaps">Charles&nbsp;II.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Gerattyng.</i> Differencing by the introduction of small charges.
+It is an early term, now obsolete.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gimmel-ring.</i> Two annulets, interlaced.</p>
+
+<p><i>Girt</i>, <i>Girdled</i>. Encircled, or bound round.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gonfannon.</i> A long flag, pointed or swallow-tailed at the fly,
+and displayed from a transverse bar attached to a staff.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">127</span>
+<a name = "page127" id = "page127"> </a>
+<p><i>Gorged.</i> Encircled round the throat.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gouttée</i>, <i>Guttée</i>. Sprinkled over with drops either of
+gold&mdash;<i>gouttée d’or</i>; of silver&mdash;<i>d’eau</i>; of
+blue&mdash;<i>de larmes</i> (tears); of red&mdash;<i>de sang</i>
+(blood); or of black&mdash;<i>de poix</i> (pitch).</p>
+
+<p><i>Grand Quarters.</i> The four primary divisions of a Shield, when
+it is divided <i>quarterly</i>: Nos. <a href = "#fig30">30</a>, <a href
+= "#fig36">36</a>, <a href = "#fig37">37</a>. The term “Grand Quarter�
+may be used to signify a primary quarter or division of a quartered
+Shield or Coat, and to distinguish such a quarter when <i>it is
+quartered</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Grieces.</i> Steps.</p>
+
+<p><i>Guardant.</i> Looking out from the field: Nos. <a href =
+"#fig172">172</a>, <a href = "#fig174">174</a>, <a href =
+"#fig176">176</a>, <a href = "#fig187">187</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Guige.</i> A Shield-belt, worn over the right shoulder, and
+frequently represented in heraldic compositions as if sustaining a
+Shield of arms: Nos. <a href = "#fig48">48</a>,&nbsp;49.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gules.</i> Red: <a href = "#fig53">No. 53</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gurges</i>, or <i>Gorges</i>. A charge formed of a spiral line of
+blue on a white field, and supposed to represent a whirlpool: borne
+(H.&nbsp;3) by <span class = "smallcaps">R. de Gorges</span>: No.
+256.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig256" id = "fig256"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig256.png" width = "151" height = "182"
+alt = "see text">
+<img src = "images/color/fig256color.png" width = "151" height = "182"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 256.&mdash; Shield of R. de Gorges.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gyron.</i> A Subordinary. <i>Gyronny</i>. A&nbsp;field divided
+into Gyrons: <a href = "#fig147">No. 147</a>. (See page&nbsp;70.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Habited.</i> Clothed.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hames</i>, <i>Heames</i>. Parts of horses’ harness.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hammer</i>, or <i>Martel</i>. Represented in blazon much in the
+same shape as the implement in common use (H.&nbsp;3).</p>
+
+<p><i>Harp.</i> A device and badge of Ireland. The Irish Harp of gold
+with silver strings on a blue field forms the third quarter of the Royal
+Arms.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hart.</i> A stag, with attires; the female is a <i>Hind</i>:
+page&nbsp;81.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">128</span>
+<a name = "page128" id = "page128"> </a>
+<p><i>Hastilude.</i> A tournament.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hatchment.</i> An achievement of arms in a lozenge-shaped frame,
+placed upon the front (generally over the principal entrance) of the
+residence of a person lately deceased. In the case of the decease of an
+unmarried person, or of a widower or widow, the whole of the field of
+the hatchment is painted black; but in the case of a married person,
+that part only of the field is black which adjoins the side of the
+achievement occupied by the armorial insignia of the individual
+deceased. Thus, if a husband be deceased, the dexter half of the field
+of the hatchment is black, and the sinister white; and so, in like
+manner, if the wife be deceased, the sinister is black and the dexter
+white.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hauriant.</i> A fish in pale, its head in chief.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hawk’s bells, jesses, and lure.</i> A falconer’s decoy, formed of
+feathers with their tips in base, and joined by a cord and ring, No.
+257; also bells with straps to be attached to hawks, No. 258.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig257" id = "fig257"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig257.png" width = "115" height = "134"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig258" id = "fig258"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig258.png" width = "126" height = "88"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 257.&mdash; Hawk’s Lure.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 258.&mdash; Hawk’s Bells and Jesses.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Heightened.</i> Raised; placed above or higher.</p>
+
+<p><i>Heights.</i> Applied to plumes of feathers which are arranged in
+rows or sets, one rising above another. See <i>Panache</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Helm</i>, <i>Helmet</i>. Now placed as an accessory above a Shield
+of arms, and bearing its Crest after the fashion in which, in the Middle
+Ages, both Helm and Crest were actually
+<span class = "pagenum">129</span>
+<a name = "page129" id = "page129"> </a>
+worn in tournaments. A&nbsp;modern usage distinguishes Helms as
+follows:&mdash;The Sovereign&mdash;Helm of gold, with six bars, set
+<i>affrontée</i>, No. 259; Noblemen&mdash;Helm of silver, garnished with
+gold, set in profile, and showing five bars, No. 260; Baronets and
+Knights&mdash;of steel with silver ornaments, without bars, the vizor
+raised, set <i>affrontée</i>, No. 261; Esquires and Gentlemen&mdash;of
+steel, the vizor closed, and set in profile, Nos. 262, 263. The Helms
+that appear on early Seals and in other heraldic compositions till about
+<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1600, are all set in profile, and
+the shield generally hangs from them <i>couchée</i>, as in <a href =
+"#fig49">No. 49</a>. In these early compositions, the shield is small in
+proportion to the helm and its accessories.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig259" id = "fig259"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig259.png" width = "150" height = "169"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "center middle smallcaps">
+Helms<br>
+of</td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig260" id = "fig260"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig260.png" width = "126" height = "158"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 259.&mdash; the Sovereign.</td>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 260.&mdash; Nobles.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig261" id = "fig261"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig261.png" width = "125" height = "165"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig262" id = "fig262"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig262.png" width = "116" height = "154"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig263" id = "fig263"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig263.png" width = "130" height = "146"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 261.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 252.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 263.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+Baronets and Knights.</td>
+<td class = "caption" colspan = "2">
+Esquires and Gentlemen.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">130</span>
+<a name = "page130" id = "page130"> </a>
+<p><i>Hemp-brake</i>, <i>Hackle</i>. An instrument having saw-teeth,
+used for bruising hemp.</p>
+
+<p><i>Heneage Knot.</i> No. 264.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig264" id = "fig264"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig264.png" width = "93" height = "111"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig265" id = "fig265"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig265.png" width = "143" height = "151"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 264.&mdash; Heneage Knot.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 265.&mdash; Arms of the Heralds’ College.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Herald.</i> An officer of arms. The Heralds of England were
+incorporated by <span class = "smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;III.</span>; and
+from Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Mary</span>, in 1555, they received
+a grant of Derby House, on the site of which, between St. Paul’s
+Cathedral and the Thames, stands their present official residence, <span
+class = "smallcaps">Heralds’ College</span>, or the <span class =
+"smallcaps">College of Arms</span>. The college now consists of three
+<span class = "smallcaps">Kings-of-Arms</span>&mdash;<i>Garter</i>,
+<i>Clarenceux</i>, and <i>Norroy</i>; six <span class =
+"smallcaps">Heralds</span>, who have precedence by seniority of
+appointment&mdash;<i>Chester</i>, <i>Lancaster</i>, <i>Richmond</i>,
+<i>Windsor</i>, <i>York</i>, and <i>Somerset</i>; and four <span class =
+"smallcaps">Pursuivants</span>&mdash;<i>Rouge Dragon</i>,
+<i>Portcullis</i>, <i>Rouge Croix</i>, and <i>Bluemantle</i>. The
+official habit is a <i>Tabard</i>, emblazoned with the Royal Arms, and
+the Kings and Heralds wear a <i>Collar of SS.</i> The Kings have a
+Crown, formed of a golden circlet, from which rise sixteen oak-leaves,
+nine of which appear in representations; and the circlet itself is
+charged with the words, <i>Miserere mei Deus secundum magnam
+misericordiam tuam</i> (“Have mercy on me, O&nbsp;God, according to thy
+great loving-kindness�).</p>
+
+<p class = "plain">
+The supreme head of the English Heralds, under the
+<span class = "pagenum">131</span>
+<a name = "page131" id = "page131"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Sovereign</span>, is the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Earl Marshal</span>, an office hereditary in the family of
+the <span class = "smallcaps">Duke of Norfolk</span>. The Arms of the
+College are&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;cross gu., between four doves their
+dexter wings expanded and inverted az.</i>: No. 265; Crest&mdash;<i>From
+a crest-coronet or, a&nbsp;dove rising az.</i>; Supporters&mdash;<i>Two
+lions ramp. guard. arg., ducally gorged or</i>. Each of the Kings has
+his own official arms, which he impales with his paternal coat on the
+<i>dexter</i> side of the shield. The Arms of Garter are&mdash;<i>Arg.,
+a&nbsp;cross gu.; on a chief az., a&nbsp;ducal coronet encircled with a
+Garter of the Order, between a lion of England and a fleur de lys, all
+or</i>. Clarenceux and Norroy have the same shield, but the former has
+<i>a lion of England only, crowned, on a chief gules</i>; and the
+latter, <i>on a chief per pale az. and gu.</i>, has <i>a similar lion
+between a fleur de lys and a key, all of gold</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "plain">
+There is also another King styled “Bath,� who is specially attached to
+the Order of the Bath; he is not a member of the College.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig266" id = "fig266"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig266.png" width = "144" height = "163"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 266.&mdash; Arms<br>
+of Lyon Office.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "plain">
+“Lyon King-of-Arms� is the chief Herald of Scotland; and the
+establishment over which he presides is styled the “Lyon Office.� The
+Arms of the Office are&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;lion sejant erect and
+affronté gu., holding in his dexter paw a thistle slipped vert, and in
+the sinister an escutcheon of the second; on a chief az., a&nbsp;saltire
+of the first</i>: No. 266.</p>
+
+<p class = "plain">
+Ireland is the heraldic province of “Ulster King-of-Arms.� His official
+armorial ensigns differ from those of Garter only in the <i>charges of
+the chief</i>, which are <i>a lion of England between a golden harp and
+a portcullis</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Herison.</i> A hedgehog.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hill</i>, <i>Hillock</i>. A mound of earth.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">132</span>
+<a name = "page132" id = "page132"> </a>
+<p><i>Hirondelle.</i> A swallow.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hoist.</i> The depth of a flag from chief to base. See
+<i>Fly</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Honour Point.</i> <a href = "#fig27">No. 27, <span class =
+"smallroman">L</span></a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Humettée.</i> Cut short at the extremities.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hurst.</i> A clump of trees.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hurt.</i> A blue roundle.</p>
+
+<p><i>Illegitimacy.</i> See <a href = "#chapXII">Chapter XII.</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Imbrued</i>, or <i>Embrued</i>. Stained with blood.</p>
+
+<p><i>Impaled.</i> Conjoined per pale.</p>
+
+<p><i>Impalement.</i> The uniting of two (or more) distinct coats per
+pale, to form a single achievement.</p>
+
+<p><i>Imperially Crowned.</i> Ensigned with the Crown of England.</p>
+
+<p><i>Incensed</i>, <i>Inflamed</i>. On fire; having fire issuing
+forth.</p>
+
+<p><i>Increscent.</i> <a href = "#fig166">No. 166, <span class =
+"smallroman">B</span></a>. See <i>Decrescent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Indented.</i> <a href = "#fig38">No. 38, <span class =
+"smallroman">A</span></a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Inescutcheon.</i> An heraldic Shield borne as a charge. This term
+is sometimes used to denote an <i>Escutcheon of Pretence</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>In bend.</i> Disposed in the position of a bend; <i>In
+Chevron</i>, <i>In Chief</i>, <i>In Cross</i>, <i>In Fesse</i>, &amp;c.
+Disposed after the manner of a chevron, or in the chief of the shield,
+or in the form of a cross, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>In Foliage.</i> Bearing leaves.</p>
+
+<p><i>In Lure.</i> Wings conjoined in the form of a hawk’s lure.</p>
+
+<p><i>In her piety.</i> A term applied to a pelican feeding her
+young.</p>
+
+<p><i>In Pretence.</i> A term applied to a single inescutcheon placed
+upon and in the centre of a larger escutcheon.</p>
+
+<p><i>In Pride.</i> Having the tail displayed, as a peacock’s.</p>
+
+<p><i>In Quadrangle.</i> When four charges are so disposed that one is
+in each quarter of the shield.</p>
+
+<p><i>In Splendour.</i> The sun irradiated.</p>
+
+<p><i>Irradiated.</i> Surrounded by rays of light.</p>
+
+<p><i>Issuant.</i> Proceeding from, or out of.</p>
+
+<p><i>Jambe</i>, <i>Gambe</i>. The leg of a lion, or other beast of
+prey: <a href = "#fig185">No. 185</a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">133</span>
+<a name = "page133" id = "page133"> </a>
+<p><i>Jelloped.</i> Having wattles and a comb, as a cock.</p>
+
+<p><i>Jesses.</i> Straps for hawk’s bells.</p>
+
+<p><i>Jessant.</i> Shooting forth. <i>Jessant de lys.</i>&mdash;A
+combination of a leopard’s face and a fleur-de-lys: No. 267.</p>
+
+<p><i>Joust.</i> A tournament.</p>
+
+<p><i>Jupon.</i> A short, sleeveless surcoat, worn over armour from
+about 1340 to about 1405. It is often charged with armorial insignia,
+and thus is a true “coat of arms.�</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig267" id = "fig267"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig267.png" width = "63" height = "112"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration" rowspan = "2">
+<a name = "fig268" id = "fig268"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig268.png" width = "56" height = "216"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration" rowspan = "2">
+<a name = "fig269" id = "fig269"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig269.png" width = "85" height = "228"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig270" id = "fig270"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig270.png" width = "134" height = "148"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption" rowspan = "2">
+No. 267.<br>
+Jessant de lys.</td>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+<td class = "caption" rowspan = "2">
+No. 270.<br>
+Hastings Badge.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption" colspan = "2">
+No. 268, 269.&mdash; Heraldic Keys.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Key.</i> When represented in early blazon, Keys have always
+elegant forms. No. 268 is from Peterborough Cathedral, and No. 269 from
+Exeter.</p>
+
+<p><i>King-of-Arms.</i> See <i>Herald</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Knighthood, Orders of</i>: <i>Knights</i>. See <a href =
+"#chapXVI">Chapter XVI.</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Knot.</i> An intertwined cord, borne as a badge. The varieties of
+this device are&mdash;The <i>Bourchier</i>, <a href = "#fig219">No.
+219</a>; the <i>Bowen</i>, <a href = "#fig220">No. 220</a>; the
+<i>Harington</i> (the same as a <i>Frette</i>), <a href = "#fig148">No.
+148</a>; the <i>Heneage</i>, <a href = "#fig264">No. 264</a>; the
+<i>Lacy</i>, <a href = "#fig274">No. 274</a>; the <i>Stafford</i>,
+<a href = "#fig304">No. 304</a>; and the <i>Wake and Ormond</i>, <a href =
+"#fig313">No. 313</a>. Cords were sometimes intertwined about other
+figures and devices, and so formed what may be regarded as <i>Compound
+Badges</i>, which significantly declared the union of two houses: thus,
+the knot of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward</span> Lord <span class =
+"smallcaps">Hastings</span> unites the Hungerford sickle with the
+Peverel garbe:
+<span class = "pagenum">134</span>
+<a name = "page134" id = "page134"> </a>
+No. 270; and the <i>Dacre knot</i> is entwined about the Dacre escallop
+and the famous “ragged staff� of Beauchamp and Neville: <a href =
+"#fig235">No. 235</a>.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig271" id = "fig271"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig271.png" width = "102" height = "46"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig272" id = "fig272"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig272.png" width = "102" height = "46"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig273" id = "fig273"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig273.png" width = "92" height = "23"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+Labels.&mdash; No. 271.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 272.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 273.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Label</i>, or <i>File</i>. A narrow ribbon placed across the field
+of a shield near the chief, and having three, five, or sometimes other
+numbers of <i>points</i> depending from it, its object being to <i>mark
+Cadency</i>. In the early Labels the number of the points was arbitrary,
+the usual numbers being five and three; and, subsequently, three points
+were almost universally used; the object always was to render the Label
+conspicuous. In blazon a Label is supposed to have three points; but, if
+more, the number is to be specified; thus, No. 271 is simply “<i>a
+Label</i>,� but No. 272 is “<i>a Label of five points</i>.� Labels
+appear early in the thirteenth century, and in the next century they are
+in constant use. Various charges may be placed on the “points� of Labels
+to extend their capacity for “differencing.� Since the time of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Edward</span> the <span class = "smallcaps">Black
+Prince</span> the Label of the <span class = "smallcaps">Prince of
+Wales</span> has been plain silver. The Label is almost exclusively (now
+without any exception) used in Royal Cadency; but, in modern Heraldry,
+in the case of all other persons it is the peculiar mark of the eldest
+son. The Label is also found as a charge. It has become a usage in the
+degenerate days of Heraldry to represent the Label as in No. 273,
+instead of the earlier and far preferable forms of Nos. 271, 272.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig274" id = "fig274"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig274.png" width = "137" height = "139"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 274.<br>
+Lacy Knot.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Lacy Knot.</i> No. 274.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">135</span>
+<a name = "page135" id = "page135"> </a>
+<p><i>Lambrequin.</i> A mantling.</p>
+
+<p><i>Langued.</i> A term which refers to the tincture of an animal’s
+tongue.</p>
+
+<p><i>Leaves.</i> Their peculiarities are to be blazoned, as <i>laurel
+leaves</i>, <i>oak leaves</i>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>Leopard</i>, <i>Leopardé.</i> See page&nbsp;84.</p>
+
+<p><i>Letters of the Alphabet</i> sometimes are Charges. Thus, the Arms
+of the Deanery of Canterbury are&mdash;<i>Az<ins class = "correction"
+title = ". invisible">., </ins>on a cross arg., the letter “x�
+surmounted by the letter “i� sable:</i> the “x� is on the cross at the
+intersection of its limbs, and the “i� is above&nbsp;it.</p>
+
+<p><i>Line</i>, or <i>Border Line</i>. <a href = "#fig38">No.
+38</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lined.</i> Having a cord attached: also, having a lining.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lion.</i> See <a href = "#page83">page 83</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lioncel.</i> A lion drawn to a small scale, and generally rampant,
+Nos. <a href = "#fig114">114</a>, <a href = "#fig115">115</a>, <a href =
+"#fig197">197</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Livery Colours.</i> Of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Plantagenets</span>, as one family, <i>white and
+scarlet</i>; of the house of <span class = "smallcaps">York</span>,
+<i>blue and murrey</i>; of the house of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, <i>white and blue</i>; of the house of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Tudor</span>, <i>white and green</i>. The
+present Royal Livery is <i>scarlet and gold</i>. In the Middle Ages, all
+great families had their own livery colours, which had no necessary
+relation to the tinctures of the shield.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lodged.</i> A term denoting animals of the chase when at rest or
+in repose, Nos. <a href = "#fig25">25</a>,&nbsp;<a href =
+"#fig26">26</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lozenge.</i> A square figure set diagonally, <a href =
+"#fig47">No. 47</a> (also see <a href = "#page69">page 69</a>). The
+armorial insignia of unmarried ladies and widows, with the sole
+exception of a Sovereign, are blazoned on a Lozenge instead of an
+Escutcheon.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lozengy.</i> A field divided lozengewise: <a href = "#fig145">No.
+145</a>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig275" id = "fig275"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig275.png" width = "135" height = "122"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 275.<br>
+Lymphad.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Luce</i>, or <i>Lucy</i>. The fish now called pike. See <a href =
+"#page77">page 77</a> and <a href = "#fig164">No. 164</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lure.</i> See <i>In Lure</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lymphad.</i> An ancient galley, No. 275. It was the feudal ensign
+of the Scottish lordship of <span class = "smallcaps">Lorn</span>, and
+as such quartered by the Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Argyll</span>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">136</span>
+<a name = "page136" id = "page136"> </a>
+<p><i>Maintenance, Cap of.</i> See <i>Chapeau</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig276" id = "fig276"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig276.png" width = "145" height = "229"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 276.&mdash; Arms<br>
+of Hastings.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Manche</i>, <i>Maunche</i>. A lady’s sleeve with a long pendent
+lappet, worn in the time of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;I.</span>, and borne as an armorial charge by the
+families of <span class = "smallcaps">Hastings</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Conyers</span>, and some others. <span class =
+"smallcaps">Hastings</span> (H.&nbsp;3)&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;manche
+gu.</i>: No. 276.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mantle.</i> A flowing robe worn over the armour, or over their
+ordinary costume, by personages of distinction of both sexes: the
+mantles of ladies were commonly decorated with armorial blazonry.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mantling</i>, or <i>Lambrequin</i>. A small mantle of some rich
+materials, attached to the knightly basinet or helm, and worn hanging
+down. It is usually represented with jagged edges, to represent the cuts
+to which it would be exposed in actual battle: <a href = "#fig199">No.
+199</a>. (See <i>Panache</i>.) Mantlings blazoned with achievements of
+arms are sometimes adjusted in folds to form a background to the
+composition, and they are also occasionally differenced with various
+charges.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig277" id = "fig277"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig277.png" width = "189" height = "91"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 277.&mdash; Circlet<br>
+of the Coronet<br>
+of a Marquess.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Marquess</i>, <i>Marquis</i>. The second order of the British
+Peerage, in rank next to that of Duke. This rank and title were
+introduced into England in 1387, by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;II.</span>, who then created his favourite,
+<span class = "smallcaps">Robert De Vere</span>, Marquess of <span class
+= "smallcaps">Dublin</span>. The next creation was by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VI.</span>
+<span class = "pagenum">137</span>
+<a name = "page137" id = "page137"> </a>
+A Marquess is “Most Honourable�; he is styled “My Lord Marquess�: all
+his younger sons are “Lords,� and his daughters “Ladies�; his eldest son
+bears his father’s “second title.� The Coronet, apparently contemporary
+in its present form with that of Dukes, has its golden circlet
+heightened with four strawberry leaves and as many pearls, arranged
+alternately: in representations two of the pearls, and one leaf and two
+half-leaves are shown, No. 277. The wife of a Marquess is a
+“Marchioness�; her style corresponds with that of her husband, and her
+coronet is the same.</p>
+
+<p><i>Marshalling.</i> The disposition of more than one distinct coat of
+arms upon a shield, so forming a single composition; or the aggroupment
+of two or more distinct shields, so as to form a single composition;
+also the association of such accessories as the helm, mantling, crest,
+&amp;c., and of knightly and other insignia with a shield of arms, thus
+again forming a single heraldic composition. See <a href =
+"#chapXI">Chapter&nbsp;XI.</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Martel.</i> A hammer.</p>
+
+<p><i>Martlet.</i> The heraldic Martin, usually represented without
+feet: Nos. <a href = "#fig160">160</a>, <a href = "#fig161">161</a>, and
+<a href = "#fig70">70</a> and&nbsp;<a href = "#fig86">86</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mascle.</i> Lozenge voided: <a href = "#fig143">No. 143</a>.
+<i>Masculée.</i> A&nbsp;field divided mascle-wise.</p>
+
+<p><i>Masoned.</i> Representing brickwork.</p>
+
+<p><i>Membered.</i> To denote the legs of a bird.</p>
+
+<p><i>Merchant’s mark.</i> A device, adopted as early as 1400 by
+merchants, as a substitute for heraldic ensigns which were not conceded
+to them. Such marks are the predecessors of the <i>Trade-brands</i> and
+<i>Marks</i> of after times.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mermaid</i>, <i>Merman</i>, or <i>Triton</i>. The well-known
+fabulous creatures of the sea, borne occasionally as charges, but
+<span class = "pagenum">138</span>
+<a name = "page138" id = "page138"> </a>
+more frequently as supporters, badges, or crests. A&nbsp;mermaid was the
+device of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">William de Brivere</span>, who
+died in 1226, and it is the badge of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Berkeleys</span>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Metal.</i> The Tinctures <i>Or</i> and <i>Argent</i>: Nos. <a href
+= "#fig50">50</a>,&nbsp;51.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mill-rind.</i> See <i>Fer-de-Moline</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mitre.</i> The ensign of archiepiscopal and episcopal rank, placed
+above the arms of prelates of the Church of England, sometimes borne as
+a charge, and adopted by the <span class = "smallcaps">Berkeleys</span>
+as their crest. The contour of the mitre has varied considerably at
+different periods, the early examples being low and concave in their
+sides, the later lofty and convex. See <a href = "#fig159">No.
+159</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Moline.</i> A cross terminating like a Fer-de-moline, <a href =
+"#fig97">No. 97</a>. In modern cadency it is the difference of the
+eighth son.</p>
+
+<p><i>Moon.</i> <a href = "#fig166">No. 166</a>, page 80.</p>
+
+<p><i>Motto.</i> A word, or very short sentence, placed generally below
+a shield but sometimes above a crest, an idea perhaps derived from the
+“war-cries� of early times. A&nbsp;motto may be emblematical, or it may
+have some allusion to the person bearing it, or to his name and armorial
+insignia; or it may be the epigrammatic expression of some sentiment in
+special favour with the bearer of it. As a matter of course, allusive
+mottoes, like allusive arms, afford curious examples of mediæval puns.
+I&nbsp;give a few characteristic examples:&mdash;“<i>Vero nil
+verius</i>� (<i>nothing truer than truth</i>, or, <i>no greater verity
+than in Vere</i>)&mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Vere</span>; “<i>Fare,
+fac</i>� (<i>Speak&mdash;act</i>; that is, <i>a word and
+blow</i>)&mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Fairfax</span>; “<i>Cave</i>�
+(<i>beware</i>)&mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Cave</span>; “<i>Cavendo
+tutus</i>� (<i>safe, by caution</i>, or <i>by Cavendish</i>)&mdash;<span
+class = "smallcaps">Cavendish</span>; “<i>Set on</i>,� says <span class
+= "smallcaps">Seton</span>; “<i>Fight on</i>,� quoth <span class =
+"smallcaps">Fitton</span>; “<i>Festina lente</i>� (<i>On slow&mdash;push
+forward, but be cautious</i>, that is), adds <span class =
+"smallcaps">Onslow</span>. Again: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Jefferay</span> says, “<i>Je feray ce que je diray</i>�
+(<i>I shall be true to my word</i>); <span class =
+"smallcaps">Scudamore</span>&mdash;<i>Scutum amoris divini</i> (<i>the
+shield of Divine love</i>); says <span class =
+"smallcaps">James</span>&mdash;“<i>J’aime jamais</i>� (<i>I love
+ever</i>);
+<span class = "pagenum">139</span>
+<a name = "page139" id = "page139"> </a>
+says <span class = "smallcaps">Estwick</span>&mdash;“<i>Est hic</i>�
+(<i>he is here</i>); and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Pole</span>&mdash;“<i>Pollet virtus</i>� (<i>valour
+prevails</i>); and <span class = "smallcaps">Tev</span>&mdash;“<i>Tais
+en temps</i>� (<i>be silent in time</i>). The crest of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Charteris</span>, an arm with the hand grasping a sword, has
+over it&mdash;“<i>This our charter is</i>.� In his arms the Marquess
+<span class = "smallcaps">Cholmondeley</span> bears <i>two helmets</i>,
+and his motto is&mdash;“<i>Cassis tutissima virtus</i>� (<i>valour is
+the safest helm</i>); the crest of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Martins</span> of Dorsetshire was an ape, with the
+significant motto&mdash;“<i>He who looks at Martin’s ape, Martin’s ape
+shall look at him!</i>� The motto of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Perceval</span> is&mdash;“<i>Perse valens</i>� (<i>strong in
+himself</i>); but, “<i>Do no yll</i>,� quoth <span class =
+"smallcaps">Doyle</span>. Some “lippes,� as Camden remarks, have a taste
+for “this kind of lettuce.�</p>
+
+<p><i>Mound.</i> A globe, encircled and arched over with rich bands, and
+surmounted by a cross-patée, the whole an ensign of the royal estate.
+A&nbsp;mound or orb forms part of the regalia, and the same form appears
+upon the intersecting arches of the crown of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Sovereign</span>; and it also surmounts the single arch of
+the coronet of the <span class = "smallcaps">Prince of Wales</span>:
+Nos. <a href = "#fig234">234</a>, <a href = "#fig289">289</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mount.</i> A green hill.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mullet.</i> A star, generally of five, but sometimes of six or
+more points (if more than five the number to be specified), always
+formed by right lines, as No. 278. A&nbsp;mullet is sometimes “pierced,�
+as in No. 279, when the tincture of the field is generally apparent
+through the circular aperture. In modern cadency an unpierced mullet is
+the difference of the third son. See <i>Estoile</i>.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig278" id = "fig278"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig278.png" width = "59" height = "56"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig279" id = "fig279"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig279.png" width = "60" height = "56"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 278.&mdash; Mullet.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 279.&mdash; Mullet, pierced.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Mural Crown.</i> Represents masonry, and is embattled: No.
+280.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">140</span>
+<a name = "page140" id = "page140"> </a>
+<p><i>Naiant.</i> Swimming in fesse. See <i>Hauriant</i>.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig280" id = "fig280"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig280.png" width = "146" height = "62"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig281" id = "fig281"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig281.png" width = "158" height = "87"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 280.&mdash; Mural Crown.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 281.&mdash; Naval Crown.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Naissant.</i> Equivalent to <i>Issuant</i>, but applied only to
+living creatures.</p>
+
+<p><i>Naval Crown.</i> Has its circlet heightened with figures of the
+stern and the hoisted sail of a ship alternating: No. 281.</p>
+
+<p><i>Nebulée</i>, or <i>Nebuly</i>. <a href = "#fig38">No. 38, <span
+class = "smallroman">H</span></a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Nimbus.</i> A glory about the head of a figure of a sainted
+personage: sometimes used to denote sanctity in a symbolical device.</p>
+
+<p><i>Norroy.</i> See <i>Herald</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Nova Scotia, Badge of.</i> See <i>Baronet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Nowed.</i> Coiled in a knot, as a snake.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ogress.</i> A <i>Pellet</i>, or black roundle.</p>
+
+<p><i>Opinicus.</i> A fabulous heraldic monster, a&nbsp;dragon before,
+and a lion behind with a camel’s tail.</p>
+
+<p><i>Oppressed.</i> An alternative for <i>Debruised</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Or.</i> The metal gold: <a href = "#fig50">No. 50</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ordinary.</i> An early principal charge of a simple character. See
+<a href = "#chapVI">Chapter VI.</a>, and Nos. <a href =
+"#fig71">71</a>-<a href = "#fig128">128</a>: see also page&nbsp;14.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ordinary of arms.</i> A list of armorial bearings, classified or
+arranged alphabetically, with the names of the bearers. See
+<i>Armory</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Oreiller.</i> A cushion or pillow, generally with tassels.</p>
+
+<p><i>Orle.</i> A Subordinary formed of a border of a Shield, which is
+charged upon another and a larger shield, as in <a href = "#fig134">No.
+134</a>. <i>In Orle.</i> Arranged after the manner of an Orle, forming a
+border to a Shield, as in No.&nbsp;<a href = "#fig86">86</a>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">141</span>
+<a name = "page141" id = "page141"> </a>
+<p><i>Ostrich feathers.</i> A Royal Badge: also a Device in a few
+instances charged by Royal and some other personages on an Armorial
+Shield. See <a href = "#chapXV">Chapter&nbsp;XV.</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Over all</i>, or <i>Sur tout</i>. To denote some one charge being
+placed over all others.</p>
+
+<p><i>Overt.</i> With expanded wings.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pale.</i> One of the Ordinaries: <a href = "#fig87">No. 87</a>.
+<i>Pale-wise</i>, or <i>In Pale</i>. Disposed after the manner of a
+Pale&mdash;that is, set vertically, or arranged vertically one above
+another, as are the Lions of England in <a href = "#fig187">No. 187</a>,
+page&nbsp;87.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pall</i>, <i>Pallium</i>. A vestment peculiar to Archbishops of
+the Roman Church: in Heraldry, as a charge, half only of the pall is
+shown, when it resembles the letter Y; it is borne in the arms of the
+Sees of <span class = "smallcaps">Canterbury</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Armagh</span>, and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Dublin</span>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig282" id = "fig282"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig282.png" width = "23" height = "154"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 282.<br>
+Bourdon.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Pallet.</i> Half a <i>Pale</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Palmer’s Staff</i>, <i>Pilgrim’s staff</i>, or <i>Bourdon</i>. No.
+282. <span class = "smallcaps">John Bourdon</span> (H.&nbsp;3)
+bears&mdash;<i>Arg., three palmer’s staves gu.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Paly.</i> Divided per pale into an even number of parts, which all
+lie in the same plane, as in <a href = "#fig88">No. 88</a>. <i>Paly
+Bendy.</i> Divided evenly pale-wise, and also bend-wise, <a href =
+"#fig118">No. 118</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Panache.</i> A plume of feathers, generally of the ostrich, set
+upright and born as a crest. A&nbsp;panache sometimes consists of a
+single row of feathers; but more generally it has two or more rows or
+“heights� of feathers, rising one above the other. In the greater number
+of examples the tips of the feathers are erect; in others they wave, or
+slightly bend over. A&nbsp;panache may be charged with some device or
+figure, “for difference,� as by the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Tyndalls</span>, with an <i>ermine circlet</i>,
+a&nbsp;<i>martlet</i>, and a <i>fleur de lys</i>. In Nos. 283, 285, from
+the seals of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward Courtenay</span>, and
+<span class = "smallcaps">Edmund Mortimer</span> (<span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1400 and 1372) the “heights� both expand and
+<span class = "pagenum">142</span>
+<a name = "page142" id = "page142"> </a>
+rise in a curved pyramidal form. No. 284, from the seal of <span class =
+"smallcaps">William le Latimer</span> (<span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1372), shows a remarkable variety of both
+panache and mantling. Waving plumes formed of distinct feathers first
+appear near the end of the fifteenth century, and are prevalent during
+the sixteenth century.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig283" id = "fig283"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig283.png" width = "112" height = "223"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig284" id = "fig284"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig284.png" width = "115" height = "265"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig285" id = "fig285"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig285.png" width = "99" height = "221"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+&nbsp;<br>
+No. 283.&mdash; Edward Courtenay.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Panache Crests</span>:<br>
+No. 284.&mdash; William le Latimer.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+&nbsp;<br>
+No. 285.&mdash; Edmund Mortimer.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Party</i>, <i>Parted</i>. Divided.</p>
+
+<p><i>Passant.</i> Walking and looking forward: <a href = "#fig173">No.
+173</a>. <i>Passant Guardant.</i> Walking and looking out from the
+shield, <a href = "#fig174">No. 174</a>. <i>Passant Reguardant.</i>
+Walking and looking back. <i>Passant Repassant</i>, or <i>Passant and
+Counter Passant</i>. Walking in opposite directions.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pastoral Staff.</i> The official staff of a bishop or abbot,
+having a crooked head, and so distinguished from an archbishop’s
+<i>crozier</i>.</p>
+
+<table class = "bracket" summary = "three definitions grouped">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<p><i>Patée</i>,&nbsp;or&nbsp;<i>Formée</i>.</p>
+<p><i>Patonce.</i></p>
+<p><i>Patriarchal.</i></p>
+<td class = "bracket lft3">
+<p>Varieties of the heraldic Cross, Nos. <a href = "#fig106">106</a>,
+<a href = "#fig99">99</a>, and&nbsp;<a href = "#fig95">95</a>.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Pean.</i> The Fur, <a href = "#fig60">No. 60</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Peer.</i> That general title, expressing their equality as members
+<span class = "pagenum">143</span>
+<a name = "page143" id = "page143"> </a>
+of a distinct “order� in the realm, which is applied to Dukes,
+Marquesses, Earls, Viscounts, and Barons of England, Scotland, Great
+Britain, Ireland, and the United Kingdom.</p>
+
+<p><i>Peerage.</i> The hereditament of a Peer: also rank of a Peer;
+a&nbsp;list of the Peers.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pegasus.</i> A horse with wings&mdash;a classic as well as an
+heraldic imaginary creature<ins class = "correction" title = ". missing">. </ins></p>
+
+<p><i>Pelican.</i> Blazoned “in her piety,� when feeding her young with
+her own blood.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pellet.</i> A black roundle.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pendent.</i> Hanging.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pennon.</i> An armorial lance flag, pointed or swallow-tailed at
+the fly. No. 286 is from the Brass to Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John
+d’Aubernoun</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1279; the
+arms are&mdash;<i>Az., a&nbsp;chevron or</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Per.</i> By means of, or after the manner&nbsp;of.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig286" id = "fig286"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig286.png" width = "144" height = "153"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig287" id = "fig287"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig287.png" width = "89" height = "86"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 286.&mdash; A Pennon.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 287.&mdash; A Pheon.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Pheon.</i> A pointed arrow-head, borne with the point in base,
+unless the contrary is specified, No. 287.</p>
+
+<p><i>Phœnix.</i> A fabulous eagle, always represented as issuant from
+flames.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pile.</i> One of the Ordinaries, in form like a wedge, Nos.
+<a href = "#fig126">126</a>, <a href = "#fig127">127</a>, <a href =
+"#fig128">128</a>. <i>In Pile.</i> Arranged after the form of a
+pile.</p>
+
+<p><i>Planta Genista.</i> The broom plant badge of the Plantagenets,
+No.&nbsp;<a href = "#fig21">21</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Plate.</i> A silver roundle.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">144</span>
+<a name = "page144" id = "page144"> </a>
+<p><i>Plenitude.</i> The moon when full. See <a href = "#fig166">No.
+166</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Plume.</i> See <i>Panache</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Points of Shield.</i> <a href = "#fig27">No. 27</a>. <i>In
+Point</i> is the same as <i>In Pile</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pomme.</i> A green roundle.</p>
+
+<p><i>Popinjay.</i> A parrot (H. 3).</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig288" id = "fig288"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig288.png" width = "97" height = "95"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 288.<br>
+A Portcullis.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Port.</i> A gateway, as the entrance to a castle: <a href =
+"#fig222">No. 222</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Portcullis.</i> A defence for a gateway, No. 288: the badge of the
+Houses of <span class = "smallcaps">Beaufort</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Tudor</span>, borne by the former with the significant
+motto, “<i>Altera securitas</i>� (additional security).</p>
+
+<p><i>Potent.</i> A variety of the heraldic cross, <a href =
+"#fig108">No. 108</a>; also a Fur, No.&nbsp;<a href =
+"#fig64">64</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Powdered</i>, <i>Poudrée</i>. The same as <i>Semée</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Preying.</i> When an animal devours its prey. See
+<i>Trussing</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Prince</i>, <i>Princess</i>. In this country the rank and title of
+the members of the Royal Family. Their style is “Your Royal Highness.�
+The Coronet of the Prince of Wales differs from the crown of the King,
+only in having a single arch instead of two intersecting arches: No.
+289. The coronets of the Princes and Princesses, the sons and daughters
+of the King, are the same as the coronet of the Prince of Wales, but
+without any arch: No. 290. The coronets of the Princes and Princesses,
+the grandchildren of the Sovereign, differ in having the circlet
+heightened with two crosses patée, as many strawberry leaves, and four
+fleurs-de-lys, No. 291. Other Royal coronets have the circlet heightened
+with four crosses patée, and as many strawberry leaves. No. 292. For the
+arms of their Royal Highnesses, see <a href = "#chapXVIII">Chapter
+XVIII.</a></p>
+
+<table summary = "circlets">
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption smallcaps" colspan = "2">
+Circlets of Royal Coronets:</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig289" id = "fig289"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig289.png" width = "159" height = "124"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig290" id = "fig290"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig290.png" width = "155" height = "87"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 289.&mdash; Prince of Wales.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 290.&mdash; King’s Daughters and Younger Sons.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig291" id = "fig291"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig291.png" width = "172" height = "74"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig292" id = "fig292"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig292.png" width = "157" height = "75"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 291.&mdash; King’s Grandchildren.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 292.&mdash; Royal Dukes.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Purfled.</i> Lined and bordered or garnished.</p>
+
+<p><i>Purpure.</i> A colour: <a href = "#fig56">No. 56</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pursuivant.</i> A Herald of the lowest rank. In the Middle Ages,
+these officers were attached to the households of personages of high
+rank, and bore titles generally taken from the armorial insignia of
+their lords.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">145</span>
+<a name = "page145" id = "page145"> </a>
+<p><i>Quadrate.</i> A form of cross: No.&nbsp;<a href =
+"#fig94">94</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Quarter.</i> The first (from the dexter chief) of the divisions of
+a shield that is parted per cross, as in <a href = "#fig30">No. 30</a>;
+also any other division of a shield, to be specified in blazoning. See
+<a href = "#fig36">No. 36</a>, and <i>Canton</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Quartering.</i> Marshalling two or more coats of arms in the
+different quarters of the same shield. When two coats are thus
+quartered, the one in the first quarter is repeated in the fourth, and
+the one in the second in the third; when three are quartered, the first
+quartering is repeated in the fourth quarter. Any required number of
+coats may be quartered on the same principle. This same term is also
+applied to denote the dividing a shield “<i>quarterly</i>,� as in
+<a href = "#fig30">No. 30</a>, or into more than four divisions, as in
+No.&nbsp;<a href = "#fig36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Quarterly.</i> A shield divided into four divisions, as in <a href
+= "#fig30">No. 30</a>: each division to contain a complete coat of arms,
+or a distinct heraldic device or composition. Should the shield be
+divided into more than four sections, the number is to be specified:
+thus, <a href = "#fig36">No. 36</a> is “<i>quarterly of eight</i>,�
+&amp;c. See Nos. <a href = "#fig252">252</a>, <a href =
+"#fig253">253</a>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig293" id = "fig293"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig293.png" width = "80" height = "81"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 293.<br>
+Quatrefoil.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">146</span>
+<a name = "page146" id = "page146"> </a>
+<p><i>Quarterly Quartering</i> and <i>Quartered</i>. The quartering of a
+“quarter� of a shield that is divided “quarterly�; also distinguished as
+“<i>Compound Quartering</i>.� See page&nbsp;34.</p>
+
+<p><i>Quatrefoil.</i> A flower or figure having four foils or conjoined
+leaves, No. 293. In modern cadency a <i>Double Quatrefoil</i> is the
+difference of the ninth son.</p>
+
+<p><i>Queue Fourchée.</i> Having a forked tail; <a href = "#fig181">No.
+181</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Quilled.</i> Used to blazon the quills of feathers: thus,
+a&nbsp;blue feather having its quill golden is blazoned&mdash;<i>A
+feather az., quilled or</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig294" id = "fig294"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig294.png" width = "69" height = "141"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 294.<br>
+The Ragged<br>
+Staff Badge.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Radiant.</i> Encircled with rays.</p>
+
+<p><i>Rayonée.</i> Formed of Rays.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ragulée</i>, <i>Raguly</i>. Serrated, as <a href = "#fig38">No.
+38, <span class = "smallroman">G</span></a>. A&nbsp;“ragged staff,� No.
+294, is a part of a stem from which the branches have been cut off
+roughly. This “ragged staff,� or “<i>staff ragulée</i>,� is the famous
+badge of the <span class = "smallcaps">Beauchamps</span>, and, derived
+from them, of the <span class = "smallcaps">Nevilles</span>. No. 294 is
+from the monument of the great Earl, <span class = "smallcaps">Richard
+de Beauchamp</span>, K.G., who died in 1439, at Warwick.</p>
+
+<p><i>Rampant</i>, <i>Rampant Guardant</i> and <i>Reguardant</i>. Nos.
+<a href = "#fig171">171</a>, <a href = "#fig172">172</a>; when
+<i>reguardant</i>, the animal looks backward.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig295" id = "fig295"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig295.png" width = "181" height = "203"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig296" id = "fig296"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig296.png" width = "142" height = "187"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 295.&mdash; Rebus of Abbot Kirton.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 296.&mdash; Rebus of Bishop Beckyngton.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Rebus.</i> An allusive charge or device. A&nbsp;cask, or
+<i>tun</i>, to represent the final syllable “<i>ton</i>� of many
+surnames, is frequently found. I&nbsp;give a few examples of several
+varieties of Rebus:&mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">John Oxney</span>,
+Canterbury&mdash;An
+<span class = "pagenum">147</span>
+<a name = "page147" id = "page147"> </a>
+eagle (the emblem of <i>St. John</i> the Evangelist, to denote
+“<i>John</i>�) standing on an <i>ox</i>, charged on its side with the
+letters <span class = "extended"><i>NE</i></span>. <span class =
+"smallcaps">John Wheathamstede</span>, St. Albans&mdash;An eagle and an
+Agnus Dei (the emblems of <i>St. John</i> the Evangelist and <i>St.
+John</i> the Baptist, to denote “<i>John</i>�), and clusters of <i>ears
+of wheat</i>. <span class = "smallcaps">John Ramryge</span>, St.
+Albans&mdash;A <i>ram</i>, gorged with a collar inscribed with the
+letters <span class = "extended"><i>RYGE</i></span>. <span class =
+"smallcaps">Woodstock</span>&mdash;The stump or <i>stock of a tree</i>.
+Abbot <span class = "smallcaps">Islip</span>, Westminster&mdash;A man
+falling from a tree, exclaiming, “I slip!� and a human <i>eye</i>, and a
+<i>slip</i> (small branch of a tree). <span class = "smallcaps">Walter
+Lyhart</span>, Norwich&mdash;<i>A hart</i> (stag) <i>ly</i>ing down in
+<i>water</i>. An <i>owl</i>, with the letters <span class =
+"extended"><i>DOM</i></span> on a scroll in its beak, for <span class =
+"smallcaps">Bishop Oldham</span>, at Exeter. A&nbsp;church
+(“<i>kirk</i>�) on a <i>tun</i>, with a pastoral staff and the initial
+R, for Abbot <span class = "smallcaps">Robert Kirton</span>, No. 295;
+and a <i>bird</i> on a <i>tun</i>, and a <i>tree</i> growing out of a
+<i>tun</i>, for <span class = "smallcaps">Burton</span> and <span class
+= "smallcaps">Ashton</span>, all at Peterborough. At Wells, with an
+initial T, a&nbsp;fire-<i>beacon</i> planted <i>in</i> a <i>tun</i>, for
+Bishop <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas Beckyngton</span>, No. 296; and
+at Lullinstone, Kent, in stained glass, the shield of Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">John Peché</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1522&mdash;<i>Az., a&nbsp;lion rampt. queue fourchée erm., crowned
+or</i>&mdash;is encircled by <i>peach-branches fructed and in foliage,
+each peach being charged with the letter É</i>, No. 297; the
+crest-wreath also is formed of a similar peach-branch.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig297" id = "fig297"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig297.png" width = "333" height = "362"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 297.&mdash; Arms and Rebus of Sir John Peché.</p>
+
+<p><i>Recercelée.</i> A variety of the heraldic cross: No.&nbsp;<a href
+= "#fig98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Reflexed</i>, <i>Reflected</i>. Curved and carried backwards.</p>
+
+<p><i>Reguardant.</i> Looking backwards: see <a href = "#fig182">No.
+182</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Rein-deer.</i> Heraldically drawn with double antlers, one pair
+erect, the other drooping.</p>
+
+<p><i>Respecting.</i> Face to face&mdash;applied to creatures not of a
+fierce nature.</p>
+
+<p><i>Rest.</i> See <i>Clarion</i>, <a href = "#fig228">No. 228</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ribbon</i>, <i>Riband</i>. A diminutive of a <i>Bend</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Rising</i>, <i>Roussant</i>. About to fly.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">148</span>
+<a name = "page148" id = "page148"> </a>
+<p><i>Rompu.</i> Broken.</p>
+
+<p><i>Rose.</i> Represented in blazon as in Nos. 298, 299, and without
+leaves. The five small projecting leaves of the calyx, that radiate
+about the flower itself, are styled <i>barbs</i>, and when they are
+blazoned “proper� these
+<span class = "pagenum">149</span>
+<a name = "page149" id = "page149"> </a>
+barbs are green, as the “seeds� in the centre of the flower are golden.
+Both the “red rose� of <span class = "smallcaps">Lancaster</span> and
+the “white rose� of <span class = "smallcaps">York</span>, but more
+especially the latter, are at times surrounded with rays, and each is
+termed a “<i>rose-en-soleil</i>,� No. 300. The rose, the emblem of <span
+class = "smallcaps">England</span>, is generally drawn like the natural
+flower; or with natural stem, branches, leaves, and buds, but with
+heraldic rose-flowers. In modern cadency the heraldic rose is the
+difference of the seventh son.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig298" id = "fig298"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig298.png" width = "72" height = "76"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig299" id = "fig299"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig299.png" width = "67" height = "68"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig300" id = "fig300"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig300.png" width = "86" height = "89"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption" colspan = "2">
+Nos. 298, 299.&mdash;Heraldic Roses.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 300.&mdash; Rose en Soleil.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Roundle.</i> See <a href = "#page72">page 72</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Rustre.</i> A mascle pierced with a circular opening: <a href =
+"#fig144">No. 144</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sable.</i> The colour black: <a href = "#fig54">No. 54</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sagittary.</i> The fabulous centaur, half man and half horse.</p>
+
+<p><i>Salamander.</i> An imaginary being, supposed to live in flames of
+fire; it is represented sometimes as a kind of lizard, and at other
+times (as in the crest of Earl <span class = "smallcaps">Douglas</span>,
+<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1483) as a quadruped somewhat
+like a dog, breathing flames.</p>
+
+<p><i>Salient.</i> Leaping or bounding.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saltire.</i> An ordinary, in form a diagonal cross: Nos. <a href =
+"#fig120">120</a>, <a href = "#fig121">121</a><ins class = "correction"
+title = ". for ,">, </ins>122. <i>Saltire-wise</i>, or <i>in
+saltire</i>. Arranged after the form of a saltire.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sanglier.</i> A wild boar.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sans.</i> Without. “<i>Sans nombre</i>,� without any number fixed
+or specified.</p>
+
+<p><i>Savage-man</i>, or <i>Wood-man</i>. A wild man, naked except large
+wreaths of leaves about his head and loins, and carrying a club.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">150</span>
+<a name = "page150" id = "page150"> </a>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig301" id = "fig301"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig301.png" width = "115" height = "192"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 301.&mdash; Crest<br>
+of Hamilton.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Saw</i>, or <i>Frame-saw</i>. Borne as the crest of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Hamilton</span>, Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Hamilton</span>, which is thus blazoned&mdash;<i>Out of a
+ducal crest-coronet or, an oak-tree fructed and penetrated transversely
+in the main stem by a frame-saw ppr., the frame gold; above the crest
+the motto</i>, “<span class = "smallcaps">Through</span>!� This device
+is said to commemorate the escape into Scotland, in 1323, of Sir <span
+class = "smallcaps">Gilbert Hamilton</span>, a&nbsp;reputed ancestor of
+the present ducal house. At the court of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;II.</span> Sir Gilbert had unadvisedly expressed
+admiration for <span class = "smallcaps">Robert Bruce</span>, on which
+<span class = "smallcaps">John le Despencer</span> struck him. Despencer
+fell in single combat the next day, and Hamilton fled, hotly pursued,
+northward. Near the border the fugitive and a faithful esquire joined
+some wood-cutters, assumed their dress, and commenced working with them
+on an oak, when the pursuers passed by. Hamilton, saw in hand, observed
+his esquire anxiously watching their enemies as they passed, and at once
+recalled his attention to his woodman’s duties by the word,
+“Through!�&mdash;thus, at the same time, appearing to consider the
+cutting down the oak to be far more important than the presence of the
+strangers. So they passed by, and Hamilton followed in safety. This
+crest does not appear in the Hamilton seals till long after the days of
+Bruce and his admirer, Sir Gilbert: No. 301.</p>
+
+<p><i>Scarpe</i>, <i>Escarpe</i>. A diminutive of a <i>Bend
+sinister</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Scintillant.</i> Emitting sparks.</p>
+
+<p><i>Seax.</i> A Saxon sword.</p>
+
+<p><i>Seeded.</i> Having seeds or seed-vessels, as in the centre of an
+heraldic rose. See Nos. <a href = "#fig298">298</a>-<a href =
+"#fig300">300</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Segreant.</i> A term applied to a griffin when rampant.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sejant.</i> Sitting.</p>
+
+<p><i>Semée.</i> Sown broadcast or scattered, without any fixed
+<span class = "pagenum">151</span>
+<a name = "page151" id = "page151"> </a>
+number, over the field; parts of the charge thus semée appearing at the
+border-lines of the composition. See Nos. <a href = "#fig247">247</a>,
+<a href = "#fig250">250</a>, <a href = "#fig252">252</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Shake-fork.</i> Resembles the letter Y, but does not extend to the
+margin of the shield, and is pointed at its extremities.</p>
+
+<p><i>Shamrock.</i> A trefoil plant or leaf, the badge of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Ireland</span>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Shield</i>, or <i>Escutcheon</i>. The Shield of Heraldry is fully
+described at <a href = "#page32">page 32</a>. See also Nos. <a href =
+"#fig27">27</a>, <a href = "#fig39">39</a>-<a href =
+"#fig49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ship.</i> Sometimes blazoned as a modern vessel, but sometimes
+also as an ancient galley. See <i>Lymphad</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Shoveller.</i> A species of duck.</p>
+
+<p><i>Simple Quartering.</i> Dividing a shield quarterly, with the
+quartering of any of the quarters. See <i>Quartering</i><ins class =
+"correction" title = ". missing">. </ins></p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig302" id = "fig302"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig302.png" width = "58" height = "52"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 302.<br>
+Sixfoil.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Sinister.</i> The left side. <a href = "#fig27">No. 27</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sinople.</i> The colour <i>vert</i> in French Heraldry.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sixfoil.</i> A flower of six leaves: No. 302.</p>
+
+<p><i>Slipped.</i> Having a stalk, as a leaf or branch: <a href =
+"#fig309">No. 309</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Spear.</i> The spear or lance is not of common occurrence in
+blazon; but it appears, with heraldic propriety, in the arms granted in
+1596 to the father of the great poet, who bore&mdash;<i>Or, on a bend
+sa. a&nbsp;spear gold, the head arg.</i>&mdash;the arms of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Shakespeare</span>, No. 303. (In the woodcut the bend is
+accidentally shaded for <i>gules</i>, instead of <i>sable</i>.)</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig303" id = "fig303"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig303.png" width = "142" height = "142"
+alt = "see text">
+<img src = "images/color/fig303color.png" width = "142" height = "142"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 303.&mdash; Arms of Shakespeare.</p>
+
+<p><i>Spur.</i> Not common as an heraldic charge. Before about 1320 the
+spur had a single point, and was known as the “pryck-spur�; about that
+time appeared a “rouelle-spur� of simple form; in the middle of the
+fifteenth century spurs of extravagant length were introduced.</p>
+
+<p><i>SS., Collar of.</i> See <i>Collar</i>, and <a href = "#fig231">No.
+231</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Stafford-knot.</i> No. 304.</p>
+
+<p><i>Stall-plate.</i> A plate bearing the arms of a knight and placed
+<span class = "pagenum">152</span>
+<a name = "page152" id = "page152"> </a>
+in his stall. The stall-plates of the Knights of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Garter</span> and the <span class = "smallcaps">Bath</span>
+are severally placed in the Chapels of <span class = "smallcaps">St.
+George</span> and of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VII.</span>,
+at Windsor and Westminster. The earliest plates now in existence at
+Windsor, though many of them bear arms of an earlier date, were executed
+about 1430.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig304" id = "fig304"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig304.png" width = "102" height = "76"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig305" id = "fig305"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig305.png" width = "113" height = "87"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 304.&mdash; Stafford Knot.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 305.&mdash; Stapleton Badge.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Standard.</i> A long narrow flag, introduced for the purpose of
+heraldic display, in the time of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>, but not in general use till a later
+period. Standards generally had the Cross of <span class =
+"smallcaps">St. George</span> next the staff, to which succeeded the
+badge or badges and the motto of the owner. See <a href =
+"#chapXVII">Chapter XVII.</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Staple.</i> Borne by <span class = "smallcaps">Stapleton</span>:
+No. 305 represents a badge formed of two staples.</p>
+
+<p><i>Statant.</i> Standing.</p>
+
+<p><i>Star.</i> See <i>Estoile</i> and <i>Mullet</i>; also a knightly
+decoration.</p>
+
+<p><i>Stirrup.</i> Borne, with appropriate straps and buckles, by <span
+class = "smallcaps">Scudamore</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Giffard</span>, and a few others.</p>
+
+<p><i>Stock.</i> The stump of a tree.</p>
+
+<p><i>Stringed.</i> As a harp or a bugle-horn; or, suspended by, or
+fastened with, a&nbsp;string.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sun.</i> When represented shining and surrounded with rays, he has
+a representation of a human face upon his disc, and is blazoned “<i>In
+splendour</i>.� <i>Sunbeams</i>, or <i>Rays</i>, are borne in blazon,
+and form an early charge. See <i>Collar</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Supporter.</i> A figure of whatsoever kind that stands by a Shield
+of arms, as if <i>supporting</i> or guarding it. Single Supporters
+occasionally appear, but the general usage is to have a pair of
+Supporters&mdash;one on each side of the
+<span class = "pagenum">153</span>
+<a name = "page153" id = "page153"> </a>
+<i>supported</i> Shield. They came gradually into use in the course of
+the fourteenth century, but were not regularly established as
+accessories of Shields till about 1425, or rather later. At first they
+were generally alike, being then duplicate representations of the badge,
+but subsequently the more prevalent custom was that the two Supporters
+should differ, as in the case of the Royal Supporters, the Lion and the
+Unicorn, famous in History as in Heraldry. See <i>Bearer</i>,
+<i>Tenant</i>, and also <a href = "#chapXVI">Chapter XVI.</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Surcoat.</i> Any garment worn over armour; but especially the long
+flowing garment worn by knights over their armour until about 1325, when
+its form was modified by cutting it short in front, and it was
+distinguished as a <i>Cyclas</i>. See <i>Jupon</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Surmounted.</i> Placed over another.</p>
+
+<p><i>Swan.</i> When blazoned “<i>proper</i>,� white with black beak and
+red legs. It is the badge of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Bohuns</span>, and of their descendants the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lancastrian Plantagenets</span>, the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Staffords</span>, and some others. This Swan has his neck
+encircled with a coronet, from which a chain generally passes over his
+back. By <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;V.</span>, the Swan badge
+of his mother, <span class = "smallcaps">Mary de Bohun</span>, was borne
+with the wings expanded.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sword.</i> When borne as a charge, straight in the blade, pointed,
+and with a cross-guard. All the appointments of the weapon are to be
+blazoned. It appears, as a spiritual emblem, in several episcopal coats
+of arms; in the arms of the <span class = "smallcaps">City of
+London</span>, No. 306, the first quarter of a Shield of <span class =
+"smallcaps">St. George</span> (<i>arg., a&nbsp;cross gu.</i>) is charged
+with <i>a sword erect gules</i>, the emblem of <span class =
+"smallcaps">St. Paul</span>, the special patron of the English
+metropolitan city. The sword is also borne in blazon in its military
+capacity.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig306" id = "fig306"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig306.png" width = "133" height = "133"
+alt = "see text">
+<img src = "images/color/fig306color.png" width = "133" height = "133"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 306.&mdash; Arms of City of London.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">154</span>
+<a name = "page154" id = "page154"> </a>
+
+<p><i>Tabard.</i> A short garment with sleeves, worn in the Tudor era.
+It has the arms blazoned on the sleeves as well as on the front and
+back: No. 307, the Tabard of <span class = "smallcaps">William
+Fynderne</span>, Esquire, from his brass, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1444, at Childrey in Berkshire: the arms
+are&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;chevron between three crosses patée sable</i>,
+the ordinary being charged with <i>an annulet of the field</i> “for
+Difference.� A&nbsp;similar garment is the official habit of
+heralds.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig307" id = "fig307"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig307.png" width = "175" height = "266"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 307.&mdash; Tabard; <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1444.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tau</i>, <i>Tau-Cross</i>. A cross formed like the letter T, so
+called in Greek, <a href = "#fig93">No. 93</a>; borne as a charge in the
+arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Drury</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Tawke</span>, and some others: this charge is also called
+the Cross of <span class = "smallcaps">St. Anthony</span>: it is
+sometimes borne on a badge, as in the Bishop’s Palace at Exeter. See
+<a href = "#chapXV">Chapter&nbsp;XV.</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Templars</i>, <i>Knights</i>. See <a href = "#chapXIX">Chapter
+XIX.</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Tenent</i>, <i>Tenant</i>. Used by French Heralds to distinguish
+human figures from animals, as <i>supporters</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tennée</i>, or <i>Tawney</i>. A deep orange-colour; in use in the
+Middle Ages as a <i>livery-colour</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig308" id = "fig308"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig308.png" width = "117" height = "174"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 308.&mdash; Badge<br>
+of James I.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Thistle.</i> The national Badge of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Scotland</span>, represented after its national aspect, and
+tinctured <i>proper</i>. <span class = "smallcaps">James&nbsp;I.</span>
+of Great Britain, to symbolise the union of the two realms of England
+and Scotland, compounded a Badge from the <i>Rose</i> of one realm, and
+the <i>Thistle</i> of the other, united by impalement under a single
+crown: No. 308. The impaled rose and thistle is borne by the Earl of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Kinnoull</span>, repeated eight times upon a
+bordure.</p>
+
+<p><i>Timbre.</i> In the early Heraldry of England, this term denotes
+<span class = "pagenum">155</span>
+<a name = "page155" id = "page155"> </a>
+the true heraldic <i>crest</i>: but, in the modern Heraldry of France,
+the “timbre� is the <i>Helm</i> in an armorial achievement.
+<i>Timbred.</i> Ensigned with a Helm; or, if referring to an early
+English achievement, with a Crest. It is a term very seldom met with in
+use.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tiercée.</i> <i>In tierce</i>, <i>Per tierce</i>. Divided into
+three equal parts.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tinctures.</i> The two <i>metals</i> and the five <i>colours</i>
+of Heraldry: Nos. <a href = "#fig50">50</a>-<a href = "#fig56">56</a>.
+See <a href = "#page40">page 40</a>. It was one of the puerile
+extravagancies of the Heralds of degenerate days to distinguish the
+Tinctures by the names of the <i>Planets</i> in blazoning the arms of
+Sovereign Princes, and by the names of <i>Gems</i> in blazoning the arms
+of Nobles.</p>
+
+<p><i>Torse.</i> A crest-wreath.</p>
+
+<p><i>Torteau</i>, plural <i>torteaux</i>. A&nbsp;red spherical Roundle:
+<a href = "#fig152">No. 152</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tower</i>, <i>Turret</i>. A small castle. <i>Towered.</i>
+Surmounted by towers, as <a href = "#fig222">No. 222</a>, which is a
+“<i>Castle triple towered</i>.�</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig309" id = "fig309"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig309.png" width = "59" height = "56"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 309.<br>
+Trefoil<br>
+Slipped.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Transposed.</i> Reversed.</p>
+
+<p><i>Trefoil.</i> A leaf of three conjoined foils, generally borne
+“slipped,� as in No. 309.</p>
+
+<p><i>Treflée</i>, or <i>Botonée</i>. A variety of the cross: <a href =
+"#fig103">No. 103</a>. <i>Treflée</i> also implies <i>semée</i> of
+trefoils.</p>
+
+<p><i>Treille</i>, <i>Trellis</i>. See <a href = "#page71">page 71</a>,
+and <a href = "#fig150">No. 150</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tressure.</i> A subordinary. See <a href = "#page66">pages 66</a>,
+<a href = "#page67">67</a>; and Nos. <a href = "#fig135">135-8</a><ins
+class = "correction" title = ". missing">. </ins></p>
+
+<p><i>Tricked.</i> Sketched in outline.</p>
+
+<p><i>Trippant</i>, or <i>Tripping</i>. In easy motion, as a stag. See
+<a href = "#page81">page 81</a>; and <a href = "#fig168">No.
+168</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Triton.</i> See <i>Mermaid</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Trivet.</i> A circular or triangular iron frame, with three feet,
+borne by the family of <span class = "smallcaps">Tryvett</span>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig310" id = "fig310"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig310.png" width = "55" height = "190"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 310.<br>
+Trumpet.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Trogodice.</i> An animal like a reindeer.</p>
+
+<p><i>Trumpet.</i> In blazon usually a long straight tube, expanding at
+its extremity: No. 310, from the brass to Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">R. de Trumpington</span>, at Trumpingdon, near Cambridge;
+<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1272.</p>
+
+<p><i>Trussed.</i> With closed wings. <i>Trussing.</i>
+Devouring&mdash;applied to birds of prey.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">156</span>
+<a name = "page156" id = "page156"> </a>
+<p><i>Tudor Rose.</i> An heraldic rose, <i>quarterly gu. and arg.</i>;
+or a white heraldic rose, <i>charged upon</i> a red one.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tun.</i> A cask; the rebus of the final syllable <span class =
+"extended">TON</span> in many surnames. See <i>Rebus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tynes.</i> Branches of a stag’s antlers. See <i>Attires</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ulster.</i> See <i>Baronet</i> and <i>Herald</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Undy</i>, <i>Undée</i>. Wavy: <a href = "#fig38">No. 38, <span
+class = "smallroman">C</span></a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Unguled.</i> Hoofed.</p>
+
+<p><i>Unicorn.</i> A well-known fabulous animal, famous as the sinister
+supporter of the Royal Shield of England<ins class = "correction" title
+= ", for .">. </ins></p>
+
+<p><i>Union Jack.</i> The National Ensign of the United Kingdom of Great
+Britain and Ireland, fully described in <a href = "#chapXVII">Chapter
+XVII.</a> It is borne on an inescutcheon upon the arms of the Duke of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Wellington</span> as an augmentation.</p>
+
+<p><i>Uriant.</i> A term said to be applied to a fish when it swims in a
+vertical position, head downwards. The reverse of <i>Hauriant</i>,
+<i>q.v.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Vair.</i> A Fur: Nos. <a href = "#fig61">61</a>, <a href =
+"#fig62">62</a>, <a href = "#fig63">63</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Vane.</i> See <i>Fan</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Vert.</i> In French Heraldry, <i>Sinople</i>. The colour green:
+No.&nbsp;<a href = "#fig55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Vervels</i>, <i>Varvals</i>. Small rings.</p>
+
+<p><i>Vested.</i> Clothed.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright w180">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig311" id = "fig311"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig311.png" width = "148" height = "54"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 311.&mdash; Circlet of a Viscount’s Coronet.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Viscount.</i> The <i>fourth</i> degree of rank and dignity in the
+British Peerage, in Latin <i>Vice-Comes</i>, introduced by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VI.</span>, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1440. <i>Vice-comes</i> is also the Latin word
+for the office of Sheriff. A&nbsp;Viscount is “Right Honourable,� and is
+styled “My Lord.� All his sons and daughters are “Honourable.� His
+Coronet, granted by <span class = "smallcaps">James&nbsp;I.</span>, has
+a row of sixteen pearls, of comparatively small size set on the circlet;
+in representations nine are shown: No. 311. The wife of a Viscount is a
+<i>Viscountess</i>, who has the same rank, style, and coronet as her
+husband.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">157</span>
+<a name = "page157" id = "page157"> </a>
+
+<div class = "floatright w180">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig312" id = "fig312"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig312.png" width = "160" height = "177"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 312.<br>
+Shield at St. Michael’s Church, St. Alban’s.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Vivre.</i> An early term, fallen into general disuse; but
+apparently denoting a <i>Barrulet</i> or <i>Cotise Dancettée</i>; as in
+No. 312, at St. Michael’s Church, St. Albans.</p>
+
+<p><i>Voided.</i> Having the central area removed.</p>
+
+<p><i>Voiders.</i> Diminutives of <i>Flanches</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Volant.</i> Flying. <i>Vorant.</i> Devouring.</p>
+
+<p><i>Vol.</i> Two bird’s wings conjoined, having the appearance of an
+eagle displayed without its body: <a href = "#fig207">No. 207</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Vulned.</i> Wounded.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wake Knot.</i> No. 313.</p>
+
+<p><i>Walled.</i> Made to represent brick or stone-work. The term
+<i>masoned</i> is, however, usually employed.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig313" id = "fig313"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig313.png" width = "140" height = "100"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig314" id = "fig314"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig314.png" width = "102" height = "102"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig315" id = "fig315"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig315.png" width = "78" height = "109"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 313.&mdash; Wake Knot.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 314.&mdash; Catherine Wheel.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 315.&mdash; Wyvern.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Water Bouget.</i> <a href = "#fig218">No. 218</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wattled.</i> Having a comb and gills, as a cock.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wavy</i>, <i>Undée.</i> <a href = "#fig38">No. 38, <span class =
+"smallroman">C</span></a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wheat-sheaf.</i> See <i>Garb</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wheel</i>, <i>Catherine Wheel</i>. Has curved spikes projecting
+from its rim: No. 314: from a shield upon a boss, about <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1400, in the south choir-aisle of the church of
+Great Yarmouth.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wreath</i>, <i>Crest-Wreath</i>. See <i>Crest-Wreath</i>, and
+<a href = "#fig233">No. 233</a>; also <a href = "#chapXIV">Chapter
+XIV.</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Wreathed.</i> Adorned with a wreath, chaplet, or garland; or
+twisted into the form of a wreath, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wyvern</i>, <i>Wivern</i>. A fabulous creature, being a species of
+dragon with two legs: No. 315.</p>
+
+</div> <!-- end div glossary -->
+
+<span class = "pagenum">158</span>
+<a name = "page158" id = "page158"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapXI" id = "chapXI">CHAPTER XI</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">MARSHALLING</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "summary">
+Aggroupment&mdash; Combination&mdash; Quartering&mdash;
+Dimidiation&mdash; Impalement&mdash; Escutcheon of Pretence&mdash;
+Marshalling the Arms of Widowers, Widows, and others; Official Arms;
+and, the Accessories of Shields.</p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“Marshalling is a conjoining of diverse Coats in one Shield.�
+&mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Guillim.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "firstword">Upon</span> this concise definition, Guillim,
+in another part of his work, adds the following
+comment:&mdash;“<i>Marshalling</i> is an orderly disposing of sundry
+Coat Armours pertaining to distinct Families, and their contingent
+ornaments, with their parts and appurtenances, in their proper places.�
+Hence it is apparent that this term, “Marshalling,� implies&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "hanging">
+<p>1. First, the bringing together and the disposition of two or more
+distinct “Coats in one Shield�:</p>
+
+<p>2. Secondly, the aggroupment of two or more distinct Coats to form a
+single heraldic composition, the Shields being still kept distinct from
+one another: and,</p>
+
+<p>3. Thirdly, the association of certain insignia with a Shield of
+arms, so as to produce a complete heraldic achievement.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The association of “Arms� with Names, Dignities, and Estates would
+necessarily require, at an early period in the history of Heraldry, the
+establishment of some regular and recognised system for the combination
+and aggroupment of various distinct coats and insignia, whenever a
+single individual became the representative of more than one family, or
+was the hereditary possessor of several dignities and properties.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">159</span>
+<a name = "page159" id = "page159"> </a>
+<p>Again: it would be equally necessary that this system should extend
+to <ins class = "correction" title = "text unchanged: error for ‘becoming the’?">the becoming</ins> heraldic declaration and record of
+<i>Alliances</i> of every kind, including (a&nbsp;matter of no little
+importance in the Middle Ages) <i>feudal dependence</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In another, and a secondary sense, this same term,
+<i>Marshalling</i>, is used by Heralds to denote the general arrangement
+and disposition of heraldic charges and insignia in blazon upon the
+field of a Shield.</p>
+
+<p>In its simplest form, <span class = "smallcaps">Marshalling</span> is
+effected by <i>Aggroupment</i> without Combination&mdash;by placing two
+or more Shields of arms, that is, in such positions as to form a
+connected group of distinct Shields, either with or without various
+accessories. Seals afford excellent examples of Marshalling of this
+order. These Seals may be classified in two groups,&mdash;one, in which
+an effigy appears; and a second, in which the composition does not
+include any effigy. Here I may observe that the same armorial blazonry
+that was displayed upon their military surcoats by Princes, Nobles, and
+Knights, was adopted by Ecclesiastics for the decoration of their
+official vestments, and also (towards the close of the thirteenth
+century) by Ladies of rank, as an appropriate style of ornamentation for
+their own costume: and many examples of the effigies of Ladies, with a
+few of Ecclesiatics, adorned in this manner with heraldic insignia,
+exist in Seals and in Monumental Memorials. In Beverley Minster there is
+a noble effigy of a priest, a&nbsp;member of the great family of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Percy</span> (about <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1330), the embroideries of whose vestments are
+elaborately enriched with numerous allied shields of arms. Upon his
+episcopal seal, <span class = "smallcaps">Lewis Beaumont</span>, Bishop
+of Durham from 1317 to 1333, has his effigy standing between two Shields
+of Arms (to the dexter, <i>England</i>; to the sinister, a&nbsp;cross
+potent between four groups of small crosses patées, three crosses in
+each group), while his chasuble is semée de lys and also charged with a
+lion rampant&mdash;the arms of the house of Beaumont.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig316" id = "fig316"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig316.png" width = "275" height = "428"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 316.&mdash; Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.</p>
+
+<p>The
+<span class = "pagenum">160</span>
+<a name = "page160" id = "page160"> </a>
+obverse of the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret</span>,
+daughter of <span class = "smallcaps">Philip</span> the Hardy, King of
+France, the second Queen of our <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span>, illustrates this usage in the
+instance of ladies: No. 316. Upon her tunic the Queen has emblazoned the
+three lions of her royal husband; on her right side is a shield of
+<i>France</i>, the arms of her royal father; and on the left side a
+corresponding shield is charged with a lion rampant. I&nbsp;have already
+shown the reverse of this fine Seal (<a href = "#fig251">No. 251</a>),
+which in the original is one inch more in depth than it appears in these
+woodcuts.<a class = "tag" name = "tag5" id = "tag5" href =
+"#note5">5</a> Other characteristic examples are the Seals of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Agnes de Percy</span>, whose effigy, having the arms
+of Louvaine upon the tunic, holds two armorial shields, one in
+<span class = "pagenum">161</span>
+<a name = "page161" id = "page161"> </a>
+each hand: and of <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret</span>, Countess of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Lincoln</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Pembroke</span> (about 1241), who blazons the old arms of
+<span class = "smallcaps">De Laci</span>&mdash;<i>quarterly or and gu.,
+a&nbsp;bend sa., over all a label vert</i>&mdash;upon the tunic of her
+effigy, and has the same arms on a Shield to the dexter, while another
+Shield to the sinister is charged with the <i>lion rampant</i>, borne by
+the <span class = "smallcaps">De Lacies</span> as Earls of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lincoln</span>. The effigies of illustrious Ladies, which
+appear on Seals with allied Shields of arms, are not always represented
+in heraldic costume: good examples are the Seals of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Isabelle of France</span>, Queen of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;II.</span>, and of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Elizabeth</span>, daughter of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span>, who was Countess, first of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Holland</span>, and afterwards of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Hereford</span>: both are engraved in Sandford’s
+“Genealogical History of England,� page 121.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig317" id = "fig317"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig317.png" width = "206" height = "340"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 317.&mdash; Seal of Margaret,<br>
+Lady de Ros. (<i>Laing.</i>)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret Bruce</span>, of
+Skelton, Lady <span class = "smallcaps">de Ros</span>, attached to a
+deed, dated 1820, has the effigy of the noble lady, wearing her ermine
+mantle, and supporting two Shields of arms&mdash;the Shield of <span
+class = "smallcaps">De Ros</span>, <i>gu., three water-bougets arg.</i>,
+to the dexter, and a Shield of <span class = "smallcaps">Bruce</span>,
+<i>a lion rampant</i>: No. 317. I&nbsp;am indebted, for the use of the
+excellent woodcut of this very interesting seal, to Mr. Laing of
+Edinburgh, the talented author of the two noble volumes on the <i>Early
+Seals of Scotland</i>, which occupy a foremost position amongst the most
+valuable as well as the most beautiful heraldic works that have ever
+been published in Great Britain. (See <a href = "#page11">page 11</a>.)
+In the Monumental Brasses and also in the Sculptured Monumental Effigies
+of Ladies of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries,
+<span class = "pagenum">162</span>
+<a name = "page162" id = "page162"> </a>
+heraldic costume is frequently represented, and the figures are
+constantly associated with groups of Shields of arms. As most
+characteristic examples I may specify the effigy of a Lady, about <span
+class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1325, at Selby in Yorkshire; and the
+Brass in Westminster Abbey, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1399,
+to <span class = "smallcaps">Alianore de Bohun</span>, Duchess of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Gloucester</span>.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig318" id = "fig318"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig318.png" width = "267" height = "266"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 318.&mdash; Seal of Joan, Countess of Surrey.</p>
+
+<p>The aggroupment of various armorial ensigns upon a Seal, without the
+presence of any effigy, is exemplified in the characteristic Seal of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Joan</span>, daughter of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry</span> Count <span class = "smallcaps">de
+Barre</span>, and of <span class = "smallcaps">Alianore</span>, daughter
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span>, the widow of <span
+class = "smallcaps">John de Warrenne</span>, Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Surrey</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1347.
+In this remarkable composition, No. 318, the arms, blazoned on lozenges,
+are, in the centre, <i>Warrenne</i>; in chief and base, <i>England</i>;
+and to the dexter and sinister, <i>De Barre</i> (<a href = "#fig162">No.
+162</a>): also, at the four angles of the group, the lion and castle of
+<i>Leon</i> and <i>Castile</i>, in direct allusion to the descent of the
+Countess from <span class = "smallcaps">Alianore</span>, first Queen of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span> In the original, this
+elaborate composition is only one and a half inches in diameter. Still
+smaller, measuring no more than one and a quarter inches in diameter,
+and yet no less rich in either its Heraldry or its Gothic traceries, is
+the
+<span class = "pagenum">163</span>
+<a name = "page163" id = "page163"> </a>
+beautiful little Counter-seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Mary de Saint
+Paul</span>, wife of <span class = "smallcaps">Aymer de Valence</span>,
+Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Pembroke</span>, which is faithfully
+shown on an enlarged scale, in order to render the details more
+effectively, in No. 319. This illustrious lady, who founded Pembroke
+College, Cambridge, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1373, was the
+daughter of <span class = "smallcaps">Guy de Chastillon</span>, Count of
+<span class = "smallcaps">St. Paul</span>, by his wife <span class =
+"smallcaps">Mary</span>, daughter of <span class = "smallcaps">John de
+Dreux</span>, Duke of <span class = "smallcaps">Brittany</span>, and of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Beatrice</span>, sister of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span> On her Seal, accordingly, the Countess
+of Brittany marshals, in the centre, the arms of her husband (<i>De
+Valence</i>: <a href = "#fig86">No. 86</a>), and those of her father
+(<i>De Chastillon</i>&mdash;<i>gu., three pallets vair, on a chief or a
+label of three points az.</i>), united upon a single shield by
+“Dimidiation�&mdash;a process presently to be described: to the dexter,
+the arms of her Royal relatives of <i>England</i> are blazoned in a
+circular compartment: to the sinister, in a similar compartment, are the
+fleurs de lys of <i>France Ancient</i>, <a href = "#fig247">No. 247</a>,
+at that time so closely allied with the English lions: and, finally, in
+a third roundle, in the base of the composition, are the arms of <i>De
+Dreux</i> (<i>chequée or and az., within a bordure gu.;<a class = "tag"
+name = "tag6" id = "tag6" href = "#note6">6</a> over all a canton of
+Brittany</i>, <a href = "#fig15">No. 15</a>, borne by the maternal
+grandfather of the Countess: the legend is, +&nbsp;S&nbsp;.&nbsp;MARIE .
+DE . SEYN . POVL . COMITISSE . PEMPROCHIE. The original impression of
+this Seal, from which the woodcut, No. 319, was drawn, is appended to a
+charter, dated 1347, which is preserved amongst the muniments of
+Pembroke College. A&nbsp;very good example of the aggroupment of Shields
+upon a Seal, under conditions differing from those that now have been
+illustrated, I&nbsp;have already given in <a href = "#fig204">No.
