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+Project Gutenberg's The Handbook to English Heraldry, by Charles Boutell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Handbook to English Heraldry
+
+Author: Charles Boutell
+
+Editor: A. C. Fox-Davies
+
+Illustrator: R. B. Utting
+
+Release Date: October 24, 2007 [EBook #23186]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HANDBOOK TO ENGLISH HERALDRY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Jeannie Howse, Ted Garvin and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ [Illustration: Seal of Sir RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G.,
+ Fifth Earl of WARWICK: died A.D. 1439. No. 448.
+ --See pages 208, 321.]
+
+ [Illustration: Seal of Sir THOMAS DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G.,
+ Third Earl of WARWICK: died A.D. 1369. Date of the Seal, 1344.
+ No. 446. --See No. 447, page 320, also see page 321.]
+
+
+
+
+ “To describe ... emblazoned Shields.” --MILTON
+
+ THE HANDBOOK TO
+ ENGLISH
+ HERALDRY
+
+ by
+
+ CHARLES BOUTELL, M.A.
+
+ Author of “The Monumental Brasses of England,”
+ Editor and Part Author of “Arms and Armour
+ in Antiquity and The Middle Ages,” etc.
+
+ with
+
+ NEARLY FIVE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS
+ Drawn and Engraved on Wood
+ by Mr. R. B. UTTING and Others
+
+
+ _ELEVENTH EDITION_
+
+ Thoroughly Revised with an Additional Chapter by
+ A. C. FOX-DAVIES
+ of Lincoln’s Inn Barrister-At-Law
+
+ [Illustration: ROYAL ARMS (1340-1405)]
+
+ LONDON: REEVES & TURNER
+ 1914
+
+
+
+
+ Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
+ at the Ballantyne Press, Edinburgh
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+TO THE ELEVENTH EDITION
+
+
+This standard work of reference has been revised throughout, and
+enlarged by the addition of an extra chapter on Peerage Dignities.
+
+
+A. C. FOX-DAVIES.
+
+LINCOLN’S INN, _November 1913_.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+TO THE TENTH EDITION
+
+
+In the revision of this well-known work I have held my hand, rather than
+the contrary, trying to bear always in mind that it was the hand-book of
+Mr. Charles Boutell and not a production of my own. My alterations have
+been concerned chiefly in bringing the volume up to date, a necessity
+imposed by the creation of new orders of knighthood, and change of
+Sovereign. I have certainly omitted a few remarks which I have thought
+might be the cause of leading students of the science astray: I have
+altered ambiguous wording to emphasise the real, and I have no doubt the
+originally intended meaning. But in many points which, being deductions,
+are naturally matters of opinion, I have left herein various expressions
+of Mr. Boutell’s opinion, with which I can hardly say I personally
+altogether agree or would myself put forward. I hold that it is no part
+of an editor’s duty to air his own opinions under the protection or
+repute of another’s name, and herein I have inserted nothing for which
+my own opinion is the only authority.
+
+ A. C. FOX-DAVIES.
+
+ LINCOLN’S INN, _June 1908_.
+
+
+
+
+ [Illustration: No. 2.--St. Edward.
+ No. 1.--St. George.
+ No. 3.--St. Edmund.]
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR’S PREFACE
+
+
+This Volume, specially prepared for the use of students at an early
+period of their study of English Heraldry, commends itself also to those
+inquirers who may desire to obtain some general information on the same
+subject, without having any intention to devote to Heraldry much either
+of their time or of their serious regard.
+
+The success, no less extraordinary than gratifying, of my larger work on
+Heraldry, led me to hope that a not less favourable reception might be
+extended to a simpler and much shorter essay, more decidedly elementary
+in its aim and character, and yet as far as possible within its limits
+complete. Such a treatise I have endeavoured to produce in this Volume.
+
+Inseparably associated with the History of our Country, and more
+particularly when our national History becomes the Biography of eminent
+Englishmen, English Heraldry has the strongest claims upon the attention
+not only of all Historians, but also of all who desire to become
+familiar with their writings. In like manner, Heraldry may be studied
+with no less of advantage than of satisfaction by all Artists, whether
+Architects, Sculptors, Painters, or Engravers. Nor is it too much to
+assert that some knowledge of Heraldry, in consequence of its singular
+and comprehensive utility, ought to be estimated as a necessary element
+of a liberal education. In confirmation of my own views, I am tempted to
+quote the following passage from M. GOURDON DE GENOUILLAC’S introduction
+to his excellent “Grammaire Héraldique,” published at Paris:-- “Le
+blason,” says M. de Genouillac, “est une langue qui s’est conservée dans
+sa pureté primitive depuis les siècles, langue dont la connaissance, est
+indispensable aux familles nobles, qui y trouvent un signe d’alliance ou
+de reconnaissance, aux numismates, aux antiquaires, aux archéologues,
+enfin à tous les artistes, gens de lettres, &c.; cependant cette langue
+est presque inconnue, et la plupart des personnes qui possedent le droit
+de porter des armoiries seraient fort en peine de les expliquer selon
+les termes techniques!” Heraldry, indeed, I believe to be a study worthy
+to be universally regarded with affectionate respect, as it certainly is
+eminently qualified to inspire such a sentiment in every class of
+student.
+
+In this spirit I have here treated the elements of the Heraldry of
+England, confident that, of those who may accompany me as far as I shall
+lead them, very many will not be content to stop where I shall take
+leave of them. Thus much I promise my companions--I will be to them a
+faithful guide. They may trust to my accuracy. I have made no statement,
+have adduced no example, nor have I exhibited any illustration, except
+upon authority. I myself like and admire what is real and true in
+Heraldry; and it is by the attractiveness of truth and reality that I
+desire to win for Heraldry fresh friends, and to secure for it firm
+friendships.
+
+It will be understood that from the authority, the practice, and the
+associations of the early Heraldry of the best and most artistic eras,
+I seek to derive a Heraldry which we may rightly consider to be our own,
+and which we may transmit with honour to our successors. I do not
+suggest the adoption, for present use, of an obsolete system. But, while
+I earnestly repudiate the acceptance and the maintenance amongst
+ourselves of a most degenerate substitute for a noble Science, I do
+aspire to aid in restoring HERALDRY to its becoming rank, and
+consequently to its early popularity, now in our own times. This is to
+revive the fine old Heraldry of the past, to give to it a fresh
+animation, and to apply it under existing conditions to existing uses
+and requirements: not, to adjust ourselves to the circumstances of its
+first development, and to reproduce as copyists its original
+expressions. It is not by any means a necessary condition of a
+consistent revival of early Heraldry, that our revived Heraldry should
+admit no deviation from original usage or precedent. So long as we are
+thoroughly animated by the spirit of the early Heralds, we may lead our
+Heraldry onwards with the advance of time. It is for us, indeed, to
+prepare a Heraldry for the future, no less than to revive true Heraldry
+in the time now present. We may rightly modify, therefore, and adapt
+many things, in order to establish a true conformity between our
+Heraldry and the circumstances of our own era: for example, with
+advantage as well as propriety we may, in a great measure, substitute
+Badges for Crests; and we shall do well to adopt a style of drawing
+which will be perfectly heraldic, without being positively unnatural.
+
+The greater number of my Illustrations have been engraved only in
+outline, with the twofold object of my being thus enabled to increase
+the number of the examples, and to adapt the engravings themselves to
+the reception of colour. It will be very desirable for students to
+blazon the illustrations, or the majority of them, in their proper
+tinctures: and those who are thoroughly in earnest will not fail to form
+their own collections of additional examples, which, as a matter of
+course, they will seek to obtain from original authorities. With the
+exception of a few examples, my Illustrations, considerably over 400,
+have all been executed expressly for this work; and they all have been
+engraved by Mr. R. B. UTTING. The chief exceptions are thirteen
+admirable woodcuts of Scottish Seals, all of them good illustrations of
+Heraldry south of the Tweed, originally engraved for Laing’s noble
+quarto upon “The Ancient Seals of Scotland,” published in Edinburgh.
+Scottish Heraldry, I must add, as in any particulars of law and practice
+it may differ from our Heraldry on this side of the Tweed, I have left
+in the able hands of the Heralds of the North: at the same time,
+however, the Heraldry of which I have been treating has so much that is
+equally at home on either side of “the Border,” that I have never
+hesitated to look for my examples and authorities to both the fair
+realms which now form one Great Britain.
+
+ C. B.
+
+ [Signature]
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+ Page
+
+PREFACE TO PRESENT EDITION vii
+
+AUTHOR’S PREFACE ix
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xix
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+ INTRODUCTORY-- Early Popularity of Heraldry in England-- Origin of
+ English Heraldry; Definition; Characteristics; Development; Early
+ Uses; Not connected with Earlier Systems-- Ancient Heraldry-- Past
+ and Present Treatment of the Subject 1
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+ EARLY HERALDIC AUTHORITIES-- Seals; Monumental Effigies, &c.;
+ Rolls of Arms, Official Heraldic Records, &c.-- Earliest Heraldic
+ Shields and Banners-- Allusive Quality of Early Armory--
+ Attributed Arms 10
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+ The English Heraldry that is now in existence-- First Debasement
+ of Heraldry-- Later Debasement-- Revival of English Heraldry--
+ Heraldic Art 20
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+ GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section I.-- Language-- Nomenclature-- Style
+ and Forms of Expression-- Blazon-- The Shield: its Parts, Points,
+ Divisions, Dividing Lines, Varieties of Form, and Heraldic
+ Treatment 29
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+ GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section II.-- Tinctures: Metals, Colours,
+ Furs-- Varied Fields-- Law of Tinctures-- Counter-changing--
+ Diaper-- Disposition-- Blazoning-- Emblazoning in Tinctures 40
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+ GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section III.-- The Ordinaries:-- Chief:
+ Fesse: Bar: Pale: Cross; its Heraldic Varieties: Bend: Saltire:
+ Chevron: and Pile 49
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+ GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section IV.-- The Subordinaries:-- Canton or
+ Quarter: Inescutcheon: Oile: Tressure: Bordure: Flanches: Lozenge,
+ Mascle, Rustre: Fusil: Billet: Gyron: Frette-- The Roundles 64
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+ GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section V.-- Miscellaneous Charges:-- Human
+ Beings: Animals: Birds: Fish: Reptiles and Insects: Imaginary
+ Beings: Natural Objects: Various Artificial Figures and Devices--
+ Appropriate Descriptive Epithets 73
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+ GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section VI.-- The Lion and the Eagle in
+ Heraldry 83
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+ GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY: Section VII.-- Glossary of Titles, Names, and
+ Terms 100
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+ MARSHALLING:-- Aggroupment: Combination: Quartering: Dimidiation:
+ Impalement: Escutcheon of Pretence: Marshalling the Arms of
+ Widowers, Widows, and others: Official Arms; and the Accessories
+ of Shields 158
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+ CADENCY:-- Marks of Cadency are temporary, or permanent: the
+ Label: the Bordure: the Bendlet, Barrulet, and Canton: Change of
+ Tincture: Secondary Charges: Single Small Charges: Differences of
+ Illegitimacy: Cadency of Crests, Badges, &c.: Modern Cadency 176
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+ DIFFERENCING:-- Differencing to denote Feudal Alliance or
+ Dependency: Differencing without any Alliance-- Augmentation--
+ Abatement 194
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+ CRESTS 209
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+ BADGES 220
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+ SUPPORTERS 237
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+ FLAGS:-- The Pennon: the Banner: the Standard: the Royal Standard:
+ the “Union Jack”: Ensigns: Military Standards and Colours:
+ Blazoning: Hoisting and Displaying Flags 246
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+ THE ROYAL HERALDRY OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND:-- Shields of Arms of
+ the Reigning Sovereigns of England, of Scotland, of the United
+ Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Crests: Supporters: Mottoes:
+ Crowns: Banners: Armorial Insignia of the late Prince Consort; of
+ the Prince and Princess of Wales; of the other Princes and
+ Princesses 258
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+ ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD AND INSIGNIA OF HONOUR:-- Feudal Knighthood--
+ Orders of Knighthood: Knights of St. John: Knights Templars: the
+ Order of the Garter; of the Thistle; of St. Patrick; of the Bath;
+ of St. Michael and St. George; of the Star of India-- The Order of
+ Merit-- The Royal Victorian Order-- The Imperial Service Order--
+ The Victoria Cross-- The Albert Medal-- Naval and Military
+ Medals-- Foreign Insignia bestowed on British Subjects 273
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+ PRECEDENCE GENEALOGIES 295
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+ The COLLEGE OF ARMS-- The LYON OFFICE of Scotland-- Grants of
+ Arms-- Tax on “Armorial Bearings,” and on “Arms Found” 304
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+ MISCELLANEOUS:-- Coins-- Seals-- Heraldry in Architecture, in
+ Monuments, in Illuminations, in Encaustic Tiles-- Heraldic
+ Personal Ornaments, and various Heraldic Decorations-- Conclusion 316
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+ PEERAGE DIGNITIES:-- The Dignity of Earl-- Of Baron-- The
+ Parliament of 1295-- Landed Qualifications-- Creation of the Title
+ Duke of Cornwall-- The Title of Marquis-- The Premier Baron of
+ England-- The Peerage of Scotland-- Scottish Remainders-- Daughter
+ Inherits in her own Right-- Determination of an Abeyance-- The
+ Right to Create Peers of Ireland-- Rights and Privileges of a
+ Peeress-- The Daughters of Peers-- Anomalies of the English Scale
+ of Precedence 327
+
+
+GENERAL INDEX 335