+204</a>. Another beautiful and most interesting example, now
+unfortunately partially mutilated, is the Seal of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Matilda</span> of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, the wife, first, of <span class =
+"smallcaps">William de Burgh</span>, Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Ulster</span> (and
+<span class = "pagenum">164</span>
+<a name = "page164" id = "page164"> </a>
+by him mother of <span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth</span>, the wife of
+Prince <span class = "smallcaps">Lionel of Clarence</span>), and,
+secondly, of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Ralph de Ufford</span>. This
+seal, of circular form, No. 320, displays to the dexter a shield of
+<i>De Burgh</i>&mdash;<i>or, a&nbsp;cross gu.</i>; to the sinister,
+a&nbsp;shield of <i>Ufford</i>&mdash;<i>or, a&nbsp;cross engrailed
+sa.</i>, in the first quarter <i>a fleur de lys, for difference</i>: in
+base there is a lozenge of <i>De Chaworth</i> (the mother of the
+Countess was <span class = "smallcaps">Matilda de
+Chaworth</span>)&mdash;<i>barrulée arg. and gu., an orle of martlets
+sa.</i>; and in chief there remains part of another lozenge of
+<i>Lancaster</i>, to complete this remarkable heraldic group. Of the
+legend there remains only .&nbsp;.&nbsp;ILLV MATILD’
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. SE&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. The introduction of
+<i>Badges</i>, with a Shield or Shields of arms, in the composition of a
+Seal, is another variety of this same system of Marshalling. <a href =
+"#fig321">No. 321</a>, the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Oliver de
+Bohun</span>, exemplifies this usage, having the <i>white swan Badge</i>
+of the noble house of <span class = "smallcaps">Bohun</span> thrice
+repeated about the Shield. See <a href = "#fig114">No. 114</a>. Also
+see, in the frontispiece, the Seal of Earl <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard de Beauchamp</span>, No. 449, which is described in
+Section II. of <a href = "#chapXXII">Chapter XXII.</a></p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig319" id = "fig319"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig319.png" width = "265" height = "267"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig320" id = "fig320"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig320.png" width = "196" height = "198"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 319.&mdash; Seal of Mary, Countess of Pembroke.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 320.&mdash; Seal of Matilda of Lancaster.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">165</span>
+<a name = "page165" id = "page165"> </a>
+<p>Marshalling by Aggroupment was practised under another form by
+placing Shields of arms in the different panels of the same
+architectural monument.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Marshalling</span> <i>by Combination</i> is
+effected by actually forming, for the blazonry of a single Shield,
+a&nbsp;composition which includes the principal charges of two or more
+allied Shields. The composition of the Shield borne by the house of
+<span class = "smallcaps">De Dreux</span>, to which I have just referred
+in describing the Seal of the Countess of Pembroke, No. 319, is a most
+striking example of this variety of Marshalling: and this Shield was
+borne by <span class = "smallcaps">John de Dreux</span>, created Earl of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Richmond</span> by his uncle King <span class
+= "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span>, who lived and died in England, as
+it is represented in No. 322&mdash;the <i>field, chequée or and
+azure</i>, being for De Dreux; the <i>canton ermine</i> for Brittany;
+and the <i>bordure, gules charged with golden lions of England</i>,
+representing the royal Shield of England, and showing the close
+connection existing between the Earl of Richmond and his Sovereign. The
+shield of Prince <span class = "smallcaps">John</span> of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Eltham</span> (<a href = "#fig24">No. 24</a>), <i>England
+within a bordure of France</i>, is another characteristic example of
+this Marshalling by Combination.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig321" id = "fig321"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig321.png" width = "218" height = "219"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig322" id = "fig322"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig322.png" width = "161" height = "161"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 321.&mdash; Seal of Oliver de Bohun.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 322.&mdash; Shield of Earl John de Dreux.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>For many reasons, except in particular instances, these
+<span class = "pagenum">166</span>
+<a name = "page166" id = "page166"> </a>
+methods of Marshalling were not considered to be altogether
+satisfactory. Accordingly, a&nbsp;fresh arrangement was devised which
+would preserve intact the original integrity of each coat of arms, would
+imply a definite systematic method of arrangement, and would admit into
+a single composition any required number of distinct coats. This <span
+class = "smallcaps">Marshalling</span> <i>by Quartering</i>, naturally
+suggested by such simple bearings as Nos. <a href = "#fig16">16</a> and
+<a href = "#fig17">17</a>, consists in dividing the Shield, as in
+<a href = "#fig30">No. 30</a>, into four parts, and placing in each of
+these divisions or quarters one of the coats to be marshalled on a
+single Shield. If two coats only are thus to be “<i>quartered</i>,� the
+most important of the two occupies the first quarter, and is repeated in
+the fourth; and, the other coat is placed in the second quarter, and
+repeated in the third. The earliest example known in England is the
+quartered Shield of <i>Castile and Leon&mdash;quarterly: first and
+fourth, gules, a&nbsp;castle triple-towered or; second and third,
+argent, a&nbsp;lion rampant gu.</i>, No. 323. This shield is sculptured
+upon the monument in Westminster Abbey to <span class =
+"smallcaps">Alianore</span>, daughter of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Ferdinand&nbsp;III.</span>, King of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Castile</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">Leon</span>,
+and Queen of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span>: the date
+is 1290. This form of Marshalling began gradually to be adopted during
+the first half of the fourteenth century, and in the second half of that
+century it became generally adopted. Other examples of quartered shields
+I have already given in Nos. <a href = "#fig252">252</a> and <a href =
+"#fig253">253</a>.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig323" id = "fig323"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig323.png" width = "159" height = "164"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig324" id = "fig324"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig324.png" width = "162" height = "165"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 323.&mdash; Shield of Castile and Leon.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 324.&mdash; Shield of Henry, Earl of Northumberland.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Should there be <i>three</i> Coats to be quartered, they would
+severally occupy the first, second, and third quarters of the Shield, in
+due order, and the first quarter would be repeated in the fourth. In
+quartering <i>four</i> coats, no repetition would be necessary. If more
+than four coats would require to be quartered, the Shield would be
+divided into whatever number
+<span class = "pagenum">167</span>
+<a name = "page167" id = "page167"> </a>
+of sections might be necessary, as in <a href = "#fig36">No. 36</a>, and
+the required arrangement would be made; should any repetition be
+necessary, the first quarter is to be repeated in the fourth. This
+process, whatever the number of the coats thus marshalled (and their
+number sometimes is very great), is always entitled “<i>quartering</i>�;
+and each of these divisions of a Shield, for the purpose of Marshalling,
+is distinguished as a “Quarter.� Occasionally a <i>quartered coat</i>
+would have to be marshalled with others. In the “grand quartering� which
+then takes place, the quartered coat is treated precisely as any other
+member of the group. See <a href = "#fig37">No. 37</a>. For example, the
+Shield, No. 324 (R.&nbsp;2), of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry</span>,
+first Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Northumberland</span>,
+is&mdash;I. and IV. Grand Quarters,&mdash;<i>first and fourth, or,
+a&nbsp;lion rampt. az.</i>, for Louvaine, or Percy modern: <i>second and
+third, gu., three lucies haurient arg.</i> (<a href = "#fig164">No.
+164</a>) for Lucy: II. and III. Grand Quarters,&mdash;<i>az., five
+fusils conjoined in fesse or</i>, for Percy ancient.</p>
+
+<p>When a Shield to be quartered has a very numerous array of
+Quarterings, Grand Quartering is seldom adopted; but, in its stead, the
+new quarterings are marshalled in their proper succession, with the
+original quarterings of the Shield.</p>
+
+<p>In this Marshalling the first quarter is occupied by the most
+important quartering, which is determined (without any fixed rule) by
+the original grant or licence: the other quarterings follow, in the
+order in which they may have been “brought in� to the composition.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig325" id = "fig325"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig325.png" width = "160" height = "162"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig326" id = "fig326"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig326.png" width = "214" height = "244"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 325.&mdash; Shield of Mayor of Winchelsea.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 326.&mdash; De Valence, dimidiating Claremont Nesle.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>To denote and record <span class = "smallcaps">Alliance by
+Marriage</span>, two distinct Coats were first marshalled upon a single
+Shield by <i>Dimidiation</i>. This process is accomplished in the
+following manner. The Shield to be charged with the two Coats in union
+is divided <i>per pale</i>, as in <a href = "#fig28">No. 28</a>: on the
+dexter half
+<span class = "pagenum">168</span>
+<a name = "page168" id = "page168"> </a>
+the corresponding half, or generally somewhat more than that half, of
+the arms of the husband is marshalled: then, in like manner, the
+sinister half is charged with the corresponding portion of the arms of
+the wife. In the Shield, <a href = "#fig250">No. 250</a>, from another
+Seal of Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret</span>, <i>England</i>
+dimidiates <i>France ancient</i>, Nos. <a href = "#fig187">187</a> and
+<a href = "#fig247">247</a>. This Dimidiation in most cases produces a
+singular effect; as in No. 325, a&nbsp;Shield from the Seal of the Mayor
+of Winchelsea, one of the famous Sussex Cinque Ports, which bears
+<i>England</i> dimidiating <i>azure, three hulls of ships, in pale,
+or</i>: here the dimidiated lions and ships appear to unite for the
+purpose of forming the most extravagant of compound monsters. The Seal
+of the Borough of Great Yarmouth substitutes <i>three herrings</i>, in
+allusion to the staple fishery of the port, for the ships, and
+dimidiates them with the national lions. In the central Shield of the
+Seal, <a href = "#fig319">No. 319</a>, I&nbsp;have shown <i>De
+Valence</i> dimidiating <i>De Chastillon</i>. In No. 326, from the
+monument of <span class = "smallcaps">William de Valence</span>, <i>De
+Valence</i> appears
+<span class = "pagenum">169</span>
+<a name = "page169" id = "page169"> </a>
+dimidiating the French Coat of <i>Claremont Nesle</i>&mdash;<i>gu.,
+semée of trefoils, two barbels haurient addorsed or</i>: the Dimidiation
+here cuts off and removes one-half of the De Valence martlets and also
+one of the two barbels of Claremont.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig327" id = "fig327"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig327.png" width = "180" height = "193"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 327.&mdash; Camoys,<br>
+impaling Mortimer.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The characteristic features of one or of both of the united Coats, as
+I have just shown, being commonly rendered indistinct and uncertain by
+Dimidiation, that form of marshalling was generally superseded by <span
+class = "smallcaps">Impalement</span> in the course of the third quarter
+of the fourteenth century. This process, at once simple and effectual,
+marshals the whole of the husband’s arms on the dexter half of a Shield
+divided per pale, as <a href = "#fig28">No. 28</a>; and the whole of the
+arms of the wife on the sinister half of it. Such an impaled Shield is
+borne by a husband and wife during their conjoint lives; and should the
+wife become a widow, by her the impaled arms are borne during her
+widowhood charged upon a lozenge. The dexter half only&mdash;the
+husband’s arms&mdash;of an impaled Shield is hereditary. Fine examples
+of Shields that are both impaled and quartered, are preserved in the
+monuments of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span> and his
+Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Philippa</span>, in the Brass to <span
+class = "smallcaps">Alianore de Bohun</span>, and in the monument to
+<span class = "smallcaps">Margaret Beaufort</span>, all in Westminster
+Abbey. Other fine examples occur on the monument of Earl <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard Beauchamp</span>, at Warwick. No. 327, from the
+Brass to <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lord Camoys</span>, K.G., and his wife, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Elizabeth Mortimer</span> (the widow of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry Hotspur</span>), at Trotton, in Sussex, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1410, marshals <i>Camoys</i>&mdash;<i>arg., on
+a chief gu. three plates</i>, impaling <i>Mortimer</i>, <a href =
+"#fig131">No. 131</a>. Again, at Warwick, the Brass to Earl <span class
+= "smallcaps">Thomas de Beauchamp</span> and his Countess,
+<span class = "pagenum">170</span>
+<a name = "page170" id = "page170"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Margaret Ferrers</span> of Groby, <span class
+= "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1406, has a Shield of
+<i>Beauchamp</i>&mdash;<i>gu., a&nbsp;fesse between six crosslets
+or</i>, impaling <i>Ferrers</i>&mdash;<i>gu., seven mascles, three three
+and one, or</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig328" id = "fig328"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig328.png" width = "246" height = "252"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 328.&mdash; D’Aubigny, impaling Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be observed that <i>Bordures</i> and <i>Tressures</i>, which
+are not affected by Quartering, are <i>dimidiated by
+Impalement</i>,&mdash;that is, that side of both a Bordure and a
+Tressure which adjoins the line of Impalement is generally removed:
+thus, one of the small Shields sculptured upon the canopy of the
+monument of Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Mary Stuart</span>, at
+Westminster, is charged with <i>D’Aubigny</i> impaling
+<i>Scotland</i>,&mdash;that is, <i>az., three fleurs de lys or, within a
+bordure gu. charged with eight buckles gold</i>, impaling <a href =
+"#fig138">No. 138</a>. This Shield, represented in No. 328, has both the
+bordure on its dexter half, and the tressure on its sinister half,
+dimidiated by the impalement. There are other excellent examples of this
+partial dimidiating in the monuments of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Margaret Tudor</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret
+Beaufort</span>, in the same chapel of Westminster Abbey.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig329" id = "fig329"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig329.png" width = "251" height = "274"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 329.&mdash; Shield of Earl Richard Beauchamp.</p>
+
+<p>The husband of an <i>Heiress</i> or a <i>Co-heiress</i>, instead of
+impaling the arms of his wife, marshals them upon his Shield charged as
+an <i>Escutcheon of Pretence</i>. The son of an heiress, as heir to his
+maternal grandfather through his mother, as well as to his own father,
+<i>quarters</i> on his Shield, and transmits to his descendants, <i>the
+arms of both his parents</i>, his father’s arms generally being in the
+first quarter. The Shield of <span class = "smallcaps">Richard
+Beauchamp</span>, K.G., Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Warwick</span>
+(died in 1439), is a good example of the use of an Escutcheon of
+Pretence; it is represented in No. 329,
+<span class = "pagenum">171</span>
+<a name = "page171" id = "page171"> </a>
+drawn from the garter-plate of the Earl, in St. George’s Chapel,
+Windsor. The Earl himself, as his hereditary coat, quarters
+<i>Beauchamp</i> with <i>Newburgh</i>&mdash;<i>chequée or and az.,
+a&nbsp;chevron erm.</i>: upon this, for his Countess, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Isabelle</span>, daughter and heiress of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Thomas le Despencer</span>, Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Gloucester</span>, he marshals an Escutcheon of Pretence
+charged with <i>De Clare</i>, <a href = "#fig124">No. 124</a>,
+quartering <i>Le Despencer</i>&mdash;<i>quarterly arg. and gu., in the
+second and third quarters a frette or, over all a bend sa.</i> In the
+monument of this great Earl, at Warwick, upon the Escutcheon of Pretence
+the arms of Bohun are quartered with those of Clare and Despencer.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig330" id = "fig330"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig330a.png" width = "65" height = "57"
+alt = "see text">
+<img src = "images/fig330b.png" width = "65" height = "57"
+alt = "see text">
+<img src = "images/fig330c.png" width = "65" height = "57"
+alt = "see text">
+<img src = "images/fig330d.png" width = "65" height = "57"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 330.</p>
+
+<p>A few very simple diagrams will clearly elucidate the principle of
+Marshalling the arms of Husband and Wife. Suppose <span class =
+"smallroman">B</span> (<i>Baron</i>) to represent the Husband, and <span
+class = "smallroman">F</span> (<i>Femme</i>) the Wife: then, No. 330
+<span class = "smallroman">B</span> may represent the arms
+<span class = "pagenum">172</span>
+<a name = "page172" id = "page172"> </a>
+of the Husband, and No. 330 <span class = "smallroman">F</span> the arms
+of the Wife. If <span class = "smallroman">F</span> be <i>not</i> an
+heiress, the arms of <span class = "smallroman">B</span> and <span class
+= "smallroman">F</span>, as husband and wife, are borne impaled, as in
+No. 330 <span class = "smallroman">B F</span>; and their son bears No.
+330 <span class = "smallroman">B</span> only. If <span class =
+"smallroman">F</span> <i>be an heiress</i>, the arms of <span class =
+"smallroman">B</span> and <span class = "smallroman">F</span>, as
+husband and wife, are borne as in No. 331&mdash;the arms of the wife on
+an Escutcheon of Pretence; and, in this case, the son of <span class =
+"smallroman">B</span> and <span class = "smallroman">F</span> quarters
+the arms of both his parents, as No. 332. Now, suppose this son, whose
+arms are No. 332, to marry a lady, <i>not</i> an heiress, whose arms are
+No. 330 <span class = "smallroman">F F</span>, he would simply impale
+the arms of his wife, as in No. 333, and his son would bear No. 332
+only, as his father bore that quartered shield before his marriage. But
+if the wife of the bearer of No. 332 were to <i>be an heiress</i>, he
+would charge the arms of his wife in pretence upon his own hereditary
+paternal Shield, as in No. 334; and his son, by this heiress, as before,
+would quarter the arms of both his parents, as in No. 335. It is obvious
+that Marshalling on this system (of which I here give the general
+outline) admits of a widely-extended application. Younger sons in all
+<span class = "pagenum">173</span>
+<a name = "page173" id = "page173"> </a>
+cases place over all the quarterings of their Shield their own
+distinctive Mark of Cadency, until they inherit some different
+quartering from those to which the head of their house is entitled, and
+the quartering itself then forms sufficient difference.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig331" id = "fig331"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig331.png" width = "85" height = "73"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig332" id = "fig332"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig332.png" width = "86" height = "75"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 331.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 332.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig333" id = "fig333"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig333.png" width = "85" height = "73"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig334" id = "fig334"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig334.png" width = "93" height = "82"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig335" id = "fig335"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig335.png" width = "97" height = "83"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 333.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 334.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 335.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>A <i>Widower</i> who marries again places the arms of both his wives
+upon any permanent record, but for ordinary purposes of use, <i>e.g.</i>
+on a seal or carriage, bears only the arms of his living wife.</p>
+
+<p>An <i>Unmarried Lady</i> bears her paternal arms on a <i>lozenge</i>,
+without any Helmet, Crest, or Motto.</p>
+
+<p>A <i>Widow</i> bears on a <i>lozenge</i> the arms borne by her
+husband and herself. Should she marry again, a&nbsp;Widow ceases to bear
+the arms of her former husband.</p>
+
+<p>A <i>Peeress in her own right</i>, if married to a Peer, has both her
+own arms and those of her husband fully blazoned, and the lozenge and
+the Shield, with all their accessories, are marshalled to form a single
+united group, the achievement of the husband having precedence to the
+dexter. If married to a Commoner, a&nbsp;Peeress in her own right bears
+her own arms on a lozenge as before, and her husband marshals her arms
+ensigned with her coronet in pretence on his Shield: and this lozenge
+and Shield are grouped together, the lozenge yielding precedence.</p>
+
+<p><i>Prelates</i> bear the arms of their see impaling their own
+paternal and hereditary arms, the insignia of the see occupying the
+dexter half of the Shield, this Shield being ensigned with a mitre only.
+A&nbsp;married Prelate bears also a second Shield, placed to the
+sinister of the other, on which are marshalled, in accordance with
+ordinary usage, his own personal arms with those of his wife. The mitre
+then is placed over the conjoined shields.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Kings of Arms</i>, in like manner, bear two Shields, disposed
+to form a single group: on the dexter Shield their official arms impale
+their personal; and on the sinister
+<span class = "pagenum">174</span>
+<a name = "page174" id = "page174"> </a>
+Shield their personal arms are marshalled with the arms of their
+wives.</p>
+
+<p>Again, the same usage obtains in marshalling the arms of <i>Knights
+of Orders of Knighthood</i> who, when married, bear two Shields grouped
+together. On the dexter Shield are blazoned the arms of the Knight
+himself alone; and around this Shield are displayed the insignia of his
+Order, or Orders, of Knighthood: and on the sinister Shield the arms of
+the Knight and of his wife are marshalled, but without the knightly
+insignia. This second Shield is generally environed with decorative
+foliage. This usage, prevalent in England, is not accepted or adopted by
+foreign Heralds: nor does it appear to be required by true heraldic
+principle, or to be strictly in accordance with it. The wife of a Knight
+shares his knightly title, and takes precedence from her husband’s
+knightly rank; and a knight, with perfect heraldic consistency, might
+marshal his own knightly insignia about the Shield which is charged with
+his own arms and those of his wife, whether united by impalement, or
+when the latter are borne in pretence: and thus a single Shield would be
+borne, and there would cease to exist any motive for endeavouring to
+impart to a second Shield some general resemblance to its companion by
+wreaths or other unmeaning accessories. There are ancient precedents for
+the use of a single shield.</p>
+
+<p><i>Official Arms</i> are not hereditary.</p>
+
+<p><i>Royal Personages</i>, when married, bear their own arms on a
+separate Shield; and a second Shield bears the arms of the husband and
+wife conjoined.</p>
+
+<p>The circumstances of every case must exercise a considerable
+influence in determining the Marshalling of the Accessories of any
+Shield, Lozenge, or Group. As a general rule, however, the <i>Helm</i>
+always rests on the chief of the Shield: Commoners, Knights, Baronets,
+and Peers place their <i>Crest</i> upon the Helm: Peers and Princes
+place
+<span class = "pagenum">175</span>
+<a name = "page175" id = "page175"> </a>
+their <i>Helm</i> upon the Coronet, and their Crest is placed upon the
+Helmet. The <span class = "smallcaps">Sovereign</span> places the Crest
+upon the Royal Crown, which is a part of the Royal Crest, and it is
+unusual to duplicate the Crown by repeating it below the Helmet. The
+<i>Mantling</i> is displayed from the back of the Helm: it is most
+effective when simple in its form and adjustment, and when it droops
+behind the Shield. The <i>Motto</i> is usually placed below the Shield;
+but if it has special reference to the Crest, above the Crest.
+A&nbsp;Scottish motto always goes over the Crest. <i>Supporters</i> are
+usually placed erect, as if in the act of really supporting the Shield:
+they ought to stand either on an appropriate ground, or on a Gothic
+basement to the entire Achievement. <i>Badges</i>, with all
+<i>Official</i> and <i>Knightly Insignia</i>, and all other
+<i>Honourable Insignia</i> of every kind, are rightly marshalled in an
+Achievement of Arms.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+
+<p><a name = "note5" id = "note5" href = "#tag5">5.</a>
+In <a href = "#fig251">No. 251</a> the initial A of the word AQVITANNIE
+has been omitted.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note6" id = "note6" href = "#tag6">6.</a>
+In No. 319 the bordure of <i>De Dreux</i> in the roundle in base is
+charged with Lions of England, as borne by <span class =
+"smallcaps">John de Dreux</span>; but the presence of these in the Seal
+of the Countess is uncertain. See <a href = "#fig322">No. 322</a><ins
+class = "correction" title = ". missing">. </ins></p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">176</span>
+<a name = "page176" id = "page176"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapXII" id = "chapXII">CHAPTER XII</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">CADENCY</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "summary">
+Marks of Cadency are temporary or permanent&mdash; The Label&mdash; The
+Bordure&mdash; The Bendlet, Barrulet, and Canton&mdash; Change of
+Tincture&mdash; Secondary Charges&mdash; Single Small Charges&mdash;
+Differences of Illegitimacy&mdash; Cadency of Crests, Badges,
+&amp;c.&mdash; Modern Cadency.</p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“Merke ye wele theys questionys here, now folowying!� &mdash;<span class
+= "smallcaps">Boke of St. Albans</span>, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1486.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "firstword">Amongst</span> his comrades in arms, or in the
+midst of a hostile array, the last object that a mediæval Knight would
+expect or desire to observe, on the morning of a battle or a joust,
+would be an exact counterpart of himself. Occasions, indeed, might
+sometimes arise, when it might be highly desirable that five or six
+counterfeit “Richmonds� should accompany one real one to “the field�;
+or, when a “wild boar of Ardennes� might prefer to encounter the
+hunters, having about him the choice of his own “boar’s brood,�
+garnished at all points exactly after his own fashion. These, however,
+are rare and strictly exceptional cases. And the Knight, to whom
+distinction was as the breath of his nostrils, as he closed his vizor
+trusted confidently to his heraldic insignia to distinguish him, while,
+in the fore-front of the fray, with sword and lance and axe he would
+strive manfully to distinguish himself. This implies that Heraldry,
+besides assigning to different families their own distinct insignia,
+should possess the faculty of distinguishing the several members, and
+also the various branches of the same family, the one from the other.
+A&nbsp;faculty such as this Heraldry does possess, in its marks of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Cadency</span>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">177</span>
+<a name = "page177" id = "page177"> </a>
+<p>In “<i>marking Cadency</i>�&mdash;that is, in distinguishing the
+armorial insignia of kinsmen, who are members of the very same family,
+or of some one of its various branches, it is a necessary condition of
+every system of “Differencing� that, while in itself clear and definite
+and significant, it should be secondary to the leading characteristics
+of the original Coat of Arms which denotes the senior branch of the
+Family, and also declares from what fountain-head all the kinsmen of all
+the branches have derived their common descent.</p>
+
+<p>Various methods for thus marking Cadency were adopted, and accepted
+as satisfactory, in the early days of Heraldry. Of these I now shall
+describe and illustrate such as are most emphatic in themselves, and in
+their character most decidedly heraldic,&mdash;such also as most
+advantageously may be retained in use in our own Heraldry of the present
+time. It will be seen that the “Differences� which mark Cadency
+necessarily resolve themselves into two groups or classes: one, in which
+the “Difference� is <i>temporary</i> only in its significance and
+use,&mdash;as, when an eldest son, on the death of his father, succeeds
+to the position in the family which his father had held, he removes his
+Mark of Cadency as eldest son from his Shield, assumes the unmarked
+Shield as his father had borne it before him, and transfers to his own
+son the mark that previously had distinguished his Shield from that of
+his father. In the other group, the Marks of Cadency are more
+<i>permanent</i>, and consequently may become integral elements of the
+heraldic composition in which they appear: thus, the mark of Cadency
+which distinguishes any particular branch of a family, is borne alike by
+all the members of that branch, and in that branch it is transmitted
+from generation to generation.</p>
+
+<p>More than one Mark of Cadency may be introduced into the same Coat of
+Arms; and, for the purpose of some
+<span class = "pagenum">178</span>
+<a name = "page178" id = "page178"> </a>
+form of secondary distinction, it is quite correct Heraldry to <i>mark
+Marks of Cadency</i>&mdash;to charge one variety of mark, that is, upon
+another.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig336" id = "fig336"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig336.png" width = "167" height = "167"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig337" id = "fig337"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig337.png" width = "167" height = "168"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 336.&mdash; Eldest Sons of Edward I. and II.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 337.&mdash; Black Prince.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Label</span>, Nos. <a href =
+"#fig271">271</a>, <a href = "#fig272">272</a>, is blazoned as a Mark of
+Cadency in the earliest Rolls of Arms, and it appears discharging this
+duty in the earliest examples. The Label is generally borne with three
+points, as in <a href = "#fig271">No. 271</a>; frequently with five, as
+in <a href = "#fig272">No. 272</a>; and occasionally with four or with
+more than five points. It is quite certain that no significance was
+formerly attached to the number of the points, the object in all cases
+being to make the Label distinctly visible, and to adjust the points to
+the general composition of the Shield. Labels are of various tinctures.
+<span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;II.</span>, and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>, each one during the lifetime of his
+father, bore the Shield of England, <a href = "#fig187">No. 187</a>,
+differenced with an <i>azure label</i>, sometimes of three points, as in
+No. 336, and sometimes having five points. <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward</span> the <span class = "smallcaps">Black
+Prince</span> marked the Royal Shield of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span> with a <i>label argent</i>, as in
+No. 337; and a plain silver label has since been the Mark of Cadency of
+every succeeding heir-apparent to the English throne. The Label has been
+used in this manner by personages of all ranks who have borne arms, from
+the time of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span>; and
+examples abound in all the early Rolls of Arms, in Monuments, and upon
+Seals.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Label</i>, borne as a Mark of Cadency, was sometimes,
+<span class = "pagenum">179</span>
+<a name = "page179" id = "page179"> </a>
+particularly in the cases of junior members of the Royal Family, charged
+with other figures and devices, as differences of a secondary rank. Or,
+when it is thus charged, the charges upon a Label may be considered to
+be elements of the Label itself, in its capacity of a Mark of Cadency.
+<span class = "smallcaps">Edmond</span>, the first Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, as I have already shown, <a href =
+"#fig249">No. 249</a>, differenced his father’s Arms of England with a
+<i>Label of France</i>, No. 338&mdash;an azure label, that is, charged
+with golden fleurs de lys, to denote his French alliance; and thus by
+the same process he was Marshalling and Marking Cadency. <span class =
+"smallcaps">John of Ghent</span>, Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, differenced with an <i>ermine Label</i>,
+No. 339, derived from the ermine shield of Brittany (<a href =
+"#fig15">No. 15</a>): and the Plantagenet Dukes of <span class =
+"smallcaps">York</span> charged each point of their silver Label with
+<i>three torteaux</i>, No. 340, which may be considered to have been
+derived from the shield of Wake (<a href = "#fig82">No. 82</a>). In
+order to show them on a larger scale, the Labels in Nos. 338-343 are
+represented without the Shields on which they were charged. All these
+Shields would be repetitions of the same blazonry of France and England
+quarterly: Nos. <a href = "#fig252">252</a> and <a href =
+"#fig253">253</a>.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig338" id = "fig338"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig338.png" width = "158" height = "61"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig339" id = "fig339"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig339.png" width = "157" height = "60"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig340" id = "fig340"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig340.png" width = "156" height = "58"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 338.&mdash; Lancaster.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 339.&mdash; Brittany.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 340.&mdash; York.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Label, with various Differences, has generally been the Royal
+Mark of Cadency; and now differenced silver Labels are borne, to mark
+Cadency, by every member of our Royal Family.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig341" id = "fig341"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig341.png" width = "161" height = "59"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig342" id = "fig342"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig342.png" width = "163" height = "55"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig343" id = "fig343"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig343.png" width = "158" height = "60"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 341.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 342.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 343.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Like the points of Labels, the Charges blazoned on those points had
+no fixed or determinate numbers. That both the Labels and their Charges
+should be distinct and conspicuous, was the special object with which
+they were blazoned. Accordingly, in different examples of the same
+<span class = "pagenum">180</span>
+<a name = "page180" id = "page180"> </a>
+Label the number of the repetitions of the Charges sometimes is found to
+differ. At the same time, in the earliest examples of charged Labels,
+the repetitions of the Charges, while devoid of any special differencing
+aim or meaning, may be considered to have been suggested by the sources
+from which the Charges themselves were derived. For example: the Label
+of Lancaster, No. 338, of Earl <span class = "smallcaps">Edmond</span>,
+derived directly from the Shield of <i>France ancient</i>, <a href =
+"#fig247">No. 247</a>, with its field <i>semée de lys</i>, has three
+fleurs de lys upon each point, so that this Label has the appearance of
+being also <i>semée de lys</i>. Had it been derived from the Shield of
+<i>France modern</i>, <a href = "#fig248">No. 248</a>, charged with
+three fleurs de lys only, a&nbsp;single fleur de lys in all probability
+would have been blazoned on each of the three points of this same Label.
+Upon this principle the Label of Prince <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lionel</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Duke</span> of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Clarence</span>, second son of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>, which is differenced with
+<i>cantons gules</i>, has a single canton on each point, as in No. 341,
+evidently because only a single canton can be blazoned on a Shield. The
+figures and devices that are charged for secondary difference upon
+Labels vary widely in their character; but, however difficult it now may
+be in very many instances to trace these differencing charges to their
+sources, and so to determine the motive which led to their adoption,
+there can be no doubt that originally they were chosen and adopted for
+the express purpose of denoting and recording some alliance or
+dependency. Some early Labels are of a compound character; that is, they
+are charged with two distinct groups of devices, which are at once
+divided and conjoined by impalement. Such a Label was borne by Prince
+<span class = "smallcaps">Henry</span>, son of <span class =
+"smallcaps">John</span> of <span class = "smallcaps">Ghent</span>,
+between
+<span class = "pagenum">181</span>
+<a name = "page181" id = "page181"> </a>
+the time of his father’s death and his own accession as <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;IV.</span> (Feb. 3 to Sept. 30, 1399): it was a
+<i>Label of five points per pale of Brittany and Lancaster</i>, No. 342,
+being his father’s Label impaling that of his mother’s father. The
+second son of this Prince, <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas</span> Duke
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Clarence</span>, instead of adopting
+impalement, charged <i>a red canton upon each point of an ermine
+Label</i>, as in No. 343: while his brother, <span class =
+"smallcaps">John</span> Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Bedford</span>, bore their father’s Label, No. 342.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig344" id = "fig344"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig344.png" width = "167" height = "171"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 344.&mdash; Holland, of Kent.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Bordure</span>, both plain and charged,
+is a Mark of Cadency borne by Princes and by personages of various
+ranks. <span class = "smallcaps">Edmond</span>, youngest son of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span>, differenced <i>England</i>
+with a plain <i>silver bordure</i>, as in No. 344: the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Hollands</span>, Earls of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Kent</span>, did the same: and the same silver bordure also
+was borne by <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas</span>, youngest son of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>, about the quartered
+shield of <i>France ancient and England</i>; and about the quartered
+shield of <i>France modern and England</i> by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Humphrey</span>, youngest son of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;IV.</span> Prince <span class =
+"smallcaps">John</span> of <span class = "smallcaps">Eltham</span>, as I
+have already shown, and after him the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Hollands</span>, Dukes of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Exeter</span>, differenced <i>England with a Bordure of
+France</i>: <a href = "#fig24">No. 24</a>. Though not so numerous as
+Labels, Bordures employed to mark Cadency exist in very many early
+examples, and a variety of devices appear charged upon them for
+secondary Difference. See <a href = "#fig140">No. 140</a>. In the Royal
+Heraldry of our own times the Bordure is not used as a Royal Difference;
+but its use is retained in Scotland for differencing Shields of less
+exalted rank.</p>
+
+<p>In some few early Examples a <span class = "smallcaps">Bendlet</span>
+is charged upon the paternal shield as a mark of Cadency: and a <span
+class = "smallcaps">Barrulet</span> is found to have been also used for
+the same purpose. Thus, <span class = "smallcaps">Henry</span>, second
+son of <span class = "smallcaps">Edmond</span> the first
+<span class = "pagenum">182</span>
+<a name = "page182" id = "page182"> </a>
+Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, during the lifetime
+of his elder brother, differenced <i>England</i> with an <i>azure
+Bendlet</i>, as in No. 345: and, in the Seal of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry de Percy</span>, son and heir of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry</span> third Baron, the lion is debruised, for
+Difference, by a Barrulet which crosses the Shield in the honour-point.
+Possibly, this Barrulet may be a <i>Label without points</i>.
+A&nbsp;<span class = "smallcaps">Canton</span>, plain, or more
+frequently charged, and in many examples of ermine, is also added to
+Shields to mark Cadency, but more frequently nowadays its use denotes
+absence of blood descent. See Nos. <a href = "#fig128">128</a>, <a href
+= "#fig129">129</a>, <a href = "#fig130">130</a><ins class =
+"correction" title = ". missing">. </ins></p>
+
+<div class = "floatleft">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig345" id = "fig345"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig345.png" width = "168" height = "165"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 345.&mdash; Henry of Lancaster.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To mark Cadency by a <i>change of Tinctures</i> was a simple
+expedient, and such a one as would naturally be practised at an early
+period. It was effected, first, in the case of the <i>Field</i>: thus
+(H.&nbsp;3) the brothers <span class = "smallcaps">De la Zouche</span>
+severally bear&mdash;<i>Gu., bezantée</i>, and, <i>Az., bezantée</i>;
+and the brothers <span class = "smallcaps">Furnival</span> (H.&nbsp;3)
+bear&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;bend between six martlets gu.</i>, and,
+<i>Or, a&nbsp;bend between six martlets gu.</i> Secondly, the change is
+effected in the <i>Charges</i>: thus, two William <span class =
+"smallcaps">Bardolfs</span> (H. 3 and E.&nbsp;2) severally
+bear&mdash;<i>Az., three cinquefoils or</i>, and, <i>Az., three
+cinquefoils arg.</i> Thirdly, the tinctures are <i>reversed</i>: for
+example, for two Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John Harcourts</span>
+(E.&nbsp;2)&mdash;<i>Gu., two bars or</i>, and, <i>Or, two bars gu.</i>
+Fourthly, there is a complete change in <i>all the tinctures</i>: and
+so, while Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Andrew Loterel</span>
+(E.&nbsp;2) bears&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;bend between six martlets sa.</i>,
+Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Geffrey Loterel</span> (E.&nbsp;2)
+bears&mdash;<i>Az., a&nbsp;bend between six martlets argent</i>.
+Finally, this system of marking Cadency admits various modifications of
+the changes already described: thus, in the Arms of Mortimer, <a href =
+"#fig131">No. 131</a>, <i>gules</i> is substituted for <i>azure</i>;
+and, again, in the same Shield an <i>inescutcheon ermine</i> takes the
+place of the <i>inescutcheon argent</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">183</span>
+<a name = "page183" id = "page183"> </a>
+<p>Another and a favourite method of marking Cadency, calculated to
+exercise a great and decided influence in the development of heraldic
+blazon, is the <i>addition of secondary Charges</i> of small size (not
+on a Label or a Bordure but) semée over the field of a Shield, or
+charged upon an Ordinary, or disposed in orle. In a large number of
+examples, these small charges are found to have been gradually reduced
+to six or three, in order to admit of their being blazoned on a somewhat
+larger scale, and consequently made more distinct. Again: while the
+number and the tinctures of the secondary differencing charges remain
+the same, in order to carry out the Cadency still farther the secondary
+charges themselves are varied: and, once more, in other cases the
+identity of the original secondary charges is retained, but their number
+is increased or diminished. I&nbsp;must be content to illustrate these
+various forms of Cadency with a few examples only. First, a&nbsp;group
+of shields of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Beauchamps</span>:&mdash;Beauchamp of Elmely
+(H.&nbsp;3)&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;fesse or</i>, No. 346: Beauchamp at
+Carlaverock&mdash;<i>Gu., crusilée and a fesse or</i>, No. 347:
+Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;fesse between six
+crosses crosslets or</i>, No. 348: and Beauchamp of
+Bletshoe&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;fesse between six martlets or</i>, No.
+349. Second, a&nbsp;corresponding group of shields of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Berkeleys</span>:&mdash;Maurice de Barkele (or
+Berkeley)&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;chevron arg.</i> (H.&nbsp;3): and then
+for other Berkeleys&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;chevron between ten crosses
+pattées, six and four, arg.</i>; and the same Ordinary, with either
+<i>ten
+<span class = "pagenum">184</span>
+<a name = "page184" id = "page184"> </a>
+cinquefoils of silver</i>, or the same number of <i>white roses</i>.
+Three <span class = "smallcaps">Corbets</span> bear severally
+(E.&nbsp;2)&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;raven sa.</i>; <i>Or, two ravens
+sa.</i>; and, <i>Or, three ravens sa.</i> And, once more, their original
+Shield&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;chevron or</i>, is differenced by the <span
+class = "smallcaps">Cobhams</span> by charging the Ordinary with three
+lioncels, three eaglets, three crosslets, three mullets, three estoiles,
+three crescents, or three fleurs de lys, all of them sable. The
+particular devices and figures selected thus to mark Cadency, like those
+charged upon Labels or Bordures, must be considered to have a special
+significance of their own, though this significance may frequently fail
+to be discerned in consequence of our being no longer able to trace out
+their association with the sources from which they were obtained. The
+alliances and the incidents that give these various Marks of Cadency,
+when it is possible to ascertain what they may have been, illustrate in
+a striking manner the motives by which the early Heralds were influenced
+when they differenced the Arms of Kinsmen.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig346" id = "fig346"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig346.png" width = "133" height = "133"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig347" id = "fig347"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig347.png" width = "135" height = "140"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 346.&mdash; Beauchamp of Elmely.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 347.&mdash; Beauchamp at Carlaverock.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig348" id = "fig348"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig348.png" width = "135" height = "139"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig349" id = "fig349"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig349.png" width = "136" height = "140"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 348.&mdash; Beauchamp of Warwick.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 349.&mdash; Beauchamp of Bletshoe.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>Official Insignia</i> sometimes become Marks of Cadency. Thus,
+<span class = "smallcaps">John de Grandison</span>, Bishop of Exeter
+(<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1327-1369), on the bend in his
+paternal arms, <a href = "#fig89">No. 89</a>, substitutes a <i>golden
+mitre</i> for the central eaglet, as in No. 350. <span class =
+"smallcaps">William Courtenay</span>, Archbishop of Canterbury (<span
+class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1381-1396), adopts a different course,
+and charges three golden mitres upon each point of the Label of
+Courtenay&mdash;<i>Or, three torteaux, over all a label of three points
+az. charged on each point with as many mitres gold</i>. And again, <span
+class = "smallcaps">Henry le
+<span class = "pagenum">185</span>
+<a name = "page185" id = "page185"> </a>
+Despencer</span>, Bishop of Norwich (<span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1370-1406), places about his paternal shield an
+<i>azure bordure charged with eight golden mitres</i> (see the largest
+shield in No. 351). On his official seal the canopied effigy of the
+Bishop stands between this, his personal Shield, and the Shield of his
+see&mdash;<i>az., three mitres or</i>: but his Secretum, or private
+seal, is much more interesting, as an heraldic image of the man himself.
+Haughty, fierce, cruel, and pugnacious, his career not less inglorious
+as a military commander than as a churchman, this <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry le Despencer</span>, a&nbsp;grandson of the unhappy
+favourite of the no less hapless <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;II.</span>, was one of the war-loving prelates
+who occasionally appear sustaining a strange, and yet as it would seem a
+characteristic, part in the romantic drama of mediæval history. His
+Secretum, No. 351, displays his Shield of <i>Despencer</i>, differenced
+with his bordure of mitres, couché from a large mantled helm, surmounted
+by a mitre, in place of a crest-coronet, which supports the Despencer
+crest, a&nbsp;silver griffin’s head of ample size; on either side are
+the Shields of the <i>see of Norwich</i>, and of <i>Ferrers</i> (the
+Bishop’s mother was Anne, daughter of <span class =
+"smallcaps">William</span> Lord <span class = "smallcaps">Ferrers</span>
+of Groby)&mdash;<i>Or, seven mascles, three three and one, gu.</i>; the
+legend is, S&nbsp;.&nbsp;HENRICI . DESPENCER . NORWICENSIS .
+EPISCOPI.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig350" id = "fig350"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig350.png" width = "160" height = "159"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig351" id = "fig351"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig351.png" width = "222" height = "225"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 350.&mdash; Bishop Grandison.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 351.&mdash; Secretum of Bishop le Despencer.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">186</span>
+<a name = "page186" id = "page186"> </a>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig352" id = "fig352"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig352.png" width = "129" height = "144"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 352.&mdash; Sir Fulk<br>
+Fitz Warin.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At an early period, Cadency was marked by <i>adding a single small
+charge</i> to the blazon of a Shield, or by charging some secondary
+device or figure upon any accessory of a Shield of arms. Such a Mark of
+Cadency as this, obtained from some allied Shield, and charged upon an
+ordinary or principal bearing, or occupying a conspicuous position in
+the general composition, was in high favour with the Heralds of both the
+fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. From the early examples, which exist
+in great numbers and in as great variety, it will be sufficient for me
+to adduce only a few specimens&mdash;a single example, indeed,
+illustrates the system. The Shield of <i>Ufford</i>, in the Seal of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Matilda</span> of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, which I have already described (<a href =
+"#fig320">No. 320</a>), is thus differenced with a single fleur de lys
+in the first quarter. Precisely in the same manner Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">Fulk Fitz Warin</span> differences the Shield of the head of
+his house, <a href = "#fig17">No. 17</a>, by charging a <i>mullet
+sable</i> upon the first quarter, as in No. 352.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig354" id = "fig354"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig354.png" width = "70" height = "68"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig353" id = "fig353"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig353.png" width = "127" height = "141"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig355" id = "fig355"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig355.png" width = "79" height = "76"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 354.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 353.&mdash; Thomas le Scrope.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 355.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Thomas le Scrope</span>, on the other hand,
+for Cadency marks the golden bend upon his azure Shield, <a href =
+"#fig111">No. 111</a>, with an <i>annulet sable</i>, as in No. 353. Two
+members of the family of Beauchamp charge their golden fesse (see Nos.
+<a href = "#fig346">346</a>-<a href = "#fig349">349</a>), the one with a
+<i>crescent sable</i>, and the other with a <i>pierced mullet</i> of the
+same tincture: Nos. 354, 355. In like manner, in addition to various
+labels, the <span class = "smallcaps">Nevilles</span> charge no less
+<span class = "pagenum">187</span>
+<a name = "page187" id = "page187"> </a>
+than eight different small figures upon their silver saltire, <a href =
+"#fig121">No. 121</a>, to distinguish different members and branches of
+their powerful race: I&nbsp;give one of these Shields in No. 356, which
+was borne by <span class = "smallcaps">George Neville</span>, Lord <span
+class = "smallcaps">Latimer</span>, from the monument to Earl <span
+class = "smallcaps">Richard de Beauchamp</span> at Warwick&mdash;<i>Gu.,
+on a saltire arg. a&nbsp;gimmel-ring az.</i>: another differenced shield
+of Neville, No. 357, has <i>a cinquefoil</i> charged on the saltire:
+a&nbsp;third example from this group I have already given, <a href =
+"#fig122">No. 122</a>, differenced with <i>a rose</i>: this shield,
+<a href = "#fig122">No. 122</a>, is now borne by the Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Abergavenny</span>. Once more: Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">William de Brewys</span> (E.&nbsp;2) bears&mdash;<i>Az.,
+crusilée and a lion rampt. or</i>, No. 358, which coat another Sir <span
+class = "smallcaps">William de Brewys</span> differences, to distinguish
+himself from his kinsman, while at the same time declaring their near
+relationship, by simply charging a <i>red fleur de lys</i> upon his
+lion’s shoulder.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig356" id = "fig356"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig356.png" width = "131" height = "140"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig358" id = "fig358"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig358.png" width = "152" height = "167"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig357" id = "fig357"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig357.png" width = "127" height = "138"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 356.&mdash; Lord Latimer.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 358.&mdash; Sir William de Brewys.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 357.&mdash; Neville.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Differences of Illegitimacy, which rightly and indeed necessarily are
+included under the general head of “Cadency,� do not appear at any time
+to have assumed a definite or decided character, and yet they bring
+before the student of Heraldry much curious matter for inquiry and
+investigation. Early in the true heraldic era illegitimate sons are
+found to have differenced their paternal arms, as other sons lawfully
+born might have done: and it does not appear that any peculiar methods
+of differencing were adopted, palpably for the purpose of denoting
+illegitimacy
+<span class = "pagenum">188</span>
+<a name = "page188" id = "page188"> </a>
+of birth, before the fourteenth century had drawn near to its close. And
+even then, if any express heraldic rule on this point ever was framed,
+which is very doubtful, it certainly was never observed with any care or
+regularity.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig359" id = "fig359"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig359.png" width = "172" height = "201"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 359.&mdash; Henry,<br>
+Earl of Worcester.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The earliest known example of the arms of a man of illegitimate birth
+is the fine Shield of <span class = "smallcaps">William
+Longespée</span>, Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Salisbury</span>,
+son of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;II.</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Fair Rosamond</span>, <a href = "#fig197">No. 197</a>. This
+Shield is supposed to have been assumed and borne by the Earl on his
+marriage with the daughter and heiress of <span class =
+"smallcaps">D’Evreux</span>, when in right of his wife he succeeded to
+the Earldom of Salisbury: but this theory does not rest upon any solid
+foundation, since it would be very difficult to show that the Shield
+with the six lioncels was certainly borne, on his armorial ensign, by
+the father-in-law of Earl William. Also, if a Shield charged with an
+escarbuncle and many lioncels, which has been assigned to <span class =
+"smallcaps">Geoffrey</span> Count of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Anjou</span>, was really borne by the Founder of the House
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Plantagenet</span>, Earl <span class =
+"smallcaps">William Longespée</span> may have derived his own Shield
+from his paternal grandfather. Upon his Counterseal the Earl displays
+his own “long sword� as his proper device. In like manner, certain other
+personages, also illegitimate, appear to have borne arms which were
+either expressly assigned to themselves by the Sovereign, or such as
+they assumed in right of their mothers or wives. In all such cases as
+these, the Arms were not the paternal coat in any way differenced, but
+what now would be designated “fresh grants.� Towards the beginning of
+the fifteenth century, however, a&nbsp;peculiar kind of Differencing for
+Illegitimacy gradually prevailed throughout Europe: thus, illegitimate
+children either altered the position of the charges in their paternal
+Shield; or they marshalled the entire paternal arms upon a bend or a
+fesse; or they composed for themselves a fresh Shield, either using
+their father’s badges and the actual charges of his Shield, or
+<span class = "pagenum">189</span>
+<a name = "page189" id = "page189"> </a>
+adopting devices evidently derived from the paternal bearings; or they
+bore the paternal Shield differenced in a peculiarly conspicuous manner
+with certain marks by which they might be readily and certainly
+distinguished.</p>
+
+<p>When the composition of the paternal Shield would admit of such an
+arrangement, the field not being argent, an illegitimate son sometimes
+bore his father’s arms marshalled fesse-wise, so as to leave both the
+chief and the base of his Shield plain white. <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry</span>, Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Worcester</span>, whose father was an illegitimate son of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Henry Beaufort</span>, third Duke of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Somerset</span>, bore the arms of Beaufort couped in
+this manner in chief and in base, as if they were charged upon a very
+broad fesse on the field: No. 359.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig360" id = "fig360"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig360.png" width = "183" height = "183"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig361" id = "fig361"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig361.png" width = "155" height = "179"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 360.&mdash; Beaufort before 1397.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 361.&mdash; Beaufort after 1397.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">John de Beaufort</span> (great-grandfather
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry</span>, Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Worcester</span>), eldest illegitimate son of Prince <span
+class = "smallcaps">John</span> of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Ghent</span>, <i>before</i> the Act for his legitimation was
+passed in the year 1397, bore his father’s hereditary arms of
+<i>Lancaster</i>&mdash;<i>England with a label of France</i>, <a href =
+"#fig249">No. 249</a>&mdash;<i>on a broad bend</i>, the field being
+<i>per pale arg. and az.</i>, the Lancastrian livery colours: No. 360.
+After their legitimation act had become
+<span class = "pagenum">190</span>
+<a name = "page190" id = "page190"> </a>
+a law, this same <span class = "smallcaps">John de Beaufort</span>, with
+his brothers, sons, and grandsons, bore the Royal quartered shield of
+France and England, No. 361, differenced, not with labels, but with <i>a
+bordure componée arg. and az.</i> (the Lancastrian colours): the
+different members of the Beaufort family slightly varied the bordure,
+but by the head of their house it was borne as in No. 361. It will be
+seen that this is the coat that <span class = "smallcaps">Henry</span>,
+Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Worcester</span> (himself the
+legitimate son of an illegitimate son), bore fesse-wise, as in <a href =
+"#fig359">No. 359</a>. The father of this Earl <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Charles
+Somerset</span>, Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Worcester</span>
+(illegitimate son of the third Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Somerset</span>), differenced <i>Beaufort</i>, No. 361, with
+a <i>silver bendlet sinister</i>, as in No. 362, the bendlet covering
+the quarterings, but being included within the bordure.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig362" id = "fig362"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig362.png" width = "154" height = "179"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 362.&mdash; Charles,<br>
+Earl of Worcester.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Since the fifteenth century, in English Heraldry, a&nbsp;narrow
+bendlet or baton sinister, couped at its extremities, either plain or
+charged, has usually been the mark employed as difference by the
+illegitimate descendants of the Royal Family. It was borne by <span
+class = "smallcaps">Arthur Plantagenet</span>, Viscount <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lisle</span>, son of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;IV.</span>: by <span class = "smallcaps">Henry
+Fitz Roy</span>, Duke of
+<span class = "pagenum">191</span>
+<a name = "page191" id = "page191"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Richmond</span>, son of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VIII.</span>, and, variously differenced, by
+illegitimate descendants of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Charles&nbsp;II.</span>&mdash;that is, it is borne at the
+present day, <i>argent</i>, by the Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Buccleuch</span>; <i>ermine</i>, by the Duke of <span class
+= "smallcaps">Cleveland</span>; <i>componée arg. and az.</i>, by the
+Duke of <span class = "smallcaps">Grafton</span>; and, <i>gules charged
+with three white roses</i>, by the Duke of <span class = "smallcaps">St.
+Albans.</span></p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig363" id = "fig363"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig363.png" width = "159" height = "188"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig364" id = "fig364"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig364.png" width = "164" height = "184"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 363.&mdash; Sir Roger de Clarendon.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 364.&mdash; Radolphus de Arundel.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Roger de Clarendon</span>, illegitimate
+son of the <span class = "smallcaps">Black Prince</span>, bore <i>on a
+sable bend the three Ostrich Feathers</i> of his illustrious father’s
+“<i>Shield of Peace</i>,� the field of his Shield being golden, as in
+No. 363. Here the “Difference for Illegitimacy� is very emphatically
+marked in a singularly felicitous and beautiful Shield.</p>
+
+<p>The paternal arms of illegitimate children have also sometimes been
+carried by them charged on a <i>canton</i>, either dexter or sinister,
+the rest of the Shield being left blank, or perhaps in some cases
+displaying the maternal arms; of this usage I am not able to give any
+good example, in English Heraldry, of certain authority: one other
+variety of these singular Shields, however, I&nbsp;must add to my small
+group of examples, which was first noticed by Mr. <span class =
+"smallcaps">Montagu</span> (“Guide to the Study of Heraldry,� p. 44).
+This is the Shield, No. 364, of <span class = "smallcaps">Radolphus de
+Arundel</span>; and it bears the quartered arms of the Earls of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Arundel</span>&mdash;<i>Fitz Alan</i> and
+<i>Warrenne</i> (<i>gu. a&nbsp;lion rampt. or</i>, and <a href =
+"#fig68">No. 68</a>), “<i>flanched</i>,�&mdash;that is, blazoned only
+upon the flanches (see <a href = "#fig141">No. 141</a>) of the Shield,
+the central area being blank.</p>
+
+<p>For a lengthy period the use of the <i>bend</i>, <i>bendlet</i>, and
+<i>baton sinister</i> was usual for the purpose of denoting
+illegitimacy, but this has now given way to the use, in England, of a
+<i>bordure wavy</i>; in Scotland, of a <i>bordure compony</i>; whilst in
+Ireland both these <i>bordures</i> are used, more usually, however, the
+<i>bordure wavy</i> being employed. By a curious divergence the
+<i>bordure wavy</i> is not a mark of illegitimacy in Scotland, but a
+mark of perfectly legitimate cadency. The use of the <i>bendlet
+sinister</i> for the debruising of crests still exists in
+<span class = "pagenum">192</span>
+<a name = "page192" id = "page192"> </a>
+England and Ireland, but crests are not usually differenced for any
+reason in Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>In treating of this subject, some writers have maintained that the
+<i>bordure componée</i> is, in its heraldic nature, the most decided and
+unquestionable Difference for Illegitimacy: and this opinion these
+writers have derived from the singularly contradictory fact, that the
+<span class = "smallcaps">Beauforts</span> differenced with a bordure
+componée when they became legally <i>legitimate</i>. A&nbsp;bordure <ins
+class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘componeé’">componée</ins>
+<i>may</i>, indeed, be used with such an intention, as it is used by the
+Duke of <span class = "smallcaps">Richmond</span>, who bears the arms of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Charles&nbsp;II.</span> within a <i>bordure
+componée arg. and gu., charged with eight roses of the last</i>; but by
+the <span class = "smallcaps">Beauforts</span> it was used with an
+intention exactly the reverse of this. The bordure, however, whatever
+its aspect or modification of treatment, remains still, as it was of
+old, an honourable Difference, until some abatement of honour has been
+associated with its presence under special circumstances. But the
+stereotyped use of the <i>bordure wavy</i> in England with a set
+meaning, gives to the wavy variety a lack of desirability. Marks of
+illegitimacy are intended to remain upon a shield for all time, although
+in a few historic cases their use has been discarded. And precisely the
+same words may be applied to any other charge that has been employed, or
+may be required to mark Cadency.</p>
+
+<p>Marks of Cadency, as they are borne on Shields of Arms, may also be
+charged on Badges, Crests, and Supporters. As a matter of course, they
+appear on Armorial Banners and Standards under the same conditions that
+they are blazoned upon Shields and Surcoats. Such examples as may be
+necessary to illustrate heraldic usage in these cases, I&nbsp;propose to
+describe in the following Chapters.</p>
+
+<p>It cannot be necessary for me to adduce any arguments in order to
+impress upon Students of Heraldry the importance of investigating early
+Cadency, or to assure them that a special interest is inseparable from
+this inquiry: I&nbsp;may
+<span class = "pagenum">193</span>
+<a name = "page193" id = "page193"> </a>
+suggest, however, that it is most desirable that Students should arrange
+groups of allied Shields, and should carefully blazon them with their
+various “Marks of Cadency,� being careful also to record their
+authorities for every example.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Modern Cadency</span> is marked by the
+Label and by single small Charges, which take precedence in the
+following order:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. The <i>Label</i>, <a href = "#fig271">No. 271</a>.</p>
+
+<p>2. The <i>Crescent</i>, <a href = "#fig166">No. 166, <span class =
+"smallroman">A</span></a>.</p>
+
+<p>3. The <i>Mullet</i>, <a href = "#fig278">No. 278</a>.</p>
+
+<p>4. The <i>Martlet</i>, <a href = "#fig161">No. 161</a>.</p>
+
+<p>5. The <i>Annulet</i>, <a href = "#fig154">No. 154</a>.</p>
+
+<p>6. The <i>Fleur de lys</i>, <a href = "#fig246">No. 246</a>.</p>
+
+<p>7. The <i>Rose</i>, <a href = "#fig298">No. 298</a>.</p>
+
+<p>8. The <i>Cross Moline</i>, <a href = "#fig99">No. 99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>9. The <i>Octofoil</i>, or <i>Double Quatrefoil</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright w180">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig365" id = "fig365"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig365.png" width = "142" height = "142"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 365.&mdash; Seal of William Fraser: appended to Homage Deed, <span
+class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1295, preserved in H.M. Record
+Office.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>When they are adopted, Marks of Cadency now are generally placed upon
+the Honour Point of the Shield, or in some other conspicuous position:
+one of these Marks also may be charged upon another, if
+desired,&mdash;as a Martlet may be charged upon a Crescent to denote the
+fourth son of a second son; and so in other cases.</p>
+
+<p>The Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">William Fraser</span>, No. 365,
+from Mr. Laing’s Collection, exemplifies in a singular and interesting
+manner the early use of a differenced Label. Here the Label appears,
+without any Shield, borne as if it were a Badge: and it is charged, on
+each of its three points, with two devices that have the appearance of
+mullets of six points, but which really may be
+<i>fraises</i>&mdash;strawberry-leaves, the rebus-device of Fraser. (See
+<a href = "#page182">pp. 182-185</a>.)</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">194</span>
+<a name = "page194" id = "page194"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapXIII" id = "chapXIII">CHAPTER XIII</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">DIFFERENCING</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "summary">
+Differencing to denote Feudal Alliance or Dependency: Differencing
+without any Alliance&mdash; Augmentation&mdash; Abatement.</p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“Differencing, which comprises in truth the growth and ramification of
+Coat-Armour, and the whole system of its early development, has been
+strangely lost sight of in the numerous treatises on Armory that have
+satisfied recent generations of Englishmen.� &mdash;<span class =
+"smallcaps">Herald and Genealogist</span>, II.&nbsp;32.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Differencing</span>, using the term here as
+distinct from, or perhaps as not identical with, the subject of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Cadency</span>, includes not only the treatment of
+Coats of Arms and other armorial insignia, that denote and are based
+upon <i>Feudal Alliance</i> or <i>Dependency</i>, but without
+blood-relationship; but also implies a comprehensive system of
+distinguishing similar Arms, when they are borne by individuals or
+families between whom no kind of alliance is known to have existed. It
+is evident, on the one hand, that a feudal influence would naturally
+lead to some degree of assimilation to the Coat-Armour of the feudal
+Chief, in the Arms of all allies and dependants: and, on the other hand,
+it will readily be understood that, even in the early days of its
+career, Heraldry would see the necessity for providing for the
+constantly increasing demands upon its resources; and, consequently,
+that it would organise a system which would enable the same Ordinaries
+and the same principal Charges to appear in distinct Shields, without
+either confusion or misapprehension.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">195</span>
+<a name = "page195" id = "page195"> </a>
+<p>It is highly probable, and indeed it may be assumed to be certain,
+that what I have called a “feudal influence,� in the thirteenth and
+fourteenth centuries in no slight degree affected the general
+composition of Coats of Arms. In very many instances the working of this
+influence is still palpable; and it is always interesting to the student
+of Heraldry, as it must always be eminently useful to the student of
+History, to detect its presence and to explore its method of action.
+Like Cadency, feudal Differencing is expressed by various means, all of
+them indicating, in a greater or a less degree, the motive which
+suggested their adoption. I&nbsp;proceed at once to examples, which
+illustrate and explain the system so clearly and so fully, that
+prolonged introductory remarks are altogether superfluous.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig366" id = "fig366"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig366.png" width = "154" height = "165"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 366.&mdash; Earl<br>
+of Chester.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Upon his Seal, <span class = "smallcaps">Ranulph de
+Blondeville</span>, Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Chester</span>
+(died in 1232) bears three garbs or wheat-sheaves; and Rolls of Arms of
+the time of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span> blazon the
+Shield of the Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Chester</span>
+as&mdash;<i>Az., three garbs or</i>, No. 366. This Shield has been
+assigned to the Earls of <span class = "smallcaps">Chester</span> to
+this day: and, in token of feudal alliance, from the middle of the
+thirteenth century, “one or more garbs,� in the words of Mr. <span class
+= "smallcaps">Planché</span>, “are seen in the majority of Coats
+belonging to the nobility and gentry of the County Palatine of Chester.�
+Thus, since the year 1390, the arms of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Grosvenor</span> have been&mdash;<i>Az., a&nbsp;garb
+or</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A cinquefoil, said to have been borne by him on a red Shield, was the
+device of <span class = "smallcaps">Robert Fitz-Pernel</span>, Earl of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Leicester</span>, who died in 1204.
+Accordingly, the cinquefoil, derived from him, as early as the
+thirteenth century, appears in token of feudal connection on the Shields
+of many families of Leicestershire. As I have already shown, (<a href =
+"#page183">page 183</a>) a&nbsp;<span class =
+"smallcaps">Berkeley</span>, who was of Leicestershire, substituted
+<span class = "pagenum">196</span>
+<a name = "page196" id = "page196"> </a>
+<i>ten cinquefoils</i> for the ten crosses patée of the Berkeley Shield;
+and thus he combined feudal Differencing with Cadency.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatleft">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig367" id = "fig367"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig367.png" width = "173" height = "202"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 367.&mdash; Fitz Ralph.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many a red chevron or chevronel, with other devices, charged upon a
+golden field, or a gold chevron on a red field, is a sign of feudal
+alliance with the great house of <span class = "smallcaps">De
+Clare</span>, whose Shield was&mdash;<i>Or, three chevronels gu.</i>,
+<a href = "#fig124">No. 124</a>. For example, the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Fitz-Ralphs</span>, near neighbours of the De Clares at
+Clare in Suffolk, differenced the Shield of the Earls by charging
+<i>silver fleurs de lys</i> on each chevronel, as in No. 367
+(E.&nbsp;2); and, for secondary difference, they sometimes added a
+<i>bordure azure</i>, as in the fine early Brass at Pebmarsh, near
+Clare. Again: by a change of tinctures, without affecting the charges of
+the Shield, the Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">L’Ercedeckne</span>
+(now Archdeacon) are&mdash;<i>Arg., three chevronels sa.</i></p>
+
+<p>At Carlaverock, <span class = "smallcaps">Edmund de Hastings</span>,
+brother of the Earl, bore&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;maunche gu., with a label
+of five points sa.</i>, the Earl himself bearing simply&mdash;<i>Or,
+a&nbsp;maunche gu.</i>, <a href = "#fig276">No. 276</a>. And, close by
+the side of <span class = "smallcaps">Edmond de Hastings</span> was his
+friend and companion, the feudal ally, without doubt, of his house,
+<span class = "smallcaps">John Paignel</span>, a&nbsp;very proper
+comrade, as the chronicler testifies&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "poem">
+<p>“Un bacheler jolif et comté,�</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>who differenced Hastings by change of tinctures, and
+bore&mdash;<i>Vert, a&nbsp;maunche or</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Shield of the noble house of <span class = "smallcaps">De
+Luterell</span>, or <span class = "smallcaps">Loterel</span>,
+I&nbsp;have blazoned with changed tinctures for two near kinsmen bearing
+that name (<a href = "#page182">page 182</a>), thus showing in what
+manner they marked their Cadency. This same
+<span class = "pagenum">197</span>
+<a name = "page197" id = "page197"> </a>
+shield, No. 368&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;bend between six martlets sa.</i>,
+was also differenced by other families to mark their feudal alliance
+with the house of Luterell. Thus, the <span class = "smallcaps">De
+Furnivals</span>, themselves a powerful and distinguished family, who
+held their lands by feudal tenure under the Luterells, in token of this
+alliance bore the Shield of De Luterell with a fresh change of
+tinctures; and, accordingly, the arms of the De Furnivals are well known
+as&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;bend between six martlets gu.</i> Then, while
+the <span class = "smallcaps">Furnivals</span>, for Cadency, differenced
+these arms amongst themselves, <i>their</i> feudal allies and
+dependants, the <span class = "smallcaps">Ecclesalls</span> or <span
+class = "smallcaps">Ekeleshales</span>, the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Mounteneys</span>, the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Wadesles</span> or <span class =
+"smallcaps">Wadsleys</span>, and the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Worteles</span> or <span class =
+"smallcaps">Wortleys</span>, all united in declaring their connection
+with their chief by assuming arms founded upon the Furnival Coat. These
+very interesting and characteristic examples of feudal Differencing are
+well blazoned, as follows, in the Roll of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;II.</span> For <span class = "smallcaps">De
+Ecclesall</span>&mdash;<i>Sa., a&nbsp;bend between six martlets or</i>:
+for <span class = "smallcaps">De Mounteney</span>&mdash;<i>Gu.,
+a&nbsp;bend between six martlets or</i>: for <span class =
+"smallcaps">De Wadsley</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., on a bend between six
+martlets gu., three escallops or</i>, No. 369: and for <span class =
+"smallcaps">De Wortley</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., on a bend between six
+martlets gu., three bezants</i>, No. 370.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig368" id = "fig368"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig368.png" width = "161" height = "186"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig369" id = "fig369"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig369.png" width = "158" height = "185"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig370" id = "fig370"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig370.png" width = "162" height = "191"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 368.&mdash; De Luterell.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 369.&mdash; De Wadsley.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 370.&mdash; De Wortley.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Mounteneys</span> further difference
+their common arms, for Cadency, after this manner. Instead of
+<i>gules</i>, Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Ernauf de Mounteney</span>
+has the field of his shield <i>azure</i>, his bend and martlets being
+<i>golden</i>: Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John</span> bears these
+same arms, but charges his bend with a <i>mullet gules</i>, No. 371: Sir
+<span class = "smallcaps">T. de Mounteney</span> bears Sir John’s arms,
+but with <i>a field gules</i>:
+<span class = "pagenum">198</span>
+<a name = "page198" id = "page198"> </a>
+and another Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John</span> cotises his bend
+thus&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;bend cotised between six martlets or</i>, No.
+372.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig371" id = "fig371"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig371.png" width = "160" height = "189"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig372" id = "fig372"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig372.png" width = "160" height = "188"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 371.&mdash; Sir John de Mounteney.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 372.&mdash; Sir John de Mounteney.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>North of the Tweed, also, the same principle is found to be
+exemplified in Scottish Heraldry. “In Annandale,� writes Mr. <span class
+= "smallcaps">Seton</span>, “the chief and saltire of the Bruces are
+carried (of different tinctures and with additional figures) by the
+Jardines, Kirkpatricks, Johnstons, and other families.� The arms of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Bruce</span> are&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;saltire
+and a chief gu.</i>, <a href = "#fig73">No. 73</a>: those of <span class
+= "smallcaps">Jardine</span> are&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;saltire and a
+chief gu., the latter charged with three mullets of the field, pierced
+of the second</i>: and the arms of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Kirkpatrick</span> are&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;saltire and
+chief az., the latter charged with three cushions or</i>. This coat of
+Kirkpatrick is also borne by the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Johnstons</span>, the tinctures differenced
+thus&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;saltire sa., and on a chief gu. three
+cushions or</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Once more, returning to the southern side of the Scottish border, of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Richard de Neville</span>, the renowned
+“King-maker,� we find it to be recorded that, so great was his
+popularity at Calais, of which city he was governor, that his Badges
+were universally adopted,&mdash;“no man esteeming himself gallant whose
+head was not adorned with his <i>silver ragged staff</i> (<a href =
+"#fig294">No. 294</a>); nor was any door frequented, that had not his
+<i>white cross</i> (silver saltire, <a href = "#fig121">No. 121</a>)
+painted thereon.� This was an extravagant application of the earlier
+usage in
+<span class = "pagenum">199</span>
+<a name = "page199" id = "page199"> </a>
+denoting feudal alliance, such as was in keeping with the heraldic
+sentiment of the second half of the fourteenth century. Those good
+citizens of Calais, however, who were Neville-worshippers four hundred
+years ago, were not singular in exhibiting an armorial ensign at the
+entrance to their houses. Numerous, indeed, are the doorways in various
+parts of England, and particularly in the counties of Surrey, Sussex,
+and Norfolk, which in the “sign of the chequers� still display the
+insignia (<i>chequée or and az.</i>, <a href = "#fig68">No. 68</a>) of
+the once mighty Earls of <span class = "smallcaps">Warrenne</span> and
+<span class = "smallcaps">Surrey</span>; and thus show that relics of
+the old feudal influence are endowed with a tenacious vitality, which
+prolongs their existence for ages after the feudal system itself has
+passed away. But no doubt some cases must be referred to the less
+romantic explanation of the reckoning board of the Steward.</p>
+
+<p>Differencing adopted, so far as now is apparent, <i>simply for the
+sake of distinction</i>, lays open before the student of Heraldry a wide
+and a diversified field of inquiry. All the miscellaneous charges that
+are associated in blazon with the Ordinaries, and also with the
+Subordinaries, thus are brought under consideration; and, without a
+doubt, it was for the express purpose of Differencing that many of these
+charges were introduced into English Heraldry. How far some remote
+degree of relationship, or some subordinate feudal motive now lost to
+sight and forgotten, may originally have affected the choice of Charges
+“for difference,� it is not possible now to determine; nor can we always
+follow the rebus-loving search for a “Difference,� that might speak
+through that allusive quality which is a primary element of the Herald’s
+science. We do know that the act of bearing the same arms by different
+families, without some heraldic Difference, was of very rare occurrence;
+and that, when it did occur, it was regarded with marked surprise, and
+on more than one occasion led to a memorable controversy: and, further,
+we find great numbers of early differenced
+<span class = "pagenum">200</span>
+<a name = "page200" id = "page200"> </a>
+Shields, which illustrate in a very effective manner the growth and
+development of English Heraldry. Shields of this order have strong
+claims on our attention. The examples that I am able here to place
+before students are to be regarded simply as specimens, few in number,
+and yet sufficient to show some of the varied forms under which early
+Differencing was effected.</p>
+
+<p>The proceedings in the High Court of Chivalry in the suit between Sir
+<span class = "smallcaps">Richard le Scrope</span> and Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">Robert Grosvenor</span>, relative to the right to the
+Arms&mdash;<i>Azure, a&nbsp;bend or</i>, <a href = "#fig111">No.
+111</a>&mdash;commenced on the 17th of August 1385, and the final
+judgment of the King himself upon the appeal of the defendant against
+the finding of the Court was not pronounced till the 27th of May 1390.
+On the 15th of May 1389 the judgment of the Court assigned the
+arms&mdash;<i>Azure, a&nbsp;bend or</i>&mdash;to Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard le Scrope</span>; and to Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">Robert Grosvenor</span>, these arms&mdash;<i>Az.,
+a&nbsp;bend or, within a plain bordure argent</i>. Thus the Court
+confirmed to Sir Richard le Scrope the right to bear the Ordinary in its
+severe simplicity, without any other charge and without any Difference:
+and, at the same time, it was decided that these arms of Scrope should
+be differenced, in order that they might become the arms of Grosvenor,
+and the “Difference� was to be a <i>plain silver bordure</i>. The whole
+of the proceedings in this remarkable case are preserved, and have been
+published; and they derive a peculiar interest from the circumstance,
+that amongst the witnesses who gave evidence was the father of English
+Poetry, <span class = "smallcaps">Geoffrey Chaucer</span>. Appeal having
+been made to the Sovereign, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;II.</span> determined that a “plain bordure
+argent� was a Mark of Cadency, good and right, and perfectly sufficient
+as a Difference “between Cousin and Cousin in blood�; but that it was
+“not a sufficient Difference in Arms between two strangers in blood in
+one kingdom.� The King, therefore, cancelled and annulled the
+<span class = "pagenum">201</span>
+<a name = "page201" id = "page201"> </a>
+sentence of the Court of Chivalry; and in so doing he gave a very clear
+definition of the distinction to be observed in Heraldry between kinsmen
+and strangers in blood. Then it was that the Shield, <i>Azure,
+a&nbsp;garb or</i>, was adopted as the arms of Grosvenor. We may assume,
+that the judgment of the Court would have been confirmed by the King,
+had Sir Robert Grosvenor been commanded to blazon his golden bend
+between two garbs, or charged with one or more garbs, or with three
+garbs on a chief, or with any other decided Difference which would be
+palpably distinct from a Mark of Cadency.</p>
+
+<p>The examples of Differenced Shields which follow I have selected from
+the Roll of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;II.</span> It will be
+seen that in each small group of these examples some primary feature of
+the composition is common to every Shield, so that the distinction
+between the Shields in each group is effected either by a simple change
+of tinctures, or by the introduction of various secondary charges.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Chiefs.</span>&mdash;Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">John de Arderne</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., crusilée and a chief
+or</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas le
+Rous</span>&mdash;<i>Erm., on a chief indented gu. two escallops
+arg.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John de
+Clintone</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., on a chief az. two fleurs de lys or</i>,
+<a href = "#fig74">No. 74</a>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John de
+Clintone</span>, of Maxtoke&mdash;<i>Arg., on a chief az. two mullets
+or</i>, <a href = "#fig75">No. 75</a>: here the Difference denotes
+Cadency as well as a distinct individuality.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bends.</span>&mdash;Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">Robert Poutrel</span>.&mdash;<i>Or, on a bend az. three
+fleurs de lys arg.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Walter de
+Bermyngham</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., on a bend gu., cotised az., three
+esallops or</i>. <span class = "smallcaps">Oliver de
+Bohun</span>&mdash;<i>Az., on a bend, cotised and between six lioncels
+or, three escallops gu.</i>, <a href = "#fig321">No. 321</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fesses and Bars.</span>&mdash;Sir <span
+class = "smallcaps">John de Dageworth</span>&mdash;<i>Erm., a&nbsp;fesse
+gu. bezantée</i>, <a href = "#fig80">No. 80</a>. Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">G. de Wachesham</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;fesse and in
+chief three crescents gu.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de
+Coleville</span>&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;fesse gu., and in chief three
+torteaux</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. de
+Geytone</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;fesse between six fleurs de lys
+gu.</i> Sir
+<span class = "pagenum">202</span>
+<a name = "page202" id = "page202"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">G. de Ousflet</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., on a fesse
+az. three fleurs de lys or</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de
+Lomelye</span> (Lumley)&mdash;<i>Gu., on a fesse between three popinjays
+arg., as many mullets sa.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">B.
+Badlesmere</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;fesse between bars gemelles
+gu.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">G. de la Mere</span>&mdash;<i>Or,
+a&nbsp;fesse between bars gemelles az.</i>, <a href = "#fig84">No.
+84</a>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. de
+Preieres</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;fesse between bars gemelles
+arg.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. Wake</span>&mdash;<i>Or, two
+bars gu., in chief three torteaux</i>, <a href = "#fig82">No. 82</a>.
+Sir <span class = "smallcaps">B. Pycot</span>&mdash;<i>Az., two bars or,
+in chief three bezants</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de
+Wedone</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., two bars gu., in chief three martlets
+sa.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. Bordet</span>&mdash;<i>Az., two
+bars or, on the uppermost three martlets gu.</i> Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">R. de Royinge</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., three bars and an orle
+of martlets gu.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">N. de
+Estoteville</span>&mdash;<i>Barry arg. and gu., three lioncels sa.</i>
+Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de Yngelfeld</span>&mdash;<i>Barrulée
+arg. and gu., on a chief or a lion pass. az.</i> Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">W. de Monecastre</span>&mdash;<i>Barrulée arg. and gu., on a
+bend sa. three escallops or</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">T. de
+Poninge</span>&mdash;<i>Barry or and vert, on a bend gu. three mullets
+arg.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Crosses.</span>&mdash;Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">N. de Weylande</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., on a cross gu. five
+escallops or</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R.
+Bygod</span>&mdash;<i>Or, on a cross gu. five escallops arg.</i> <ins
+class = "correction" title = "text has ‘Sir.’">Sir</ins> <span class =
+"smallcaps">Wm. Kirketot</span>&mdash;<i>Az., on a cross arg. five
+escallops gu.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Wm. de
+Berham</span>&mdash;<i>Sa., a&nbsp;cross between four crescents arg.</i>
+Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de Bannebury</span>&mdash;<i>Arg.,
+a&nbsp;cross patée between four mullets gu.</i> Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">J. Randolf</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., on a cross arg. five mullets
+sa.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">G. de Durem</span>&mdash;<i>Arg.,
+on a cross gu. five fleurs de lys or</i>. Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">P. de Geytone</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., crusilée and three
+fleurs de lys az.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de
+Hoftot</span>&mdash;<i>Az., a&nbsp;cross patée erm. between four roses
+erm.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Chevrons.</span>&mdash;Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">G. Rossel</span>&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;chevron az., between
+three roses gu.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. de
+Cretinge</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;chevron between three mullets
+gu.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. Malet</span>&mdash;<i>Sa.,
+a&nbsp;chevron between three buckles arg.</i> Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">T. de Anvers</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;chevron between
+three mullets or</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Wm. de
+Berkeroles</span>&mdash;<i>Az., a&nbsp;chevron between three crescents
+or</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">W. Bluet</span>&mdash;<i>Or,
+a&nbsp;chevron between three eagles vert</i>. Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">R. de Caple</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;chevron gu. between
+three torteaux</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">T.
+Malet</span>&mdash;<i>Sa., a&nbsp;chevron
+<span class = "pagenum">203</span>
+<a name = "page203" id = "page203"> </a>
+between three buckles arg.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de
+Peyvre</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., on a chevron az. three fleurs de lys
+or</i>, <a href = "#fig125">No. 125</a>. Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">R. de Boterels</span>&mdash;<i>Chequée or and gu., on a
+chevron az. three horseshoes arg.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Lions.</span>&mdash;The Earl of <span class
+= "smallcaps">Lincoln</span>&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;lion rampt. purp.</i>,
+<a href = "#fig194">No. 194</a>. The Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Arundel</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;lion rampt. or</i>. Sir
+<span class = "smallcaps">Henry de Percy</span>&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;lion
+rampt. az.</i>, <a href = "#fig196">No. 196</a>. Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">John Mowbray</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;lion rampt.
+arg.</i>, <a href = "#fig193">No. 193</a>. Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">R. de Sottone</span> (Sutton)&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;lion
+rampt. vert</i>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. de
+Nortone</span>&mdash;<i>Vert, a&nbsp;lion rampt. or</i>. Sir <span class
+= "smallcaps">W. Fauconberg</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;lion rampt.
+az.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">G. de
+Hautville</span>&mdash;<i>Sa., crusilée, a&nbsp;lion rampt. arg.</i> Sir
+&mdash;&mdash; <span class = "smallcaps">de
+Mountfort</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., crusilée gu., a&nbsp;lion rampt. az.</i>
+Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Wm. Maufee</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., semée of
+escallops gu., a&nbsp;lion rampt. sa.</i> Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">J. de Creppinge</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., billetée or,
+a&nbsp;lion rampt. arg.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de
+Asscheby</span>&mdash;<i>Arg., a&nbsp;lion rampt. sa. billetée or</i>.
+Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. de Deyville</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., semée
+de lys, a&nbsp;lion
+<span class = "pagenum">204</span>
+<a name = "page204" id = "page204"> </a>
+rampt. arg.</i> <i>Arg., within a bordure gu. bezantée, a&nbsp;lion
+rampt. sa.</i>, for Sir <span class = "smallcaps">T. de
+Pickering;</span> and, <i>Arg., within an orle of roses gu., a&nbsp;lion
+rampt. sa.</i>, for Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. Pierpound</span>,
+both apparently founded on the shield of the Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Cornwall</span>, <a href = "#fig140">No. 140</a>, which also
+is blazoned in this Roll. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. Le
+Strange</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., two lions pass. arg.</i>, <a href =
+"#fig191">No. 191</a>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. de
+Someri</span>&mdash;<i>Or, two lions pass. az.</i> Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">R. de St. Waly</span>&mdash;<i>Or, two lions pass. gu.</i>
+Sir <span class = "smallcaps">N. Carru</span> (Carew)&mdash;<i>Or, three
+lions pass. sa.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J.
+Giffard</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., three lions pass. arg.</i>, <a href =
+"#fig192">No. 192</a>. Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. le Fitz
+Payn</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., three lions pass. arg., over all a bendlet
+az.</i> Sir <span class = "smallcaps">G. de Canvyle</span>&mdash;<i>Az.,
+three lions pass arg.</i> In the beautiful chantry of Abbot <span class
+= "smallcaps">Thomas Ramryge</span>, at St. Albans, one of the large
+sculptured Shields is charged with a lion rampant within what may be
+considered to be an <i>orle of roses</i>&mdash;the arms, as I have just
+shown, assigned in the Roll of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;II.</span> to Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R.
+Pierpound.</span> This Shield, carefully drawn by the engraver himself
+from the original in the Abbey Church of St. Alban, is represented in
+No. 373.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig373" id = "fig373"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig373.png" width = "262" height = "381"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 373.&mdash; At St. Albans.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Augmentation</span>, or <span class =
+"smallcaps">Augmentation of Honour</span>, is a term employed to denote
+an addition to a Shield of arms, specially granted by the Sovereign to
+commemorate some worthy or illustrious deed, and forming an integral
+element of the Shield as an hereditary bearing. Such additions will be
+found marshalled in the forms of Chiefs and Inescutcheons as Cantons, or
+as Quarterings; or they may assume the character of additional charges.
+Also, this same term denotes similar additions of Crests, Badges, or any
+other accessories of Shields.</p>
+
+<p>The Augmentation displayed upon the Ducal Shield of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Wellington</span>, a&nbsp;most honourable exception to the
+prevailing degenerate heraldic feeling of the period in which it was
+granted to the Great Duke, in characteristic and expressive qualities is
+second to no other example of its own class and order. This true
+Augmentation of Honour is the <i>National
+<span class = "pagenum">205</span>
+<a name = "page205" id = "page205"> </a>
+Device of the British Empire</i>, as it is blazoned in the “Union Jack,�
+charged upon an inescutcheon, and displayed upon the honour point of the
+Duke’s paternal Shield.</p>
+
+<p>An equally significant Augmentation of an earlier date is borne in
+the Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Howard</span>. These Arms before
+the battle of Flodden were&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;bend between six crosses
+crosslets fitchée arg.</i> To commemorate the great victory won by him
+at Flodden Field, Sept.&nbsp;9, 1513, when <span class =
+"smallcaps">James&nbsp;IV.</span> of Scotland was defeated and slain,
+<span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VIII.</span> granted to <span class
+= "smallcaps">Thomas Howard</span>, Duke of Norfolk, and to his
+descendants, as an Augmentation of Honour, the <i>Royal Shield of
+Scotland</i> (<a href = "#fig138">No. 138</a>), <i>but having a
+demi-lion only, which is pierced through the mouth with an arrow</i>, to
+be borne in the middle of the bend of his proper arms. This Shield is
+represented in No. 374; and in No. 374<span class =
+"smallroman">A</span> the augmentation is shown on a larger scale.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig374" id = "fig374"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig374.png" width = "155" height = "173"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig374a" id = "fig374a"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig374a.png" width = "87" height = "100"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 374.&mdash; Howard, after Flodden.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 374<span class = "smallroman">A</span>.&mdash;The Howard
+Augmentation.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>A small group of additional examples will be sufficient to illustrate
+this most interesting class of historical Arms, and at the same time
+will not fail to excite in students a desire very considerably to extend
+the series through their own inquiries and researches. In memory of the
+devoted courage and all-important services of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Jane Lane</span>, after the disastrous battle of Worcester,
+<span class = "smallcaps">Charles&nbsp;II.</span> granted as an
+Augmentation a <i>Canton of England</i> (<a href = "#fig187">No. 187</a>
+marshalled on a canton), to be added to the hereditary Coat of Lane,
+<span class = "pagenum">206</span>
+<a name = "page206" id = "page206"> </a>
+which is&mdash;<i>Per fesse or and az., a&nbsp;chevron gu. between three
+mullets counterchanged</i>. The Crest of the family of <span class =
+"smallcaps">De la Bere</span> is said to have been conferred by the
+<span class = "smallcaps">Black Prince</span> upon <span class =
+"smallcaps">Sir Richard de la Bere</span>, as a memorial of the good
+service rendered by that gallant knight on the memorable field of
+Cressi. This Crest is&mdash;<i>Out of a crest-coronet a plume of five
+ostrich feathers per pale arg. and az.</i>, the Plantagenet
+colours&mdash;the device (as Mr. <span class = "smallcaps">Lower</span>
+observes) being evidently derived from the Prince’s own Badge, and also
+forming a variety of the “panache,� the Crest then held in such high
+estimation. The heart charged upon the shield of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Douglas</span> (see Nos. <a href = "#fig156">156</a>,
+<a href = "#fig157">157</a>, p. 74) is another remarkable Augmentation. So
+also is the adoption of the armorial insignia of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Confessor</span>, <a href = "#fig2">No. 2</a>, by <span
+class = "smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;II.</span>, and his marshalling it upon
+his own Royal Shield, impaled to the dexter with the quartered arms of
+France and England.</p>
+
+<p>English Heraldry has been required to recognise another and a
+perfectly distinct class of “Augmentations,� which consist of additions
+to the blazonry of a Shield or of additional quarterings or accessories,
+granted as tokens of Royal favour, for heraldic display, but without any
+particular “merit� in the receiver, or any special historical
+significance in themselves. Augmentations of this order may be
+considered to have been first introduced by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;II.</span>, when he granted, “out of his mere
+grace,� to his favourite <span class = "smallcaps">Robert de
+Vere</span>, Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Oxford</span>, Marquess
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Dublin</span> and Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Ireland</span>, a&nbsp;differenced Coat of <span class =
+"smallcaps">St. Edmund</span> (No.&nbsp;<a href =
+"#fig3">3</a>)&mdash;<i>Az., three crowns or, within a bordure
+argent</i>, to be quartered with the <span class = "smallcaps">De
+Vere</span> arms as the arms of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Ireland</span>. In the same spirit, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;II.</span> granted, as similar Augmentations,
+the arms of the <span class = "smallcaps">Confessor</span> to be
+marshalled, with Differences, on their Shields by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Thomas</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">John
+Holland</span>, Dukes of <span class = "smallcaps">Surrey</span> and
+<span class = "smallcaps">Exeter</span>, and by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Thomas Mowbray</span>, Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Norfolk</span>. It will be remembered that it was one of the
+capital charges against the
+<span class = "pagenum">207</span>
+<a name = "page207" id = "page207"> </a>
+then Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Surrey</span>, a&nbsp;lineal
+descendant of this <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas Mowbray</span>, the
+Duke of <span class = "smallcaps">Norfolk</span>, in 1546, that he had
+assumed, without the special licence of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VIII.</span>, the same arms of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Confessor</span> as an augmentation.</p>
+
+<p>By <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;IV.</span> similar
+augmentations, “by grace� and not “for merit,� were granted; and by
+<span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VIII.</span> the system was carried
+to excess in the grants made to augment the armorial blazonry of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Anne Boleyn</span>, and of his English consorts, her
+successors.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Abatement</span> is a term which was
+unknown until it made its appearance in certain heraldic writings of the
+sixteenth century, when it was used to denote such marks or devices as,
+by the writers in question, were held to be the reverse of honourable
+Augmentation&mdash;<i>Augmentations of dishonour</i> indeed, and tokens
+of degradation. True Heraldry refuses to recognise all such pretended
+abatements, for the simple reason that they never did exist, and if they
+could exist at all, they would be in direct antagonism to its nature,
+its principles, and its entire course of action. Honourable itself,
+Heraldry can give expression only to what conveys honour, and it records
+and commemorates only what is to be honoured and held in esteem.</p>
+
+<p>The very idea of an heraldic Abatement implies, if not a complete
+ignorance, certainly a thorough misconception of the character and the
+office of Heraldry. Even if Heraldry were to attempt to stigmatise what
+is, and what ought to be esteemed, dishonourable, who would voluntarily
+accept insignia of disgrace, and charge and display them upon his
+Shield, and transmit them to his descendants? And the believers in
+Abatement must hold that Heraldry can exert a compulsory legislative
+power, which might command a man to blazon his own disgrace, and force
+him to exhibit and to retain, and also to bequeath, any such blazonry.
+A&nbsp;belief in heraldic Abatement, however, is by no means singular or
+rare. A&nbsp;curious example of its
+<span class = "pagenum">208</span>
+<a name = "page208" id = "page208"> </a>
+existence was recently brought under my notice, in connection with one
+of the most renowned of the historical devices of English Heraldry. The
+<i>bear</i>, the badge of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Beauchamps</span>, Earls of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Warwick</span>, which appears at the feet of the effigy of
+Earl <span class = "smallcaps">Richard</span> in the Beauchamp chapel at
+Warwick, in accordance with a special provision to that effect, is
+“<i>muzzled</i>�; and, wearing a muzzle has this bear been borne, as
+their Badge, by the successors of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Beauchamps</span> in the Warwick Earldom, the Earls of the
+houses of <span class = "smallcaps">Neville</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Dudley</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Rich</span>, and
+<span class = "smallcaps">Greville</span>. But, it would seem that a
+legend has found credence at Warwick Castle itself, which would
+associate the muzzle of the bear with some dishonourable action of an
+Earl of the olden time; and, consequently, it was proposed that at
+length this Abatement should be removed from the bears still at Warwick!
+Earl <span class = "smallcaps">Richard de Beauchamp</span> was not
+exactly the man to have displayed upon <i>his</i> bear any ensign of
+dishonour; nor were his son-in-law, the “King-maker,� and Queen <span
+class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth’s</span> <span class = "smallcaps">Robert
+Dudley</span>, at all more probable subjects for any similar display;
+still, it is quite certain that they bore the muzzled bear, as he
+appears on the seal of the great Earl, <a href = "#fig448">No.
+448</a>.<a class = "tag" name = "tag7" id = "tag7" href = "#note7">7</a>
+That muzzle, doubtless, has its becoming heraldic significance, without
+in the slightest degree partaking in the assumed character of an
+Abatement. I&nbsp;hope eventually to be able to trace out conclusively
+what the muzzle may really imply, and I commend the research to other
+inquirers: meanwhile, neither at Warwick nor elsewhere is there any such
+thing as “Abatement� in English Heraldry.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote">
+<a name = "note7" id = "note7" href = "#tag7">7.</a>
+See Frontispiece.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">209</span>
+<a name = "page209" id = "page209"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapXIV" id = "chapXIV">CHAPTER XIV</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">CRESTS</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“On high their glittering crests they toss.� &mdash;<span class =
+"smallcaps">Lord of the Isles.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "poem">
+<p class = "half">
+“Then he bound</p>
+<p>Her token on his helmet.�</p>
+<p class = "half">
+&mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Elaine.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "firstword">The</span> idea of a <span class =
+"smallcaps">Crest</span>, of some accessory specially designed to form
+its crowning adornment, appears inseparable from the existence and use
+of a Helm. The Warriors and Warrior Divinities of classic antiquity are
+represented to us, wearing head-pieces richly crested: and, in the
+Middle Ages, had no other Heraldry ever been devised, assuredly
+ornaments of some kind would have been placed on helms and basinets, and
+these insignia would have been held in high esteem and honour.
+Accordingly, about the time that Coat-Armour became hereditary, having
+been reduced to a system and accepted as an independent science,
+heraldic Crests began to be worn as honourable distinctions of the most
+exalted dignity by the mediæval chivalry.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig375" id = "fig375"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig375.png" width = "150" height = "119"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig376" id = "fig376"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig376.png" width = "117" height = "134"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig377" id = "fig377"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig377.png" width = "89" height = "135"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 375.&mdash; Richard I.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 376.&mdash; Henry de Perci.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 377.&mdash; Henry de Laci.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Upon the Second Great Seal of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;I.</span> the cylindrical helm of the King
+appears surmounted by a kind of
+<span class = "pagenum">210</span>
+<a name = "page210" id = "page210"> </a>
+cap or fan charged with a lion passant, the whole being arched over by a
+radiated ornament somewhat resembling a displayed fan, as in No. 375.
+Similar Crests, somewhat modified in their details, are represented in
+other seals of the same era, and with them the flowing Contoise or Scarf
+is sometimes associated, as in No. 376, from the seal of Baron <span
+class = "smallcaps">Henry de Perci</span>, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1300. Similar ornaments were also placed by the
+knights of those ages upon the heads of their chargers. The seal of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Henry de Laci</span>, Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lincoln</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1272,
+shows the Fan-Crest both upon the helm of the Earl, No. 377, and the
+head of his war-horse. Another equally characteristic example is the
+Seal
+<span class = "pagenum">211</span>
+<a name = "page211" id = "page211"> </a>
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Alexander de Balliol</span>, No. 378,
+appended to the “General Release� given by <span class =
+"smallcaps">John Balliol</span> to <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span>, 2nd January, 1292: it will be
+observed that this knight displays the arms of his house, <a href =
+"#fig134">No. 134</a>, upon his Shield, and also, in addition to the
+Fan-Crest, upon the barding of his charger. Again I am indebted to the
+kindness and liberality of Mr. Laing for the use of his admirable
+woodcut of this fine and interesting seal.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig378" id = "fig378"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig378.png" width = "350" height = "473"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 378.&mdash; Seal of Alexander de Balliol, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1292.</p>
+
+<p>The flowing Contoise continued to be attached to helms till about the
+middle of the fourteenth century; unless, indeed, some veritable “lady’s
+favour� were worn in its stead by knights favoured as was Sir <span
+class = "smallcaps">Launcelot</span>, who, on a memorable
+day,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "poem">
+<p>“Wore, against his wont, upon his helm</p>
+<p>A sleeve of scarlet, broidered with great pearls,</p>
+<p>Some gentle maiden’s gift.�</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig379" id = "fig379"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig379.png" width = "271" height = "177"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 379.&mdash; Helm of Thomas, second Earl of Lancaster.</p>
+
+<p>The seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas</span>, second Earl of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, about <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1320, gives an excellent example both of such
+figures as were beginning at that early time to supersede the
+Fan-Crests, and also of the Contoise; No. 379. About this same period
+the fashion was introduced of fixing two tall spikes, one on each side
+of the Crest, upon the helm, probably intended in the first instance to
+display the contoise. These singular spikes may have been derived by the
+English Heralds from their brethren of Germany, who
+<span class = "pagenum">212</span>
+<a name = "page212" id = "page212"> </a>
+delighted, as they still delight, in placing upon helms as Crests, or as
+the accessories of Crests, small banners displayed from staves set erect
+and surmounted by spear-heads. In German Heraldry also Crests are very
+frequently placed between tall upright horns or trumpets: and,
+sometimes, upon a German helm the Crest stands between horns shaped like
+two elephant’s trunks (for which they have often been mistaken by
+English Heralds), placed in the same erect position, and, like the
+trumpets, so adjusted as to have the general aspect of the curved
+outline of a classic lyre. The helm of Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">Geoffrey Luterell</span>, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1345, No. 380, drawn from a celebrated
+illumination, between the tall spikes has a late example of the
+Fan-Crest; and it exemplifies the practice sometimes adopted of charging
+armorial insignia upon Crests of this fan form. The Arms of
+Luterell&mdash;<i>Or, a&nbsp;bend and six martlets sa.</i>&mdash;were
+borne by Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Geoffrey</span> thus differenced
+(E.&nbsp;2)&mdash;<i>Az., a&nbsp;bend and six martlets arg.</i> A pair
+of lofty upright wings
+<span class = "pagenum">213</span>
+<a name = "page213" id = "page213"> </a>
+were held in much esteem in the Heraldry of both England and Scotland,
+to form the accessories of Crests. The Seal of Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">Robert de Marny</span>, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1366, No. 381, shows his armorial
+shield&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;lion rampant arg.</i>, suspended from a
+tree, between two crested helms, the crest in both cases being a
+<i>winged chapeau</i>, having the wings very tall and very slender.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig380" id = "fig380"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig380.png" width = "119" height = "310"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig381" id = "fig381"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig381.png" width = "201" height = "203"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 380.&mdash; Helm and Crest of Sir Geoffrey Luterell: <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1345.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 381.&mdash; Seal of Sir Robert de Marny, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1366.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>From the earliest times, Crests have occasionally been identical with
+the principal charge in the Shield of Arms, or they have repeated the
+principal charge with some slight modification of attitude or accessory:
+but, more generally, Crests have been altogether distinct. The Dragon
+and the Wyvern, the latter well exemplified in <a href = "#fig315">No.
+315</a>, are amongst the earliest figures that were borne as Crests in
+England. Other early Figure-Crests are the Lion, crowned and assumed for
+the first time by an English Sovereign by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>; and the Eagle, borne by the same
+Prince. Various devices and figures are found gradually to have been
+added to these earliest Crests. The graceful and peculiarly appropriate
+<i>Panache</i> soon joined them, with the heads of various animals and
+other creatures: and, as the fourteenth century advances, the
+<i>Crest-Coronet</i>, <a href = "#fig232">No. 232</a>, the
+<i>Crest-Wreath</i>, <a href = "#fig233">No. 233</a>, and the
+<i>Chapeau</i>, <a href = "#fig224">No. 224</a>, assume their places in
+connection with Crests; and the <i>Mantling</i> falls in rich folds from
+them, covering the back of the Helm. In the succeeding century, with
+Helms less dignified in form, but more elaborately enriched, and with
+strangely fantastic Mantlings, Crests become considerably larger in
+their proportions; and they often are extravagant in their character,
+devices constantly being assumed and borne as Crests, which are no less
+inconsistent with true heraldic feeling, than with the peculiar
+conditions and the proper qualities of true heraldic Crests. The Crest
+of the Duke of <span class = "smallcaps">Hamilton</span>, <a href =
+"#fig301">No. 301</a>, is far from being one of the most inconsistent
+devices that were intended to be worn
+<span class = "pagenum">214</span>
+<a name = "page214" id = "page214"> </a>
+upon helms. And, as it is scarcely necessary for me to add, every really
+consistent Crest should be such a figure or device as might be actually
+worn upon his helm, by a mediæval knight, with dignity and with a happy
+effect.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig382" id = "fig382"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig382.png" width = "213" height = "215"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 382.&mdash; Seal of William de Wyndesor.</p>
+
+<p>Early examples of Panache-Crests exist in considerable numbers, and
+they show much variety of treatment. <a href = "#fig285">No. 285</a>,
+already given at page 142, shows a Panache of several heights of
+feathers, the general outline having an oval contour. In <a href =
+"#fig283">No. 283</a>, from the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward
+de Courtenay</span>, Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Devon</span>,
+<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1372, there are three heights of
+feathers, and the outline has a square form. Again, the Seal of <span
+class = "smallcaps">William le Latimer</span>, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1415, gives the peculiar Panache, with the no
+less peculiar variety of mantling, shown in <a href = "#fig284">No.
+284</a>. A&nbsp;Panache of ample proportions, and of exceedingly
+graceful form, is represented in the Seal of <span class =
+"smallcaps">William de Wyndesor</span>, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1381. The comparatively small size of the
+armorial Shield, as it generally appears when introduced into the
+composition of Seals in the fourteenth century, is shown in a striking
+manner in this same example, No. 382, which in the woodcut is slightly
+enlarged, in order to show the device more clearly: the arms
+are&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;saltire or</i>. Other fine examples of
+Panache-Crests may be seen in the effigies of Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard de Pembridge</span>, K.G., <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1375, in Hereford Cathedral; of Sir <span class
+= "smallcaps">Robert de
+<span class = "pagenum">215</span>
+<a name = "page215" id = "page215"> </a>
+Marmion</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1400, at
+Tanfield, Yorkshire; and of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas
+Arderne</span>, about the same date, at Elford, in Staffordshire. The
+very fine effigy of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Edward de
+Thorpe</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1418, at
+Ashwelthorpe, in Norfolk, has a helm of rare beauty of form, with a rich
+mantling, and a most graceful Panache of peacock’s feathers; and
+peacock’s feathers also form the Panache of Lord <span class =
+"smallcaps">Ferrers</span> of <span class = "smallcaps">Chartley</span>,
+in his Brass, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1425, at Merevale,
+in Warwickshire. And, once more, upon the Seal of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Thomas de Hatfield</span>, Bishop of Durham, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1345, the Panache rises from the episcopal
+mitre, after the same manner as it does in No. 383 from a Coronet.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright w180">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig383" id = "fig383"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig383.png" width = "177" height = "207"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 383.&mdash; Crest of Sir Richard Grey, K.G., <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1420.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another episcopal Seal, that of Bishop <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry le Despencer</span>, <a href = "#fig351">No. 351</a>,
+shows a Shield of small size when compared with the helm and crest, the
+latter being the favourite device of a gryphon’s head between two tall
+upright wings. The Seals of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">FitzAlans</span>, Earls of Arundel, and the Seal of <span
+class = "smallcaps">John Tiptoft</span>, Earl of Worcester, may be
+specified as displaying fine examples of the same Crest. With them may
+be grouped the Crest of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Richard
+Grey</span>, K.G., Lord Grey of Codnor, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1420&mdash;<i>A peacock’s head and neck,
+between two wings erect, the feathers az., and their pens</i> (quills)
+<i>arg.</i>, No. 383, from the Garter-plate at Windsor. This Crest rises
+from such a Crest-Coronet as was borne on their helms by noblemen in the
+time of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;V.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "floatright w180">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig384" id = "fig384"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig384.png" width = "169" height = "172"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 384.&mdash; Helm, Crest, Mantling, and Badge of Richard II., from
+Westminster Hall.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The use of the <i>Chapeau</i>, or Cap of Estate, instead of a
+Crest-Coronet, to support a Crest upon a helm, I&nbsp;have already
+illustrated with Nos. <a href = "#fig198">198</a> and <a href =
+"#fig199">199</a>, severally the Lion-Crests of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Black Prince</span> and of his son <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;II.</span> Like <a href = "#fig199">No.
+199</a>, No. 384 is from one of the unrivalled series of helms
+sculptured in Westminster Hall,
+<span class = "pagenum">216</span>
+<a name = "page216" id = "page216"> </a>
+with the Crest and Ostrich-feather Badge of King <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;II.</span> In both of these examples the
+adjustment of the <i>Mantling</i> is shown. Two famous Lion-Crests are
+those borne by the great families of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Howard</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">Percy</span>,
+severally Dukes of Norfolk and Northumberland. The <span class =
+"smallcaps">Howard</span> lion, originally granted by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;II.</span> to <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas
+Mowbray</span>, Earl Marshal, and now borne by the Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Norfolk</span>, is <i>a lion statant guardant, his tail
+extended or, and ducally gorged arg.</i>: the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Percy</span> lion is <i>statant, his tail extended or</i>:
+each lion stands upon a chapeau. The Lion-Crest of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Black Prince</span>, being charged with the <i>silver
+Label</i> (which he may be said to wear after the fashion of a collar),
+exemplifies the prevailing practice of <i>differencing Crests with marks
+of Cadency</i>. Crests admit every variety of Difference: and Mantlings
+also are frequently differenced with small charges, or with badges; as
+in the Garter-plate of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John
+Beaumont</span>, K.G., and in the Brass at Little Easton, Essex, to Sir
+<span class = "smallcaps">Henry Bourchier</span>, K.G., Earl of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Essex</span>.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Crest-Wreath</i> first appears about the middle of the
+fourteenth century. The earliest example to which I can refer is
+represented in the Brass to Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Hugh
+Hastings</span>, at Elsyng, in Norfolk, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1347. In this most remarkable engraven
+memorial, the finial of the principal canopy is surmounted by a helm
+with mantling, wreath, and the crest of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Hastings</span>&mdash;<i>a bull’s head sable</i>; No. 385.
+In the effigy of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">R. de Pembridge</span>,
+K.G., already noticed, the date of which is 1375, the crest is united to
+the great helm that supports the head of the knight by a wreath formed
+of a band of four-leaved flowers. A&nbsp;little later, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1384, at Southacre, in Norfolk, the Brass of
+Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John Harsyck</span> has a
+<span class = "pagenum">217</span>
+<a name = "page217" id = "page217"> </a>
+Crest-Wreath formed of two rolls, probably of silk, twisted as in No.
+386. In the second half of the next century, amongst many good examples
+of Crest-Wreaths I select as typical specimens those which appear in the
+Brasses to Sir <span class = "smallcaps">William Vernon</span>, <span
+class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1467, at Tong, in Shropshire, No. 386;
+and to Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Robert Harcourt</span>, K.G., No.
+387, at Staunton Harcourt, Oxfordshire.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration" rowspan = "3">
+<a name = "fig385" id = "fig385"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig385.png" width = "112" height = "207"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig386" id = "fig386"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig386.png" width = "134" height = "32"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig387" id = "fig387"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig387.png" width = "175" height = "35"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig388" id = "fig388"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig388.png" width = "154" height = "35"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 385.&mdash; Crested Helm<br>
+of Sir Hugh Hastings; <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1347.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 386, 387, and 388.<br>
+Crest-Wreaths.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Crest-Wreath in the form shown in the last examples, and now
+almost universally used in representations of such Crests as are without
+the Crest-Coronet and the Chapeau, may fairly be considered to have been
+derived from the rich ornamentation, generally, as it would seem, formed
+of costly textile fabrics, if not executed in jewelled or enamelled
+goldsmith’s work, that was frequently wreathed about knightly basinets.
+These wreath-like ornaments are represented in numerous effigies both
+sculptured and engraven; and they are shown to have been worn either
+flat, as in No. 388, or wrought to high relief, as in No. 389. These two
+examples are severally from the effigies of a knight in Tewkesbury Abbey
+Church, about <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1365, and of Sir
+<span class = "smallcaps">Humphrey Stafford</span>, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1450, at Bromsgrove, in Worcestershire. The
+enamelled effigy of Earl <span class = "smallcaps">William de
+Valanece</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1296, at
+Westminster, has a
+<span class = "pagenum">218</span>
+<a name = "page218" id = "page218"> </a>
+wreath of delicate workmanship in relief, which once was set with real
+or imitative jewels.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig389" id = "fig389"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig389.png" width = "178" height = "242"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 389.&mdash; Basinet with Crest-Wreath,<br>
+Effigy of Sir Humphrey Stafford, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1450.</p>
+
+<p>For many years after their first appearance, heraldic Crests were
+regarded as insignia of great dignity and exalted estate; and it was not
+till a considerably later period that the right to bear a Crest came to
+be regarded as an adjunct of the right to bear arms. Still later, when
+they were granted with Coat-Armour to corporate bodies, communities, and
+institutions, Crests altogether lost their original significance; and
+they became, in their use, Badges in everything except the habit of
+placing them, with their accessories of Wreath or Crest-Coronet, of
+Chapeau and Mantling, upon representations of helms.</p>
+
+<p>When they were actually worn, Crests were undoubtedly constructed of
+some very light materials. It is probable that <i>cuir bouilli</i>
+(boiled leather), the decorative capabilities of which were so well
+understood by mediæval artists, was generally employed.</p>
+
+<p>It has been sometimes held that Crests are personal bearings only;
+and, therefore, not hereditary, though capable of being bequeathed or
+granted by their possessors. This theory is not sustained by early or
+general usage; and,
+<span class = "pagenum">219</span>
+<a name = "page219" id = "page219"> </a>
+accordingly, Crests must be pronounced to be hereditary, as is
+Coat-Armour.</p>
+
+<p>It is evident that as one person may inherit, and therefore may
+quarter, two or more Coats of Arms, so the same person might claim to
+bear <i>two or more Crests</i> by a similar right of inheritance. This
+in early times resulted in selection because no early British precedent
+exists for the simultaneous display of <i>two</i> Crests. But it was
+soon recognised that as no woman could bear a Crest, she ought not to
+transmit one, and the idea of the inheritance of the Crest with a
+quartering from a female ancestress ceased. At the present day, several
+Crests, each with its own helm and mantling, are occasionally
+represented above a Shield of arms: but, in England, by strict heraldic
+rule, two (or more than two) Crests can be borne by one individual, only
+when he has obtained the Royal licence to bear and use the <i>Surname
+and Arms</i> of another family <i>in addition</i> to those of his own
+family, or, by a special grant from the Crown.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">220</span>
+<a name = "page220" id = "page220"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapXV" id = "chapXV">CHAPTER XV</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">BADGES</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“Might I but know thee by thy household Badge!� &mdash;<span class =
+"smallcaps">Shakespeare</span>, <i>Henry VI.</i>, <i>Part 2</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+A <span class = "smallcaps">Badge</span>, like a Coat of Arms, is an
+armorial ensign that is complete in itself, and possesses a definite
+signification of its own. In use with a decided heraldic significance
+long before the adoption of systematic Heraldry, Badges have always held
+a conspicuous position in the estimation of Heralds. A&nbsp;Badge
+resembles any single charge in Heraldry, in being a figure or device
+that is assumed as the distinctive cognisance of a particular individual
+or family: but, unlike a charge, it may be borne by itself, without any
+Shield, and also without any accompanying accessory, with the exception,
+in some instances, of a <i>Motto</i> (See “Motto,� <a href =
+"#page138">p. 138</a>). Badges, however, are found depicted on roundels
+of the livery, and upon Standards, and for decorative purposes are often
+depicted upon mantlings. It will be evident that a Badge may be the very
+same figure or device as a Crest; but, it must be remembered that a
+Badge always differs from a Crest, in usually being altogether without
+crest-wreath or coronet, in consequence of having no connection whatever
+with the knightly helm. There was, however, a&nbsp;period in which the
+Badge was much confused with the Crest, which has resulted in many
+devices which are really Crests being officially recorded as Badges.</p>
+
+<p>After the establishment of a true Heraldry, Badges were generally
+used to commemorate remarkable exploits, or in
+<span class = "pagenum">221</span>
+<a name = "page221" id = "page221"> </a>
+reference either to some family or feudal alliance, or to indicate some
+territorial rights or pretensions. Very many Badges are allusive, and
+consequently they are <i>Rebuses</i> (see “Rebus,� <a href =
+"#page146">p. 146</a>). Some are taken from the charges of the bearer’s
+Shield, or they have a more or less direct reference to those charges.
+Some trace of Marshalling or of feudal Difference may constantly be
+observed in Badges; and even where the motive for the selection of
+certain devices has not been discovered, it may fairly be assumed that a
+good heraldic motive still exists, although it has become obscured or
+been forgotten. It was not uncommon for the same personage or family to
+use more than one Badge; and, on the other hand, two or more Badges were
+often borne in combination, to form a single compound device, as in Nos.
+<a href = "#fig235">235</a> and <a href = "#fig270">270</a>. The
+<i>ragged staff</i>, in like manner, <a href = "#fig294">No. 294</a>,
+and the <i>bear</i>, both of them Badges of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Beauchamps</span>, Earls of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Warwick</span>, were sometimes united to form a single
+Badge, and by the successors of that great family the “bear and ragged
+staff� were generally borne as a single device. (See <a href =
+"#fig448">No. 448</a>, and <a href = "#page319">p. 319</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>Two distinct classes of Badges were in general use in the fourteenth,
+fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. Those of the first class, well known
+as the insignia of certain eminent personages and powerful houses, were
+borne by all the followers, retainers, dependants, and partisans of
+those personages and houses: and they were so borne by them, and they
+were used by their owners for every variety of decorative purpose,
+because they were <i>known and understood</i>; and, consequently,
+because the presence of these Badges would cause all persons and objects
+bearing them to be readily and certainly distinguished. By means of
+these most useful devices a wide and comprehensive range was given to
+the action and the influence of true Heraldry, without infringing in the
+slightest degree upon the lofty and almost sacred exclusiveness of the
+Coat-Armour of a noble or
+<span class = "pagenum">222</span>
+<a name = "page222" id = "page222"> </a>
+a gentle house. In the words which <span class =
+"smallcaps">Shakespeare</span> teaches <span class =
+"smallcaps">Clifford</span> to address to <span class =
+"smallcaps">Warwick</span>, “Might I but know thee by thy household
+Badge!� it is implied that all the followers of Warwick were well known
+by his “household Badge,� which was displayed by them all, while some
+other insignia were worn by the great Earl upon his own person.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lower has remarked (“Curiosities of Heraldry,� p. 145) that
+“something analogous to the fashion� of embroidering the household
+Badges of their lords “upon the sleeves or breasts� of the dependants of
+great families in the olden times, “is retained in the Crest which
+adorns the buttons of our domestic servants.� The accomplished writer
+might have added that, in thus employing <i>Crests</i> to discharge
+<i>Badge</i>-duties, we are content to indulge a love for heraldic
+display without observing becoming heraldic distinctions. Crested livery
+buttons are heraldic anomalies under all circumstances&mdash;even the
+head of a house himself, if he were a Herald, would not display his
+Crest, as a Crest, upon buttons to be used exclusively by himself.
+Crests are to be borne on helms, or represented as being borne on helms:
+Badges are decorative insignia, and fulfil with consistent significance
+their own distinct and appropriate functions.</p>
+
+<p>Badges of the second class were devices that were borne exclusively
+by the exalted personages who were pleased to assume them, often for
+temporary use only, and generally with some subtle or latent
+significance, which had been studiously rendered difficult to be
+detected, and dubious in its application.</p>
+
+<p>These Badges, thus displayed rather to effect disguise or to excite
+curiosity than to secure recognition, must be regarded for the most part
+as the expressions of heraldic revelry&mdash;as the fantasies and
+eccentricities of an age, which loved to combine quaint conceits and
+symbolical allusions with the display of gorgeous magnificence.
+Accordingly,
+<span class = "pagenum">223</span>
+<a name = "page223" id = "page223"> </a>
+Badges of this order are found generally to have been assumed on the
+occasion of the jousts or Hastiludes, the masques, and other pageants
+that in feudal times were celebrated with so much of elaborate and
+brilliant splendour.</p>
+
+<p>The adoption of Badges of this peculiar character is exactly in
+keeping with the sentiment which prompted men of exalted rank and
+eminent distinction to appear in public, on occasions of high festivity,
+bearing the arms of some friend, kinsman, or ally, instead of their own.
+A&nbsp;mark of especial favour and of peculiar distinction would be
+conferred, when a Sovereign or a Prince thus would display upon his own
+person the armory of some honoured subject or comrade. <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span> delighted thus to honour the most
+distinguished cavaliers of his chivalrous Court. For example, in or
+about the year 1347, royal Hastiludes were celebrated at Lichfield with
+great splendour, the jousters consisting of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">King</span> and seventeen Knights, and the Earl of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Lancaster</span> and thirteen Knights.
+A&nbsp;conspicuous part was taken in these festivities by the King’s
+daughter <span class = "smallcaps">Isabelle</span>, afterwards Countess
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Bedford</span>, and by six Ladies of high
+rank, with twenty-one other Ladies, who all wore blue dresses and white
+hoods of the same materials as well as the same colours as the robes of
+the Knights, together with various masks or vizors. On this occasion,
+the <span class = "smallcaps">King</span> himself over his armour wore a
+surcoat with the Arms of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas de
+Bradestone</span>. These Arms in a Roll of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span> are blazoned as&mdash;<i>Arg., on a
+canton gu. a&nbsp;rose or</i> (see <i>Archæologia</i>, xxxi., pp. 40 and
+118). On another occasion, during Hastiludes at Canterbury, <span class
+= "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span> “is said to have given eight
+harnesses, worked with the arms of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Stephen
+de Cosynton</span> (<i>az., three roses arg.</i>), to the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Prince of Wales</span>, the Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, and six other Knights.� In the same
+spirit, <span class = "smallcaps">Richard de Beauchamp</span>, Earl of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Warwick</span>, at a great festival of arms
+held at Calais under
+<span class = "pagenum">224</span>
+<a name = "page224" id = "page224"> </a>
+his presidency, on the first day entered the lists decorated with the
+arms of his ancestor the Lord <span class = "smallcaps">Toney</span>: on
+the second day, he wore the arms of Hanslap: and, on the third day, “he
+appeared as the Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Warwick</span>,
+quartering Beauchamp, Guy, Hanslap, and Toney, on his trappings; his
+vizor open, and the chaplet on his helm enriched with pearls and
+precious stones.� In such times, Badges of curious device and occult
+signification could not fail to enjoy a popularity, not the less decided
+because of the restricted use and exclusive character of the Badges
+themselves.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig390" id = "fig390"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig390.png" width = "146" height = "216"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig391" id = "fig391"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig391.png" width = "276" height = "302"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 390.&mdash; Secretum of Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick; <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1296.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 391.&mdash; Seal of Sir Walter de Hungerford, K.G., <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1425.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Examples of Badges</span>, such as are
+distinctive, and consequently of the class that I have first described.
+The Badges of <span class = "smallcaps">Percy</span> are a <i>silver
+crescent</i> and a <i>double manacle</i>: of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Howard</span>, a&nbsp;<i>white lion</i>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Pelham</span>, <i>a buckle</i>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Douglas</span>, a&nbsp;<i>red heart</i>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Scrope</span>, a&nbsp;<i>Cornish chough</i>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Clinton</span>, a&nbsp;<i>golden mullet</i>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Talbot</span>, a&nbsp;<i>hound</i>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Bohun</span>, a&nbsp;<i>white swan</i>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Hungerford</span>, a&nbsp;<i>sickle</i>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Peverel</span>, a&nbsp;<i>garb</i>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Stourton</span>, a&nbsp;<i>golden “drag� or sledge</i>. The
+various “Knots,� described and illustrated in <a href = "#chapX">Chapter
+X.</a>, Nos. <a href = "#fig219">219</a>, <a href = "#fig235">235</a>,
+<a href = "#fig263">263</a>, <a href = "#fig270">270</a>, <a href =
+"#fig274">274</a>, <a href = "#fig304">304</a>, <a href = "#fig313">and
+313</a>, are Badges. The <i>bear and ragged staff</i> of the <span class
+= "smallcaps">Beauchamps</span>, and, after them, of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Nevilles</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Dudleys</span>, I&nbsp;have already noticed. Seals
+frequently have Badges introduced upon them, in very early times, by
+themselves, the Badge in each case constituting the device of the Seal
+(see <a href = "#page193">p. 193</a>). The Secretum or private Seal of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Robert Bruce</span>, Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Carrick</span>, the father of the King, appended to the
+homage-deed extorted by <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span>
+from the Scottish nobles, is a good example, No. 390: this is another of
+Mr. Laing’s beautiful woodcuts. Badges also constantly appear upon Seals
+in association with Shields of arms. Thus, a&nbsp;Seal of one of the
+<span class = "smallcaps">Berkeleys</span>, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1430, has a mermaid on each side of an armorial
+shield. Two other examples of this kind I have already given: No. 318,
+the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Joan de Barre</span>, which is
+charged with the <i>castle</i> and <i>lion</i> of Castile
+<span class = "pagenum">225</span>
+<a name = "page225" id = "page225"> </a>
+and Leon, as Badges: and <a href = "#fig321">No. 321</a>, the Seal of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Oliver de Bohun</span>, charged, about the
+Shield, with the Bohun <i>Swan</i>. On his Seal, No. 391, Sir <span
+class = "smallcaps">Walter de Hungerford</span>, K.G., Lord of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Heytesbury</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Homet</span> (the latter a Norman barony), displays his own
+Badge, the <i>sickle</i>, in happy alliance with the <i>garb</i> of
+Peverel (borne by him in right of his wife, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Catherine</span>, daughter and co-heir of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Thomas Peverel</span>), to form his Crest. The Crest, it
+will be observed, in No. 391, is <i>a garb between two sickles</i>. The
+Shield of Hungerford only&mdash;<i>sa. two bars arg., and in chief three
+plates</i>, is also placed between <i>two sickles</i>. Two banners,
+denoting important alliances, complete the Heraldry of this remarkable
+composition: the banner to the dexter, for Heytesbury,
+bears&mdash;<i>per pale indented gu. and vert., a&nbsp;chevron or</i>;
+and that to the sinister, for Hussy&mdash;<i>barry of six erm. and
+gu.</i> Lord <span class = "smallcaps">Hungerford</span> died in 1449,
+and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">Robert de Hungerford</span>. The Seal of this Sir Robert,
+used by
+<span class = "pagenum">226</span>
+<a name = "page226" id = "page226"> </a>
+him during the lifetime of his father, precisely the same in its
+heraldic composition as his father’s Seal, is remarkable from having
+<i>each of its four sickles differenced with an ermine-spot upon the
+blade</i>, to mark Cadency; and also, with the same motive, it shows
+that a label of three points was charged upon the Shield, and upon each
+of the two banners; No. 392.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig392" id = "fig392"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig392.png" width = "314" height = "315"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 392.&mdash; Seal of Sir Robert de Hungerford: before <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1449.</p>
+
+<p>Through an alliance with the Hungerfords, <i>sickles</i> were borne,
+as one of their Badges, by the great family of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Courtenay</span>. They appear, with a <i>dolphin</i>,
+a&nbsp;<i>tau cross</i>, and this same <i>tau-cross</i> having <i>a
+bell</i> attached to it, as in No. 393, sculptured on the fine heraldic
+chimney-piece, the work of Bishop <span class = "smallcaps">Peter de
+Courtenay</span> (died in 1492), now in the hall of the Episcopal Palace
+at Exeter.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig393" id = "fig393"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig393.png" width = "87" height = "191"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 393.<br>
+A Courtenay Badge,<br>
+at Exeter.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Badges</span> of our early Heraldry are
+comparatively but little understood. They invite the particular
+attention of students, both from their own special interest, and the
+light they are qualified to throw upon the personal history of the
+<span class = "pagenum">227</span>
+<a name = "page227" id = "page227"> </a>
+English people, and also from their peculiar applicability for use by
+ourselves at the present day. Indeed, at this time, when the revival of
+true Heraldry is in the act of being accomplished with complete success,
+it appears to be peculiarly desirable that Badges should be brought into
+general use. It is not enough for us to revive our old English Heraldry
+as once in the olden time it flourished in England, and to rest content
+with such a revival: but we must go on to adapt our revived Heraldry, in
+its own spirit and in full sympathy with its genuine feeling, to
+conditions of our age and of the state of things now in existence. And
+very much may be done to effect this by the adoption of Badges, as our
+favourite and most expressive heraldic insignia, both in connection with
+Coat-Armour and for independent display. Unlike Crests, which must
+necessarily be associated with helms and the wearers of helms, and
+consequently have both a military and a mediæval character, Badges are
+equally appropriate for use by Ladies, as well as by men of every
+profession, and they belong alike to every age and period. This has been
+recognised officially, to the extent that the officers of arms have now
+reverted to the ancient practice of granting and confirming badges and
+Standards.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Royal Badges.</span>&mdash;I conclude this
+chapter with a concise list of the more important of the Badges that
+have been borne by the Sovereigns and Princes of England; and with some
+general remarks upon the famous Badge of the <i>Ostrich Feathers</i>,
+now considered to be exclusively the Ensign of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Princes of Wales</span>, not as such, but as the
+heirs-apparent to the Throne.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Planta-genista</i>, or Broom-plant, <a href = "#fig21">No.
+21</a>, is well known as an English Royal Badge, from the surname
+derived from it for one of the most remarkable
+<span class = "pagenum">228</span>
+<a name = "page228" id = "page228"> </a>
+of the Royal Houses that ever have flourished in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>As well known are the <i>Rose</i>, <i>Thistle</i>, and
+<i>Shamrock</i>, severally the Badges of the three realms of the United
+Kingdom of <span class = "smallcaps">England</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Scotland</span>, and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Ireland</span>. A&nbsp;<i>golden Rose stalked proper</i> was
+a badge of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span>: and from it
+apparently were derived, but by what process it is unknown, the <i>White
+Rose</i> of <span class = "smallcaps">York</span>, the <i>Red Rose</i>
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, and the <i>White and Red
+Rose</i> of the House of <span class = "smallcaps">Tudor</span>.</p>
+
+<div class = "hanging">
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">William Rufus</span>: <i>A Flower of five
+foils.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;I.</span>: <i>A Flower of eight
+foils.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Stephen</span>: <i>A Flower of seven foils:
+a&nbsp;Sagittarius.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;II.</span>: <i>The
+Planta-genista: an Escarbuncle: a&nbsp;Sword and Olive-Branch.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;I.</span>: <i>A Star of
+thirteen rays and a Crescent: a&nbsp;Star issuing from a Crescent:
+a&nbsp;Mailed Arm grasping a broken Lance, with the Motto&mdash;“Christo
+Duce.�</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">John</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span>: <i>A Star issuing from a
+Crescent.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span>: <i>An heraldic Rose
+or, stalked ppr.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;II.</span>: <i>A Castle of
+Castile.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>: <i>A Fleur de lys:
+a&nbsp;Sword: a&nbsp;Falcon: a&nbsp;Gryphon: the Stock of a Tree: Rays
+issuing from a Cloud.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;II.</span>: <i>A White Hart
+lodged: the Stock of a Tree: A&nbsp;White Falcon: the Sun in splendour:
+the Sun clouded.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;IV.</span>: <i>The Cypher SS:
+a&nbsp;crowned Eagle: an Eagle displayed: a&nbsp;White Swan: A&nbsp;Red
+Rose: a&nbsp;Columbine Flower: A&nbsp;Fox’s Tail: a&nbsp;crowned
+Panther: the Stock of a Tree: a&nbsp;Crescent.</i> His <span class =
+"smallcaps">Queen</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Joan of
+Navarre</span>: <i>An Ermine</i>, or <i>Gennet</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;V.</span>: <i>A Fire-beacon: a
+White Swan gorged and chained: a&nbsp;chained Antelope.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VI.</span>: <i>Two Ostrich
+Feathers in Saltire: a&nbsp;chained Antelope: a&nbsp;Panther.</i></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">229</span>
+<a name = "page229" id = "page229"> </a>
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;IV.</span>: <i>A White Rose en
+Soleil: a&nbsp;White Wolf and White Lion: a&nbsp;White Hart:
+a&nbsp;Black Dragon and Black Bull: a&nbsp;Falcon and Fetter-lock: the
+Sun in splendour.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VII.</span>: <i>A Rose of York
+and Lancaster, a&nbsp;Portcullis and a Fleur de lys, all of them
+crowned: a&nbsp;Red Dragon: a&nbsp;White Greyhound: a&nbsp;Hawthorn Bush
+and Crown, with the cypher</i> H.&nbsp;R.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VIII.</span>: The same, without
+the Hawthorn Bush, and with a <i>White Cock</i>. His <span class =
+"smallcaps">Queens</span>: <span class = "smallcaps">Catherine of
+Aragon</span>&mdash;<i>A Rose, Pomegranate, and Sheaf of Arrows.</i>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Anne Boleyn</span>&mdash;<i>A Crowned Falcon,
+holding a Sceptre.</i> <span class = "smallcaps">Jane
+Seymour</span>&mdash;<i>A Phœnix rising from a Castle, between Two Tudor
+Roses.</i> <span class = "smallcaps">Catherine Parr</span>&mdash;<i>A
+Maiden’s Head crowned, rising from a large Tudor Rose.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;VI.</span>: <i>A Tudor Rose:
+the Sun in splendour.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mary</span>: <i>A Tudor Rose impaling a
+Pomegranate</i>&mdash;also <i>impaling a Sheaf of Arrows, ensigned with
+a Crown, and surrounded with rays: a&nbsp;Pomegranate.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth</span>: <i>A Tudor Rose</i> with
+the motto, “<i>Rosa sine Spinâ</i>� (a&nbsp;Rose without a Thorn): <i>a
+Crowned Falcon and Sceptre.</i> She used as her own
+motto&mdash;“<i>Semper Eadem</i>� (Always the same).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">James&nbsp;I.</span>: <i>A Thistle: a
+Thistle and Rose dimidiated and crowned</i>, <a href = "#fig308">No.
+308</a>, with the motto&mdash;“<i>Beati Pacifici</i>� (Blessed are the
+peacemakers).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Charles&nbsp;I.</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Charles&nbsp;II.</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">James&nbsp;II.</span>: The same Badge as <span class =
+"smallcaps">James&nbsp;I.</span>, without his motto.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Anne</span>: <i>A Rose-Branch and a Thistle
+growing from one branch.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>From this time distinctive personal Badges ceased to be borne by
+English Sovereigns. But various badges have become stereotyped and now
+form a constituent part of
+<span class = "pagenum">230</span>
+<a name = "page230" id = "page230"> </a>
+the Royal Arms, and will be found recited later in <a href =
+"#chapXVIII">Chapter XVIII.</a></p>
+
+<p>The <i>Ostrich Feather Badge</i>. The popular tradition, that the
+famous Badge of the Ostrich Feathers was won from the blind <span class
+= "smallcaps">King of Bohemia</span> at Cressi by the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Black Prince</span>, and by him afterwards borne as an
+heraldic trophy, is not supported by any contemporary authority. The
+earliest writer by whom the tradition itself is recorded is <span class
+= "smallcaps">Camden</span> (<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1614), and his statement is confirmed by no known historical evidence of
+a date earlier than his own work. As Sir <span class = "smallcaps">N.
+Harris Nicholas</span> has shown in a most able paper in the
+<i>Archæologia</i> (vol. xxxi. pp. 350-384), the first time the Feathers
+are mentioned in any record is in a document, the date of which must
+have been after 1369, and which contains lists of plate belonging to the
+King himself, and also to Queen <span class =
+"smallcaps">Phillipa</span>. It is particularly to be observed, that all
+the pieces of plate specified in this roll as the personal property of
+the Queen, if marked with any device at all, are marked with her <i>own
+initial</i>, or with some heraldic insignia that have a direct reference
+to <i>herself</i>. One of these pieces of plate is described as “a large
+dish for the alms of the Queen, of silver gilt, and enamelled at the
+bottom with <i>a black escutcheon with Ostrich Feathers</i>&mdash;<i>eym
+in fund vno scuch nigro cum pennis de ostrich</i>.� And these “Ostrich
+Feathers,� thus blazoned on a sable field upon the silver alms-dish of
+Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Philippa</span>, Sir N.&nbsp;H. Nicholas
+believed to have been borne by the Queen as a daughter of the House of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Hainault</span>; and he suggested that these
+same “Ostrich Feathers� might possibly have been assumed by the Counts
+of the Province of Hainault from the Comté of Ostrevant, which formed
+the appanage of their eldest sons.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig395" id = "fig395"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig395.png" width = "129" height = "168"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig394" id = "fig394"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig394.png" width = "77" height = "148"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig396" id = "fig396"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig396.png" width = "133" height = "156"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 395.&mdash; At Peterborough Cathedral.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 394.&mdash; At Worcester Cathedral.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 396.&mdash; At Peterborough Cathedral.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>At the first, either a single Feather was borne, the quill generally
+transfixing an escroll, as in No. 394, from the monument of Prince <span
+class = "smallcaps">Arthur Tudor</span>, in Worcester
+<span class = "pagenum">231</span>
+<a name = "page231" id = "page231"> </a>
+Cathedral; or, two Feathers were placed side by side, as they also
+appear upon the same monument. In Seals, or when marshalled with a
+Shield of Arms, two Feathers are seen to have been placed after the
+manner of Supporters, one on each side of the composition: in such
+examples the tips of the Feathers droop severally to the dexter and
+sinister: in all the early examples also the Feathers droop in the same
+manner, or they incline slightly towards the spectator. Three Feathers
+were first grouped together by <span class = "smallcaps">Arthur
+Tudor</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Prince of Wales</span>, eldest
+son of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VII.</span>, as in Nos. 395
+and 396, from Peterborough Cathedral; or with an escroll, as in No. 397,
+from a miserere in the fine and interesting church at Ludlow. The plume
+of three Feathers appears to have been encircled with a coronet, for the
+first time, by Prince <span class = "smallcaps">Edward</span>,
+afterwards <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;VI.</span>, but who
+never was <span class = "smallcaps">Prince of Wales</span>: No. 398,
+carved very boldly over the entrance gateway to the Deanery at
+Peterborough, is a good early example. In No. 399 I give a
+representation of another early plume of three Ostrich Feathers, as they
+are carved, with an escroll in place of a coronet, upon the Chantry of
+Abbot <span class = "smallcaps">Ramryge</span> in the Abbey Church at
+St. Albans: and again, in No. 400, from the head of a window near the
+east end of the choir, on the south side, in Exeter Cathedral, the three
+<span class = "pagenum">232</span>
+<a name = "page232" id = "page232"> </a>
+Feathers are charged upon a Shield <i>per pale azure and gules</i>, and
+this Shield is on a roundle.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig397" id = "fig397"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig397.png" width = "185" height = "228"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig398" id = "fig398"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig398.png" width = "244" height = "221"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 397.&mdash; In Ludlow Church.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 398.&mdash; The Deanery, Peterborough.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig399" id = "fig399"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig399.png" width = "165" height = "184"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig400" id = "fig400"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig400.png" width = "216" height = "219"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 399.&mdash; In the Abbey Church of St. Alban.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 400.&mdash; In Exeter Cathedral.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Ostrich Feathers were borne, as a Badge with his Shield of Arms,
+upon one Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>
+himself: they were used, as an heraldic device, about the year 1370, by
+<span class = "smallcaps">Philippa</span>, his Queen: they appear on
+some, but not on all, the Seals of the <span class = "smallcaps">Black
+Prince</span>, and they are omitted from some of his Seals after the
+battle of Cressi (<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1346): and they
+were also borne, generally with some slight difference, marking Cadency,
+in all probability by all the other sons of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>&mdash;certainly by <span class =
+"smallcaps">John of Ghent</span>, Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lancaster</span>, and by <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas of
+Woodstock</span>, Duke
+<span class = "pagenum">233</span>
+<a name = "page233" id = "page233"> </a>
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Gloucester</span>. They were adopted by
+<span class = "smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;II.</span>, and placed on either
+side of his crested Helm in the heraldic sculpture of Westminster Hall,
+as appears in two of these beautiful examples, Nos. <a href =
+"#fig199">199</a> and <a href = "#fig384">384</a>: by this Prince the
+Ostrich Feathers were placed on his first Royal Seal, and they were
+habitually used for decoration and heraldic display; and they also were
+formally granted by him, as a mark of especial favour, to be borne as an
+Augmentation of the highest honour, to his cousin <span class =
+"smallcaps">Thomas Mowbray</span>, Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Norfolk</span>. The Ostrich Feathers were borne, in like
+manner, by the succeeding Princes, both <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lancastrian</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Yorkist</span>: by at least two of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Beauforts</span>: by the Princes of the House of <span class
+= "smallcaps">Tudor</span>: and by their successors the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Stuarts</span>. Thus, it is certain that the Ostrich
+Feathers were held to be a <i>Royal Badge</i>, from the time of their
+first appearance in the Heraldry of England about the middle of the
+fourteenth century; and that in that character they were adopted and
+borne by the successive Sovereigns, and by the Princes, sometimes also
+by the Princesses (as in the instance of a Seal of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Margaret Beaufort</span>, the mother of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VII.</span>), of the Royal Houses, without any
+other distinction than some slight mark of Cadency, and without the
+slightest trace of any peculiar association with any one member of the
+Royal Family. From the time of the accession of the House of Stuart to
+the Crown of the United Kingdom, however, the coroneted plume of three
+Ostrich Feathers appears to have been regarded, as it is at this present
+day, as the special Badge of the Heir to the Throne.</p>
+
+<p>In accordance with the express provision of his will, two armorial
+Shields are displayed upon the monument of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Black Prince</span> in Canterbury Cathedral, which Shields
+the Prince himself distinguishes as his Shields “for War� and “for
+Peace�; the former charged with his quartered arms of France and England
+differenced with his silver
+<span class = "pagenum">234</span>
+<a name = "page234" id = "page234"> </a>
+Label, <a href = "#fig337">No. 337</a>; and the latter, <i>sable</i>,
+charged with <i>three Ostrich Feathers argent</i>, their quills passing
+through scrolls bearing the Motto, “<i>Ich Diene</i>� No. 401. The same
+motto is placed over each of the Shields that are charged with the
+Feathers, as in No. 401: and over each Shield charged with the quartered
+arms (there are on each side of the tomb six Shields, three of the Arms,
+and three of the Feathers, alternately) is the other motto of the
+Prince, “<i>Houmout</i>.� In his will, the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Black Prince</span> also desired that a “<i>black Pennon
+with Ostrich Feathers</i>� should be displayed at his Funeral; and he
+further appointed that his Chapel in Canterbury Cathedral should be
+adorned in various places with his Arms, and “<i>likewise with our Badge
+of Ostrich Feathers&mdash;noz bages dez plumes d’ostruce</i>.�</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig401" id = "fig401"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig401.png" width = "185" height = "260"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 401.&mdash; Shield “for Peace� of the Black Prince.</p>
+
+<p>The will of the <span class = "smallcaps">Black Prince</span> proves
+the Feathers to have been a Badge, and not either a Crest or the ensign
+of a Shield of Arms, since twice he expressly calls them “<i>our
+Badge</i>�: and it also is directly opposed to the traditional warlike
+origin and military character of the Feathers, as a Badge of the <span
+class = "smallcaps">Black Prince</span>, for it particularly specifies
+the peaceful significance of this Badge, and distinguishes it from the
+insignia that were worn and displayed by the Prince
+<span class = "pagenum">235</span>
+<a name = "page235" id = "page235"> </a>
+when he was equipped for war. The Mottoes “<i>Ich Diene</i>� and
+“<i>Houmout</i>� are old German, and they signify, “I serve,� and
+“magnanimous.� It has been suggested by Mr. Planché, that “Houmout� is
+Flemish, and that the three words really form a single Motto,
+signifying, “Magnanimous, I&nbsp;serve,� that is, “I obey the dictates
+of magnanimity� (<i>Archæologia</i>, xxxii. 69).</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig402" id = "fig402"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig402.png" width = "103" height = "323"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig403" id = "fig403"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig403.png" width = "78" height = "312"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig404" id = "fig404"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig404.png" width = "96" height = "319"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 402.&mdash; From the Seal of King Henry IV.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 403.&mdash; From the Seal of Thomas, Duke of Gloucester.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 404.&mdash; From the Garter-Plate of John Beaufort, K.G.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Upon a very remarkable Seal, used by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;IV.</span> a short time before his accession, the
+shield with helm and crest are placed between two tall Feathers, about
+each of which is entwined <i>a Garter</i> charged with his favourite and
+significant Motto&mdash;the word SOVEREYGNE, as in No. 402. His father,
+Prince <span class = "smallcaps">John of Ghent</span>, placed <i>a
+chain</i> upon the quills of his Feathers, as in the very curious boss
+in the cloisters at Canterbury. The uncle of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;IV.</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Thomas</span>, Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Gloucester</span>, on one of his Seals, differenced his two
+Feathers with <i>Garters</i> (probably of the
+<span class = "pagenum">236</span>
+<a name = "page236" id = "page236"> </a>
+Order) displayed along their quills, as in No. 403. And, about <span
+class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1440, <span class = "smallcaps">John
+Beaufort</span>, K.G., Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Somerset</span>, on his Garter-plate placed two Ostrich
+Feathers erect, their <i>quills componée argent and azure</i>, and fixed
+in golden escrolls; No. 404. In the Harleian MS. 304, f. 12, it is
+stated that the Ostrich Feather of silver, the pen thus componée argent
+and azure, “is the Duke of Somerset’s�: also that the “Feather silver,
+with the pen gold, is the King’s: the Ostrich Feather, pen and all
+silver, is the Prince’s: and the Ostrich Feather gold, the pen ermine,
+is the Duke of Lancaster’s.�</p>
+
+<p>The Shield charged with three Ostrich Feathers, <a href =
+"#fig401">No. 401</a>, was borne by Prince <span class =
+"smallcaps">John of Ghent</span>; and it appears on the splendid Great
+Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;IV.</span>, between the
+Shields of the Duchy of <span class = "smallcaps">Cornwall</span> and
+the Earldom of <span class = "smallcaps">Chester</span>. <span class =
+"smallcaps">Humphrey</span>, Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Gloucester</span>, is also recorded to have borne this same
+Feather Shield.</p>
+
+<p>In the Vaulting of the ceiling over the steps leading to the Hall at
+Christchurch, Oxford, the Ostrich Plume Badge is carved within a Garter
+of the Order: and, again, the Badge is represented after the same
+manner, environed with the Garter, in the beautiful binding of a copy of
+the Bible which is reputed to have been used by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Charles&nbsp;I.</span> in his last moments.</p>
+
+<p>The Ostrich Feathers are repeatedly mentioned in early documents; and
+they are shown to have been constantly used for various decorative
+purposes, always evidently with an heraldic motive and feeling, by the
+same Royal personages who blazoned them on their Seals, and displayed
+them elsewhere as their armorial insignia. A&nbsp;well-known example of
+a diaper of White Ostrich Feathers on a field per pale argent and vert,
+is preserved in the stained glass now in the great north window of the
+transept of Canterbury Cathedral.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">237</span>
+<a name = "page237" id = "page237"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapXVI" id = "chapXVI">CHAPTER XVI</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">SUPPORTERS</span></h4>
+
+<div class = "poem">
+<p class = "half">
+“Standing by the Shield</p>
+<p>In silence.�</p>
+<p class = "half">
+&mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Idylls of the King.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "first">
+A <span class = "smallcaps">supporter</span> is a figure, sometimes of
+an angel, frequently of a human being, but more generally of some
+animal, bird, or imaginary creature, so placed in connection with a
+Shield of Arms as to appear to be protecting and supporting it. In
+English Heraldry a single Supporter is of comparatively rare occurrence,
+but a number of examples are to be found in the Heraldry of Scotland. In
+early examples, when two Supporters appear, they are in most cases
+alike: but, more recently (except in the Heraldry of France), the two
+figures are generally quite distinct the one from the other, the earlier
+usage of having the two Supporters alike being less frequent. The modern
+prevailing practice in England is happily exemplified in the well-known
+instance of the present Royal Supporters, the Lion and the Unicorn.</p>
+
+<p>Supporters are considered to have been introduced into the Heraldry
+of England during the reign of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>; but they may with greater accuracy
+be assigned to the middle of the fifteenth century, than to the second
+half of the fourteenth. As armorial insignia of a very high rank,
+Supporters are granted in England only by the express command of the
+Sovereign, except to Peers and Knights Grand Cross and Knights Grand
+Commanders. In Scotland, where they occur more frequently than in
+<span class = "pagenum">238</span>
+<a name = "page238" id = "page238"> </a>
+the Heraldry of the South of the Tweed, the “Lord Lyon� has power to
+grant Supporters. Originally by the Scottish Heralds these accessories
+of Shields were entitled “Bearers.�</p>
+
+<p>Supporters are now granted, on payment of fees, to all Peers of the
+Realm to descend to the holders of a specified Peerage, and to Knights
+of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick, and to Knights Grand Cross and
+Knights Grand Commanders of all other orders of knighthood to be borne
+for life. Most Nova Scotia Baronets and Chiefs of Scottish Clans have
+supporters registered with their arms.</p>
+
+<p>Supporters probably owe their origin rather to several concurrent
+circumstances, than to any one particular circumstance. The mere fact of
+a Knight carrying his own armorial Shield, or his Esquire bearing it
+beside him, might suggest the general idea of some <i>supporting</i>
+figure in connection with a representation of that Shield. The act of
+carrying a Banner of Arms, in like manner, might suggest a
+representation of a “Supporter� for a Shield of Arms. To early Seals,
+however, Heraldry is in an especial degree indebted for the development
+of the idea of Supporters, and for bringing it into a definite form.
+Again, the prevalent use of Badges in the fourteenth century, and in the
+fifteenth also, would necessarily exercise a powerful influence in the
+same direction; and would lead Heralds to associate with Shields of Arms
+certain other figures which, while in themselves distinct and
+independent, were closely allied with certain Shields of Arms. The
+prototypes of true Supporters, indeed, as they appear on Seals, are
+Badges. In fact, it is often difficult to determine whether specified
+figures on the Seals of a certain period are heraldic supporters or
+merely representations of Badges.</p>
+
+<p>An Effigy represented upon a Seal, as in No. 405, the
+<span class = "pagenum">239</span>
+<a name = "page239" id = "page239"> </a>
+Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Devorguilla Crawford</span>, about
+<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1290, from <span class =
+"smallcaps">Laing’s</span> Volume: or in Nos. 316, 317, would be even
+more than a suggestion of a Supporter. The same may be said, when some
+figure, almost certainly a Badge, was introduced into the composition of
+a Seal, holding or supporting a Shield by its guige, as in <a href =
+"#fig203">No. 203</a>; or when a Shield, or two or more Shields, were
+charged upon some figure, as in <a href = "#fig204">No. 204</a>: both of
+these examples, indeed, might be regarded as illustrations of the origin
+or first adoption of single Supporters.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright w180">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig405" id = "fig405"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig405.png" width = "158" height = "235"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 405.&mdash; Seal of Devorguilla Crawford, about 1290.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The introduction of angelic figures, which might have the appearance
+of acting as “Guardian Angels,� in their care of Shields of Arms, was in
+accordance with the feeling of the early days of English Heraldry; and,
+while it took a part in leading the way to the systematic use of regular
+Supporters, it served to show the high esteem and honour in which
+armorial insignia were held by our ancestors of those ages. In <a href =
+"#fig159">No. 159</a> I have already shown an example of a sculptured
+Shield thus supported by Angels, from St. Albans. In the same noble
+church there are other examples of the same character in stained glass.
+Angel Supporters, the figures treated in various ways, occur in very
+many Gothic edifices; particularly, sculptured as corbels, bosses or
+pateræ, or introduced in panels, and employed for the decoration of open
+timber roofs, as in Westminster Hall. They appear also on Seals; as on
+the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry of Lancaster</span>, about
+<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1350, which has the figure of an
+Angel above the Shield, and a lion on each side of&nbsp;it.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig406" id = "fig406"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig406.png" width = "212" height = "285"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 406.&mdash; Part of Seal of Margaret, Lady Hungerford.</p>
+
+<p>The representation of armorial Banners upon Seals would lead to at
+least the occasional introduction of some figure to hold, or
+<i>support</i>, the Banner; and here, again, we
+<span class = "pagenum">240</span>
+<a name = "page240" id = "page240"> </a>
+discern the presence of some of the immediate predecessors of
+“Supporters,� properly so called. In the Seals, Nos. <a href =
+"#fig391">391</a>, <a href = "#fig392">392</a>, the Banners are not
+supported, and yet they are indirectly suggestive of giving support to
+the Shield which is marshalled with them in the same composition.
+Another Hungerford Seal, that of <span class = "smallcaps">Margaret
+Botreaux</span>, widow of the second Baron <span class =
+"smallcaps">Hungerford</span> (who died in 1477), in the centre of the
+composition has a kneeling figure of the noble lady, and on each side a
+banner of arms is held (<i>supported</i>) erect, so that the two banners
+form a kind of canopy over her head, by a lion and a gryphon. In No. 406
+I give a part only of this elaborate Seal, sufficient to show how its
+general composition bears upon the adoption of Supporters. The Monument
+in Westminster Abbey of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Ludovic
+Robsart</span>, K.G., Lord <span class = "smallcaps">Bourchier</span>,
+Standard-Bearer to <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;V.</span> at
+Agincourt, has two banners sculptured in the stone work of the canopy,
+which are placed precisely in the same manner as the banners in No. 406;
+and, like them, they are held by Badges acting as Supporters. Two
+well-known seals of the <span class = "smallcaps">Percies</span> are
+charged with banners, and
+<span class = "pagenum">241</span>
+<a name = "page241" id = "page241"> </a>
+in each case the banner-staff is held by a single Supporter: one of
+these figures is a man-at-arms, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1386; the other is a lion, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1446.
+At the same period, two lions appear on another Percy Seal. Another, of
+the same date, has the shield supported by an armed man, without any
+banner, but having a lance with a long pennon charged with the Crescent
+badge of <span class = "smallcaps">Percy</span>, <a href = "#fig412">No.
+412</a>, p. 247. Other Percy Seals, again, of the fourteenth century, on
+either side of the Shield have two lions or two birds.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig407" id = "fig407"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig407.png" width = "267" height = "315"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 407.&mdash; Seal of Earl Edmund de Mortimer; <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1400.</p>
+
+<p>Numerous examples of great interest illustrate the early introduction
+of Badges into the composition of Seals, as accessories of Shields.
+A&nbsp;Seal of Prince <span class = "smallcaps">John of Ghent</span>,
+which has two falcons and padlocks, is one of the most beautiful and
+suggestive works of its class: in this Seal the two birds are addorsed,
+and consequently they also have their backs turned towards the central
+achievement. This position of the figures on early Seals is not
+uncommon; but it is an illustration that the use of Badges in the form
+from which they developed into supporters was an artistic necessity,
+arising from the form of the spaces to be occupied by the figures upon
+the Seal. Another most characteristic example of that marshalling of
+Badges upon Seals, which certainly led the way to true Supporters, is
+the Seal of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Maurice de Berkeley</span>,
+<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1430, upon which <i>a
+mermaid</i>&mdash;the Berkeley badge&mdash;is blazoned on each side of
+the Shield. The two figures are drawn with much skill and elegance. The
+Shield itself quarters <i>Berkeley</i> within a bordure, and a
+differenced coat of <i>Bottetourt</i>: it hangs from a large helm,
+which, in its turn, is ensigned by as large a <i>mitre</i>&mdash;the
+singular Crest of the Berkeleys. The two figures, generally animals,
+which fill up the spaces to the dexter and sinister of the central
+achievement on Seals, in the fifteenth century are almost invariably
+drawn of a comparatively large size; and, for the most part, they really
+act as <i>Supporters to the Crested Helm</i>, being themselves
+<i>supported by
+<span class = "pagenum">242</span>
+<a name = "page242" id = "page242"> </a>
+the Shield</i>. The composition of the Seal of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edmund de Mortimer</span>, Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">March</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1400,
+though now mutilated, exhibits in a most satisfactory manner this very
+effective arrangement, from which true Supporters to a Shield of Arms
+might obviously be derived. In this Seal, No. 407, the Shield quarters
+<i>Mortimer</i>, <a href = "#fig131">No. 131</a>, and&mdash;<i>or,
+a&nbsp;cross gu.</i>, for <i>Ulster</i>. The Seal of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Wm. de Wyndesor</span>, <a href = "#fig382">No. 382</a>,
+illustrates with no less happy effect the occasional use of birds
+instead of beasts, as Supporting Badges. Other examples exist in great
+numbers, and in abundant variety: the two that I add from Mr. Laing’s
+Volume, Nos. 408 and 409, are in every respect most characteristic; they
+are severally the Seals of <span class = "smallcaps">Robert
+Graham</span>, of Kinpont, and of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">William
+Lindsay</span>, of the Byres.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig408" id = "fig408"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig408.png" width = "178" height = "180"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig409" id = "fig409"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig409.png" width = "175" height = "173"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 408.&mdash; Seal of Robert Graham, of Kinpont, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1433.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 409.&mdash; Seal of Sir Wm. Lindsay, of the Byres, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1390.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>It is scarcely necessary for me to point out to students that
+Supporters always have a decided heraldic significance. In supporting a
+Shield of Arms, they discharge an heraldic duty: but, in themselves,
+Supporters are armorial symbols
+<span class = "pagenum">243</span>
+<a name = "page243" id = "page243"> </a>
+of a high rank; and, with peculiar emphasis, they record descent,
+inheritance, and alliance, and they blazon illustrious deeds.</p>
+
+<p>Supporters should always be represented in an erect position. In
+whatever direction also they actually may be looking, they always ought
+to appear to fulfil their own proper office of giving vigilant and
+deferential <i>support to the Shield</i>. It would be well, in our
+blazoning of supported Achievements, not only for us to regard a
+becoming position and attitude for Supporters to be matters determined
+by positive heraldic law, but also that some satisfactory arrangement
+should be made and recognised for general adoption, by which an equally
+becoming <i>support</i> would be provided for “Supporters.� An
+unsatisfactory custom has been either to place the Supporters, whatever
+they may be, upon some very slight renaissance scroll work that is
+neither graceful nor consistent, or, to constrain the Motto scroll to
+provide a foundation or standing-place for them. In the latter case, an
+energetic lion, or a massive elephant, and, in a certain class of
+achievements of comparatively recent date, a&nbsp;mounted trooper, or a
+stalwart man-of-war’s man, probably with a twenty-four pounder at his
+feet, are made to stand on <i>the edge of the ribbon</i> that is
+inscribed with the Motto. Mr. Laing has enabled me to give an excellent
+example of
+<span class = "pagenum">244</span>
+<a name = "page244" id = "page244"> </a>
+Supporters&mdash;two lions standing upon a motto-scroll or
+ribbon&mdash;in No. 410, the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">John
+Drummond</span>, created Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Melfort</span> and Viscount <span class =
+"smallcaps">Forth</span> in the year 1686: the Shield is <i>Scotland,
+within a bordure componée</i>; the Supporters are gorged with collars
+charged with thistles; and the Crest is the Crest of Scotland issuing
+from a celestial Crown. As says the Motto of Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">William Mahon</span>, “<i>Moniti, meliora
+sequamur</i>�&mdash;now that we have been told of it, let us produce
+something better than this support for our Supporters. Happily the best
+heraldic artists of the moment seem very generally to have reverted to
+the older and more preferable form.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig410" id = "fig410"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig410.png" width = "228" height = "250"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 410.&mdash; Seal of John Drummond, Earl of Melfort, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1686.</p>
+
+<p>The Heralds of France still restrict the term
+“Supporters�&mdash;“<i>Les Supports</i>�&mdash;to animals; whilst to
+human beings, to figures of angels, and to mythological personages or
+other figures in human form, when supporting a Shield, they apply the
+term “<i>Les Tenants</i>.� When trees or other inanimate objects are
+placed beside any armorial shield, and so discharge the duty of
+Supporters in French achievements, they are distinguished as “<i>Les
+Soutiens</i>.� An old French writer on Heraldry, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Palliot</span>, however, says that in his time (<span class
+= "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1660), <i>Tenant</i> is used in the singular
+number, and
+<span class = "pagenum">245</span>
+<a name = "page245" id = "page245"> </a>
+denotes any kind of <i>single Supporter</i>, while <i>Supports</i> is
+used when there are <i>two</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the French Heraldry of the present time, a&nbsp;single Tenant or
+Support is of rare occurrence; and when two Tenants or Supports appear
+in blazon, they are generally, though not always, alike.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">246</span>
+<a name = "page246" id = "page246"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapXVII" id = "chapXVII">CHAPTER XVII</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">FLAGS</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "summary">
+The Pennon&mdash; The Banner&mdash; The Standard&mdash; The Royal
+Standard&mdash; The Union Jack&mdash; Ensigns&mdash; Military Standards
+and Colours&mdash; Blazoning&mdash; Hoisting and Displaying Flags.</p>
+
+<div class = "poem">
+<p>“Many a beautiful Pennon fixed to a lance,</p>
+<p>And many a Banner displayed.�</p>
+<p class = "half">
+&mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Siege of Carlaverock</span>, <span
+class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1300.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“Prosper our Colours!� &mdash;<span class =
+"smallcaps">Shakespeare</span>, <i>Henry VI.</i>, <i>Part 3</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "firstword">Admirably</span> adapted for all purposes of
+heraldic display, rich in glowing colours, and peculiarly graceful in
+their free movement in the wind, <span class = "smallcaps">Flags</span>
+are inseparably associated with spirit-stirring memories, and in all
+ages and with every people they enjoy an enthusiastic popularity
+peculiar to themselves.</p>
+
+<p>In the Middle Ages, in England, three distinct classes of heraldic
+Flags appear to have been in general use, each class having a distinct
+and well-defined signification.</p>
+
+<p>1. First, the <span class = "smallcaps">Pennon</span>, small in size,
+of elongated form, and either pointed or swallow-tailed at the
+extremity, is charged with the Badge or some other armorial ensign of
+the owner, and by him displayed upon his own lance, as his personal
+ensign. The Pennon of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John
+d’Abernoun</span>, <a href = "#fig286">No. 286</a>, fringed and pointed,
+<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1277, bears his
+arms&mdash;<i>Az., a&nbsp;chevron or</i>: and No. 411, another example
+of the pointed form of Pennon, is from the Painted Chamber, Westminster,
+about <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1275. No. 412, a&nbsp;long
+swallow-tailed Pennon, charged with the Percy crescent Badge, is from
+the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry de Perci</span>, first Earl
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Northumberland</span>.
+<span class = "pagenum">247</span>
+<a name = "page247" id = "page247"> </a>
+Before the true heraldic era, <i>Lance-Flags</i> with various decorative
+devices, but without any blazonry having a definite signification, were
+in use: See Nos. <a href = "#fig5">5</a>, <a href = "#fig6">6</a>. The
+<i>Pennoncelle</i> was a modification of the Pennon.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig411" id = "fig411"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig411.png" width = "84" height = "195"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig412" id = "fig412"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig412.png" width = "189" height = "208"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 411.&mdash; Pennon, from the Painted Chamber.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 412.&mdash; Pennon of Percy; <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1400.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>2. Second, the <span class = "smallcaps">Banner</span>, square or
+oblong in form, and of a larger size than the Pennon, bears the entire
+Coat of Arms of the owner blazoned over its whole surface, precisely as
+the same composition is blazoned upon a Shield: <a href = "#fig162">No.
+162</a>. The Banner has been described as the ensign of the Sovereign,
+or of a Prince, a&nbsp;Noble, or a Knight who had been advanced to the
+higher rank or degree of a “Banneret�; but it would seem almost certain
+that the display of Arms upon a Banner was never confined to a Banneret.
+Two Banners are represented in each of the Hungerford Seals, Nos.
+<a href = "#fig391">391</a>, <a href = "#fig392">392</a>. A&nbsp;small
+group of oblong Banners, with two pointed Pennons, is represented in No.