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+NO. PAGE
+
+ 1. Arms of St. George }
+ 2. Arms of St. Edward } ix
+ 3. Arms of St. Edmund }
+ 4. Arms of Sir Walter Scott, of Abbotsford 1
+ 5. Lance Flag, Bayeux Tapestry 6
+ 6. Lance Flag, Bayeux Tapestry 6
+ 7. Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase 8
+ 8. Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase 8
+ 9. Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase 8
+ 10. Ancient Shield, from a Greek Vase 8
+ 11. Seal of Walter Innes 11
+ 12. Seal of William Innes 11
+ 13. Banner of Templars 14
+ 14. Banner of Leicester 14
+ 15. Shield of Brittany 14
+ 16. Shield of Waldegrave 14
+ 17. Shield of Fitz Warine 14
+ 18. Shield of Whitworth 14
+ 19. The Escarbuncle 15
+ 20. Shield of Montacute 17
+ 20A. Shield of Montacute 70
+ 21. The Planta Genista 17
+ 22. Arms assigned to William I. 18, 259
+ 23. Arms assigned to the Saxon Princes 18
+ 24. Shield of Prince John of Eltham 26
+ 25. Badge of Richard II., Westminster Hall 27
+ 26. Badge of Richard II., Westminster Hall 27
+ 27. The Points of an Heraldic Shield 33
+ 28. Shield divided per Pale 33
+ 29. Shield divided per Fesse 33
+ 30. Shield divided Quarterly 33
+ 31. Shield divided per Bend 33
+ 32. Shield divided per Bend Sinister 33
+ 33. Shield divided per Saltire 33
+ 34. Shield divided per Chevron 33
+ 35. Shield divided per Tierce 33
+ 36. Shield Quarterly of Eight 34
+ 37. Compound Quartering 34
+ 38. Border and Dividing Lines 35
+ 39. Bowed Shield 36
+ 40. Heraldic Shield 36
+ 41. Heraldic Shield 36
+ 42. Heraldic Shield 36
+ 43. Heraldic Shield 37
+ 44. Heraldic Shield 37
+ 45. Modern Shield 37
+ 46. Cartouche 37
+ 47. Lozenge 37
+ 48. Arms of Provence 38
+ 49. Shield Couché 38
+ 50. Symbolisation of Or 40
+ 51. Symbolisation of Argent 40
+ 52. Symbolisation of Azure 40
+ 53. Symbolisation of Gules 40
+ 54. Symbolisation of Sable 40
+ 55. Symbolisation of Vert 40
+ 56. Symbolisation of Purpure 40
+ 57, 57A. Ermine 41, 42
+ 58. Ermines 41
+ 59. Erminois 41
+ 60. Pean 41
+ 61. Vair 41
+ 62. Vair 41
+ 63. Counter Vair 41
+ 64. Potent 41
+ 65. Counter Potent 41
+ 66. Componée 43
+ 67. Counter Componée 43
+ 68. Arms of Earl de Warrenne 45
+ 69. Arms of Jerusalem 44
+ 70. Arms of Fenwick 44
+ 71. A Chief 50
+ 72. Arms of Le Botiler 50
+ 73. Arms of De Brus 50
+ 74. Arms of De Clintone 50
+ 75. Arms of De Clintone 50
+ 76. Arms of De Clifford 50
+ 77. Arms of De Pateshulle 50
+ 78. Arms of Le Vavasour 50
+ 79. Arms of De Hemenhale 51
+ 80. Arms of De Dageworthe 51
+ 81. Arms of De Harecourt 51
+ 82. Arms of Wake 51
+ 83. Arms of De Huntercumbe 52
+ 84. Arms of De la Mere 52
+ 85. Arms of Fitzalan of Bedale 53
+ 86. Arms of De Valence 53
+ 87. Arms of Erskine 53
+ 88. Arms of Grandison 53
+ 89. Cross Fimbriated 54
+ 90. Cross Pointed 54
+ 91. Greek Cross 55
+ 92. Latin Cross 55
+ 93. Tau Cross 55
+ 94. Cross Quadrate 55
+ 95. Cross Patriarchal 55
+ 96. Cross Lourchée 55
+ 97. Arms of De Molines 56
+ 98. Arms of Bishop Anthony Bec 56
+ 99. Arms of William de Vesci 56
+ 100. Cross Fleurie 56
+ 101. Cross Fleurettée 56
+ 102. Cross Pommee 56
+ 103. Cross Botonee 57
+ 104. Cross Crosslet 57
+ 105. Cross Clechée 57
+ 106. Cross Patee 57
+ 107. Cross Maltese 57
+ 108. Cross Potent 57
+ 109. Cross Avellane 57
+ 110. Cross Botonée Fitchée 57
+ 111. Arms of Le Scrope 58
+ 112. Arms of De Radclyffe 58
+ 113. Arms of Le Boteler 58
+ 114. Arms of De Bohun, Earl of Hereford 59
+ 115. Arms of De Bohun (differenced) 59
+ 116. Arms of De Montford 60
+ 117. Arms of De Bray 60
+ 118. Paly Bendy 60
+ 119. Barry Bendy 60
+ 120. Arms of St. Andrew 60
+ 121. Arms of De Neville 60
+ 122. Arms of De Neville 60
+ 123. Arms of De Stafford 61
+ 124. Arms of De Clare 61
+ 125. Early Shield of De Clare 62
+ 126. Arms of De Chandos 62
+ 127. Arms of De Prian 62
+ 128. Arms of De Passett 62
+ 129. Arms of De Kyrkeby 65
+ 130. Arms of Blundell 65
+ 131. Arms of De Mortimer 66
+ 132. Arms of Darcy 66
+ 133. Arms of De Wyllers 66
+ 134. Arms of De Balliol 66
+ 135. Single Tressure Flory 67
+ 136. Tressure Flory Counterflory 67
+ 137. Double Tressure Flory 67
+ 138. Arms of Scotland 67, 260
+ 139. Arms of De Waltone 68
+ 140. Arms of Richard, Earl of Cornwall 68
+ 141. Flanche 69
+ 142. Flasques 69
+ 143. Mascle 69
+ 144. Rustre 69
+ 145. Arms of De Burgh, Earl of Kent 69
+ 146. Arms of Deincourt 70
+ 147. Arms of Campbell 70
+ 148. A Frette 71
+ 149. Arms of De Etchingham 71
+ 150. Trellis Clouée 71
+ 151. Bezant 72
+ 152. Torteau 72
+ 153. Fountain 72
+ 154. Annulet 72
+ 155. Shield of Douglas 74
+ 156. Shield of Douglas 74
+ 157. Shield of Douglas 74
+ 158. Shield of Isle of Man 74
+ 159. Shield of St. Alban’s Abbey 75
+ 160. Early Martlet 77
+ 161. Martlet 77
+ 162. Banner of De Barre 77
+ 163. Dolphin 78
+ 164. Arms of De Lucy 78
+ 165. Escallop 78
+ 166. A, B, C, Crescent, Increscent, Decrescent 80
+ 167. At Gaze 81
+ 168. Tripping 81
+ 169. At Speed 81
+ 170. Stag’s Head Cabossed 85
+ 171. Lion Rampant 85
+ 172. Lion Rampant Guardant 85
+ 173. Lion Passant 85
+ 174. Lion Passant Guardant 85
+ 175. Lion Statant 85
+ 176. Lion Statant Guardant 85
+ 177. Lion Couchant 86
+ 178. Lion Sejant 86
+ 179. Lion Dormant 86
+ 180. Lion Salient 86
+ 181. Lion Double queued 86
+ 182. Lion Coward 86
+ 183. Lion’s Head 87
+ 184. Lion’s Face 87
+ 185. Lion’s Jambe 87
+ 186. Demi Lion Rampant 87
+ 187. Arms of England 87, 259
+ 188. Arms of Richard I. 88
+ 189. Arms of Prince John 88
+ 190. Arms of Richard I. 88
+ 191. Arms of Le Strange 89
+ 192. Arms of Giffard 89
+ 193. Arms of Mowbray 89
+ 194. Arms of De Lacy 89
+ 195. Arms of De Segrave 89
+ 196. Arms of De Percy 90
+ 197. Arms of De Longespée 90
+ 198. Crest of Black Prince 91
+ 199. Crest &c., Richard II. 91
+ 200. Eagle Shield in Westminster Abbey 93
+ 201. Imperial Eagle 93
+ 202. Royal Eagle 93
+ 203. Arms of Earl of Cornwall 94
+ 204. Seal of Euphemia Leslie 94
+ 205. Shield of Piers Gaveston 95
+ 206. Arms of Montacute and Monthermer 95
+ 207. A Vol 96
+ 209. Arms of De la Mere 96
+ 210. Shield at St. Albans 97
+ 211. Austrian Eagle 97
+ 212. German Imperial Eagle 98
+ 213. German Eagle, wings erect 98
+ 214. French Imperial Eagle 99
+ 215. Badge of Ulster 101
+ 216. Breys 104
+ 217. Baron’s Coronet 104
+ 218. Water Bouget 106
+ 219. Bourohier Knot 106
+ 220. Bowen Knot 107
+ 221. Caltrap 107
+ 222. Castle 108
+ 223. Celestial Crown 108
+ 224. Chapeau of Estate 108
+ 225. Arms of Saxony 108
+ 226. Chess Rook 109
+ 227. Cinquefoil 109
+ 228. Clarions 109
+ 229. Cockatrice 110
+ 230. Collar of York 110
+ 231. Collar of Lancaster 110
+ 232. Crest Coronet 113
+ 233. Crest Wreaths 113
+ 234. Crown of H.M. The King 115, 266
+ 235. Dacre Knot and Badges 115
+ 236. Dragon 117
+ 237. Duke’s Coronet 117
+ 238. Earl’s Coronet 118
+ 239. Eastern Crown 118
+ 240. Electoral Bonnet 119
+ 241. Arms of Byron 119
+ 242. Estoile 120
+ 243. Fer-de-Moline 121
+ 244. Fermails 121
+ 245. Fetter lock 122
+ 246. Fleur de lys 122
+ 247. Arms of France Ancient 122
+ 248. Arms of France Modern 122
+ 249. Arms of Edmund, Earl of Lancaster 123
+ 250. Arms of Margaret, Queen of Edward I. 122
+ 251. Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I. 123
+ 252. Shield of Edward III., A.D. 1340 124, 260
+ 253. Shield of Henry IV., about 1405 124, 260
+ 254, 255. Fylfots 125
+ 256. Shield of R. de Gorges 127
+ 257. Hawk’s Lure 128
+ 258. Hawk’s Bells and Jesses 128
+ 259. Helm of the Sovereign 129
+ 260. Helm of Princes and Nobles 129
+ 261. Helm of Baronets and Knights 129
+ 262. Helm of Esquires and Gentlemen 129
+ 263. Helm of Esquires and Gentlemen 129
+ 264. Heneage Knot 130
+ 265. Arms of the Heralds College 130
+ 266. Arms of Lyon Office 131
+ 267. Jessant de lys 133
+ 268, 269. Heraldic Keys 133
+ 270. Hastings Badge 133
+ 271, 272, 273. Labels 134
+ 274. Lacy Knot 134
+ 275. Lymphad 136
+ 276. Arms of Hastings 136
+ 277. Coronet of Marquess 137
+ 278. Mullet 139
+ 279. Mullet Pierced 139
+ 280. Mural Crown 140
+ 281. Naval Crown 140
+ 282. Pourdon 141
+ 283. Panache Crest of Edward Courtenay 142
+ 284. Panache Crest of William le Latimer 142
+ 285. Panache Crest of Edmund Mortimer 142
+ 286. Pennon of D’Aubernoun 143
+ 287. Pheon 143
+ 288. Portcullis 143
+ 289. Coronet of Prince of Wales 145
+ 290. Coronet of King’s Daughters and Younger Sons 145
+ 291. Coronet of King’s Grandchildren 145
+ 292. Coronet of King’s Cousins 145
+ 293. Quatrefoil 146
+ 294. The Ragged Staff Badge 146
+ 295. Rebus of Abbot Kirton 148
+ 296. Rebus of Bishop Peckyngton 148
+ 297. Rebus of Sir John Peche 148
+ 298, 299. Heraldic Roses 149
+ 300. Rose en Soleil 149
+ 301. Crest of Hamilton 150
+ 302. Sixfoil 152
+ 303. Arms of Shakespeare 151
+ 304. Stafford Knot 152
+ 305. Staple Padge 152
+ 306. Arms of City of London 153
+ 307. Tabard 154
+ 308. Badge of James I. 154
+ 309. Trefoil Slipped 155
+ 310. Trumpet 155
+ 311. Viscount’s Coronet 156
+ 312. Shield at St. Michael’s Church, St. Albans 157
+ 313. Wake Knot 157
+ 314. Catherine Wheel 157
+ 315. Wyvern 157
+ 316. Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I. 160
+ 317. Seal of Margaret Lady De Ros 161
+ 318. Seal of Joan, Countess of Surrey 162
+ 319. Seal of Mary, Countess of Pembroke 164
+ 320. Seal of Matilda of Lancaster 164
+ 321. Seal of Oliver de Bohun 165
+ 322. Shield of Earl John de Dreux 165
+ 323. Shield of Castile and Leon 166
+ 324. Shield of Henry, Earl of Northumberland 167
+ 325. Shield of Mayor of Winchelsea 168
+ 326. Shield of De Valence and Claremont Nesle 168
+ 327. Shield of Camoys and Mortimer 169
+ 328. Shield of D’Aubigny and Scotland 170
+ 329. Shield of Earl Richard Beauchamp 171
+ 330. Four Diagrams illustrative of Marshalling 171-2
+ 331-335. Diagrams illustrative of Marshalling 172
+ 336. Shield of Eldest Sons of Edward I. and II. 178
+ 337. Shield of Black Prince 178
+ 338. Label of Lancaster 179
+ 339. Label of Brittany 179
+ 340. Label of York 179
+ 341. Label of Clarence 180
+ 342. Label of Henry and John of Lancaster 180
+ 343. Label of Thomas of Lancaster 180
+ 344. Shield of Holland, of Kent 181
+ 345. Shield of Henry of Lancaster 182
+ 346. Shield of Beauchamp of Elmely 183
+ 347. Shield of Beauchamp at Carlaverock 183
+ 348. Shield of Beauchamp of Warwick 184
+ 349. Shield of Beauchamp of Bletshoe 184
+ 350. Shield of Bishop Grandison 185
+ 351. Seal of Bishop Le Despencer 185
+ 352. Shield of Sir Fulk Fitz Warin 186
+ 353. Shield of Thomas le Scrope 186
+ 354. Crescent, for Difference 186
+ 355. Mullet, for Difference 186
+ 356. Shield of Lord Latimer 187
+ 357. Shield of Neville 187
+ 358. Shield of Sir Wm. de Brewys 187
+ 359. Shield of Henry, Earl of Worcester 189
+ 360. Shield of Beaufort, before 1397 189
+ 361. Shield of Beaufort, after 1397 189
+ 362. Shield of Charles, Earl of Worcester 190
+ 363. Shield of Sir Roger de Clarendon 190
+ 364. Arms of Radulphus de Arundel 190
+ 365. Seal of William Fraser 193
+ 366. Shield of Earl of Chester 195
+ 367. Shield of Fitz Ralph 196
+ 368. Shield of De Luterell 197
+ 369. Shield of De Wadsley 197
+ 370. Shield of De Wortley 198
+ 371. Shield of De Mounteney 198
+ 372. Shield of De Mounteney 198
+ 373. Shield in St. Alban’s Abbey 203
+ 374. Shield of Howard, after Flodden 205
+ 374A. Howard Augmentation 205
+ 375. Fan-Crest, Richard I. 209
+ 376. Fan-Crest, Henry de Perci 209
+ 377. Fan-Crest, Henry de Laci 209
+ 378. Seal of Alexander de Balliol 210
+ 379. Helm, &c., Thomas, Earl of Lancaster 211
+ 380. Helm, &c., Geoffrey Luterell 212
+ 381. Seal, Sir Robert de Marny 212
+ 382. Seal, William de Wyndesor 214
+ 383. Crest, Sir R. Grey, K.G. 215
+ 384. Helm, &c., Richard II. 216
+ 385. Helm, &c., Sir Hugh Hastings 217
+ 386. Crest-Wreath, Sir William Vernon 217
+ 387. Crest-Wreath, Sir Robert Harcourt 217
+ 388. Crest-Wreath, Effigy at Tewkesbury 217
+ 389. Basinet and Crest-Wreath, Sir H. Stafford 218
+ 390. Seal, Earl Robert Bruce 225
+ 391. Seal, Sir Walter Hungerford 225
+ 392. Seal, Sir Robert de Hungerford 226
+ 393. Badge, Tau and Bell 227
+ 394. Ostrich Feather Badge 231
+ 395, 396. Three Ostrich Feathers, Peterborough 231
+ 397. Ostrich Feather Badge, Ludlow 232
+ 398. Ostrich Feather Badge, Deanery, Peterborough 232
+ 399. Ostrich Feather Badge, St. Alban’s Abbey 232
+ 400. Ostrich Feather Badge, Exeter Cathedral 232
+ 401. Shield “for Peace” of Black Prince 234
+ 402. Ostrich Feather Badge, Seal of Henry IV. 235
+ 403. Ostrich Feather Badge, Seal of Thomas,
+ Duke of Gloster 235
+ 404. Ostrich Feather Badge, Garter Plate
+ of John Beaufort 235
+ 405. Seal of Devorguilla Crawford 239
+ 406. Seal of Margaret, Lady Hungerford 240
+ 407. Seal of Earl Edmund de Mortimer 242
+ 408. Seal of Robert Graham 243
+ 409. Seal of Sir Wm. Lindsay 243
+ 410. Seal of Sir John Drummond 244
+ 411. Pennon 247
+ 412. Pennon of Percy 247
+ 413. Banners and Pennons 248
+ 414. Seal of Earl John Holland 249
+ 415. Standard of Sir H. de Stafford, K.G. 251
+ 416. The Royal Standard 252
+ 417. The First Union Jack 253
+ 418. Banner of St. George 253
+ 419. Banner of St. Andrew 253
+ 420. The Second Union Jack 254
+ 421. The Banner of St. Patrick 254
+ 422. Red Ensign 255
+ 423. Royal Arms of Stuart Sovereigns 261
+ 424. Arms of Nassau 261
+ 425. Diagram of Arms of William III. and Mary 261
+ 426. Diagram of Arms of William III. alone 261
+ 427. Diagram of Arms of Anne 262
+ 428. Arms of Hanover 262
+ 429, 430. Diagrams of Royal Arms 262, 263
+ 431. Crest of England 264
+ 432. Signet Ring of Queen Mary Stuart 265
+ 433. Insignia of the Order of the Garter 277
+ 434. “Lesser George” of the Garter 279
+ 435. Jewel of the Thistle 281
+ 436. Badge of St. Patrick 281
+ 437. Badge of the Bath, Naval and Military 284
+ 438. Badge of the Bath, Diplomatic and Civil 285
+ 439. Badge of the Star of India 288
+ 440. Victoria Cross 293
+ 441. The Albert Medal 293
+ 442. Seal of Lord Bardolf 318
+ 443. Seal of William Mure 319
+ 444. Seal of Thomas Monypeny 319
+ 445. Seal of Richard Stuart 319
+ 446. Seal of Earl Thomas de Beauchamp _Frontispiece_
+ 447. Counter-Seal of the same 320
+ 448. Seal of Earl Richard de Beauchamp _Frontispiece_
+ 449. Seal of Sir Walter Scott, A.D. 1529 326
+ 450. Insignia of the Order of the Thistle 280
+ 451. Insignia of the Order of St. Patrick 282
+ 452. Collar and Military Badge, Order of the Bath 283
+ 453. Star of Knight Grand Cross (Civil) 285
+ 454. Star of Knight Commander (Military) 285
+ 455. Order of Merit 286
+ 456. Collar and Insignia of Exalted Order
+ of the Star of India 287
+ 457. Star and Collar of the Order
+ of St. Michael and St. George 289
+ 458. Eminent Order of the Indian Empire 290
+ 459. Badge of same 291
+ 460. G.C.V.O. Star 291
+ 461. K.C.V.O. Star 291
+ 462. G.C.V.O. Badge 291
+ 463. K.C.V.O. Badge 291
+ 464. Distinguished Service Older 292
+ 465. Imperial Service Order 292
+
+
+NOTE.-- _Several illustrations used herewith in connection with the new
+Orders created of recent date are inserted by arrangement with the
+Editor of Debrett’s “Peerage.”_
+
+
+
+
+ENGLISH HERALDRY
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+INTRODUCTORY
+
+ _Early Popularity of Heraldry in England-- Origin of English Heraldry;
+ Definition; Characteristics; Developments; Early Uses; not connected
+ with Earlier Systems-- Ancient Heraldry-- Past and Present Treatment
+ of the Subject._
+
+ “What! Is it possible? not know the figures of Heraldry!
+ Of what could your father be thinking?”
+ --ROB ROY.
+
+
+ [Illustration: No. 4.]
+
+The sentiment unquestionably was his own which Sir Walter Scott made
+delightful Di Vernon express when, with indignant surprise, she asked
+Frank Osbaldistone of what his father could have been thinking, that he
+had been permitted to grow up without any knowledge of Heraldry. Sir
+Walter was right in his estimate of the high value of Heraldry as an
+element of education: and, in professing herself a votaress of the
+Herald’s “gentle science,” it was quite right in Di Vernon to suggest to
+other ladies that it would be well for them if Heraldry should find
+favour in their eyes also. The age of Rob Roy, however, was far from
+being in harmony with heraldic associations: nor was the author of
+“Waverley” himself permitted to accomplish more, than to lead the way to
+that revival of a popular sympathy with every expression of early Art,
+which now forms one of the most remarkable characteristics of our own
+era.
+
+In the olden time, in England, the love of Heraldry, which was prevalent
+amongst all classes, was based upon an intelligent appreciation of its
+worthiness. A part of the feudal system of the Middle Ages, and at once
+derived from the prevailing form of thought and feeling, and imparting
+to it a brilliant colouring peculiar to itself, Heraldry exercised a
+powerful influence upon the manners and habits of the people amongst
+whom it was in use. By our early ancestors, accordingly, as Mr. Montagu
+has so happily written, “little given to study of any kind, a knowledge
+of Heraldry was considered indispensable:” to them it was the “outward
+sign of the spirit of chivalry, the index, also, to a lengthened
+chronicle of doughty deeds.” And this Heraldry grew up, spontaneously
+and naturally, out of the circumstances and requirements of those times.
+It came into existence, because it was needed for practical use; it was
+accepted and cherished, because it did much more than fulfil its avowed
+purpose. At first, simply useful to distinguish particular individuals,
+especially in war and at the tournament, English Heraldry soon became
+popular; and then, with no less rapidity, it rose to high honour and
+dignity.
+
+From the circumstance that it first found its special use in direct
+connection with military equipments, knightly exercises, and the _mêlée_
+of actual battle, mediæval Heraldry has also been entitled ARMORY. Men
+wore the ensigns of Heraldry about their persons, embroidered upon the
+garments that partially covered their armour,--and so they called them
+_Coats-of-Arms_: they bore these same ensigns on their shields,--and
+they called them _Shields-of-Arms_: and in their Armorial Banners and
+Pennons they again displayed the very same insignia, floating in the
+wind high above their heads, from the shafts of their lances.
+
+The Heraldry or Armory of England, an honourable and honoured member of
+the illustrious family of mediæval European Heraldry, may be defined as
+a symbolical and pictorial language, in which figures, devices, and
+colours are employed instead of letters. Each heraldic composition has
+its own definite and complete significance, conveyed through its direct
+connection with some particular individual, family, dignity, or office.
+Every such heraldic composition, also, is a true legal possession, held
+and maintained by an express right and title: and it is hereditary, like
+other real property, in accordance with certain laws and precedents of
+inheritance. But in this respect heraldic insignia are singular and
+unlike other property, inasmuch as it is a general rule that they cannot
+be alienated, exchanged, or transferred otherwise than by inheritance or
+other lawful succession. Exceptions to this rule, when they are observed
+occasionally to have occurred, show clearly their own exceptional
+character, and consequently they confirm the true authority of the rule
+itself. It will be understood, as a necessary quality of its hereditary
+nature, that the significance of an heraldic composition, while
+“definite and complete” in itself, admits of augmentation and expansion
+through its association with successive generations. Thus, the Royal
+Shield of EDWARD III. is “complete” as the heraldic symbol of that great
+monarch, and of the realm under his rule: and yet this same shield,
+equally “complete” (with one simple modification) as the heraldic symbol
+of each successive Sovereign till the death of ELIZABETH, has its
+significance infinitely augmented and expanded through its hereditary
+association with all the Sovereigns of the Houses of Plantagenet and
+Tudor.
+
+Until the concluding quarter of the twelfth century, the traces of the
+existence of Heraldry are faint and few in number. Early in the
+thirteenth century the new science began to establish itself firmly
+amongst our ancestors of that age; and it is certain that, as soon as
+its character and capabilities were in any degree understood aright, it
+grew speedily into favour; so that in the reign of HENRY III. (A.D.
+1216-1272) Heraldry in England had confirmed its own claims to be
+regarded as a Science, by being in possession of a system, and a
+classification of its own.
+
+The Crusades, those extraordinary confederacies without a parallel in
+the history of civilised nations, were themselves so thoroughly a matter
+of religious chivalry, that it was only an inevitable result of their
+existence that they should give a powerful impulse to the establishment
+and development of Heraldry in its early days.
+
+But Heraldry, from the time of its first appearance in England, was
+found to be valuable for other uses besides those which so intimately
+connected it with both real and imitative warfare, with the fierce
+life-and-death conflict of the battle-field, and with the scarcely less
+perilous struggle for honour and renown in the lists. Very soon after
+the Norman Conquest, in consequence of their presence being required to
+give validity to every species of legal document, SEALS became
+instruments of the greatest importance; and it was soon obvious that
+heraldic insignia, with a representation of the knightly shield upon
+which they were displayed, were exactly suited to satisfy every
+requirement of the seal-engraver. By such means Heraldry became
+interwoven as well with the peaceful concerns of everyday life, as with
+the display of martial splendour and the turmoil of war.
+
+Many attempts have been made to set aside the opinion that the Heraldry
+of the Middle Ages in England was a fresh creation, a production of
+indigenous growth: and great is the ingenuity that has been brought into
+action to carry back the Heraldry of our own country from the
+commencement of the thirteenth century through the previous elementary
+stages of its existence, in order to trace its direct lineal descent
+from certain decorative and symbolical devices that were in use at much
+earlier periods. The careful and diligent researches, however, of the
+most learned Heralds have at present led them almost unanimously to
+reject all such theories as these, as speculative and uncertain. At the
+same time, it is an indisputable fact that, in all ages of the world,
+and amongst all races of men, some form of symbolical expression has
+been both in use and in favour. And it is equally true that this
+symbolism, whatever it may have been, has generally been found in some
+way associated with a military life and with the act of warfare.
+Soldiers, and particularly those in high command, have always delighted
+to adorn their shields with devices that sometimes were significant of
+their own condition or exploits, or sometimes had reference to their
+country, or even to their families; and, in like manner, it has been a
+universal custom to display similar devices and figures in military
+standards of all kinds. At the time of the Conquest, as is shown in the
+famous Bayeux Tapestry of the Conqueror’s Consort, the shields and
+standards of both Normans and Anglo-Saxons were painted, and perhaps the
+latter were embroidered, with various figures and devices; but certainly
+without any heraldic significance or any personal associations being
+indicated by these figures and devices, which bear a general resemblance
+to the insignia of the Legions and Cohorts of Imperial Rome. Figures
+Nos. 5 and 6 give representations of the standards that are introduced
+into the Bayeux Tapestry. The same species of decoration, consisting
+chiefly of painted patterns, with discs, stars, crescents, and some
+other figures, continued in use in our own country until superseded by a
+true Heraldry; and may also be assumed to have prevailed in England in
+much earlier times.
+
+ [Illustration: Nos. 5 and 6.--Lance Flags--Bayeux Tapestry.]
+
+In still more remote ages a more decided heraldic system was displayed
+upon signets, coins, shields, and standards. In this ancient Heraldry,
+if so it may be termed, occasionally the important and characteristic
+quality of hereditary association in certain devices is apparent. Thus,
+Virgil (Æneid, vii. 657) assigns to Aventinus “_insigne paternum_” upon
+his shield--his hereditary device, derived by him from his father. But
+these devices generally appear to have their significance in a greater
+or a less degree restricted, amongst the ancients, to certain particular
+incidents; consequently in all these examples there is nothing to show
+that the man who bore one device at one time, did not bear another
+device at another time.[1] For example, Æschylus, the Greek tragedian
+(B.C. 600), has recorded that Capaneus, when attacking the city of
+Thebes, bore on his shield the figure of a warrior carrying a lighted
+torch, with the motto, “I will fire the city!” But, on another occasion,
+we have reason to believe that the same Capaneus bore quite a different
+device, applicable to that other occasion; and this deprives these
+ancient devices, heraldic as they are in their general character, of
+that special personal association which true Heraldry requires and,
+indeed, implies. The beautiful painted vases, the works of Greek
+artists, that are discovered in such extraordinary numbers and in
+perfect preservation in some parts of Italy, constantly give most
+striking representations of the shields of ancient Greek warriors and
+other personages, with what appear heraldic devices displayed upon them.
+These shields illustrate, in a remarkable manner, both the appropriate
+significance of particular devices, and the usage then prevalent for a
+variety of devices to be borne on different occasions by the same
+individual. Shields upon vases in the collections in the Museum of the
+Louvre at Paris, and in the British Museum, where they are easy of
+access, contain a great variety of devices. The examples, Nos. 7, 8, 9,
+and 10, are from our own National Collections. No. 7, the shield black,
+the border and the pegasus red; No. 8, the shield black, and the two
+dolphins white; No. 9, the shield black, with a border adorned with red
+discs, the serpent white; No. 10, the shield black, with purple border,
+the three human legs conjoined white. The shields, Nos. 9 and 10, are
+both borne by the goddess ΑΘΗΝΗ (Minerva); and the remarkable device
+displayed on No. 10 is also found on the coins of ancient Sicily. Other
+similar shields display lions, horses, dogs, wild boars, fish, birds,
+clusters of leaves, chariots and chariot-wheels, votive tripods,
+serpents, scorpions, with many others, including occasional examples
+of human figures. In another collection I have seen an anchor and an
+Amazon’s bow. A device differing from that in No. 10 only in having the
+conjoined limbs in armour, will be found in our own English Heraldry to
+be the armorial ensign of the Isle of Man.
+
+ [Footnote 1: In his “Hand-book of Engraved Gems,” Mr. King maintains
+ that “the devices on the signets of the ancients were both
+ hereditary and unalterable, like our armorial bearings;” but, at the
+ same time, he admits that the “armorial bearings,” which appear “on
+ the shields of the Grecian heroes in the most ancient pictures
+ extant, the Vase-paintings,” “seem to have been assumed at the
+ caprice of the individual, like the knight’s _cognisances_ at
+ tournaments in the days of chivalry, and not to have been
+ hereditary.” --“Hand-book,” page 216. Almost immediately, however,
+ Mr. King adds, that traditions exist which represent the mythic
+ heroes bearing “engraved on their signets the same devices that
+ decorated their shields.” It would seem that the argument from such
+ traditions would rather indicate the signet-devices to have been
+ arbitrary, than the shield-devices to have been unalterable. While I
+ readily admit the very interesting devices of antiquity to possess
+ decided heraldic attributes, I cannot consider Mr. King to have
+ shown that, as a general rule, they were held by the ancients
+ themselves to have been either “unalterable” or “hereditary.”