+413, from the Painted Chamber.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig413" id = "fig413"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig413.png" width = "311" height = "230"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 413.&mdash; Oblong Banners and Pointed Pennons, from the Painted
+Chamber.</p>
+
+<p>In the olden time, when a Knight had distinguished himself by
+conspicuous gallantry, it was the custom to mark his meritorious conduct
+by prompt advancement on the very field of battle. In such a case, the
+point or points of the good Knight’s Pennon were rent off, and thus the
+<span class = "pagenum">248</span>
+<a name = "page248" id = "page248"> </a>
+small Flag was reduced to the <i>square</i> form of the Banner, by which
+thenceforth he was to be distinguished. <span class =
+"smallcaps">Froissart</span>, in his own graphic manner, has described
+the ceremonial which attended the first display of the Banner of a
+newly-created Banneret on the field of battle. Sir <span class =
+"smallcaps">John Chandos</span>, one of the Knights Founders of the
+Garter, appeared with his maiden Banner on the field, on the morning of
+the battle of Naveret, in Castile, April 3rd, 1367:&mdash;“He brought
+his banner in his hands,� says the chronicler, “rolled up� (rolled round
+the staff), “and said to the <span class = "smallcaps">Prince of
+Wales</span>�&mdash;it was the <span class = "smallcaps">Black
+Prince</span>,&mdash;“’My Lord, behold, here is my Banner:
+I&nbsp;deliver it to you in this way,�&mdash;still rolled round the
+staff, that is&mdash;“’that it may please you to display it, and that
+this day I may raise it; for, thank God, I&nbsp;have land and heritage
+sufficient to support the rank as it ought to be!’ Then the Prince and
+the King�&mdash;Don <span class = "smallcaps">Petro</span>, King of
+Castile&mdash;“took the Banner, which was of silver with a sharp pile
+gules, between their hands by the staff, and displayed it, and returned
+it to him, the Prince saying&mdash;’Sir John, behold your Banner; may
+God grant you may do your duty!’ Then Sir <span class = "smallcaps">John
+Chandos</span> bore his Banner (displayed) to his own Company, and
+said&mdash;’Gentlemen, see here my Banner and yours;
+<span class = "pagenum">249</span>
+<a name = "page249" id = "page249"> </a>
+preserve it as your own!’� We see that, like another hero of a later
+period, the <span class = "smallcaps">Black Prince</span> held the
+maxim&mdash;“England expects every man to do his duty.�</p>
+
+<p>Quarterings, Marks of Cadency, and Differences (but not impalements)
+are blazoned on Banners under the very same conditions that they appear
+on Shields of Arms. For example, the Banners, as well as the Shield, on
+the seal of Sir Robert de Hungerford, <a href = "#fig392">No. 392</a>,
+are Differenced with a label for Cadency, and thus are distinguished
+from the corresponding Banners and Shield on the Seal of Sir Robert’s
+father, <a href = "#fig391">No. 391</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Crests, Badges, Supporters, and other external accessories and
+ornaments of Armorial Shields have no place on Banners, a&nbsp;Banner
+representing a Shield, and being charged
+<span class = "pagenum">250</span>
+<a name = "page250" id = "page250"> </a>
+as a Shield. In the seventeenth century, however, English Banners
+sometimes were charged with Achievements of Arms, including all the
+accessories and ornaments of Shields.</p>
+
+<p>In early times Banners appear in use at sea, as well as on land; and
+the same Banners were used both on shore and afloat. The <i>sails</i> of
+our early shipping, also, are constantly represented as covered with
+armorial blazonry, and they thus were enabled to act as Ship-Flags. Many
+curious and interesting representations of the strange, unwieldy,
+unship-shape looking craft that were the ancestors of the British Navy,
+are introduced with their <i>heraldic sails</i> and their Banners into
+the compositions of Seals. A&nbsp;fine example of its order is the Seal
+of <span class = "smallcaps">John Holland</span>, Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Huntingdon</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1436, “Admiral of England, Ireland, and Aquitaine,� No. 414. The ship is
+really a noble-looking vessel, with her solitary sail blazoned with the
+Lord Admiral’s Arms&mdash;<i>England, within a bordure of
+France</i>,&mdash;the same arms that were borne by Prince <span class =
+"smallcaps">John of Eltham</span>, <a href = "#fig24">No. 24</a>. In
+this example the crew are not represented: but in other Seals of early
+shipping figures are commonly introduced, and almost always they are
+drawn of ludicrously disproportionate size. This ship does not display
+any Banner from a banner-staff, but has a nautical Pennon of ample size
+flying at the mast-head: when Banners are displayed on board ships upon
+early Seals, they are generally narrow in proportion to their height,
+a&nbsp;form of Banner adopted on land as well as at sea, in consequence
+of the greater inconvenience attending the display of broad or really
+square Banners. At a later period, however, Ship-Flags of very large
+size came into favour.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig414" id = "fig414"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig414.png" width = "416" height = "420"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 414.&mdash; Seal of Earl John Holland, Admiral of England, &amp;c.,
+<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1436.</p>
+
+<p>3. The <span class = "smallcaps">Standard</span>, the third variety
+of early heraldic Flags, which first appears about the middle of the
+fourteenth century, and was in general use by personages of high rank in
+the two following centuries, appears to have been adopted for the
+special purpose of displaying the
+<span class = "pagenum">251</span>
+<a name = "page251" id = "page251"> </a>
+Badge. The Badge was worn on his livery by a servant as retainer, and
+consequently the Standard by which he mustered in camp was of the livery
+colours, and bore the Badge, with both of which the retainer was
+familiar.</p>
+
+<p>This Flag is of ample proportions, and great length; but its size
+varies with the owner’s rank. Next to the Staff was usually to be found
+the <i>red cross on a silver field</i> of <span class = "smallcaps">St.
+George</span>. The rest of the field is generally divided per fesse into
+two tinctures, in most cases the livery colours of the owner, or the
+prevailing tinctures of his Coat of Arms, which in such cases may almost
+be assumed to have been his livery. With some principal figure or device
+occupying a prominent position, various Badges are displayed over the
+whole field, a&nbsp;Motto, which is placed bend-wise, having divided the
+Standard into compartments. The edges are fringed throughout, and the
+extremity is sometimes swallow-tailed, and sometimes rounded.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig415" id = "fig415"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig415.png" width = "440" height = "204"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 415.&mdash; Standard of Sir Henry de Stafford, K.G.: about <span
+class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1475.</p>
+
+<p>The Standard of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Henry de
+Stafford</span>, K.G., second son of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry</span>, second Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Buckingham</span> (executed in 1483), is represented in No.
+415, from a drawing in the Heralds’ College. It is charged, first, with
+<i>a cross of St. George</i>: then, on a <i>field per fesse sable and
+gules</i> (the colours of the Duke’s livery), <i>the White Swan</i> of
+the De Bohuns, with the <i>silver Stafford-knot</i> (<a href =
+"#fig304">No. 304</a>), differenced with <i>a Crescent gules</i> for
+Cadency; the Motto is HVMBLE: ET: LOYAL; and the fringe, of the same
+colours as the field,
+<span class = "pagenum">252</span>
+<a name = "page252" id = "page252"> </a>
+is <i>componée sa. and gu.</i> In other examples a greater variety of
+Badges is introduced. The student will not fail to take notice of the
+systematic display of the ensign of St. George in these Standards, as
+the national armorial device of England. The use and heraldic display of
+these standards had practically lapsed, but the College of Arms has now
+reverted to its ancient practice of recording them in cases of the grant
+or confirmation of a Badge.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig416" id = "fig416"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig416.png" width = "218" height = "309"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 416.&mdash; The Royal<br>
+Standard, or Banner.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Royal Standard</span> (to give it its
+popular name) is not really a Standard at all, but is the King’s Banner
+of his arms. It stands at the head of our English Flags of the present
+day, and bears the full blazonry of the Royal Arms of His Majesty <span
+class = "smallcaps">The King</span>, as they are marshalled on the Royal
+Shield: No. 416. It is personal to the King, and its use by other people
+is not permitted. This splendid Flag, so truly heraldic in its
+character, and charged with Coat-Armour and not with Badges, ought to be
+styled the <span class = "smallcaps">Royal Banner</span>. The same
+Standard is duly differenced with their own Marks of Cadency and their
+Shields of Pretence for the different members of the Royal Family. For
+use at sea, whilst the <span class = "smallcaps">Prince of Wales</span>
+has his own Flag or Banner of his arms, all other members of the Royal
+Family use a flag showing the Royal Arms within a bordure ermine. <span
+class = "smallcaps">Queen Mary</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Queen Alexandra</span> fly flags of their impaled arms.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Union Jack</span>, which is regarded as
+the national British Flag, as we now display it, is the second of its
+race. Strictly speaking, it is as much the property of the Sovereign as
+the Royal Banner, but objection to its use and display is not officially
+made. The <i>First Union Jack</i>, No. 417, was produced
+<span class = "pagenum">253</span>
+<a name = "page253" id = "page253"> </a>
+in obedience to a Royal Proclamation of <span class =
+"smallcaps">James&nbsp;I.</span> in the year 1606. Its object was to
+provide a single National Flag for both England and Scotland as a single
+kingdom, which might put an end to certain serious disputes concerning
+the precedence of their respective Banners of St. George and St. Andrew,
+Nos. 418, 419, between the natives of England and Scotland&mdash;of
+“South and North Britain.� This “Union� Flag combined the blazonry of
+the two rival ensigns, not marshalling them by quartering after the
+early heraldic usage, but by reviving a still earlier process, and by
+blending the cross and the saltire of Nos. 418 and 419 in a single
+composition. This was effected, accordingly, by charging the Cross of
+St. George, with a narrow border or “fimbriation� of white to represent
+its white field, <i>upon</i> the Banner of St. Andrew, the result being
+the Flag shown in No. 417. On the final “Union� between England and
+Scotland in 1707, this device was formally declared to be the “Ensign
+armorial of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.�</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig418" id = "fig418"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig418.png" width = "80" height = "132"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig417" id = "fig417"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig417.png" width = "177" height = "234"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig419" id = "fig419"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig419.png" width = "64" height = "129"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 418.&mdash; St. George.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 417.&mdash; The First Union Jack.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 419.&mdash; St. Andrew.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig418color.png" width = "80" height = "132"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig417color.png" width = "176" height = "233"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig419color.png" width = "64" height = "129"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Upon the first day of January, 1801, the <i>Second Union Jack</i>,
+the “Union Jack� of to-day, No. 420, superseded the Flag of King <span
+class = "smallcaps">James</span> and Queen <span class =
+"smallcaps">Anne</span>. The “Union� with Ireland rendered a change
+necessary in the Union Jack, in order to incorporate with its blazonry
+the Banner of
+<span class = "pagenum">254</span>
+<a name = "page254" id = "page254"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">St. Patrick</span>, No. 421, <i>arg.,
+a&nbsp;saltire gu.</i> There seems good reason to believe that the
+so-called Cross of St. Patrick had little, if indeed any, separate or
+prior existence. The process that had been adopted before was again
+brought into action, but now a single compound device had to be formed
+by the combination of a cross and two saltires, Nos. 418, 419, and 421.
+As before, in this new Flag the blue field of <span class =
+"smallcaps">St. Andrew</span> forms the field: then the two Saltires,
+the one white and the other red, are formed into a single compound
+Saltire counter-changed of the two tinctures alternating, the white
+having precedence; a&nbsp;narrow edging of white is next added to each
+red side of this new figure, to represent the white field of St.
+Patrick, as the narrow edging of white about the red cross represented
+the white field of <span class = "smallcaps">St. George</span> in No.
+418; and, finally, the red cross of St. George fimbriated with white, as
+in the First Jack, is charged over all. Such is the Second Union Jack,
+No. 420. In this compound device it will be observed that the <i>broad
+diagonal white</i> members represent the <i>silver saltire</i> of St.
+Andrew, No. 419: that the <i>red diagonal</i> members represent the
+<i>saltire gules</i> of St. Patrick, No. 421, and that the <i>narrow
+diagonal white</i> lines are added in order to place this <i>saltire
+gules on a field argent</i>: that the <i>diagonal red and
+<span class = "pagenum">255</span>
+<a name = "page255" id = "page255"> </a>
+the broad diagonal white members</i> represent the two Saltires of St.
+Andrew and St. Patrick in combination: and that the <i>fimbriated red
+cross</i> in the front of the goodly alliance declares the presence of
+the symbol of St. George.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig420" id = "fig420"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig420.png" width = "176" height = "235"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig421" id = "fig421"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig421.png" width = "64" height = "126"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 420.&mdash; The Second Union Jack.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 421.&mdash; St. Patrick.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig420color.png" width = "176" height = "235"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<img src = "images/color/fig421color.png" width = "62" height = "124"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Harris Nicholas</span> has suggested
+that this flag may have acquired its name of “Jack� (“Union� is obvious
+enough) from the original author of the First Union Flag, King <span
+class = "smallcaps">James</span>, who, in the Heralds’ French language,
+would be styled <i>Jacques</i>: and so the Flag would be called
+“Jacques’ Union,� which would easily settle down into “Jack’s Union,�
+and finally would as easily become “Union Jack.� The Second Union Flag
+is always to be hoisted as it is represented in No. 420, the diagonal
+white having precedence in the first canton. To reverse the proper
+display of the Flag implies distress or danger; or such a procedure
+(very often, as I am aware, unconsciously adopted, through ignorance of
+the real meaning of the Flag itself) subjects the Union Jack to
+degradation.</p>
+
+<p>By a recent warrant Lords Lieutenant fly the Union Jack charged with
+a sword fesseways.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Ensigns</span> now in use
+are:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig422" id = "fig422"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig422.png" width = "195" height = "265"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 422.&mdash; The Red Ensign.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>1. The <i>Red Ensign</i>, a plain red Flag cantoning a Union
+Jack&mdash;having a Jack in the dexter chief angle next to the point of
+suspension: No. 422. This Ensign shares with the Union Jack the honour
+of being the “Ensign of England�&mdash;the Ensign, that is, of the
+British Empire. When displayed at sea, it now distinguishes all vessels
+that do not belong to the Royal Navy: but, before the year 1864, it was
+the distinguishing ensign of the “red squadron of the Navy,� and of the
+“Admirals of the Red�&mdash;the Admirals of the highest rank.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">256</span>
+<a name = "page256" id = "page256"> </a>
+<p>2. The <i>White</i> or <i>St. George’s Ensign</i> is the old banner
+of St. George, <a href = "#fig418">No. 418</a>, with a Jack cantoned in
+the first quarter. It now is the Ensign of the Royal Navy: but, before
+1864, it distinguished the “white squadron� of the Navy, and the
+Admirals&mdash;second in rank&mdash;of that Squadron.</p>
+
+<p>3. The <i>Blue Ensign</i> differs from the Red only in the field
+being plain blue instead of red. It now is the Ensign of the Naval
+Reserve: before 1864 it was the Ensign of “Admirals of the Blue,� third
+in rank, and of their Squadron of the Royal Navy.</p>
+
+<p>A Red Ensign is often charged with a Crown, or with some appropriate
+device, to denote some particular department of the public service.</p>
+
+<p>With the Ensigns may be grouped the <i>Flag of the Admiralty</i>,
+which displays a yellow anchor and cable set fesse-wise on a red
+field.</p>
+
+<p>The Ensigns are always to be hoisted so as to have the Jack next to
+the point of suspension, as in No. 422.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Military Flags.</span> 1. <i>Cavalry
+Standards</i>, being lineal descendants of the knightly Banners of
+mediæval chivalry, are small square Flags, the colour of the field the
+same as the regimental facings; and each Standard bears the Number,
+Motto, and specific Title of its own Regiment, with whatever heraldic
+Badge or Device may be associated with it. Upon these Standards also are
+blazoned the regimental “<i>Honours</i>�&mdash;such words as <span class
+= "smallcaps">Waterloo</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Alma</span>,
+<span class = "smallcaps">Lucknow</span>, and others, which briefly and
+with most emphatic significance declare the services of the corps. The
+Household Cavalry, the Life Guards and Blues, have all their Standards
+of Crimson, and they are blazoned with the Royal Insignia and their own
+“Honours� and Devices.</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Infantry Colours.</i> In the first instance, each Regiment of
+Infantry had one “Colour�: subsequently, two others were added: and,
+finally, in the reign of Queen Anne, it was decided that every Infantry
+Regiment or
+<span class = "pagenum">257</span>
+<a name = "page257" id = "page257"> </a>
+Battalion of the Line (the Rifles of the Line excepted, who have no
+“Colours�) should have its own “Pair of Colours.� Of this “Pair,� one is
+the “<i>King’s Colour</i>�&mdash;a Union Jack charged with some
+regimental Devices: the other, the “<i>Regimental Colour</i>� is of the
+tincture of the facings, on which the “Honours� and “Devices� of the
+Regiment are charged, and in the dexter chief angle a small Jack is
+cantoned: in fact, the “Regimental Colour� is the same as the Red or
+Blue Ensign (<a href = "#fig422">No. 422</a>), the Colour of the field
+varying with the regimental facings, and the field itself being charged
+with the various Devices.</p>
+
+<p>In their Colours, the Guards reverse the arrangement that obtains
+with the Regiments of the Line. With them, the <i>Kings Colour</i> is
+always crimson, with or without a Jack, but charged with the Royal
+Cypher and the regimental Devices: the <i>Regimental Colour</i> of the
+Guards is the Union Jack.</p>
+
+<p>3. The <i>Royal Artillery</i> have no Colours or Standards.</p>
+
+<p>Military Flags are not now used in actual warfare by British
+troops.</p>
+
+<p>I conclude this Chapter, which treats briefly of the Heraldry of the
+most important English Flags, with four still more brief general
+remarks:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. First: by all English people who are disposed to exclaim, making
+<span class = "smallcaps">Shakespeare’s</span> words their own,
+“<i>Prosper our Colours!</i>� it ought to be understood that their
+National Flags are endowed with heraldic, that is, with historical
+significance, recorded after an heraldic fashion.</p>
+
+<p>2. Second: this significance of their Flags ought also to be
+understood, that it may be appreciated, by all true English people.</p>
+
+<p>3. Third: our Flags ought always to be made and represented
+correctly.</p>
+
+<p>And 4. Lastly: our Flags, and all other Flags also, ought always to
+be hoisted and displayed rightly and properly.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">258</span>
+<a name = "page258" id = "page258"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapXVIII" id = "chapXVIII">CHAPTER XVIII</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">THE ROYAL HERALDRY OF ENGLAND AND
+SCOTLAND</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "summary">
+Shields of Arms of the Reigning Sovereigns of England; of Scotland; of
+the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland&mdash; Crests&mdash;
+Supporters&mdash; Mottoes&mdash; Crowns&mdash; Banners&mdash; Armorial
+Insignia of the late Prince Consort; of the Prince and Princess of
+Wales; of the other Princes and Princesses.</p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“On his Banner were three Leopards, courant, of fine gold, set on red:
+fierce were they, haughty and cruel, to signify that, like them, the
+KING is dreadful to his enemies; for his bite is slight to none who
+inflame his anger: and yet, towards such as seek his friendship or
+submit to his power his kindness is soon rekindled.� &mdash;<span class
+= "smallcaps">Roll of Carlaverock.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "poem">
+<p>“With Scotland’s Arms, Device and Crest</p>
+<p>Embroidered round and round.�</p>
+<p class = "half">
+&mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Marmion.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "firstword">How</span> the “three Leopards courant� of the
+shrewd chronicler of Carlaverock are identical with the “three Lions
+passant guardant� of the Royal Shield of England I have already shown
+(see <a href = "#page84">page 84</a>). To the Norman Sovereigns of
+England, <span class = "smallcaps">William&nbsp;I.</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">William&nbsp;II.</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;I.</span>, and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Stephen</span> (<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1066-1154), the same Shield of Arms has been assigned&mdash;<i>Gu., two
+lions pass. guard., in pale, or</i>, No. <a href = "#fig22n">22</a>. It
+must be distinctly understood, however, that there exists no certain
+authority for these Arms.</p>
+
+<p>In like manner, <span class = "smallcaps">Stephen</span> is also
+<i>said</i> to have borne on a red Shield three golden
+<i>Sagittaries</i>, or Centaurs, with bows and arrows. And, again, <span
+class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;II.</span> is <i>considered</i> to have
+added a third lion to the two on the Shield of his father,
+<span class = "pagenum">259</span>
+<a name = "page259" id = "page259"> </a>
+a <i>single golden lion passant guardant on red</i> being (also
+considered to be) the armorial ensign of the province of Aquitaine,
+acquired by <span class = "smallcaps">Henry</span> in right of his
+Consort, <span class = "smallcaps">Alianore</span>.</p>
+
+<p>As early as the reign of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span>, a&nbsp;Shield of Arms, <a href =
+"#fig23">No. 23</a>, was assigned to the Anglo-Saxon Kings: another
+Shield, <a href = "#fig2">No. 2</a>, was assigned to <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward the Confessor</span>: and a third Shield, <a href =
+"#fig3">No. 3</a>, to another sainted Anglo-Saxon Prince, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edmund</span>.</p>
+
+<p>From the appearance of the Second Great Seal of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;I.</span>, about <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1195, all uncertainty concerning the Royal Arms
+of England is at an end, and they are borne as follows by the successive
+English Sovereigns:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig22n" id = "fig22n"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig22.png" width = "133" height = "143"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig187n" id = "fig187n"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig187.png" width = "151" height = "161"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 22.&mdash; Royal Arms, supposed to have been borne before <span
+class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1189.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 187.&mdash; Royal Arms, from <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1189 to 1340.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;I.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">John</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;II.</span>: and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>, till the thirteenth year of his
+reign, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1340:&mdash;<i>Gu., three
+lions passant guardant in pale or</i>,&mdash;No. <a href =
+"#fig187n">187</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>, from the
+thirteenth year of his reign, when he claimed to be King of France as
+well as of England, and so styled himself: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;II.</span>: and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;IV.</span>, till about the fifth year of his
+reign:&mdash;<i>France Ancient and England quarterly</i>,&mdash;<a href
+= "#fig252">No. 252</a>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;II.</span> sometimes bore the
+Arms of the <span class = "smallcaps">Confessor</span>, <a href =
+"#fig2">No. 2</a>, with his own, on a separate shield, as at Westminster
+Hall; and sometimes he impaled the Confessor’s
+<span class = "pagenum">260</span>
+<a name = "page260" id = "page260"> </a>
+Arms with his own quartered Shield, the arms of the Confessor having the
+precedence.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig252n" id = "fig252n"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig252.png" width = "170" height = "180"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig253n" id = "fig253n"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig253.png" width = "169" height = "180"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 252.&mdash; Royal Arms from <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1340 to about 1405.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 253.&mdash; Royal Arms from about <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1405 to 1603.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;IV.</span> from about 1405:
+<span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;V.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VI.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;IV.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;V.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;III.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VII.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VIII.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;VI.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Mary</span>: and <span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth</span>,
+to <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1603:&mdash;<i>France Modern
+and England Quarterly</i>, <a href = "#fig253">No. 253</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The Royal Shield of <span class = "smallcaps">Scotland</span>, No.
+<a href = "#fig138n">138</a>, first appears upon the Seal of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Alexander&nbsp;II.</span> about <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1235; and, as Mr. Seton well observes, the
+origin of its bearings “is veiled by the mists of Antiquity.� The same
+Shield, without any modification or change, was borne by all the
+Sovereigns of Scotland.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig138n" id = "fig138n"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig138.png" width = "168" height = "179"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 138.&mdash; Royal Arms of Scotland.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">James&nbsp;I.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Charles&nbsp;I.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">Charles&nbsp;II.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">James&nbsp;II.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">William&nbsp;III.</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Mary</span>: and <span class = "smallcaps">Anne</span>, till
+May&nbsp;1, 1707: <i>Quarterly</i>: 1&nbsp;<i>and</i> 4,&nbsp;<i>Grand
+Quarters, France Modern and England</i> (<a href = "#fig253">No.
+253</a>): 2,&nbsp;<i>Grand Quarter, Scotland</i> (No. <a href =
+"#fig138n">138</a>): 3,&nbsp;<i>Grand Quarter&mdash;Az., a&nbsp;harp or,
+stringed arg., for Ireland</i>: No. 423.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig423" id = "fig423"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig423.png" width = "245" height = "277"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 423.&mdash; Royal Arms of the Stuart Sovereigns.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig425" id = "fig425"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig425.png" width = "126" height = "125"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration" rowspan = "2">
+<a name = "fig424" id = "fig424"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig424.png" width = "154" height = "189"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig426" id = "fig426"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig426.png" width = "128" height = "128"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption" rowspan = "2">
+No. 425.&mdash; Diagram<br>
+of Shield of William III. and Mary.</td>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+<td class = "caption" rowspan = "2">
+No. 426.&mdash; Diagram<br>
+of Shield of William III. alone.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 424.&mdash; Arms of Nassau.</td>
+<!-- <td></td> -->
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">William&nbsp;III.</span>, as an elected
+Sovereign, charged his paternal shield of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Nassau</span>, No. 424&mdash;<i>Az., billettée, a&nbsp;lion
+<span class = "pagenum">261</span>
+<a name = "page261" id = "page261"> </a>
+rampt. or</i>,&mdash;in pretence upon the Royal Shield: also, during the
+life of his Consort, till Dec. 28, 1694, he bore the <i>Stuart</i>
+shield with <i>Nassau</i> in pretence on the dexter half of his Shield,
+and thus impaled in the <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘sinster’">sinister</ins> half of his Shield the same Stuart arms, as in
+the Diagram, No. 425, to denote their joint Sovereignty: the Shield
+represented in this Diagram, No. 425, bears the whole of No. 423 on its
+dexter half, with No. 424 in pretence; and on its sinister half it also
+bears the whole of No. 423. When he reigned
+<span class = "pagenum">262</span>
+<a name = "page262" id = "page262"> </a>
+alone, <span class = "smallcaps">William&nbsp;III.</span> bore his own
+dexter half of the impaled Shield alone, as in the Diagram, No. 426: the
+Shield represented in this Diagram being the dexter half of No. 425.</p>
+
+<p>Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Anne</span>, from May&nbsp;1, 1707,
+till 1714, bore the Royal Arms marshalled as in the Diagram, No.
+427:&mdash; 1&nbsp;<i>and</i> 2,&nbsp;<i>England</i> impaling
+<i>Scotland</i>; 3,&nbsp;<i>France Modern</i> (<a href = "#fig253">No.
+253</a>); 4,&nbsp;<i>Ireland</i> (the Harp, as in the third quarter of
+No. 423).</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig427" id = "fig427"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig427.png" width = "127" height = "125"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig428" id = "fig428"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig428.png" width = "184" height = "294"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig429" id = "fig429"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig429.png" width = "126" height = "123"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 427.<br>
+Diagram of the Second Royal Shield of Queen Anne.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 428.&mdash; Arms of Hanover.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 429.<br>
+Diagram of the Royal Shield from <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1714 to 1801.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Hanover</span>, on the
+accession of <span class = "smallcaps">George&nbsp;I.</span>,
+August&nbsp;1, 1714, were added to the Shield of the United Kingdom.
+This was accomplished by removing the charges (<i>England and Scotland
+impaled</i>) from the fourth quarter of the Shield, No. 427, and
+charging that quarter with the arms of <i>Hanover</i> as they appear on
+the Shield, No. 428:&mdash;<i>Per pale and per chevron</i>,
+1,&nbsp;<i>Gu., two lions passant guardant or</i>, for <i>Brunswick</i>:
+2,&nbsp;<i>Or, Semée of hearts, a&nbsp;lion rampt. az.</i>, for
+<i>Lunenburgh</i>: 3,&nbsp;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;horse courant arg.</i>, for
+<i>Westphalia</i>: 4,&nbsp;<i>Over all, on an inescutcheon gules, the
+golden crown of Charlemagne</i>. This marshalling is shown in the
+<span class = "pagenum">263</span>
+<a name = "page263" id = "page263"> </a>
+Diagram, No. 429, which represents a Shield bearing,&mdash;
+1&nbsp;<i>and</i> 2, <i>England</i> impaling <i>Scotland</i>;
+3,&nbsp;<i>France Modern</i>; 4,&nbsp;<i>Ireland</i>;
+5,&nbsp;<i>Hanover</i> (as in No. 428, without the Crown)<ins class =
+"correction" title = ". missing">. </ins></p>
+
+<p>On January 1, 1801, the Fleurs de Lys of France were removed from the
+Royal Shield of Great Britain, which then was marshalled as in the
+diagram, No. 430, <i>quarterly</i>, 1&nbsp;<i>and</i> 4, <i>England</i>;
+2,&nbsp;<i>Scotland</i>; 3,&nbsp;<i>Ireland</i>;
+5,&nbsp;<i>Hanover</i>&mdash;the shield of Hanover being ensigned with
+the <i>Electoral Bonnet</i>, <a href = "#fig240">No. 240</a>, till 1816,
+but, after Hanover became a kingdom, with a <i>Royal Crown</i> in place
+of the Electoral Bonnet from 1816 till 1837, as it appears in No.
+428.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright w180">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig430" id = "fig430"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig430.png" width = "126" height = "124"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 430.&mdash; Diagram of the Royal Shield from <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1801 to 1837.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">George&nbsp;I.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">George&nbsp;II.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">George&nbsp;III.</span>, till Jan. 1, 1801:&mdash;The arms
+indicated in the diagram, No. 429.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">George&nbsp;III.</span>, till
+1816:&mdash;The arms indicated in the diagram, No. 430, the inescutcheon
+ensigned with an electoral bonnet.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">George&nbsp;III.</span>, after 1816: <span
+class = "smallcaps">George&nbsp;IV.</span>: <span class =
+"smallcaps">William&nbsp;IV.</span>:&mdash;The same arms as No. 430, but
+the inescutcheon ensigned with a Royal Crown.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Queen Victoria</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">King Edward VII.</span>, and <span class = "smallcaps">King
+George V.</span>:&mdash;The same as No. 430, but without the
+inescutcheon, the four quarters being marshalled as on the Royal
+Standard, <a href = "#fig416">No. 416</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h6>ROYAL CRESTS.</h6>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<span class = "pagenum">264</span>
+<a name = "page264" id = "page264"> </a>
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig431" id = "fig431"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig431.png" width = "130" height = "183"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 431.&mdash; Royal<br>
+Crest of England.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>For <span class = "smallcaps">England</span>:&mdash;<i>A golden lion
+statant guardant, imperially crowned</i>; assumed by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span>, and by him borne on his Helm
+standing upon a Cap of Estate; retained from his time, and now borne
+standing on an Imperial Crown. No. 431.</p>
+
+<p>For <span class = "smallcaps">Scotland</span>:&mdash;First Crest.
+<i>A lion statant guardant gu.</i>, assumed by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Robert&nbsp;II.</span>, about <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1385; retained, and with some modifications
+used by his successors, till about <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1550. Second Crest. <i>On an Imperial Crown,
+a&nbsp;lion sejant affronté erect gu.; imperially crowned, holding in
+the dexter paw a sword, and in the sinister paw a sceptre, both erect
+and ppr.</i>; with the motto&mdash;IN: DEFENSE; assumed by <span class =
+"smallcaps">James&nbsp;V.</span>; borne by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Mary</span>, and shown in her signet-ring, No. 432, about
+1564; retained, and now in use.</p>
+
+
+<h6>ROYAL SUPPORTERS.</h6>
+
+<p>For <span class = "smallcaps">England</span>. Of uncertain authority
+before <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VI.</span>, who bore <i>two
+white antelopes</i>: also, <i>a lion and a panther</i>, or
+<i>antelope</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;IV.</span>:&mdash;<i>A lion
+or</i>, or <i>argent, and a bull sable</i>: or, <i>two lions argent</i>:
+or, <i>a lion and a hart argent</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;III.</span>:&mdash;<i>A lion
+or and a boar arg.</i>: or, <i>two boars arg.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VII.</span>:&mdash;<i>A dragon
+gu., and a greyhound arg.</i>: or, <i>two greyhounds arg.</i>: or, <i>a
+lion or and a dragon gu.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VIII.</span>:&mdash;<i>A lion or
+and a dragon gu.</i>: or, <i>a dragon gu., and either a bull sable,
+a&nbsp;greyhound argent, or a cock arg.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;VI.</span>:&mdash;<i>A lion or,
+and a dragon gu.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mary</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Elizabeth</span>:&mdash;<i>A lion or, and a greyhound
+arg.</i>, or <i>a dragon gu.</i></p>
+
+<p>For <span class = "smallcaps">Scotland</span>.&mdash;First
+Supporters:&mdash;<i>Two lions rampt. guard.</i>; first seen on a Seal
+of <span class = "smallcaps">James&nbsp;I.</span>, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1429. Second Supporters: <i>Two silver
+unicorns, crowned with imperial and gorged with open crowns and chained
+or</i>;
+<span class = "pagenum">265</span>
+<a name = "page265" id = "page265"> </a>
+assumed by <span class = "smallcaps">James&nbsp;IV.</span>, and retained
+in use. On the signet of Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Mary
+Stuart</span>, No. 432: for this beautiful cut once more I am indebted
+to Mr. Laing.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig432" id = "fig432"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig432.png" width = "230" height = "271"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 432.&mdash; The Signet of Queen Mary Stuart, considerably
+enlarged.</p>
+
+<p>For the <span class = "smallcaps">United Kingdom</span>. Dexter
+Supporter: <i>A lion rampt. guard., royally crowned, or</i>. Sinister
+Supporter: <i>A unicorn rampt. arg., armed, crined and gorged with a
+coronet composed of crosses pattée and fleurs de lis, and chained
+or</i>. Assumed by <span class = "smallcaps">James&nbsp;I.</span> of
+Great Britain: retained, and still in use.</p>
+
+
+<h6>ROYAL MOTTOES.</h6>
+
+<p>The ancient English war-cry&mdash;DIEU . ET . MON .
+DROIT!&mdash;“<i>God and my Right!</i>� assumed as a regular Motto by
+<span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VI.</span>, has been retained in
+use since his time.</p>
+
+<p>Queens <span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Anne</span> also used&mdash;SEMPER . EADEM&mdash;“<i>Always
+the Same</i>.� <span class = "smallcaps">James I.</span>
+used&mdash;BEATI . PACIFICI&mdash;“<i>Blessed are the
+Peace-makers</i>.�</p>
+
+<p>Mottoes of Scotland: NEMO . ME . IMPUNE . LACESSIT&mdash;“<i>No man
+with impunity attacks me</i>:� and, above the Crest&mdash;IN . DEFENSE.
+The former is really the Motto of the Order of the Thistle.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">266</span>
+<a name = "page266" id = "page266"> </a>
+<h6>THE CROWN</h6>
+
+<p>Till the time of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;IV.</span>, the
+Crown, the symbol of the Sovereignty of England, was a golden circlet
+richly jewelled, and heightened with conventional
+<i>strawberry-leaves</i>: fine examples are represented in the effigies
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">John</span>, and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;II.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;IV.</span>, as shown by his
+splendid effigy at Canterbury, introduced <i>fleurs de lys</i>,
+alternating with the leaves.</p>
+
+<p>From the time of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;V.</span>, the
+circlet has been heightened by <i>crosses pattées</i> and <i>fleurs de
+lys</i> alternating, four of each, and without any leaves. <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;V.</span> also first <i>arched the circlet with
+jewelled bands</i>, which at their intersection he surmounted with a
+<i>mound and cross</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig234n" id = "fig234n"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig234.png" width = "195" height = "200"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 234.&mdash; Crown of<br>
+H.M., The King.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The arched Crown of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;V.</span>
+has four half-arches,&mdash;that is, it is arched over twice: <span
+class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VI.</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Charles&nbsp;I.</span> arched their crown three times: all
+the other Sovereigns have had two complete arches only, and the Crown
+still retains these two arches intersecting at right angles, as in No.
+234. At different periods, while the design of the Crown has remained
+unchanged, the contour of the arches, and the artistic treatment of the
+ornamentation have undergone various modifications.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Royal Banners</span>, or <span class =
+"smallcaps">Standards</span>, are charged with the bearings of the Royal
+Shield of Arms for the time being.</p>
+
+<p>The Armorial Insignia of H.R.H. the late <span class =
+"smallcaps">Prince Consort</span>. The <span class =
+"smallcaps">Shield</span> was&mdash;<i>Quarterly</i>, 1 <i>and</i>
+4,&mdash;<i>The Royal Arms of the late Queen</i>, as in <a href =
+"#fig416">No. 416</a>, but differenced with <i>a silver label of three
+points charged on the central point with
+<span class = "pagenum">267</span>
+<a name = "page267" id = "page267"> </a>
+a cross of St. George</i>: 2 <i>and</i> 3,&mdash;<i>Saxony</i>, <a href
+= "#fig225">No. 225</a>. This Shield was encircled with the Garter of
+the Order, and ensigned with the Prince’s own Coronet, shown in <a href
+= "#fig441">No. 441</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Crest</span> was the <i>Royal Crest of
+England</i>, <a href = "#fig431">No. 431</a>, the lion having the same
+<i>label</i> that differences the Shield adjusted about his neck as a
+collar, and being crowned with the coronet, <i>vide</i> <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘Fig.’">No.</ins> 441, in place of the
+Imperial Crown.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Supporters</span> were those of the
+Royal Arms, <i>the golden lion and silver unicorn</i>, both of them
+differenced with the same <i>label</i>, and the lion crowned with the
+same coronet.</p>
+
+<p>The Motto.&mdash;TREU . UND . FEST&mdash;“True and Faithful.� To the
+dexter of this Achievement, the complete Royal Achievement of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Queen Victoria</span>.</p>
+
+<p>The Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">King Edward VII.</span> were
+and those of <span class = "smallcaps">King George V.</span> are
+practically the same as those of <span class = "smallcaps">Queen
+Victoria</span>. As <span class = "smallcaps">Princes of Wales</span>,
+these Arms were differenced by a plain <i>label</i> of three points
+argent, and an inescutcheon of <span class = "smallcaps">Saxony</span>
+was superimposed. In each case upon accession to the throne, the
+inescutcheon of Saxony was removed, and consequently there has been no
+change whatsoever in the Royal Arms, those of <span class =
+"smallcaps">King Edward</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">King
+George</span> being the same as those of <span class = "smallcaps">Queen
+Victoria</span>, save, of course, the necessary change in the Royal
+Cyphers&mdash;the full blazon of the Royal Arms for the present reign
+being:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Arms.</span>&mdash; <i>Quarterly</i>, 1
+<i>and</i> 4, <i>gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or</i>
+(<span class = "smallcaps">England</span>); 2,&nbsp;<i>or, a&nbsp;lion
+rampant within a double tressure flory and counterflory gules</i> (<span
+class = "smallcaps">Scotland</span>); 3,&nbsp;<i>azure, a&nbsp;harp or,
+stringed argent</i> (<span class = "smallcaps">Ireland</span>).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Helmet</span>&mdash;<i>of gold, affronté
+and with grylles</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mantling</span>, <i>cloth of gold lined
+with ermine</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Crests</span> <i>upon the Imperial Crown,
+a&nbsp;lion statant guardant, crowned or</i> (<span class =
+"smallcaps">England</span>).</p>
+
+<p><i>Upon the Crown of Scotland, a lion sejant erect affronté
+<span class = "pagenum">268</span>
+<a name = "page268" id = "page268"> </a>
+gules; crowned or, holding in the dexter paw a sword, and in the
+sinister a sceptre, both proper</i> (<span class =
+"smallcaps">Scotland</span>).</p>
+
+<p>On a Wreath, <i>or and azure, a tower triple-towered of the first,
+from the portal a hart springing argent, attired and unguled gold</i>
+(<span class = "smallcaps">Ireland</span>).</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Supporters</span> (dexter), <i>a lion
+guardant or, crowned as the crest</i>; (sinister), <i>a unicorn argent,
+armed, crined and unguled or, gorged with a coronet composed of crosses
+patée and fleurs de lis, a&nbsp;chain affixed thereto, passing between
+the forelegs and reflexed over the back of the last</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Badges.</span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "hanging">
+<p>1. <i>The Red and White Rose, united and crowned</i> (<span class =
+"smallcaps">England</span>).</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>The Thistle, crowned</i> (<span class =
+"smallcaps">Scotland</span>).</p>
+
+<p>3. <i>A Harp or, stringed argent, crowned</i> (<span class =
+"smallcaps">Ireland</span>).</p>
+
+<p>4. <i>A Trefoil slipped vert, crowned</i> (<span class =
+"smallcaps">Ireland</span>).</p>
+
+<p>5. <i>The Rose, Thistle and Shamrock united on one stem and
+crowned</i> (<span class = "smallcaps">United Kingdom</span>).</p>
+
+<p>6. <i>A Shield, crowned and bearing the device of the Union Jack</i>
+(<span class = "smallcaps">United Kingdom</span>).</p>
+
+<p>7. <i>Upon a mount vert, a dragon passant with wings elevated
+gules</i> (<span class = "smallcaps">Wales</span>).
+<i>N.B.</i>&mdash;This badge is not crowned.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Motto.</span>&mdash;DIEU . ET . MON . DROIT
+in the compartment below the Shield, with the Union, Rose, Shamrock, and
+Thistle engrafted on the same stem.</p>
+
+<p>The Shield is encircled by the Garter of that Order.</p>
+
+<p>The Arms of H.M. <span class = "smallcaps">Queen Alexandra</span>,
+early in the reign of <span class = "smallcaps">King Edward</span>, were
+declared by Royal Warrant. Within the Garter are impaled (dexter) the
+Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">King Edward VII.</span> and (sinister)
+the undifferenced Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Denmark</span> as
+under:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Royal Arms of Denmark</span>. The
+Shield divided into four quarters by the national <i>white cross</i>,
+having a <i>border of red</i> to represent the red field of the Danish
+Ensign.
+<span class = "pagenum">269</span>
+<a name = "page269" id = "page269"> </a>
+First Quarter:&mdash;<span class =
+"smallcaps">Denmark</span>&mdash;<i>Or, semée of hearts gu., three lions
+pass. guard. in pale az.</i> Second Quarter:&mdash;<span class =
+"smallcaps">Sleswick</span>&mdash;<i>Or, two lions pass. in pale az.</i>
+Third Quarter:&mdash;<i>Per fesse, in chief</i>, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Sweden</span>&mdash;<i>Az., three crowns or; in base</i>,
+<span class = "smallcaps">Iceland</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;stock-fish
+arg., crowned or; impaling</i>, for <span class = "smallcaps">Faroe
+Islands</span>&mdash;<i>Az., a&nbsp;buck pass. arg.</i>; and, for <span
+class = "smallcaps">Greenland</span>&mdash;a <i>polar bear rampt.
+arg.</i> Fourth Quarter:&mdash;<i>Per fesse, in chief</i>, for <span
+class = "smallcaps">Jutland</span>&mdash;<i>Or, ten hearts, four, three,
+two, one, gu., and in chief a lion pass. az.; in base</i>, for <span
+class = "smallcaps">Vandalia</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;wyvern, its
+tail nowed and wings expanded, or</i>.</p>
+
+<p>On an Inescutcheon, quarterly: First, for <span class =
+"smallcaps">Holstein</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., an inescutcheon per fesse arg.
+and of the first, in every point thereof a nail in triangle, between as
+many holly-leaves, all ppr.</i> Second, for <span class =
+"smallcaps">Stormerk</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;swan arg., gorged with
+a coronet or</i>. Third, for <span class =
+"smallcaps">Ditzmers</span>&mdash;<i>Az., an armed knight ppr.,
+brandishing his sword, his charger arg.</i> Fourth, for <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lauenburgh</span>&mdash;<i>Gu., a&nbsp;horse’s head couped
+arg.</i></p>
+
+<p>Over all, in pretence upon a second Inescutcheon, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Oldenburgh</span>&mdash;<i>Or, two bars gu.</i>;
+impaling&mdash;<i>Az., a&nbsp;cross patée fitchée or</i>, for <span
+class = "smallcaps">Dalmenhurst</span>.</p>
+
+<p>The above-mentioned warrant for Her Majesty declares the arms to be
+surmounted by the Royal Crown, and supported (dexter) by a lion
+guardant, and imperially crowned or, and (sinister) by a savage wreathed
+about the temples and loins with oak and supporting in his exterior hand
+a club all proper.</p>
+
+<p>The Arms of H.M. <span class = "smallcaps">Queen Mary</span>, as
+declared by Royal Warrant, are:&mdash;Within the Garter ensigned with
+the Royal Crown the Arms of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
+Ireland impaling quarterly (for Cambridge) the Royal Arms as borne by
+<span class = "smallcaps">George&nbsp;III.</span> differenced by a label
+of three points arg., the centre point charged with the St. George’s
+Cross, and each of the other points with two hearts in pale gu., 2nd and
+3rd (for Teck) or, three stags’ attires fesseways in pale, the point of
+each attire to the sinister sa.,
+<span class = "pagenum">270</span>
+<a name = "page270" id = "page270"> </a>
+impaling or, three lions passant in pale sa., langued gu., the dexter
+fore paws of the last, over all an inescutcheon paly bendy sinister sa.
+and or. <i>Supporters</i> (dexter) a&nbsp;lion guardant or, crowned with
+the Royal Crown ppr.; (sinister) a&nbsp;stag ppr.</p>
+
+<p>H.R.H. the <span class = "smallcaps">Prince of Wales</span> bears a
+Shield&mdash;<i>Quarterly</i>, 1&nbsp;<i>and</i> 4, <span class =
+"smallcaps">England</span>; 2,&nbsp;<span class =
+"smallcaps">Scotland</span>; 3,&nbsp;<span class =
+"smallcaps">Ireland</span>, differenced by a plain <i>label of three
+points argent</i>. In pretence over these Arms he bears an Inescutcheon
+of the Arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Wales</span>, viz. quarterly or
+and gu., four lions passant guardant counter-changed, the Inescutcheon
+surmounted by the Coronet of the Heir-Apparent. His Crest is the Crest
+of England, and his Supporters are also the same, but the Crest and each
+of the Supporters are differenced by a similar <i>label</i>, and for the
+Imperial Crown in the Crest and dexter supporter the coronet of the
+Prince of <span class = "smallcaps">Wales</span> is substituted. The
+Badges of the Prince of <span class = "smallcaps">Wales</span> are
+two:&mdash;viz. 1,&nbsp;<i>A plume of three ostrich feathers arg.,
+quilled or, enfiled by a coronet composed of crosses patée and fleurs de
+lys</i>, with the <span class = "smallcaps">Motto</span>, “ICH DIEN�:
+2,&nbsp;<i>on a mount vert, a&nbsp;dragon passant with wings elevated
+gu., differenced with a label of three points arg.</i> Below the <span
+class = "smallcaps">Shield</span> the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Motto</span> “ICH DIEN� is repeated, and the Shield is
+surrounded by the Garter.</p>
+
+<p>The other <span class = "smallcaps">Princes</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Princesses</span>, younger children of the late <span class
+= "smallcaps">Queen Victoria</span>, all bore the Royal Arms of the
+Sovereign, the Princes on <i>Shields</i>, the Princesses on
+<i>Lozenges</i>. All their Royal Highnesses bore the Royal
+<i>Supporters</i>; all have a Shield of <i>Saxony</i>, in pretence on
+their own Shield or Lozenge; all ensign their Shield or Lozenge with
+their own Coronet, <a href = "#fig290">No. 290</a>; and the Princes bear
+the Royal <i>Crest</i>. In every case, the dexter Supporter is crowned
+and the sinister Supporter is gorged, and the Crest stands upon and is
+ensigned with the same Coronet which appears above the Shield as their
+particular coronet of rank: all the Shields,
+<span class = "pagenum">271</span>
+<a name = "page271" id = "page271"> </a>
+Lozenges, Crests, and Supporters, are differenced with a <i>silver label
+of three points, the labels being differenced</i> as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>H.R.H. the late Duke of <span class = "smallcaps">Edinburgh</span>,
+&amp;c.:&mdash;<i>On the central point a red cross; on each of the other
+two points a red anchor</i> (when the Duke succeeded to the throne of
+Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, a&nbsp;radical change in his Arms was made).
+H.R.H. the Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Connaught</span>:&mdash;<i>Red cross, and two blue fleurs de
+lys</i>. H.R.H. the late Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Albany</span>:&mdash;<i>Red cross, and two red hearts</i>.
+H.I.M. the late <span class = "smallcaps">German Empress</span>, <span
+class = "smallcaps">Princess Royal of England</span>, on the central
+point of her <i>label</i> had a <i>red rose</i>, and on each of the
+other two points a <i>red cross</i>. H.R.H. the late Princess <span
+class = "smallcaps">Alice of Hesse</span> had on her <i>label</i> a
+<i>red rose</i>, between two <i>ermine spots</i>. H.R.H. the Princess
+<span class = "smallcaps">Helena</span>, Princess <span class =
+"smallcaps">Christian</span>, has on her <i>label</i> a <i>red cross</i>
+between two <i>red roses</i>. H.R.H. the Princess <span class =
+"smallcaps">Louise</span> (Duchess of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Argyll</span>):&mdash;<i>Red rose, and two red cantons</i>.
+H.R.H. the Princess <span class =
+"smallcaps">Beatrice</span>:&mdash;<i>Red heart, and two red
+roses</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Warrants for the three daughters of King <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward</span> were issued in the lifetime of Queen <span
+class = "smallcaps">Victoria</span> when they were grandchildren of the
+Sovereign, and no change has since been made. Consequently the
+<i>labels</i> are of <i>five points</i> instead of <i>three</i>. The
+Charges upon the label of H.R.H. the Duchess of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Fife</span> (Princess <span class = "smallcaps">Royal of
+England</span>) are: <i>Three red crosses, and two thistles slipped
+alternately</i>. H.R.H. Princess <span class =
+"smallcaps">Victoria</span> has a <i>label</i> of <i>five points
+argent</i>, charged with <i>three roses</i> and <i>two crosses
+gules</i>; and H.M. the Queen of <span class = "smallcaps">Norway</span>
+a similar <i>label</i>, charged with <i>three hearts</i> and <i>two
+crosses gules</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>label</i> of H.R.H. the first Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Cambridge</span> was silver, of three points, and the points
+differenced with <i>a red cross</i> in the centre, and on each of the
+two side points <i>two red hearts in pale</i>. The second and late Duke
+bore the same <i>label</i> as his father, and below it a second
+<i>label</i> of three
+<span class = "pagenum">272</span>
+<a name = "page272" id = "page272"> </a>
+points <i>gules</i>. The <i>label</i> of H.R.H. the first Duke of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Cumberland</span> (son of <span class =
+"smallcaps">King George III.</span>) was of silver, and of <i>three
+points</i> charged with a <i>fleur de lys</i> between <i>two crosses
+gules</i>. The second Duke bore an additional <i>label</i> of <i>three
+points gules</i>, the <i>centre point</i> charged with the <i>white
+horse of Hanover</i>. These Dukes bore the Royal Arms as used in the
+reign of <span class = "smallcaps">George&nbsp;III.</span> and not as
+altered for Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Victoria</span>,
+differencing the accessories as well as the Shield with their
+<i>labels</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In 1904 a warrant was issued for H.R.H. Prince <span class =
+"smallcaps">Arthur of Connaught</span>. The label was of five points
+charged with three red crosses and two blue fleurs de lys alternately.
+The coronet assigned to him was of crosses patée and strawberry leaves
+alternately.</p>
+
+<p>An interesting warrant was issued for the Princess <span class =
+"smallcaps">Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg</span>, now Queen of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Spain</span>, in view of her then approaching
+marriage. This assigned to her the arms of her father within a bordure
+of England, and each of the supporters had a banner of the Royal Arms of
+the United Kingdom placed in his paws.</p>
+
+<p>Even more interesting was the warrant issued in 1913 to H.H. Princess
+<span class = "smallcaps">Alexandra</span>, Duchess of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Fife</span>. This assigned to her upon a lozenge the Royal
+Arms, differenced by the same label as that of her mother the Princess
+Royal, and upon an inescutcheon the quarterly coat of Duff, the
+inescutcheon being surmounted by the coronet of a Duchess of the United
+Kingdom, and the lozenge itself being surmounted by the coronet of a
+Princess of the rank of Highness. The dexter supporter is the Royal Lion
+of England crowned with the last-mentioned coronet and charged with the
+label as in the arms. The sinister supporter is a savage taken from the
+supporters of the late Duke of Fife.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">273</span>
+<a name = "page273" id = "page273"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapXIX" id = "chapXIX">CHAPTER XIX</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD AND INSIGNIA OF
+HONOUR</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "summary">
+Feudal Knighthood&mdash; Orders of Knighthood: Knights of St. John;
+Knights Templars; The Order of the Garter; of the Thistle; of St.
+Patrick; of the Bath; of St. Michael and St. George; of The Star of
+India&mdash; Order of Merit&mdash; Royal Victorian Order&mdash; Imperial
+Service Order&mdash; The Victoria Cross&mdash; The Albert Medal&mdash;
+Naval and Military Medals&mdash; Foreign Insignia bestowed on British
+Subjects.</p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“The same King would make an Order of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Knights</span> of himself and his Sons, and of the bravest
+of his land.� &mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Froissart.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "poem">
+<p>“I will say as I have said,&mdash;</p>
+<p>Thou art a noble <span class = "smallcaps">Knight</span>.�</p>
+<p class = "half">
+&mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Lord of the Isles.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Knighthood</span>, as that term is generally
+understood in its comprehensive acceptation, has been well defined to be
+“a distinction of rank amongst freemen, depending not upon birth or
+property, but simply upon the admission of the person so distinguished,
+by the girding of a sword or other similar solemnity, into an order of
+men having by law or usage certain social or political privileges,� and
+also a certain appropriate title. It is evident, therefore, from this
+definition that Knighthood implies the existence of these two
+conditions: the one, that the man to be admitted to the rank of
+Knighthood should possess such qualifications as may entitle him to that
+distinction; and the other, that Knighthood should be conferred by a
+personage endowed with a competent power and authority.</p>
+
+<p>In feudal times the qualifications for Knighthood were military
+exploits of a distinguished character, and eminent
+<span class = "pagenum">274</span>
+<a name = "page274" id = "page274"> </a>
+services, of whatever kind, rendered to the King and the realm: also,
+the holding a certain property in land (in the time of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;I.</span>, land then of the yearly value of £20,
+or upwards), whether directly from the King, or under some Noble, by the
+feudal tenure of personal military service to be rendered under certain
+established conditions; but it has been disputed whether there was any
+necessary connection between Knighthood, as such, and the Knight Service
+of Feudal Tenure. During the first two centuries after the Conquest,
+Knighthood was conferred by the great Barons and by the Spiritual Peers,
+as well as by the King himself, or by his appointed representative: but,
+after the accession of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;III.</span>,
+the prevailing rule appears to have been that in England no persons
+should be created Knights except by the King, or the Prince Royal acting
+for his Father, or by the King’s General-in-Chief, or other personal
+representative.</p>
+
+<p>The knightly rank, as it gave an increase of dignity, implied also
+the maintenance of a becoming state, and the discharge of certain civil
+duties: and, more particularly, all Knights were required to make such a
+provision for rendering military service as was held to be consistent
+with their position and their property; and it was expected from them
+that they should take a dignified part in the chivalrous exercises and
+celebrations of their times. It followed, that feudal Knighthood was a
+distinction which, if not conferred for the sake of honour, became
+obligatory; and fines, accordingly, were imposed upon men qualified for
+Knighthood who, notwithstanding, were found not to be Knights. In the
+course of time, as the rigour of the feudal system abated, the numbers
+of the military tenants of small tenures greatly increased: and, since
+many of these persons had no inclination for the profession of arms,
+they gladly accepted the alternative of paying a fine, which enabled
+them to evade an honour unsuited as well to their means as to their
+<span class = "pagenum">275</span>
+<a name = "page275" id = "page275"> </a>
+personal tastes and their peaceful avocations. A&nbsp;fruitful source of
+revenue thus was secured for the Crown, while the military character of
+Knighthood was maintained, and at the same time a new and important
+class of the community gradually became established.</p>
+
+<p>The Knights of Norman England, who at first were soldiers of the
+highest order, derived their designation from their warlike predecessors
+of Anglo-Saxon times, the word “<i>cniht</i>,� in the late Anglo-Saxon
+tongue, signifying a military attendant. When they had established
+themselves in the position and in the possession of the lands of the
+Anglo-Saxons, the Anglo-Norman Knights retained their own original
+title. The Latin equivalent for that title of “Knight� is
+“<i>Miles</i>,� and the Norman-French is “<i>Chevalier</i>.�</p>
+
+<p>These Knights may be grouped in two classes. The first class contains
+all persons who had been admitted into the comprehensive Order of
+Chivalry&mdash;who were Knights by reason of their common Knighthood.
+The second class is formed of Knights who, in addition to their Knightly
+rank, were members of some special and distinct Fraternity,
+Companionship, or Order of Knighthood. Every Society of this kind has
+always possessed Laws, Institutions, Titles, and Insignia peculiar to
+itself.</p>
+
+<p>The peculiar character and object of the Crusades led to the
+formation of two Orders of <i>Priest-Knights</i>&mdash;Orders not
+belonging to any particular nation, but numbering amongst their members
+men of all nations. These are the Orders of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Knights of St. John of Jerusalem</span>, or <span class =
+"smallcaps">Hospitallers</span>, and of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Knights Templars</span>.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Hospitallers</span>, instituted about
+<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1092, were introduced into
+England about 1100. In the year 1310 they were established at Rhodes,
+and in 1530 at Malta, under their forty-third Grand Master, <span class
+= "smallcaps">Philippe de Villiers de L’Isle-Adam</span>. Their device
+is a <i>silver cross of eight
+<span class = "pagenum">276</span>
+<a name = "page276" id = "page276"> </a>
+points</i>, <a href = "#fig107">No. 107</a>, charged upon a <i>black
+field</i>, or worn upon a black surcoat or mantle. The Order was finally
+suppressed in England in 1559.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Templars</span>, instituted about <span
+class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1118, were introduced into England
+about 1140. In the year 1309 they were suppressed, and in 1312 their
+Order was finally abolished. They wore <i>a Cross</i> of the same form
+as <a href = "#fig107">No. 107</a>, but of a <i>red colour upon a white
+field</i>. This red cross they charged upon a white banner: and they
+bore another banner, <a href = "#fig13">No. 13</a>, of <i>black and
+white</i>, entitled “<i>Beau Seant</i>.� The same words, “<i>Beau
+Seant!</i>� were their war-cry. The Badges of the Templars were the
+<i>Agnus Dei</i>&mdash;the Holy Lamb, holding a red-cross banner; and a
+device representing two Knights mounted on a single horse, intended to
+denote the original poverty of the Order.<a class = "tag" name = "tag8"
+id = "tag8" href = "#note8">8</a></p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig433" id = "fig433"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig433.png" width = "238" height = "435"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 433.&mdash; Insignia of the Order of the Garter.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Order of the Garter</span>, a military
+Fraternity under the special patronage of “<span class = "smallcaps">St.
+George</span>, the good Knight,� was instituted at Windsor by King <span
+class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span> in, or about, the year
+1350&mdash;very probably in the summer of 1348, but the exact time is
+not positively known. It may safely be assumed, that the occasion which
+led to the institution of this most noble and renowned Order, was a
+Tournament or Hastilude of unusual importance held at his Castle of
+Windsor by <span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span> at the most
+brilliant period of his reign: and it is highly probable that the Order
+suggested itself to the mind of the King, as a natural result of his own
+chivalrous revival of a knightly “Round Table,� such as flourished in
+the days of King Arthur. How much of historical fact there may be in the
+popular legend, which professes to derive from a certain romantic
+incident the
+<span class = "pagenum">277</span>
+<a name = "page277" id = "page277"> </a>
+Title certainly borne by King <span class = "smallcaps">Edward’s</span>
+Order from the time of its original institution, it is not possible to
+determine: but the legend itself is not in any way inconsistent with the
+spirit of those times; nor would the Knights Founders of the Garter
+regard their Order as the less honourable, because its Title might
+remind them of the happy gallantry, with which the casual misadventure
+of a noble Lady had been turned to so good an account by a most princely
+Monarch. The Statutes of the Order have been continually modified and
+altered, and the original military character of the Institution has long
+ceased to exist: still, no changes in the Order of the Garter have
+affected the pre-eminence of its dignity and reputation. Illustrious now
+as ever, and foremost in rank and honour in
+<span class = "pagenum">278</span>
+<a name = "page278" id = "page278"> </a>
+our own country, the <span class = "smallcaps">Garter</span> is second
+to no knightly Order in the world.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Most Noble Order of the Garter</span>
+consists of the <span class = "smallcaps">Sovereign</span> and
+Twenty-five <span class = "smallcaps">Knights Companions</span>, of whom
+the <span class = "smallcaps">Prince of Wales</span> always is one. By a
+Statute of the year 1805, the Order includes such lineal descendants of
+<span class = "smallcaps">George&nbsp;III.</span> as may be elected: and
+still more recent statutes have provided for the admission of foreign
+Sovereigns, and also of certain “Extra Knights,� who are elected
+“Companions� as vacancies occur.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Officers</span> of the Order
+are&mdash;The <i>Prelate</i>, the Bishop of Winchester: the
+<i>Chancellor</i>, the Bishop of Oxford: the <i>Registrar</i>, the Dean
+of Windsor: the <i>Herald</i>, Garter King of Arms: and, the <i>Usher of
+the Black Rod</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Knights of the Garter place the initials “K.G.� after their names;
+and these letters take precedence of all other titles, those of Royalty
+alone excepted.</p>
+
+<p>The Stalls of the Knights are in the choir of St. George’s Chapel,
+Windsor Castle, where their Garter-plates are fixed, and their Banners
+are displayed.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Insignia</span> of the Order of the
+Garter are&mdash;The <i>Garter</i> itself, of a light blue originally,
+now of a dark blue, with border, buckle, and pendant of gold. On it, in
+golden letters, the <i>Motto</i>&mdash;HONI . SOIT . QVI . MAL . Y .
+PENSE&mdash;“Dishonour to him who thinks ill of it;� and not, as it is
+commonly rendered, “Evil to him that evil thinks.�</p>
+
+<p>The Badge of the Order is circular, and formed of a buckled Garter
+enclosing a Shield of St. George, the whole blazoned in the proper
+tinctures: it is worn on the left shoulder of the blue velvet Mantle.
+When irradiated with eight rays of silver or diamonds, a&nbsp;device
+resembling the Badge in every respect, except that the cross of St.
+George is enclosed within the Garter without being charged on a Shield,
+forms the <i>Star</i> of the Order.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">279</span>
+<a name = "page279" id = "page279"> </a>
+<p>The <i>Collar</i>, of gold enamelled, is formed of twelve buckled
+Garters, each encircling a Tudor Rose, and as many knots of intertwined
+cords. Attached to this Collar is the <i>George</i>&mdash;a mounted
+figure of the Saint in the act of trampling down the dragon and piercing
+him with his lance. The Collar and George were added to the Insignia by
+<span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VII.</span></p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig434" id = "fig434"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig434.png" width = "159" height = "311"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 434.<br>
+The Lesser George,<br>
+of the Garter.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The <i>Lesser George</i>, or <i>Jewel</i>, added by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VIII.</span>, has the same device placed on an
+enamelled field, and forming a jewel generally oval in form; it is
+encircled by a buckled Garter of the Order, and represented in No. 434.
+It was this Lesser George that <span class =
+"smallcaps">Charles&nbsp;I.</span>, immediately before he suffered,
+delivered to Archbishop <span class = "smallcaps">Juxon</span>, with the
+word, “Remember.� As a matter of course, the figure of <span class =
+"smallcaps">St. George</span> ought always to be represented as a
+Knight, armed and equipped as one of the Christian chivalry of the
+Middle Ages&mdash;not as a pagan horseman of antiquity, and more
+particularly not in the guise of such a nude champion as appears on some
+of our modern coins. The Lesser George, often incorrectly called the
+Badge, at first was sometimes worn from a gold chain, and sometimes from
+a <i>black Ribbon</i>. The Colour of the ribbon was changed to <i>sky
+blue</i> by Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth</span>; and it has
+since been again changed to the <i>dark blue</i> of the broad Ribbon now
+worn. This <i>Ribbon</i> of the Order crosses the figure of the wearer,
+passing over the left shoulder, and the Lesser George hangs from it
+under the right arm.</p>
+
+<p>Since the time of <span class = "smallcaps">Charles&nbsp;II.</span>
+it has been customary
+<span class = "pagenum">280</span>
+<a name = "page280" id = "page280"> </a>
+for the nearest representatives of a deceased K.G. to return his
+Insignia to the Sovereign.</p>
+
+<p>Each Officer of the Order, except the Usher, has his own proper
+Badge.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig450" id = "fig450"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig450.png" width = "246" height = "432"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 450.&mdash; Insignia of the Order of the Thistle.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Order of the Thistle, of
+Scotland</span>, styled “Most Noble and Most Ancient,� and indicated by
+the Initials “K.T.,� was originally instituted long before the accession
+of a Scottish Sovereign to the Crown of England; but it is now governed
+by statutes framed by <span class = "smallcaps">James&nbsp;II.</span> of
+Great Britain, <span class = "smallcaps">Anne</span>, and <span class =
+"smallcaps">George&nbsp;IV.</span></p>
+
+<p>The Order consists of the SOVEREIGN and sixteen <span class =
+"smallcaps">Knights</span>. Its <span class =
+"smallcaps">Officers</span> are&mdash;The <i>Dean</i>; <i>the Lord Lyon
+King of Arms</i>; and the <i>Gentleman Usher of the Green Rod</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Insignia</span> are&mdash;The
+<i>Badge</i> of gold enamelled, being
+<span class = "pagenum">281</span>
+<a name = "page281" id = "page281"> </a>
+a figure of St. Andrew standing upon a mount holding his silver Saltire
+and surrounded by rays in the form of a glory. This Badge is worn from
+the <i>Collar</i> of the Order, formed of sixteen Thistles alternating
+with as many bunches of rue-sprigs; or, from a broad <i>dark green
+Ribbon</i>, which crosses the left shoulder. There are fine examples of
+these Insignia sculptured upon the Monument of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Mary</span>, Queen of Scots, in Westminster Abbey. The jewel
+is shown in <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Fig.’">No.</ins> 435.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Star</i> of this Order, of silver or diamonds, is in the form
+of a St. Andrew’s Saltire, having its four limbs alternating with the
+four points of a lozenge: in the centre, surrounded by the Motto (NEMO
+ME IMPUNE LACESSIT), is a Thistle proper.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig435" id = "fig435"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig435.png" width = "155" height = "266"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig436" id = "fig436"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig436.png" width = "163" height = "264"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 435.&mdash; Jewel of the Thistle.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 436.&mdash; Badge of St. Patrick.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Most Illustrious Order of <span class = "smallcaps">St. Patrick,
+of Ireland</span>, indicated by the Initials, “K.P.�, and instituted in
+1783 by <span class = "smallcaps">George&nbsp;III.</span>, consists of
+the SOVEREIGN, the <span class = "smallcaps">Grand Master</span>, and
+twenty-two <span class = "smallcaps">Knights</span>. The <span class =
+"smallcaps">Officers</span> are the Grand Master, the <i>Chancellor</i>,
+the <i>Secretary</i>, <i>Ulster King of Arms</i> and <i>Registrar</i>,
+two
+<span class = "pagenum">282</span>
+<a name = "page282" id = "page282"> </a>
+<i>Heralds</i>, and one <i>Pursuivant</i>, the <i>Genealogist</i>, and
+the <i>Usher of the Black Rod</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig451" id = "fig451"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig451.png" width = "251" height = "441"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 451.&mdash; Insignia of the Order of St. Patrick.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Insignia</span> are&mdash;The
+<i>Badge</i> or <i>Jewel</i>, of gold enamelled, and oval in form. It
+has a Shamrock (or Trefoil slipped) having on each leaf a Royal Crown,
+charged on the Saltire of St. Patrick, the field being surrounded by the
+<i>Motto</i>&mdash;QVIS . SEPARABIT . (“Who will sever?�) MDCCLXXXIII.,
+on a blue band, which in its turn is encircled with a wreath of
+Shamrocks on gold. This Badge, <a href = "#fig436">No. 436</a>, is worn
+from the <i>Collar</i>, composed of Roses and Harps, alternating with
+each other and with knotted cords, a&nbsp;Crown surmounting a Harp being
+in the centre; or, the Badge is worn from a broad <i>sky-blue
+Ribbon</i>, crossing the right shoulder.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">283</span>
+<a name = "page283" id = "page283"> </a>
+<p>The <i>Star</i> resembles the Badge, except that its centre is
+circular instead of oval; and that it has eight rays of silver or
+diamonds, in place of the wreath of Shamrocks.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig452" id = "fig452"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig452.png" width = "248" height = "329"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 452.&mdash; Collar and Military Badge. Insignia of the Order of the
+Bath.</p>
+
+<p>The Most Honourable <span class = "smallcaps">Order of the
+Bath</span> is an early Institution which, after having long been in
+abeyance, has been revived and remodelled, and has received fresh
+statutes in the years 1725, 1815, 1847, and 1859.</p>
+
+<p>The Order, now numbering about a thousand members, consists of
+several distinct Groups or Classes, which include, with the SOVEREIGN,
+the Royal Princes, and some few distinguished Foreigners, Officers of
+our own Navy and Army, and also Diplomatic and Civil Servants of the
+Crown.</p>
+
+<p>The Three “Classes� of the Order alike include members of the Three
+Services, and each class is divided into two divisions, viz. Military
+and Civil.</p>
+
+<p>The “First Class,� of <span class = "smallcaps">Knights Grand Cross
+of the Bath</span>&mdash;G.C.B.&mdash;has 55 Military and 27 Civil
+Knights.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">284</span>
+<a name = "page284" id = "page284"> </a>
+<p>The “Second Class� numbers (with power to increase these numbers) 145
+Military and 108 Civil <span class = "smallcaps">Knights Commanders of
+the Bath</span>&mdash;K.C.B.</p>
+
+<p>The “Third Class,� not of Knights, but of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Companions of the Bath</span>&mdash;C.B.&mdash;has 705
+Military and 298 Civil Members, who take rank between Knights and
+Esquires.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Military Insignia</span> are&mdash;The
+<span class = "smallcaps">Badge</span>, a&nbsp;complicated combination
+of devices, characteristic of the debased period which produced it. It
+is represented in No. 437.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig437" id = "fig437"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig437.png" width = "291" height = "359"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 437.&mdash; Badge of the Bath (Military Division).</p>
+
+<p>The Cross is white; the circle with the Motto, red; and the small
+scroll in base, blue; all the rest being enamelled “proper.� This Badge
+is worn by the G.C.B. attached to a <i>Collar</i>, formed of nine Crowns
+and eight clusters of the Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock issuing from a
+Sceptre, alternating with seventeen Knots enamelled argent:&nbsp;or,
+<span class = "pagenum">285</span>
+<a name = "page285" id = "page285"> </a>
+this Badge is suspended by the G.C.B. from a broad <i>red Ribbon</i>,
+crossing the left shoulder. By the K.C.B. the Badge is worn from a
+narrower red Ribbon about the neck, or a still narrower at the
+button-hole. Also, by the C.B. it is attached to a narrow red Ribbon at
+the button-hole.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig453" id = "fig453"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig453.png" width = "175" height = "167"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig454" id = "fig454"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig454.png" width = "164" height = "163"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 453.&mdash; Star of Knight Grand Cross (Civil).</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 454.&mdash; Star of Knight Commander (Military).</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <i>Star</i> of the G.C.B. is similar to the Badge without The
+Cross and the lions, surrounded by silver rays having a lozenge-shaped
+outline. The <i>Star</i> of the K.C.B., which is in the form of a
+Maltese Cross, omits the Cross of the Badge. The C.B. have no Star.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright w180">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig438" id = "fig438"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig438.png" width = "143" height = "225"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 438.&mdash; Badge of the Bath (Civil Division).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Diplomatic and Civil <span class = "smallcaps">Insignia</span>
+are&mdash;The <i>Badge</i>, No. 438, worn with the same distinctions as
+the Naval and Military Badge; but the C.B. Badge is of smaller size than
+the Badges of the two higher Classes.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Star</i> of the G.C.B. has eight silver rays encircling their
+Badge in a circular form. The Star of the K.C.B. is the same as that of
+the Naval and Military K.C.B., omitting the laurel-wreath and the small
+scroll and motto.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Motto</i> of the Order&mdash;TRIA . JUNCTA . IN .
+UNO&mdash;“Three
+<span class = "pagenum">286</span>
+<a name = "page286" id = "page286"> </a>
+united in one,� refers to the Union of the three Realms of England,
+Scotland, and Ireland, in the Order.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Stalls</i> of the Knights of the Bath, before the Order was
+divided into classes, and those of their Esquires, are in Henry the
+Seventh’s Chapel, Westminster Abbey; but no installation has taken place
+since 1815, when the Order was reorganised, and no new plates or banners
+have been set&nbsp;up.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig455" id = "fig455"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig455.png" width = "174" height = "263"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 455.&mdash; Order of Merit.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">The Order of Merit</span> (O.M.) instituted
+in the year 1902, although it gives to its members neither style nor
+precedence, ranks next to the Order of the Bath, and is divided into two
+classes, Military and Civil. The only Insignia are the Badge and the
+Ribbon parti-coloured of <i>red</i> and <i>blue</i>. The Badge is <i>a
+cross pateé of four arms</i>, the outline of the cross being circular.
+The cross is of <i>blue enamel</i> and superimposed thereupon a smaller
+cross of the same design of <i>red</i>. The centre is <i>blue</i>,
+bearing the words, “FOR MERIT,� in gold letters within a laurel wreath.
+The cross is surmounted by the Royal Crown. The reverse of the Badge
+shows the Royal and Imperial Cypher. To the Badge <i>two swords
+saltirewise</i> in the
+<span class = "pagenum">287</span>
+<a name = "page287" id = "page287"> </a>
+angles of the cross are added in the case of members of the Military
+Division.</p>
+
+<p class = "first">
+The Most Exalted <span class = "smallcaps">Order of the Star of
+India</span>, instituted by Queen Victoria in 1861, to render especial
+honour to high merit and loyalty in the Indian Empire, was enlarged on
+the 24th of May 1866, and ordained to consist of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Sovereign</span>, a&nbsp;<span class = "smallcaps">Grand
+Master</span>, and 291 Ordinary <span class =
+"smallcaps">Companions</span> or <span class =
+"smallcaps">Members</span>; together with such extra and Honorary
+Members as the Sovereign at any time may be pleased to appoint.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig456" id = "fig456"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig456.png" width = "248" height = "399"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 456.&mdash; Collar and Insignia of the Exalted Order of the Star of
+India.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Viceroy and Governor-General of
+India</span> for the time being is always the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Grand Master</span>. The Ordinary Members are divided into
+Three Classes:&mdash;The “First Class� comprises 36 <span class =
+"smallcaps">Knights Grand Commanders</span>:
+<span class = "pagenum">288</span>
+<a name = "page288" id = "page288"> </a>
+G.C.S.I. In the “Second Class� there are 85 <span class =
+"smallcaps">Knights Commanders</span>: K.S.I. And, the “Third Class�
+numbers 170 <span class = "smallcaps">Companions</span>: C.S.I.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig439" id = "fig439"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig439.png" width = "235" height = "369"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 439.&mdash; Badge of the Star of India.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Insignia</span> are&mdash;The
+<i>Badge</i>, No. 439, formed of diamonds, having the Motto on a field
+of light blue enamel, and the bust of the late Queen executed as an onyx
+cameo. This Badge is attached by a mullet to the <i>Collar</i>, composed
+of heraldic roses and lotus flowers alternating with palm-branches,
+a&nbsp;crown being in the Centre: or, the Badge is worn from a <i>Ribbon
+of pale blue with white borders</i> crossing the left shoulder. The
+<i>Star</i>, of diamonds, has a mullet upon an irradiated field in its
+centre, within the <i>Motto</i>&mdash;HEAVEN’S . LIGHT . OUR . GUIDE,
+the whole being environed with wavy rays having a circular outline.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig457" id = "fig457"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig457.png" width = "271" height = "400"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 457.&mdash; Star and Collar of the Order of St. Michael and St.
+George.</p>
+
+<p>The Most Distinguished <span class = "smallcaps">Order of St. Michael
+and St. George</span>, originally instituted in 1818 for use in Malta
+<span class = "pagenum">289</span>
+<a name = "page289" id = "page289"> </a>
+and the Ionian Islands, has been extended and enlarged in 1868, 1877,
+and 1902, and now is awarded for Colonial and for Foreign Services. It
+consists of 100 <span class = "smallcaps">Knights Grand Cross</span>
+(G.C.M.G.), 300 <span class = "smallcaps">Knights Commanders</span>
+(K.C.M.G.), and 600 <span class = "smallcaps">Companions</span>
+(C.M.G.), in addition to Honorary Members. The numbers are not adhered
+to. The <i>Star</i> is of seven long rays, smaller rays intervening.
+This is charged with the Cross of St. George, and in the centre is a
+representation of St. Michael encountering Satan within a blue circle,
+bearing the Motto of the Order, “AUSPICIUM MELIORIS ÆVI.�</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Collar</i> is composed alternately of lions of England,
+Maltese Crosses, and Cyphers, S.&nbsp;M. and S.&nbsp;G. In the centre is
+the Crown <i>over two winged lions passant guardant, each holding a book
+and seven arrows</i>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">290</span>
+<a name = "page290" id = "page290"> </a>
+<p>The <i>Badge</i> is a gold cross of fourteen points of white enamel,
+and has in the centre, within the Motto of the Order (on the one side),
+St. Michael encountering Satan (and on the other side), St. George and
+the Dragon. The Badge is surmounted by the Crown.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig458" id = "fig458"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig458.png" width = "213" height = "367"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 458.&mdash; Eminent Order of the Indian Empire.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig459" id = "fig459"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig459.png" width = "93" height = "153"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 459.<br>
+The Badge.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The Most Eminent <span class = "smallcaps">Order of the Indian
+Empire</span>, instituted in 1878 and subsequently enlarged, is the
+second Indian Order, and consists of three classes, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Knights Grand Commanders</span> (G.C.I.E.), <span class =
+"smallcaps">Knights Commanders</span> (K.C.I.E.), and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Companions</span> (C.I.E.).</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Star</i> is of five rays of silver, alternated with as many
+rays of gold. In the centre, within a purple circle, inscribed with the
+Motto, “IMPERATRICIS AUSPICIIS,� and surmounted by the Crown, is an
+effigy of Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Victoria</span>.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">291</span>
+<a name = "page291" id = "page291"> </a>
+<p>The <i>Collar</i> is composed of elephants, lotus-flowers, peacocks
+in their pride, and Indian roses, all connected by gold chains.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Badge</i> is a red enamelled rose, in the centre of which is
+the effigy within the Motto as on the Star.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig460" id = "fig460"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig460.png" width = "217" height = "218"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig461" id = "fig461"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig461.png" width = "205" height = "204"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 460.&mdash; G.C.V.O. Star.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 461.&mdash; K.C.V.O. Star.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig462" id = "fig462"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig462.png" width = "158" height = "193"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig463" id = "fig463"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig463.png" width = "149" height = "204"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 462.&mdash; G.C.V.O. Badge.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 463.&mdash; K.C.V.O. Badge.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Royal Victorian Order</span> was
+instituted in 1896 as the personal Order of the British Sovereign, and
+is divided into five classes&mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Knights
+Grand Cross</span> (G.C.V.O.), <span class = "smallcaps">Knights
+Commanders</span> (K.C.V.O.), <span class =
+"smallcaps">Commanders</span> (C.V.O.), and Members of the Fourth and
+Fifth Classes (both M.V.O.).</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">292</span>
+<a name = "page292" id = "page292"> </a>
+<p>The <i>Star</i> is of eight points, and of chipped silver, having in
+the centre a representation of the Badge.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Badge</span> is a white Maltese Cross.