+ Possibly, further light may be thrown upon the hereditary quality of
+ ancient Heraldry: but, I certainly do not expect to see any evidence
+ adduced, which would establish a line of descent connecting the
+ Mediæval Heraldry of England with any heraldic system of classic
+ antiquity.]
+
+ [Illustration: Nos. 7-10.--Ancient Shields from Greek Vases.]
+
+This Heraldry of Antiquity is to be regarded as the predecessor, and not
+as the ancestor of the Heraldry of England. There may be much that is
+common to both; but, there is nothing to show the later system to have
+been a lineal descendant from the earlier. It would seem much more
+likely that Heraldry, when it had been evolved, adopted ready made the
+emblems of an older civilisation for its own purpose, often
+appropriating at the same time the symbolism attaching to the emblems.
+The Heraldry, therefore, that has flourished, declined, and now is in
+the act of reviving in our own country in almost the full vigour of its
+best days, I shall treat as an independent science, proceeding from a
+single source, and from thence flowing onwards with varied fortunes,
+side by side with the chequered chronicles of England. In the course of
+its progress from the palmy days of EDWARD III., it has had to
+encounter, in a degree without precedent or parallel, that most painful
+and mischievous of trials--the excessive admiration of injudicious
+friends. Hence, Heraldry was brought into disrepute, and even into
+contempt, by the very persons who loved it with a genuine but a most
+unwise love. In process of time, no nonsense appeared too extravagant,
+and no fable too wild, to be engrafted upon the grave dignity of the
+Herald’s early science. Better times at length have succeeded. Heraldry
+now has friends and admirers, zealous as of old, whose zeal is guided
+aright by a sound judgment in alliance with a pure taste. Very much
+already has been accomplished to sweep away the amazing mass of
+absurdities and errors which had overwhelmed our English Heraldry, by
+such men as Nicholas, Nichols, Courthope, Seton, Planché, Walford,
+Montagu, and Lower: and the good work goes on and prospers, with the
+most cheering assurances of complete and triumphant success.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+EARLY HERALDIC AUTHORITIES
+
+ _Seals: Monumental Effigies, &c.: Rolls of Arms, Official Heraldic
+ Records, &c.-- Earliest Heraldic Shields and Banners-- Allusive
+ Quality of Early Armory-- Attributed Arms._
+
+ “Let us begin at the beginning.”
+ --PURSUIVANT OF ARMS.
+
+
+At the head of the earliest existing authorities in English Heraldry are
+SEALS. To the fortunate circumstance of the legal importance attached to
+them we are indebted for the preservation of these equally interesting
+and valuable relics, in great variety and in very considerable numbers.
+The heraldic evidence of Seals is necessarily of the highest order. They
+are original works, possessing contemporaneous authority. Produced with
+peculiar care and approved by their first possessors, their original
+authenticity is confirmed by their continued use through successive
+generations.
+
+Having been in use before the introduction and adoption of Heraldry in
+England, Seals enable us to compare the devices that preceded true
+Heraldry with the earliest that are truly heraldic: and thus they show
+that, in many instances, regular coats-of-arms were derived in their
+hereditary bearings from similar devices that had been adopted in the
+same families before the heraldic era. For example: the Seal of John
+Mundegumri, about A.D. 1175, bears a _single fleur-de-lys_, not placed
+upon a shield; and, accordingly, here is seen the origin of the _three
+golden fleurs-de-lys_, borne afterwards upon a blue shield by the
+descendants of this John, the Montgomeries, Earls of Eglintoun. Again:
+the Seal of Walter Innes, A.D. 1431, displays the shield of arms of his
+house--_three blue mullets_ (stars generally of five rays) on a field of
+silver, No. 11; and these mullets may be traced to the _single star_,
+that appears on the Seal of William Innes, or De Ynays, No. 12, appended
+to his deed of homage to Edward I., in the year 1295. I have selected
+these examples from the “Catalogue of Scottish Seals,” published by Mr.
+Laing, of Edinburgh, that I may be enabled here to refer in the highest
+terms of admiring commendation to that most excellent work. It is
+greatly to be desired that a corresponding publication should treat,
+with equal ability, of the Seals of England which, from the dawn of
+Heraldry, continue their admirable examples and illustrations throughout
+its career.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 11.--Seal of Walter Innes.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 12.--Seal of Wm. Innes.]
+
+Monumental Effigies, Sepulchral Memorials, early Buildings, and early
+Stained Glass, frequently are rich in authoritative examples of “the
+figures of Heraldry.” In addition to the various forms and combinations
+of heraldic composition, these works illustrate the early style of
+drawing in favour with Heralds during the great eras of mediæval Art,
+and they have preserved to us most useful and suggestive representations
+of various devices in their proper heraldic aspect. In many instances
+the Heraldry of early Monuments and Architecture possesses a peculiar
+value, arising from the circumstance of the shields of arms and other
+insignia having been sculptured in low relief or outlined in incised
+lines, and consequently these devices and compositions retain their
+original forms: and, in like manner, the original colouring of the
+Heraldry of Stained Glass remains safe from restoration or destruction,
+in consequence of the impossibility of re-painting it.
+
+The early written Literature of English Heraldry is calculated to throw
+but little light upon either its true character or its history. In
+addition, however, to the various and numerous official documents of the
+Heralds’ College, several examples of one particular class of heraldic
+record have been preserved, the value of which cannot be too highly
+estimated. These are ROLLS OF ARMS--long, narrow strips of parchment, on
+which are written lists of the names and titles of certain personages,
+with full descriptions of their armorial insignia. The circumstances
+under which these Rolls were prepared are obviously not identical and
+for the most part unknown: but, the exact accuracy of their statements
+has been established beyond all question by careful and repeated
+comparison with Seals and other Monuments, and also with Documents which
+give only an indirect and yet not the less conclusive corroboration to
+the records of the Rolls of Arms themselves. The earliest of these Rolls
+at present known date about A.D. 1240 to 1245; and since in these
+earliest Rolls a very decided technical language is uniformly adopted,
+and the descriptions are all given in palpable accordance with fixed
+rules which must then have been well understood, we infer that by the
+end of the first half of the thirteenth century there was in existence a
+system for the regulation of such matters. Heraldry was perhaps
+recognised as a Science, with fixed terms and rules for describing
+heraldic devices and figures, and established laws to direct the
+granting, the assuming, and the bearing of arms.
+
+The most interesting of these early heraldic Rolls records, in a
+metrical form, and in Norman-French, the siege and capture of the
+fortress of Carlaverock, on the Scottish border, by EDWARD I., in the
+year 1300. In addition to very curious descriptions of the muster of the
+Royal troops at Carlisle, their march northwards, and the incidents of
+the siege (which last have a strange resemblance to what Homer has
+recorded of incidents that took place during the siege of Troy), this
+Roll gives some graphic personal sketches of the princes, nobles,
+bannerets, and knights, whose banners and shields of arms are set forth
+in it with minute exactness. This Roll, as well as several others, has
+been published, with translations and very valuable notes.
+
+In the Manuscript Collections of the British Museum also, and of other
+Libraries both public and private, and in the County Histories, and
+other works of a cognate character, there are many documents which
+contain various important records and illustrations of early English
+Heraldry.
+
+In any references to authorities, that it may appear desirable for me to
+make in the course of this and the following chapters, I must be as
+concise as possible. A direct reference to Seals, Effigies, &c., will be
+necessary in each case: but, in referring to Rolls of Arms, it will be
+sufficient to denote the period of the authority in general terms.
+Accordingly, I shall refer, not to each particular Roll, but
+collectively to those of each of the following reigns--HENRY III.,
+EDWARD I., EDWARD II., EDWARD III., and RICHARD II.; and these
+references will severally be made thus,--(H. 3), (E. 1), (E. 2), (E. 3),
+and (R. 2).
+
+Amongst the earliest Shields and Banners of Arms, all of them remarkable
+for their simplicity, many are found to be without any device whatever,
+their distinction consisting simply in some peculiarity in the
+colouring. Such examples may be considered to have been derived from
+pre-heraldic times, and transmitted, without any change or addition, to
+later periods. The renowned Banner of the Knights Templars, by them
+called _Beauseant_, No. 13, is black above and white below, which is
+said to have denoted that, while fierce to their foes, they were
+gracious to their friends. An ancient Banner of the Earl of Leicester
+(H. 3) is white and red, the division being made by a vertical indented
+line; No. 14. This design, however, was not the coat of arms of the
+earl. The Shield of the ducal House of Brittany, closely connected with
+the Royal Family of England, is simply of the fur ermine; No. 15. The
+Shield of Waldegrave is silver and red, as in No. 16: and that of Fitz
+Warine (H. 3), also of silver and red, is treated as in No. 17.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 13.--Banner of Templars.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 14.--Banner of Leicester.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 15.--Brittany.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 16.--Waldegrave.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 17.--Fitz Warine.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 18.--Shield at Whitworth.]
+
+Some of the earliest of the simple devices of true Heraldry were
+evidently adopted from the _structural formation_ (or from a _structural
+strengthening_) of the Shields, on which they were displayed. Thus,
+a raised border, and bands of metal variously disposed in order to
+impart additional strength to a shield, with distinct colouring, would
+produce a series of heraldic compositions. A good example occurs in the
+shield of an early Effigy at Whitworth, Durham, No. 18, in which the
+heads of the rivets or screws employed to fix the border on the shield,
+appear to have been made to assume the character of heraldic additions
+to the simple border and horizontal bands. Other primary devices of the
+same simple order, which in like manner may have had a structural
+origin, I shall consider in detail in subsequent chapters. (See
+particularly Chapter VI.)
+
+The central boss, at once an appropriate ornament of an early shield,
+and an important addition to its defensive qualities, when extended in
+the form of decorative metal-work, would readily suggest a variety of
+heraldic figures, and amongst others several beautiful modifications of
+a simple cruciform device which it might be made to assume. The figure
+called an escarbuncle, No. 19, is simply a shield-boss developed into
+decorative structural metal-work. This figure appears in the Temple
+Church, London, upon the shield of an Effigy, which Mr. J. Gough Nichols
+has shown to have been incorrectly attributed to Geoffrey de Mandeville,
+Earl of Essex.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 19.--The Escarbuncle.]
+
+The greater number of the earliest devices that appear in English
+Heraldry were adopted for the express purpose of their having some
+_allusive association_, through a similarity of sound in their own names
+or descriptions with the names and titles or the territories of certain
+persons, dignities, and places. In exact accordance with the principles
+and aim of primitive mediæval Heraldry, and in perfect harmony with the
+sentiments and requirements of the age in which it grew up into a
+science, devices of this kind addressed themselves in very plain and
+expressive language to the men of their own era. In them they saw the
+kind of symbolical writing that they could remember, as well as
+understand. They also evidently liked the quaint style of suggestiveness
+that was a characteristic of these allusive devices: and, it is more
+than probable that there frequently lurked in them a humorous
+significance, which by no means tended to detract from their popularity.
+Devices of this same order have never ceased to be in favour with
+Heralds and lovers of Heraldry. They were used in the sixteenth century
+at least as commonly as in the thirteenth; but, as would be expected, in
+the later period they often became complicated, far-fetched, and
+extravagant.
+
+This allusive quality, distinguished in English Heraldry as “_canting_,”
+has commonly been misunderstood, and therefore incorrectly estimated, by
+modern writers, who have supposed it to be a fantastic conceit of the
+Heralds of a degenerate age. By writers such as these, accordingly, all
+“_canting arms_” (by French Heralds called “_armes parlantes_”) have
+been absurdly assigned to a separate class, in their estimation having
+an inferior heraldic grade.
+
+The prevalence of the allusive quality in early arms may be assumed to
+have been even more general than is now apparent, since so many of the
+original echoes and allusions have become obscured or altogether lost in
+the lapse of time, and through the changes that have taken place since
+the accession of HENRY III. in the French language and in our own also.
+The use of the Latin language, again, in the Middle Ages led, at later
+periods, to translations of names; French names, too, were translated in
+the same manner into English equivalents: and, at other times, the sound
+of a Latin or a French (Anglo-Norman) name was transferred to an English
+representative having a somewhat similar sound, without the slightest
+reference to the original signification. Who, for example, in the name
+of MONTAGU now recognises instinctively the original allusion to a
+_mountain_ with its _sharply_ peaked crests, and so discerns the
+probable allusive origin of the _sharp_ triple points of the devices on
+the old Montacute shield, No. 20? It is easy to see how much must have
+been unconsciously done, by such changes in names and their
+associations, to obliterate what once was clear, significant, and
+expressive. I must be content here to give, simply by way of explanatory
+illustration, a very few examples of allusive arms; and, in so doing, it
+may be well for me to observe that the early Heralds of our country
+always employed the French language as it was spoken in their own times
+in England as well as in France. In the time of HENRY III., G. de Lucy
+has for his arms _three lucies_--fish now known as pike: Robert Quency
+has a _quintefueil_--a flower of five leaves: Thos. Corbett has _two
+corbeaux_--ravens: A. de Swyneburne has “_trois testes de
+senglier_”--three heads of the wild boar, or _swine_: (E. 2), Sir R. de
+Eschales has _six escallops_--_shells_: Sir G. de Trompintoun, of
+Trumpington, near Cambridge, has _two trompes_--trumpets: Sir J. Bordoun
+has _three bourdons_--pilgrim’s staves: Sir G. Rossel has _three roses_:
+and Sir O. Heron has the same number of _herons_. So also, for the
+Spanish provinces Castile and Leon, a _castle_ and a _lion_: for
+Falconer, a _falcon_: Butler, _cups_: Forester, _bugle-horns_: Arundel,
+_hirondelles_--swallows: Wingfield, _wings_: Shelley, _shells_: Pigot,
+_pick-axes_: Leveson, _leaves_: and Martel, _martels_--hammers. The
+_Broom-plant_ with its seed-pods, in Latin _Planta genista_, No. 21,
+gave its name to the PLANTAGENET Dynasty. I shall hereafter add several
+other curious examples of devices of this class, when treating of
+_Badges_, _Rebuses_, and _Mottoes_.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 20.--Shield of Montacute.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 21.--Planta Genista.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 22.--WILLIAM I.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 23.--Saxon Princes.]
+
+There is one class of early arms, which it is important that students of
+Armory should observe with especial care, lest they be led by them into
+unexpected errors. These are arms that were invented _after_ Heraldry
+had been established, and then were assigned to personages of historical
+eminence who had lived and died _before_ the true heraldic era. In the
+days in which every person of prominence bore heraldic arms, and when
+Heraldry had attained to high renown, it was natural enough to consider
+that suitable armorial devices and compositions should be assigned to
+the men of mark in earlier ages, both to distinguish them in accordance
+with the usage then prevalent, and to treat their memory with becoming
+honour. Such arms were also in a sense necessary to their descendants
+for the purposes of quartering. No proof can be shown that the arms said
+to have been borne by WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR are not of this order--made
+for him, that is, and attributed to him in after times, but of which he
+himself had no knowledge. These arms, No. 22, differ from the true Royal
+Insignia of England only in there being _two_, instead of _three_, lions
+displayed upon the shield. The arms of EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, No. 2, were
+certainly devised long after his death, and they appear to have been
+suggested to the heralds of HENRY III. by one of the Confessor’s coins:
+the shield is blue, and the cross and five birds (martlets) are gold. In
+like manner, the arms attributed to the earlier Saxon Sovereigns of
+England, No. 23, a gold cross upon blue, are really not earlier than the
+thirteenth century. The arms, No. 2, having been assigned to ST. EDWARD,
+a patron saint of mediæval England, were long regarded with peculiar
+reverence. I have placed them, drawn from a fine shield of the
+thirteenth century in Westminster Abbey, to take a part in forming a
+group at the head of my Preface, with the shields of the two other
+saintly Patrons of “old England,” ST. GEORGE and ST. EDMUND, No. 1 and
+No. 3--a red cross on a silver shield, and three golden crowns upon a
+shield of blue.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+ _The English Heraldry that is now in existence-- First Debasement
+ of Heraldry-- Later Debasement-- Revival of English Heraldry--
+ Heraldic Art._
+
+ “Sans changer.”
+ --MOTTO OF STANLEY.
+
+
+English Heraldry, as it exists amongst us in our own times, is the very
+same Heraldry that flourished under the kindly influences of the
+greatest of the Plantagenets, though perhaps modified in some details by
+changed circumstances. It is not of a new, but of the old, Heraldry of
+England that I am setting forth the elements. Our Heraldry has had to
+pass from good days to bad ones: and, having gone through the worst of
+bad days, the circle at length has revolved, so that we are witnessing
+the happy change of a vigorous heraldic revival. Heraldry already enjoys
+a very great popularity; and, without a doubt, it will become still more
+popular, in the degree that it is better and more generally understood.
+For its complete ultimate success, the present revival of true English
+Heraldry must mainly depend upon the manner in which we apply the
+lessons that may be learned by us, no less from the warnings of the
+recent evil days of the science, than from the example of the brilliant
+ones that preceded them long ago. Nor should we deal faithfully with our
+revived Heraldry, were we not to form a just estimate of whatever was
+imperfect in the best era of its early history, in order to apply to
+present improvement the lessons that thus also may be learned. It must
+be admitted that the Heralds and Heraldic writers of the 17th century,
+following the footsteps of some of their immediate predecessors, led the
+way towards the thorough debasement of their own science. Their example
+was not without effect upon those who followed them--men quite equal to
+the perpetration of whatever had not been already done to bring Heraldry
+into contempt. This was accomplished first, by gravely discoursing, in
+early heraldic language, upon the imaginary Heraldry of the patriarchal
+and antediluvian worthies: making a true coat of arms of Joseph’s “coat
+of many colours,” giving armorial ensigns to David and Gideon, to Samson
+and Joshua, to “that worthy gentilman Japheth,” to Jubal and Tubal-Cain,
+and crowning the whole by declaring that our common progenitor, Adam,
+bore on his own red shield Eve’s shield of silver, after the mediæval
+fashion that would denote his wife to have been an heiress!
+
+Then there set in a flood of allegorical and fantastic absurdities, by
+which the fair domain of Heraldry was absolutely overwhelmed. Wild and
+strange speculations, in a truly vain philosophy, interwoven with
+distorted images of both the myths and the veritable records of classic
+antiquity, were either deduced from armorial blazonry, or set forth as
+the sources from whence it was developed. Fables and anecdotes, having
+reference to less remote eras, were produced in great variety and in
+copious abundance. The presence in blazon of animated beings of
+whatsoever kinds, whether real or fabulous, led to rambling
+disquisitions in the most ludicrously _un_natural of imaginary Natural
+History. From every variety also of inanimate figure and device, the
+simplest no less than the more elaborate, after the same fashion some
+“moral” was sought to be extracted. The technical language, too, of the
+early Heralds, had its expressive simplicity travestied by a complicated
+jargon, replete with marvellous assertions, absurd doctrines, covert
+allusions devoid of consistent significance, quaint and yet trivial
+conceits, and bombastic rhapsodies. Even the nomenclature of the
+Tinctures was not exempt from a characteristic course of “treatment,”
+two distinctive additional sets of titles for gold, silver, blue, red,
+&c., having been devised and substituted for those in general use (see
+Chapter V.); of these the one set was derived from the names of the
+_Planets_, and employed to emblazon the insignia of Sovereign Princes;
+and the other set, derived from the names of _Jewels_, was applied to
+the arms of Nobles. In the midst of all the rubbish, however, which they
+thus delighted to accumulate, there may generally be discovered in the
+works of writers of this class, here and there, references to earlier
+usages and illustrations of original principles which, in the extreme
+dearth of genuine early heraldic literature, are both interesting and of
+real value. Nor are these writings without their value, estimated from
+another point of view, as contemporaneous and unconscious commentaries
+upon the history of their own times. It must be added that, in more than
+a few instances, beneath the surface there lurks a vein of both
+political and personal allusion, of which the point and bearing now are
+altogether lost, or at the most are only open to conjecture and surmise.
+And, again, even in their most extravagant and frivolous lucubrations,
+the heraldic writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are not
+without touches of humour; as when Gerard Legh (A.D. 1562), discoursing
+of “beastes,” remarks of the “Ramme” that in “aucthoritye he is a Duke,
+for hee hath the leadyng of multitudes and flockes of his own kynde;”
+and of the ass, “I could write much of this beaste, but that it might be
+thought it were to mine own glorie.”
+
+The adoption of additional quarterings for the purpose of display, and
+the introduction of more complicated compositions in the time of
+HENRY VIII., were speedily followed by the substitution of pictorial
+representations, often of a most frivolous and inconsistent character,
+and many of them altogether unintelligible without written explanations,
+instead of the simple, dignified, and expressive insignia of true
+Heraldry. For example, in the year 1760, a grant of arms was made to a
+Lincolnshire family named Tetlow, which, with thirteen other figures,
+includes the representation of a book duly clasped and ornamented,
+having on it a silver penny; while above the book rests a dove, holding
+in its beak a crow-quill! This was to commemorate one of the family
+having, with a crow-quill, actually achieved the exploit of writing the
+Lord’s Prayer within the compass of a silver penny. Amongst the most
+objectionable of the arms of this class are those which were granted to
+distinguished naval and military officers--arms, that certainly ought to
+have conferred fresh honour on illustrious names, instead of inflicting
+dishonour upon Heraldry itself. Battles by sea and land, landscapes and
+sea views and fortified cities, flags of all kinds, with medals and
+ribbons, all of them intermixed with devices not quite so unheraldic,
+abound in these extravagant compositions. The arms of Lord Nelson, and
+still more recently those of General Lord Gough, may be specified as
+flagrant examples of this degenerate pictorial Heraldry. The Duke of
+Wellington happily escaped a similar infliction. It would be but too
+easy to enumerate other equally inconsistent and unheraldic
+compositions: but, I must be content to refer only to the armorial
+shield granted to the great astronomer, Sir John Herschel, on which is
+displayed his forty-foot reflecting telescope, with all its apparatus!
+These, and all such violations of heraldic truth and consistency, though
+in some instances they are of very recent date, are now to be assigned
+to a closed chapter in the history of English Heraldry. But in
+considering them it must not be forgotten that this kind of grant was
+not confined to this country, but flourished to a still greater extent
+abroad.
+
+In our present revival of English Heraldry, it is essential that we
+impress upon our minds a correct conception of the twofold character of
+all Heraldry--that it is a _Science_, and also that it is an _Art_. We
+have to vindicate the reputation of our Heraldry, as well in the one
+capacity as in the other. Of very noble heraldic Art we happily possess
+original examples in great numbers, which have been bequeathed to us, as
+a precious inheritance, from “the brave days of old.” The style of Art
+that we see exemplified in these early authorities we may accept almost
+unreservedly as our own style; and we must aspire to sympathise heartily
+with their genuine heraldic feeling. In our representation, also, of
+almost all inanimate and natural objects in our own armorial
+compositions, as a general rule, we may trust confidently to the same
+good guidance. The early method of representation, indeed, must form the
+basis of our system of treatment; and, we may faithfully adhere to this
+rule, and yet occasionally we may find it to be desirable that the form
+and the accessories of some devices should be adapted to modern
+associations. In truth, it is not by merely copying the works of even
+the greatest of the early heraldic artists, that we are to become
+masters in heraldic Art. When the copies are good, copying is always
+valuable, as a branch of study; but, if it be our highest and only aim
+to reproduce the expressions of other men’s thoughts, then copying is
+worse than worthless. What we have to do is to express our heraldic Art
+in the spirit of the early Heralds, to keep it in harmony with what, in
+the best of the early days, they would have accepted as the highest
+heraldic Art, and at the same time to show that our heraldic Art in very
+truth is our own.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 24.--Prince JOHN OF ELTHAM, A.D. 1336.]
+
+ [Illustration: Nos. 25, 26.--Badge of RICHARD II., Westminster Hall.]
+
+The treatment of animate creatures in Heraldry requires a certain kind,
+and also a certain degree, of conventionalism. Here, as before, in the
+early Heralds we have excellent masters; but, here we must follow their
+teaching with more of reserve, and with cautious steps. We recognise the
+happy consistency of the conventionalism which they displayed in their
+representation of animate creatures, without any purpose to adopt it in
+the same degree with them. Had the early Heralds been more familiar with
+the living presence of the various creatures that they summoned to enter
+into their service, without a doubt they would have represented them
+with a much closer conformity to Nature. We must apply our better
+knowledge, as we may feel confident the early Heralds would have applied
+a similar knowledge had they been able to have acquired it. Heraldic
+animals of every kind--lions, eagles, dolphins, and all others--must be
+so far subjected to a conventional treatment, that they will not exhibit
+a _strictly_ natural appearance: and, on the other hand, being carefully
+preserved from all exaggerated conventionalisms, they must approach as
+near to Nature as a definite conventional rendering of natural truth
+will admit. The lions of the early Heralds, spirited beasts always,
+generally show a decided disposition to exhibit their heraldic
+sympathies in excess. They have in them rather too much that is heraldic
+conventionalism, and not quite enough that is natural lion. And, with
+the first symptoms of decline in heraldic Art, the treatment of lions
+showed signs of a tendency to carry conventionalism to the utmost
+extravagance. The same remarks are applicable to eagles. It must be
+added, however, that truly admirable examples of heraldic animals
+occasionally may be found as late even as the commencement of the
+sixteenth century, as in the chantry of Abbot Ramryge, in the Abbey
+Church at St. Alban’s, and in King’s College Chapel at Cambridge. It
+must be our care to blend together the true attributes of the living
+lion and eagle, and those also of other living creatures, with the
+traditional peculiarities of their heraldic representatives. And we must
+extend the corresponding application of the same principles of treatment
+to imaginary beings and heraldic monsters, as they occur in our
+Heraldry. The shield, No. 24, of Prince JOHN OF ELTHAM, younger brother
+of EDWARD III., finely sculptured with his effigy in alabaster, in
+Westminster Abbey (A.D. 1336), and in perfect preservation, gives us
+characteristic examples of lions of the best heraldic era, their frames,
+attenuated as they are, being perfect types of fierce elasticity. With
+this shield may be grouped others, having admirably suggestive examples
+of heraldic lions of a somewhat later date, which are preserved upon the
+monuments of EDWARD III. and the BLACK PRINCE, severally at Westminster
+and Canterbury. I shall refer to these fine shields again, and to other
+admirable examples with them, hereafter (Chapter IX.). The
+conventionalism in all these examples, however felicitous the manner in
+which it is treated in them, is very decidedly exaggerated. These
+examples, and others such as these, are not the less valuable to us
+because their teaching includes an illustration of the excesses that we
+must always be careful to avoid. I may here observe, that on the subject
+of armorial Art I leave my examples (all of them selected from the most
+characteristic authorities, and engraved with scrupulous fidelity) for
+the most part to convey their own lessons and suggestions: my own
+suggestion to students being that, in such living creatures as they may
+represent in their compositions, while they are careful to preserve
+heraldic consistency and to express heraldic feeling, they exhibit
+beauty of form coupled with freedom of action and an appropriate
+expression. “Freedom of action” I intend to imply more than such skilful
+drawing, as will impart to any particular creature the idea of free
+movement of frame and limb: it refers also to repeated representations
+of the same creature, under the same heraldic conditions of motive and
+attitude. And, here “freedom of action” implies those slight, yet
+significant, modifications of minor details which, without in the least
+degree affecting armorial truth, prevent even the semblance of
+monotonous reiteration. Thus, at Beverley, in the Percy Shrine in the
+Minster, upon a shield of England the three lions are all heraldically
+the same; but, there is nothing of sameness in them nevertheless,
+because in each one there is some little variety in the turn of the
+head, or in the placing of the paws, or in the sweep of the tail. And
+again, in Westminster Hall, the favourite badge of Richard II., a white
+hart, chained, and in an attitude of rest, is repeated as many as
+eighty-three times; and all are equally consistent with heraldic truth
+and accuracy, without any one of them being an exact counterpart of any
+other. In Nos. 25 and 26 two examples are shown from this remarkable
+series of representations of this beautiful badge, each one different
+from the other, and yet both really the same.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION I
+
+ _The Language of Heraldry-- The Nomenclature-- Style and Forms of
+ Expression-- Blazon-- The Shield: its Parts, Points, Divisions,
+ Dividing Lines, Varieties of Form, and Heraldic Treatment._
+
+ “The shield hangs down on every breast.”
+ --LORD OF THE ISLES.
+
+
+THE LANGUAGE OF HERALDRY.--The original language of English Heraldry was
+the Norman-French, which may also be designated Anglo-Norman, habitually
+spoken at the Court of England in the early heraldic era. After a while,
+a mixed language succeeded, compounded of English and the original
+Norman-French; and this mixed language still continues in use.
+
+NOMENCLATURE.--Like its language, the Nomenclature of English Heraldry
+is of a mixed character, in part technical and peculiar to itself, and
+in part the same that is in common use. Thus, many of the figures and
+devices of Heraldry have their peculiar heraldic names and titles, while
+still more bear their ordinary designations. Descriptive terms, whether
+expressed in English or in French (Anglo-Norman), are generally employed
+with a special heraldic intention and significance. In the earliest Roll
+of Arms known to be now in existence, which was compiled (as appears
+from internal evidence) between the years 1240 and 1245, the
+Nomenclature is the same that is found in Rolls and other heraldic
+documents of a later date. This fact of the existence of a definite
+Nomenclature at that time, proves that before the middle of the
+thirteenth century the Heraldry of England was subject to a systematic
+course of treatment, and had become established and recognised as a
+distinct and independent Science.