+It has an oval enamelled centre of crimson with the monogram
+V.&nbsp;R.&nbsp;I., within a blue enamelled circle, carrying the Motto
+of the Order “VICTORIA,� the circle surmounted by the Crown. There is no
+collar for the order, but the King occasionally bestows, as an extreme
+mark of favour, “The Royal Victorian Chain,� a&nbsp;decoration not
+governed by express Statute.</p>
+
+<p class = "first">
+The <span class = "smallcaps">Distinguished Service Order</span> is a
+Military Decoration instituted in 1886, but which does not carry the
+style of Knighthood. The <i>Badge</i> is a gold cross enamelled white
+and of a circular outline. In the centre (on the one side) is the Crown
+on a red enamel ground within a wreath of laurel, (and on the other
+side) the Royal Cypher takes the place of the Crown.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig464" id = "fig464"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig464.png" width = "100" height = "160"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig465" id = "fig465"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig465.png" width = "121" height = "204"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 464.&mdash; Distinguished Service Order.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 465.&mdash; Imperial Service Order.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Imperial Service Order</span>, a purely
+Civil Decoration instituted in 1902, is confined to the Administrative
+Services of the Empire. The <i>Badge</i> is an eight-rayed star bearing
+(on one side) the Royal Cypher and (on the other
+<span class = "pagenum">293</span>
+<a name = "page293" id = "page293"> </a>
+side) “For faithful service,� surrounded by a wreath of laurel and
+surmounted by the Crown.</p>
+
+<p class = "first">
+The <span class = "smallcaps">Victoria Cross</span>, of bronze, was
+instituted by her late Majesty Queen <span class =
+"smallcaps">Victoria</span> in 1856, to render honour to “conspicuous
+bravery� in actual conflict, by sea or land. This Cross, No. 440, is
+worn on the left breast, attached to a <i>blue</i> ribbon for the Navy,
+and to a <i>red</i> ribbon for the Army. A&nbsp;Bar is attached to the
+ribbon for every additional such act of bravery as would have won the
+Cross.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig440" id = "fig440"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig440.png" width = "178" height = "263"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig441" id = "fig441"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig441.png" width = "189" height = "408"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 440.&mdash; The Victoria Cross.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 441.&mdash; The Albert Medal.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Albert Medal</span>, No. 441, which was
+instituted also by Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Victoria</span>,
+dates from March 13, 1866, and is to distinguish those who save, or who
+at the peril of their own lives endeavour to save, life or perform other
+meritorious
+<span class = "pagenum">294</span>
+<a name = "page294" id = "page294"> </a>
+acts of bravery. The Coronet is that of H.R.H. the late <span class =
+"smallcaps">Prince Consort</span>; and the Monogram consists of the
+Initials V.&nbsp;A., with an anchor. This Medal is executed in Silver
+and Bronze for two classes of recipients. The anchor in the Badge is
+omitted when awarded for land services.</p>
+
+<p>Other Decorations are “The Royal Order of Victoria and Albert� (of
+four classes) and the Imperial Order of the Crown of India (of one
+class), both confined to ladies, the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal, the Volunteer
+Officers’ Decoration, the Territorial Decoration, the Edward Medal, the
+King’s Police Medal, the Royal Red Cross, and the Order of Mercy; whilst
+the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England receives
+official recognition.</p>
+
+<p class = "footnote">
+<a name = "note8" id = "note8" href = "#tag8">8.</a>
+The Arms of the Inner Temple of the present day are&mdash;<i>Azure,
+a&nbsp;pegasus</i> (or winged horse) <i>argent</i>, or sometimes
+<i>or</i>. This Coat is derived from the early Badge, <i>the two
+horsemen</i> having been mistaken in later times for <i>wings</i>. The
+Arms of the Middle Temple are&mdash;<i>Argent, on a cross gules</i>, the
+Agnus Dei.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">295</span>
+<a name = "page295" id = "page295"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapXX" id = "chapXX">CHAPTER XX</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">PRECEDENCE. GENEALOGIES</span></h4>
+
+<div class = "poem">
+<p class = "half">
+“Orders and Degrees</p>
+<p>Jar not with Liberty, but well consist.�</p>
+<p class = "half">&mdash;<i>Paradise Lost</i>, Book V.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“The use of Arms was closely connected with the Study of Genealogy.�
+&mdash;<span class = "smallcaps">Dallaway</span>, <i>Science of
+Heraldry</i> (<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1793).</p>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "firstword">When</span> <span class =
+"smallcaps">James&nbsp;I.</span> succeeded to the Crown of England while
+he was actually the King regnant of Scotland, and accordingly became
+Sovereign of the two Realms, he found it necessary to produce a “Union
+Flag� for the whole of Great Britain, in consequence of the serious
+disputes for Precedence that arose between the natives of South and
+North Britain. Before the time of the peace-loving son of Mary Stuart,
+a&nbsp;Sovereign of another mould, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VIII.</span>, had felt the necessity of framing
+and establishing some definite system of Precedence amongst the various
+degrees, orders, and ranks of his subjects: and, in 1539, a&nbsp;statute
+to that effect was enacted. Other statutes afterwards were added; and,
+from time to time, Royal Letters Patent on the same subject have been
+issued; and thus the Precedence now recognised and in use amongst us has
+been established.</p>
+
+<p>The General Scale of Precedence follows, but there are Special scales
+for use in (<i>a</i>) Scotland, (<i>b</i>) Ireland, (<i>c</i>) India,
+(<i>d</i>) Canada, (<i>e</i>) Colonies, (<i>f</i>) Army and Navy,
+(<i>g</i>) Diplomatic Service.</p>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">296</span>
+<a name = "page296" id = "page296"> </a>
+<h6>THE GENERAL ORDER OF PRECEDENCE.</h6>
+
+<div class = "hanging close">
+<p>The <span class = "smallcaps">Sovereign</span>.</p>
+<p>The Prince of Wales.</p>
+<p>The Younger Sons of the Sovereign.</p>
+<p>The Grandsons of the Sovereign.</p>
+<p>The Brothers of the Sovereign.</p>
+<p>The Uncles of the Sovereign.</p>
+<p>The Nephews of the Sovereign.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class = "hanging close">
+<p>The Archbishop of Canterbury.</p>
+<p>The Lord Chancellor.</p>
+<p>The Archbishop of York.</p>
+<p>The Premier.</p>
+<p>The Lord High Treasurer.</p>
+<p>The Lord President of the Council.</p>
+<p>The Lord Privy Seal.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+The following <span class = "smallcaps">Great Officers of State</span>
+<i>precede all Peers of their own Degree</i>&mdash;that is, if Dukes,
+they precede all other Dukes; if Earls, all other Earls;
+&amp;c.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "hanging close">
+<p>The Lord Great Chamberlain.</p>
+<p>The Lord High Constable.</p>
+<p>The Earl Marshal.</p>
+<p>The Lord High Admiral.</p>
+<p>The Lord Steward of the Royal Household.</p>
+<p>The Lord Chamberlain of the Royal Household.</p>
+<p>The Master of the Horse.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class = "inset">
+The Peers of each Degree take Precedence in their own Degree, according
+to their Patents of Creation.</p>
+
+<div class = "hanging close">
+<p>Dukes (<i>a</i>) of England, (<i>b</i>) of Scotland, (<i>c</i>) of
+Great Britain, (<i>d</i>) of Ireland, (<i>e</i>) of the United Kingdom
+and, if created since the Union, of Ireland.</p>
+<p>Marquesses (<i>vide</i> Dukes).</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+Eldest Sons of Dukes.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">297</span>
+<a name = "page297" id = "page297"> </a>
+<p>Earls (<i>vide</i> Dukes).</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+Eldest Sons of Marquesses.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+Younger Sons of Dukes.</p>
+<p>Viscounts (<i>vide</i> Dukes).</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+Eldest Sons of Earls.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+Younger Sons of Marquesses.</p>
+<p>Bishops of (<i>a</i>) London, (<i>b</i>) Durham, and (<i>c</i>)
+Winchester.</p>
+<p>Bishops, according to Seniority of Consecration.</p>
+<p>Barons (<i>vide</i> Dukes).</p>
+<p>The Speaker of the House of Commons.</p>
+<p>Commissioners of Great Seal.</p>
+<p>The (<i>a</i>) Treasurer and the (<i>b</i>) Comptroller of the Royal
+Household.</p>
+<p>Vice-Chamberlain of the Household.</p>
+<p>The Secretaries of State, when not Peers.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+Eldest Sons of Viscounts.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+Younger Sons of Earls.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+Eldest Sons of Barons.</p>
+<p>Knights of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick, not being Peers.</p>
+<p>Privy Councillors.</p>
+<p>The Chancellor of the Exchequer.</p>
+<p>The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.</p>
+<p>The Lord Chief Justice.</p>
+<p>The Master of the Rolls.</p>
+<p>Lord Justices of Appeal and Pres. of Probate Court.</p>
+<p>Judges of High Court.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+Younger Sons of Viscounts.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+Younger Sons of Barons.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+Sons of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (Life Peers).</p>
+<p>Baronets.</p>
+<p>Knights Grand Cross of the Bath.</p>
+<p>Knights Grand Commanders of the Star of India.</p>
+<p>Knights Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George.</p>
+<p>Knights Grand Commanders of Indian Empire.</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">298</span>
+<a name = "page298" id = "page298"> </a>
+<p>Knights Grand Cross of Victorian Order.</p>
+<p>Knights Commanders of the various Orders (in the same order of
+progression).</p>
+<p>Knights Bachelors.</p>
+<p>Commanders of Victorian Order.</p>
+<p>County Court Judges.</p>
+<p>Serjeants-at-Law.</p>
+<p>Masters in Lunacy.</p>
+<p>Companions of the various Orders.</p>
+<p>Members of Fourth Class of Victorian Order.</p>
+<p>Companions of Distinguished Service Order.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+Eldest Sons of the Younger Sons of Peers.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+Eldest Sons of Baronets.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+Eldest Sons of Knights.</p>
+<p>Members of Fifth Class of Victorian Order.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+Baronets’ Younger Sons.</p>
+<p class = "inset">
+Knights’ Younger Sons.</p>
+<p>Esquires:&mdash;Including the Eldest Sons of the Sons of Viscounts
+and Barons, the eldest Sons of all the younger Sons of Peers, and their
+eldest Sons in perpetual Succession: the younger Sons of Baronets: the
+Sons of Knights, the eldest Son of the eldest Son of a Knight in
+perpetual Succession: persons holding the King’s Commission, or who may
+be styled “Esquire� by the King in any Official Document.</p>
+<p>Gentlemen.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h6>THE PRECEDENCE OF WOMEN</h6>
+
+<p>is determined, before marriage, by the Rank and Dignity, but not by
+the Office, of their Father.</p>
+
+<p>All the unmarried Sisters in any family have the same Degree, which
+is the Degree that their eldest Brother holds (or would hold) amongst
+men. Thus:&mdash;Of the Sons of an Earl the <i>eldest</i> alone has an
+honorary Title of Nobility and is styled “My Lord,� while <i>all</i> the
+Daughters of an Earl have a similar honorary Title, and are styled “My
+Lady.�</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">299</span>
+<a name = "page299" id = "page299"> </a>
+<p>By Marriage Women share the Dignities and Precedence of their
+Husbands: but, the strictly Official Dignity of a Husband is not
+imparted to a wife (except in India), in the case of the Archbishops and
+Bishops or holders of other offices.</p>
+
+<p>The Dignities which Ladies have by Birth or by right of Inheritance,
+are not imparted by Marriage to their Husbands: nor does Marriage with
+an inferior in Dignity in any way affect the Precedence that a Lady may
+enjoy by Birth, Inheritance, or Creation&mdash;both her own Precedence
+and that of her Husband remain as before their Marriage, unless the
+Husband be a Peer.</p>
+
+<p>In the <span class = "smallcaps">Royal Family</span> the following
+Precedence takes effect:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class = "hanging close">
+<p>The Queen.</p>
+<p>The Queen Dowager.</p>
+<p>The Princess of Wales.</p>
+<p>The Daughters of the Sovereign.</p>
+<p>The Wives of the Younger Sons of the Sovereign.</p>
+<p>The Granddaughters of the Sovereign.</p>
+<p>The Wives of the Grandsons of the Sovereign.</p>
+<p>The Sovereign’s Sisters.</p>
+<p>Wives of the Sovereign’s Brothers.</p>
+<p>The Sovereign’s Aunts.</p>
+<p>Wives of the Sovereign’s Uncles.</p>
+<p>The Sovereign’s Nieces.</p>
+<p>Wives of the Sovereign’s Nephews (Brothers’ and Sisters’
+Daughters).</p>
+<p>Granddaughters of the Sovereign not bearing the style of Royal
+Highness.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To whatever Precedence she may be entitled by Birth, the Wife of a
+Peer always takes her rank, and therefore takes her actual Precedence,
+from her Husband.</p>
+
+<p>The Widow of a Peer, so long as she remains a Widow, retains the rank
+she enjoyed whilst married: but, should she contract a second Marriage,
+her Precedence then is determined either by the rank of her second
+Husband, or by the rank that was her own by Birth and which she enjoyed
+before her first Marriage.</p>
+
+<p>The Wife of the Eldest Son of any degree precedes all her Husband’s
+Sisters, and also all other Ladies having the same degree of rank with
+them. Thus:&mdash;the Wife of the
+<span class = "pagenum">300</span>
+<a name = "page300" id = "page300"> </a>
+Eldest Son of an Earl takes Precedence of <i>all</i> Daughters of Earls.
+In actual practice, however, by a principle of Precedence that is
+accepted and adopted in all families of the same degree amongst
+themselves, the Sisters in every case have their place immediately after
+the Wife of their own Eldest Brother.</p>
+
+
+<h6>GENEALOGIES.</h6>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Genealogies</span>, the Records of the
+Descents and Alliances of Families, are necessarily associated with the
+Armorial Ensigns borne by those Families, and by the several Members and
+Branches of them. Still, it does not apparently follow, in the same
+manner, as a matter of necessity, that the study and investigation of
+Genealogies should be interesting and even attractive, because interest
+and attractiveness are inseparable from Heraldry. And yet, I&nbsp;do not
+hesitate to claim for genealogical researches the favourable regard of
+students of Armory, on the very ground of the interest which they are
+certain to feel in such researches; and also in confident reliance on
+that inherent power of attraction, inseparable from the subject itself,
+that will not fail both to win their favourable regard, and to lead them
+on from one inquiry to another.</p>
+
+<p>The very act of tracing up some eminent and illustrious personage,
+from generation to generation of his forefathers, noting down the
+alliances that have interwoven one thread of a brilliant line with
+others not less lustrous; or, the reverse of this process, the following
+the lineage of some worthy of the olden time onward down the stream,
+observing both the tributaries that flow into the main channel and the
+streamlets that issue from it&mdash;all this, when once it has been
+systematically undertaken, leads the student through the most
+picturesque regions of historical romance.</p>
+
+<p>The popular idea of Genealogy may be, that it consists
+<span class = "pagenum">301</span>
+<a name = "page301" id = "page301"> </a>
+in placing in a formal order of arrangement a series of dry names,
+connected with dates that (if it be possible) are even more dry. It is
+not uncommon to dispose of many things precisely in the same way, when
+an opinion is formed without even the slightest attempt to judge of a
+question by its true merits&mdash;it is so easy to decline the trouble
+and to avoid the effort attendant on inquiry and investigation, and so
+pleasant to become the possessor of an “opinion� and “views,� without
+any outlay in acquiring them. A&nbsp;Map has no value in the estimation
+of those who ignore Geography: the claims of Archæology are disregarded
+by all who are content to remain in ignorance even of what it implies:
+and History itself becomes and continues to be a dead letter, so long as
+an acquaintance is formed only with the exterior of its volumes. And, in
+like manner, Genealogy appears under a very different aspect to those
+who know it only by name, and to lovers of Biography and History who are
+familiar with its lucid and yet ever suggestive guidance. Without
+written Genealogies, who can clearly understand the political and
+historical position of the rival Princes of the red and white Roses; or
+of <span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VII.</span> and the “last of the
+Plantagenets�; or of Queens <span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth
+Tudor</span>, <span class = "smallcaps">Mary Stuart</span>, and <span
+class = "smallcaps">Jane Grey</span>? Or who, without similar aid, will
+follow out the fortunes of the Houses of B<span class =
+"smallcaps">eauchamp</span> and <span class = "smallcaps">Neville</span>
+and <span class = "smallcaps">Dudley</span>, and connect them with the
+existing noble lord of Warwick Castle; or, when reading of the <span
+class = "smallcaps">De Clares</span>, the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Bohuns</span>, or the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Percies</span>, will see at a glance the connection between
+“<span class = "smallcaps">Strongbow</span>� and the “red Earl <span
+class = "smallcaps">Gilbert</span>,� or will understand the significance
+of the white swan Badge of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Staffords</span>, or will read at sight the quartered Shield
+of the Duke of <span class = "smallcaps">Northumberland</span>, of
+to-day, and will discern the line that connects the living Earl <span
+class = "smallcaps">Percy</span> with the “<span class =
+"smallcaps">Hotspur</span>� whose fame was two centuries old when <span
+class = "smallcaps">Shakespeare</span> wrote of him? And further, who,
+that is
+<span class = "pagenum">302</span>
+<a name = "page302" id = "page302"> </a>
+unable to accomplish such things as these, can appreciate History, can
+enjoy it and apply its lessons aright?</p>
+
+<p>In arranging a Genealogy the utmost conciseness is essential, all
+details being left for full description elsewhere. All the members of
+the same family are placed side by side, on the same level, in their
+order of seniority; and all are connected by lines with one another and
+with their parents. Successive generations also, throughout all the
+branches of any family, or in allied families, have their places on the
+same levels; and the connecting and distinguishing lines are continued
+throughout. Examples of Genealogies treated in the most scientific and
+yet simple manner, easy to be understood, and perfect as models for
+students, may be obtained in any Part of the <i>Herald and
+Genealogist</i>, formerly edited by the late Mr. <span class =
+"smallcaps">J.&nbsp;G. Nichols</span>, F.S.A., Parliament Street,
+Westminster. I&nbsp;refer to this excellent Periodical, because it is
+not possible for me here in the space at my disposal to set forth a
+really useful example of a Genealogy: and, I&nbsp;must add, because it
+is most desirable that students of Heraldry should form such an
+acquaintance with Mr. Nichols, as may be acquired through his works.
+<i>Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica</i>, now edited by Mr. <span
+class = "smallcaps">W.&nbsp;B. Bannerman</span>, is another Periodical,
+which ought to be in the hands of all Genealogists.</p>
+
+<p>In Genealogies, this mark == denotes alliance by marriage, and it is
+placed between the names of a husband and wife: and the lines that
+proceed from this mark, thus,<br>
+<img src = "images/diagram.gif" width = "139" height = "27"
+alt = "shape of family tree"></p>
+
+<p>point out their issue. The initials S.&nbsp;P. (of the Latin words
+<i>Sine Prole</i>, “without issue�) show where a line or a branch
+ceases. Other abbreviations and signs in general use will suggest their
+own signification.</p>
+
+<p>As I began this Chapter with quotations, so with a quotation I
+conclude it. “There are some persons,� writes Mr. <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lower</span>, in his “Curiosities of Heraldry� (p. 292),
+“who
+<span class = "pagenum">303</span>
+<a name = "page303" id = "page303"> </a>
+cannot discriminate between the taste for pedigree� (or genealogy) “and
+the pride of ancestry. Now these two feelings, though they often combine
+in one individual, have no necessary connection with each other. Man is
+said to be a hunting animal. Some hunt foxes; others for fame or
+fortune. Others hunt in the intellectual field; some for the arcana of
+Nature and of mind; some for the roots of words, or the origin of
+things. I&nbsp;am fond of hunting out a pedigree.� And, gentle reader,
+when you have joined the chase genealogical, I&nbsp;promise you, so also
+will you&nbsp;be.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">304</span>
+<a name = "page304" id = "page304"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapXXI" id = "chapXXI">CHAPTER XXI</a></h4>
+
+<p class = "summary">
+The College of Arms&mdash; The Lyon Office of Scotland&mdash; Grants of
+Arms&mdash; Tax on “Armorial Bearings,� and on “Arms Found�</p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“They were conspicuous for judgment, experience, learning, and elegance;
+they gained honour wherever they were employed.� &mdash;<span class =
+"smallcaps">Noble</span>, <i>History of the College of Arms</i>.</p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“What is your Crest and Motto?&mdash;Send name and county to
+&mdash;&mdash;’s Heraldic Office. For plain Sketch, 3s. 6d. In heraldic
+colours, 6s.� &mdash;<i>Morning Newspapers.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "firstword">I. The</span> <span class =
+"smallcaps">Heralds of England</span>, who before had been attached to
+the Household either of the Sovereign or of some Personage of exalted
+rank, were incorporated as a Fraternity by <span class =
+"smallcaps">Richard&nbsp;III.</span>, a&nbsp;Prince whose historical
+reputation is by no means in harmony with that early act of his reign,
+which has done such good service to English History&mdash;the Foundation
+and Establishment of the <span class = "smallcaps">College of
+Arms</span>, or, as it is commonly called, the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Heralds’ College</span>.</p>
+
+<p>The Letters Patent, issued for this purpose by<span class =
+"smallcaps"> Richard III.</span>, bear date March the 2nd, 1483, the
+first year of his reign. Very important privileges and immunities, with
+high powers and authority, were granted to the incorporated Heralds: and
+the “right fair and stately house,� called “Pulteney’s Inn,� situate in
+the metropolitan parish of All Saints, was assigned to them as their
+permanent official residence. The Charter granted to the Heralds by the
+last Plantagenet Sovereign was confirmed by his successors.</p>
+
+<p>The buildings of the College were destroyed by the great fire of
+1666; but all the records and documents fortunately escaped, having been
+removed to Whitehall;
+<span class = "pagenum">305</span>
+<a name = "page305" id = "page305"> </a>
+and the edifice was subsequently rebuilt, chiefly at the cost of the
+Heralds themselves, where it now stands between St. Paul’s Cathedral and
+the Thames. There, in the College of Arms, are still carefully preserved
+all that the early Heralds recorded and transmitted to our times. There,
+not the least valuable of the contents of the College, an unique Library
+is in the keeping of Guardians, who understand its true uses, as they
+appreciate its preciousness. And there also the Headquarters of English
+Heraldry are as duly established, as those of the British Army are at
+the Horse Guards in Whitehall.</p>
+
+<p>The great change that has come upon London since the Heralds rebuilt
+their official home, has already caused some structural alteration in
+the building, and has resulted in the College of Arms now appearing out
+of place in its original position in the City. Other changes, which
+follow in such rapid succession in that busy neighbourhood, render it by
+no means improbable that the site of their College may be required for
+some great “City improvement�; and so the Heralds may be constrained to
+establish themselves in the more congenial regions of the metropolitan
+“far west.� This, as I am disposed to consider, is one of those
+consummations that are devoutly to be desired.</p>
+
+<p>The times have been in which Heraldry could not number amongst its
+true friends the official Heralds of the College of Arms: but, happily,
+a&nbsp;very different, and in many most important respects a thoroughly
+satisfactory condition of things now obtains at the College. So far as
+the Heralds are concerned, as a body of learned, accomplished, and
+courteous gentlemen, Heraldry now is admirably represented amongst us,
+and faithfully supported. What still is deficient in the existing
+constitution of the College of Arms, as a National Institution, is
+adaptation to existing circumstances, sentiments, and requirements. It
+is but a truism to assert that, as a National Institution, the
+<span class = "pagenum">306</span>
+<a name = "page306" id = "page306"> </a>
+College of Arms does not fill its proper position: and, to all who are
+familiar with the facts of the case, it is equally obvious that this is
+simply because the College does not vindicate its indisputable title to
+that position which really is its own.</p>
+
+<p>Heraldry is decidedly popular. This popularity also is assuming a
+more practical, and at the same time a more enduring form, through
+gradually becoming the result of a correct appreciation of the true
+character of Heraldry, and of its intrinsic value. At a time in which
+people are beginning to feel and to admit that they <i>ought to know</i>
+something about Heraldry, the College of Arms <i>ought to take the
+lead</i> in making Heraldry still better understood, still more justly
+appreciated, still more popular. The time, also, is indeed come in which
+it is the bounden duty of the College of Arms to impress upon the
+community at large, that <i>the sole source and fountain-head of
+authority in all matters armorial, under the Sovereign, centres in
+itself</i>. This is to be accomplished by the same process, and only by
+the same process, by which the College of Arms may win for itself
+thorough popularity and universal confidence. If the College requires
+fresh or increased powers, application to that effect should be made to
+the Legislature. The Heraldry of Scotland has been dealt with by
+Parliament: and it would be equally easy to obtain such a statute as
+would enable English Heraldry to do justice to itself, while fulfilling
+its own proper duties.</p>
+
+<p>Without abating or compromising in the slightest degree its own
+dignity or the dignity of Heraldry, the College of Arms requires to be
+transmuted from an exclusive into a popular Institution. It requires,
+not indeed to have its object and aim and system of action changed, but
+to have them expanded, and expanded so widely as to comprehend all the
+heraldic requirements of the age. This is a subject of too urgent
+importance not to be noticed here; but still,
+<span class = "pagenum">307</span>
+<a name = "page307" id = "page307"> </a>
+it is not possible to do more than to notice it in very general
+terms.</p>
+
+<p>Upon one specific point, however, a few plain words may be spoken
+without hesitation, and may be left by themselves without comment. The
+Fees and Charges of all kinds for granting, matriculating, confirming,
+and recording the rightful possession of armorial Insignia must be
+arranged upon a perfectly fresh system, with such provisions and
+modifications as may adapt them to every variety of circumstance and of
+requirement. This is a question which can be regarded only from one
+point of view by every true lover of Heraldry, and consequently by every
+true friend of the College of Arms.</p>
+
+<p>II. The National Heraldic body in Scotland, entitled the <span class
+= "smallcaps">Lyon Office</span>, is under the presidency of the <i>Lyon
+King of Arms</i>. The Chief of the Scottish official Heralds from May
+1796 to a recent period had been a Peer of that realm; and the duties of
+the office, accordingly, had been discharged for seventy years by a
+<i>Lyon Depute</i>. But, on the death of the Earl of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Kinnoul</span>, in February 1866, it was determined to
+remodel in some respects the arrangements of the Lyon Office; and Mr.
+<span class = "smallcaps">George Burnett</span>, who had long been “Lyon
+Depute,� was appointed by Her Majesty to be “Lyon King.� He has been
+succeeded by Sir <span class = "smallcaps">J. Balfour Paul</span>. The
+Arms of the Lyon Office I have already given, No. <ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads ‘265’ corrected by hand">266</ins>.</p>
+
+<p>The action of the Scottish Lyon King of Arms, and of the Institution
+over which he presides, after having degenerated from the worthy
+standard of earlier days, has revived under far happier conditions, and
+with prospects that are eminently gratifying. It may be fairly expected,
+indeed, that the most salutary results will be produced by the very
+decided “tendency� that for some time has existed, “to cultivate the
+rules and principles of that earlier age, to which�&mdash;writes Mr.
+Seton&mdash;“we are indebted for a
+<span class = "pagenum">308</span>
+<a name = "page308" id = "page308"> </a>
+system of Scottish Heraldry, whose purity certainly has not been
+surpassed in any other corner of Christendom.� These words occur in a
+highly interesting memoir of the Lyon Office, in the fourth chapter of
+the work entitled “The Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland,� an
+able and admirable volume, published in 1863 in Edinburgh, which shows
+the growing popularity of a true Heraldry north of the Tweed, and proves
+that in the author, Mr. Seton, Scottish Heraldry possesses an advocate
+no less powerful than zealous and judicious.</p>
+
+<p>III. Arms and Armorial Insignia are granted <i>only</i> through the
+College of Arms in England, and through the Lyon Office in Scotland, in
+both realms with the direct sanction of the Crown expressed in England
+by the Earl Marshal. In Ireland all Grants are made by Ulster King of
+Arms with the same sanction.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be observed and kept in remembrance that the <i>sole
+right</i> to Arms is a Grant from the College or the Crown, or
+Inheritance by lineal descent from an ancestor to whom a Grant was made
+or in whom a right to bear Arms has been officially recognised and
+registered by the Crown.</p>
+
+<p>All “Grants� and “Confirmations of Arms� (Confirmations, that is, of
+the Claims of certain individuals to bear certain Arms, by some
+uncertain right and title duly set forth and approved and thereafter
+legalised by the Crown) are formally and regularly recorded, with a full
+blazon of the insignia, at the College or Offices of Arms.</p>
+
+<p>It is very greatly to be desired that, in addition to this
+time-honoured usage of the Heralds in making these records, some simple
+plan could be adopted for the periodical registration at the College of
+Arms of all armorial insignia that are borne by right. Almost equally
+desirable, also, it would be to make a corresponding registration, as
+far as might be possible, of whatever insignia are borne <i>without</i>
+any right. The contents of both registers would
+<span class = "pagenum">309</span>
+<a name = "page309" id = "page309"> </a>
+form unquestionably useful publications of a periodical character. In
+connection with any such project as I have just suggested, it appears to
+me that good service might be rendered to the cause of true Heraldry
+amongst us, if <i>Badges and Mottoes</i> (without any other insignia
+whatever) were formally granted by the College, under certain
+conditions, and at the cost of a small Fee.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag9" id = "tag9" href = "#note9">9</a></p>
+
+<p>In new Grants of Arms, as in so many formal documents, something of
+the early form of Expression, with some traces of its piquant
+quaintness, are still retained. Very quaint indeed, and very extravagant
+also, is the style that was generally adopted by the Heralds of the
+sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and yet characteristic of both the
+men and their times. As an example of one of these old documents, an
+example of no common interest in itself, I&nbsp;now give the Grant of
+Arms to <span class = "smallcaps">John Shakespere</span>, the Poet’s
+father, in the year 1596. Two draft copies of the original Grant are
+preserved in the College of Arms; the following transcript is printed
+from the later of the two copies, the earlier having been used to supply
+any word or passage that now is wanting in the other. The insertions
+thus obtained are printed in brackets.</p>
+
+<h6><span class = "smallcaps">Grant of Arms to John Shakespere</span>,
+<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1596.</h6>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+To all and singuler Noble and Gentelmen of what estate [or] degree
+bearing arms to whom these presentes shall come, William Dethick alias
+Garter principall King of Armes sendethe greetinges. Know yee that,
+whereas by the authoritie and auncyent pryveleges perteyning to my
+office from the Quenes most excellent Ma<sup>te</sup> and by her
+highnesse most noble and victorious progenitors, I&nbsp;am to take
+generall notice and record and to make declaration and testemonie for
+all causes of arms and matters of Gentrie thoroughe out all her Majestes
+Kingdoms, Domynions, Principalites, Isles, and Provinces, To th’ end
+<span class = "pagenum">310</span>
+<a name = "page310" id = "page310"> </a>
+that, as manie gentelmen, by theyre auncyent names of families,
+kyndredes and descentes, have and enjoye certeyne enseignes and cotes of
+arms, So it is verie expedient in all ages that some men for theyr
+valeant factes, magnanimite, vertu, dignites, and desertes, may use and
+beare suche tokens of honour and worthinesse, whereby theyre name and
+good fame may be the better knowen and divulged, and theyre children and
+posterite in all vertu (to the service of theyre Prynce and Contrie)
+encouraged. Wherefore being solicited and by credible report informed
+that John Shakespeare of Stratford uppon Avon in the counte of Warwik,
+whose parentes and late antecessors<a class = "tag" name = "tag10" id =
+"tag10" href = "#note10">10</a> were for theyre faithefull and va[leant
+service advaunced and rewarded by the most prudent] prince King Henry
+the Seventh of [famous memorie, sythence which tyme they have continewed
+at] those partes, being of good reputacion [and credit; and that the]
+said John hathe maryed [Mary, daughter and one of the heyrs of Robert
+Arden, of Wilmcote, in the said] counte, esquire.<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag11" id = "tag11" href = "#note11">11</a> In consideration whereof,
+and for the encouragement of his posterite, to whom such Blazon [or
+Atchevement] by the auncyent custome of the lawes of armes maie descend,
+I&nbsp;the said Garter King of Armes have assigned, graunted and by
+these presentes confirmed this shield or cote of arms, viz. Gould, on a
+bend sables a speare of the first, steeled argent; and for his crest or
+cognizance a falcon, his winges displayed, argent, standing on a wrethe
+of his coullors, supporting a speare gould, steeled as aforesaid, sett
+upon a helmett with mantelles and tasselles as hath ben accustomed and
+dothe more playnely appeare depicted on this margent. Signefieng hereby,
+and by the authorite of my office aforesaid ratifieng, that it shalbe
+lawfull for the sayd John Shakespeare gent. and for his cheldren, yssue
+and posterite (at all tymes and places convenient) to bear and make
+demonstracion of the said Blazon or Atchevement uppon theyre Shieldes,
+Targets, Escucheons, Cotes of arms, Pennons, Guydons, Ringes, Edefices,
+Buyldinges, Utensiles, Lyveries, Tombes or Monumentes, or otherwise, for
+all lawfull warrlyke factes or civile use and exercises, according to
+the lawes of armes, without let or interruption of any other person or
+persons for use or bearing the same. In witnesse and perpetuall
+remembrance hereof I have hereunto subscribed my name, and fastened the
+seale of my office endorzed with the signett of my armes, At the Office
+of Armes, London, the xx. daye of October, the xxxviij. yeare of the
+reigne of our Soveraigne Lady Elizabeth, by the grace of God Quene of
+England, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faythe, etc. 1596.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">311</span>
+<a name = "page311" id = "page311"> </a>
+<p>Like other documents of its class, in this Grant the language is
+framed after certain regular forms; so that it is to be read without
+that exact observance of particular expressions, which is rightly
+bestowed upon legal and historical records. The interest inseparable
+from this Grant is enhanced in no slight degree by the strong
+probability that John Shakespere made his application to the College of
+Arms by the advice and in consequence of the request of his son. Had the
+worthy Garter been able to divine the “dignities and desertes� of the
+son, he might possibly have employed formal language of a still more
+complimentary character, when drawing up a Grant of Arms for the
+father.</p>
+
+<p>A much more curious specimen of the heraldic style and form of
+expression (and also of the spelling) of the earlier days of the Queen
+<span class = "smallcaps">Elizabeth</span> era, is a Grant of
+Augmentation and Crest, by <span class = "smallcaps">Lawrence
+Dalton</span>, Norroy King of Arms, to <span class = "smallcaps">John
+Bennett</span>, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, Gentleman, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1560. The Preamble to this Grant, which is
+printed in full in <i>Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica</i> (p. 48),
+is thus written:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+To All and Singuler as well nobles and gentles as kings herauldes and
+officers of Armes as others w<sup>ch</sup> thes presentes shall see
+Reade or heare Lawrence Dalton Esquire Al’s Norrey Kinge of Armes of
+thest and west p’tyes of Englande fro the Ryver of trent northwarde
+Sendythe Due and humble comendacons and greatinge fforasmuche as
+awncyentlye fro the begynnynge and not w<sup>th</sup>owt great
+Delyberacon Equitie and Reason hyt hathe byn by the moste noble and
+famous princes Constytutyd and ordeynyd that men of wysdom knoledge
+vertue and of noble lyefe and Coorage haue byn notoryowslye commendyd to
+the Woorlde w<sup>th</sup> Sonndrye monumentes and Remembrances
+w<sup>th</sup> tokens of honnor for A testamonye of theyre good Desertes
+As Amonge the Romayns y<sup>e</sup> Erecc’on of Statues and Images
+w<sup>th</sup> tytles and Appellac’ons of honnour And of more latre
+Dayes w<sup>th</sup> the moste p’te of nac’ons bearinge of Signes and
+tokens in Shyldes callyd Armes w<sup>ch</sup> be the Demonstrac’ons and
+Evidences of noblenes vertue and woorthynes that to eu’ry man accordinge
+to theyre Desertes be Dyu’slye Dystrybutyd
+<span class = "pagenum">312</span>
+<a name = "page312" id = "page312"> </a>
+Wherby such signes and tokens of the woorthye and cooragyous might
+appeare before the cowarde vnwoorthye and Ignorant Even so yt ys yet
+obs’vyd that suche w<sup>ch</sup> have merytyd or donne com’endable
+s’vice to theyre prince or countrye or by theyre woorthye and Lawdable
+lyefe Do Daylye encrease in vertue wysdom and knowledge shulde not be
+forgoten and so put in oblyvyon but rewardyd w<sup>th</sup> som token of
+honnor for the same the Rather to move and styrre other to the Imytac’on
+of lyke noblenes vertue and woorthynes ffor w<sup>ch</sup> purpose hyt
+was not therefor w<sup>th</sup>owt great provydence ordeynyd and yet ys
+that there Shulde be officers and herauldes of Armes to whose office hyt
+shulde be appropryate to kepe in Regestre tharmes pedegrees and
+Descentes of nobles and gentles w<sup>th</sup> theyre woorthye and
+valyant actes and to have power and awethorytye to allowe and Ratefye
+vnto the woorthye Som awgmentac’on token or Remembrance of noblenes for
+theyre seyde woorthynes And now beinge Desyryd&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>And so forth, worthy Mr. Norroy having forgotten such “signes and
+tokens� as stops, while carefully showing what style and form it is
+<i>not</i> desirable for us to adopt, however excellent may be his
+system of building up honourable insignia upon a foundation of
+nobleness, virtue, and worthiness.</p>
+
+<p>I add one other early document of another kind, which is an excellent
+model for present use by the Heralds of our own days, the orthography
+having by them been duly corrected.</p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Example of a Confirmation or Record of
+Arms</span>:&mdash;Theis are the anncient Armes and Creast, belonging to
+the name and famely of <span class = "smallcaps">Leechforde</span> in
+the County of Surrey, descended from the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Leechfords</span> in Buckinghamsheire. Which at the request
+of <span class = "smallcaps">S<sup>r</sup> Richard Leechforde</span> of
+Shelwood in the County of Surrey Knight, I&nbsp;<span class =
+"smallcaps">Will’m Segar</span> Garter, Principall King of Armes have
+blasoned, and sett forth in coullors, according as they are here
+depicted in the margent. Viz.� (here follows a written blazon)....
+“Testifying hereby the saide armoryes to belong vnto the saide <span
+class = "smallcaps">S<sup>r</sup> Richard Leechford</span> and to his
+yssue, to vse, beare, and shewe forth at all tymes, and in all places,
+at their free lib’ty and pleasure. In Witnes wherof....</p>
+
+<p>&amp;c. &amp;c., with Seal and Signature, and the Date 3rd of <span
+class = "smallcaps">James&nbsp;I.</span></p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">313</span>
+<a name = "page313" id = "page313"> </a>
+<p>I presume that an argument in support of the abolition of all
+Taxation of “Armorial Bearings,� on the plea of the utter absurdity of a
+tax upon an honourable distinction, would be met with the reply that
+“Armorial Bearings� are taxed purely as “luxuries,� and without the
+slightest reference to their intrinsic character. If the validity of
+this plea must be admitted, still this tax might be levied with what may
+be styled a becoming heraldic discrimination.</p>
+
+<p>For example:&mdash;Arms distinguished by “Augmentations of Honour�
+might be altogether exempted; a&nbsp;higher rate might be fixed in the
+case of Arms that are ensigned with Coronets, and that display
+Supporters. Arms borne by unquestionable right, and which are duly
+recorded at the College, might be rated at a comparatively low charge,
+certainly not to exceed five shillings a year. On the other hand, all
+Arms or armorial insignia borne with a very questionable right, or
+without even the pretence of any right whatever, might be subjected to
+the ordinary tax for “Armorial Bearings� of their class multiplied
+(according to circumstances) by four, six, or ten.</p>
+
+<p>The tax estimated by the aid of the multiplication-table, that has
+just been suggested, would extend, under a special schedule possessing a
+high multiplying power, to any self-constituted “Establishment� or
+“Office,� which, powerless to “grant� Arms, undertakes&mdash;in
+consideration of a very trifling fee&mdash;to “find,� and either to
+“sketch� or to “colour� them. Exceedingly simple is the process, by
+means of which this undertaking is accomplished. It consists in
+consulting a printed Armory; and, when the desired “Arms� have been
+“found� in its well-stored columns, they then at once are assigned to
+the applicant, in conformity with the comprehensive and beautifully
+simple theory, that all persons having the same surname and who also
+live (or were born) in the same county are equally
+<span class = "pagenum">314</span>
+<a name = "page314" id = "page314"> </a>
+entitled to bear the same Arms. Probably it does not occur to the
+patrons of advertising Heraldry-dealers, that upon precisely the same
+principle every person who has the same “name and county� with any
+officer who may be “found� in the Navy or the Army List, might assert a
+right to whatever rank and title such an officer may enjoy by virtue of
+his commission.</p>
+
+<p>The almost universal desire to possess some kind of armorial
+insignia, implies a corresponding recognition of the necessity to obtain
+them from some Institution or Personage, supposed to be competent and
+authorised both to determine what they should be, and to impart a right
+to accept and to assume and bear them. It rests with the Heralds of the
+College of Arms to take the initiative in a course of action, which
+would direct all aspirants for heraldic distinctions, as a matter of
+course, to their own doors. The Heralds, who really are Heralds, and who
+alone are real Heralds, may rely on the support of Public Opinion. If a
+fictitious Heraldry is not only prevalent, but in some sense actually in
+the ascendant, it is not because the counterfeit is preferred to the
+genuine, but because it is unconsciously mistaken for it. In very many
+instances, indeed, a&nbsp;determination to obtain “Arms� is coupled with
+an ignorance of Heraldry so complete, as to ignore the existence of any
+such thing as a Heraldry that is fictitious.</p>
+
+<p>A popular College of Arms, without any serious difficulty, might
+establish its own authority with all classes of the community; and, at
+the same time, it would not fail to impress upon the public mind the
+very decided difference that exists between the heraldic and the
+non-heraldic acceptation of the expression&mdash;“<i>an escutcheon of
+pretence</i>.� Much real good would certainly result from the rude shock
+that would be given to many a complacent display of armorial insignia,
+by showing the proud blazonry
+<span class = "pagenum">315</span>
+<a name = "page315" id = "page315"> </a>
+to be <i>abated</i> with the baton sinister of heraldic untruth and
+unwarrantable assumption. And better still it would be to show to all
+who possess, or who desire to possess and to bear “Arms,� that the
+“Pride of Heraldry� is a worthy and a noble pride, because it is the
+Pride of Truth and Right.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+
+<p><a name = "note9" id = "note9" href = "#tag9">9.</a>
+I leave this sentence as it has hitherto stood in the book. Badges are
+now granted and recorded, but a prior right to arms is required<ins
+class = "correction" title = ". invisible">.
+</ins>&mdash;A.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;F.-D. 1908.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note10" id = "note10" href = "#tag10">10.</a>
+Above the word <i>antecessors</i> is written <i>Grandfather</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note11" id = "note11" href = "#tag11">11.</a>
+<i>Gent.</i> was first written, and it is altered to <i>esquire</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">316</span>
+<a name = "page316" id = "page316"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapXXII" id = "chapXXII">CHAPTER XXII</a></h4>
+
+<p class = "summary">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Miscellaneous</span>:&mdash; Coins&mdash;
+Seals&mdash; Heraldry in Architecture; in Monuments; in Illuminations;
+in Encaustic Tiles&mdash; Heraldic Personal Ornaments, and various
+Heraldic Decorations&mdash; Conclusion.</p>
+
+<p class = "quotation">
+“The Spandrels over the Wall-arcading are exquisitely beautiful... Those
+in the western arm contained Shields of a large number of the great men
+of the day ... the few which remain are nobly executed.� &mdash;<span
+class = "smallcaps">Gleanings from Westminster Abbey</span>, by
+G.&nbsp;G. Scott, R.A.: 2nd Edition, p.&nbsp;33.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "firstword">I. The</span> <span class =
+"smallcaps">Heraldry of the Coinage</span>, in addition to the Shields
+of Arms of successive Sovereigns, exemplifies the changes that have
+taken place in the form and adornment of the Crown, and it also is rich
+in various Badges and Devices having an historical significance.</p>
+
+<p>In Coins the Royal Shield is sometimes quartered by a cross charged
+upon it, as in the silver penny of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;VI.</span> A mediæval ship, having a sail
+covered with heraldic blazonry, appears on the <i>Noble</i>&mdash;a coin
+worthy of its name. A&nbsp;figure of the King in armour (not
+particularly well proportioned to the size of the vessel), his sword in
+one hand, and his Shield of arms in the other, is also represented in
+these fine examples of mediæval numismatic art. A&nbsp;ship without any
+sail, but in its stead charged with the Royal Shield heightened by a
+Cross, forms the reverse of another excellent coin, the <i>Angel</i>,
+the obverse bearing a figure of <span class = "smallcaps">St.
+Michael</span> with his lance thrusting down the dragon. The Angel of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;IV.</span> on either side of the
+Cross has the initial E and the white rose of York; and the legend
+is&mdash;PER : CRVCEM : TVA : SALVA : NOS : XTE : REDEMPT : (“By thy
+Cross save us, O&nbsp;Redeemer
+<span class = "pagenum">317</span>
+<a name = "page317" id = "page317"> </a>
+Christ!�). A&nbsp;Crowned Rose, with a Royal Cypher, is another
+favourite device; as in the Shilling of Henry VIII., with the
+legend&mdash;POSVI : DEV : ADIVTOREM : MEVM : (“I have placed God
+(before me as) my helper�).</p>
+
+<p>Such are a few examples of the early Heraldry of English Coins. More
+recently, and particularly in our own Coinage, Heraldry and Art have
+declined together, so that feeble designs, but too commonly executed
+with lamentable consistency, are associated with heraldic inaccuracies
+which continue uncorrected to this day&mdash;witness the <i>tressure of
+Scotland</i> often incorrectly blazoned on the Royal Shield; and poor
+<span class = "smallcaps">Britannia</span>, in her old position, sitting
+forlorn on the copper and bronze coinage, as if conscious of being
+constrained to display on her oval Shield an obsolete blazonry, that
+placed the reign of Queen <span class = "smallcaps">Victoria</span> in
+the eighteenth century!<a class = "tag" name = "tag12" id = "tag12" href
+= "#note12">12</a></p>
+
+<p>II. To what has been already said on the value of heraldic <span
+class = "smallcaps">Seals</span> I desire here to add a few words, in
+the hope of inducing all students of Heraldry to study them with the
+most diligent care.</p>
+
+<p>Casts of fine impressions are not difficult to obtain. Almost every
+accessible fine Seal has been copied by Mr. Ready, of the British
+Museum, who supplies admirable casts at a very moderate cost. The
+Scottish Seals of the late Mr. H. Laing, of Edinburgh, were purchased on
+his decease by the authorities of the British Museum. The most
+satisfactory casts are made in gutta-percha, which may be gilt by simply
+rubbing a gold powder with a soft brush upon them, after slightly
+warming their surfaces. Moulds for reproducing casts or impressions may
+be made in gutta-percha; and from
+<span class = "pagenum">318</span>
+<a name = "page318" id = "page318"> </a>
+these moulds casts, also in gutta-percha, may be obtained. The process
+is very simple: the gutta-percha, softened by immersion in hot water, is
+pressed upon an impression in relief, until a perfect intaglio is
+formed. When this mould is cold and hard, it will stamp an impression
+upon gutta-percha softened in the same manner.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig442" id = "fig442"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig442.png" width = "258" height = "257"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 442.&mdash; Seal of Lord Bardolf.</p>
+
+<p>I add to the examples of fine heraldic Seals that I have already
+given, the richly traceried Seal bearing the armorial Shield of <span
+class = "smallcaps">John</span>, Lord <span class =
+"smallcaps">Bardolf</span>, of Wormegay in Norfolk, about <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1350; No. 442. This most beautiful Seal, which
+in the original in diameter is only one and one-sixth inches, has been
+somewhat enlarged in the engraving, in order to show the design more
+plainly. The arms of <span class = "smallcaps">Bardolf</span>
+are&mdash;<i>Az., three cinquefoils or</i>.</p>
+
+<table summary = "group of illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig443" id = "fig443"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig443.png" width = "174" height = "176"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+<td class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig444" id = "fig444"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig444.png" width = "169" height = "182"
+alt = "see text"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 443.&mdash; Seal of William Mure.</td>
+<td class = "caption">
+No. 444.&mdash; Seal of Thomas Monypeny.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The liberality and kindness of Mr. Laing enable me to associate with
+the Seal of Lord <span class = "smallcaps">Bardolf</span> a small group
+of additional examples of Scottish Seals: two of them are good
+illustrations as well of English as of Scottish Heraldry, and they
+exemplify the usage of introducing Gothic traceries into the composition
+of Seals with Shields of Arms: in both these examples, however, the
+leading outlines only of the traceries remain, and the rich cusping
+<span class = "pagenum">319</span>
+<a name = "page319" id = "page319"> </a>
+(which is so perfect in the Seal of Lord <span class =
+"smallcaps">Bardolf</span>) is lost. No. 443, the Seal of <span class =
+"smallcaps">William Mure</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span>
+1397, has a Shield bearing&mdash;<i>Arg., on a fesse az. three mullets
+of the field</i>. No. 444, the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Thomas
+Monypeny</span>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1415, has the
+Shield <i>couchée</i> charged with <i>Az., a&nbsp;chevron between three
+crosses crosslets fitchée issuing from as many crescents arg.</i>: the
+Crest, on a helm, is a bird, probably a popinjay or parrot. The Seal of
+<span class = "smallcaps">Richard Stuart</span>, No. 445, probably about
+1350, may be compared with <a href = "#fig414">No. 414</a>, p. 249: in
+the smaller and earlier example, the solitary individual who represents
+the crew may be assumed to be Richard Stuart himself; his vessel
+displays two banners which are evidently affected by contrary currents
+of air, and a pennon.</p>
+
+<div class = "floatright">
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig445" id = "fig445"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig445.png" width = "192" height = "195"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 445.&mdash; Seal of<br>
+Richard Stuart.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The noble Seal, <a href = "#fig446">No. 446</a> (<i>see</i>
+Frontispiece), engraved from a most perfect impression recently
+discovered appended to a document in the guardianship of the Dean and
+Chapter of Westminster, represents its illustrious owner, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Thomas de Beauchamp</span>, K.G., third Earl of <span class
+= "smallcaps">Warwick</span>, in armour, with his shield and jupon
+charged
+<span class = "pagenum">320</span>
+<a name = "page320" id = "page320"> </a>
+with the armorial insignia of Beauchamp (<i>gu., a&nbsp;fesse between
+six crosses crosslets or</i>), and with the same insignia repeated upon
+the bardings of the charger upon which the Earl is mounted. The
+engraving of the Seal itself appears on the Frontispiece to this Volume:
+and the Counter-Seal, one of the most beautiful and most perfect
+examples in existence of the early seal-engraver’s art, is here
+represented in No. 447. The Shield displayed on this Counter-Seal is
+charged only with the Arms of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Newburghs</span> (<i>chequée or and az., a&nbsp;chevron
+erm.</i>), from whom the Earldom of Warwick passed by inheritance to the
+House of
+<span class = "pagenum">321</span>
+<a name = "page321" id = "page321"> </a>
+Beauchamp. The inscription is commenced on the Seal, <a href =
+"#fig446">No. 446</a>, and continued on the Counter-Seal, No. 447, and
+is as follows:&mdash; S&nbsp;:&nbsp;THOE : COMITIS : WARRWYCHIE : ANNO :
+REGNI : REGIS : E : T’CII : POST : CŌQVESTV̄ : ANGLIE : SEPTIO : DECIO :
+ET : REGNI : SVI : FRANCIE : QVARTO&mdash;“The Seal of Thomas, Earl of
+Warwick, in the seventeenth year of the reign of King Edward III. (of
+that name) after the Conquest of England, and the fourth of his reign
+over France.� Thus, the date of the execution of this fine Seal is the
+year 1344. The Earl himself died in 1369.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig447" id = "fig447"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig447.png" width = "497" height = "503"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 447.&mdash; Counter Seal of Earl Thomas de Beauchamp, <span class =
+"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1344.</p>
+
+<p>A second Beauchamp Seal is also represented in the Frontispiece. This
+is the Seal of <span class = "smallcaps">Richard de Beauchamp</span>,
+K.G., fifth Earl of <span class = "smallcaps">Warwick</span>, who died
+in the year 1439. The Heraldry in this example is particularly
+interesting. The Shield, charged with <i>Newburgh</i> and
+<i>Beauchamp</i> quarterly, is couchée from the helm of the Earl which
+is ensigned with his coronet and crest; and on either side is <i>a bear
+with a ragged staff</i>, the famous Badges of the <span class =
+"smallcaps">Beauchamps</span>: <a href = "#fig448">No. 448</a>
+(<i>see</i> Frontispiece). The Inscription is&mdash; SIGILL : RIC : DE :
+BELLO : CAMPO : COMIT : WARWICH&mdash;“The Seal of Richard de Beauchamp,
+Earl of Warwick� (see <a href = "#page223">pages 223</a> and <a href =
+"#page224">224</a>).</p>
+
+<p>III. In <span class = "smallcaps">Gothic Architecture</span> Heraldry
+is always a consistent, beautiful, and most effective accessory. Indeed,
+so thoroughly is the spirit of Heraldry in harmony with the great
+Architecture which grew up in the Middle Ages, that Heraldry must be
+considered rather as an element of its nature than as an allied Art.
+Gothic Architecture is essentially heraldic; and hence, as well as from
+its elastic nature and its equally consistent and happy applicability to
+every use and requirement, it is peculiarly appropriate as our own
+national style.</p>
+
+<p>From the earliest years of its existence as a definite Science,
+Heraldry is found to be most intimately associated with the Gothic
+Architecture of England: and happy it
+<span class = "pagenum">322</span>
+<a name = "page322" id = "page322"> </a>
+was for the early Heralds, that in their days the English Gothic was at
+work in the full strength of its first maturity. And this alliance was
+never interrupted, or permitted to decline from its original cordiality.
+As long as the Gothic flourished, Heraldry held its own place in
+Architecture. And in the finest works that exist amongst us, relics of
+the grand Gothic Ages of English Architecture, Heraldry is ever present
+to adorn them with its graphic records. In the spandrels of arcades, in
+panels, upon bosses in vaulting, in stained glass, in encaustic
+floor-tiles, and indeed in almost every position in which such
+ornamentation could be admissible, the early Herald is found to have
+been the fellow-worker with the early Gothic architect. Gothic
+Architecture, accordingly, has preserved for us very noble collections
+and specimens of the most valuable illustrations of our national
+Heraldry. Canterbury and York Cathedrals, and the Abbey Churches of
+Westminster and St. Alban’s, with the Chapel of King’s College,
+Cambridge, are especially rich in heraldic treasures: and Westminster
+Hall and the northern Castles of Alnwick and Warkworth may be specified
+as noble examples of secular Architecture, which retain their heraldic
+enrichments.</p>
+
+<p>IV. Gothic <span class = "smallcaps">Monuments</span>, and in common
+with them their successors of the Renaissance era, abound in every
+variety of armorial blazonry. And fine examples of heraldic Monuments
+are no less abundant, than are the Shields and other insignia that
+appear on particular memorials. The principles which directed the
+selection of Shields to be introduced into the composition of early
+Monuments are worthy of careful consideration: and the same remark is no
+less applicable in the case of Architecture. I&nbsp;must be content to
+specify a very small group of heraldic Monuments of especial interest
+and value. In Westminster Abbey: the Monuments of Queens <span class =
+"smallcaps">Alianore</span> of Castile, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Philippa</span> of Hainault, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Elizabeth Tudor</span>, and <span class = "smallcaps">Mary
+Stuart</span>; the Monuments of King <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span> and King
+<span class = "pagenum">323</span>
+<a name = "page323" id = "page323"> </a>
+<span class = "smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;VII.</span>; and those of <span
+class = "smallcaps">Alianore de Bohun</span>, Duchess of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Gloucester</span>, the Countess of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Lennox</span>, the Countess of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Derby</span>, the two <span class = "smallcaps">De
+Valences</span>, Earls of Pembroke, <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edmund</span>, Earl of Lancaster, Lord <span class =
+"smallcaps">Bourchier</span>, and Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Giles
+Daubeney</span>, K.G. In Canterbury Cathedral: the Monuments of the
+<span class = "smallcaps">Black Prince</span>, and of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;IV.</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Joanna</span> of Navarre. In Salisbury Cathedral: the
+Monument of Earl <span class = "smallcaps">William Longespée</span>. In
+St. Alban’s Abbey Church: the Monuments of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Humphrey</span>, Duke of <span class =
+"smallcaps">Gloucester</span>, and of the Abbots <span class =
+"smallcaps">Wheathamstede</span> and <span class =
+"smallcaps">Ramryge</span>. Also, other fine Monuments in the Churches
+at Elsyng in Norfolk, Ewelme and Northleigh in Oxfordshire, King’s
+Langley in Hertfordshire, and Cobham in Kent; in Beverley Minster, and
+in the Beauchamp Chapel at Warwick.</p>
+
+<p>V. In the <span class = "smallcaps">Illuminations</span> of the
+Middle Ages Heraldry has a place of honour: and in the revival of that
+early Art, which is held in such high estimation at the present day,
+Heraldry ought to occupy a position of corresponding prominence. This
+implies in the Illuminators of to-day some knowledge of Heraldry, and at
+least some degree of familiarity with good early examples.
+I&nbsp;venture to suggest, therefore, to students of Illumination the
+study both of the Herald’s Art and his Science, as no unimportant part
+of their preparation for the practice of the Art of Illumination on the
+principle of the sagacious maxim of a great modern painter, quoted by
+Mr. <span class = "smallcaps">Ruskin</span> in his “Seven Lamps of
+Architecture�&mdash;“Know what you have to do, and <i>then</i>
+do&nbsp;it.�</p>
+
+<p>VI. In the ornamentation of early <span class =
+"smallcaps">Encaustic</span> or <span class = "smallcaps">Inlaid
+Pavement Tiles</span>, Shields of Arms and various heraldic devices
+frequently occur: and in many examples the Shields of Arms are arranged
+with much skill and in excellent taste, to form decorative compositions
+in combination with foliage and traceries. Numerous heraldic Tiles of a
+very interesting character remain in the Cathedrals of Worcester,
+Gloucester, and Exeter; and in the Churches of Great Malvern, King’s
+<span class = "pagenum">324</span>
+<a name = "page324" id = "page324"> </a>
+Langley, the Abbey Church of St. Alban, and many others. The student
+will observe that the devices upon these Tiles are frequently
+<i>reversed</i>, evidently the result of the neglect to reverse the
+designs upon the original dies or stamps.</p>
+
+<p>VII. Heraldic blazonry was highly esteemed in the Middle Ages as a
+becoming decoration for <span class = "smallcaps">Personal
+Costume</span>. The Knights wore their <i>Coats of Arms</i>, and they
+carried and used their <i>Shields of Arms</i>, and their armorial
+insignia were displayed upon their weapons and upon the various
+accessories of their personal equipment. The Ladies adapted this usage
+to their own Costume, and they also wore <i>Mantles and Dresses of
+Arms</i>; and many of their personal ornaments were strictly heraldic.
+Without even suggesting now to our Ladies any revival of heraldic
+costume, properly so called&mdash;such as dresses, mantles, or shawls
+emblazoned with the bearings of armorial shields&mdash;I certainly do
+desire to see Heraldry exercising a powerful influence in all designs
+for personal ornaments, the works of the goldsmith and the jeweller more
+especially. Badges also may supply the motive for designing many
+patterns that are to adorn fabrics used for costume: and, in like manner
+also, the designs woven into carpets, curtains, and various other
+fabrics may be derived with the greatest advantage from the same source.
+The loom is employed in blazoning heraldic insignia in white damask: why
+should it not work, under judicious and cautious guidance, in silk and
+velvet, in satin and every woollen fabric?<a class = "tag" name =
+"tag13" id = "tag13" href = "#note13">13</a></p>
+
+<p>It must be understood, however, that heraldic ornaments and devices,
+unless they be of such a character that they are universally applicable,
+must have a reference to the wearer, or they degenerate at once into
+heraldic parodies.
+<span class = "pagenum">325</span>
+<a name = "page325" id = "page325"> </a>
+Personal ornaments, costume, furniture, if heraldic, must display
+devices that have a significance as well as a beauty: such costume and
+ornaments must be, not “becoming� only to the wearer, but (in the
+heraldic acceptation of that term) “belonging� also. And so in every
+instance.</p>
+
+<p>For purposes of universal decoration and adornment, Heraldry is no
+less applicable now than when <span class =
+"smallcaps">Edward&nbsp;III.</span> or <span class =
+"smallcaps">Henry&nbsp;IV.</span> reigned in England. Happily,
+a&nbsp;taste for furniture and all the appliances of every-day life in
+the Gothic style is gradually becoming prevalent; and this is
+inseparable from the use of Heraldry for the purposes of ornamentation.
+I&nbsp;presume that the fallacy of regarding the Gothic style of Art as
+exclusively ecclesiastical in its associations and uses, or as no less
+necessarily inseparable from mediæval sentiments and general usages, is
+beginning to give way to more correct views, as the true nature of the
+Gothic and its original universal employment are better understood.
+I&nbsp;consider it to be unnecessary for me, therefore, to enter here,
+in support of my own sentiments, into any detailed explanations to show
+that the revival of a Style of Art which flourished in bygone ages, and
+with it the revival of Heraldry as it was invented and grew into its
+early dignity and popularity, are in no way or degree whatever connected
+with an implied return to the mode of life of four, five, or six
+centuries ago. We have used Roman and even what we intended to be Greek
+Architecture in nineteenth-century England; we are still in the habitual
+use of Roman and Greek designs for every variety of decoration; and of
+late we have added Egyptian and Scandinavian works of Art to the
+deservedly prized collections of models, that we have formed for the
+express purpose of imitating them: and yet we do not consider that we
+thus in any way bind ourselves to adopt Roman, or Greek, or Egyptian, or
+Scandinavian costumes or customs; nor in our use of the Arts of
+Antiquity do we perceive any demonstration of retrogression in
+ourselves.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">326</span>
+<a name = "page326" id = "page326"> </a>
+<p>It is the same with Mediæval Heraldry and Gothic Art<ins class =
+"correction" title = ". missing">. </ins>We may apply to our own times,
+our own uses, our own delight, what the old Heralds and the Gothic
+Artists have taught us, without even dreaming of wearing armour or
+re-establishing the feudal system. True Heraldry (for it is with
+Heraldry that I am now more especially concerned) is a Science, and it
+also is an Art, for all time&mdash;for our times, and for future times,
+as well as for the times that are past. If we understand and appreciate
+it, we shall not fail to use and to apply it aright.</p>
+
+<p class = "illustration">
+<a name = "fig449" id = "fig449"> </a>
+<img src = "images/fig449.png" width = "197" height = "198"
+alt = "see text"></p>
+
+<p class = "caption">
+No. 449.&mdash; Seal of Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Walter
+Scott</span>,<br>
+of Branxholm and Kirkurd, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1529.
+(Laing).</p>
+
+<p>From the initial-letter of my first Chapter I suspended the Shield
+borne by that Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Walter Scott</span>, of
+Abbotsford, whose name will ever be a household word with every lover of
+what is chivalrous and knightly. Here I place the Seal, No. 449, of an
+earlier Sir <span class = "smallcaps">Walter Scott</span>, of Branxholm
+and Kirkurd&mdash;a Knight of another branch of the same distinguished
+House, who differenced the Shield of Scott so as to bear&mdash;<i>Or, on
+a bend azure a mullet and two crescents gold</i>.</p>
+
+<div class = "footnote">
+
+<p><a name = "note12" id = "note12" href = "#tag12">12.</a>
+The specimens of the existing Coinage of Europe, displayed at the
+Universal Exposition, at Paris, showed that if the art of the English
+Mint is now at a low ebb, the prevailing standard of numismatic art is
+not a single degree higher, the coins of France alone being in many
+respects an honourable exception to the general rule.</p>
+
+<p><a name = "note13" id = "note13" href = "#tag13">13.</a>
+I have lately seen a design for the embroidery of a dress for a young
+lady of the Clan <span class = "smallcaps">Campbell</span>; its
+characteristic features are the Scottish Thistle and the Myrtle, the
+latter the Badge of the Campbells. I&nbsp;may express my approval of the
+motive of this design: others, as I have reason to believe, have
+approved the treatment of it.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">327</span>
+<a name = "page327" id = "page327"> </a>
+
+<h4><a name = "chapXXIII" id = "chapXXIII">CHAPTER XXIII</a><br>
+<span class = "subhead">PEERAGE DIGNITIES</span></h4>
+
+<p class = "summary">
+The Dignity of Earl&mdash; Of Baron&mdash; The Parliament of 1295&mdash;
+Landed Qualifications&mdash; Creation of the Title Duke of
+Cornwall&mdash; The Title of Marquis&mdash; The Premier Baron of
+England&mdash; The Peerage of Scotland&mdash; Scottish remainders&mdash;
+Daughter Inherits in her own right&mdash; Determination of an
+Abeyance&mdash; The Right to Create Peers of Ireland&mdash; Rights and
+Privileges of a Peeress&mdash; The Daughters of Peers&mdash; Anomalies
+of the English Scale of Precedence.</p>
+
+
+<p class = "first">
+<span class = "firstword">Although</span> the name of the dignity of
+Earl is derived from a Saxon word, the dignity itself, like all others,
+is more Norman than Saxon in its character. At the period of the
+Conquest, and whilst the Norman dynasty was on the throne, there were a
+number of people who bore this title. At that time and for long
+afterwards, certainly well into the Plantagenet period, an Earl within
+his earldom was little short of a petty sovereign. Issues of justice and
+many other rights of regality were in his hands, and he occupied a
+position very much akin to a viceroy for the King, seeing that what he
+did he did in his own name and as Earl, or “comes,� of the County. The
+High Sheriff was the “vice-comes.� Some of the earldoms had more
+extensive rights of regality than others, some were actual palatinates,
+and all earldoms originally were honours in fee heritable by the
+heir-general. Earldoms had a territorial nature, and the Earl took his
+“third penny� in the issues of the Courts in his earldom.</p>
+
+<p>The only other dignity at that period was that of Baron, and just as
+the Earls of to-day have little in common save
+<span class = "pagenum">328</span>
+<a name = "page328" id = "page328"> </a>
+dignity and title with the Earls of the past, so the Barons originally
+were very unlike the latest creations of modern Prime Ministers in the
+name of the King. At the Norman Conquest, and for long afterwards, the
+Barons, an indeterminate number, were those who held their land in
+barony.</p>
+
+<p>It is a matter of much uncertainty at what date Parliament came into
+being. The word goes back to a much earlier period, and is used
+concerning a variety of meetings which are now generally regarded as
+meetings of different Councils and not of Parliament, but historians are
+agreed that whether or not any earlier meetings can be properly
+described as Parliaments, the Parliament of 1295 was properly and fully
+constituted in all its elements. To this Parliament all those who were
+personally summoned by the King in their own names and were not
+nominated or elected by other people are Peers, and of these Peers those
+who are not described as Earls are Barons. It should, however, be noted
+that Bishops and Abbots were summoned by right of the offices they held,
+and there are certain other officials who were summoned also because of
+their offices and could be distinguished from the Barons and Earls.
+There is no shadow of doubt that the reason for the summoning of the
+Barons was the fact that they were great subjects and important because
+of their ownership of land. It was landowners who had to provide the
+military services for the country, and Parliament was chiefly concerned,
+not in law-making, but in authorising and consulting as to military
+expeditions, or in providing the subsidies necessary for these
+expeditions, and the other services of the Crown. In addition to this
+Peers exercised some of the judicial functions of the Crown. But
+law-making was done by the King and his Council until a later period.
+The landed qualifications which justified the summoning of a man to
+Parliament as a Baron usually descended to his heir and similarly
+justified the summoning of that heir; and in
+<span class = "pagenum">329</span>
+<a name = "page329" id = "page329"> </a>
+that way, but without any intention to that end, the right of summons
+and the right of peerage became hereditary. Originally it had been
+arbitrary and at the discretion of the Crown. It was not until the reign
+of Edward IV. that the hereditary peerage character of a barony was
+fully recognised, and with that recognition came the divorce of the
+territorial idea from the right of peerage. Like ancient earldoms,
+ancient baronies were honours in fee heritable by the heirs general.
+Save that William the Conqueror was Sovereign Lord of the Duchy of
+Normandy and as such Duke, the dignity of duke did not exist in England
+until 1337, when Edward the Black Prince was created Duke of Cornwall
+with remainder to his heirs the eldest sons of the Kings of England.