+
+STYLE AND FORMS OF EXPRESSION.--With the Nomenclature, a settled Style
+and certain fixed technical Forms of Expression were introduced and
+accepted in the thirteenth century; and, since that period, the Style
+and Forms of Expression have undergone only such comparatively slight
+modifications as tended to render them both more complete and more
+consistent. As it was at the first, it still is the essence of heraldic
+language to be concise yet complete, expressive, and also abounding in
+suggestions. Not a syllable is expressed that is not absolutely
+necessary; not a syllable omitted, the absence of which might possibly
+lead to any doubt or uncertainty. In the more matured style, the
+repetition of any important word in the same sentence is scrupulously
+avoided; and, where it would be required, another form of expression is
+substituted in its stead. Much meaning also is left to be implied and
+understood, through inference, either based upon certain accepted rules
+and established heraldic usages for the arrangement of the words and
+clauses of a sentence, or derived from the natural qualities and
+characteristic conditions of certain figures and devices: but, nothing
+is ever left to be inferred when an uncertain inference might possibly
+be adopted, or that can be understood clearly and with certainty only by
+means of an explicit statement. Superfluous words and particles of all
+kinds are altogether omitted. Descriptive epithets follow the nouns to
+which they refer: as, a _red cross_ is styled a _cross gules_. The
+general rules, by which the arrangement of the words in heraldic
+descriptive sentences is determined, will be found in the last
+subdivision of this chapter. Examples of heraldic Language,
+Nomenclature, Style and Forms of Expression, will be given in abundance
+throughout the following chapters and sections of this treatise. With
+these examples students will do well to familiarise themselves: then,
+let them prepare additional examples for that “practice,” which (as
+Parker’s “Glossary of Heraldry” says, p. 60) “alone will make perfect,”
+by writing down correct descriptions of heraldic compositions from the
+compositions themselves; after which process they may advantageously
+reverse the order of their study, and make drawings of these same (or,
+if they prefer it, of some other) heraldic compositions from their own
+written descriptions of them.
+
+When any heraldic description of a figure, device, or composition has
+been completed, a statement is made to signify the person, family,
+community, or realm whose armorial ensign it may be. This is done by
+simply writing the appropriate name, after the last word of the
+description; or, by prefixing the word “for” before the name when it is
+placed in the same position. Thus, a description of the three lions of
+England is to be followed by the word--“ENGLAND”; or, by the
+formula--“for ENGLAND.” If preferred, with equal consistency the
+arrangement may be reversed, and the Name, with or without the prefix
+“for,” may precede the description: thus--“ENGLAND,” or “For ENGLAND,”
+three lions, &c. It is to be borne in remembrance, that armorial ensigns
+are personal inheritances, and--with the exception of Sovereign
+Princes--by comparison but very rarely relate to _Titles_ and
+_Dignities_.
+
+BLAZON, BLAZONING, BLAZONRY.--When a knight entered the lists at a
+tournament, his presence was announced by sound of trumpet or horn,
+after which the officers of arms, the official Heralds, declared his
+armorial insignia--they “blazoned” his Arms. This term, “to blazon,”
+derived from the German word “_blasen_,” signifying “to blow a blast on
+a horn” (or, as one eminent German Herald prefers, from the old German
+word “_blaze_” or “_blasse_,” “a mark” or “sign”), in Heraldry really
+denotes either to _describe_ any armorial figure, device, or composition
+in correct heraldic language; or to _represent_ such figure, device, or
+composition accurately in form, position, arrangement, and colouring.
+But, as a matter of practical usage, pictorial representation is usually
+allied to the word “emblazon.” The word “blazon” also, as a noun, may be
+employed with a general and comprehensive signification to denote
+“Heraldry.”
+
+THE SHIELD:--ITS PARTS, POINTS, AND DIVISIONS.--Their Shield, which the
+knights of the Middle Ages derived from the military usage of antiquity,
+and which contributed in so important a degree to their own defensive
+equipment, was considered by those armour-clad warriors to be peculiarly
+qualified to display their heraldic blazonry. And, in later times, when
+armour had ceased to be worn, and when shields no longer were actually
+used, a Shield continued to be regarded as the most appropriate vehicle
+for the same display. The Shield, then, which with its armorial devices
+constitutes a _Shield of Arms_, always is considered to display its
+blazonry upon its face or external surface. This blazoned surface of his
+shield the bearer, when holding it before his person, presents (or would
+present, were he so to hold it) towards those who confront him. The
+right and the left sides of the person of the bearer of a Shield,
+consequently, are _covered_ by the right and left (in heraldic language,
+the _dexter_ and _sinister_) sides of his shield: and so, from this it
+follows that the dexter and sinister sides of a Shield of Arms are
+severally _opposite_ to the left and the right hands of all observers.
+The Parts and Points of an heraldic Shield, which is also entitled an
+“_Escutcheon_,” are thus distinguished:--
+
+ [Illustration: No. 27.]
+
+ No. 27. A, _The chief_:
+ B, _The Base_:
+ C, _The Dexter Side_:
+ D, _The Sinister Side_:
+ E, _The Dexter Chief_:
+ F, _The Sinister Chief_:
+ G, _The Middle Chief_:
+ H, _The Dexter Base_:
+ I, _The Sinister Base_:
+ K, _The Middle Base_:[2]
+ L, _The Honour Point_:
+ M, _The Fesse Point_.
+
+ [Footnote 2: This term is very seldom if ever used.]
+
+In blazoning the Divisions of a Shield, the term “_Per_,” signifying “in
+the direction of,” is employed sometimes alone, and sometimes (having
+the same signification) preceded by the word “parted” or “party.” The
+primary Divisions of a Shield are indicated in the following diagrams,
+Nos. 28-35:--
+
+ [Illustration: Nos. 28-30, 31-33, 34-35.]
+
+No. 28. _Per Pale_, or _Parted per Pale_, or _Party per Pale_.
+
+No. 29. _Per Fesse_, or _Parted per Fesse_.
+
+No. 30. (Nos. 28 and 29 together) _Per Cross_, or _Quarterly_ (the
+latter is the more usual term).
+
+No. 31. _Per Bend._ No. 32. _Per Bend Sinister._
+
+No. 33. (Nos. 31 and 32 together) _Per Saltire._
+
+No. 34. _Per Chevron._
+
+No. 35. Tierced in pale (divided into three equal divisions by two
+vertical lines), a form seldom met with in English Heraldry. Technically
+this in English Heraldry is simply the representation of a pale. (See
+No. 87.)
+
+To these divisions should strictly be added the further division
+_gyronny_ (No. 147); but neither the term _per_ nor _parted per_ is
+ever employed in this connection. As will be seen, it is a combination
+of the forms shown in Nos. 30 and 33.
+
+A Shield may be further divided and subdivided, thus:--
+
+ [Illustration: No. 36.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 37.]
+
+It may be divided into any number of _Quarterings_ by lines drawn _per
+pale_ and _per fesse_, cutting each other, as in No. 36, which Shield is
+_quarterly of eight_: in like manner the _Quarterings_ of any Shield,
+whatever their number (which need not be an even number), are blazoned
+as, _quarterly of twelve, &c._ This, to whatever extent the dividing of
+the Shield may be carried, is _simple Quartering_. Again: a quartered
+Shield may have one or more of its primary quarters, or every one of
+them, _quartered_: this, which is the subdivision of a part, _the
+quartering of quarters_, is _compound Quartering_: for example, in No.
+37, the Shield is first divided into the _four primary quarters_,
+severally marked A, B, C, D; then, so far as the quarters A, B, D are
+concerned, the “simple quartering” is subjected to the process of
+“compound quartering,” and quarters A, D are _quarters quarterly_, and B
+is _a quarter quarterly of six_, while C remains unaffected by the
+secondary process. The terms “_quarterly quartering_” and “_quarterly
+quartered_” are used to signify such secondary quartering as is
+exemplified in A, B, D of No. 37. The four primary quarters (A, B, C,
+D of No. 37) are distinguished as _Grand Quarters_: consequently, the
+quarter B of this example is the _second grand quarter, quarterly of
+six_. This term “Grand Quarter” may be employed to distinguish any
+primary quarter when any quarter in the Shield is “quarterly quartered.”
+
+DIVIDING and BORDER LINES, in addition to simple right lines and curves,
+assume the forms that are represented in the next diagram, No. 38:--
+
+ [Illustration: No. 38.]
+
+ No. 38. A. _Indented_
+ B. _Dancetté_
+ C. _Wavy_ or _Undée_ (2 varieties)
+ D. _Engrailed_
+ E. _Invected_ or _Invecked_
+ F. _Embattled_
+ G. _Raguly_
+ H. _Nebuly_ (2 varieties)
+ I. _Dovetailed_
+
+Two others, less frequently met with, however, are _rayonné_ and
+_flory-counter-flory_.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 39.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 40.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 41.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 42.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 43.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 44.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 45.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 46.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 47.]
+
+THE SHIELD: ITS VARIETIES OF FORM.--The front face of an heraldic Shield
+is generally flat; but sometimes the curved edges are made to appear as
+if they had been slightly rounded off. Some early Shields are
+represented as _bowed_--hollowed, that is, in order to cover more
+closely the person of the bearer, and consequently having a convex
+external contour, as in No. 39. In early examples of bowed Shields the
+whole of the armorial blazonry is sometimes displayed on the face of
+that portion of the Shield which is shown. A _ridge_, dividing them in
+pale, but not necessarily in any way acting as an heraldic dividing
+line, appears in many Shields, and particularly in those of the
+fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The large elongated Shields that have
+been entitled “kite-shaped,” and which were in use in the days of
+RICHARD I. and amongst the Barons of Magna Charta, were superseded by
+the smaller “heater-shaped” Shield as early as the reign of HENRY III.
+The most beautiful forms of this Shield are represented in Nos. 40, 41,
+and 42: of these, No. 40 has its curves described about the sides of an
+inverted equilateral triangle, and then they are prolonged by vertical
+lines towards the chief: in Nos. 41, 42, the sides curve from the chief
+to the base. The forms of Shields admit of various slight modifications,
+to adjust them to varying conditions. Towards the close of the
+fourteenth century the form of the Shield is found to undergo some
+singular changes: and, at later periods, changes in form of this kind
+became generally prevalent. Nos. 43, 44, exemplify such changes as
+these: they also show the curved notch that was cut in the dexter chief
+of the Shields of the same periods, to permit the lance to pass through
+it as the Shield hung down on the breast: a Shield so pierced is said to
+be _à bouche_. The Surface of the Shield, No. 43, which is in the
+Episcopal palace at Exeter, is wrought into a series of shallow hollows,
+which curve gracefully from the central ridge, some to the dexter, and
+others to the sinister. Such a Shield as this may be consistently used
+in our own Heraldry: but, since now we do not associate lances laid in
+rest with our heraldic Shields, it appears desirable that we should not
+draw our Shields _à bouche_. In recent Heraldry the Shield has commonly
+been made to appear such an unsightly and un-heraldic deformity as is
+represented in No. 45. Instead of a true heraldic Shield also, a rounded
+oval with a convex surface, called a _cartouche_, or _cartouche shield_,
+No. 46, is occasionally used for the display of armorial blazonry; or a
+circle is substituted for such an oval. These cartouches probably owe
+their origin to the usage of placing a Garter of the Order about a
+Shield (prevalent in the fifteenth century), and to a subsequent period,
+when we find the omission of the exact outline of the actual Shield. But
+their frequent appearance in Ecclesiastical Heraldry suggests that
+perhaps they were deliberately preferred to the purely military shield.
+A _Lozenge_, No. 47, takes the place of a Shield to bear the arms of
+Ladies, with the exception of the Sovereign; this very inconvenient
+substitute for the heraldic Shield was introduced early in the
+fourteenth century.
+
+THE SHIELD: ITS HERALDIC TREATMENT.--When a Shield is represented as
+standing erect, it is not necessary to specify that fact, since such a
+position may be assumed for a Shield unless another be set forth in
+blazoning. Shields are sometimes made to appear suspended by the
+_guige_, or shield-belt (which was worn by Knights to sustain and secure
+their Shields to their persons); in some Seals and generally in
+architectural compositions, Shields-of-Arms appear suspended, erect,
+from their guiges; at Westminster some of the earliest Shields are thus
+suspended, with a very happy effect, from two points of suspension, the
+guige passing over sculptured heads, as in No. 48, the Arms of Provence,
+borne by ALIANORE of Provence, Queen of HENRY III.--the _shield_ is
+_gold_, and on it are blazoned _four red pallets_. In Seals, the
+suspended Shield is generally represented hanging by the sinister-chief
+angle, as in No. 49; and it hangs thus diagonally from below the helm.
+A Shield thus placed is said to be “_couché_.” This arrangement is also
+frequently adopted, when a Shield or an Achievement of arms is not
+placed upon a Seal; but in any case the position has no importance
+except as a matter of artistic treatment.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 48.--Arms of Provence, Westminster Abbey.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 49.--Shield Couché.]
+
+The entire surface of every Shield is termed the “_Field_.” The same
+term is also applied to _every plain surface_. A Shield is said to be
+“borne” by the personage to whom it belongs: and, in its turn, the
+Shield “bears” whatever figures and devices may be displayed upon it;
+whence, all these figures and devices are entitled “_Bearings_” or
+“_Armorial Bearings_.” All figures and devices are also styled
+“_Charges_”; and they are said to be “_charged_” upon a Shield, Banner,
+or Surcoat, or upon one another. In blazoning, the field of the Shield
+is always first noticed and described: next follow the charges that rest
+upon the field of the Shield itself; then descriptions are given of the
+secondary bearings that are charged upon others of greater importance.
+As a general rule, of several charges which all alike rest immediately
+upon the field of the Shield, the most important is the first to be
+blazoned; so that the arrangement of blazoning is determined by the
+comparative dignity of the bearings, as well as by the degree in which
+charges are nearer to the field and further from beholders. In some
+cases, however, a bearing charged upon the field of a Shield and many
+times repeated on a small scale, is blazoned (for the sake of simplicity
+and clearness of expression) next to the field of the Shield
+itself:--thus, if a lion be charged on the field of a Shield, and a
+considerable number of crosses surround the lion, and, like him, are
+placed on the field of the Shield also--the field of the Shield is
+blazoned first, the crosses second, and the lion third; and, if a
+crescent (or other bearing) be charged upon the lion’s shoulder, it is
+the last in the blazon. In quartered Shields the blazoning commences
+afresh with each quartering. In blazoning armorial banners and
+horse-trappings, the latter often gorgeously enriched with heraldic
+blazonry, the dexter side of a flag is always next to the staff, and the
+head of a horse is supposed always to be looking towards the dexter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION II
+
+ _The Tinctures’ Metals-- Colours-- Furs-- Varied Fields-- Law of
+ Tinctures-- Counterchanging-- Diaper-- Disposition-- Blazoning in
+ Tinctures._
+
+ “All the devices blazoned on the Shield
+ In their own tinct”
+ --ELAINE.
+
+
+In English Heraldry the TINCTURES comprise _Two Metals_, _Five Colours_,
+and _Eight Furs_. They are symbolised or indicated by dots and lines--a
+very convenient system, said to have been introduced, about the year
+1630, by an Italian named Silvestre de Petrasancta. Some such
+symbolisation, however, may occasionally be found in anticipation of
+Petrasancta. The system now in use was not generally adopted till the
+commencement of the eighteenth century. This system is never officially
+employed in a matter of record, and is now being discarded by many
+artists. The Metals, Colours, and Furs are named, their names are
+abbreviated, and they are severally indicated, as follows:--
+
+ [Illustration: No. 50.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 51.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 52.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 53.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 54.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 55.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 56.]
+
+TWO METALS.
+
+ TITLES ABBREVIATIONS SYMBOLISATION.
+
+ 1. Gold _Or_ Or No. 50.