+That was the creation of the title now enjoyed by the Prince of Wales,
+but this Duchy of Cornwall and the Duchy of Lancaster are really Duchies
+as distinguished from the Dukedoms enjoyed by other people having the
+designation of Duke.</p>
+
+<p>The title of Marquis dates from 1386, when Richard II. created Robert
+de Vere Marquis of Dublin; and the title of Viscount from 1440, when the
+Viscounty of Beaumont was created. The first Barony by Letters Patent
+was created in 1387, but the oldest surviving barony by patent now in
+existence dates from 1448, when Sir John Stourton was created Baron and
+Lord Stourton of Stourton, co. Wilts. The present Lord Mowbray, Segrave
+and Stourton, who has inherited the barony of Stourton, also claims, as
+Lord Mowbray, to be the premier baron of England although the barony of
+Mowbray is placed on the roll of precedence after the baronies of Le
+Despenser and De Ros. Although earldoms were granted by charters from
+the earliest period, because, attached to the earldom, were also
+material rights which needed to be conveyed, patents did not come into
+use for baronies until it was desired to limit the succession of the
+peerage to the heirs male of the body of the grantee,
+<span class = "pagenum">330</span>
+<a name = "page330" id = "page330"> </a>
+which is a limitation and a less heirship than is comprised in the
+enjoyment of an honour in fee simple. Privilege of peerage with all it
+entails has been a slow growth of accretion; and save for place and
+precedence and the right of any peer or peeress to be tried in the House
+of Lords, and the now limited and threatened right of peers to
+legislate, little of privilege of peerage remains.</p>
+
+<p>The peerage of Scotland is very similar to that of England, and,
+before the Union, the principal difference between the two countries was
+the persistency with which the Scottish peerage remained attached to the
+land. Until a late date a patent creating a Scottish peerage erected
+certain lands into a barony or earldom as the case might be, and
+entailed those lands with the dignity. The difference arising from this
+form of procedure was more than counterbalanced by the recognised and
+constantly-adopted procedure of resigning a Scottish inheritance into
+the hands of the Crown, and then obtaining what is known as a
+“Novodamus,� with either the same or different limitations.</p>
+
+<p>The many Scottish remainders, which are quite unknown to English
+peerage law, are all a consequence of this territorial nature of a
+Scottish peerage. One of the chief differences at the present time
+between an English and a Scottish peerage is to be found in those which
+are heritable by females. Unless governed by special remainder contained
+in the instrument of creation, a&nbsp;Scottish peerage, which in the
+event of failure of a male heir devolves upon a female heir, differs
+from an English one in its manner of descent. In Scotland the elder
+daughter inherits as of right, standing in the line of heirship next
+after her youngest brother and before any uncle or a younger sister. On
+the other hand, such an inheritance is only known by virtue of a special
+remainder in England. All Baronies by writ are Baronies in fee in
+England, and
+<span class = "pagenum">331</span>
+<a name = "page331" id = "page331"> </a>
+heritable by the heir general, which means that they can if necessary
+devolve upon females. If the only child of a peer having such a peerage
+be a daughter she inherits in her own right, but if his issue is two
+daughters, then the peerage falls into abeyance between them, because
+under the law of England there is no seniority amongst daughters, and as
+both of them cannot enjoy one single peerage, neither of them has it,
+and it remains in abeyance until the Crown interferes or until by the
+natural course of events one line becomes extinguished by the extinction
+of all issue of the one daughter, when the peerage then at once devolves
+upon the heir of the other. Sometimes an abeyance will last several
+hundred years, sometimes it may end with the lapse of one or two; but at
+any time during the continuance of an abeyance the Crown may, at its
+entire pleasure, signify that any co-heir shall enjoy the peerage. This
+is what is termed the determination of an abeyance, and this is effected
+by the issue of a writ of summons to Parliament if the co-heir be a male
+or by the issue of letters patent in the case of a lady. The co-heir in
+whose favour the abeyance is determined then at once enjoys the peerage
+with the same designation and precedence as those who have held it
+hitherto, and his or her heir succeeds in due course.</p>
+
+<p>Although there is one judgment to the contrary, it is now pretty
+universally admitted that there is no such thing as an Irish Barony by
+writ. With the union of England and Scotland, no further peerages of
+either country were created, and subsequent peerages were either of
+Great Britain or of Ireland; and it has been already judicially decided
+by the House of Lords that the power to create a Scottish peerage does
+not now exist in the Crown. There is no similar judgment in relation to
+a peerage of England, but the fact is that no attempt has since been
+made to create one, and though the point up to the
+<span class = "pagenum">332</span>
+<a name = "page332" id = "page332"> </a>
+present time still has to be decided, it is certainly a matter for
+argument whether or not such a right remains. Since the union of Great
+Britain with Ireland no further peerages of Great Britain or of England
+have been created, but the right to create peers of Ireland was
+specifically retained under certain conditions and has been constantly
+taken advantage of. Other peerages since created have, however, been of
+the United Kingdom. Whether or not we shall ever have peerages of the
+Empire remains a matter for the future.</p>
+
+<p>Since the latter part of the seventeenth century it has been the
+custom for peers and peeresses in their own right to sign simply by the
+designation of their peerage. The peeress by marriage prefixes her
+Christian name or initials to her husband’s title. It is statute law in
+Scotland, but not in England, that no person may sign his surname
+without prefixing a Christian name or initials. A&nbsp;peeress by
+marriage who is also a peeress in her own right signs first her
+husband’s title, adding her own afterwards; for instance, the signature
+of the Countess of Yarborough is Marcia Yarborough, Fauconberg and
+Conyers. One cannot call to mind in recent times any instances in which
+the peeress in her own right has married a peer of lower rank than her
+own, and until such a case occurs it is difficult to forecast what the
+signature should be. A&nbsp;peeress by marriage after re-marriage loses
+all privilege of peerage and precedence, and all right which she
+acquired by marriage, but as a matter of courtesy she usually retains
+her peerage designation if her subsequent marriage is to a commoner.</p>
+
+<p>The daughter of a peer if married to another peer takes the
+precedence of her husband and relinquishes her own, but she retains it
+if she marries a commoner; and one of the anomalies of the English scale
+of precedence is to be found in the following circumstances. If the two
+elder
+<span class = "pagenum">333</span>
+<a name = "page333" id = "page333"> </a>
+daughters of a Duke were to marry an Earl and a Baron respectively,
+whilst the youngest daughter were to run away with the footman, she
+would, nevertheless, rank as the daughter of a Duke above her sisters
+ranking as wives of an Earl and a Baron.</p>
+
+</div> <!-- end div maintext -->
+
+
+<hr>
+
+<a name = "page334" id = "page334"> </a>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">335</span>
+<a name = "page335" id = "page335"> </a>
+<h3><a name = "index" id = "index">INDEX</a></h3>
+
+<p class = "mynote">
+Missing or incorrect punctuation has been regularized.</p>
+
+<p class = "center">
+<a href = "#indexA">A</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexB">B</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexC">C</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexD">D</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexE">E</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexF">F</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexG">G</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexH">H</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexI">I</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexJ">J</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexK">K</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexL">L</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexM">M</a><br>
+<a href = "#indexN">N</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexO">O</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexP">P</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexQ">Q</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexR">R</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexS">S</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexT">T</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexU">U</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexV">V</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexW">W</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexY">Y</a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#indexZ">Z</a>
+</p>
+
+<div class = "index">
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexA" id = "indexA"><b>A</b></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Abated</span>, Abatement, <a href =
+"#page100">100</a>,
+<a href = "#page207">207</a></p>
+<p>Abbotsford, <a href = "#page1">1</a>,
+<a href = "#page326">326</a></p>
+<p>Abased, <a href = "#page100">100</a></p>
+<p>Aberdeen, Earl of: Arms, <a href = "#page68">68</a></p>
+<p>Abergavenny, Earl of: Arms, <a href = "#page187">187</a></p>
+<p>Abeyance, <a href = "#page330">330</a>,
+<a href = "#page331">331</a></p>
+<p>Accollée, <a href = "#page100">100</a></p>
+<p>Accosted, <a href = "#page100">100</a></p>
+<p>Accrued, <a href = "#page82">82</a></p>
+<p>Achievement, Achievement of Arms, <a href = "#page100">100</a></p>
+<p>Addorsed, <a href = "#page86">86</a>,
+<a href = "#page100">100</a></p>
+<p>Admirals, <a href = "#page256">256</a>;<br>
+“Admiral of England,� <a href = "#page250">250</a></p>
+<p>Admiralty, Flag of, <a href = "#page256">256</a></p>
+<p>Æschylus, <a href = "#page6">6</a></p>
+<p>Affrontée, <a href = "#page100">100</a></p>
+<p>Aggroupment of Arms, <a href = "#page158">158</a>,
+<a href = "#page163">163</a></p>
+<p>Agnes de Percy: Seal, <a href = "#page160">160</a></p>
+<p>Agnus Dei, as a Badge, <a href = "#page147">147</a>,
+<a href = "#page276">276</a></p>
+<p>Alant, Aland, <a href = "#page100">100</a></p>
+<p>Albany, Duke of, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p>
+<p>Albemarle, Earl of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Albert, H.R.H., the late Prince. <i>See</i> Prince Consort</p>
+<p>Albert Medal, <a href = "#page293">293</a></p>
+<p>Alerion, <a href = "#page96">96</a>,
+<a href = "#page100">100</a></p>
+<p>Alianore de Bohun. <i>See</i> Bohun</p>
+<p>Alianore of Aquitaine: Arms, <a href = "#page259">259</a></p>
+<p>Alianore of Castile and Leon:<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page162">162</a>,
+<a href = "#page166">166</a>;<br>
+Monument, <a href = "#page322">322</a></p>
+<p>Alianore, Daughter of Edward I., <a href = "#page77">77</a></p>
+<p>Alice of Hesse, H.R.H., the Princess, <a href =
+"#page271">271</a></p>
+<p>Alliance, Heraldic Record of, <a href = "#page159">159</a>,
+<a href = "#page164">164</a>;<br>
+Feudal, <a href = "#page194">194</a></p>
+<p>Allusive Heraldry, <a href = "#page15">15</a></p>
+<p>Alnwick Castle, <a href = "#page322">322</a></p>
+<p>Alphabet, the Letters of the, in Heraldry, <a href =
+"#page135">135</a></p>
+<p>Aluminium, <a href = "#page47">47</a></p>
+<p>Ambulant, <a href = "#page100">100</a></p>
+<p>Angels, Heraldic figures of, <a href = "#page75">75</a>;<br>
+as Supporters, <a href = "#page75">75</a>,
+<a href = "#page247">247</a></p>
+<p>Anglo-Saxon Shields and Standards, <a href = "#page5">5</a>,
+<a href = "#page55">55</a></p>
+<p>Anglo-Saxon Sovereigns, Arms attributed to the, <a href =
+"#page18">18</a>,
+<a href = "#page259">259</a></p>
+<p>Anjou, Geoffrey, Count of, <a href = "#page188">188</a></p>
+<p>Anjou, Queen Margaret of, <a href = "#page97">97</a></p>
+<p>Annandale, Arms in, <a href = "#page198">198</a></p>
+<p>Anne Boleyn, Queen, <a href = "#page229">229</a></p>
+<p>Anne Stuart, Queen, <a href = "#page253">253</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>,
+<a href = "#page262">262</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br>
+Motto, <a href = "#page265">265</a></p>
+<p>Annulet, Annuletté, <a href = "#page72">72</a>,
+<a href = "#page100">100</a>,
+<a href = "#page101">101</a>,
+<a href = "#page120">120</a>;<br>
+in Modern Cadency, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p>
+<p>Antelope, <a href = "#page80">80</a>,
+<a href = "#page101">101</a></p>
+<p>Anthony, Saint; his Cross, <a href = "#page101">101</a>,
+<a href = "#page154">154</a></p>
+<p>Antique Crown, <a href = "#page101">101</a></p>
+<p>Anvers, Sir T. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Appaumée, <a href = "#page101">101</a></p>
+<p>Aquitaine: Arms, <a href = "#page259">259</a></p>
+<p>Archbishop, <a href = "#page101">101</a>;<br>
+Marshalling his Arms, <a href = "#page173">173</a></p>
+<p>Archdeacon, L’Ercedeckne: Arms, <a href = "#page196">196</a></p>
+<p>Arched, Archy, <a href = "#page101">101</a></p>
+<p>Arderne, Sir J.: Arms, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p>
+<p>Argent, <a href = "#page40">40</a>,
+<a href = "#page101">101</a></p>
+<p>Argyll, Duke of:<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a>;<br>
+Duchess of, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p>
+<p>Arm, Armed, <a href = "#page80">80</a>,
+<a href = "#page101">101</a>,
+<a href = "#page102">102</a></p>
+<p>Armagh, See of: Arms, <a href = "#page141">141</a></p>
+<p>“Armes Parlantes,� <a href = "#page16">16</a>,
+<a href = "#page76">76</a>,
+<a href = "#page102">102</a></p>
+<p>Armorial Bearings, <a href = "#page39">39</a>,
+<a href = "#page101">101</a>;<br>
+Tax on, <a href = "#page313">313</a></p>
+<p>Armory, <a href = "#page2">2</a>,
+<a href = "#page101">101</a></p>
+<p>Arms, Shields and Coats of, <a href = "#page2">2</a>;<br>
+Aggroupment of, <a href = "#page158">158</a>;<br>
+Attributed, <a href = "#page18">18</a>;<br>
+Combination of, <a href = "#page158">158</a>;<br>
+of Community, <a href = "#page102">102</a>;<br>
+of Dominion, <a href = "#page102">102</a>;<br>
+of Heiress and Co-heiress, <a href = "#page170">170</a>,
+<a href = "#page172">172</a>;<br>
+of Herald Kings, <a href = "#page173">173</a>;<br>
+of Husband and Wife, <a href = "#page167">167</a>,
+<a href = "#page171">171</a>;<br>
+of Knight, <a href = "#page174">174</a>;<br>
+of Office, <a href = "#page102">102</a>;<br>
+Official, <a href = "#page174">174</a>;<br>
+of Parlante, <a href = "#page102">102</a>;<br>
+of Peeress in her own right, <a href = "#page173">173</a>;<br>
+of Prelate, <a href = "#page173">173</a>;<br>
+of Royal Personages, <a href = "#page174">174</a>,
+<a href = "#page258">258</a>;<br>
+of Unmarried Lady, <a href = "#page173">173</a>;<br>
+of Widow and Widower, <a href = "#page173">173</a></p>
+<p>Arms, Grants and Confirmations of, <a href = "#page308">308</a></p>
+<p>“Arms found,� <a href = "#page313">313</a></p>
+<p>Arms, right to bear, <a href = "#page308">308</a></p>
+<p>Arragon, Queen Catherine of: Arms, <a href = "#page229">229</a></p>
+<p>Arrow, <a href = "#page102">102</a></p>
+<p>Art, Heraldic, <a href = "#page24">24</a>,
+<a href = "#page27">27</a>,
+<a href = "#page326">326</a></p>
+<p>Art, Gothic, <a href = "#page325">325</a></p>
+<p>Artificial Figures and Devices in Heraldry, <a href =
+"#page78">78</a></p>
+<p>Arthur Plantagenet, <a href = "#page190">190</a></p>
+<p>Arthur Tudor, The Prince: Badge, <a href = "#page231">231</a></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">336</span>
+<a name = "page336" id = "page336"> </a>
+<p>Arundel: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a>,
+<a href = "#page203">203</a></p>
+<p>Arundel, Fitz Alans, Earls of, <a href = "#page89">89</a>,
+<a href = "#page191">191</a>,
+<a href = "#page215">215</a></p>
+<p>Arundel, Thomas Fitz Alan, Earl of, <a href = "#page118">118</a></p>
+<p>Arundel, Radulphus de: Arms 191</p>
+<p>Arundel, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Ascania, Bernhard of, <a href = "#page113">113</a></p>
+<p>Ashton: Badge, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Ashwelthorpe: Monument, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p>
+<p>Asscheby (Ashby), Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p>
+<p>At gaze, <a href = "#page80">80</a>,
+<a href = "#page81">81</a>,
+<a href = "#page102">102</a>;<br>
+At speed, <a href = "#page81">81</a></p>
+<p>Athole, Duke of: Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a></p>
+<p>Attires, Attired, <a href = "#page81">81</a>,
+<a href = "#page102">102</a></p>
+<p>Attributed Arms, <a href = "#page18">18</a></p>
+<p>Aubernoun, Sir J. d’: Pennon and Arms, <a href = "#page143">143</a>,
+<a href = "#page246">246</a></p>
+<p>Augmentation, Augmented, <a href = "#page102">102</a></p>
+<p>Augmentations of Honour, <a href = "#page204">204</a>;<br>
+by “Royal Favour,� <a href = "#page206">206</a></p>
+<p>Austria, The Emperor of, <a href = "#page97">97</a></p>
+<p>Avellane, <a href = "#page57">57</a>,
+<a href = "#page102">102</a></p>
+<p>Aventinus, <a href = "#page6">6</a></p>
+<p>Azure, <a href = "#page41">41</a>,
+<a href = "#page47">47</a>,
+<a href = "#page102">102</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexB" id = "indexB"><b>B</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Badge</span>, <a href = "#page102">102</a>,
+<a href = "#page103">103</a>,
+<a href = "#page175">175</a>,
+<a href = "#page220">220</a>;<br>
+Varieties of, <a href = "#page221">221</a>,
+<a href = "#page222">222</a>;<br>
+Examples of, <a href = "#page224">224</a>,
+<a href = "#page241">241</a>;<br>
+marked for Cadency, <a href = "#page192">192</a>,
+<a href = "#page226">226</a>;<br>
+in Seals, <a href = "#page164">164</a>,
+<a href = "#page225">225</a>;<br>
+peculiarly appropriate for present use, <a href =
+"#page227">227</a>;<br>
+to supersede Crests, <a href = "#page218">218</a>,
+<a href = "#page227">227</a>;<br>
+borne by Ladies, <a href = "#page277">277</a>;<br>
+Royal, <a href = "#page220">220</a>;<br>
+in Modern Heraldry, <a href = "#page309">309</a></p>
+<p>Badge, of Ostrich Feathers, <a href = "#page230">230</a>;<br>
+of Garter, <a href = "#page278">278</a>;<br>
+of Thistle, <a href = "#page280">280</a>;<br>
+of St. Patrick, <a href = "#page281">281</a>;<br>
+of Bath, <a href = "#page283">283</a>,
+<a href = "#page284">284</a>,
+<a href = "#page285">285</a>;<br>
+of Star of India, <a href = "#page288">288</a></p>
+<p>Badge, Yorkist, <a href = "#page121">121</a></p>
+<p>Badges, granted and recorded, <a href = "#page309">309</a></p>
+<p>Badges, worn by, <a href = "#page251">251</a></p>
+<p>Badlesmere, Sir B. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Balliol: Arms, <a href = "#page66">66</a>;<br>
+Sir Alexander de, Seal, <a href = "#page103">103</a>,
+<a href = "#page210">210</a></p>
+<p>Balliol College, Oxford, <a href = "#page66">66</a></p>
+<p>Bannebury, Sir R. de, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Branded 103</p>
+<p>Banner, Armorial, <a href = "#page3">3</a>,
+<a href = "#page103">103</a>,
+<a href = "#page247">247</a>;<br>
+blazoning of, <a href = "#page39">39</a>;<br>
+made on field of Battle, <a href = "#page248">248</a>;<br>
+Royal, <a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br>
+marked for Cadency, <a href = "#page192">192</a>,
+<a href = "#page252">252</a>;<br>
+on Seals, <a href = "#page239">239</a>;<br>
+at Sea, <a href = "#page250">250</a>;<br>
+of Leicester, <a href = "#page14">14</a>;<br>
+of Templars, <a href = "#page13">13</a>,
+<a href = "#page276">276</a></p>
+<p>Banneret, <a href = "#page103">103</a>;<br>
+creation of, <a href = "#page248">248</a></p>
+<p>Bannerman, W. Bruce, <a href = "#page302">302</a></p>
+<p>Bar, <a href = "#page51">51</a>,
+<a href = "#page103">103</a>;<br>
+examples of, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p>
+<p>Barbarossa, The Emperor, <a href = "#page113">113</a></p>
+<p>Barbed, <a href = "#page103">103</a></p>
+<p>Barbel, <a href = "#page77">77</a>,
+<a href = "#page103">103</a></p>
+<p>Barded, Bardings, <a href = "#page103">103</a></p>
+<p>Bardoff: Arms, <a href = "#page182">182</a>;<br>
+John Lord, <a href = "#page318">318</a></p>
+<p>Barkele. <i>See</i> Berkeley</p>
+<p>Barnacles, Breys, <a href = "#page103">103</a></p>
+<p>Baron, <a href = "#page103">103</a>,
+<a href = "#page104">104</a>,
+<a href = "#page328">328</a>;<br>
+Baroness, <a href = "#page104">104</a></p>
+<p>Baronet, <a href = "#page104">104</a></p>
+<p>Barre, de: Arms, <a href = "#page103">103</a>,
+<a href = "#page162">162</a>;<br>
+Joan de, <a href = "#page162">162</a>,
+<a href = "#page224">224</a>;<br>
+Henry de, <a href = "#page162">162</a>;<br>
+John de, <a href = "#page77">77</a></p>
+<p>Barrulée, Barruly, <a href = "#page52">52</a>,
+<a href = "#page104">104</a></p>
+<p>Barrulet, <a href = "#page51">51</a>,
+<a href = "#page106">106</a>,
+<a href = "#page182">182</a></p>
+<p>Barry, <a href = "#page52">52</a>,
+<a href = "#page104">104</a></p>
+<p>Barry Bendy, 60, <a href = "#page104">104</a></p>
+<p>Bars Gemelles, <a href = "#page52">52</a>,
+<a href = "#page103">103</a>,
+<a href = "#page126">126</a></p>
+<p>Bar-wise, <a href = "#page53">53</a>,
+<a href = "#page104">104</a></p>
+<p>Base, <a href = "#page33">33</a>,
+<a href = "#page105">105</a></p>
+<p>Basilisk, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p>
+<p>Basinet, <a href = "#page105">105</a>,
+<a href = "#page218">218</a></p>
+<p>Basingborne, Wm. de: Arms, <a href = "#page70">70</a></p>
+<p>Bassett: Arms, <a href = "#page62">62</a></p>
+<p>Bat in Heraldry, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p>
+<p>Bath Herald, <a href = "#page131">131</a></p>
+<p>Bath, Order of the, <a href = "#page283">283</a>;<br>
+Knights of, <a href = "#page284">284</a>;<br>
+Companions of, <a href = "#page284">284</a>;<br>
+Insignia of, <a href = "#page284">284</a>;<br>
+Stalls of Knights, <a href = "#page286">286</a></p>
+<p>Bath, Marquess of, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Baton, <a href = "#page105">105</a>;<br>
+Sinister, <a href = "#page190">190</a>,
+<a href = "#page191">191</a></p>
+<p>Battled, or Embattled, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p>
+<p>Bayeux Tapestry, <a href = "#page5">5</a></p>
+<p>Beacon, Fire Beacon, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p>
+<p>Beaked, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p>
+<p>Bear, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page76">76</a>;<br>
+Bear and Ragged Staff, <a href = "#page221">221</a>,
+<a href = "#page321">321</a></p>
+<p>Bearer, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p>
+<p>Bearings, Armorial Bearings, <a href = "#page39">39</a>,
+<a href = "#page105">105</a>.<br>
+<i>See</i> Arms</p>
+<p>Beasts, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Beatrice, H.R.H., The Princess, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p>
+<p>Beauchamp, Earl Richard de, <a href = "#page164">164</a>,
+<a href = "#page171">171</a>,
+<a href = "#page208">208</a>,
+<a href = "#page319">319</a>;<br>
+his Badges, <a href = "#page221">221</a>;<br>
+at Jousts at Calais, <a href = "#page223">223</a></p>
+<p>Beauchamp, Earl Thomas de, <a href = "#page169">169</a>,
+<a href = "#page319">319</a>,
+<a href = "#page320">320</a></p>
+<p>Beauchamp, K.G., Earl Richard, <a href = "#page146">146</a></p>
+<p>Beauchamp, of Warwick: Arms, <a href = "#page169">169</a>,
+<a href = "#page171">171</a>,
+<a href = "#page183">183</a>;<br>
+Badges, <a href = "#page146">146</a></p>
+<p>Beauchamp, of Bletshoe: Arms, <a href = "#page183">183</a></p>
+<p>Beauchamp, of Elmley: Arms 183</p>
+<p>Beauchamp, at Carlaverock: Arms, <a href = "#page183">183</a></p>
+<p>Beauchamp: Differences, <a href = "#page187">187</a></p>
+<p>Beauchamp Chapel, the, at Warwick, <a href = "#page169">169</a>,
+<a href = "#page187">187</a>,
+<a href = "#page322">322</a></p>
+<p>Beaufort: Arms and Differences, <a href = "#page189">189</a>,
+<a href = "#page190">190</a>,
+<a href = "#page192">192</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page140">140</a>,
+<a href = "#page233">233</a></p>
+<p>Beaufort, Margaret de, <a href = "#page169">169</a>,
+<a href = "#page170">170</a>,
+<a href = "#page233">233</a></p>
+<p>Beaufort, John de, <a href = "#page189">189</a>,
+<a href = "#page190">190</a>,
+<a href = "#page236">236</a></p>
+<p>Beaufort, Henry de, <a href = "#page189">189</a></p>
+<p>Beaumont, Bishop Lewis de: Effigy and Arms, <a href =
+"#page159">159</a></p>
+<p>Beaumont, Sir J.: Crest, <a href = "#page216">216</a></p>
+<p>Beaumont, Viscount, <a href = "#page329">329</a></p>
+<p>Beausseant, <a href = "#page13">13</a>,
+<a href = "#page276">276</a></p>
+<p>Bec, Bishop Anthony, <a href = "#page56">56</a></p>
+<p>Beckyngton, Bishop: Rebus, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Bedford, Isabelle, Countess of, <a href = "#page223">223</a></p>
+<p>Bedford, John, Duke of, <a href = "#page181">181</a></p>
+<p>Bedford, the Duke of: Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a></p>
+<p>Bees, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p>
+<p>Beeston, Arms, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p>
+<p>Bell, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">337</span>
+<a name = "page337" id = "page337"> </a>
+<p>Belled, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p>
+<p>Bend, <a href = "#page58">58</a>,
+<a href = "#page105">105</a>,
+<a href = "#page191">191</a>;<br>
+Examples, <a href = "#page201">201</a>;<br>
+Sinister, <a href = "#page60">60</a></p>
+<p>Bendlet, <a href = "#page58">58</a>,
+<a href = "#page105">105</a>,
+<a href = "#page191">191</a>;<br>
+in Cadency, <a href = "#page182">182</a>;<br>
+Sinister, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p>
+<p>Bendwise, or Bendways, distinction between, <a href =
+"#page59">59</a></p>
+<p>Bend-wise, In Bend, <a href = "#page59">59</a>,
+<a href = "#page105">105</a></p>
+<p>Bendy, <a href = "#page59">59</a>,
+<a href = "#page105">105</a></p>
+<p>Bennett, John: Grant of Arms to, <a href = "#page311">311</a></p>
+<p>Bere, Sir de la: Crest, <a href = "#page206">206</a></p>
+<p>Berham, Sir Wm. de, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Berkeley:<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page183">183</a>,
+<a href = "#page196">196</a>,
+<a href = "#page241">241</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page138">138</a>,
+<a href = "#page224">224</a>,
+<a href = "#page241">241</a>;<br>
+Crest, <a href = "#page138">138</a>,
+<a href = "#page241">241</a></p>
+<p>Berkeroles, Sir Wm. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Bermyngham, Sir Wm. de: Arms, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p>
+<p>Bernhard, of Ascania, <a href = "#page113">113</a></p>
+<p>Beverley Minster, <a href = "#page27">27</a>,
+<a href = "#page106">106</a>,
+<a href = "#page159">159</a></p>
+<p>Bezant, <a href = "#page71">71</a>,
+<a href = "#page105">105</a>;<br>
+Bezantee, <a href = "#page72">72</a></p>
+<p>Bilbesworth, Sir H. de: Arms, <a href = "#page97">97</a></p>
+<p>Billet, Billettée, <a href = "#page64">64</a>,
+<a href = "#page70">70</a>,
+<a href = "#page105">105</a></p>
+<p>Birds, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page76">76</a>,
+<a href = "#page105">105</a></p>
+<p>Birds of prey, <a href = "#page80">80</a></p>
+<p>Bird-bolt, <a href = "#page102">102</a>,
+<a href = "#page105">105</a></p>
+<p>Bishop, <a href = "#page105">105</a>,
+<a href = "#page173">173</a></p>
+<p>Bishops, Suffragan, <a href = "#page106">106</a></p>
+<p>Black Prince, <i>See</i> Edward</p>
+<p>Blasted, <a href = "#page82">82</a>,
+<a href = "#page106">106</a></p>
+<p>Blazon, <a href = "#page31">31</a>,
+<a href = "#page106">106</a>;<br>
+Epithets and Terms in, <a href = "#page80">80</a>,
+<a href = "#page106">106</a>;<br>
+modern refinement of, <a href = "#page52">52</a></p>
+<p>Blazoning, <a href = "#page31">31</a>,
+<a href = "#page39">39</a>,
+<a href = "#page45">45</a>,
+<a href = "#page106">106</a>;<br>
+Descriptive, <a href = "#page46">46</a>,
+<a href = "#page106">106</a>;<br>
+in Tinctures, <a href = "#page47">47</a></p>
+<p>Blazonry, <a href = "#page31">31</a>,
+<a href = "#page106">106</a></p>
+<p>Blondeville, Ranulph de: Arms, <a href = "#page195">195</a></p>
+<p>Blue Ensign, <a href = "#page256">256</a></p>
+<p>Bluemantle, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p>
+<p>Bluet, Sir Wm.: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Blundell: Arms, <a href = "#page65">65</a></p>
+<p>Blyborough, Monument at, <a href = "#page106">106</a></p>
+<p>Boar, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page106">106</a>;<br>
+Boar’s Head, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Bohemia, the King of, <a href = "#page230">230</a></p>
+<p>Bohun, De, Earl of Hereford:<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page59">59</a>,
+<a href = "#page89">89</a>;<br>
+Crest, <a href = "#page91">91</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page155">155</a>,
+<a href = "#page164">164</a>,
+<a href = "#page251">251</a></p>
+<p>Bohun, Alianore de, <a href = "#page162">162</a>,
+<a href = "#page169">169</a>,
+<a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Bohun, Mary de, <a href = "#page153">153</a></p>
+<p>Bohun, Earl Humphrey de, <a href = "#page59">59</a>,
+<a href = "#page83">83</a></p>
+<p>Bohun, Sir Gilbert de, <a href = "#page59">59</a></p>
+<p>Bohun, Oliver de, <a href = "#page201">201</a>,
+<a href = "#page225">225</a></p>
+<p>Boleyn, Queen Anne: Arms, <a href = "#page207">207</a>,
+<a href = "#page229">229</a></p>
+<p>Bolingbroke, the Viscount: Supporters, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p>
+<p>Bologne, Godfrey de, <a href = "#page96">96</a></p>
+<p>Bordet, Sir R.: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Bordoun, Sir J.: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a>,
+<a href = "#page106">106</a>,
+<a href = "#page141">141</a></p>
+<p>Bordure, <a href = "#page43">43</a>,
+<a href = "#page68">68</a>,
+<a href = "#page106">106</a>;<br>
+Examples, <a href = "#page26">26</a>,
+<a href = "#page181">181</a>;<br>
+Quartered and Impaled, <a href = "#page169">169</a>;<br>
+Componée, <a href = "#page192">192</a>;<br>
+Wavy, <a href = "#page192">192</a>;<br>
+of France, <a href = "#page124">124</a></p>
+<p>Bostock, Hugo: Arms, <a href = "#page97">97</a></p>
+<p>Boterels, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p>
+<p>Botiler, Le: Arms, <a href = "#page50">50</a>,
+<a href = "#page58">58</a>,
+<a href = "#page115">115</a>. <i>See</i> Butler</p>
+<p>Botonée, Botonée Fitchée, <a href = "#page56">56</a>,
+<a href = "#page106">106</a></p>
+<p>Bottetourt: Arms, <a href = "#page241">241</a></p>
+<p>Bottreaux, Margaret: Seal, <a href = "#page240">240</a></p>
+<p>Bouget, Water Bouget, <a href = "#page106">106</a></p>
+<p>Bourchier, Lord: Arms, <a href = "#page241">241</a>,
+<a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Bourchier, Sir H. de: Arms, <a href = "#page110">110</a>,
+<a href = "#page216">216</a></p>
+<p>Bourchier Knot, <a href = "#page106">106</a>,
+<a href = "#page133">133</a></p>
+<p>Bourdon, <a href = "#page17">17</a>,
+<a href = "#page106">106</a></p>
+<p>Bow, Bowed, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p>
+<p>Bowen Knot, <a href = "#page107">107</a>,
+<a href = "#page133">133</a></p>
+<p>Braced, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p>
+<p>Bradestone, Sir T. de: Arms, <a href = "#page223">223</a></p>
+<p>Brewys, Sir Wm. de, <a href = "#page187">187</a></p>
+<p>Brey, Sir Reginald de: Badge, <a href = "#page60">60</a>,
+<a href = "#page104">104</a></p>
+<p>Breys, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p>
+<p>Brian, Bryan, Sir Guy de: Arms, <a href = "#page62">62</a></p>
+<p>Brittany: Arms, <a href = "#page14">14</a>,
+<a href = "#page165">165</a></p>
+<p>Brittany, John, Duke of, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p>
+<p>Brivere, Sir W. de: Badge, <a href = "#page135">135</a>,
+<a href = "#page138">138</a></p>
+<p>Brisure, Brizure, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p>
+<p>Bromesgrove, <a href = "#page217">217</a></p>
+<p>Bronscombe, Bishop, <a href = "#page125">125</a></p>
+<p>Broom-plant, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p>
+<p>Brownlow, the Earl: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Bruce, de: Arms, <a href = "#page161">161</a>,
+<a href = "#page198">198</a></p>
+<p>Bruce, Margaret, Lady de Ros: Seal, <a href = "#page164">164</a></p>
+<p>Bruce, King Robert de, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p>
+<p>Bruce, Robert de, Earl of Carrick: Seal, <a href =
+"#page224">224</a></p>
+<p>Brunswick: Arms, <a href = "#page262">262</a></p>
+<p>Brus, Sir Bernard de: Arms, <a href = "#page50">50</a></p>
+<p>Buccleuch, Duke of: Difference, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p>
+<p>Buck, <a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Buckle. <i>See</i> Fermail</p>
+<p>Burgh, de: Arms, <a href = "#page164">164</a></p>
+<p>Burgh, Elizabeth de: Arms, <a href = "#page164">164</a></p>
+<p>Burgh, Hubert de: Arms, <a href = "#page69">69</a></p>
+<p>Burgh, William de: Arms, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p>
+<p>Burgonet, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p>
+<p>Burke, Sir B.: his “Peerage,� <a href = "#page98">98</a></p>
+<p>Burnett, George, Esquire, Lord Lyon, <a href = "#page307">307</a></p>
+<p>Burton, Abbot: Rebus, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Butterflies, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p>
+<p>Buttons, Heraldic, <a href = "#page222">222</a></p>
+<p>Bygod, Sir R., <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Byron: Arms, <a href = "#page119">119</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexC" id = "indexC"><b>C</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Cabossed</span>, or Caboshed, <a href =
+"#page81">81</a>,
+<a href = "#page107">107</a></p>
+<p>Cadency, <a href = "#page107">107</a>,
+<a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br>
+Marked, <a href = "#page179">179</a>;<br>
+Marks of, <a href = "#page107">107</a>,
+<a href = "#page179">179</a>;<br>
+by Label, <a href = "#page179">179</a>;<br>
+by Bordure, <a href = "#page181">181</a>,
+<a href = "#page192">192</a>;<br>
+by Bendlet, <a href = "#page181">181</a>,
+<a href = "#page189">189</a>;<br>
+by Canton, <a href = "#page182">182</a>,
+<a href = "#page191">191</a>;<br>
+by Change of Tinctures, <a href = "#page182">182</a>;<br>
+by Change of Charges, <a href = "#page182">182</a>;<br>
+by Small Charges, <a href = "#page182">182</a>;<br>
+by Official Insignia, <a href = "#page184">184</a>;<br>
+by Single Small Charge, <a href = "#page186">186</a>;<br>
+of Illegitimacy, <a href = "#page187">187</a>,
+<a href = "#page192">192</a>;<br>
+Marked on Badges, Banners, Crests, Mantlings, Standards, and Supporters,
+<a href = "#page192">192</a>,
+<a href = "#page22">22</a>,
+<a href = "#page249">249</a>;<br>
+Modern, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p>
+<p>Cadency, King Richard II. on, <a href = "#page200">200</a></p>
+<p>Cadency, unpierced mullet, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">338</span>
+<a name = "page338" id = "page338"> </a>
+<p>Cadet, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p>
+<p>Calais, Citizens of, <a href = "#page198">198</a></p>
+<p>Calf, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Caltrap, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p>
+<p>Calvary Cross, <a href = "#page55">55</a></p>
+<p>Calveley: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Cambridge, H.R.H., the Duke of, <a href = "#page270">270</a></p>
+<p>Camden, <a href = "#page139">139</a>,
+<a href = "#page230">230</a></p>
+<p>Camoys, Eliz., Lady, <a href = "#page169">169</a></p>
+<p>Camoys, Thos., Lord de, <a href = "#page110">110</a>,
+<a href = "#page169">169</a></p>
+<p>Camoys, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Campbell: Arms, <a href = "#page71">71</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page324">324</a></p>
+<p>Canterbury: Arms of See, <a href = "#page141">141</a>;<br>
+Arms of Deanery, <a href = "#page135">135</a>;<br>
+Archbishop of, <a href = "#page101">101</a>;<br>
+Heraldry of the Cathedral, <a href = "#page236">236</a>,
+<a href = "#page322">322</a></p>
+<p>Canterbury, Wm. de Courtenay, Archbishop of, <a href =
+"#page184">184</a></p>
+<p>Canting Heraldry, <a href = "#page16">16</a>,
+<a href = "#page107">107</a></p>
+<p>Canton, Cantoned, <a href = "#page64">64</a>,
+<a href = "#page107">107</a>;<br>
+in Cadency, <a href = "#page180">180</a>,
+<a href = "#page190">190</a></p>
+<p>Canton and Quarter distinction, <a href = "#page65">65</a></p>
+<p>Cantons, Chiefs and Inescutcheons of, <a href =
+"#page204">204</a></p>
+<p>Canvyle, Sir G. de: Arms, <a href = "#page204">204</a></p>
+<p>Caple, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Carbuncle. <i>See</i> Escarbuncle</p>
+<p>Carew, Sir Nicholas: Arms, <a href = "#page89">89</a></p>
+<p>Carlaverock, Roll of, <a href = "#page12">12</a>,
+<a href = "#page258">258</a></p>
+<p>Carlisle, <a href = "#page13">13</a></p>
+<p>Carlisle, Earl of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Carnarvon, Earl of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Carrick, Earl o, <a href = "#page224">224</a></p>
+<p>Carru, Sir N., <a href = "#page204">204</a></p>
+<p>Cartouche, <a href = "#page37">37</a>,
+<a href = "#page107">107</a></p>
+<p>Castile and Leon: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a>,
+<a href = "#page102">102</a>,
+<a href = "#page166">166</a></p>
+<p>Castile and Leon, Queen Alianore of, <a href = "#page166">166</a></p>
+<p>Castile and Leon, Ferdinand III., King of, <a href =
+"#page166">166</a>;<br>
+Pedro, King of, <a href = "#page248">248</a></p>
+<p>Castle, <a href = "#page102">102</a>,
+<a href = "#page107">107</a></p>
+<p>Castle-acre Priory, <a href = "#page44">44</a></p>
+<p>Catherine, Queen, of Arragon, <a href = "#page229">229</a></p>
+<p>Catherine Parr, Queen, <a href = "#page229">229</a></p>
+<p>Cavalry Standards, <a href = "#page256">256</a></p>
+<p>Cave: Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p>
+<p>Cavendish: Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p>
+<p>Celestial Crown, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p>
+<p>Centaur, Sagittarius, <a href = "#page108">108</a>,
+<a href = "#page258">258</a></p>
+<p>Cercelée, Recercelée, <a href = "#page56">56</a>,
+<a href = "#page108">108</a></p>
+<p>Chaffinch, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Champagne: Arms, <a href = "#page124">124</a></p>
+<p>Chandos, Sir P. de, <a href = "#page62">62</a>;<br>
+Sir John, <a href = "#page248">248</a></p>
+<p>Chapeau, <a href = "#page108">108</a>,
+<a href = "#page213">213</a>,
+<a href = "#page215">215</a></p>
+<p>Chaplet, <a href = "#page108">108</a></p>
+<p>Charge, <a href = "#page38">38</a>,
+<a href = "#page108">108</a>;<br>
+Miscellaneous, <a href = "#page70">70</a>;<br>
+Secondary, <a href = "#page183">183</a>;<br>
+Single Small, <a href = "#page186">186</a></p>
+<p>Charlemagne: his Crown, <a href = "#page262">262</a></p>
+<p>Charles I., <a href = "#page191">191</a>,
+<a href = "#page279">279</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br>
+Crown, <a href = "#page266">266</a></p>
+<p>Charles II., <a href = "#page103">103</a>,
+<a href = "#page192">192</a>,
+<a href = "#page205">205</a>,
+<a href = "#page279">279</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page229">229</a></p>
+<p>Charles V., of France, <a href = "#page78">78</a>,
+<a href = "#page122">122</a></p>
+<p>Charlestone, Sir. J.: Arms, <a href = "#page96">96</a></p>
+<p>Charteris, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p>
+<p>Chartham, <a href = "#page120">120</a></p>
+<p>Chastillon: Arms, <a href = "#page163">163</a>,
+<a href = "#page168">168</a>;<br>
+Guy de, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p>
+<p>Chaucer, Geoffrey, <a href = "#page200">200</a></p>
+<p>Chaworth, De: Arms, <a href = "#page164">164</a>;<br>
+Matilda de, Seal, <a href = "#page164">164</a></p>
+<p>Chequée, Chequy, Checky, <a href = "#page43">43</a>,
+<a href = "#page108">108</a></p>
+<p>Chess-rook, <a href = "#page109">109</a></p>
+<p>Chester, County Palatine of, <a href = "#page195">195</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page195">195</a>,
+<a href = "#page267">267</a>;<br>
+Ranulph, Earl of, <a href = "#page195">195</a></p>
+<p>Chester, Earls of, <a href = "#page195">195</a></p>
+<p>Chester Herald, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p>
+<p>Chevron, Chevronel, Chevronnée, Chevrony, <a href = "#page61">61</a>,
+<a href = "#page109">109</a>;<br>
+Examples, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p>
+<p>Chief, <a href = "#page33">33</a>,
+<a href = "#page49">49</a>,
+<a href = "#page109">109</a>;<br>
+Examples, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p>
+<p>Childrey, Brass at, <a href = "#page154">154</a></p>
+<p>Chivalry, High Court of, <a href = "#page200">200</a>,
+<a href = "#page201">201</a>;<br>
+Order of, <a href = "#page275">275</a></p>
+<p>Cholmondeley: Motto, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p>
+<p>Christchurch, Oxford, <a href = "#page236">236</a></p>
+<p>Church-Bell. <i>See</i> Bell</p>
+<p>Cinquefoil, <a href = "#page109">109</a></p>
+<p>Cinque Ports: Arms, <a href = "#page168">168</a></p>
+<p>Civic Crown, <a href = "#page109">109</a></p>
+<p>Clare, De: Arms, <a href = "#page61">61</a>,
+<a href = "#page196">196</a>;<br>
+Badge 109</p>
+<p>Clare, Gilbert de, the “Red Earl,� <a href = "#page95">95</a></p>
+<p>Clare, in Suffolk, <a href = "#page196">196</a></p>
+<p>Claremont Nesle: Arms, <a href = "#page169">169</a></p>
+<p>Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, <a href = "#page164">164</a>,
+<a href = "#page180">180</a></p>
+<p>Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, <a href = "#page181">181</a></p>
+<p>Clarenceux, <a href = "#page109">109</a>,
+<a href = "#page130">130</a>,
+<a href = "#page131">131</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page131">131</a></p>
+<p>Clarendon, K.G., Earl of, <a href = "#page57">57</a></p>
+<p>Clarendon, Sir Roger de: Arms, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p>
+<p>Clarendon, the Earl of, Supporters, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p>
+<p>Clarion, <a href = "#page109">109</a></p>
+<p>Clasps, <a href = "#page290">290</a></p>
+<p>Clechee, <a href = "#page57">57</a>,
+<a href = "#page109">109</a></p>
+<p>Cleveland, Duke of: Difference, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p>
+<p>Clifford, Lord, <a href = "#page50">50</a>,
+<a href = "#page51">51</a></p>
+<p>Clintone, Clinton, Sir J. de, <a href = "#page50">50</a>,
+<a href = "#page201">201</a>;<br>
+of Maxtoke, <a href = "#page201">201</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a></p>
+<p>Close, <a href = "#page109">109</a>,
+<a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Closed, <a href = "#page81">81</a></p>
+<p>Closet, <a href = "#page109">109</a></p>
+<p>Clouée, <a href = "#page71">71</a>,
+<a href = "#page109">109</a></p>
+<p>Coat of Arms, <a href = "#page3">3</a>,
+<a href = "#page109">109</a>,
+<a href = "#page324">324</a></p>
+<p>Coat Armour, <a href = "#page109">109</a></p>
+<p>Cobham Monuments, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Cockatrice, <a href = "#page79">79</a>,
+<a href = "#page110">110</a></p>
+<p>Cockayne: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Co-Heiress: Arms, <a href = "#page170">170</a></p>
+<p>Coinage, Heraldry of the, <a href = "#page316">316</a></p>
+<p>Coleville, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p>
+<p>Collar, <a href = "#page110">110</a>,
+<a href = "#page130">130</a>;<br>
+of the Garter, <a href = "#page278">278</a>;<br>
+of the Thistle, <a href = "#page200">200</a>;<br>
+of St. Patrick, <a href = "#page281">281</a>;<br>
+of the Bath, <a href = "#page283">283</a>;<br>
+of the Star of India, <a href = "#page287">287</a></p>
+<p>College of Arms or Heralds’ College. <i>See</i> Herald</p>
+<p>College of Arms, Arms of, <a href = "#page131">131</a></p>
+<p>Colour, <a href = "#page40">40</a>,
+<a href = "#page41">41</a>,
+<a href = "#page47">47</a>,
+<a href = "#page110">110</a></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">339</span>
+<a name = "page339" id = "page339"> </a>
+<p>“Colours,� <a href = "#page110">110</a>,
+<a href = "#page265">265</a></p>
+<p>Combattant, <a href = "#page86">86</a>,
+<a href = "#page110">110</a></p>
+<p>Combination of Arms, <a href = "#page158">158</a>,
+<a href = "#page165">165</a></p>
+<p>Compartment, <a href = "#page110">110</a></p>
+<p>Complement, <a href = "#page111">111</a></p>
+<p>Componée, Compony, or Gobony, <a href = "#page43">43</a>,
+<a href = "#page111">111</a>;<br>
+Bordure, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p>
+<p>Compound Badges, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p>
+<p>Compound Quartering, <a href = "#page34">34</a>,
+<a href = "#page111">111</a></p>
+<p>Compounded Arms, <a href = "#page111">111</a>,
+<a href = "#page158">158</a>,
+<a href = "#page164">164</a></p>
+<p>Confessor, the, <a href = "#page206">206</a>. <i>See</i> St.
+Edward</p>
+<p>Confirmation of Arms, <a href = "#page308">308</a>;<br>
+Example, <a href = "#page312">312</a></p>
+<p>Conjoined in Eure, <a href = "#page111">111</a></p>
+<p>Connaught, H.R.H. Duke of, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p>
+<p>Consort, H.R.H., the late Prince: Arms, <a href =
+"#page266">266</a>;<br>
+Difference, <a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br>
+Coronet, <a href = "#page267">267</a>,
+<a href = "#page294">294</a>;<br>
+Crest, <a href = "#page267">267</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page267">267</a>;<br>
+Motto, <a href = "#page267">267</a></p>
+<p>Contoise, <a href = "#page111">111</a>,
+<a href = "#page211">211</a></p>
+<p>Contournée, <a href = "#page111">111</a></p>
+<p>Controversy, the Scrope and Grosvenor, <a href =
+"#page200">200</a></p>
+<p>Corbet: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p>
+<p>Cork, Earl of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Cornish Chough, <a href = "#page111">111</a></p>
+<p>Cornwall, Edmund, Earl of, <a href = "#page94">94</a>;<br>
+Richard, Earl of, <a href = "#page68">68</a>,
+<a href = "#page83">83</a>,
+<a href = "#page94">94</a>,
+<a href = "#page204">204</a></p>
+<p>Cornwall, Piers Gaveston, Earl of, <a href = "#page95">95</a></p>
+<p>Coronet, <a href = "#page111">111</a></p>
+<p>Costume, Heraldry of, <a href = "#page324">324</a></p>
+<p>Cosynton, Sir S. de: Arms, <a href = "#page223">223</a></p>
+<p>Cotise, Cotised, <a href = "#page53">53</a>,
+<a href = "#page58">58</a>,
+<a href = "#page111">111</a></p>
+<p>Couchant, Dormant, <a href = "#page86">86</a>,
+<a href = "#page111">111</a></p>
+<p>Couchée, <a href = "#page38">38</a>,
+<a href = "#page111">111</a></p>
+<p>Count, Countess, <a href = "#page112">112</a></p>
+<p>Counter, <a href = "#page112">112</a></p>
+<p>Counter-changing, <a href = "#page44">44</a>,
+<a href = "#page112">112</a>,
+<a href = "#page254">254</a></p>
+<p>Counter Componée, <a href = "#page43">43</a>,
+<a href = "#page112">112</a></p>
+<p>Counter Embattled, <a href = "#page112">112</a></p>
+<p>Counter Passant, <a href = "#page86">86</a></p>
+<p>Counter Potent, <a href = "#page41">41</a></p>
+<p>Counter Rampant, <a href = "#page86">86</a></p>
+<p>Counter Salient, <a href = "#page86">86</a></p>
+<p>Counter-Seal, <a href = "#page112">112</a></p>
+<p>Counter-Vair, <a href = "#page41">41</a></p>
+<p>Couped, <a href = "#page54">54</a>,
+<a href = "#page87">87</a>,
+<a href = "#page112">112</a></p>
+<p>Couple-Close, <a href = "#page112">112</a></p>
+<p>Courant, <a href = "#page81">81</a>,
+<a href = "#page112">112</a></p>
+<p>Courtenay, William de, Archbishop, <a href = "#page184">184</a>;<br>
+Peter de, Bishop, <a href = "#page226">226</a></p>
+<p>Courtenay Earl Edward de, <a href = "#page141">141</a>,
+<a href = "#page214">214</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page226">226</a></p>
+<p>Courtesy, Titles of, <a href = "#page112">112</a></p>
+<p>Courthope, William, Esq., late Somerset Herald, <a href =
+"#page9">9</a></p>
+<p>Coventry, Earl of: Supporters, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p>
+<p>Coward, Cowed, <a href = "#page86">86</a>,
+<a href = "#page112">112</a></p>
+<p>Crampet, <a href = "#page112">112</a></p>
+<p>Crancelin, <a href = "#page112">112</a></p>
+<p>Crawford, Deverguilla: Seal, <a href = "#page239">239</a></p>
+<p>Crenelated, <a href = "#page113">113</a></p>
+<p>Crescent, <a href = "#page68">68</a>,
+<a href = "#page113">113</a>;<br>
+in Modern Cadency, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p>
+<p>Cresset, <a href = "#page113">113</a></p>
+<p>Crest, <a href = "#page113">113</a>,
+<a href = "#page174">174</a>,
+<a href = "#page208">208</a>;<br>
+Early, <a href = "#page213">213</a>;<br>
+Marked for Cadency, <a href = "#page193">193</a>;<br>
+Differenced, <a href = "#page216">216</a>;<br>
+as originally worn, <a href = "#page218">218</a>;<br>
+two or more, <a href = "#page219">219</a>;<br>
+superseded by Badge, <a href = "#page218">218</a>,
+<a href = "#page227">227</a>;<br>
+of England, <a href = "#page90">90</a>,
+<a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br>
+of Scotland, <a href = "#page90">90</a>,
+<a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br>
+of English Princes, <a href = "#page90">90</a>,
+<a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br>
+of Edward III., <a href = "#page99">99</a>;<br>
+German, <a href = "#page212">212</a></p>
+<p>Crest-Coronet, <a href = "#page113">113</a>,
+<a href = "#page119">119</a></p>
+<p>Crest-Wreath, <a href = "#page113">113</a>,
+<a href = "#page120">120</a>,
+<a href = "#page123">123</a></p>
+<p>Crests, Inheritance of, <a href = "#page219">219</a></p>
+<p>Cretinge, Sir J. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Crined, <a href = "#page114">114</a></p>
+<p>Crombe, de: Arms, <a href = "#page62">62</a></p>
+<p>Cross, <a href = "#page54">54</a>,
+<a href = "#page114">114</a>;<br>
+Throughout, <a href = "#page54">54</a>;<br>
+Couped, or Humettée, <a href = "#page54">54</a>;<br>
+Voided, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br>
+Fimbriated, <a href = "#page54">54</a>;<br>
+of St. George, <a href = "#page54">54</a>,
+<a href = "#page253">253</a>;<br>
+of St. Andrew, <a href = "#page61">61</a>,
+<a href = "#page253">253</a>;<br>
+of St. Patrick, <a href = "#page61">61</a>,
+<a href = "#page253">253</a>;<br>
+of St. Anthony, or Tau, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br>
+Greek, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br>
+Latin, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br>
+Quarter-pierced, <a href = "#page54">54</a>;<br>
+Quarterly-pierced, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br>
+on Degrees, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br>
+Calvary, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br>
+Heraldic Varieties of, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br>
+Quadrate, <a href = "#page55">55</a>,
+<a href = "#page145">145</a>;<br>
+Patriarchal, <a href = "#page55">55</a>,
+<a href = "#page142">142</a>;<br>
+Fourchée, <a href = "#page55">55</a>,
+<a href = "#page125">125</a>;<br>
+Moline, <a href = "#page55">55</a>,
+<a href = "#page138">138</a>,
+<a href = "#page193">193</a>;<br>
+Recercelée, <a href = "#page56">56</a>,
+<a href = "#page150">150</a>;<br>
+Patonce, <a href = "#page56">56</a>,
+<a href = "#page142">142</a>;<br>
+Fleury, <a href = "#page56">56</a>,
+<a href = "#page125">125</a>;<br>
+Fleurettee, <a href = "#page56">56</a>,
+<a href = "#page125">125</a>;<br>
+Pommée, <a href = "#page56">56</a>;<br>
+Botonée, or Treflée, <a href = "#page56">56</a>,
+<a href = "#page106">106</a>;<br>
+Crosslet, <a href = "#page56">56</a>;<br>
+Clechée, <a href = "#page57">57</a>,
+<a href = "#page109">109</a>;<br>
+Patee, or Formée, <a href = "#page57">57</a>,
+<a href = "#page142">142</a>;<br>
+Maltese, and of eight points, <a href = "#page57">57</a>;<br>
+Potent, <a href = "#page57">57</a>,
+<a href = "#page144">144</a>;<br>
+Avellane, <a href = "#page57">57</a>,
+<a href = "#page103">103</a>;<br>
+Fitchée, <a href = "#page58">58</a>,
+<a href = "#page121">121</a></p>
+<p>Crosslet, Crossed Crosslet, <a href = "#page56">56</a></p>
+<p>Crown, <a href = "#page114">114</a>,
+<a href = "#page139">139</a>,
+<a href = "#page266">266</a></p>
+<p>Crown of India, Order of, <a href = "#page294">294</a></p>
+<p>Crozier, <a href = "#page114">114</a></p>
+<p>Crusader Kings, The: Arms, <a href = "#page43">43</a></p>
+<p>Crusades, <a href = "#page4">4</a></p>
+<p>Crusilée, Crusily, <a href = "#page56">56</a>,
+<a href = "#page115">115</a></p>
+<p>Cubit-Arm, <a href = "#page115">115</a></p>
+<p>Cumberland, H.R.H. Duke of, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p>
+<p>Cummin: Arms, <a href = "#page95">95</a></p>
+<p>Cup, Covered Cup, <a href = "#page115">115</a></p>
+<p>“Curiosities of Heraldry,� by Mr. M. A. Lower, <a href =
+"#page303">303</a></p>
+<p>Cushion, Pillow, Oreiller, <a href = "#page115">115</a></p>
+<p>Cyclas, <a href = "#page153">153</a></p>
+<p>Czar, The: Arms, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexD" id = "indexD"><b>D</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Dacre</span> Knot, <a href =
+"#page115">115</a>,
+<a href = "#page134">134</a></p>
+<p>Dageworth, Sir J.: Arms, <a href = "#page51">51</a>,
+<a href = "#page201">201</a></p>
+<p>Dalmenhurst: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p>
+<p>Dancetté, <a href = "#page35">35</a>,
+<a href = "#page70">70</a>,
+<a href = "#page115">115</a>,
+<a href = "#page157">157</a></p>
+<p>Danse. <i>See</i> Dancetté</p>
+<p>Darcy, D’Arcy: Arms, <a href = "#page65">65</a></p>
+<p>Darnley, Lord: Arms, <a href = "#page68">68</a></p>
+<p>Daubeney, Sir Giles, K.G., <a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>D’Aubigny: Arms, <a href = "#page170">170</a></p>
+<p>Debased, <a href = "#page115">115</a></p>
+<p>Debruised, <a href = "#page115">115</a></p>
+<p>Decoration, Heraldic, <a href = "#page324">324</a></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">340</span>
+<a name = "page340" id = "page340"> </a>
+<p>Decrescent, In Detriment, <a href = "#page80">80</a>,
+<a href = "#page115">115</a></p>
+<p>Deer, <a href = "#page80">80</a>,
+<a href = "#page115">115</a></p>
+<p>Degrees, <a href = "#page55">55</a>,
+<a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Deincourt: Arms, <a href = "#page70">70</a></p>
+<p>Delamere, Sir John, <a href = "#page96">96</a>;<br>
+Sir G., <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Demembered, Dismembered, <a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Demi, <a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Demi-Eagle, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p>
+<p>Demi-Lion, <a href = "#page87">87</a></p>
+<p>Denbigh, Earl of, <a href = "#page98">98</a></p>
+<p>Denmark: Arms, <a href = "#page83">83</a>,
+<a href = "#page268">268</a></p>
+<p>Dependency, Feudal, <a href = "#page194">194</a></p>
+<p>Depressed, <a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Despencer, Le: Arms, <a href = "#page171">171</a>;<br>
+Barony, <a href = "#page329">329</a></p>
+<p>Despencer, Isabelle le, <a href = "#page171">171</a>;<br>
+Bishop Henry le, <a href = "#page186">186</a>,
+<a href = "#page215">215</a>;<br>
+John le, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p>
+<p>Devon, Earl of, <a href = "#page214">214</a></p>
+<p>Dexter, <a href = "#page32">32</a>,
+<a href = "#page33">33</a>,
+<a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Deyville, Sir J. de, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Diaper, Diapering, <a href = "#page44">44</a>,
+<a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Difference, Differencing, <a href = "#page116">116</a>,
+<a href = "#page177">177</a>,
+<a href = "#page190">190</a>,
+<a href = "#page194">194</a></p>
+<p>Differenced Shields, <a href = "#page186">186</a>,
+<a href = "#page200">200</a></p>
+<p>Differences, Temporary, <a href = "#page177">177</a>;<br>
+Permanent, <a href = "#page177">177</a>;<br>
+for Distinction only, <a href = "#page199">199</a>;<br>
+of Illegitimacy, <a href = "#page187">187</a></p>
+<p>Dignities, <a href = "#page31">31</a></p>
+<p>Dimidiation, Dimidiated, <a href = "#page116">116</a>,
+<a href = "#page162">162</a>,
+<a href = "#page167">167</a></p>
+<p>Disclosed, <a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Displayed, <a href = "#page81">81</a>,
+<a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Disposition, Disposed, <a href = "#page45">45</a>,
+<a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Distinguished Service Order, <a href = "#page292">292</a></p>
+<p>Ditzmers: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p>
+<p>Dividing and Border Lines, <a href = "#page34">34</a>,
+<a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Dolphin, <a href = "#page7">7</a>,
+<a href = "#page77">77</a>,
+<a href = "#page78">78</a>,
+<a href = "#page82">82</a>,
+<a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Dormant, <a href = "#page86">86</a>,
+<a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Double-queued, <a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Doubling, <a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Douglas: Arms, <a href = "#page74">74</a>;<br>
+Crest, <a href = "#page149">149</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a>;<br>
+Augmentation, <a href = "#page206">206</a></p>
+<p>Douglas Sir James, <a href = "#page74">74</a>;<br>
+Lord William, <a href = "#page74">74</a>;<br>
+the first Earl, <a href = "#page74">74</a></p>
+<p>Douglas and Mar William, Earl of, <a href = "#page94">94</a></p>
+<p>Dove-tail, <a href = "#page35">35</a>,
+<a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Doyle, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p>
+<p>Dragon, <a href = "#page79">79</a>,
+<a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>“Dresses of Arms,� <a href = "#page324">324</a></p>
+<p>Dreux, De: Arms, <a href = "#page116">116</a>,
+<a href = "#page165">165</a></p>
+<p>Dreux, J. de, Duke of Brittany, <a href = "#page163">163</a>,
+<a href = "#page165">165</a></p>
+<p>Drummond, John: Seal, <a href = "#page244">244</a></p>
+<p>Drury: Arms, <a href = "#page154">154</a></p>
+<p>Dublin, De Vere, Marquess of, <a href = "#page136">136</a>,
+<a href = "#page329">329</a></p>
+<p>Dublin: Arms of, See, <a href = "#page141">141</a></p>
+<p>Ducal Coronet, <a href = "#page117">117</a></p>
+<p>Duchess, <a href = "#page117">117</a></p>
+<p>Duchies of Cornwall and Lancaster, <a href = "#page329">329</a></p>
+<p>Dudley, Earl Robert, <a href = "#page208">208</a></p>
+<p>Dudley, Thomas: Seal, <a href = "#page216">216</a></p>
+<p>Duke, <a href = "#page116">116</a>,
+<a href = "#page329">329</a></p>
+<p>Dunboyne, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Durem, Sir G. de, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Durham, <a href = "#page14">14</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexE" id = "indexE"><b>E</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Eagle</span>, <a href =
+"#page117">117</a>;<br>
+Heraldic, <a href = "#page25">25</a>,
+<a href = "#page76">76</a>;<br>
+in Stained glass at York, <a href = "#page92">92</a>;<br>
+sculptured in Westminster Abbey, <a href = "#page92">92</a>;<br>
+with one Head, <a href = "#page92">92</a>;<br>
+with two Heads, <a href = "#page93">93</a>;<br>
+Imperial, crowned, <a href = "#page95">95</a>;<br>
+with Nimbus, <a href = "#page95">95</a>;<br>
+Drawing of, <a href = "#page98">98</a>;<br>
+Austrian, <a href = "#page98">98</a>;<br>
+French, <a href = "#page98">98</a>;<br>
+as Supporter, <a href = "#page99">99</a>;<br>
+as Badge, <a href = "#page148">148</a></p>
+<p>Eagles and Hawks, <a href = "#page81">81</a></p>
+<p>Eaglet, <a href = "#page95">95</a>,
+<a href = "#page99">99</a>,
+<a href = "#page117">117</a></p>
+<p>Earl, <a href = "#page117">117</a>,
+<a href = "#page327">327</a></p>
+<p>Earl Marshal, the, <a href = "#page131">131</a></p>
+<p>Eastern, Radiated, or Antique Crown, <a href = "#page118">118</a></p>
+<p>Ecclesal Ekeleshale: Arms, <a href = "#page197">197</a></p>
+<p>Ecclesiastics, Heraldic decoration of their Vestments, <a href =
+"#page159">159</a></p>
+<p>Echingham, De: Arms, <a href = "#page71">71</a></p>
+<p>Edinburgh, H.R.H., the Duke of, <a href = "#page280">280</a></p>
+<p>Edmond, Son of Edward I., <a href = "#page181">181</a></p>
+<p>Edmund, Saint: Arms, <a href = "#page19">19</a>,
+<a href = "#page206">206</a>,
+<a href = "#page259">259</a></p>
+<p>Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, <a href = "#page94">94</a></p>
+<p>Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, <a href = "#page123">123</a>,
+<a href = "#page179">179</a>,
+<a href = "#page181">181</a>,
+<a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Edward, Saint, the Confessor: Arms, <a href = "#page19">19</a>,
+<a href = "#page181">181</a></p>
+<p>Edward I.: Label as Prince Royal, <a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br>
+Barding of Charger, <a href = "#page103">103</a>;<br>
+Rolls of Arms of his era, <a href = "#page13">13</a></p>
+<p>Edward II.: Label as Prince Royal, <a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br>
+Roll of Arms of his era, <a href = "#page13">13</a></p>
+<p>Edward III.: Label as Prince Royal, <a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br>
+quarters France Ancient, <a href = "#page123">123</a>;<br>
+Crest, <a href = "#page90">90</a>,
+<a href = "#page99">99</a>,
+<a href = "#page213">213</a>,
+<a href = "#page263">263</a>;<br>
+Badges, <a href = "#page227">227</a>,
+<a href = "#page232">232</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page237">237</a>;<br>
+Heraldry of his Monument, <a href = "#page26">26</a>,
+<a href = "#page169">169</a>;<br>
+Roll of Arms of his era, <a href = "#page13">13</a>;<br>
+Heraldry in his time, <a href = "#page9">9</a>;<br>
+his love of Heraldry, <a href = "#page223">223</a>;<br>
+founds the Order of the Garter, <a href = "#page276">276</a></p>
+<p>Edward IV.: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a>,
+<a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br>
+Badges, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br>
+Coins, <a href = "#page317">317</a>;<br>
+grants Augmentations, <a href = "#page213">213</a></p>
+<p>Edward V.: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a></p>
+<p>Edward VI.: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br>
+Badges, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br>
+bears the Ostrich Feather Badge, <a href = "#page230">230</a>;<br>
+Coins, <a href = "#page316">316</a></p>
+<p>Edward VII. <i>Vide</i> King</p>
+<p>Edward the Black Prince: Arms, <a href = "#page134">134</a>,
+<a href = "#page178">178</a>,
+<a href = "#page191">191</a>;<br>
+Crest, <a href = "#page91">91</a>,
+<a href = "#page215">215</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page230">230</a>,
+<a href = "#page231">231</a>;<br>
+Motto, <a href = "#page234">234</a>;<br>
+First English Duke and Prince of Wales, <a href = "#page116">116</a>,
+<a href = "#page234">234</a>,
+<a href = "#page329">329</a>;<br>
+at Navaret, <a href = "#page248">248</a>;<br>
+his Will, <a href = "#page234">234</a>;<br>
+his Monument, <a href = "#page26">26</a>,
+<a href = "#page233">233</a></p>
+<p>Eglesfield, Robert de: Arms, <a href = "#page97">97</a></p>
+<p>Eglintoun, Earls of, <a href = "#page11">11</a></p>
+<p>Eleanor. <i>See</i> Alianore</p>
+<p>Electoral Bonnet, <a href = "#page118">118</a>,
+<a href = "#page263">263</a></p>
+<p>Elford, Monuments at, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p>
+<p>Elizabeth, Queen: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br>
+Badges and Mottoes, <a href = "#page229">229</a>,
+<a href = "#page265">265</a>;<br>
+Changes Colour of Ribbon of the Garter, <a href = "#page126">126</a>,
+<a href = "#page279">279</a>;<br>
+her Monument, <a href = "#page322">322</a></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">341</span>
+<a name = "page341" id = "page341"> </a>
+<p>Elizabeth, Countess of Holland and of Hereford, <a href =
+"#page161">161</a></p>
+<p>Elsyng, Brass at, <a href = "#page216">216</a>,
+<a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Eltham, Prince John of, <a href = "#page26">26</a>,
+<a href = "#page124">124</a>,
+<a href = "#page165">165</a>,
+<a href = "#page181">181</a>,
+<a href = "#page250">250</a></p>
+<p>Embattled, and Counter Embattled, <a href = "#page34">34</a>,
+<a href = "#page118">118</a></p>
+<p>Emblazoning, <a href = "#page47">47</a></p>
+<p>Emblems, <a href = "#page9">9</a></p>
+<p>Embowed, <a href = "#page82">82</a>,
+<a href = "#page118">118</a></p>
+<p>Embrued, <a href = "#page118">118</a></p>
+<p>Endorse, Endorsed, <a href = "#page53">53</a>,
+<a href = "#page118">118</a></p>
+<p>Enfiled, <a href = "#page118">118</a></p>
+<p>England: Arms, <a href = "#page27">27</a>,
+<a href = "#page83">83</a>,
+<a href = "#page89">89</a>,
+<a href = "#page258">258</a>;<br>
+Royal Heraldry of, <a href = "#page258">258</a>,
+<a href = "#page267">267</a>;<br>
+Patron Saints of, <a href = "#page19">19</a>;<br>
+Lions of, <a href = "#page87">87</a>,
+<a href = "#page258">258</a>;<br>
+Crest, <a href = "#page90">90</a>,
+<a href = "#page263">263</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a>,
+<a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br>
+Badges, <a href = "#page149">149</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br>
+Crowns, <a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br>
+Flags, <a href = "#page253">253</a></p>
+<p>England, Bordure Wavy, <a href = "#page191">191</a>,
+<a href = "#page192">192</a></p>
+<p>Engrailed, <a href = "#page34">34</a>,
+<a href = "#page118">118</a>,
+<a href = "#page197">197</a></p>
+<p>Enhanced, <a href = "#page118">118</a></p>
+<p>Ensign, <a href = "#page255">255</a>;<br>
+Red, <a href = "#page255">255</a>;<br>
+White, <a href = "#page256">256</a>;<br>
+Blue, <a href = "#page256">256</a></p>
+<p>Ensigned, <a href = "#page119">119</a></p>
+<p>Entire, Entoire, Entoyre, <a href = "#page119">119</a></p>
+<p>Enveloped, Environed, <a href = "#page119">119</a></p>
+<p>Epithets, Heraldic, and Descriptive Terms, <a href =
+"#page80">80</a></p>
+<p>Equipped, <a href = "#page119">119</a></p>
+<p>Eradicated, <a href = "#page82">82</a>,
+<a href = "#page119">119</a></p>
+<p>Erased, <a href = "#page87">87</a>,
+<a href = "#page119">119</a></p>
+<p>Ermine, Ermines, Erminois, <a href = "#page41">41</a>,
+<a href = "#page42">42</a>,
+<a href = "#page119">119</a></p>
+<p>Erne, <a href = "#page96">96</a>,
+<a href = "#page119">119</a></p>
+<p>Erneford, Wm. de: Arms, <a href = "#page96">96</a></p>
+<p>Erskine: Arms, <a href = "#page53">53</a></p>
+<p>Escallop or Escallop-Shell, <a href = "#page59">59</a>,
+<a href = "#page77">77</a>,
+<a href = "#page78">78</a>,
+<a href = "#page120">120</a></p>
+<p>Escarbuncle, <a href = "#page15">15</a>,
+<a href = "#page119">119</a></p>
+<p>Eschales: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p>
+<p>Escroll, <a href = "#page119">119</a></p>
+<p>Escutcheon, <a href = "#page119">119</a>;<br>
+of Pretence, <a href = "#page120">120</a>,
+<a href = "#page170">170</a>,
+<a href = "#page314">314</a></p>
+<p>Esquire, <a href = "#page120">120</a></p>
+<p>Essex, Henry, Earl of, <a href = "#page216">216</a></p>
+<p>Essex, Earl of, Geoffrey de, <a href = "#page15">15</a></p>
+<p>Essex, the Earl of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Estate, <a href = "#page120">120</a></p>
+<p>Estoile, <a href = "#page120">120</a></p>
+<p>Estoteville, Sir N. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Estwick: Motto, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p>
+<p>Etone, Sir N. de: Arms, <a href = "#page96">96</a></p>
+<p>Eureux, D’, of Salisbury, <a href = "#page188">188</a></p>
+<p>Ewelme, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Exeter Cathedral, <a href = "#page111">111</a>,
+<a href = "#page231">231</a></p>
+<p>Exeter, Hollands, Dukes of, <a href = "#page181">181</a>;<br>
+John Grandison, Bishop of, <a href = "#page184">184</a></p>
+<p>Exeter, Marquess of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Expression, Styles and Forms of, <a href = "#page30">30</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexF" id = "indexF"><b>F</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Fabulous</span> Beings, in Heraldry,
+<a href = "#page79">79</a></p>
+<p>Fairfax: Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p>
+<p>Falconer: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p>
+<p>False, <a href = "#page120">120</a>;<br>
+False Cross, <a href = "#page55">55</a>;<br>
+False Escutcheon, <a href = "#page66">66</a>;<br>
+False Roundle, <a href = "#page72">72</a>,
+<a href = "#page120">120</a></p>
+<p>Fan, or Winnowing Fan, or Vane, <a href = "#page120">120</a></p>
+<p>Fan-Crest, <a href = "#page120">120</a>,
+<a href = "#page210">210</a></p>
+<p>Faroe Islands: Arms, <a href = "#page264">264</a></p>
+<p>Fauconberg, Sir Wm.: Arms, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p>
+<p>Feathers, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page120">120</a>. <i>See</i>
+Ostrich Feathers</p>
+<p>Fees, for Grants of Arms, &amp;c., <a href = "#page308">308</a>,
+<a href = "#page310">310</a></p>
+<p>Felbrigge, Sir S. de, K.G., <a href = "#page121">121</a></p>
+<p>Felbrigg, Brass at, <a href = "#page121">121</a></p>
+<p>Femme, <a href = "#page120">120</a></p>
+<p>Fenwick, John: Arms, <a href = "#page44">44</a></p>
+<p>Fer-de-Moline, or Mill rind, <a href = "#page120">120</a></p>
+<p>Fermail, Fermaux, <a href = "#page121">121</a></p>
+<p>Ferrers, De: Arms, <a href = "#page185">185</a>;<br>
+Anne, de, <a href = "#page185">185</a>;<br>
+Margaret, de, <a href = "#page170">170</a>;<br>
+William, Lord, of Groby, <a href = "#page185">185</a>;<br>
+Lord, of Chartley, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p>
+<p>Fess or Fesse, <a href = "#page50">50</a>,
+<a href = "#page121">121</a>;<br>
+Examples, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p>
+<p>Fesse-Point, <a href = "#page33">33</a>,
+<a href = "#page121">121</a></p>
+<p>Fesse-wise, In Fesse, <a href = "#page51">51</a>,
+<a href = "#page121">121</a></p>
+<p>Fessways, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p>
+<p>Fetter-lock, <a href = "#page121">121</a></p>
+<p>Feudal Alliance and Dependency, Heraldic Record of, <a href =
+"#page159">159</a>,
+<a href = "#page194">194</a></p>
+<p>Feudal Influence, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p>
+<p>Feudal Tenure, <a href = "#page274">274</a></p>
+<p>Field, <a href = "#page38">38</a>,
+<a href = "#page121">121</a>;<br>
+Varied Fields, <a href = "#page42">42</a>;<br>
+“Of the Field,� <a href = "#page43">43</a></p>
+<p>Fife, H.R.H. Duchess of, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p>
+<p>File, <a href = "#page121">121</a></p>
+<p>Fillet, <a href = "#page121">121</a></p>
+<p>Fimbriation, Fimbriated, <a href = "#page54">54</a>,
+<a href = "#page121">121</a></p>
+<p>Finned, <a href = "#page82">82</a></p>
+<p>Fish, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page77">77</a>,
+<a href = "#page82">82</a>,
+<a href = "#page103">103</a>,
+<a href = "#page121">121</a></p>
+<p>Fishbourne, Giles de: Arms, <a href = "#page78">78</a></p>
+<p>Fitched, <a href = "#page57">57</a></p>
+<p>Fitchee, <a href = "#page58">58</a>,
+<a href = "#page121">121</a></p>
+<p>Fitton: Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p>
+<p>Fitz Alan, of Bedale, <a href = "#page52">52</a></p>
+<p>Fitz Alan, Earl of Arundel, <a href = "#page83">83</a>,
+<a href = "#page89">89</a>,
+<a href = "#page118">118</a>,
+<a href = "#page215">215</a></p>
+<p>Fitz Parnel, Earl Robert, <a href = "#page195">195</a></p>
+<p>Fitz Payne, Sir R. le: Arms, <a href = "#page204">204</a></p>
+<p>Fitz Ralph: Arms, <a href = "#page196">196</a></p>
+<p>Fitz Walter, Robert Le: Arms, <a href = "#page51">51</a></p>
+<p>Fitz Warine, Fitz Waryn: Arms, <a href = "#page14">14</a>;<br>
+Sir Fulk de, <a href = "#page186">186</a></p>
+<p>Fitz Urse: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Flags, <a href = "#page257">257</a>;<br>
+Military, <a href = "#page256">256</a>,
+<a href = "#page257">257</a>;<br>
+Four remarks upon, <a href = "#page257">257</a></p>
+<p>Flanches, Flasques, <a href = "#page68">68</a>,
+<a href = "#page69">69</a>,
+<a href = "#page122">122</a></p>
+<p>Flanched, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p>
+<p>Fleur de Lys, <a href = "#page122">122</a>;<br>
+quartered by Edward III, <a href = "#page124">124</a>;<br>
+Removed from Royal Shield of England, <a href = "#page262">262</a>;<br>
+in Modern Cadency, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p>
+<p>Fleurie, or Fleury, <a href = "#page56">56</a>,
+<a href = "#page125">125</a></p>
+<p>Fleurettée, Florettée, <a href = "#page56">56</a>,
+<a href = "#page125">125</a></p>
+<p>Flexed, <a href = "#page125">125</a></p>
+<p>Flighted, <a href = "#page102">102</a>,
+<a href = "#page125">125</a></p>
+<p>Flodden Field, <a href = "#page205">205</a></p>
+<p>Fly, <a href = "#page125">125</a></p>
+<p>Flory-counter-flory, <a href = "#page35">35</a></p>
+<p>Foliated, <a href = "#page125">125</a></p>
+<p>Formée, <a href = "#page57">57</a></p>
+<p>Forneus, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page62">62</a></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">342</span>
+<a name = "page342" id = "page342"> </a>
+<p>Forth, Viscount: Seal, <a href = "#page244">244</a></p>
+<p>Fountain, <a href = "#page72">72</a>,
+<a href = "#page125">125</a></p>
+<p>Fourchée, Queue Fourchée, <a href = "#page55">55</a>,
+<a href = "#page86">86</a>,
+<a href = "#page125">125</a></p>
+<p>Fraise, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p>
+<p>“France Ancient,� <a href = "#page122">122</a>,
+<a href = "#page124">124</a>;<br>
+“France Modern,� <a href = "#page122">122</a>,
+<a href = "#page125">125</a>;<br>
+“Bordure of France,� <a href = "#page124">124</a>;<br>
+“Label of France,� <a href = "#page123">123</a>;<br>
+Imperial Eagle of, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p>
+<p>Fraser, Wm.: Seal, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p>
+<p>Frederick II., Emperor: Arms, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Frere: Arms, <a href = "#page58">58</a></p>
+<p>Fret, Frette, Frettée, Fretty, <a href = "#page64">64</a>,
+<a href = "#page71">71</a>,
+<a href = "#page125">125</a>,
+<a href = "#page133">133</a></p>
+<p>Froissart, <a href = "#page248">248</a>,
+<a href = "#page273">273</a></p>
+<p>Fructed, <a href = "#page82">82</a>,
+<a href = "#page125">125</a></p>
+<p>Furs, <a href = "#page40">40</a>,
+<a href = "#page42">42</a>,
+<a href = "#page125">125</a></p>
+<p>Furnival, De: Arms, <a href = "#page182">182</a>,
+<a href = "#page203">203</a></p>
+<p>Fusil, Fusillée, Fusily, <a href = "#page70">70</a>,
+<a href = "#page125">125</a></p>
+<p>Fylfot, <a href = "#page125">125</a></p>
+<p>Fynderne, Wm., <a href = "#page156">156</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexG" id = "indexG"><b>G</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Gad</span>, Gadlyng, <a href =
+"#page125">125</a></p>
+<p>Galley, <a href = "#page125">125</a></p>
+<p>Gambe. <i>See</i> Jambe</p>
+<p>Garb, <a href = "#page125">125</a>,
+<a href = "#page195">195</a>,
+<a href = "#page201">201</a></p>
+<p>Garnished, <a href = "#page125">125</a></p>
+<p>Garter, Order of the, <a href = "#page125">125</a>,
+<a href = "#page276">276</a>;<br>
+Insignia of the, <a href = "#page125">125</a>,
+<a href = "#page278">278</a>;<br>
+Stalls and Garter Plates of Knights, <a href = "#page278">278</a>;<br>
+Officers, <a href = "#page278">278</a></p>
+<p>Garter King-of-Arms, <a href = "#page126">126</a>,
+<a href = "#page130">130</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page131">131</a></p>
+<p>Gaveston, Piers: Arms, <a href = "#page95">95</a></p>
+<p>Gemelles. <i>See</i> Bars Gemelles</p>
+<p>Gem-Ring, <a href = "#page126">126</a></p>
+<p>Genealogies, <a href = "#page300">300</a></p>
+<p>Genet, <a href = "#page126">126</a></p>
+<p>Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, <a href = "#page188">188</a></p>
+<p>George, Saint: Arms, <a href = "#page19">19</a>,
+<a href = "#page126">126</a>,
+<a href = "#page253">253</a>;<br>
+Chapel of, <a href = "#page103">103</a></p>
+<p>George, The, of the Garter, <a href = "#page126">126</a>,
+<a href = "#page278">278</a>;<br>
+The Lesser, <a href = "#page126">126</a>,
+<a href = "#page278">278</a></p>
+<p>George I.: Arms, <a href = "#page263">263</a></p>
+<p>George II.: Arms, <a href = "#page263">263</a></p>
+<p>George III.: Arms, <a href = "#page263">263</a></p>
+<p>George IV.: Arms, <a href = "#page263">263</a></p>
+<p>Gerattyng, <a href = "#page126">126</a></p>
+<p>German Empress, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p>
+<p>Germany, the Emperor of: Arms, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Germany, the King of: Arms, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Geytone, Sir J. de: Arms, <a href = "#page201">201</a>;<br>
+Sir P. de, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Ghent, Prince John of, <a href = "#page179">179</a>,
+<a href = "#page189">189</a>,
+<a href = "#page232">232</a>,
+<a href = "#page235">235</a>,
+<a href = "#page241">241</a></p>
+<p>Giffard: Arms, <a href = "#page152">152</a></p>
+<p>Giffard, Sir A., <a href = "#page72">72</a>;<br>
+Sir J., <a href = "#page89">89</a>,
+<a href = "#page204">204</a></p>
+<p>Gimmel-Ring, <a href = "#page126">126</a></p>
+<p>Girt, Girdled, <a href = "#page126">126</a></p>
+<p>Gliding, <a href = "#page82">82</a></p>
+<p>“Glossary of Heraldry,� The Oxford, <a href = "#page31">31</a></p>
+<p>Glossary of Titles, Names, and Terms, <a href =
+"#page100">100</a></p>
+<p>Gloucester, Alianore, Duchess of, <a href = "#page323">323</a>.<br>
+<i>See</i> De Bohun</p>
+<p>Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, <a href = "#page181">181</a>,
+<a href = "#page236">236</a>,
+<a href = "#page323">323</a>;<br>
+Thomas, Duke of, <a href = "#page232">232</a>,
+<a href = "#page235">235</a>,
+<a href = "#page322">322</a></p>
+<p>Gloucester, Thomas le Despencer, Earl of, <a href =
+"#page171">171</a></p>
+<p>Gloucester, Ralph de Monthermer, Earl of, <a href =
+"#page95">95</a></p>
+<p>Gloucester Cathedral, Tiles at, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Gold, <a href = "#page42">42</a>,
+<a href = "#page47">47</a></p>
+<p>Golpe, <a href = "#page72">72</a></p>
+<p>Gonfannon, <a href = "#page126">126</a></p>
+<p>Gorged, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p>
+<p>Gorges, R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p>
+<p>Gothic Architecture, Heraldry in, <a href = "#page321">321</a></p>
+<p>Gothic Art, its Heraldic Character, <a href = "#page325">325</a></p>
+<p>Gothic Monuments, Heraldry of, <a href = "#page322">322</a></p>
+<p>Gough, Lord: Arms, <a href = "#page23">23</a></p>
+<p>Gouttée, Guttée, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p>
+<p>Grafton, Duke of: Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a>;<br>
+Differences, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p>
+<p>Graham, Robert: Seal, <a href = "#page242">242</a></p>
+<p>Grand Quartering, Grand Quarters, <a href = "#page35">35</a>,
+<a href = "#page127">127</a>,
+<a href = "#page166">166</a></p>
+<p>Grandison: Arms, <a href = "#page5">5</a>,
+<a href = "#page96">96</a>,
+<a href = "#page184">184</a></p>
+<p>Grandison, Bishop John de, <a href = "#page184">184</a></p>
+<p>Grants of Arms, <a href = "#page308">308</a>;<br>
+Example, <a href = "#page309">309</a></p>
+<p>Great Malvern, Tiles at, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Great Yarmouth: Arms, <a href = "#page168">168</a></p>
+<p>Greek Cross, <a href = "#page55">55</a></p>
+<p>Greenland: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p>
+<p>Greville, Earl of, <a href = "#page208">208</a></p>
+<p>Grey: Arms, <a href = "#page52">52</a>;<br>
+Crest of Sir Richard de Grey, K.G., <a href = "#page215">215</a></p>
+<p>Grieces, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p>
+<p>Griffin. <i>See</i> Gryphon</p>
+<p>Grosvenor: Arms, <a href = "#page195">195</a>;<br>
+Sir R. de, <a href = "#page58">58</a>,
+<a href = "#page200">200</a></p>
+<p>Gryphon, Griffin, <a href = "#page79">79</a>,
+<a href = "#page80">80</a></p>
+<p>Guardant, <a href = "#page85">85</a>,
+<a href = "#page127">127</a></p>
+<p>“Guide to the Study of Heraldry,� by Mr. Montagu, <a href =
+"#page2">2</a>,
+<a href = "#page9">9</a>,
+<a href = "#page191">191</a></p>
+<p>Guige, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p>
+<p>Gules, <a href = "#page41">41</a>,
+<a href = "#page48">48</a>,
+<a href = "#page127">127</a></p>
+<p>Gurges, Gorges, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p>
+<p>Gyron, Gyronnée, Gyronny, <a href = "#page34">34</a>,
+<a href = "#page64">64</a>,
+<a href = "#page70">70</a>,
+<a href = "#page127">127</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexH" id = "indexH"><b>H</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Habited</span>, <a href =
+"#page127">127</a></p>
+<p>Hainault, the Counts of: Arms, <a href = "#page83">83</a></p>
+<p>Hainault, Queen Philippa of, <a href = "#page230">230</a>,
+<a href = "#page232">232</a></p>
+<p>Hames, Haimes, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p>
+<p>Hamilton, Crest, <a href = "#page150">150</a>,
+<a href = "#page213">213</a></p>
+<p>Hamilton, Duke of, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p>
+<p>Hamilton, Sir Gilbert de, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p>
+<p>Hammer, or martel, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p>
+<p>Hanover, <a href = "#page263">263</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page262">262</a></p>
+<p>Harcourt, Sir R.: Arms, <a href = "#page217">217</a>;<br>
+Harecourt, or Harcourt: Arms, <a href = "#page51">51</a>,
+<a href = "#page182">182</a></p>
+<p>Hardinge, Viscount: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Hardwick, Earl of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Harp, <a href = "#page127">127</a></p>
+<p>Harris: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">343</span>
+<a name = "page343" id = "page343"> </a>
+<p>Harington Knot, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p>
+<p>Harsyck, Sir J.: Crest, <a href = "#page216">216</a></p>
+<p>Hart, <a href = "#page81">81</a>,
+<a href = "#page116">116</a>,
+<a href = "#page127">127</a></p>
+<p>Hastilude, <a href = "#page128">128</a></p>
+<p>Hastings, the Earl, <a href = "#page196">196</a>;<br>
+Edmund de, <a href = "#page196">196</a>;<br>
+Edward, Lord, <a href = "#page133">133</a>;<br>
+Sir Hugh, <a href = "#page216">216</a></p>
+<p>Hastings: Arms, <a href = "#page136">136</a>;<br>
+Crest, <a href = "#page216">216</a></p>
+<p>Hatchment, <a href = "#page128">128</a></p>
+<p>Hatfield, Thomas, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p>
+<p>Hauriant, <a href = "#page82">82</a>,
+<a href = "#page128">128</a></p>
+<p>Hautville, Sir G. de: Arms, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p>
+<p>Hawk’s Bells, Jesses, and Lure, <a href = "#page105">105</a>,
+<a href = "#page128">128</a></p>
+<p>Hay: Arms, <a href = "#page66">66</a>,
+<a href = "#page119">119</a></p>
+<p>Headfort, the Marquess of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Hedge-hog, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Heightened, <a href = "#page128">128</a></p>
+<p>Heights, <a href = "#page128">128</a></p>
+<p>Heiress, Arms of, <a href = "#page170">170</a></p>
+<p>Helena, H.R.H., the Princess, Princess Christian, <a href =
+"#page271">271</a></p>
+<p>Helm, Helmet, <a href = "#page128">128</a>,
+<a href = "#page174">174</a></p>
+<p>Hemenhale: Arms, <a href = "#page51">51</a></p>
+<p>Hempbrake, Hackle, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p>
+<p>Heneage Knot, <a href = "#page130">130</a>,
+<a href = "#page133">133</a></p>
+<p>Henry I.: Arms, <a href = "#page88">88</a>,
+<a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page228">228</a></p>
+<p>Henry II.: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br>
+Badges, <a href = "#page228">228</a></p>
+<p>Henry III.: Arms, <a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br>
+Rolls of Arms of his Era, <a href = "#page13">13</a></p>
+<p>Henry IV.: Label, as Duke of Lancaster, <a href =
+"#page181">181</a>;<br>
+Motto, <a href = "#page110">110</a>,
+<a href = "#page235">235</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br>
+quarters “France Modern,� <a href = "#page125">125</a>;<br>
+Badges, <a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br>
+Crown, <a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br>
+Seal, <a href = "#page235">235</a></p>
+<p>Henry V.: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br>
+Badges, <a href = "#page153">153</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br>
+Crown, <a href = "#page114">114</a>,
+<a href = "#page266">266</a></p>
+<p>Henry VI.: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br>
+Badges, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a>,
+<a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br>
+Crown, <a href = "#page114">114</a>,
+<a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br>
+Motto, <a href = "#page265">265</a></p>
+<p>Henry VII.: 126, <a href = "#page279">279</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br>
+Badges, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a></p>
+<p>Henry VIII.: 126, <a href = "#page191">191</a>,
+<a href = "#page207">207</a>,
+<a href = "#page279">279</a>,
+<a href = "#page295">295</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br>
+Badges, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br>
+Coins, <a href = "#page317">317</a></p>
+<p>Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, <a href = "#page181">181</a></p>
+<p>“Herald and Genealogist,� <a href = "#page302">302</a></p>
+<p>Heralds of England, Incorporated, <a href = "#page304">304</a></p>
+<p>Herald, <a href = "#page130">130</a>,
+<a href = "#page212">212</a></p>
+<p>Heraldic Sails, <a href = "#page250">250</a></p>
+<p>Heralds’ College, <a href = "#page130">130</a>,
+<a href = "#page304">304</a></p>
+<p>Heraldry, Early Love, of in England, <a href = "#page2">2</a>;<br>
+Early Influence, <a href = "#page2">2</a>;<br>
+Definition and True Character of, <a href = "#page3">3</a>;<br>
+of the twelfth century, <a href = "#page4">4</a>;<br>
+Utility of, <a href = "#page4">4</a>;<br>
+English Mediæval, <a href = "#page5">5</a>;<br>
+Ancient, <a href = "#page6">6</a>,
+<a href = "#page9">9</a>;<br>
+English, its Career, <a href = "#page9">9</a>;<br>
+Early English Literature of, <a href = "#page12">12</a>;<br>
+its Allusive Character, <a href = "#page15">15</a>;<br>
+<ins class = "correction" title = "final ‘g’ invisible">Canting</ins>,
+<a href = "#page16">16</a>;<br>
+Revival in England, <a href = "#page20">20</a>,
+<a href = "#page24">24</a>,
+<a href = "#page306">306</a>;<br>
+Debasement, <a href = "#page21">21</a>,
+<a href = "#page22">22</a>;<br>
+a Science, <a href = "#page24">24</a>,
+<a href = "#page27">27</a>,
+<a href = "#page30">30</a>,
+<a href = "#page326">326</a>;<br>
+an Art, <a href = "#page24">24</a>,
+<a href = "#page27">27</a>,
+<a href = "#page326">326</a>;<br>
+Style of Art in, <a href = "#page24">24</a>,
+<a href = "#page30">30</a>;<br>
+Treatment of Animate Creatures in, <a href = "#page24">24</a>,
+<a href = "#page27">27</a>;<br>
+Language of, <a href = "#page29">29</a>;<br>
+Nomenclature, <a href = "#page29">29</a>;<br>
+Style and Forms of Expression, <a href = "#page30">30</a>;<br>
+Birds in, <a href = "#page76">76</a>;<br>
+Beasts in, <a href = "#page76">76</a>;<br>
+Human Beings in, <a href = "#page73">73</a>;<br>
+the Lion in, <a href = "#page83">83</a>,
+<a href = "#page86">86</a>;<br>
+the Eagle in, <a href = "#page9">9</a>,
+<a href = "#page91">91</a>;<br>
+Scottish, <a href = "#page131">131</a>;<br>
+of Monuments, <a href = "#page322">322</a>;<br>
+Royal, <a href = "#page258">258</a>;<br>
+of the Coinage, <a href = "#page316">316</a>;<br>
+its present Popularity, <a href = "#page304">304</a>;<br>
+in Architecture, <a href = "#page321">321</a>;<br>
+of Illuminations, <a href = "#page324">324</a>;<br>
+in Inlaid Tiles, <a href = "#page323">323</a>;<br>
+of Costume, <a href = "#page324">324</a></p>
+<p>“Heraldry of Fish,� by Mr. Moule, <a href = "#page77">77</a>,
+<a href = "#page121">121</a></p>
+<p>Hereford, De Bohuns, Earls of, <a href = "#page59">59</a>;<br>
+Elizabeth, Countess of, <a href = "#page161">161</a></p>
+<p>Hereford Cathedral, <a href = "#page214">214</a></p>
+<p>Herison, Herrison, <a href = "#page76">76</a>,
+<a href = "#page131">131</a></p>
+<p>Heriz, De (Harris): Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Heron: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p>
+<p>Herring, <a href = "#page77">77</a></p>
+<p>Herschel, Sir J.: Arms, <a href = "#page23">23</a></p>
+<p>Heytesbury and Homet, Lord, <a href = "#page225">225</a></p>
+<p>Heytesbury, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p>
+<p>Hill, Hillock, <a href = "#page131">131</a></p>
+<p>Hind, <a href = "#page81">81</a>,
+<a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Hirondelle, <a href = "#page77">77</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>Hoftot, Sir R. de, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Hoist, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>Holland, Counts of, <a href = "#page83">83</a>;<br>
+Elizabeth, Countess of, <a href = "#page161">161</a></p>
+<p>Hollands, of Exeter, <a href = "#page181">181</a>,
+<a href = "#page206">206</a>;<br>
+of Kent and Surrey, <a href = "#page181">181</a>,
+<a href = "#page206">206</a></p>
+<p>Holland, John, Earl of Huntingdon:<br>
+Seal, <a href = "#page258">258</a></p>
+<p>Holstein: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p>
+<p>Honour, Augmentations of, <a href = "#page204">204</a></p>
+<p>Honour-Point, <a href = "#page33">33</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>“Honours,� Regimental, <a href = "#page256">256</a></p>
+<p>Honourable Insignia, Medals, and Clasps, <a href =
+"#page175">175</a></p>
+<p>Hoofed, <a href = "#page80">80</a></p>
+<p>Hospitallers. <i>See</i> St. John, Knights of</p>
+<p>Hotspur, Henry, <a href = "#page169">169</a></p>
+<p>Howard: Arms, <a href = "#page205">205</a>;<br>
+Augmentation, <a href = "#page205">205</a>;<br>
+Crest, <a href = "#page91">91</a>,
+<a href = "#page216">216</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a></p>
+<p>Howard, Thos., Duke of Norfolk, <a href = "#page205">205</a></p>
+<p>Human Beings, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page73">73</a></p>
+<p>Humettée, <a href = "#page54">54</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, <a href = "#page181">181</a>,
+<a href = "#page236">236</a>,
+<a href = "#page322">322</a></p>
+<p>Hungerford, <a href = "#page225">225</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a></p>
+<p>Hungerford, Lord, <a href = "#page240">240</a>;<br>
+Sir Walter de, <a href = "#page225">225</a>,
+<a href = "#page247">247</a>;<br>
+Sir Robert de, <a href = "#page225">225</a>,
+<a href = "#page249">249</a></p>
+<p>Huntingfield, Roger de: Arms, <a href = "#page72">72</a></p>
+<p>Huntercumbe: Arms, <a href = "#page52">52</a></p>
+<p>Huntley, the Marquess of, <a href = "#page68">68</a></p>
+<p>Hurst, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>Hurt, <a href = "#page72">72</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>Husband and Wife, Marshalling their Arms, <a href =
+"#page167">167</a>,
+<a href = "#page171">171</a></p>
+<p>Hussy: Arms, <a href = "#page225">225</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexI" id = "indexI"><b>I</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Iceland</span>: Arms, <a href =
+"#page269">269</a></p>
+<p>Illegitimacy, Cadency of, <a href = "#page132">132</a>,
+<a href = "#page187">187</a></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">344</span>
+<a name = "page344" id = "page344"> </a>
+<p>Illuminations, Heraldry of, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Imaginary Beings, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p>
+<p>Imbrued, Embued, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>Impalement, Impaled, <a href = "#page132">132</a>,
+<a href = "#page168">168</a>,
+<a href = "#page249">249</a>;<br>
+of the Bordure and Tressure, <a href = "#page170">170</a></p>
+<p>Impaling, <a href = "#page181">181</a></p>
+<p>Imperial Crown, the, <a href = "#page114">114</a>,
+<a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br>
+Imperially Crowned, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>Imperial Service Order, <a href = "#page292">292</a></p>
+<p>Incensed, Inflamed, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>In Bend, <a href = "#page59">59</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>In Chevron, <a href = "#page62">62</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>In Chief, <a href = "#page50">50</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>In Complement, <a href = "#page80">80</a></p>
+<p>In Cross, <a href = "#page55">55</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>In Fesse, <a href = "#page51">51</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>In Foliage, <a href = "#page82">82</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>In Full Course, <a href = "#page81">81</a></p>
+<p>In Lure, <a href = "#page81">81</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>In Orle, <a href = "#page66">66</a></p>
+<p>In Pale, <a href = "#page54">54</a></p>
+<p>In Point, <a href = "#page63">63</a></p>
+<p>In her Piety, <a href = "#page81">81</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>In Pretence, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>In Pride, <a href = "#page81">81</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>In Quadrangle, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>In Saltire, <a href = "#page61">61</a></p>
+<p>In Splendour, <a href = "#page80">80</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>Increscent, <a href = "#page80">80</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>Indented, <a href = "#page35">35</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>Indian Empire, Order of, <a href = "#page290">290</a></p>
+<p>Inescutcheon, <a href = "#page65">65</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>Infantry Colours, <a href = "#page256">256</a></p>
+<p>Innes, Walter: Seal, <a href = "#page11">11</a></p>
+<p>Innes, or De Ynays, Wm.: Seal, <a href = "#page11">11</a></p>
+<p>Insects, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page79">79</a>,
+<a href = "#page82">82</a></p>
+<p>Invected, or Invecked, <a href = "#page35">35</a></p>
+<p>Inverted, <a href = "#page81">81</a></p>
+<p>Ireland: Badge, <a href = "#page151">151</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br>
+Heraldry of, <a href = "#page308">308</a>;<br>
+Chief Herald of, <a href = "#page131">131</a></p>
+<p>Ireland, Bordures, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p>
+<p>Ireland, De Vere, Duke of, <a href = "#page206">206</a></p>
+<p>Irradiated, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>Isabel, of France: Seal, <a href = "#page124">124</a>,
+<a href = "#page161">161</a></p>
+<p>Isabel, Countess of Bedford, <a href = "#page223">223</a></p>
+<p>Isabel le Despenser, <a href = "#page171">171</a></p>
+<p>Isle of Man: Arms, <a href = "#page9">9</a>,
+<a href = "#page74">74</a></p>
+<p>Islip, Abbot: Rebus, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Issuant, <a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexJ" id = "indexJ"><b>J</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Jambe</span>, Gambe, <a href =
+"#page87">87</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a></p>
+<p>James I. of Scotland: Badge, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a></p>
+<p>James IV. of Scotland: at Flodden, <a href = "#page205">205</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page265">265</a></p>
+<p>James V. of Scotland: Crest and Motto, <a href =
+"#page264">264</a>;<br>
+Garter Plate, <a href = "#page68">68</a></p>
+<p>James VI. of Scotland&mdash;James I. of Great Britain: Arms, <a href
+= "#page260">260</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a>,
+<a href = "#page265">265</a>;<br>
+Badges and Motto, <a href = "#page154">154</a>,
+<a href = "#page229">229</a>,
+<a href = "#page265">265</a>;<br>
+creates Baronets, <a href = "#page104">104</a>;<br>
+his proclamation for first “Union Jack,� <a href =
+"#page253">253</a></p>
+<p>James II.: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br>
+frames Statutes for Order of Thistle, <a href = "#page280">280</a></p>
+<p>James: Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p>
+<p>Jane Seymour, Queen, <a href = "#page229">229</a></p>
+<p>Jardine: Arms, <a href = "#page198">198</a></p>
+<p>Jefferay: Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p>
+<p>Jelloped, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p>
+<p>Jerusalem: Arms, <a href = "#page43">43</a></p>
+<p>Jessant, Jessant de lys, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p>
+<p>Jesses, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p>
+<p>Jewellery, Heraldic, <a href = "#page324">324</a></p>
+<p>Joan, Daughter of Edward I., <a href = "#page95">95</a></p>
+<p>Joan, Countess of Surrey: Seal, <a href = "#page162">162</a></p>
+<p>Joanna, of Navarre, Queen: Badge, <a href = "#page126">126</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a></p>
+<p>John, King: his Seal as Prince, <a href = "#page88">88</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page228">228</a></p>
+<p>John, Prince, of Eltham, <a href = "#page26">26</a>,
+<a href = "#page124">124</a>,
+<a href = "#page165">165</a>,
+<a href = "#page181">181</a>,
+<a href = "#page250">250</a></p>
+<p>John, Prince of Ghent, <a href = "#page179">179</a>,
+<a href = "#page189">189</a>,
+<a href = "#page232">232</a>,
+<a href = "#page241">241</a></p>
+<p>John de Dreux, <a href = "#page163">163</a>,
+<a href = "#page165">165</a></p>
+<p>John, Duke of Bedford, <a href = "#page181">181</a></p>
+<p>John de Warrenne, Earl of Surrey, <a href = "#page162">162</a></p>
+<p>Johnston: Arms, <a href = "#page198">198</a></p>
+<p>Joust, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p>
+<p>Jowlopped, or Jelloped, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p>
+<p>Jupon, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p>
+<p>Juxon, Archbishop, <a href = "#page279">279</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexK" id = "indexK"><b>K</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Kaisar-i-Hind</span> medal, <a href =
+"#page294">294</a></p>
+<p>Kent, De Burgh, Earl of, <a href = "#page70">70</a>;<br>
+Hollands, Earls of, <a href = "#page181">181</a></p>
+<p>Key, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p>
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">King, H.M. The</span>: Crown, <a href =
+"#page114">114</a>,
+<a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page263">263</a>,
+<a href = "#page267">267</a>;<br>
+Banner, <a href = "#page252">252</a></p>
+<p>“King Maker,� the, <a href = "#page198">198</a>,
+<a href = "#page208">208</a></p>
+<p>King, Mr.: his “Hand-book of Engraved Gems,� <a href =
+"#page6">6</a></p>
+<p>King-of-Arms, <a href = "#page130">130</a>,
+<a href = "#page133">133</a>,
+<a href = "#page177">177</a>. <i>See</i> Herald</p>
+<p>King’s College Chapel, Cambridge, Heraldry of, <a href =
+"#page25">25</a>,
+<a href = "#page322">322</a></p>
+<p>“King’s Colour,� <a href = "#page257">257</a></p>
+<p>King’s Langley, Monument at, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Kinnoul, Earl of, <a href = "#page154">154</a>,
+<a href = "#page307">307</a></p>
+<p>Kirketot, Sir Wm., <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Kirkpatrick: Arms, <a href = "#page198">198</a></p>
+<p>Kirton, Abbot: Rebus, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Knights, Knighthood, Knightly Orders, <a href = "#page117">117</a>,
+<a href = "#page133">133</a>,
+<a href = "#page175">175</a>,
+<a href = "#page273">273</a></p>
+<p>Knights of St. John, <a href = "#page57">57</a>,
+<a href = "#page275">275</a>;<br>
+Templars, <a href = "#page13">13</a>,
+<a href = "#page275">275</a></p>
+<p>Knot, <a href = "#page133">133</a>,
+<a href = "#page224">224</a></p>
+<p>Kyrkeby: Arms, <a href = "#page65">65</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexL" id = "indexL"><b>L</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Label</span>, <i>or File</i>, <a href =
+"#page134">134</a>,
+<a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br>
+Forms of, <a href = "#page134">134</a>;<br>
+Points of, <a href = "#page134">134</a>,
+<a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br>
+Differenced, <a href = "#page179">179</a>,
+<a href = "#page180">180</a>;<br>
+a Royal Difference, <a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br>
+as borne by Princes Royal, <a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br>
+by Black Prince, <a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br>
+by Princes of Wales, <a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br>
+of Brittany, <a href = "#page179">179</a>;<br>
+of France, <a href = "#page179">179</a>;<br>
+of Lancaster, <a href = "#page179">179</a>,
+<a href = "#page180">180</a>;<br>
+of York, <a href = "#page179">179</a>;<br>
+borne as a Badge, <a href = "#page193">193</a>;<br>
+in Modern Cadency, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">345</span>
+<a name = "page345" id = "page345"> </a>
+<p>Laci, Lacy, De: Arms, <a href = "#page83">83</a>,
+<a href = "#page89">89</a>,
+<a href = "#page161">161</a></p>
+<p>Laci, Earl Henry de: Crest, <a href = "#page210">210</a></p>
+<p>Lacy Knot, <a href = "#page134">134</a></p>
+<p>Ladies, Unmarried: their Arms, <a href = "#page173">173</a></p>
+<p>Ladies’, Heraldic Costume, <a href = "#page160">160</a>,
+<a href = "#page161">161</a>,
+<a href = "#page324">324</a>;<br>
+their right to bear Badges, <a href = "#page227">227</a></p>
+<p>Laing, Mr. H., his “Catalogue of Scottish Seals,� <a href =
+"#page11">11</a>,
+<a href = "#page161">161</a>,
+<a href = "#page193">193</a>,
+<a href = "#page211">211</a>,
+<a href = "#page224">224</a>,
+<a href = "#page239">239</a>,
+<a href = "#page242">242</a>,
+<a href = "#page265">265</a>,
+<a href = "#page317">317</a></p>
+<p>Lamb, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Lambert: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Lambrequin, <a href = "#page135">135</a>. <i>See</i> Mantling</p>
+<p>Lambton: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Lancaster, Label of, <a href = "#page179">179</a>;<br>
+Rose of, <a href = "#page149">149</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br>
+Badge of, <a href = "#page153">153</a>;<br>
+Livery Colours of, <a href = "#page135">135</a>;<br>
+Collar of, <a href = "#page110">110</a></p>
+<p>Lancaster, Edmund, Earl of, <a href = "#page123">123</a>,
+<a href = "#page179">179</a>,
+<a href = "#page181">181</a>,
+<a href = "#page323">323</a>;<br>
+Henry, Earl of, <a href = "#page183">183</a>,
+<a href = "#page239">239</a>;<br>
+Thomas, Earl of, <a href = "#page211">211</a>;<br>
+John of Ghent, Duke of, <a href = "#page179">179</a> (<i>see</i> John of
+Ghent);<br>
+Matilda of, <a href = "#page163">163</a>,
+<a href = "#page186">186</a></p>
+<p>Lancaster Herald, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p>
+<p>Lance-Rest. <i>See</i> Clarion</p>
+<p>Lane, Jane, <a href = "#page205">205</a></p>
+<p>Language of Heraldry, <a href = "#page29">29</a>,
+<a href = "#page30">30</a></p>
+<p>Langued, <a href = "#page80">80</a>,
+<a href = "#page135">135</a></p>
+<p>Latimer, George, Lord, <a href = "#page187">187</a>;<br>
+William le, <a href = "#page142">142</a>,
+<a href = "#page214">214</a></p>
+<p>Latin Cross, <a href = "#page55">55</a></p>
+<p>“Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland,� by Mr. Seton, <a href =
+"#page9">9</a>,
+<a href = "#page68">68</a>,
+<a href = "#page94">94</a>,
+<a href = "#page198">198</a>,
+<a href = "#page260">260</a>,
+<a href = "#page307">307</a></p>
+<p>Law of Tinctures, <a href = "#page43">43</a></p>
+<p>Leaves in Heraldry, <a href = "#page102">102</a>,
+<a href = "#page135">135</a></p>
+<p>Leechford, Sir R.: Confirmation of Arms to, <a href =
+"#page312">312</a></p>
+<p>Legh, Gerard, <a href = "#page22">22</a></p>
+<p>Leicester, Banner of, <a href = "#page14">14</a></p>
+<p>Leicester, Robert, Earl of, <a href = "#page195">195</a></p>
+<p>Leicestershire Families, their Arms, <a href = "#page196">196</a></p>
+<p>Lennox, Countess of: Arms, <a href = "#page68">68</a>,
+<a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Leon: Arms, <a href = "#page83">83</a>,
+<a href = "#page166">166</a>. <i>See</i> Castile</p>
+<p>Leopard, Leopardé, <a href = "#page84">84</a>,
+<a href = "#page135">135</a>,
+<a href = "#page258">258</a></p>
+<p>L’Ercedeckne: Arms, <a href = "#page196">196</a></p>
+<p>Leslie: Arms, <a href = "#page94">94</a>;<br>
+Euphemia, Countess of Ros, <a href = "#page94">94</a></p>
+<p>“Lesser George,� the, <a href = "#page126">126</a></p>
+<p>Le Strange. <i>See</i> Strange</p>
+<p>Letters of the Alphabet, in Heraldry, <a href =
+"#page135">135</a></p>
+<p>Leveson: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a>,
+<a href = "#page102">102</a></p>
+<p>Leybourne, Sir W. de: Arms, <a href = "#page90">90</a></p>
+<p>Lichfield, Joust at, <a href = "#page223">223</a></p>
+<p>Lincoln, Earls of: Arms, <a href = "#page89">89</a>,
+<a href = "#page161">161</a>,
+<a href = "#page203">203</a></p>
+<p>Lincoln, Henry, Earl of: Crest, <a href = "#page210">210</a></p>
+<p>Lincoln and Pembroke, Margaret, Countess of, <a href =
+"#page161">161</a></p>
+<p>Lindsay, Sir W.: Seal, <a href = "#page242">242</a></p>
+<p>Line, Border Line, Lined, <a href = "#page135">135</a></p>
+<p>Lion in Heraldry, <a href = "#page25">25</a>,
+<a href = "#page27">27</a>,
+<a href = "#page76">76</a>,
+<a href = "#page83">83</a>,
+<a href = "#page87">87</a>,
+<a href = "#page135">135</a>;<br>
+Heraldic Treatment of, <a href = "#page23">23</a>,
+<a href = "#page92">92</a>;<br>
+of England, <a href = "#page88">88</a>,
+<a href = "#page258">258</a>;<br>
+of Scotland, <a href = "#page67">67</a>,
+<a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br>
+as a Crest, <a href = "#page90">90</a>;<br>
+as a Supporter, <a href = "#page90">90</a>,
+<a href = "#page91">91</a>,
+<a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br>
+Percy Lion, <a href = "#page216">216</a>;<br>
+Howard Lion, <a href = "#page216">216</a>;<br>
+Examples of Lions, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p>
+<p>Lion’s Face, <a href = "#page87">87</a>;<br>
+Head, <a href = "#page87">87</a>;<br>
+Jambe, <a href = "#page87">87</a></p>
+<p>Lioncel, <a href = "#page87">87</a>,
+<a href = "#page135">135</a></p>
+<p>Lion-leopard, Lion-leopardé, <a href = "#page85">85</a></p>
+<p>Lionel, Prince, of Clarence, <a href = "#page164">164</a>,
+<a href = "#page180">180</a></p>
+<p>Lisle, Arthur, Viscount, <a href = "#page190">190</a></p>
+<p>Little Easton, Brass at, <a href = "#page110">110</a>,
+<a href = "#page216">216</a></p>
+<p>Livery, Badges depicted on, <a href = "#page220">220</a></p>
+<p>Livery Colours, <a href = "#page135">135</a></p>
+<p>Lodged, <a href = "#page80">80</a>,
+<a href = "#page135">135</a></p>
+<p>Lomelye, Lumley, Sir R.: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>London, City of: Arms, <a href = "#page153">153</a></p>
+<p>Longespée, William, Earl of Salisbury, <a href = "#page83">83</a>,
+<a href = "#page90">90</a>,
+<a href = "#page188">188</a>,
+<a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Lord Lyon, <a href = "#page131">131</a>,
+<a href = "#page238">238</a>,
+<a href = "#page307">307</a></p>
+<p>Lorn: Arms, <a href = "#page135">135</a></p>
+<p>Lorraine: Arms, <a href = "#page97">97</a>;<br>
+Duchy of, <a href = "#page96">96</a></p>
+<p>Loterel, Luterell: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a>,
+<a href = "#page182">182</a>,
+<a href = "#page196">196</a>,
+<a href = "#page212">212</a></p>
+<p>Loterel, Luterell, Sir A., <a href = "#page182">182</a>;<br>
+Sir G., <a href = "#page182">182</a>,
+<a href = "#page212">212</a></p>
+<p>Louis VII., of France, <a href = "#page122">122</a></p>
+<p>Louise, H.R.H., The Princess, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p>
+<p>Loutre, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Louvaine: Arms, <a href = "#page167">167</a></p>
+<p>Lower, Mr. M. A., <a href = "#page9">9</a>,
+<a href = "#page302">302</a>;<br>
+on Crests, <a href = "#page222">222</a></p>
+<p>Lozenge, <a href = "#page37">37</a>,
+<a href = "#page69">69</a>,
+<a href = "#page135">135</a></p>
+<p>Lozengy, <a href = "#page135">135</a></p>
+<p>Luce, or Lucy, <a href = "#page17">17</a>,
+<a href = "#page77">77</a>,
+<a href = "#page135">135</a></p>
+<p>Lucy: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a>,
+<a href = "#page170">170</a>;<br>
+Sir Anthony, <a href = "#page78">78</a>;<br>
+Geoffrey de, <a href = "#page78">78</a></p>
+<p>Ludlow Church, <a href = "#page231">231</a></p>
+<p>Lullingstone, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Lunenburgh: Arms, <a href = "#page262">262</a>,
+<a href = "#page278">278</a></p>
+<p>Lure, <a href = "#page81">81</a>,
+<a href = "#page135">135</a></p>
+<p>Luterell. <i>See</i> Loterel</p>
+<p>Lyhart, Bishop Walter: Rebus, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Lymphad, <a href = "#page135">135</a></p>
+<p>Lyon Office, <a href = "#page131">131</a>,
+<a href = "#page307">307</a>;<br>
+Depute, <a href = "#page307">307</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexM" id = "indexM"><b>M</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Mahon</span>, Sir W.: Motto, <a href =
+"#page244">244</a></p>
+<p>Maintenance, Cap of, <a href = "#page136">136</a></p>
+<p>Malet, Sir R., <a href = "#page202">202</a>;<br>
+Sir T., <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Malmesbury, Earl of: Supporters, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p>
+<p>Maltese Cross, <a href = "#page57">57</a></p>
+<p>Man, Isle of, <a href = "#page9">9</a>,
+<a href = "#page74">74</a></p>
+<p>Manche, Maunche, <a href = "#page136">136</a></p>
+<p>Mandeville, Geoffrey de, <a href = "#page15">15</a></p>
+<p>Manfee, Sir W.: Arms, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p>
+<p>Mantle, <a href = "#page136">136</a></p>
+<p>Mantling, Badges depicted on, <a href = "#page220">220</a></p>
+<p>Mantling, or Lambrequin, <a href = "#page136">136</a>,
+<a href = "#page175">175</a>,
+<a href = "#page213">213</a>;<br>
+Marked for Cadency, <a href = "#page192">192</a></p>
+<p>March, Mortimers, Earls of: Seals, <a href = "#page242">242</a></p>
+<p>Margaret, of Anjou, Queen, <a href = "#page97">97</a>;<br>
+of France, <a href = "#page123">123</a>,
+<a href = "#page160">160</a>,
+<a href = "#page168">168</a>;<br>
+Bruce, <a href = "#page161">161</a>;<br>
+Beaufort, <a href = "#page169">169</a>;<br>
+Tudor, <a href = "#page170">170</a>;<br>
+Countess of Lincoln, <a href = "#page161">161</a>;<br>
+de Ferrers, <a href = "#page170">170</a></p>
+<p>Marks of Cadency, Marking Cadency. <i>See</i> Cadency</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">346</span>
+<a name = "page346" id = "page346"> </a>
+<p>Marlborough, Duke of, <a href = "#page95">95</a>,
+<a href = "#page98">98</a></p>
+<p>Marmion, Sir R. de: Crest, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p>
+<p>Marny, Sir R. de: Seal, <a href = "#page213">213</a></p>
+<p>Marquess, Marquis, Marchioness, <a href = "#page136">136</a></p>
+<p>Marriage, Heraldic Record of, <a href = "#page168">168</a></p>
+<p>Marshalling, <a href = "#page137">137</a>,
+<a href = "#page159">159</a>;<br>
+by Combination, <a href = "#page165">165</a>;<br>
+by Quartering, <a href = "#page166">166</a>;<br>
+Quartered Coats, <a href = "#page167">167</a>;<br>
+Arms of Husband and Wife, <a href = "#page167">167</a>,
+<a href = "#page171">171</a>;<br>
+Crests, <a href = "#page174">174</a>;<br>
+Helms, Coronets, Mantlings, Mottoes, Supporters, Badges, and Various
+Insignia, <a href = "#page174">174</a>,
+<a href = "#page175">175</a></p>
+<p>Martel, <a href = "#page17">17</a>,
+<a href = "#page137">137</a></p>
+<p>Martlet, <a href = "#page77">77</a>,
+<a href = "#page137">137</a>;<br>
+in Modern Cadency, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p>
+<p>Martin: Crest and Motto, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p>
+<p>Mary Tudor, Queen: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br>
+Badges, <a href = "#page229">229</a>;<br>
+grants Derby House to the Heralds, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p>
+<p>Mary Stuart, Queen: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a></p>
+<p>Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots: her Signet, <a href =
+"#page265">265</a>;<br>
+Heraldry of her Monument, <a href = "#page281">281</a></p>
+<p>Mary, The Princess, of Teck, <a href = "#page270">270</a></p>
+<p>Mary de Saint Paul: Seal, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p>
+<p>Mascle, Masculée, <a href = "#page69">69</a>,
+<a href = "#page137">137</a></p>
+<p>Masoned, <a href = "#page137">137</a></p>
+<p>Matilda de Chaworth, <a href = "#page164">164</a>;<br>
+of Lancaster, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p>
+<p>Maufee, Sir Wm., <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Melfort, Earl: Seal, <a href = "#page244">244</a></p>
+<p>Membered, <a href = "#page137">137</a></p>
+<p>Menteith, Earl of, <a href = "#page94">94</a></p>
+<p>Merchant’s Mark, <a href = "#page137">137</a></p>
+<p>Mercy, Order of, <a href = "#page293">293</a></p>
+<p>Mere, De la. <i>See</i> Delamere</p>
+<p>Mere, De la: Arms, <a href = "#page52">52</a></p>
+<p>Merevale, Brass at, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p>
+<p>Merit, Order of, <a href = "#page286">286</a></p>
+<p>Mermaid, Merman, or Triton, <a href = "#page137">137</a></p>
+<p>Metals, <a href = "#page40">40</a>,
+<a href = "#page42">42</a>,
+<a href = "#page138">138</a></p>
+<p>Methuen, the Baron, <a href = "#page95">95</a></p>
+<p>Military Flags, <a href = "#page257">257</a></p>
+<p>Mill-rind. <i>See</i> Fer-de-Moline</p>
+<p>“Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica,� <a href =
+"#page302">302</a></p>
+<p>Mitre, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p>
+<p>Moline, <a href = "#page56">56</a>,
+<a href = "#page138">138</a></p>
+<p>Molines, Molyneux, De: Arms, <a href = "#page56">56</a></p>
+<p>Monecastre, Sir W. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Monson, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Montacute, De, Montagu: Origin of the Name, <a href =
+"#page16">16</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page70">70</a>,
+<a href = "#page95">95</a></p>
+<p>Montagu, Mr., his work on Heraldry, <a href = "#page2">2</a>,
+<a href = "#page9">9</a>,
+<a href = "#page196">196</a></p>
+<p>Montfort, De: Arms, <a href = "#page60">60</a>;<br>
+Sir &mdash;&mdash; de, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p>
+<p>Montgomerie, Sir W. de, <a href = "#page96">96</a></p>
+<p>Montgomerie, Earl of Eglintoun: Arms, <a href = "#page10">10</a></p>
+<p>Monthermer, Sir Ralph de, <a href = "#page95">95</a>,
+<a href = "#page99">99</a></p>
+<p>Moon, the, <a href = "#page80">80</a>,
+<a href = "#page138">138</a></p>
+<p>Moor’s heads, <a href = "#page73">73</a></p>
+<p>Monypeny, Thomas: Seal, <a href = "#page319">319</a></p>
+<p>Mortimer, De: Origin of the Name, <a href = "#page16">16</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page65">65</a>,
+<a href = "#page169">169</a>;<br>
+Differences, <a href = "#page182">182</a>;<br>
+Crest, <a href = "#page141">141</a></p>
+<p>Mortimer, Edmund de, Earl of March: Seal, <a href =
+"#page242">242</a></p>
+<p>Mortimer’s, <a href = "#page65">65</a></p>
+<p>Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a>,
+<a href = "#page174">174</a>,
+<a href = "#page219">219</a>;<br>
+Royal, <a href = "#page219">219</a></p>
+<p>Moule, Mr., his “Heraldry of Fish,� <a href = "#page77">77</a>,
+<a href = "#page121">121</a></p>
+<p>Mound, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p>
+<p>Mounpynzon: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Mount, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p>
+<p>Mounteney, De: Arms, <a href = "#page197">197</a>;<br>
+Sir E. de, <a href = "#page197">197</a>;<br>
+Sir J. de, <a href = "#page197">197</a>;<br>
+Sir T. de, <a href = "#page197">197</a></p>
+<p>Mowbray, Segrave and Stourton, Lord, <a href = "#page89">89</a>,
+<a href = "#page329">329</a></p>
+<p>Mowbray, Sir J., <a href = "#page203">203</a>;<br>
+Roger de, <a href = "#page89">89</a>;<br>
+Supporters of Baron, <a href = "#page92">92</a>;<br>
+Thomas de, Duke of Norfolk, <a href = "#page207">207</a>,
+<a href = "#page216">216</a>,
+<a href = "#page233">233</a></p>
+<p>Mullet, <a href = "#page139">139</a>;<br>
+in Modern Cadency, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p>
+<p>Mundegumri, John: Seal, <a href = "#page10">10</a></p>
+<p>Mural Crown, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p>
+<p>Murallée, Walled. <i>See</i> Walled</p>
+<p>Mure, Wm.: Seal, <a href = "#page319">319</a></p>
+<p>Murrey, <a href = "#page135">135</a></p>
+<p>Muschamp: Arms, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexN" id = "indexN"><b>N</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Naiant</span>, <a href = "#page82">82</a>,
+<a href = "#page140">140</a></p>
+<p>Naissant, <a href = "#page140">140</a></p>
+<p>Names, <a href = "#page31">31</a></p>
+<p>Nassau: Arms, <a href = "#page261">261</a></p>
+<p>Natural Objects, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p>
+<p>Naval Crown, <a href = "#page140">140</a></p>
+<p>Navarre: Arms, <a href = "#page124">124</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a></p>
+<p>Naveret, Battle of, <a href = "#page248">248</a></p>
+<p>Nebulée, or Nubuly, <a href = "#page34">34</a>,
+<a href = "#page140">140</a></p>
+<p>Nelson, Admiral Lord: Arms, <a href = "#page23">23</a></p>
+<p>Neville: Arms, <a href = "#page61">61</a>;<br>
+Differences, <a href = "#page187">187</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page146">146</a></p>
+<p>Neville, George de, Lord Latimer, <a href = "#page187">187</a></p>
+<p>Neville, Earl Richard de, <a href = "#page198">198</a>,
+<a href = "#page208">208</a>,
+<a href = "#page222">222</a></p>
+<p>Newburgh: Arms, <a href = "#page320">320</a>,
+<a href = "#page321">321</a></p>
+<p>Nicholas, Sir N. Harris, <a href = "#page9">9</a>;<br>
+on Ostrich Feather Badge, <a href = "#page230">230</a>;<br>
+on “Union Jack,� <a href = "#page253">253</a></p>
+<p>Nichols, Mr. J. Gough, <a href = "#page9">9</a>,
+<a href = "#page15">15</a>,
+<a href = "#page302">302</a></p>
+<p>Nimbus, <a href = "#page140">140</a></p>
+<p>Nomenclature, Heraldic, <a href = "#page29">29</a></p>
+<p>Norfolk, the Duke of, <a href = "#page131">131</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page205">205</a>;<br>
+quarters Mowbray, <a href = "#page89">89</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a>;<br>
+Crest, <a href = "#page216">216</a>;<br>
+Earl Marshal, <a href = "#page131">131</a></p>
+<p>Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of, <a href = "#page233">233</a></p>
+<p>Normans, their Shields and Standards, <a href = "#page5">5</a></p>
+<p>Norroy, <a href = "#page130">130</a>. <i>See</i> Herald</p>
+<p>Northleigh, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Northumberland, Earls of: Arms, <a href = "#page78">78</a>,
+<a href = "#page89">89</a>,
+<a href = "#page247">247</a></p>
+<p>Northumberland, Henry, 1st Earl of, <a href = "#page167">167</a>;<br>
+the Duke of, <a href = "#page91">91</a></p>
+<p>Nortone, Sir J. de: Arms, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p>
+<p>Norway: Arms, <a href = "#page83">83</a></p>
+<p>Norway, H.M., Queen of, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">347</span>
+<a name = "page347" id = "page347"> </a>
+<p>Norwich: Arms of the See, <a href = "#page185">185</a>;<br>
+Henry, Bishop of, <a href = "#page185">185</a></p>
+<p>Nova Scotia, Badge. <i>See</i> Baronet</p>
+<p>Nowed, <a href = "#page82">82</a>,
+<a href = "#page140">140</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexO" id = "indexO"><b>O</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Octofoil</span>, in Modern Cadency, <a href
+= "#page193">193</a></p>
+<p>Official Insignia, <a href = "#page175">175</a>;<br>
+in Cadency, <a href = "#page184">184</a></p>
+<p>Official Arms, <a href = "#page174">174</a></p>
+<p>Ogress, <a href = "#page72">72</a>,
+<a href = "#page140">140</a></p>
+<p>Oldenburgh: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p>
+<p>Oldham, Bishop: Rebus, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Onslow: Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p>
+<p>Opinions, <a href = "#page140">140</a></p>
+<p>Oppressed, Debruised, <a href = "#page140">140</a></p>
+<p>Or, <a href = "#page40">40</a>,
+<a href = "#page140">140</a></p>
+<p>Orders of Knighthood. <i>See</i> Knighthood</p>
+<p>Order of Merit, <a href = "#page286">286</a></p>
+<p>Ordinaries, <a href = "#page42">42</a>,
+<a href = "#page49">49</a>;<br>
+their structural Origin, <a href = "#page14">14</a>,
+<a href = "#page64">64</a></p>
+<p>Ordinary of Arms, <a href = "#page140">140</a>. <i>See</i> Armory</p>
+<p>Oreiller, <a href = "#page140">140</a></p>
+<p>Orle, In Orle, <a href = "#page66">66</a>,
+<a href = "#page140">140</a></p>
+<p>Ornaments, <a href = "#page209">209</a>,
+<a href = "#page210">210</a></p>
+<p>Osbaldistone, Frank, <a href = "#page1">1</a></p>
+<p>Ostrevant, Comté of, <a href = "#page230">230</a></p>
+<p>Ostrich Feather Badge, <a href = "#page141">141</a>,
+<a href = "#page216">216</a>,
+<a href = "#page230">230</a></p>
+<p>Otter, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Ousflet, Sir G. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Overall, Sur tout, <a href = "#page141">141</a></p>
+<p>Overt, <a href = "#page141">141</a></p>
+<p>Ownership, Badges as a sign of, <a href = "#page103">103</a></p>
+<p>Oxford, De Veres, Earls of, <a href = "#page206">206</a></p>
+<p>Oxney, John: Rebus, <a href = "#page146">146</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexP" id = "indexP"><b>P</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Padlock</span>, Badge, <a href =
+"#page241">241</a></p>
+<p>Paignel, John: Arms, <a href = "#page196">196</a></p>
+<p>Painted Chamber, Westminster, <a href = "#page246">246</a></p>
+<p>Pale, Pale-wise, In Pale, Paly, <a href = "#page53">53</a>,
+<a href = "#page54">54</a>,
+<a href = "#page141">141</a></p>
+<p>Pall, <a href = "#page141">141</a></p>
+<p>Pallet, <a href = "#page53">53</a>,
+<a href = "#page141">141</a></p>
+<p>Palliot, French Writer on Heraldry, <a href = "#page244">244</a></p>
+<p>Paly Bendy, <a href = "#page60">60</a>,
+<a href = "#page141">141</a></p>
+<p>Panache, <a href = "#page141">141</a>,
+<a href = "#page213">213</a>,
+<a href = "#page214">214</a></p>
+<p>Parliament, <a href = "#page328">328</a></p>
+<p>Parr, Queen Catherine, <a href = "#page229">229</a></p>
+<p>Party, Parted, <a href = "#page33">33</a>,
+<a href = "#page142">142</a></p>
+<p>Passant, Passant Guardant, Passant Reguardant, Passant Repassant,
+<a href = "#page85">85</a>,
+<a href = "#page142">142</a></p>
+<p>Pastoral Staff, <a href = "#page142">142</a></p>
+<p>Patée, or Formée, <a href = "#page57">57</a>,
+<a href = "#page142">142</a></p>
+<p>Pateshulle, J. de: Arms, <a href = "#page51">51</a></p>
+<p>Patonce, <a href = "#page56">56</a>,
+<a href = "#page142">142</a></p>
+<p>Patriarchal, <a href = "#page55">55</a>,
+<a href = "#page142">142</a></p>
+<p>Paul, Sir J. Balfour, <a href = "#page307">307</a></p>
+<p>Pawne, Peacock, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Peach-Branches, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Pean, <a href = "#page41">41</a>,
+<a href = "#page142">142</a></p>
+<p>Pebmarsh, Brass at, <a href = "#page196">196</a></p>
+<p>Peché, Sir John, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Pedro, King of Castile, <a href = "#page248">248</a></p>
+<p>Peer, <a href = "#page142">142</a></p>
+<p>Peerage, <a href = "#page143">143</a>;<br>
+Privilege of, <a href = "#page330">330</a></p>
+<p>Peerage Dignities, <a href = "#page327">327</a></p>
+<p>Peeress in her own Right, <a href = "#page173">173</a></p>
+<p>Pegasus, <a href = "#page143">143</a>,
+<a href = "#page276">276</a></p>
+<p>Pelham: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a></p>
+<p>Pelican, <a href = "#page76">76</a>,
+<a href = "#page132">132</a>,
+<a href = "#page143">143</a></p>
+<p>Pellet, <a href = "#page72">72</a>,
+<a href = "#page143">143</a></p>
+<p>Pembridge, Sir R. de: Crest, <a href = "#page214">214</a>,
+<a href = "#page216">216</a></p>
+<p>Pembroke, the Earl of, <a href = "#page163">163</a>;<br>
+De Valences, Earls of, <a href = "#page52">52</a>,
+<a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Pembroke College, Cambridge, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p>
+<p>Penbrugge: Arms, <a href = "#page52">52</a></p>
+<p>Pendent, <a href = "#page143">143</a></p>
+<p>Pennon, <a href = "#page3">3</a>,
+<a href = "#page143">143</a>,
+<a href = "#page246">246</a></p>
+<p>Per, <a href = "#page33">33</a>,
+<a href = "#page143">143</a></p>
+<p>Perceval: Motto, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p>
+<p>Perci, Percy: Arms, <a href = "#page70">70</a>,
+<a href = "#page83">83</a>,
+<a href = "#page167">167</a>;<br>
+Crest, <a href = "#page91">91</a>,
+<a href = "#page216">216</a>;<br>
+Badges, <a href = "#page224">224</a>,
+<a href = "#page241">241</a>,
+<a href = "#page246">246</a>;<br>
+Seals, <a href = "#page241">241</a></p>
+<p>Perci, Henry de, <a href = "#page78">78</a>,
+<a href = "#page182">182</a>,
+<a href = "#page203">203</a>,
+<a href = "#page210">210</a></p>
+<p>Perci, Henry de, 3rd Baron, <a href = "#page182">182</a>;<br>
+Agnes de, <a href = "#page160">160</a></p>
+<p>Percy Shrine, Beverley Minster, <a href = "#page27">27</a></p>
+<p>Percy Effigy, at Beverley, <a href = "#page159">159</a></p>
+<p>Peterborough, <a href = "#page147">147</a>;<br>
+Cathedral and Deanery, <a href = "#page231">231</a></p>
+<p>Petrasancta, Silvester de, <a href = "#page40">40</a></p>
+<p>Petre, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Peverel: Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a>;<br>
+Catherine, <a href = "#page225">225</a></p>
+<p>Peverel Garbe, <a href = "#page133">133</a></p>
+<p>Peyvre, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page62">62</a>,
+<a href = "#page203">203</a></p>
+<p>Philip, “the Hardy,� <a href = "#page160">160</a></p>
+<p>Philippa, Queen, of Hainault: Badge, <a href = "#page230">230</a>,
+<a href = "#page232">232</a>;<br>
+Heraldry of her Monument, <a href = "#page169">169</a>,
+<a href = "#page322">322</a></p>
+<p>Phœnix, <a href = "#page143">143</a></p>
+<p>Pickering, Sir T. de: Arms, <a href = "#page204">204</a></p>
+<p>Pigot: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p>
+<p>Pile, In Pile, <a href = "#page62">62</a>,
+<a href = "#page143">143</a></p>
+<p>Pirepound, Sir R.: Arms, <a href = "#page204">204</a></p>
+<p>Planche, Mr., <a href = "#page9">9</a>,
+<a href = "#page74">74</a>,
+<a href = "#page96">96</a>,
+<a href = "#page195">195</a>,
+<a href = "#page235">235</a></p>
+<p>Plantagenet, The Royal House of, <a href = "#page17">17</a>,
+<a href = "#page188">188</a>;<br>
+Livery Colours of, <a href = "#page135">135</a>;<br>
+Arthur, <a href = "#page190">190</a></p>
+<p>Planta Genista, <a href = "#page17">17</a>,
+<a href = "#page143">143</a>,
+<a href = "#page227">227</a></p>
+<p>Plate, Plattee, <a href = "#page72">72</a>,
+<a href = "#page143">143</a></p>
+<p>Plenitude, <a href = "#page144">144</a></p>
+<p>Plume, <a href = "#page144">144</a></p>
+<p>Points, or Stops, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page46">46</a></p>
+<p>Points of a Shield, <a href = "#page33">33</a>,
+<a href = "#page144">144</a>;<br>
+In Point, <a href = "#page144">144</a></p>
+<p>Pole: Motto, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p>
+<p>Pomme, Pommee, <a href = "#page56">56</a>,
+<a href = "#page144">144</a></p>
+<p>Poninge, Sir T. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Popinjay, <a href = "#page76">76</a>,
+<a href = "#page144">144</a></p>
+<p>Port, <a href = "#page144">144</a></p>
+<p>Portcullis, <a href = "#page144">144</a>;<br>
+Pursuivant, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p>
+<p>Portland, Duke of: Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a></p>
+<p>Potent, <a href = "#page41">41</a>,
+<a href = "#page57">57</a>,
+<a href = "#page144">144</a></p>
+<p>Poudree, Powdered, <a href = "#page45">45</a>,
+<a href = "#page144">144</a></p>
+<p>Poutrel, Sir R.: Arms, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p>
+<p>Potent, <a href = "#page41">41</a></p>
+<p>Preieres, Sir J. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Precedence, Order of, <a href = "#page295">295</a>;<br>
+in the Royal Family, <a href = "#page299">299</a>;<br>
+of Women, <a href = "#page298">298</a></p>
+<p>Prelates: Arms, <a href = "#page173">173</a></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">348</span>
+<a name = "page348" id = "page348"> </a>
+<p>Pretence, Escutcheon of, <a href = "#page120">120</a>,
+<a href = "#page170">170</a>,
+<a href = "#page314">314</a></p>
+<p>Preying, <a href = "#page144">144</a></p>
+<p>Prince, Princess, <a href = "#page144">144</a></p>
+<p>Princes and Princesses of the Royal Family; Armorial Insignia,
+<a href = "#page269">269</a>,
+<a href = "#page270">270</a>;<br>
+Coronets, <a href = "#page144">144</a></p>
+<p>Proper, <a href = "#page42">42</a>,
+<a href = "#page81">81</a></p>
+<p>Provence: Arms, <a href = "#page38">38</a></p>
+<p>Purfled, <a href = "#page144">144</a></p>
+<p>Purpure, <a href = "#page41">41</a>,
+<a href = "#page48">48</a>,
+<a href = "#page144">144</a></p>
+<p>Pursuivant, <a href = "#page130">130</a>,
+<a href = "#page144">144</a></p>
+<p>“Pursuivant of Arms,� by Mr. Planché. <i>See</i> Planché</p>
+<p>Pycot, Sir B.: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexQ" id = "indexQ"><b>Q</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Quadrate</span>, <a href =
+"#page55">55</a>,
+<a href = "#page145">145</a></p>
+<p>Quarter, <a href = "#page64">64</a>,
+<a href = "#page145">145</a>. <i>See</i> Canton</p>
+<p>Quarter Pierced, <a href = "#page55">55</a></p>
+<p>Quartering, <a href = "#page34">34</a>,
+<a href = "#page145">145</a>;<br>
+Simple, <a href = "#page34">34</a>;<br>
+Compound, <a href = "#page34">34</a>,
+<a href = "#page165">165</a>;<br>
+Grand, <a href = "#page167">167</a>;<br>
+Marshalling by, <a href = "#page165">165</a>;<br>
+the Bordure and Tressure, <a href = "#page170">170</a></p>
+<p>Quarterings, Quarters, <a href = "#page34">34</a>,
+<a href = "#page165">165</a>;<br>
+Grand, <a href = "#page34">34</a>,
+<a href = "#page165">165</a></p>
+<p>Quartered Coats, Marshalling of, <a href = "#page165">165</a></p>
+<p>Quarterly Quartered, <a href = "#page34">34</a>,
+<a href = "#page145">145</a></p>
+<p>Quarterly Quartering, <a href = "#page34">34</a>,
+<a href = "#page146">146</a></p>
+<p>Quarterly Pierced, <a href = "#page55">55</a></p>
+<p>Quatrefoil, <a href = "#page146">146</a></p>
+<p>Queen Alexandra, <a href = "#page268">268</a>,
+<a href = "#page269">269</a></p>
+<p>Queen Victoria, <a href = "#page263">263</a></p>
+<p>Queen’s College, Oxford, <a href = "#page97">97</a></p>
+<p>Quency, De: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p>
+<p>Queue Fourchée, <a href = "#page86">86</a>,
+<a href = "#page125">125</a>,
+<a href = "#page146">146</a></p>
+<p>Quilled, <a href = "#page146">146</a></p>
+<p>Quintefueil, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexR" id = "indexR"><b>R</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Radclyffe</span>, Radcliffe: Arms, <a href
+= "#page58">58</a></p>
+<p>Radiant, Rayonée, <a href = "#page146">146</a></p>
+<p>Radstock, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p>
+<p>Ragged Staff, <a href = "#page134">134</a>,
+<a href = "#page146">146</a>,
+<a href = "#page198">198</a>,
+<a href = "#page321">321</a></p>
+<p>Ragulée, Raguly, <a href = "#page34">34</a>,
+<a href = "#page146">146</a></p>
+<p>Ram, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Rampant, Rampant Guardant and Reguardant, <a href = "#page84">84</a>,
+<a href = "#page85">85</a>,
+<a href = "#page146">146</a></p>
+<p>Ramryge, John, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Ramryge, Thomas, Abbot of St. Albans, <a href = "#page25">25</a>,
+<a href = "#page76">76</a>,
+<a href = "#page97">97</a>,
+<a href = "#page204">204</a>,
+<a href = "#page231">231</a>,
+<a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Ramsey: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Randolf, Sir J., <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Rayonne, <a href = "#page35">35</a></p>
+<p>Ready, Mr., his Casts of Seals, <a href = "#page317">317</a></p>
+<p>Rebus, <a href = "#page146">146</a>,
+<a href = "#page221">221</a></p>
+<p>Recercelee, <a href = "#page56">56</a>,
+<a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Red Ensign, <a href = "#page255">255</a></p>
+<p>References to Authorities, <a href = "#page13">13</a></p>
+<p>Reflexed, Reflected, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Regalia, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p>
+<p>“Regimental Colour,� the, <a href = "#page257">257</a></p>
+<p>Reguardant, <a href = "#page85">85</a>,
+<a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Rein-deer, <a href = "#page102">102</a>,
+<a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Reptiles, in Heraldry, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p>
+<p>Respecting, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Rest. <i>See</i> Clarion</p>
+<p>Ribbon, Riband, <a href = "#page58">58</a>,
+<a href = "#page147">147</a>;<br>
+of the Garter, <a href = "#page279">279</a>;<br>
+Bath, <a href = "#page285">285</a>;<br>
+Thistle, <a href = "#page281">281</a>;<br>
+St. Patrick, <a href = "#page282">282</a>;<br>
+Star of India, <a href = "#page288">288</a></p>
+<p>Rich, Earl of, <a href = "#page208">208</a></p>
+<p>Richard I.: Arms, <a href = "#page88">88</a>,
+<a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br>
+Crest, <a href = "#page220">220</a>;<br>
+Seals, <a href = "#page88">88</a>,
+<a href = "#page209">209</a>;<br>
+Badges, <a href = "#page228">228</a></p>
+<p>Richard II.: Arms, <a href = "#page206">206</a>,
+<a href = "#page259">259</a>;<br>
+Crest 91, <a href = "#page216">216</a>;<br>
+Badges, <a href = "#page27">27</a>,
+<a href = "#page216">216</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a>,
+<a href = "#page233">233</a>;<br>
+Roll of Arms of his Era, <a href = "#page13">13</a></p>
+<p>Richard III.: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a>;<br>
+Badges, <a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br>
+incorporates Heralds, <a href = "#page130">130</a>,
+<a href = "#page304">304</a></p>
+<p>Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and King of the Romans, <a href =
+"#page68">68</a>,
+<a href = "#page93">93</a></p>
+<p>Richard, Earl of Warwick, <a href = "#page208">208</a></p>
+<p>Richmond, Henry, Duke of, <a href = "#page190">190</a>,
+<a href = "#page192">192</a></p>
+<p>Richmond, John de Dreux, Earl of, <a href = "#page165">165</a></p>
+<p>Richmond and Lennox, Ludovic Stuart, Duke of, <a href =
+"#page117">117</a></p>
+<p>Richmond Herald, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p>
+<p>Rising, Roussant, <a href = "#page81">81</a>,
+<a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Riveres: Arms, <a href = "#page51">51</a></p>
+<p>Robert II. of Scotland, <a href = "#page264">264</a></p>
+<p>Robsart, Earl Ludovic: Monument, <a href = "#page240">240</a></p>
+<p>Rolls of Arms, <a href = "#page12">12</a>,
+<a href = "#page29">29</a></p>
+<p>Romans, Richard, King of the, <a href = "#page68">68</a>,
+<a href = "#page93">93</a></p>
+<p>Rompu, <a href = "#page148">148</a></p>
+<p>Roringe, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Ros, de, Barony, <a href = "#page329">329</a></p>
+<p>Ross, Euphemia, Countess of, <a href = "#page94">94</a>;<br>
+Marg., Lady de, <a href = "#page161">161</a>;<br>
+the Earl of, <a href = "#page94">94</a></p>
+<p>Rosamond, Fair, <a href = "#page90">90</a>,
+<a href = "#page188">188</a></p>
+<p>Rose, <a href = "#page148">148</a>;<br>
+en Soleil, <a href = "#page149">149</a>;<br>
+of England, <a href = "#page149">149</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br>
+of Lancaster, <a href = "#page149">149</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br>
+of York, <a href = "#page149">149</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br>
+Badge of Edward I., <a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br>
+in Modern Cadency, <a href = "#page193">193</a></p>
+<p>Rossel, Sir G.: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a>,
+<a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Rouge Croix, Pursuivant, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p>
+<p>Rouge Dragon, Pursuivant, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p>
+<p>Roundle, Roundlet, <a href = "#page71">71</a>,
+<a href = "#page72">72</a></p>
+<p>Rous, Sir Thomas le, <a href = "#page201">201</a></p>
+<p>Royal Arms, <a href = "#page118">118</a></p>
+<p>Royal Badges, <a href = "#page227">227</a>,
+<a href = "#page229">229</a>,
+<a href = "#page268">268</a>;<br>
+Banners, <a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br>
+Personages, their Arms, <a href = "#page174">174</a>;<br>
+Mottoes, <a href = "#page265">265</a>;<br>
+Red Cross, <a href = "#page294">294</a>;<br>
+Standards, <a href = "#page250">250</a>,
+<a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a></p>
+<p>Royal Family, junior members of, <a href = "#page179">179</a></p>
+<p>Royal Livery, <a href = "#page136">136</a></p>
+<p>Rue, Chaplet of, <a href = "#page108">108</a></p>
+<p>Ruskin, Mr., <a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Rustre, <a href = "#page69">69</a>,
+<a href = "#page149">149</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexS" id = "indexS"><b>S</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Sable</span>, <a href = "#page41">41</a>,
+<a href = "#page48">48</a>,
+<a href = "#page149">149</a></p>
+<p>Saggitarius, Sagittary, <a href = "#page149">149</a>,
+<a href = "#page258">258</a></p>
+<p>Sails, Heraldic, <a href = "#page250">250</a></p>
+<p>Saint Alban, Abbey Church and Arms of, <a href = "#page25">25</a>,
+<a href = "#page75">75</a>,
+<a href = "#page204">204</a>,
+<a href = "#page322">322</a>;<br>
+Heraldic Tiles at, <a href = "#page324">324</a></p>
+<p>Saint Albans, Duke of, <a href = "#page191">191</a></p>
+<p>Saint Andrew: Arms, <a href = "#page61">61</a>;<br>
+Banner, <a href = "#page254">254</a></p>
+<p>Saint Anthony: Badge, <a href = "#page154">154</a></p>
+<p>Saint Edmund. <i>See</i> Edmund</p>
+<span class = "pagenum">349</span>
+<a name = "page349" id = "page349"> </a>
+<p>Saint Edward, the Confessor. <i>See</i> Edward</p>
+<p>Saint George: Arms and Banner, <a href = "#page54">54</a>,
+<a href = "#page251">251</a>,
+<a href = "#page253">253</a>,
+<a href = "#page279">279</a>;<br>
+Ensign, <a href = "#page256">256</a>;<br>
+Chapel, <a href = "#page171">171</a></p>
+<p>Saint John, of Jerusalem, Knights of, <a href = "#page275">275</a>,
+<a href = "#page294">294</a></p>
+<p>Saint Michael and Saint George, Order of, <a href =
+"#page288">288</a></p>
+<p>Saint Michael’s Church, St. Albans, <a href = "#page157">157</a></p>
+<p>Saint Patrick: Arms and Banner, <a href = "#page61">61</a>,
+<a href = "#page262">262</a>;<br>
+Order of, <a href = "#page281">281</a></p>
+<p>Saint Paul: Badge, <a href = "#page153">153</a></p>
+<p>Saint Paul, Mary de, <a href = "#page163">163</a>;<br>
+Guy, Count de, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p>
+<p>Saint Vincent, the Viscount: Supporters, <a href =
+"#page99">99</a></p>
+<p>Saint Waly, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page204">204</a></p>
+<p>Salamander, <a href = "#page149">149</a></p>
+<p>Salient, <a href = "#page86">86</a>,
+<a href = "#page149">149</a></p>
+<p>Salisbury, Longespée, Earl of, <a href = "#page90">90</a>,
+<a href = "#page95">95</a>,
+<a href = "#page188">188</a></p>
+<p>Salisbury, D’Eureux, Earl of, <a href = "#page188">188</a></p>
+<p>Salisbury Cathedral, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Salisbury, Marquess of: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>Saltire, Saltire-wise, In Saltire, <a href = "#page61">61</a>,
+<a href = "#page149">149</a></p>
+<p>Sanglier, <a href = "#page106">106</a>,
+<a href = "#page149">149</a></p>
+<p>Sans, <a href = "#page52">52</a>,
+<a href = "#page149">149</a></p>
+<p>Saracen’s heads, <a href = "#page73">73</a></p>
+<p>Savage-man, Wood-man, <a href = "#page149">149</a></p>
+<p>Saw, Frame Saw, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p>
+<p>Saxony: Dukedom and Arms, <a href = "#page113">113</a>,
+<a href = "#page267">267</a></p>
+<p>Scales, Rob. de: Arms, <a href = "#page78">78</a></p>
+<p>Scarpe, Escarpe, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p>
+<p>Science of Heraldry, <a href = "#page24">24</a>,
+<a href = "#page30">30</a>,
+<a href = "#page326">326</a></p>
+<p>Scintillant, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p>
+<p>Scotland, Bordure Company, <a href = "#page191">191</a>;<br>
+Early Heraldry of, <a href = "#page94">94</a>;<br>
+Heraldry of, <a href = "#page198">198</a>;<br>
+Royal Heraldry of, <a href = "#page258">258</a>;<br>
+Royal Arms of, <a href = "#page67">67</a>,
+<a href = "#page83">83</a>,
+<a href = "#page170">170</a>,
+<a href = "#page258">258</a>;<br>
+Crests, <a href = "#page91">91</a>,
+<a href = "#page244">244</a>,
+<a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page151">151</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br>
+Illegitimacy Marks in, <a href = "#page191">191</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br>
+Mottoes, <a href = "#page265">265</a>;<br>
+Scottish Supporters, <a href = "#page237">237</a>;<br>
+Differenced Shield of, <a href = "#page205">205</a>;<br>
+Early Seals of, <a href = "#page161">161</a> (<i>see</i> Laing,
+Mr.&nbsp;H.)</p>
+<p>Scots, Mary Queen of, <a href = "#page68">68</a></p>
+<p>Scott, Sir Walter, of Abbotsford, <a href = "#page1">1</a>,
+<a href = "#page326">326</a></p>
+<p>Scott, Sir Walter, <a href = "#page1">1</a>,
+<a href = "#page326">326</a></p>
+<p>Scottish Seals, Laing’s Catalogue of, <a href = "#page11">11</a>.