+ 2. Silver _Argent_ Arg. No. 51.
+
+FIVE COLOURS
+
+ TITLES ABBREVIATIONS SYMBOLISATION.
+
+ 1. Blue _Azure_ _Az._ No. 52.
+ 2. Red _Gules_ _Gu._ No. 53.
+ 3. Black _Sable_ _Sa._ No. 54.
+ 4. Green _Vert_ _Vert_ No. 55.
+ 5. Purple _Purpure_ _Purp._ No. 56
+
+(In French Heraldry, _Green_ is _Sinople_.)
+
+ [Illustration: No. 57.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 58.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 59.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 60.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 61.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 62.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 63.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 64.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 65.]
+
+EIGHT FURS (not abbreviated).
+
+ TITLES
+
+ 1. _Ermine_,--black spots on white No. 57.
+ 2. _Ermines_,--white spots on black No. 58.
+ 3. _Erminois_,--black spots on gold No. 59.
+ 4. _Pean_,--gold spots on black No. 60.
+ 5. _Vair_,--alternate divisions of blue and white, Nos. 61, 62.
+ 6. _Counter Vair_ (note difference of arrangement) No. 63.
+ 7. _Potent_ (note different shape of divisions) No. 64.
+ 8. _Counter Potent_ No. 65.
+
+Two other Colours, or tints of Colour, are sometimes heard of--_Tenne_,
+a tawny or orange colour, indicated by vertical lines crossing those of
+_Purpure_: and _Murrey_ or _Sanguine_, a dark crimson red, indicated by
+diagonal lines from both dexter and sinister, crossing each other. These
+two are sometimes termed stains, but their real usage was in liveries.
+The Furs, Nos. 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, and 65, are of comparatively rare
+occurrence, and do not appear in the best ages of Heraldry. _Vair_ and
+_Ermine_ are common. A good early form of _Vair_ is shown in No. 62: and
+in No. 57A, I give a fine example of the treatment of _Ermine_, from the
+monument of EDWARD III.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 57A.]
+
+In order to avoid repeating or referring to the word “_Or_,” the word
+“_Gold_” is sometimes used. The Furs, Nos. 61, 62, 63, 64, and 65, are
+always _argent_ and _azure_, unless some other metal and colour be named
+in the blazoning. Animated beings and all objects, that in Heraldry are
+represented in their natural aspect and colouring, are blazoned
+“_proper_” abbreviated _ppr._ Heraldic charges and compositions, when
+sketched in outline with pen and ink or with pencil, and with the
+colours _written_ thereon, are said to be “_tricked_,” or “_in trick_.”
+
+VARIED FIELDS.--It is not necessary that the Field of a Shield, or of
+any Bearing, should be of any one uniform tincture: but varied surfaces
+are usually tinctured of some one metal and some one colour alternating;
+and the patterns or devices thus produced are generally derived (the
+Furs, Nos. 61-65, which are good examples of varied surfaces, being the
+exceptions) from the forms of the original simple charges that are
+distinguished as _Ordinaries_ and _Subordinaries._ And these varied
+surfaces or fields are always _flat_; the whole of their devices or
+patterns are _level_, their metal and colour lying in the same plane. It
+is evident that, in representing any examples of this class, no shading
+is to be introduced to denote relief.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 66.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 67.]
+
+Should the field of any charge be divided into a single row of small
+squares, alternately, _e.g._ of a metal and a colour, as No. 66, it is
+_Componée_ or _Compony_ (sometimes written _gobony_): if into two such
+rows, as in No. 67, it is _Counter Compony_: but, if the field of a
+Shield, or the surface of any charge be divided into three, or more than
+three, such rows, it is _Chequée_ or _Checky_; thus, the Arms of the
+Earl de WARENNE are _Chequée or and az._, No. 68 (H. 3 and E. 2).
+
+THE LAW OF TINCTURES.--Every charge is supposed to rest upon the field
+of a Shield, or on the surface of some charge. It is a strict rule, that
+a charge of a metal must rest upon a field that is of a colour or fur;
+or, contrariwise, that a charge of a colour must rest on a field that is
+of a metal or fur,--that is, that _metal be not on metal, nor colour on
+colour_. This rule is modified in the case of _varied fields_, upon
+which may be charged a bearing of either a metal or a colour: also,
+a partial relaxation of the rule is conceded when one bearing is charged
+upon another, should the conditions of any particular case require such
+a concession. This rule does not apply to bordures, nor very stringently
+to augmentations or crests, and it is not so rigidly enforced in Foreign
+as in British Heraldry. There are, of course, a few exceptions, but they
+are not numerous, the one usually instanced as an intentional violation
+being the _silver_ armorial Shield of the CRUSADER KINGS of JERUSALEM,
+No. 69, upon which _five golden crosses_ are charged; the motive in this
+remarkable exception to an established rule being said to be to cause
+this Shield to be unlike that of any other potentate. What may be termed
+the accessories of a charge are not included in this law of tinctures:
+thus, a silver lion having a red tongue may be charged on a blue shield,
+and the red tongue may rest on the blue field of the Shield.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 69.--Arms of Jerusalem.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 70.--Arms of Fenwick.]
+
+COUNTERCHANGING is dividing the field of a Shield in such a manner that
+it is, _e.g._ in part of a metal and in part of a colour, and then
+arranging the charges in such a manner that they shall be reciprocally
+of the same colour and metal: thus, the shield of John Fenwick, No. 70
+(R. 2) is,--_per-fesse gu. and arg., six martlets, three, two, one,
+counterchanged_; that is, the field is red in chief and silver in base,
+and the birds or parts of the birds on the red field are silver, and
+those on the silver field are red.
+
+DIAPERING.--This term denotes a system of decorating plain surfaces in
+various ways, which was in great favour with the early heraldic artists.
+In the use of Diaper, which is often desirable when artistic reasons
+suggest its suitability, care must be taken that the decorative designs
+and patterns do not in any way admit of their being mistaken for
+charges. This diaper may be executed in low relief, subordinated to the
+relief of the charges; and it is not required to yield any obedience to
+the law of tinctures. In the Shield, No. 68 (the original, a very noble
+shield, is at Castle Acre Priory, Norfolk), which is simply _chequée_,
+the Diapering may be alternately azure and or on the squares that are
+alternately or and azure; or the Diaper may be dark blue, or sable, or
+argent on the azure squares, and on the golden ones whatever the artist
+might consider would be most effective; but the Diaper, in this and in
+all other examples, must always be subordinate to the area and tincture
+of the field. The finest known early example of heraldic Diaper in
+enamel, is the Shield of WILLIAM DE VALENCE, Earl of PEMBROKE, in
+Westminster Abbey, A.D. 1296. Very beautiful early examples of Diapering
+have been preserved in relics of heraldic stained glass.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 68.--Shield of Arms of Earl de Warrenne,
+ Castle Acre Priory, Norfolk.]
+
+DISPOSITION: BLAZONING.--By _Disposition_ is understood the placing and
+arranging of charges. A single important charge, which has not a fixed
+position of its own, is placed in the centre of any composition: and
+minor charges are arranged in their most natural and consistent order
+and positions, any deviation from which must be specified. A single
+charge, many times repeated, and small in size, whether with or without
+any special orderly disposition, is said to be _Semée_--strewn, that is,
+or scattered over the field, as seed is sown by the hand; or, if the
+charges are very small or very numerous, the term _poudrée_ or
+_powdered_ has sometimes been used. The expression--“_three, two, one_,”
+signifies that a charge is repeated six times, the Disposition being
+three in a horizontal row towards the chief of the Shield, then two in a
+similar row in the centre, and one in base. In the same manner, the
+expressions--“_four, four, one_,” “_four, three, two, one_,” “_three and
+one_,” &c., are used as occasion may require. For other dispositions of
+charges other appropriate terms will present themselves to our notice,
+growing out of our subject as it advances.
+
+Should a _Tincture_ or a _Number_ occur a second time in blazoning a
+single composition, it must be indicated, not by repeating the word
+already used, but by reference to it. Thus, if the tincture of the field
+should occur a second time, reference is made to it in the formula--“_of
+the field_:” or, perhaps more frequently--“_of the first_;” or, if the
+tincture that is named second in order in the blazoning be repeated, it
+is indicated by the expression--“_of the second_;” and so on. Again:
+should there be three fleurs de lys and also three crescents in one and
+the same composition, having specified the “three fleurs de lys,” the
+number of the crescents would be set forth in the words--“_as many_
+crescents:” providing nothing else has in the wording of the blazon
+intervened in such a way as to cause uncertainty by the use of the term;
+and so, in like manner, with any other numbers of these or of any other
+charges.
+
+In descriptive Blazoning, Epithets, which follow their own Nouns,
+precede the Tinctures that are associated with those nouns: thus,
+a black rampant lion having golden claws is blazoned,--_a lion rampt.
+sa., armed or_. In written and printed blazoning, the arrangement of the
+words and the placing the stops are alike matters of supreme importance.
+The sentences are to be short. A comma is to mark the end of each
+complete minor clause or division of a sentence: a colon, each more
+important clause. A point or period is to follow every abbreviated word,
+to mark the fact of the abbreviation, but without affecting the
+additional presence of a comma (as in the blazoning, “_a lion rampant
+sa._,”) or of a colon, as the case may be; but a second period is
+unnecessary. It is a very common error to overload heraldic blazoning
+with commas which, instead of aiding to simplify the sentences, obscure
+the meaning and perplex the reader. It is always correct to
+write--“_three lion’s heads_,” “_six pilgrim’s staves_,” &c.: and always
+incorrect to write--“_three lions’ heads_,” “_six pilgrims’ staves_,”
+&c.; but it is a point printers have an apparently invincible objection
+to accept.
+
+EMBLAZONING IN TINCTURES.--On this head I must be content to offer to
+students only a few brief practical observations. The metal _Gold_ may
+be rendered with gold prepared in small saucers, or (most
+advantageously) in minute slabs; this preparation is applied, like a
+common water-colour, by moistening the gold with water; and it is
+desirable previously to have washed the paper, card (or vellum) with
+diluted white of egg. Gold leaf may also be used, but the process is
+tedious, and requires both skill and experience to ensure complete
+success. Yellow paint, again, may be used to represent the metal, the
+best colours being _cadmium yellow_, or “_aureolin_” (Winsor and Newton)
+mixed with _Chinese white_. For shading, _carmine_, or _crimson lake_,
+mixed with gum. For _Silver_, _aluminium_ may be used with excellent
+effect; or _Chinese white_; or the paper may be left white: for shading,
+_grey_ (_blue_ and _Indian ink_ mixed) and gum. The Aluminium is
+prepared, like the gold, in minute slabs: it may be obtained, of great
+excellence, from Messrs. Winsor & Newton, by whom also a very pure
+preparation of gold is sold; but both the gold and the aluminium slabs
+are sold by all good artists’ colourmen. These Metals may be diapered,
+as well as burnished, with an agate-burnisher.
+
+For _Azure_:--_French blue_, freely mixed with _Chinese white_ and a
+very little gum, the colour to be laid on thick: shade with _Prussian
+blue_ mixed with a larger proportion of gum. For _Gules_:--_Orange
+vermilion_ either pure, or mixed with a very little _cadmium yellow_ or
+_Chinese white_, and still less gum: (never use a brilliant but most
+treacherous preparation known as “pure scarlet:”) shade with _carmine_
+or _crimson lake_, and gum. For _Vert_:--_emerald green_, with _Chinese
+white_ and a little gum: shade with dark green, made from mixing
+_aureolin_ (or _gamboge_) with _Prussian blue_ and gum. For
+_Purpure_:--mix _carmine_ and _French blue_, with a little gum: shade
+with a darker tint of the same. For _Sable_:--Very dark _grey_, made by
+mixing a little _Chinese white_ and gum with black: shade with black and
+more gum.
+
+When the Metals are rendered by gold and aluminium, it is desirable that
+these tinctures should be applied, and that the diapering and burnishing
+of the Metals should also be completed with the burnisher, before the
+adjoining colours are laid on. The burnishing may be executed in two or
+three hours after the Metals have been applied to the paper; and the
+paper should be placed upon a piece of glass during the processes of
+burnishing and diapering.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION III
+
+ _The Ordinaries:-- The Chief; Fesse; Bar; Pale; Cross, its heraldic
+ varieties; Bend; Saltire; Chevron; and Pile._
+
+ “Marks of Hereditary Honour, given or authorised by some supreme
+ Power.”
+ --SCIENCE OF HERALDRY.
+
+
+THE ORDINARIES.--The simple Charges of early Heraldry, which always have
+been held in the highest esteem and which are most familiar, are:--The
+_Chief_, the _Fesse_, the _Bar_, the _Pale_, the _Cross_, the _Bend_,
+the _Saltire_, the _Chevron_, and the _Pile_. They may be considered to
+have been derived from various means that were adopted to strengthen
+Shields for use in combat, the _Cross_ always being in great favour from
+having a definite symbolism of its own. These Ordinaries may be formed
+by any of the Border Lines, No. 38. Occasionally they are borne alone;
+but more generally they are associated with other bearings, or they have
+various figures and devices charged upon themselves. In some cases,
+presently to be specified, more than one Ordinary may appear in a single
+composition. The _Bar_, the _Pale_, the _Bend_, and the _Chevron_ have
+_Diminutives_. The _Cross_ has many _Varieties_.
+
+THE CHIEF (H. 3), bounded by a horizontal line, contains the uppermost
+third (or, in practice, somewhat less than the third, of the field of a
+Shield, as in No. 71. The Shield of LE BOTILER, No. 72, is--_Or, a chief
+indented az._ (H. 3). A Chief may be borne with any other Ordinary
+except the Fesse; it may also be charged with any other figures or
+devices:--thus, for Sire BERNARD DE BRUS, No. 73,--_Az., a chief and a
+saltire or_: for Sire JOHAN DE CLINTONE, No. 74,--_Arg., on a chief az.
+two fleurs de lys or_: and for Sire JOHAN DE CLINTONE de Madestoke, No.
+75,--_Arg., on a chief az. two mullets or_ (all E. 2). When any charge
+is set in the uppermost third of a Shield, or when several charges are
+disposed in a horizontal row across the uppermost part of a Shield, they
+all are said to be “_in Chief_.”
+
+ [Illustration: No. 71.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 72.--Le Botiler.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 73.--De Brus.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 74.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 75.--De Clintone.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 76.--De Clifford]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 77.--De Pateshulle.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 78.--Le Vavasour.]
+
+THE FESSE (H. 3), which crosses the centre of a Shield horizontally,
+when charged occupies about one-third (or rather less than one-third) of
+the field; but when without charges, it is usually drawn somewhat
+narrower. The Shield of Lord CLIFFORD is,--_Chequée or and az., a fesse
+gu._, No. 76. For ROBT. LE FITZ-WATER,--_Or, a fesse between two
+chevrons gu._: for JOHN DE PATESHULLE, No. 77,--_Arg., a fesse sa.,
+between three crescents gu._ (all H.3): for WILLIAM LE VAVASOUR, No.