+<i>See</i> Laing</p>
+<p>Scrope, Le: Arms, <a href = "#page58">58</a>,
+<a href = "#page200">200</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a></p>
+<p>Scrope, Sir R. le, <a href = "#page58">58</a>,
+<a href = "#page200">200</a>;<br>
+Thos. le, <a href = "#page186">186</a>;<br>
+Controversy, <a href = "#page200">200</a></p>
+<p>Scudamore: Arms, <a href = "#page152">152</a>;<br>
+Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p>
+<p>Seals: their value in Heraldry, <a href = "#page10">10</a>,
+<a href = "#page317">317</a>;<br>
+Early Scottish, <a href = "#page11">11</a>;<br>
+Casts of, <a href = "#page317">317</a>;<br>
+Suggestive of Supporters, <a href = "#page238">238</a>;<br>
+Examples, <a href = "#page317">317</a></p>
+<p>Seax, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p>
+<p>Secondary Charges, <a href = "#page183">183</a></p>
+<p>Seeded, <a href = "#page82">82</a>,
+<a href = "#page150">150</a></p>
+<p>Segrave: Arms, <a href = "#page83">83</a>;<br>
+Sir John, <a href = "#page89">89</a></p>
+<p>Segreant, <a href = "#page150">150</a></p>
+<p>Sejant, <a href = "#page86">86</a>,
+<a href = "#page150">150</a></p>
+<p>Semee, <a href = "#page45">45</a>,
+<a href = "#page150">150</a>;<br>
+de lys, <a href = "#page125">125</a></p>
+<p>Seton, Mr., his “Scottish Heraldry,� <a href = "#page9">9</a>,
+<a href = "#page68">68</a>,
+<a href = "#page94">94</a>,
+<a href = "#page138">138</a>,
+<a href = "#page198">198</a>,
+<a href = "#page260">260</a>,
+<a href = "#page307">307</a>,
+<a href = "#page308">308</a></p>
+<p>Sevans, Septvans: Arms, <a href = "#page120">120</a></p>
+<p>Seymour, Queen Jane, <a href = "#page229">229</a></p>
+<p>Shakefork, <a href = "#page151">151</a></p>
+<p>Shakespeare: Arms, <a href = "#page151">151</a>;<br>
+grant of Arms to, <a href = "#page309">309</a></p>
+<p>Shamrock, <a href = "#page151">151</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a></p>
+<p>Shelly: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p>
+<p>Shield, or Escutcheon, Heraldic, <a href = "#page14">14</a>,
+<a href = "#page37">37</a>,
+<a href = "#page151">151</a>;<br>
+Parts, Points, and Divisions of, <a href = "#page32">32</a>;<br>
+Varieties, <a href = "#page35">35</a>;<br>
+Bowed, <a href = "#page35">35</a>;<br>
+à Bouche, <a href = "#page36">36</a>;<br>
+Couchee, <a href = "#page38">38</a>;<br>
+Differenced, <a href = "#page200">200</a>;<br>
+treatment, <a href = "#page38">38</a></p>
+<p>Shield-belt. <i>See</i> Guige</p>
+<p>Shield-boss, <a href = "#page15">15</a></p>
+<p>Shields-of-Arms, <a href = "#page2">2</a></p>
+<p>Ship, <a href = "#page151">151</a></p>
+<p>Shoveller, <a href = "#page151">151</a></p>
+<p>Sickle, <a href = "#page225">225</a>,
+<a href = "#page266">266</a></p>
+<p>Simple Quartering, <a href = "#page34">34</a>,
+<a href = "#page151">151</a></p>
+<p>Single Small Charges, for Difference, <a href =
+"#page186">186</a></p>
+<p>Sinister, <a href = "#page32">32</a>,
+<a href = "#page33">33</a>,
+<a href = "#page151">151</a></p>
+<p>Sinople, <a href = "#page41">41</a>,
+<a href = "#page151">151</a>,
+<a href = "#page158">158</a></p>
+<p>Six-foil, <a href = "#page151">151</a></p>
+<p>Sleswick: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p>
+<p>Slipped, <a href = "#page82">82</a>,
+<a href = "#page151">151</a></p>
+<p>Someri, Sir J. de: Arms, <a href = "#page204">204</a></p>
+<p>Somerset, Henry, Duke of, <a href = "#page189">189</a>,
+<a href = "#page190">190</a>;<br>
+John, Duke of, <a href = "#page236">236</a></p>
+<p>Somerset Herald, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p>
+<p>Sottone, Sutton, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page203">203</a></p>
+<p>Southacre, <a href = "#page216">216</a></p>
+<p>Southampton, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>“Soutiens, Les,� <a href = "#page244">244</a></p>
+<p>Spain, Queen of, <a href = "#page272">272</a></p>
+<p>Spear, <a href = "#page151">151</a></p>
+<p>Spiritual Peers, <a href = "#page105">105</a></p>
+<p>Spur, <a href = "#page151">151</a></p>
+<p>SS., Collar of, <a href = "#page110">110</a>,
+<a href = "#page130">130</a>,
+<a href = "#page151">151</a>. <i>See</i> Collar</p>
+<p>St. Quintin: Arms, <a href = "#page62">62</a></p>
+<p>Staff, crook-headed, <a href = "#page115">115</a></p>
+<p>Stafford, De: Arms, <a href = "#page61">61</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page153">153</a></p>
+<p>Stafford, Sir H. de: Standard, <a href = "#page251">251</a></p>
+<p>Stafford, Sir Humphrey de: Crest-wreath, <a href =
+"#page217">217</a></p>
+<p>Stafford Knot, <a href = "#page133">133</a>,
+<a href = "#page151">151</a>,
+<a href = "#page251">251</a></p>
+<p>Stag, <a href = "#page116">116</a></p>
+<p>Stains, <a href = "#page42">42</a></p>
+<p>Stall-Plate, <a href = "#page151">151</a>,
+<a href = "#page278">278</a></p>
+<p>Standard, <a href = "#page152">152</a>,
+<a href = "#page251">251</a>;<br>
+Anglo-Saxon, <a href = "#page5">5</a>;<br>
+Anglo-Norman, <a href = "#page5">5</a>;<br>
+Badges on, <a href = "#page220">220</a>;<br>
+Marked for Cadency, <a href = "#page192">192</a>;<br>
+Royal, <a href = "#page252">252</a>,
+<a href = "#page266">266</a>;<br>
+Recording, <a href = "#page252">252</a></p>
+<p>Staple, <a href = "#page152">152</a></p>
+<p>Stapleton: Badge, <a href = "#page152">152</a></p>
+<p>Star, <a href = "#page152">152</a></p>
+<p>Star of India, Order of, <a href = "#page287">287</a></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">350</span>
+<a name = "page350" id = "page350"> </a>
+<p>Statant, Statant Guardant, <a href = "#page85">85</a>,
+<a href = "#page152">152</a></p>
+<p>Staunton Harcourt, <a href = "#page217">217</a></p>
+<p>Stephen: Arms, <a href = "#page88">88</a>;<br>
+Badges, <a href = "#page108">108</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a></p>
+<p>Steward, Alexander, Earl of Menteith: Seal, <a href =
+"#page94">94</a></p>
+<p>Steward, Board of, <a href = "#page199">199</a></p>
+<p>Stewart, Margaret, Countess of Angus, <a href = "#page94">94</a></p>
+<p>Stirrup, <a href = "#page152">152</a></p>
+<p>Stock, <a href = "#page152">152</a></p>
+<p>Stormerk: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p>
+<p>Stourton: Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a>;<br>
+Lord, <a href = "#page329">329</a></p>
+<p>Strange, Le Strange: Arms, <a href = "#page89">89</a></p>
+<p>Strange, Hamon Le, <a href = "#page89">89</a>;<br>
+Sir J. Le, <a href = "#page204">204</a></p>
+<p>Stringed, <a href = "#page152">152</a></p>
+<p>“Strongbow:� Seal, <a href = "#page62">62</a></p>
+<p>Stuart, Ludovic, <a href = "#page117">117</a>;<br>
+Sir Richard: Seal, <a href = "#page319">319</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page233">233</a></p>
+<p>Stuarts: Arms, <a href = "#page124">124</a>;<br>
+Livery Colours, <a href = "#page135">135</a></p>
+<p>Subordinaries, <a href = "#page42">42</a>,
+<a href = "#page64">64</a></p>
+<p>Suns and Roses, Collar of, <a href = "#page110">110</a>,
+<a href = "#page152">152</a>. <i>See</i> Collar</p>
+<p>Supporters, <a href = "#page152">152</a>,
+<a href = "#page175">175</a>,
+<a href = "#page237">237</a>;<br>
+their probable Origin, <a href = "#page94">94</a>,
+<a href = "#page237">237</a>;<br>
+their heraldic Significance, <a href = "#page243">243</a>;<br>
+rightly supported, <a href = "#page243">243</a>;<br>
+Royal, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br>
+of the United Kingdom, <a href = "#page265">265</a>;<br>
+of Scotland, <a href = "#page264">264</a>;<br>
+granted by the Lord Lyon, <a href = "#page237">237</a></p>
+<p>“Supports, Les,� <a href = "#page244">244</a></p>
+<p>Surcoat, <a href = "#page153">153</a>,
+<a href = "#page192">192</a></p>
+<p>Surmounted, <a href = "#page153">153</a></p>
+<p>Surrey, Earl of, <a href = "#page162">162</a>,
+<a href = "#page207">207</a></p>
+<p>Swan, <a href = "#page81">81</a>,
+<a href = "#page153">153</a>,
+<a href = "#page251">251</a></p>
+<p>Sweden: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p>
+<p>Sword, <a href = "#page153">153</a></p>
+<p>Swyneborne: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p>
+<p>Sykes: Arms, <a href = "#page72">72</a></p>
+<p>Symbolical Expression and Record ancient and universal, <a href =
+"#page5">5</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexT" id = "indexT"><b>T</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Tabard</span>, <a href =
+"#page130">130</a>,
+<a href = "#page154">154</a></p>
+<p>Talbot: Badge, <a href = "#page224">224</a></p>
+<p>Tanfield, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p>
+<p>Tapestry, Bayeux, <a href = "#page5">5</a></p>
+<p>Tau Cross, <a href = "#page55">55</a>,
+<a href = "#page226">226</a></p>
+<p>Tawke: Arms, <a href = "#page154">154</a></p>
+<p>Tax on “Armorial Bearings,� <a href = "#page313">313</a></p>
+<p>Teck, Arms of, <a href = "#page270">270</a></p>
+<p>Templars, Order of, <a href = "#page276">276</a>;<br>
+their Banner, <a href = "#page13">13</a>,
+<a href = "#page276">276</a></p>
+<p>Templars, Barristers of the Temple, <a href = "#page276">276</a></p>
+<p>Temple Church, London, <a href = "#page15">15</a>;<br>
+at Beverley Minster, <a href = "#page107">107</a></p>
+<p>Tenent, <a href = "#page154">154</a>,
+<a href = "#page244">244</a></p>
+<p>Tennée, Tawny, <a href = "#page42">42</a>,
+<a href = "#page154">154</a></p>
+<p>Tetlow: Arms, <a href = "#page23">23</a></p>
+<p>Tey: Motto, <a href = "#page139">139</a></p>
+<p>Thistle, <a href = "#page68">68</a>,
+<a href = "#page154">154</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br>
+Order and Insignia of the, <a href = "#page280">280</a></p>
+<p>Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, <a href =
+"#page148">148</a>,
+<a href = "#page181">181</a>,
+<a href = "#page232">232</a>,
+<a href = "#page235">235</a></p>
+<p>Thomas, Duke of Clarence, <a href = "#page181">181</a></p>
+<p>Thorpe, Sir E. de: Helm and Crest, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p>
+<p>Throne: heirs apparent, <a href = "#page227">227</a></p>
+<p>Through, <a href = "#page54">54</a></p>
+<p>Tiercée, In Tierce, Per Tierce, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p>
+<p>Tiles, Encaustic, <a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Timbre, Timbred, <a href = "#page154">154</a>,
+<a href = "#page155">155</a></p>
+<p>Tinctures, <a href = "#page40">40</a>,
+<a href = "#page155">155</a>;<br>
+Law of, <a href = "#page43">43</a>,
+<a href = "#page46">46</a>;<br>
+Blazoning in, <a href = "#page47">47</a>;<br>
+Change of, for Cadency, <a href = "#page182">182</a></p>
+<p>Tiptoft, John, Lord: Seal, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p>
+<p>Titles, <a href = "#page31">31</a></p>
+<p>Tong, <a href = "#page217">217</a></p>
+<p>Torse, <a href = "#page113">113</a>,
+<a href = "#page155">155</a></p>
+<p>Torteau, Torteaux, <a href = "#page72">72</a>,
+<a href = "#page155">155</a></p>
+<p>Tower, Turret, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p>
+<p>Transposed, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p>
+<p>Treflée, or Botonée, <a href = "#page56">56</a>,
+<a href = "#page155">155</a></p>
+<p>Trefoil, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p>
+<p>Treille, Trellis, <a href = "#page71">71</a>,
+<a href = "#page155">155</a></p>
+<p>Tremaine: Arms, <a href = "#page75">75</a></p>
+<p>Tressure, <a href = "#page66">66</a>,
+<a href = "#page67">67</a>,
+<a href = "#page155">155</a>;<br>
+impaled and quartered, <a href = "#page170">170</a>;<br>
+incorrectly blazoned, <a href = "#page317">317</a></p>
+<p>Tricked, In Trick, <a href = "#page42">42</a>,
+<a href = "#page155">155</a></p>
+<p>Trippant or Tripping, <a href = "#page80">80</a>,
+<a href = "#page81">81</a>,
+<a href = "#page155">155</a></p>
+<p>Triton, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p>
+<p>Trivet, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p>
+<p>Trompintoun, Trumpington, Sir R. de, <a href = "#page17">17</a>,
+<a href = "#page155">155</a></p>
+<p>Trotton: Brass at, <a href = "#page110">110</a>,
+<a href = "#page169">169</a></p>
+<p>Trumpet, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p>
+<p>Trumpington: Brass at, <a href = "#page17">17</a>,
+<a href = "#page158">158</a></p>
+<p>Trussed, Trussing, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p>
+<p>Trussell, Tressell: Arms, <a href = "#page71">71</a></p>
+<p>Trusses, <a href = "#page81">81</a></p>
+<p>Tryvett: Arms, <a href = "#page155">155</a></p>
+<p>Tudor, Arthur: Badge, <a href = "#page130">130</a>,
+<a href = "#page233">233</a></p>
+<p>Tudor, Margaret, <a href = "#page170">170</a></p>
+<p>Tudor: Badge, <a href = "#page144">144</a>;<br>
+Livery Colours, <a href = "#page135">135</a>;<br>
+Rose, <a href = "#page156">156</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a></p>
+<p>Tun, <a href = "#page148">148</a>,
+<a href = "#page156">156</a></p>
+<p>Tyndall: Crest, <a href = "#page146">146</a></p>
+<p>Tyndalls, <a href = "#page141">141</a></p>
+<p>Tynes, <a href = "#page81">81</a>,
+<a href = "#page156">156</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexU" id = "indexU"><b>U</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Ufford</span>, Sir Ralph de: Arms, <a href
+= "#page164">164</a>,
+<a href = "#page186">186</a></p>
+<p>Ulster, Badge of, <a href = "#page104">104</a>. <i>See</i> Baronet
+and Herald</p>
+<p>Ulster, William, Earl of, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p>
+<p>Ulster King-of-Arms, <a href = "#page131">131</a>,
+<a href = "#page308">308</a></p>
+<p>Undée, Undy, <a href = "#page35">35</a>,
+<a href = "#page156">156</a></p>
+<p>Unguled, <a href = "#page80">80</a>,
+<a href = "#page156">156</a></p>
+<p>Unicorn, <a href = "#page91">91</a>,
+<a href = "#page156">156</a>,
+<a href = "#page264">264</a>,
+<a href = "#page265">265</a></p>
+<p>“Union Jack,� <a href = "#page54">54</a>,
+<a href = "#page156">156</a>,
+<a href = "#page252">252</a>;<br>
+the First, <a href = "#page253">253</a>;<br>
+the Second, <a href = "#page253">253</a>,
+<a href = "#page254">254</a></p>
+<p>Union Device, <a href = "#page102">102</a>,
+<a href = "#page205">205</a></p>
+<p>United Kingdom: Supporters, <a href = "#page265">265</a></p>
+<p>Unmarried Ladies: Arms, <a href = "#page173">173</a></p>
+<p>Urdée, <a href = "#page57">57</a></p>
+<p>Uriant, <a href = "#page82">82</a>,
+<a href = "#page156">156</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexV" id = "indexV"><b>V</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Vair</span>, <a href = "#page41">41</a>,
+<a href = "#page42">42</a>,
+<a href = "#page156">156</a></p>
+<p>Valence, De: Arms, <a href = "#page163">163</a>,
+<a href = "#page168">168</a>,
+<a href = "#page323">323</a><br>
+Dimidiating Claremont Nesle, <a href = "#page168">168</a></p>
+<span class = "pagenum">351</span>
+<a name = "page351" id = "page351"> </a>
+<p>Valence, Earl William de, <a href = "#page45">45</a>,
+<a href = "#page53">53</a>,
+<a href = "#page77">77</a>,
+<a href = "#page217">217</a>;<br>
+Earl Aymer de, <a href = "#page163">163</a></p>
+<p>Vandalia: Arms, <a href = "#page269">269</a></p>
+<p>Vane. <i>See</i> Fan</p>
+<p>Varied Fields, <a href = "#page42">42</a>,
+<a href = "#page59">59</a></p>
+<p>Vavasour, William le, <a href = "#page51">51</a></p>
+<p>Vele, De: Arms, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p>
+<p>Vere, De: Motto, <a href = "#page138">138</a></p>
+<p>Vere, Robert de, <a href = "#page136">136</a>,
+<a href = "#page206">206</a></p>
+<p>Verley, Sir Philip de, <a href = "#page96">96</a></p>
+<p>Vernon, Sir William, <a href = "#page217">217</a></p>
+<p>Vert, <a href = "#page41">41</a>,
+<a href = "#page48">48</a>,
+<a href = "#page156">156</a></p>
+<p>Vervels, Vervals, <a href = "#page156">156</a></p>
+<p>Vesci, William de, <a href = "#page56">56</a></p>
+<p>Vested, <a href = "#page156">156</a></p>
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Victoria, Queen</span>: Arms, <a href =
+"#page263">263</a></p>
+<p>Victoria Cross, <a href = "#page293">293</a></p>
+<p>Victoria, H.R.H. Princess, <a href = "#page271">271</a></p>
+<p>Victorian Order, <a href = "#page291">291</a></p>
+<p>Victoria and Albert, Order of, <a href = "#page294">294</a></p>
+<p>Villiers, de L’Isle Adam, Phillippe de, <a href = "#page57">57</a>,
+<a href = "#page275">275</a></p>
+<p>Viscomes, <a href = "#page156">156</a></p>
+<p>Viscount, Viscountess, <a href = "#page156">156</a></p>
+<p>Vivre, <a href = "#page157">157</a></p>
+<p>Voided, <a href = "#page55">55</a>,
+<a href = "#page157">157</a></p>
+<p>Vol, <a href = "#page96">96</a>,
+<a href = "#page157">157</a></p>
+<p>Volant, <a href = "#page81">81</a>,
+<a href = "#page82">82</a>,
+<a href = "#page157">157</a></p>
+<p>Volunteers: Motto and Flag, <a href = "#page256">256</a>;<br>
+Decoration, <a href = "#page294">294</a></p>
+<p>Vulned, <a href = "#page157">157</a></p>
+<p>Vulning, <a href = "#page81">81</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexW" id = "indexW"><b>W</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Wachesham</span>, Sir G. de: Arms, <a href
+= "#page201">201</a></p>
+<p>Wadesles, Wadsley, De: Arms, <a href = "#page147">147</a></p>
+<p>Wake: Arms, <a href = "#page51">51</a>,
+<a href = "#page179">179</a>;<br>
+Sir J., <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Wake Knot, <a href = "#page133">133</a>,
+<a href = "#page157">157</a></p>
+<p>Waldegrave: Arms, <a href = "#page14">14</a></p>
+<p>Wales, Native Princes of, <a href = "#page83">83</a></p>
+<p>Wales, the Princes of, always K.G., <a href = "#page278">278</a>;<br>
+also Earls of Chester, <a href = "#page195">195</a></p>
+<p>Wales, H.R.H. The Prince of: his Armorial Insignia, <a href =
+"#page269">269</a>,
+<a href = "#page270">270</a>;<br>
+his Label, <a href = "#page134">134</a>,
+<a href = "#page178">178</a>;<br>
+his Coronet, <a href = "#page139">139</a>;<br>
+his Badge, <a href = "#page231">231</a>;<br>
+his eldest son’s Label, <a href = "#page270">270</a></p>
+<p>Wales, Princess of, <a href = "#page270">270</a></p>
+<p>Walford, Mr., <a href = "#page9">9</a></p>
+<p>Walled, <a href = "#page157">157</a></p>
+<p>Waltone, De: Arms, <a href = "#page68">68</a></p>
+<p>Warkworth, <a href = "#page322">322</a></p>
+<p>Warrenne, De, the Earls: Arms, <a href = "#page43">43</a>,
+<a href = "#page45">45</a>,
+<a href = "#page199">199</a></p>
+<p>Warwick, the Earls of, <a href = "#page56">56</a>;<br>
+Arms and Seals, <a href = "#page95">95</a>,
+<a href = "#page169">169</a>,
+<a href = "#page171">171</a>,
+<a href = "#page183">183</a>,
+<a href = "#page319">319</a></p>
+<p>Water Bouget, <a href = "#page157">157</a></p>
+<p>Wattled, <a href = "#page157">157</a></p>
+<p>Wavy, Undée, <a href = "#page35">35</a>,
+<a href = "#page157">157</a></p>
+<p>Wedone, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Welles: Arms, <a href = "#page72">72</a></p>
+<p>Wellington, the Duke of: Arms, <a href = "#page23">23</a>;<br>
+Supporters, <a href = "#page91">91</a>;<br>
+Augmentation, <a href = "#page102">102</a>,
+<a href = "#page156">156</a>,
+<a href = "#page204">204</a></p>
+<p>Westminster Abbey, Heraldry of, <a href = "#page19">19</a>,
+<a href = "#page26">26</a>,
+<a href = "#page53">53</a>,
+<a href = "#page68">68</a>,
+<a href = "#page92">92</a>,
+<a href = "#page111">111</a>,
+<a href = "#page169">169</a>,
+<a href = "#page286">286</a>,
+<a href = "#page322">322</a></p>
+<p>Westminster Hall, Heraldry of, <a href = "#page27">27</a>,
+<a href = "#page91">91</a>,
+<a href = "#page215">215</a>,
+<a href = "#page259">259</a></p>
+<p>Westphalia: Arms, <a href = "#page262">262</a></p>
+<p>Weylande, Sir N. de, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>Wheathamstede, John de, Abbot of St. Albans, <a href =
+"#page75">75</a>,
+<a href = "#page147">147</a>,
+<a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Wheathampstead Church, Brass at, <a href = "#page79">79</a></p>
+<p>Wheat-Sheaf. <i>See</i> Garbe</p>
+<p>Wheel, Catherine Wheel, <a href = "#page157">157</a></p>
+<p>White Ensign, <a href = "#page256">256</a></p>
+<p>Whitworth, Shield at, <a href = "#page14">14</a></p>
+<p>Widow, Widower: Arms, <a href = "#page173">173</a></p>
+<p>Wife and Husband, Marshalling their Arms, <a href =
+"#page171">171</a></p>
+<p>William I., <a href = "#page329">329</a>;<br>
+Arms, <a href = "#page18">18</a>,
+<a href = "#page88">88</a>,
+<a href = "#page258">258</a></p>
+<p>William II.: Arms, <a href = "#page88">88</a>,
+<a href = "#page258">258</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page227">227</a></p>
+<p>William III. and Mary: Arms, <a href = "#page260">260</a></p>
+<p>William III.: Arms, <a href = "#page262">262</a></p>
+<p>William IV.: Arms, <a href = "#page263">263</a></p>
+<p>Winchelsea: Seal of the Mayor of, <a href = "#page168">168</a></p>
+<p>Windsor Herald, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p>
+<p>Windsor, St. George’s Chapel, <a href = "#page171">171</a></p>
+<p>Wingfield: Arms, <a href = "#page17">17</a></p>
+<p>Winnowing Fan. <i>See</i> Fan</p>
+<p>Wings in Crests, <a href = "#page212">212</a></p>
+<p>Woodstock, Duke Thomas of, <a href = "#page181">181</a>,
+<a href = "#page232">232</a>;<br>
+Badge, <a href = "#page149">149</a></p>
+<p>Worcester, Charles, Earl of, <a href = "#page190">190</a>;<br>
+Henry, Earl of, <a href = "#page189">189</a>,
+<a href = "#page190">190</a>;<br>
+John, Earl of, <a href = "#page215">215</a></p>
+<p>Worcester Cathedral, <a href = "#page230">230</a>,
+<a href = "#page323">323</a></p>
+<p>Wortele, Worteley, De: Arms, <a href = "#page197">197</a></p>
+<p>Wreath, Orle, Crest-Wreath, Wreathed, <a href =
+"#page157">157</a></p>
+<p>Wyllers, De: Arms, <a href = "#page66">66</a></p>
+<p>Wyndesor, Wm. de: Seal, <a href = "#page214">214</a>,
+<a href = "#page242">242</a></p>
+<p>Wynford, the Baron: Supporters, <a href = "#page99">99</a></p>
+<p>Wyvern, Wivern, <a href = "#page72">72</a>,
+<a href = "#page157">157</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexY" id = "indexY"><b>Y</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Yarborough</span>, Countess of, <a href =
+"#page331">331</a></p>
+<p>Yarmouth, Great: Arms, <a href = "#page168">168</a></p>
+<p>Yngelfeld, Sir R. de: Arms, <a href = "#page202">202</a></p>
+<p>York, Dukes of, <a href = "#page179">179</a></p>
+<p>York, Archbishop of: Arms, <a href = "#page101">101</a></p>
+<p>York, Rose of, <a href = "#page149">149</a>,
+<a href = "#page228">228</a>;<br>
+Collar of, <a href = "#page110">110</a>;<br>
+Livery Colours of, <a href = "#page135">135</a></p>
+<p>York Cathedral, Heraldic Glass at, <a href = "#page92">92</a></p>
+<p>York Herald, <a href = "#page130">130</a></p>
+
+<p class = "letterhead">
+<a name = "indexZ" id = "indexZ"><b>Z</b></a> &nbsp;
+<a href = "#index"><i>Back to top</i></a></p>
+
+<p><span class = "smallcaps">Zouche</span>, de La: Arms, <a href =
+"#page72">72</a>;<br>
+Differenced Arms, <a href = "#page186">186</a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Handbook to English Heraldry, by 
+Charles Boutell
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HANDBOOK TO ENGLISH HERALDRY ***
+
+***** This file should be named 23186-h.htm or 23186-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/3/1/8/23186/
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Jeannie Howse, Ted Garvin and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/23186-h/images/bracket.gif b/23186-h/images/bracket.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..892e423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/bracket.gif
diff --git a/23186-h/images/bracket3.gif b/23186-h/images/bracket3.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f8c99c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/bracket3.gif
diff --git a/23186-h/images/bracket_rt.gif b/23186-h/images/bracket_rt.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c38c83f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/bracket_rt.gif
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig111color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig111color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce72cc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig111color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig112color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig112color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18a1a94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig112color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig113color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig113color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2c3f1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig113color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig116color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig116color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..186f101
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig116color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig117color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig117color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f64cd46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig117color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig120color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig120color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0d4da7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig120color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig121color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig121color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45e11dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig121color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig122color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig122color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bcd3ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig122color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig123color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig123color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..256b2fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig123color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig124color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig124color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62c0741
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig124color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig126color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig126color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..557c236
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig126color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig127color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig127color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c42566d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig127color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig128color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig128color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ce4ddd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig128color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig129color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig129color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e161e97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig129color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig130color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig130color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30a3bc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig130color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig131color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig131color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecc45c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig131color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig132color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig132color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e206ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig132color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig133color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig133color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27a745a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig133color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig134color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig134color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b260c58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig134color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig138color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig138color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..001ea9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig138color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig139color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig139color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9adc3e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig139color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig140color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig140color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13f8759
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig140color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig141color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig141color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1dd3287
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig141color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig142color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig142color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eaa17f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig142color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig143color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig143color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5f8103
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig143color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig144color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig144color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5cebdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig144color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig145color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig145color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b772c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig145color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig146color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig146color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7df3668
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig146color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig147color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig147color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83e282a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig147color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig149color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig149color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0222494
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig149color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig151color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig151color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82ad09b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig151color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig152color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig152color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f40d2e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig152color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig153color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig153color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..173889c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig153color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig164color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig164color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb99348
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig164color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig20color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig20color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07e6e74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig20color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig225color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig225color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ae302e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig225color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig23color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig23color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fa759a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig23color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig241color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig241color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a688fdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig241color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig256color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig256color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8af4784
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig256color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig303color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig303color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..423427e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig303color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig306color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig306color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..926e918
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig306color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig417color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig417color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87c1845
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig417color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig418color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig418color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2b3b22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig418color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig419color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig419color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0fcce08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig419color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig420color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig420color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..244dc54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig420color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig421color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig421color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d5127a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig421color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig50color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig50color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b025cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig50color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig52color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig52color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6df3d04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig52color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig53color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig53color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd9d26e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig53color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig54color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig54color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d853d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig54color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig55color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig55color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52225fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig55color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig56color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig56color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a4d0d97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig56color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig59color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig59color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b5f772
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig59color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig60color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig60color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2eee44c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig60color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig61color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig61color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0b4e00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig61color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig62color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig62color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c40c39f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig62color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig63color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig63color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff204b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig63color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig64color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig64color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..caaa8fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig64color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig65color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig65color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60544ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig65color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig66color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig66color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81f9b7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig66color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig67color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig67color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ecd26c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig67color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig68color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig68color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b95fe02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig68color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig69color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig69color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4cc8fb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig69color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig70color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig70color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cce0631
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig70color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig72color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig72color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91a07b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig72color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig73color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig73color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0f2da2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig73color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig74color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig74color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bdab487
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig74color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig75color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig75color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e2c8b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig75color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig76color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig76color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d1506b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig76color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig77color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig77color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0cc42d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig77color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig78color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig78color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cda7d87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig78color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig79color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig79color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c86b29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig79color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig80color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig80color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4246d93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig80color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig81color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig81color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1620a7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig81color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig82color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig82color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..771c08b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig82color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig83color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig83color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8541676
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig83color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig84color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig84color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30c0e14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig84color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig85color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig85color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9011444
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig85color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig86color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig86color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5ea4fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig86color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig87color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig87color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aaf189a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig87color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig88color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig88color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f55171
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig88color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig89color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig89color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9bcbf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig89color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig90color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig90color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8afd343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig90color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig97color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig97color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9824cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig97color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig98color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig98color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f576299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig98color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/color/fig99color.png b/23186-h/images/color/fig99color.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df6d0dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/color/fig99color.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/diagram.gif b/23186-h/images/diagram.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..192fb70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/diagram.gif
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig1-2-3.png b/23186-h/images/fig1-2-3.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbb8932
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig1-2-3.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig10.png b/23186-h/images/fig10.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad47e1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig10.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig100.png b/23186-h/images/fig100.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3139fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig100.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig101.png b/23186-h/images/fig101.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..034b7b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig101.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig102.png b/23186-h/images/fig102.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e427f5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig102.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig103.png b/23186-h/images/fig103.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72a23cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig103.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig104.png b/23186-h/images/fig104.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..042d156
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig104.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig105.png b/23186-h/images/fig105.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20cea43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig105.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig106.png b/23186-h/images/fig106.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fec23b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig106.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig107.png b/23186-h/images/fig107.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96d03be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig107.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig108.png b/23186-h/images/fig108.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d451b25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig108.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig109.png b/23186-h/images/fig109.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13b496d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig109.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig11.png b/23186-h/images/fig11.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f06cd38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig11.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig110.png b/23186-h/images/fig110.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7c429a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig110.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig111.png b/23186-h/images/fig111.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18d09b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig111.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig112.png b/23186-h/images/fig112.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d831fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig112.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig113.png b/23186-h/images/fig113.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef4d5a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig113.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig114.png b/23186-h/images/fig114.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..929255d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig114.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig115.png b/23186-h/images/fig115.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b7beaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig115.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig116.png b/23186-h/images/fig116.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ee3872
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig116.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig117.png b/23186-h/images/fig117.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d52446c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig117.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig118.png b/23186-h/images/fig118.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..593d2d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig118.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig119.png b/23186-h/images/fig119.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3eb1f4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig119.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig12.png b/23186-h/images/fig12.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81ad93b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig12.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig120.png b/23186-h/images/fig120.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6df347a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig120.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig121.png b/23186-h/images/fig121.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ea891f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig121.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig122.png b/23186-h/images/fig122.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..283e795
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig122.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig123.png b/23186-h/images/fig123.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..edb2065
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig123.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig124.png b/23186-h/images/fig124.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4c299b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig124.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig125.png b/23186-h/images/fig125.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ebd277
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig125.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig126.png b/23186-h/images/fig126.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e866d32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig126.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig127.png b/23186-h/images/fig127.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04e3afc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig127.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig128.png b/23186-h/images/fig128.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2dac7b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig128.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig129.png b/23186-h/images/fig129.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ca5247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig129.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig13.png b/23186-h/images/fig13.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a89e254
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig13.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig130.png b/23186-h/images/fig130.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28a7b60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig130.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig131.png b/23186-h/images/fig131.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65a815e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig131.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig132.png b/23186-h/images/fig132.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8eb5603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig132.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig133.png b/23186-h/images/fig133.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe0d62f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig133.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig134.png b/23186-h/images/fig134.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bcfdd07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig134.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig135.png b/23186-h/images/fig135.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9086d2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig135.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig136.png b/23186-h/images/fig136.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..824d15d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig136.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig137.png b/23186-h/images/fig137.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed77fc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig137.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig138.png b/23186-h/images/fig138.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..916897b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig138.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig139.png b/23186-h/images/fig139.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5f1417
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig139.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig14.png b/23186-h/images/fig14.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..426bfe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig14.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig140.png b/23186-h/images/fig140.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87d6828
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig140.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig141.png b/23186-h/images/fig141.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7d31b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig141.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig142.png b/23186-h/images/fig142.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4e685c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig142.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig143.png b/23186-h/images/fig143.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97c1f4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig143.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig144.png b/23186-h/images/fig144.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..681ac62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig144.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig145.png b/23186-h/images/fig145.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d90842
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig145.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig146.png b/23186-h/images/fig146.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..230e2ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig146.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig147.png b/23186-h/images/fig147.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..564e293
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig147.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig148.png b/23186-h/images/fig148.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ed4ead
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig148.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig149.png b/23186-h/images/fig149.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4859619
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig149.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig15.png b/23186-h/images/fig15.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..677e4e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig15.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig150.png b/23186-h/images/fig150.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32dc975
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig150.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig151.png b/23186-h/images/fig151.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11554da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig151.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig152.png b/23186-h/images/fig152.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..051a925
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig152.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig153.png b/23186-h/images/fig153.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf7c430
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig153.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig154.png b/23186-h/images/fig154.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71e5bc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig154.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig155.png b/23186-h/images/fig155.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52fae82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig155.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig156.png b/23186-h/images/fig156.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfab7d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig156.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig157.png b/23186-h/images/fig157.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..523a9f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig157.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig158.png b/23186-h/images/fig158.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..386ff7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig158.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig159.png b/23186-h/images/fig159.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c80056c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig159.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig16.png b/23186-h/images/fig16.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19581dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig16.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig160.png b/23186-h/images/fig160.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..414c5a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig160.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig161.png b/23186-h/images/fig161.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..249a09e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig161.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig162.png b/23186-h/images/fig162.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4cc3fa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig162.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig163.png b/23186-h/images/fig163.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ef98b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig163.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig164.png b/23186-h/images/fig164.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbc31b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig164.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig165.png b/23186-h/images/fig165.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b421ca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig165.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig166a.png b/23186-h/images/fig166a.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1d6578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig166a.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig166b.png b/23186-h/images/fig166b.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3db630
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig166b.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig166c.png b/23186-h/images/fig166c.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4c44b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig166c.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig167.png b/23186-h/images/fig167.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb45241
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig167.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig168.png b/23186-h/images/fig168.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84a85b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig168.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig169.png b/23186-h/images/fig169.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5069781
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig169.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig17.png b/23186-h/images/fig17.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e2ec9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig17.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig170.png b/23186-h/images/fig170.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76350c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig170.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig171.png b/23186-h/images/fig171.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c435e51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig171.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig172.png b/23186-h/images/fig172.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6dac0f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig172.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig173.png b/23186-h/images/fig173.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..765aa0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig173.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig174.png b/23186-h/images/fig174.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d08a6c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig174.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig175.png b/23186-h/images/fig175.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f985ee9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig175.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig176.png b/23186-h/images/fig176.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2800cea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig176.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig177.png b/23186-h/images/fig177.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b35d1c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig177.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig178.png b/23186-h/images/fig178.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39fc1ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig178.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig179.png b/23186-h/images/fig179.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60ab1c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig179.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig18.png b/23186-h/images/fig18.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93fdc43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig18.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig180.png b/23186-h/images/fig180.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b118aa3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig180.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig181.png b/23186-h/images/fig181.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fe0cce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig181.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig182.png b/23186-h/images/fig182.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07b9761
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig182.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig183.png b/23186-h/images/fig183.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e1e5b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig183.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig184.png b/23186-h/images/fig184.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..081c2c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig184.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig185.png b/23186-h/images/fig185.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6982ec4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig185.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig186.png b/23186-h/images/fig186.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e368d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig186.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig187.png b/23186-h/images/fig187.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..509a595
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig187.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig188.png b/23186-h/images/fig188.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a66a70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig188.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig189.png b/23186-h/images/fig189.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..501b52b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig189.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig19.png b/23186-h/images/fig19.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b083109
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig19.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig190.png b/23186-h/images/fig190.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..364c94c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig190.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig191.png b/23186-h/images/fig191.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48aea73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig191.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig192.png b/23186-h/images/fig192.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1da244f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig192.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig193.png b/23186-h/images/fig193.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be1e121
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig193.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig194.png b/23186-h/images/fig194.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43dc8ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig194.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig195.png b/23186-h/images/fig195.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5759199
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig195.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig196.png b/23186-h/images/fig196.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8843d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig196.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig197.png b/23186-h/images/fig197.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5126fed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig197.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig198.png b/23186-h/images/fig198.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1716e9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig198.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig199.png b/23186-h/images/fig199.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf0710e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig199.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig20.png b/23186-h/images/fig20.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b345eb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig20.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig200.png b/23186-h/images/fig200.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0515ec4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig200.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig201.png b/23186-h/images/fig201.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34cf810
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig201.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig202.png b/23186-h/images/fig202.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89de3c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig202.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig203.png b/23186-h/images/fig203.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f70c00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig203.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig204.png b/23186-h/images/fig204.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb296ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig204.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig205.png b/23186-h/images/fig205.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..647e210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig205.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig206.png b/23186-h/images/fig206.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7414b9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig206.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig207.png b/23186-h/images/fig207.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44eadbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig207.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig209.png b/23186-h/images/fig209.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b674170
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig209.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig21.png b/23186-h/images/fig21.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4aa6b91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig21.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig210.png b/23186-h/images/fig210.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cbef7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig210.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig211.png b/23186-h/images/fig211.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9480fbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig211.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig212.png b/23186-h/images/fig212.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..635a639
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig212.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig213.png b/23186-h/images/fig213.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7eab913
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig213.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig214.png b/23186-h/images/fig214.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd4d7b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig214.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig215.png b/23186-h/images/fig215.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf75874
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig215.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig216.png b/23186-h/images/fig216.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d96ec39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig216.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig217.png b/23186-h/images/fig217.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a20e1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig217.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig218.png b/23186-h/images/fig218.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e45b5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig218.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig219.png b/23186-h/images/fig219.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d7f4f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig219.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig22.png b/23186-h/images/fig22.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..688a58a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig22.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig220.png b/23186-h/images/fig220.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..daf6975
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig220.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig221.png b/23186-h/images/fig221.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0430bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig221.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig222.png b/23186-h/images/fig222.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d48800e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig222.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig223.png b/23186-h/images/fig223.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a26bdc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig223.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig224.png b/23186-h/images/fig224.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c49a91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig224.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig225.png b/23186-h/images/fig225.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cef7cd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig225.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig226.png b/23186-h/images/fig226.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4dee410
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig226.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig227.png b/23186-h/images/fig227.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c651c26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig227.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig228a.png b/23186-h/images/fig228a.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69b3c55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig228a.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig228b.png b/23186-h/images/fig228b.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d48fdea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig228b.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig229.png b/23186-h/images/fig229.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ffee53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig229.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig23.png b/23186-h/images/fig23.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e00282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig23.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig230.png b/23186-h/images/fig230.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..694cbfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig230.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig231.png b/23186-h/images/fig231.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15924bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig231.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig232.png b/23186-h/images/fig232.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd311e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig232.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig233.png b/23186-h/images/fig233.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fea99e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig233.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig234.png b/23186-h/images/fig234.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4afa1ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig234.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig235.png b/23186-h/images/fig235.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b1b445
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig235.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig236.png b/23186-h/images/fig236.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b732210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig236.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig237.png b/23186-h/images/fig237.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a4c449a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig237.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig238.png b/23186-h/images/fig238.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c88b74e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig238.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig239.png b/23186-h/images/fig239.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae15a4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig239.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig24.png b/23186-h/images/fig24.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2eb7674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig24.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig240.png b/23186-h/images/fig240.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a4d9a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig240.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig241.png b/23186-h/images/fig241.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d236427
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig241.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig242.png b/23186-h/images/fig242.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b8de74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig242.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig243.png b/23186-h/images/fig243.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fa7085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig243.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig244.png b/23186-h/images/fig244.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa12f49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig244.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig245.png b/23186-h/images/fig245.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c81648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig245.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig246.png b/23186-h/images/fig246.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..228863a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig246.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig247.png b/23186-h/images/fig247.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb7afb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig247.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig248.png b/23186-h/images/fig248.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d97e72a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig248.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig249.png b/23186-h/images/fig249.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..265895d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig249.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig25.png b/23186-h/images/fig25.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cdcc0bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig25.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig250.png b/23186-h/images/fig250.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67d78ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig250.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig251.png b/23186-h/images/fig251.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01ddfb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig251.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig252.png b/23186-h/images/fig252.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85c3483
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig252.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig253.png b/23186-h/images/fig253.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f133a0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig253.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig254.png b/23186-h/images/fig254.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6983995
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig254.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig255.png b/23186-h/images/fig255.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ac2423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig255.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig256.png b/23186-h/images/fig256.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00af400
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig256.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig257.png b/23186-h/images/fig257.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06793c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig257.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig258.png b/23186-h/images/fig258.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3caa23b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig258.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig259.png b/23186-h/images/fig259.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c4c3c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig259.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig26.png b/23186-h/images/fig26.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d233b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig26.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig260.png b/23186-h/images/fig260.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..193ce50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig260.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig261.png b/23186-h/images/fig261.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84cb92a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig261.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig262.png b/23186-h/images/fig262.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8928576
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig262.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig263.png b/23186-h/images/fig263.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d06a5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig263.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig264.png b/23186-h/images/fig264.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49f2f93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig264.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig265.png b/23186-h/images/fig265.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63f8ef9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig265.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig266.png b/23186-h/images/fig266.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bfdcd8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig266.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig267.png b/23186-h/images/fig267.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..527b2f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig267.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig268.png b/23186-h/images/fig268.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3260d16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig268.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig269.png b/23186-h/images/fig269.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b9e519
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig269.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig27.png b/23186-h/images/fig27.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fb3951
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig27.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig270.png b/23186-h/images/fig270.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af9c872
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig270.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig271.png b/23186-h/images/fig271.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8ef862
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig271.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig272.png b/23186-h/images/fig272.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9473b24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig272.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig273.png b/23186-h/images/fig273.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93c4c31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig273.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig274.png b/23186-h/images/fig274.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c64258a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig274.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig275.png b/23186-h/images/fig275.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e70344e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig275.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig276.png b/23186-h/images/fig276.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a79c5e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig276.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig277.png b/23186-h/images/fig277.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a446a06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig277.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig278.png b/23186-h/images/fig278.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f298ff9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig278.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig279.png b/23186-h/images/fig279.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab85f69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig279.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig28.png b/23186-h/images/fig28.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8821f0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig28.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig280.png b/23186-h/images/fig280.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c593066
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig280.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig281.png b/23186-h/images/fig281.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afe3552
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig281.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig282.png b/23186-h/images/fig282.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef668ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig282.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig283.png b/23186-h/images/fig283.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0c860c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig283.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig284.png b/23186-h/images/fig284.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21c5b0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig284.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig285.png b/23186-h/images/fig285.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fcae5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig285.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig286.png b/23186-h/images/fig286.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ff0fa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig286.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig287.png b/23186-h/images/fig287.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90ea9d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig287.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig288.png b/23186-h/images/fig288.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4860eed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig288.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig289.png b/23186-h/images/fig289.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b438cd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig289.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig29.png b/23186-h/images/fig29.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04c897e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig29.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig290.png b/23186-h/images/fig290.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..199f928
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig290.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig291.png b/23186-h/images/fig291.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fed4ac6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig291.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig292.png b/23186-h/images/fig292.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7c86bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig292.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig293.png b/23186-h/images/fig293.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d30116
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig293.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig294.png b/23186-h/images/fig294.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f85144b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig294.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig295.png b/23186-h/images/fig295.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33a021d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig295.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig296.png b/23186-h/images/fig296.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f520a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig296.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig297.png b/23186-h/images/fig297.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea4c69f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig297.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig298.png b/23186-h/images/fig298.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85ddd0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig298.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig299.png b/23186-h/images/fig299.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3234cfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig299.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig30.png b/23186-h/images/fig30.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c276f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig30.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig300.png b/23186-h/images/fig300.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c36c230
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig300.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig301.png b/23186-h/images/fig301.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87ed108
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig301.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig302.png b/23186-h/images/fig302.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d439bd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig302.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig303.png b/23186-h/images/fig303.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ff0256
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig303.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig304.png b/23186-h/images/fig304.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da5a681
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig304.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig305.png b/23186-h/images/fig305.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4124859
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig305.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig306.png b/23186-h/images/fig306.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d05c4c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig306.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig307.png b/23186-h/images/fig307.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f65a240
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig307.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig308.png b/23186-h/images/fig308.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be8d3e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig308.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig309.png b/23186-h/images/fig309.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98867cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig309.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig31.png b/23186-h/images/fig31.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f89b942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig31.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig310.png b/23186-h/images/fig310.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a8c707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig310.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig311.png b/23186-h/images/fig311.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3754fd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig311.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig312.png b/23186-h/images/fig312.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..325f5a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig312.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig313.png b/23186-h/images/fig313.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18d4898
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig313.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig314.png b/23186-h/images/fig314.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84fc9d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig314.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig315.png b/23186-h/images/fig315.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..609bb01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig315.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig316.png b/23186-h/images/fig316.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f663a28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig316.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig317.png b/23186-h/images/fig317.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d933f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig317.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig318.png b/23186-h/images/fig318.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..922ce9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig318.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig319.png b/23186-h/images/fig319.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32673cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig319.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig32.png b/23186-h/images/fig32.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e30fe83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig32.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig320.png b/23186-h/images/fig320.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eabcd30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig320.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig321.png b/23186-h/images/fig321.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5461154
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig321.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig322.png b/23186-h/images/fig322.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e5e45c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig322.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig323.png b/23186-h/images/fig323.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..936f5ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig323.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig324.png b/23186-h/images/fig324.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..435146e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig324.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig325.png b/23186-h/images/fig325.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2946e23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig325.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig326.png b/23186-h/images/fig326.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce826e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig326.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig327.png b/23186-h/images/fig327.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d724138
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig327.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig328.png b/23186-h/images/fig328.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e15d9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig328.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig329.png b/23186-h/images/fig329.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04210a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig329.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig33.png b/23186-h/images/fig33.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5f3804
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig33.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig330a.png b/23186-h/images/fig330a.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad0749c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig330a.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig330b.png b/23186-h/images/fig330b.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf4ac4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig330b.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig330c.png b/23186-h/images/fig330c.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18fb03d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig330c.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig330d.png b/23186-h/images/fig330d.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e4e4d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig330d.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig331.png b/23186-h/images/fig331.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1320ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig331.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig332.png b/23186-h/images/fig332.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e95fbdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig332.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig333.png b/23186-h/images/fig333.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4b632a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig333.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig334.png b/23186-h/images/fig334.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0dd0cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig334.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig335.png b/23186-h/images/fig335.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c79b1c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig335.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig336.png b/23186-h/images/fig336.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db0fd59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig336.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig337.png b/23186-h/images/fig337.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f128967
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig337.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig338.png b/23186-h/images/fig338.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7aa4d7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig338.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig339.png b/23186-h/images/fig339.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5ef851
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig339.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig34.png b/23186-h/images/fig34.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f729f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig34.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig340.png b/23186-h/images/fig340.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f3f1c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig340.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig341.png b/23186-h/images/fig341.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1643a4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig341.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig342.png b/23186-h/images/fig342.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36ad6d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig342.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig343.png b/23186-h/images/fig343.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0fa6467
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig343.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig344.png b/23186-h/images/fig344.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6e748b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig344.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig345.png b/23186-h/images/fig345.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96f5d92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig345.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig346.png b/23186-h/images/fig346.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fd275d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig346.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig347.png b/23186-h/images/fig347.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fd8b2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig347.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig348.png b/23186-h/images/fig348.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0139731
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig348.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig349.png b/23186-h/images/fig349.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2d8c94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig349.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig35.png b/23186-h/images/fig35.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b0607b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig35.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig350.png b/23186-h/images/fig350.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30475be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig350.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig351.png b/23186-h/images/fig351.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0667a4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig351.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig352.png b/23186-h/images/fig352.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4fe192b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig352.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig353.png b/23186-h/images/fig353.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20f49bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig353.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig354.png b/23186-h/images/fig354.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e528b0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig354.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig355.png b/23186-h/images/fig355.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70706f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig355.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig356.png b/23186-h/images/fig356.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf95f26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig356.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig357.png b/23186-h/images/fig357.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4644b6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig357.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig358.png b/23186-h/images/fig358.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b101318
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig358.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig359.png b/23186-h/images/fig359.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da6af35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig359.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig36.png b/23186-h/images/fig36.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b709e53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig36.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig360.png b/23186-h/images/fig360.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f151df0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig360.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig361.png b/23186-h/images/fig361.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb822ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig361.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig362.png b/23186-h/images/fig362.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64b7692
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig362.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig363.png b/23186-h/images/fig363.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f223714
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig363.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig364.png b/23186-h/images/fig364.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12076f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig364.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig365.png b/23186-h/images/fig365.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..540745d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig365.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig366.png b/23186-h/images/fig366.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddb62bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig366.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig367.png b/23186-h/images/fig367.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01e3ef5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig367.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig368.png b/23186-h/images/fig368.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2be527
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig368.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig369.png b/23186-h/images/fig369.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..762a326
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig369.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig37.png b/23186-h/images/fig37.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2a0fb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig37.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig370.png b/23186-h/images/fig370.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b582db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig370.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig371.png b/23186-h/images/fig371.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62b3607
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig371.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig372.png b/23186-h/images/fig372.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2180199
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig372.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig373.png b/23186-h/images/fig373.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00a4c5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig373.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig374.png b/23186-h/images/fig374.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d77f45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig374.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig374a.png b/23186-h/images/fig374a.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a29f848
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig374a.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig375.png b/23186-h/images/fig375.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc34e2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig375.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig376.png b/23186-h/images/fig376.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74964ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig376.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig377.png b/23186-h/images/fig377.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad09d8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig377.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig378.png b/23186-h/images/fig378.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9ca8aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig378.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig379.png b/23186-h/images/fig379.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84e4ef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig379.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig38.png b/23186-h/images/fig38.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7e9100
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig38.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig380.png b/23186-h/images/fig380.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81f8c43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig380.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig381.png b/23186-h/images/fig381.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b69af8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig381.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig382.png b/23186-h/images/fig382.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4a9e53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig382.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig383.png b/23186-h/images/fig383.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d463a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig383.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig384.png b/23186-h/images/fig384.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43168d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig384.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig385.png b/23186-h/images/fig385.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..253ce00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig385.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig386.png b/23186-h/images/fig386.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6a838e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig386.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig387.png b/23186-h/images/fig387.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..687e306
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig387.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig388.png b/23186-h/images/fig388.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba44e5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig388.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig389.png b/23186-h/images/fig389.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac44ee5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig389.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig38a.png b/23186-h/images/fig38a.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0dfe51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig38a.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig38b.png b/23186-h/images/fig38b.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95655d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig38b.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig38c.png b/23186-h/images/fig38c.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..121acd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig38c.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig38d.png b/23186-h/images/fig38d.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02fa10d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig38d.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig38e.png b/23186-h/images/fig38e.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9b5a94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig38e.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig38f.png b/23186-h/images/fig38f.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abaa078
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig38f.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig38g.png b/23186-h/images/fig38g.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e770012
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig38g.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig38h.png b/23186-h/images/fig38h.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7cf0739
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig38h.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig38i.png b/23186-h/images/fig38i.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a042d5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig38i.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig39.png b/23186-h/images/fig39.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86d459d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig39.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig390.png b/23186-h/images/fig390.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2084d67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig390.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig391.png b/23186-h/images/fig391.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8bf2990
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig391.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig392.png b/23186-h/images/fig392.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f142b53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig392.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig393.png b/23186-h/images/fig393.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..404b593
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig393.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig394.png b/23186-h/images/fig394.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c42b71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig394.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig395.png b/23186-h/images/fig395.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbbee48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig395.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig396.png b/23186-h/images/fig396.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..adfa2d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig396.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig397.png b/23186-h/images/fig397.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbedf30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig397.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig398.png b/23186-h/images/fig398.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b98a4a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig398.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig399.png b/23186-h/images/fig399.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3c9d02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig399.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig4.png b/23186-h/images/fig4.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d373f47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig4.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig40.png b/23186-h/images/fig40.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c5693c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig40.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig400.png b/23186-h/images/fig400.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d025d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig400.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig401.png b/23186-h/images/fig401.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..155db68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig401.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig402.png b/23186-h/images/fig402.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e15b3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig402.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig403.png b/23186-h/images/fig403.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a1b73f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig403.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig404.png b/23186-h/images/fig404.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d11d7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig404.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig405.png b/23186-h/images/fig405.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71bffdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig405.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig406.png b/23186-h/images/fig406.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b38a2d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig406.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig407.png b/23186-h/images/fig407.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..733d369
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig407.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig408.png b/23186-h/images/fig408.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41129d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig408.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig409.png b/23186-h/images/fig409.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d974d74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig409.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig41.png b/23186-h/images/fig41.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d561099
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig41.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig410.png b/23186-h/images/fig410.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b6fd5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig410.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig411.png b/23186-h/images/fig411.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b3b936
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig411.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig412.png b/23186-h/images/fig412.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3654b16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig412.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig413.png b/23186-h/images/fig413.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45534e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig413.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig414.png b/23186-h/images/fig414.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0254be0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig414.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig415.png b/23186-h/images/fig415.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf6a322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig415.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig416.png b/23186-h/images/fig416.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..030376f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig416.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig417.png b/23186-h/images/fig417.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fe664b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig417.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig418.png b/23186-h/images/fig418.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce291f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig418.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig419.png b/23186-h/images/fig419.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f7d368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig419.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig42.png b/23186-h/images/fig42.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4498ecf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig42.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig420.png b/23186-h/images/fig420.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..760ed1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig420.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig421.png b/23186-h/images/fig421.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af91389
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig421.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig422.png b/23186-h/images/fig422.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f73beaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig422.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig423.png b/23186-h/images/fig423.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c54f45a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig423.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig424.png b/23186-h/images/fig424.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b4877a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig424.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig425.png b/23186-h/images/fig425.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49158f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig425.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig426.png b/23186-h/images/fig426.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1d5bb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig426.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig427.png b/23186-h/images/fig427.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b731054
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig427.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig428.png b/23186-h/images/fig428.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd4782f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig428.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig429.png b/23186-h/images/fig429.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0cb51cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig429.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig43.png b/23186-h/images/fig43.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eecb3ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig43.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig430.png b/23186-h/images/fig430.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83fd382
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig430.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig431.png b/23186-h/images/fig431.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ffba8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig431.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig432.png b/23186-h/images/fig432.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41750ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig432.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig433.png b/23186-h/images/fig433.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3996dab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig433.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig434.png b/23186-h/images/fig434.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a13f1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig434.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig435.png b/23186-h/images/fig435.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f61b0b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig435.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig436.png b/23186-h/images/fig436.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03539c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig436.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig437.png b/23186-h/images/fig437.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f67003
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig437.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig438.png b/23186-h/images/fig438.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25bc4d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig438.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig439.png b/23186-h/images/fig439.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8271bf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig439.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig44.png b/23186-h/images/fig44.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..766ea02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig44.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig440.png b/23186-h/images/fig440.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f7dc0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig440.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig441.png b/23186-h/images/fig441.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e804a64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig441.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig442.png b/23186-h/images/fig442.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91c6696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig442.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig443.png b/23186-h/images/fig443.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a223d92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig443.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig444.png b/23186-h/images/fig444.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da5afd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig444.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig445.png b/23186-h/images/fig445.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d646878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig445.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig446.png b/23186-h/images/fig446.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c14fb4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig446.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig447.png b/23186-h/images/fig447.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c67d619
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig447.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig448.png b/23186-h/images/fig448.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b937b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig448.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig449.png b/23186-h/images/fig449.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a678af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig449.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig45.png b/23186-h/images/fig45.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69e615b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig45.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig450.png b/23186-h/images/fig450.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f082cf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig450.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig451.png b/23186-h/images/fig451.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0fa927f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig451.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig452.png b/23186-h/images/fig452.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e900dec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig452.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig453.png b/23186-h/images/fig453.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6db04dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig453.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig454.png b/23186-h/images/fig454.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3030758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig454.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig455.png b/23186-h/images/fig455.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a8d747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig455.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig456.png b/23186-h/images/fig456.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32473be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig456.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig457.png b/23186-h/images/fig457.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77defc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig457.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig458.png b/23186-h/images/fig458.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d2f5d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig458.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig459.png b/23186-h/images/fig459.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4deb0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig459.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig46.png b/23186-h/images/fig46.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb49723
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig46.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig460.png b/23186-h/images/fig460.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d7390e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig460.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig461.png b/23186-h/images/fig461.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c422c9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig461.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig462.png b/23186-h/images/fig462.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2243b42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig462.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig463.png b/23186-h/images/fig463.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03d682f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig463.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig464.png b/23186-h/images/fig464.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ea40b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig464.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig465.png b/23186-h/images/fig465.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a04e245
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig465.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig47.png b/23186-h/images/fig47.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c073b2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig47.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig48.png b/23186-h/images/fig48.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aad0b09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig48.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig49.png b/23186-h/images/fig49.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..752309d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig49.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig5.png b/23186-h/images/fig5.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bf4902
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig5.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig50.png b/23186-h/images/fig50.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..656ef86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig50.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig51.png b/23186-h/images/fig51.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f1fa33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig51.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig52.png b/23186-h/images/fig52.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..004cd28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig52.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig53.png b/23186-h/images/fig53.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4b1db8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig53.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig54.png b/23186-h/images/fig54.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f346b8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig54.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig55.png b/23186-h/images/fig55.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a4f6237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig55.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig56.png b/23186-h/images/fig56.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7918d55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig56.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig57.png b/23186-h/images/fig57.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2002d2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig57.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig57a.png b/23186-h/images/fig57a.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6485332
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig57a.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig58.png b/23186-h/images/fig58.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b0ecfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig58.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig59.png b/23186-h/images/fig59.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..725b23d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig59.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig6.png b/23186-h/images/fig6.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47c01e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig6.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig60.png b/23186-h/images/fig60.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80b364c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig60.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig61.png b/23186-h/images/fig61.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d91e98c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig61.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig62.png b/23186-h/images/fig62.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb82795
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig62.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig63.png b/23186-h/images/fig63.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3b0bbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig63.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig64.png b/23186-h/images/fig64.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..619e528
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig64.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig65.png b/23186-h/images/fig65.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..028e8bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig65.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig66.png b/23186-h/images/fig66.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71efed1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig66.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig67.png b/23186-h/images/fig67.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a3b8a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig67.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig68.png b/23186-h/images/fig68.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18e848e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig68.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig69.png b/23186-h/images/fig69.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b9e9a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig69.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig7.png b/23186-h/images/fig7.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c929a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig7.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig70.png b/23186-h/images/fig70.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6a908d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig70.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig71.png b/23186-h/images/fig71.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e61b4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig71.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig72.png b/23186-h/images/fig72.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6bdc32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig72.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig73.png b/23186-h/images/fig73.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..616f05e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig73.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig74.png b/23186-h/images/fig74.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34f5e3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig74.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig75.png b/23186-h/images/fig75.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6172ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig75.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig76.png b/23186-h/images/fig76.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f30031d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig76.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig77.png b/23186-h/images/fig77.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9069bca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig77.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig78.png b/23186-h/images/fig78.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0dc7b4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig78.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig79.png b/23186-h/images/fig79.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45e1458
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig79.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig8.png b/23186-h/images/fig8.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce88b7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig8.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig80.png b/23186-h/images/fig80.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4132a9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig80.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig81.png b/23186-h/images/fig81.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbe0d21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig81.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig82.png b/23186-h/images/fig82.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8521ced
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig82.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig83.png b/23186-h/images/fig83.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6ff9cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig83.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig84.png b/23186-h/images/fig84.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb5845a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig84.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig85.png b/23186-h/images/fig85.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af1aabe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig85.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig86.png b/23186-h/images/fig86.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c626a12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig86.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig87.png b/23186-h/images/fig87.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88d6a03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig87.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig88.png b/23186-h/images/fig88.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2893b69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig88.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig89.png b/23186-h/images/fig89.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d96efa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig89.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig9.png b/23186-h/images/fig9.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9db71d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig9.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig90.png b/23186-h/images/fig90.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23510a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig90.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig91.png b/23186-h/images/fig91.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed6bd34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig91.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig92.png b/23186-h/images/fig92.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14adaa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig92.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig93.png b/23186-h/images/fig93.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f0a4c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig93.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig94.png b/23186-h/images/fig94.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7485704
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig94.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig95.png b/23186-h/images/fig95.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9ebf18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig95.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig96.png b/23186-h/images/fig96.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c29f396
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig96.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig97.png b/23186-h/images/fig97.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f13a49b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig97.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig98.png b/23186-h/images/fig98.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..210e1a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig98.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/fig99.png b/23186-h/images/fig99.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20626ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/fig99.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/signature.png b/23186-h/images/signature.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6724df2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/signature.png
diff --git a/23186-h/images/title.png b/23186-h/images/title.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b852c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-h/images/title.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f001.jpg b/23186-page-images/f001.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2e2bce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f001.jpg
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f002-image.jpg b/23186-page-images/f002-image.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17bca0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f002-image.jpg
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f002.png b/23186-page-images/f002.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38ede12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f002.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f003.png b/23186-page-images/f003.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cdfa3c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f003.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f004.png b/23186-page-images/f004.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f0a37d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f004.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f005.png b/23186-page-images/f005.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e6b19b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f005.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f006-image.jpg b/23186-page-images/f006-image.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5758bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f006-image.jpg
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f006.png b/23186-page-images/f006.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..753e0df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f006.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f007.png b/23186-page-images/f007.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9db96c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f007.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f008.png b/23186-page-images/f008.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3abc220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f008.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f009.png b/23186-page-images/f009.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7dfc37b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f009.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f010.png b/23186-page-images/f010.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39bbc52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f010.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f011.png b/23186-page-images/f011.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61dd364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f011.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f012.png b/23186-page-images/f012.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ba771d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f012.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f013.png b/23186-page-images/f013.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2549d53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f013.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f014.png b/23186-page-images/f014.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e96be62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f014.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f015.png b/23186-page-images/f015.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..159c4ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f015.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f016.png b/23186-page-images/f016.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..593f6d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f016.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f017.png b/23186-page-images/f017.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5bb1c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f017.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f018.png b/23186-page-images/f018.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd740d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f018.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/f019.png b/23186-page-images/f019.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6d221d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/f019.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p001-image.png b/23186-page-images/p001-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6611663
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p001-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p001.png b/23186-page-images/p001.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69baf13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p001.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p002.png b/23186-page-images/p002.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2deb36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p002.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p003.png b/23186-page-images/p003.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d00443
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p003.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p004.png b/23186-page-images/p004.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96ce4a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p004.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p005.png b/23186-page-images/p005.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6abf36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p005.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p006-image.png b/23186-page-images/p006-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c0ff71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p006-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p006.png b/23186-page-images/p006.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a07aeca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p006.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p007.png b/23186-page-images/p007.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b6c55a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p007.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p008-image.jpg b/23186-page-images/p008-image.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cca2c56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p008-image.jpg
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p008.png b/23186-page-images/p008.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8609471
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p008.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p009.png b/23186-page-images/p009.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f6dc0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p009.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p010.png b/23186-page-images/p010.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a854cc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p010.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p011-image.png b/23186-page-images/p011-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8cddc6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p011-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p011.png b/23186-page-images/p011.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce9d2b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p011.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p012.png b/23186-page-images/p012.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1455867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p012.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p013.png b/23186-page-images/p013.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85743a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p013.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p014-image.jpg b/23186-page-images/p014-image.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4dad520
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p014-image.jpg
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p014.png b/23186-page-images/p014.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0ca563
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p014.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p015-image.png b/23186-page-images/p015-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15f7381
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p015-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p015.png b/23186-page-images/p015.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e08d4d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p015.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p016.png b/23186-page-images/p016.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e63c920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p016.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p017-image.png b/23186-page-images/p017-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7fb2f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p017-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p017.png b/23186-page-images/p017.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72a1cc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p017.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p018-image.png b/23186-page-images/p018-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77f08f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p018-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p018.png b/23186-page-images/p018.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c639c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p018.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p019.png b/23186-page-images/p019.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..697c7b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p019.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p020.png b/23186-page-images/p020.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4115a65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p020.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p021.png b/23186-page-images/p021.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09c4f1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p021.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p022.png b/23186-page-images/p022.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b6361e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p022.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p023.png b/23186-page-images/p023.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e088cdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p023.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p024.png b/23186-page-images/p024.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5461ee2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p024.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p025.png b/23186-page-images/p025.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68b8a51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p025.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p026-image.png b/23186-page-images/p026-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b591565
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p026-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p026.png b/23186-page-images/p026.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd26282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p026.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p027-image.png b/23186-page-images/p027-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d2dd8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p027-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p027.png b/23186-page-images/p027.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d79f91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p027.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p028.png b/23186-page-images/p028.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7c6963
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p028.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p029.png b/23186-page-images/p029.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..543cd2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p029.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p030.png b/23186-page-images/p030.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3bf50f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p030.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p031.png b/23186-page-images/p031.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ec4593
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p031.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p032.png b/23186-page-images/p032.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa8da09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p032.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p033.png b/23186-page-images/p033.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01b6752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p033.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p033a-image.png b/23186-page-images/p033a-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60cf658
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p033a-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p033b-image.png b/23186-page-images/p033b-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5231490
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p033b-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p034-image.png b/23186-page-images/p034-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b212b60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p034-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p034.png b/23186-page-images/p034.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55ae1bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p034.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p035-image.png b/23186-page-images/p035-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70e0218
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p035-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p035.png b/23186-page-images/p035.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0e15c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p035.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p036.png b/23186-page-images/p036.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4fb961c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p036.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p036a-image.png b/23186-page-images/p036a-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55ef7ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p036a-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p036b-image.png b/23186-page-images/p036b-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63789d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p036b-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p037.png b/23186-page-images/p037.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90ebc70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p037.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p037a-image.png b/23186-page-images/p037a-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6e4856
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p037a-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p037b-image.png b/23186-page-images/p037b-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8df3f5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p037b-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p037c-image.png b/23186-page-images/p037c-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0690fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p037c-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p038-image.png b/23186-page-images/p038-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2991d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p038-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p038.png b/23186-page-images/p038.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fc9284
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p038.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p039.png b/23186-page-images/p039.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59b5fef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p039.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p040-image.png b/23186-page-images/p040-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17f0c88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p040-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p040.png b/23186-page-images/p040.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8c2b25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p040.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p041-image.png b/23186-page-images/p041-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7784743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p041-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p041.png b/23186-page-images/p041.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07fd0d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p041.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p042-image.png b/23186-page-images/p042-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46b77ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p042-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p042.png b/23186-page-images/p042.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86e7677
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p042.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p043-image.png b/23186-page-images/p043-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..405b4f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p043-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p043.png b/23186-page-images/p043.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d85e7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p043.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p044-image.png b/23186-page-images/p044-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..734fbff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p044-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p044.png b/23186-page-images/p044.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ac084e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p044.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p045-image.png b/23186-page-images/p045-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7502a1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p045-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p045.png b/23186-page-images/p045.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce56ae9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p045.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p046.png b/23186-page-images/p046.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8d353e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p046.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p047.png b/23186-page-images/p047.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34b7519
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p047.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p048.png b/23186-page-images/p048.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37d35c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p048.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p049.png b/23186-page-images/p049.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92a2023
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p049.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p050-image.png b/23186-page-images/p050-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60c61a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p050-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p050.png b/23186-page-images/p050.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12162c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p050.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p051-image.png b/23186-page-images/p051-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..204eb22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p051-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p051.png b/23186-page-images/p051.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac3b569
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p051.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p052-image.png b/23186-page-images/p052-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04dceb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p052-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p052.png b/23186-page-images/p052.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..228b54d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p052.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p053-image.png b/23186-page-images/p053-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0adcab3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p053-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p053.png b/23186-page-images/p053.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86d8be9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p053.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p054-image.png b/23186-page-images/p054-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..098375e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p054-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p054.png b/23186-page-images/p054.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93c1e4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p054.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p055-image.png b/23186-page-images/p055-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b50fdaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p055-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p055.png b/23186-page-images/p055.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e13fdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p055.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p056-image.png b/23186-page-images/p056-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d84f988
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p056-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p056.png b/23186-page-images/p056.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f160e22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p056.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p057-image.png b/23186-page-images/p057-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b968df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p057-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p057.png b/23186-page-images/p057.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..928df08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p057.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p058-image.png b/23186-page-images/p058-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..032af1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p058-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p058.png b/23186-page-images/p058.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81e55ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p058.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p059-image.png b/23186-page-images/p059-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce13efd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p059-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p059.png b/23186-page-images/p059.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbb4425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p059.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p060-image.png b/23186-page-images/p060-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ebebbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p060-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p060.png b/23186-page-images/p060.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ccbbbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p060.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p061-image.png b/23186-page-images/p061-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f3617f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p061-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p061.png b/23186-page-images/p061.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f023985
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p061.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p062-image.png b/23186-page-images/p062-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e568bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p062-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p062.png b/23186-page-images/p062.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c46ac95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p062.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p063.png b/23186-page-images/p063.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b56bd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p063.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p064.png b/23186-page-images/p064.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5eaded
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p064.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p065-image.png b/23186-page-images/p065-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b37321
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p065-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p065.png b/23186-page-images/p065.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce82f92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p065.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p066-image.png b/23186-page-images/p066-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f017177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p066-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p066.png b/23186-page-images/p066.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47e96f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p066.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p067-image.png b/23186-page-images/p067-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb31912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p067-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p067.png b/23186-page-images/p067.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fddae21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p067.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p068-image.png b/23186-page-images/p068-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4c0513
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p068-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p068.png b/23186-page-images/p068.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c3814c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p068.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p069-image.png b/23186-page-images/p069-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21dae1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p069-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p069.png b/23186-page-images/p069.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03f1916
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p069.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p070-image.png b/23186-page-images/p070-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17fd346
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p070-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p070.png b/23186-page-images/p070.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8096c0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p070.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p071-image.png b/23186-page-images/p071-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d6adcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p071-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p071.png b/23186-page-images/p071.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93cf6cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p071.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p072.png b/23186-page-images/p072.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecea7a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p072.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p072a-image.png b/23186-page-images/p072a-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a7ecc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p072a-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p072b-image.png b/23186-page-images/p072b-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60879ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p072b-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p073.png b/23186-page-images/p073.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a6442f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p073.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p074-image.png b/23186-page-images/p074-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d00fb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p074-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p074.png b/23186-page-images/p074.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..759e435
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p074.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p075-image.png b/23186-page-images/p075-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2050b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p075-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p075.png b/23186-page-images/p075.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7857638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p075.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p076.png b/23186-page-images/p076.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96bf7a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p076.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p077-image.png b/23186-page-images/p077-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..932b1f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p077-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p077.png b/23186-page-images/p077.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..351d372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p077.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p078-image.png b/23186-page-images/p078-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a28a7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p078-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p078.png b/23186-page-images/p078.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7579dad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p078.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p079.png b/23186-page-images/p079.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e26984
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p079.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p080-image.png b/23186-page-images/p080-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a8025e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p080-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p080.png b/23186-page-images/p080.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c01810
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p080.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p081-image.png b/23186-page-images/p081-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c002d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p081-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p081.png b/23186-page-images/p081.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..555f525
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p081.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p082.png b/23186-page-images/p082.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83fb568
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p082.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p083.png b/23186-page-images/p083.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2be247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p083.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p084.png b/23186-page-images/p084.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce6068a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p084.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p085-image.png b/23186-page-images/p085-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..818e4ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p085-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p085.png b/23186-page-images/p085.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1689ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p085.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p086-image.png b/23186-page-images/p086-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3852ba2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p086-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p086.png b/23186-page-images/p086.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8328480
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p086.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p087-image.png b/23186-page-images/p087-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92ec764
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p087-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p087.png b/23186-page-images/p087.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9efcd1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p087.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p088-image.png b/23186-page-images/p088-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cadc7d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p088-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p088.png b/23186-page-images/p088.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a563b84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p088.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p089-image.png b/23186-page-images/p089-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d645d40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p089-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p089.png b/23186-page-images/p089.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d4940e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p089.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p090-image.png b/23186-page-images/p090-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03dfd4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p090-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p090.png b/23186-page-images/p090.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3892c46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p090.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p091-image.png b/23186-page-images/p091-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9a89de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p091-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p091.png b/23186-page-images/p091.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc74299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p091.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p092.png b/23186-page-images/p092.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5b5161
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p092.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p093-image.png b/23186-page-images/p093-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d542c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p093-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p093.png b/23186-page-images/p093.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..310da9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p093.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p094-image.png b/23186-page-images/p094-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07baa1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p094-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p094.png b/23186-page-images/p094.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..515c1e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p094.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p095-image.png b/23186-page-images/p095-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c906391
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p095-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p095.png b/23186-page-images/p095.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..306d761
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p095.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p096-image.png b/23186-page-images/p096-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4479fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p096-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p096.png b/23186-page-images/p096.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01d3a20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p096.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p097-image.png b/23186-page-images/p097-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4327c2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p097-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p097.png b/23186-page-images/p097.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17037e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p097.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p098-image.png b/23186-page-images/p098-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60928b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p098-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p098.png b/23186-page-images/p098.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c3738b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p098.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p099-image.png b/23186-page-images/p099-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eacd409
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p099-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p099.png b/23186-page-images/p099.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b8a92c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p099.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p100.png b/23186-page-images/p100.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46ecb8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p100.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p101-image.png b/23186-page-images/p101-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc6e8c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p101-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p101.png b/23186-page-images/p101.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c025c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p101.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p102.png b/23186-page-images/p102.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3af865f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p102.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p103.png b/23186-page-images/p103.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca40a7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p103.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p104-image.png b/23186-page-images/p104-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0bc8a58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p104-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p104.png b/23186-page-images/p104.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b7c19b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p104.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p105.png b/23186-page-images/p105.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4306efb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p105.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p106-image.png b/23186-page-images/p106-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9f87bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p106-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p106.png b/23186-page-images/p106.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3c2028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p106.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p107-image.png b/23186-page-images/p107-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d3fddb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p107-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p107.png b/23186-page-images/p107.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32d67ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p107.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p108-image.png b/23186-page-images/p108-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..712536a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p108-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p108.png b/23186-page-images/p108.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8dee1be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p108.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p109-image.png b/23186-page-images/p109-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7bb6585
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p109-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p109.png b/23186-page-images/p109.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5dae690
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p109.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p110.png b/23186-page-images/p110.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b612424
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p110.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p110a-image.png b/23186-page-images/p110a-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8cab22f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p110a-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p110b-image.png b/23186-page-images/p110b-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef39a2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p110b-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p111.png b/23186-page-images/p111.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e272a16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p111.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p112.png b/23186-page-images/p112.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..991a0f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p112.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p113-image.png b/23186-page-images/p113-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ae4738
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p113-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p113.png b/23186-page-images/p113.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc393fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p113.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p114.png b/23186-page-images/p114.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4398ddc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p114.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p115-image.png b/23186-page-images/p115-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a32bb7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p115-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p115.png b/23186-page-images/p115.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33047db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p115.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p116.png b/23186-page-images/p116.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee09c94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p116.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p117-image.png b/23186-page-images/p117-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7df7e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p117-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p117.png b/23186-page-images/p117.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5bf29d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p117.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p118-image.png b/23186-page-images/p118-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de9e534
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p118-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p118.png b/23186-page-images/p118.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb3db90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p118.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p119-image.png b/23186-page-images/p119-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a0a73d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p119-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p119.png b/23186-page-images/p119.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64d09e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p119.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p120-image.png b/23186-page-images/p120-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26cdbaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p120-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p120.png b/23186-page-images/p120.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43242dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p120.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p121-image.png b/23186-page-images/p121-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28311d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p121-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p121.png b/23186-page-images/p121.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9310f38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p121.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p122-image.png b/23186-page-images/p122-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..717aa1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p122-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p122.png b/23186-page-images/p122.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b814dd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p122.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p123-image.png b/23186-page-images/p123-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf3bfd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p123-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p123.png b/23186-page-images/p123.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..007bea4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p123.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p124-image.png b/23186-page-images/p124-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bad383b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p124-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p124.png b/23186-page-images/p124.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2de2a12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p124.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p125-image.png b/23186-page-images/p125-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24fac55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p125-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p125.png b/23186-page-images/p125.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e92506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p125.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p126.png b/23186-page-images/p126.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89de023
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p126.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p127-image.png b/23186-page-images/p127-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d279d65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p127-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p127.png b/23186-page-images/p127.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a695819
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p127.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p128-image.png b/23186-page-images/p128-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec0a2bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p128-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p128.png b/23186-page-images/p128.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c02cad9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p128.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p129-image.png b/23186-page-images/p129-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ee9d81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p129-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p129.png b/23186-page-images/p129.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1242b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p129.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p130-image.png b/23186-page-images/p130-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..003d5d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p130-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p130.png b/23186-page-images/p130.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57c2bf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p130.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p131-image.png b/23186-page-images/p131-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a40ad3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p131-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p131.png b/23186-page-images/p131.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e83a7fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p131.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p132.png b/23186-page-images/p132.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b9b4f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p132.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p133-image.png b/23186-page-images/p133-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a720fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p133-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p133.png b/23186-page-images/p133.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d09d3e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p133.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p134-image.png b/23186-page-images/p134-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..832da5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p134-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p134.png b/23186-page-images/p134.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afaf530
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p134.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p135.png b/23186-page-images/p135.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbaa08b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p135.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p136-image.png b/23186-page-images/p136-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd283bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p136-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p136.png b/23186-page-images/p136.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c086af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p136.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p137-image.png b/23186-page-images/p137-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9944f77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p137-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p137.png b/23186-page-images/p137.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf746d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p137.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p138.png b/23186-page-images/p138.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70a74a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p138.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p139-image.png b/23186-page-images/p139-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..187ad32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p139-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p139.png b/23186-page-images/p139.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b20ef9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p139.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p140-image.png b/23186-page-images/p140-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8488e46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p140-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p140.png b/23186-page-images/p140.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..502531e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p140.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p141-image.png b/23186-page-images/p141-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b4695d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p141-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p141.png b/23186-page-images/p141.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92aa55e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p141.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p142-image.png b/23186-page-images/p142-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c39857
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p142-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p142.png b/23186-page-images/p142.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ceb230d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p142.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p143-image.png b/23186-page-images/p143-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34e72cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p143-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p143.png b/23186-page-images/p143.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9480fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p143.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p144.png b/23186-page-images/p144.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..065cda6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p144.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p145-image.png b/23186-page-images/p145-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee5b3e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p145-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p145.png b/23186-page-images/p145.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5bd5c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p145.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p146-image.png b/23186-page-images/p146-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6b3b2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p146-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p146.png b/23186-page-images/p146.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a059353
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p146.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p147.png b/23186-page-images/p147.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f99912b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p147.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p148-image.png b/23186-page-images/p148-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ad6bd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p148-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p148.png b/23186-page-images/p148.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5831fea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p148.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p149-image.png b/23186-page-images/p149-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9104a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p149-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p149.png b/23186-page-images/p149.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b1ab0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p149.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p150-image.png b/23186-page-images/p150-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b199f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p150-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p150.png b/23186-page-images/p150.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63b3798
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p150.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p151-image.png b/23186-page-images/p151-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2297764
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p151-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p151.png b/23186-page-images/p151.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..298cfb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p151.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p152-image.png b/23186-page-images/p152-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68e2564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p152-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p152.png b/23186-page-images/p152.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c90d2c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p152.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p153-image.png b/23186-page-images/p153-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..372d20e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p153-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p153.png b/23186-page-images/p153.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..329958b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p153.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p154-image.png b/23186-page-images/p154-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98462f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p154-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p154.png b/23186-page-images/p154.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2dbadcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p154.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p155-image.png b/23186-page-images/p155-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..550372c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p155-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p155.png b/23186-page-images/p155.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..878569e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p155.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p156-image.png b/23186-page-images/p156-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..488397e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p156-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p156.png b/23186-page-images/p156.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6782ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p156.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p157-image.png b/23186-page-images/p157-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88d99c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p157-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p157.png b/23186-page-images/p157.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6a05cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p157.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p158.png b/23186-page-images/p158.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e97c953
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p158.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p159.png b/23186-page-images/p159.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..439f8a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p159.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p160-image.png b/23186-page-images/p160-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4206f83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p160-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p160.png b/23186-page-images/p160.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5787bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p160.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p161-image.png b/23186-page-images/p161-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a54a950
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p161-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p161.png b/23186-page-images/p161.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25095a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p161.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p162-image.png b/23186-page-images/p162-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3eea96f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p162-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p162.png b/23186-page-images/p162.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc5aa01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p162.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p163.png b/23186-page-images/p163.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..354c737
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p163.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p164-image.png b/23186-page-images/p164-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..801fa23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p164-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p164.png b/23186-page-images/p164.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..071c655
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p164.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p165-image.png b/23186-page-images/p165-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4942c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p165-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p165.png b/23186-page-images/p165.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28bcbac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p165.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p166-image.png b/23186-page-images/p166-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ff4bbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p166-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p166.png b/23186-page-images/p166.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0751085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p166.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p167-image.png b/23186-page-images/p167-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20f0b03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p167-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p167.png b/23186-page-images/p167.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80731ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p167.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p168-image.png b/23186-page-images/p168-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1029070
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p168-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p168.png b/23186-page-images/p168.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42aba36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p168.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p169-image.png b/23186-page-images/p169-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..942c606
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p169-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p169.png b/23186-page-images/p169.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7ec2ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p169.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p170-image.png b/23186-page-images/p170-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd4716b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p170-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p170.png b/23186-page-images/p170.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bcd4d96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p170.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p171-image.png b/23186-page-images/p171-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a882fb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p171-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p171.png b/23186-page-images/p171.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c4e3d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p171.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p172-image.png b/23186-page-images/p172-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b5f112
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p172-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p172.png b/23186-page-images/p172.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90201bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p172.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p173.png b/23186-page-images/p173.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7640762
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p173.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p174.png b/23186-page-images/p174.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b94818e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p174.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p175.png b/23186-page-images/p175.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..133e7c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p175.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p176.png b/23186-page-images/p176.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce44af4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p176.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p177.png b/23186-page-images/p177.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1446411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p177.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p178-image.png b/23186-page-images/p178-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6a100a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p178-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p178.png b/23186-page-images/p178.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c1aaca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p178.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p179-image.png b/23186-page-images/p179-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..355d1da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p179-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p179.png b/23186-page-images/p179.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84a980c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p179.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p180-image.png b/23186-page-images/p180-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2f0ad5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p180-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p180.png b/23186-page-images/p180.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0781f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p180.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p181-image.png b/23186-page-images/p181-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c3e9a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p181-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p181.png b/23186-page-images/p181.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1d68a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p181.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p182-image.png b/23186-page-images/p182-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b627103
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p182-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p182.png b/23186-page-images/p182.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8dc139
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p182.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p183-image.png b/23186-page-images/p183-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a1b5b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p183-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p183.png b/23186-page-images/p183.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08ba4e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p183.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p184-image.png b/23186-page-images/p184-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5c4988
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p184-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p184.png b/23186-page-images/p184.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7affa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p184.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p185-image.png b/23186-page-images/p185-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..efeeab5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p185-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p185.png b/23186-page-images/p185.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9142fcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p185.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p186-image.png b/23186-page-images/p186-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f92ebe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p186-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p186.png b/23186-page-images/p186.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de5e46e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p186.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p187-image.png b/23186-page-images/p187-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61c8dd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p187-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p187.png b/23186-page-images/p187.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86fab69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p187.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p188.png b/23186-page-images/p188.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b707166
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p188.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p189-image.png b/23186-page-images/p189-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eaf9c2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p189-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p189.png b/23186-page-images/p189.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3854577
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p189.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p190-image.png b/23186-page-images/p190-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..194b9c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p190-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p190.png b/23186-page-images/p190.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..539d5a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p190.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p191.png b/23186-page-images/p191.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c2dc9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p191.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p192.png b/23186-page-images/p192.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f142d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p192.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p193-image.png b/23186-page-images/p193-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ec059b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p193-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p193.png b/23186-page-images/p193.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4522287
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p193.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p194.png b/23186-page-images/p194.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a25bb2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p194.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p195-image.png b/23186-page-images/p195-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2bd6f56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p195-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p195.png b/23186-page-images/p195.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d90914b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p195.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p196-image.png b/23186-page-images/p196-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c64828
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p196-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p196.png b/23186-page-images/p196.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f4dc61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p196.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p197-image.png b/23186-page-images/p197-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2bf68f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p197-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p197.png b/23186-page-images/p197.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c48137f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p197.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p198-image.png b/23186-page-images/p198-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0d2d42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p198-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p198.png b/23186-page-images/p198.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cfd704
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p198.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p199.png b/23186-page-images/p199.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a139f33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p199.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p200.png b/23186-page-images/p200.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a8faa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p200.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p201.png b/23186-page-images/p201.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc9b9af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p201.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p202.png b/23186-page-images/p202.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e3f067
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p202.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p203-image.png b/23186-page-images/p203-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2dbd1ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p203-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p203.png b/23186-page-images/p203.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e01b8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p203.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p204.png b/23186-page-images/p204.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07322a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p204.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p205-image.png b/23186-page-images/p205-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2117db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p205-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p205.png b/23186-page-images/p205.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e079d3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p205.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p206.png b/23186-page-images/p206.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9f8744
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p206.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p207.png b/23186-page-images/p207.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a46b97b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p207.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p208.png b/23186-page-images/p208.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54273db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p208.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p209-image.png b/23186-page-images/p209-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08e07fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p209-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p209.png b/23186-page-images/p209.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8118a96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p209.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p210-image.png b/23186-page-images/p210-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f28bd55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p210-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p210.png b/23186-page-images/p210.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64a42d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p210.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p211-image.png b/23186-page-images/p211-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92964d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p211-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p211.png b/23186-page-images/p211.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..daf1c95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p211.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p212-image.png b/23186-page-images/p212-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..725ca8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p212-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p212.png b/23186-page-images/p212.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9aff7b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p212.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p213.png b/23186-page-images/p213.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..228aeec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p213.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p214-image.png b/23186-page-images/p214-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6551217
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p214-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p214.png b/23186-page-images/p214.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f12c8f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p214.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p215-image.png b/23186-page-images/p215-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..824752a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p215-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p215.png b/23186-page-images/p215.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5545661
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p215.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p216-image.png b/23186-page-images/p216-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30380f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p216-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p216.png b/23186-page-images/p216.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd1b7e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p216.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p217-image.png b/23186-page-images/p217-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5548b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p217-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p217.png b/23186-page-images/p217.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..388738f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p217.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p218-image.png b/23186-page-images/p218-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12791c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p218-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p218.png b/23186-page-images/p218.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15b21a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p218.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p219.png b/23186-page-images/p219.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..751873e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p219.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p220.png b/23186-page-images/p220.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f53065
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p220.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p221.png b/23186-page-images/p221.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4cf973
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p221.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p222.png b/23186-page-images/p222.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b343af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p222.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p223.png b/23186-page-images/p223.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d3f41a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p223.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p224.png b/23186-page-images/p224.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87cea21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p224.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p225-image.png b/23186-page-images/p225-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ab6010
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p225-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p225.png b/23186-page-images/p225.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a561381
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p225.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p226-image.png b/23186-page-images/p226-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce0a0cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p226-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p226.png b/23186-page-images/p226.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eaef675
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p226.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p227-image.png b/23186-page-images/p227-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dcec4db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p227-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p227.png b/23186-page-images/p227.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a55f06f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p227.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p228.png b/23186-page-images/p228.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24dac66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p228.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p229.png b/23186-page-images/p229.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21d0153
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p229.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p230.png b/23186-page-images/p230.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4315d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p230.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p231-image.png b/23186-page-images/p231-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66e8123
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p231-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p231.png b/23186-page-images/p231.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..597a788
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p231.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p232-image.png b/23186-page-images/p232-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9139f98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p232-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p232.png b/23186-page-images/p232.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb97fbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p232.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p233.png b/23186-page-images/p233.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8afe927
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p233.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p234-image.png b/23186-page-images/p234-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03cc281
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p234-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p234.png b/23186-page-images/p234.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b293e7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p234.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p235-image.png b/23186-page-images/p235-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42589fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p235-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p235.png b/23186-page-images/p235.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de5f43f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p235.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p236.png b/23186-page-images/p236.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87ff36c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p236.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p237.png b/23186-page-images/p237.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4002cf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p237.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p238.png b/23186-page-images/p238.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b45670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p238.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p239-image.png b/23186-page-images/p239-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42c5d05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p239-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p239.png b/23186-page-images/p239.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae1a1f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p239.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p240-image.png b/23186-page-images/p240-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d4821b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p240-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p240.png b/23186-page-images/p240.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b785007
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p240.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p241.png b/23186-page-images/p241.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63e920d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p241.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p242-image.png b/23186-page-images/p242-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f66bdd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p242-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p242.png b/23186-page-images/p242.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fb10f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p242.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p243-image.png b/23186-page-images/p243-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f65bd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p243-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p243.png b/23186-page-images/p243.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81a2a51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p243.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p244-image.png b/23186-page-images/p244-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aaf8212
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p244-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p244.png b/23186-page-images/p244.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe9fc2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p244.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p245.png b/23186-page-images/p245.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b11c26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p245.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p246.png b/23186-page-images/p246.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47cb529
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p246.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p247-image.png b/23186-page-images/p247-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f52b7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p247-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p247.png b/23186-page-images/p247.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d34c1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p247.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p248-image.png b/23186-page-images/p248-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8358cc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p248-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p248.png b/23186-page-images/p248.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1584ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p248.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p249-image.png b/23186-page-images/p249-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..848eabe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p249-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p249.png b/23186-page-images/p249.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3dbebbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p249.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p250.png b/23186-page-images/p250.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12ddb51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p250.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p251-image.png b/23186-page-images/p251-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f578db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p251-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p251.png b/23186-page-images/p251.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1798eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p251.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p252-image.png b/23186-page-images/p252-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..863fb54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p252-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p252.png b/23186-page-images/p252.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d462066
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p252.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p253-image.png b/23186-page-images/p253-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..086086a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p253-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p253.png b/23186-page-images/p253.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa33587
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p253.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p254-image.png b/23186-page-images/p254-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e17c018
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p254-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p254.png b/23186-page-images/p254.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd79ee5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p254.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p255-image.png b/23186-page-images/p255-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a5fcdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p255-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p255.png b/23186-page-images/p255.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3afcde2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p255.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p256.png b/23186-page-images/p256.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b4977d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p256.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p257.png b/23186-page-images/p257.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d949ad8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p257.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p258.png b/23186-page-images/p258.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b56196
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p258.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p259-image.png b/23186-page-images/p259-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e08ca4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p259-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p259.png b/23186-page-images/p259.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52d50af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p259.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p260.png b/23186-page-images/p260.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8559d9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p260.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p261-image.png b/23186-page-images/p261-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e65a0f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p261-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p261.png b/23186-page-images/p261.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80c13e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p261.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p262-image.png b/23186-page-images/p262-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..821a66b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p262-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p262.png b/23186-page-images/p262.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc1324c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p262.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p263-image.png b/23186-page-images/p263-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ab0be2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p263-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p263.png b/23186-page-images/p263.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfd0e08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p263.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p264-image.png b/23186-page-images/p264-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2c9cf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p264-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p264.png b/23186-page-images/p264.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ec99be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p264.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p265-image.png b/23186-page-images/p265-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d9bcf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p265-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p265.png b/23186-page-images/p265.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84f4d2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p265.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p266-image.png b/23186-page-images/p266-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f26bf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p266-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p266.png b/23186-page-images/p266.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21c4c0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p266.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p267.png b/23186-page-images/p267.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c7b90d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p267.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p268.png b/23186-page-images/p268.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a166b81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p268.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p269.png b/23186-page-images/p269.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fe11be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p269.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p270.png b/23186-page-images/p270.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0b58d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p270.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p271.png b/23186-page-images/p271.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8116d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p271.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p272.png b/23186-page-images/p272.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8f91f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p272.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p273.png b/23186-page-images/p273.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa5a38f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p273.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p274.png b/23186-page-images/p274.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfa7938
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p274.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p275.png b/23186-page-images/p275.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6269dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p275.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p276.png b/23186-page-images/p276.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4950cef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p276.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p277-image.png b/23186-page-images/p277-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0442e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p277-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p277.png b/23186-page-images/p277.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b65baf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p277.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p278.png b/23186-page-images/p278.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae3c93d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p278.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p279-image.png b/23186-page-images/p279-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9c69ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p279-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p279.png b/23186-page-images/p279.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9933c34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p279.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p280-image.png b/23186-page-images/p280-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0107795
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p280-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p280.png b/23186-page-images/p280.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c16fc14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p280.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p281-image.png b/23186-page-images/p281-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa3616c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p281-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p281.png b/23186-page-images/p281.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2dacef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p281.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p282-image.png b/23186-page-images/p282-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e57432a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p282-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p282.png b/23186-page-images/p282.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8815acb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p282.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p283-image.png b/23186-page-images/p283-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f40940
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p283-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p283.png b/23186-page-images/p283.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..053dc85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p283.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p284-image.png b/23186-page-images/p284-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..071105e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p284-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p284.png b/23186-page-images/p284.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c390d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p284.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p285-image.png b/23186-page-images/p285-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..785eaf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p285-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p285.png b/23186-page-images/p285.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68941a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p285.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p286-image.png b/23186-page-images/p286-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6cbfaa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p286-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p286.png b/23186-page-images/p286.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0dd93b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p286.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p287-image.png b/23186-page-images/p287-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..acd8b77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p287-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p287.png b/23186-page-images/p287.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..450c634
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p287.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p288-image.png b/23186-page-images/p288-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c86b37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p288-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p288.png b/23186-page-images/p288.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4eb043d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p288.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p289-image.png b/23186-page-images/p289-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1305f57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p289-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p289.png b/23186-page-images/p289.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bdef225
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p289.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p290-image.png b/23186-page-images/p290-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6818c14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p290-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p290.png b/23186-page-images/p290.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4905673
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p290.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p291-image.png b/23186-page-images/p291-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e62032
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p291-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p291.png b/23186-page-images/p291.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ff674d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p291.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p292-image.png b/23186-page-images/p292-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1511b7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p292-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p292.png b/23186-page-images/p292.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f27328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p292.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p293-image.png b/23186-page-images/p293-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3e6621
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p293-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p293.png b/23186-page-images/p293.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2acc856
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p293.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p294.png b/23186-page-images/p294.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..637cd62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p294.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p295.png b/23186-page-images/p295.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a25b50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p295.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p296.png b/23186-page-images/p296.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc96280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p296.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p297.png b/23186-page-images/p297.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2811cb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p297.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p298.png b/23186-page-images/p298.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af9feee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p298.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p299.png b/23186-page-images/p299.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a714cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p299.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p300.png b/23186-page-images/p300.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f0119e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p300.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p301.png b/23186-page-images/p301.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aeaf29f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p301.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p302.png b/23186-page-images/p302.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9da870
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p302.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p303.png b/23186-page-images/p303.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4b5b95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p303.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p304.png b/23186-page-images/p304.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7bb6fd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p304.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p305.png b/23186-page-images/p305.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..493b415
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p305.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p306.png b/23186-page-images/p306.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..535220b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p306.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p307.png b/23186-page-images/p307.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1c0915
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p307.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p308.png b/23186-page-images/p308.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c1cddf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p308.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p309.png b/23186-page-images/p309.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebc37d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p309.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p310.png b/23186-page-images/p310.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..625a67f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p310.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p311.png b/23186-page-images/p311.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4663097
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p311.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p312.png b/23186-page-images/p312.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0e4314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p312.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p313.png b/23186-page-images/p313.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e92cbc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p313.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p314.png b/23186-page-images/p314.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47ac2fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p314.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p315.png b/23186-page-images/p315.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0672bc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p315.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p316.png b/23186-page-images/p316.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48c2706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p316.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p317.png b/23186-page-images/p317.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0821a23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p317.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p318-image.png b/23186-page-images/p318-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8728f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p318-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p318.png b/23186-page-images/p318.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32881d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p318.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p319-image.png b/23186-page-images/p319-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb9286c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p319-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p319.png b/23186-page-images/p319.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23477d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p319.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p320-image.png b/23186-page-images/p320-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7ab5db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p320-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p320.png b/23186-page-images/p320.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebf37ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p320.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p321.png b/23186-page-images/p321.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..495e5fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p321.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p322.png b/23186-page-images/p322.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d11875c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p322.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p323.png b/23186-page-images/p323.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc0f74e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p323.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p324.png b/23186-page-images/p324.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8125ad8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p324.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p325.png b/23186-page-images/p325.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..538e3f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p325.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p326-image.png b/23186-page-images/p326-image.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f87bb99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p326-image.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p326.png b/23186-page-images/p326.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0580725
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p326.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p327.png b/23186-page-images/p327.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..183ca9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p327.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p328.png b/23186-page-images/p328.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3963e48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p328.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p329.png b/23186-page-images/p329.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48ba2de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p329.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p330.png b/23186-page-images/p330.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65b1213
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p330.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p331.png b/23186-page-images/p331.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fd9b77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p331.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p332.png b/23186-page-images/p332.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0bfe7dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p332.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p333.png b/23186-page-images/p333.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4049967
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p333.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p334.png b/23186-page-images/p334.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30b3760
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p334.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p335.png b/23186-page-images/p335.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24f382e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p335.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p336.png b/23186-page-images/p336.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56d8a86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p336.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p337.png b/23186-page-images/p337.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afe8815
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p337.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p338.png b/23186-page-images/p338.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d176c98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p338.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p339.png b/23186-page-images/p339.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..107e118
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p339.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p340.png b/23186-page-images/p340.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..296a861
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p340.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p341.png b/23186-page-images/p341.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6431752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p341.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p342.png b/23186-page-images/p342.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..886152e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p342.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p343.png b/23186-page-images/p343.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d08a152
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p343.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p344.png b/23186-page-images/p344.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9f46b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p344.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p345.png b/23186-page-images/p345.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ac0fbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p345.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p346.png b/23186-page-images/p346.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc6d8ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p346.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p347.png b/23186-page-images/p347.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c77ca3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p347.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p348.png b/23186-page-images/p348.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41b4931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p348.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p349.png b/23186-page-images/p349.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..451e360
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p349.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p350.png b/23186-page-images/p350.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..53222ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p350.png
diff --git a/23186-page-images/p351.png b/23186-page-images/p351.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6b4768
--- /dev/null
+++ b/23186-page-images/p351.png
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..def4891
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #23186 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23186)