+78,--_Or, a fesse dancette sa._: for DE HEMENHALE, No. 79,--_Or, on a
+fesse between two chevrons gu., three escallops arg._: and for DE
+DAGEWORTHE, No. 80,--_Erm., a fesse gu. bezantée_ (all E. 2). When they
+are disposed in a horizontal row across the centre of a Shield, Charges
+are “_in fesse_.”
+
+ [Illustration: No. 79.--De Hemenhale.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 80.--De Dageworthe.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 81.--De Harecourt.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 82.--Wake.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 83.--De Huntercumbe.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 84.--De la Mere.]
+
+THE BAR (H. 3), which may be placed horizontally in any part of the
+field except in fesse or at the chief of the Shield, is about one-fifth
+of the field (or sometimes less) in depth. A single bar very rarely
+occurs in blazon. Examples:--_Or, two bars gu._,--for DE HARECOURT, No.
+81: _Az., two bars dancettée or_,--for DE RIVERES: _Or, two bars gu., in
+chief three torteaux_,--for WAKE, No. 82. The Diminutive of the Bar is
+the _Barrulet_, one-half of its width. When they are disposed in
+couples, Barrulets are _Bars Gemelles_, these not being so deep as the
+barrulet: thus, No. 83,--for DE HUNTERCUMBE,--_Erm., two bars gemelles
+gu._ (H. 3). A Fesse or Bar, when placed between two similar figures
+narrower than barrulets, is said to be _cotised_ by them; or, to be
+“doubly cotised,” when placed between two bars gemelles: thus, for DE LA
+MERE, No. 84,--_Or, a fesse doubly cotised_ (or, _between two bars
+gemelles_) _az._ (E. 2). An _even_ number of bars alternately of a metal
+(or a fur) and a colour form the varied field which is to be blazoned
+“_barry_,” the number of the bars in every case to be specified--as,
+“_barry of six_,” “_barry of eight_,” &c. If the number of bars exceeds
+_eight_ (some writers say _ten_), it is “_barrulée_” or “_barruly_”; and
+in this case it is not necessary that the number of the bars should be
+specified, the word _barrulée_ being used alone, or the expression
+“_barrulée sans nombre_” to denote a considerable number, but not a
+fixed number of bars--the number, however, always to be _even_. But this
+is a modern refinement of blazon to which little if any attention was
+paid in early days. It is to be observed that while the bars, whatever
+their number, if they are blazoned as bars, are to be treated as if they
+were executed in relief upon the field of a Shield, a Shield that is
+barry or barrulée has its field formed by bars which are all in the same
+plane. Examples:--_Barry of six or and gu._, for FITZ ALAN of Bedale,
+No. 85: _Barry of six arg. and az._, for DE GREY: _Barry of eight or and
+az._,--for DE PENBRUGGE (all H. 3): _Barrulée arg. and az., an orle of
+martlets gu._,--for DE VALENCE, Earl of PEMBROKE, No. 86; in this
+example _ten_ bars are represented, but in the noble enamelled shield of
+the first De Valence (A.D. 1296) preserved in Westminster Abbey, the
+bars are _twenty-eight_ in number. Charges, not “in fesse” or “in
+chief,” that are disposed horizontally across the field are
+“_bar-wise_.”
+
+ [Illustration: No. 85.--Fitzalan of Bedale.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 86.--De Valence.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 87.--Erskine.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 88.--Grandison.]
+
+THE PALE.--Like the Fesse, this Ordinary occupies rather less than a
+central third of the field, but it is _vertical_ in its position instead
+of horizontal. No. 87, for ERSKINE, is--_Arg., a pale sa._ Its
+Diminutives, the _Pallet_ and the _Endorse_, severally one-half and
+one-fourth of its width, may be placed vertically in any part of the
+field. A Pale between two Endorses is “_endorsed_” but the term
+_cotised_ is also employed with this meaning. An _even_ number of
+Pallets of a metal (or a fur) and a colour set alternately, form the
+varied field to be blazoned “_paly_,” the number of the Pallets (which
+lie all in the same plane) always to be specified: thus--_Paly of six
+arg. and az., on a bend gu. three eaglets displayed or_, for GRANDISON,
+No. 88 (H. 3) Charges that are disposed one above another in a vertical
+row are “in pale.” This is the arrangement of the three golden lions of
+England.
+
+The CROSS (H. 3), formed from a combination of a Fesse with a Pale, in
+its simplest form is set erect in the centre of the field, and it
+extends to the border-lines of the Shield. If at any time it may be
+necessary or apparently desirable specially to set forth in the
+blazoning of a Shield, that a Cross charged upon it does thus extend to
+the border-lines, such a Cross is blazoned as a “_Cross throughout_.”
+No. 1, _Arg., a Cross gu._, the armorial ensign of ST. GEORGE, the
+special Patron Saint of England, may be blazoned as “_A Cross of St.
+George_.” Of this Cross, the great symbol of the Christian Faith,
+Spenser says--
+
+ “And on his brest a bloodie Cross he bore,
+ The deare remembrance of his dying Lord....
+ Upon his Shield the like was also scored.”
+
+ _Faerie Queen_, I. i. 2.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 89.--Cross fimbriated.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 90.--Cross pointed.]
+
+A Cross having a narrow border lying in the same plane with itself, is
+“fimbriated,” such a border being a “_fimbriation_”: thus, No. 89, _Az.,
+a cross gu., fimbriated arg._, represents the Cross of St. George in our
+National “Union Jack.” A Cross having its four extremities cut off
+square, so that it does not extend in any direction to the border-lines
+of the shield, is “_couped_” or “_humettée_”. If the extremities of a
+Cross are cut off to points, it is “_pointed_,” as in No. 90. If its
+central area is entirely removed, so that but little more than its
+outlines remain, it is “_voided_,” or (H. 3) “_a false Cross_” (“faux
+croix”): when its four limbs are _equal_ in length, it is a “_Greek
+Cross_,” as No. 91: when the limbs are _unequal_, the lower limb or
+shaft being longer than the other three, as in No. 92, it is a “_Latin
+Cross_” or a “long cross”: but neither of these two last terms are used
+regarding the plain cross throughout, notwithstanding that differences
+in the shape of the shield may materially alter the proportion of the
+limbs. If a cross be formed of a shaft and two horizontal limbs only
+(like the letter T), as in No. 93, it is a “_Tau Cross_,” or “_Cross
+Tau_”: if it is pierced at the intersection of the limbs, and the entire
+central area be voided, it is said to be “_pierced quarterly_.” A Latin
+Cross on steps, is “_on Degrees_,” and it is distinguished as a “Calvary
+Cross.” Charges having a cruciform arrangement are “_in Cross_.”
+
+ [Illustration: No. 91.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 92.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 93.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 94.--Quadrate.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 95.--Patriarchal.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 96.--Fourchée.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 97.--Cross Moline: Arms of De Molines.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 98.--Cross Recercelée: Arms of Bishop Anthony Bec.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 99.--Cross Patonce: Arms of William de Vesci.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 100.--Fleurie.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 101.--Fleurettée.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 102.--Pommée.]
+
+The CROSS:--its HERALDIC VARIETIES. The Cross-symbol appears in English
+Heraldry under very many varieties and modifications of form and
+condition, some of them of great beauty. The following engraved
+representations of the various examples are so explicit, that
+descriptions of them are unnecessary. The Cross _Quadrate_, No. 94. The
+Cross _Patriarchal_, No. 95. The Cross _Fourchée_, No. 96. The Cross
+_Moline_, represented charged upon the Shield attributed to the SAXON
+KINGS OF ENGLAND, No. 23: this same shield--_Az., a Cross moline or_, is
+borne by DE MOLINES or MOLYNEUX, No. 97. The Cross _Cercelée_ or
+_Recercelée_ (H. 3),--_Gu., a Cross recercelée erm._, No. 98, for
+ANTHONY BEC, Bishop of DURHAM. The Cross _Patonce_ (H. 3),--_Gu.,
+a Cross patonce arg._, No. 99, from the Seal of WM. DE VESCI, A.D. 1220.
+The Cross _Fleury_, No. 100, should be compared carefully with Nos. 97
+and 99, the Crosses _Moline_ and _Patonce_. The Cross _Fleurettée_, No.
+101. The Cross _Pommée_, No. 102. The Cross _Botonée_ or _Treflée_, No.
+103. The Cross _Crosslet_, or _Crosslet crossed_, No. 104. The term
+“_Crosslet_” is strictly applicable to any Cross on a very small scale:
+but it is usually applied to denote a Cross that is crossed as in No.
+104. Small Crosses Botonée are occasionally used as these
+“Crosses-Crosslets,”--as at Warwick in the arms of the BEAUCHAMPS, the
+Earls of WARWICK. Crosslets are frequently blazoned _semée_ over the
+field of a Shield, in which case the special term _crusilly_ is often
+used; and, in smaller numbers, they also are favourite Charges. No. 105
+is the Cross _Clechée_ or _Urdée_.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 103.--Botonée.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 104.--Crosslet.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 105.--Clechée.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 106.--Patée.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 107.--Maltese.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 108.--Potent.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 109.--Avellane.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 110.--Botonée Fitchée.]
+
+The Cross _Patée_ or _Formée_ is represented in No. 106. No. 107 is the
+“_Cross of eight Points_,” or the _Maltese_ Cross: this example is drawn
+from the portrait of PHILLIPPE DE VILLIERS DE L’ISLE-ADAM, elected
+forty-third Grand Master of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, A.D.
+1521; this picture is in the possession of the Earl of Clarendon, K.G.
+The Cross _Potent_, No. 108. The Cross _Avellane_, No. 109. The
+_Crossed-Crosslet_, and the Crosses _Patée_, _Botonée_, and _Potent_,
+are also drawn having their shaft elongated and _pointed at the base_:
+in this form they are severally blazoned as a “_Crossed-Crosslet
+Fitchée_” (or _fitched_), a “_Cross Patée Fitchée_,” &c.,--a Cross, that
+is, “_fixable_” in the ground; No. 110 is an example of a Cross _Botonée
+Fitchée_. Several of these varieties of the heraldic Cross occur but
+rarely; and there are other somewhat fanciful varieties so little in
+use, as to render any description of them unnecessary. The student of
+mediæval monumental antiquities will not fail to observe a certain
+degree of resemblance between some of the Crosses of Heraldry, and those
+that are incised and sculptured on sepulchral slabs.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 111.--Le Scrope.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 112.--De Radclyffe.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 113.--Le Boteler.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 114.--Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 115.--Sir Gilbert de Bohun.]
+
+The BEND (H. 3) resembles both the Fesse and the Pale in every
+condition, except that it crosses the field _diagonally_ from the dexter
+chief to the sinister base. No. 111, the Shield of SCROPE, is--_Az.,
+a bend or_. A celebrated contest for the right to bear this simple
+Shield took place, A.D. 1385-1390, between Sir RICHARD LE SCROPE and Sir
+ROBERT GROSVENOR, which was decided in favour of the former. No. 112,
+for RADCLYFFE, is--_Arg., a bend engrailed sa._ Two uncharged Bends may
+appear in one composition: thus, for LE BOTELER--_Arg., two bends az._,
+No. 113; and for FRERE--_Gu., two bends or_ (both H. 3). The Diminutives
+of the Bend are the _Bendlet_ and the _Cotise_, the one containing
+one-half and the other one-fourth of its area. A Cotise is sometimes
+borne singly, when it is a _Riband_. A bendlet _couped_ is a baton.
+A Bend between two Cotises is _cotised_: thus, No. 114, for DE
+BOHUN,--_Az., a Bend arg., cotised or, between six lioncels rampt.
+gold_; this Shield is engraved from the Seal of HUMPHREY DE BOHUN,
+fourth Earl of HEREFORD (A.D. 1298-1322); in it the cotised Bend is very
+narrow, evidently to give more space for the lioncels. Charges displayed
+on a Bend _slope with it_--that is, they would be erect, were the Bend
+to be set vertically and to become a Pale: thus, another DE BOHUN, Sir
+Gilbert (H. 3), distinguishes his Shield by tincturing his Bend _or_,
+and charging upon it _three escallops gules_, as in No. 115. In No. 88,
+the eaglets also exemplify the disposition of charges upon a Bend.
+Charges set diagonally on the field of a Shield, in the position in
+which a bend would occupy, are said to be “_in bend_” and are arranged
+in the same manner: but it would be quite possible to have three or more
+charges each disposed bendwise; but yet, nevertheless, when taken
+together occupying the position of a fesse and therefore described also
+as in fesse. This distinction between charges bendwise (or bendways) and
+charges in bend should be carefully noted. A field divided into an
+_even_ number of parts by lines drawn _bendwise_, is “_bendy_,” the
+number of the divisions to be specified: as a matter of course, a field
+thus “bendy” becomes a “varied field,” in which all the divisions lie in
+the same plane: thus, No. 116, for DE MONTFORD (H. 3 and E. 2)--_Bendy
+of ten or and az._ Bendlets are in relief, as in No. 117, for DE
+BRAY--_Vairée, three Bendlets gu._ If a field be divided by lines drawn
+bendwise, and also by others drawn either vertically or horizontally, it
+is “_paly bendy_,” as No. 118, or “_barry bendy_,” as No. 119. These two
+forms, which, however, are very rarely met with, should be carefully
+distinguished from a field lozengy. A Bend issuing from the sinister
+chief is a _Bend Sinister_.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 116.--De Montford.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 117.--De Bray.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 118.--Paly Bendy.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 119.--Barry Bendy.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 120.--St. Andrew.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 122.--De Neville.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 121.--De Neville.]
+
+The SALTIRE (H. 3), a combination of a Bend with a Bend Sinister, may
+also be regarded as a _Diagonal Cross_. Thus, the Crosses of St. ANDREW
+of SCOTLAND, and of St. PATRICK of IRELAND are Saltires--the former, No.
+120--_Az., a Saltire arg._: the latter--_Arg., a Saltire gu._ The arms
+of the great family of NEVILLE reverse those of St. PATRICK, and
+are--_Gu., a Saltire arg._, No. 121: so Drayton has recorded that
+
+ “Upon his surcoat valiant NEVILLE bore
+ A silver Saltire upon martial red.”
+ _Barons’ War_, i. 22.
+
+Charges set on a Saltire _slope with its limbs_ (all, however, pointing
+to the chief), _the central charge being erect_; and the disposition of
+charges set “_in saltire_” is the same: a single charge set on a Saltire
+is blazoned erect on the central point of the Ordinary, as in No. 122,
+another Shield of NEVILLE, in which the “Silver Saltire” is charged with
+a _rose gules_. A Saltire may be borne with a Chief, as in No. 73.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 123.--De Stafford.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 124.--Shield of De Clare.]
+
+The CHEVRON (H. 3), in form and proportions is rather more than the
+lower half of a Saltire. The Diminutive is a _Chevronel_, containing
+half a Chevron, or perhaps less: thus, for DE STAFFORD (E. 2),--_Or,
+a Chevron gu._, No. 123: for the great family of DE CLARE, from whom so
+many other families derived their Chevrons and Chevronels--_Or, three
+Chevronels gules_, No. 124 (H. 3). Two Chevrons may be borne in one
+composition: or they may appear with a Fesse, as in No. 79: or with a
+Chief, as (H. 3), for DE CROMBE--_Erm., a Chevron gu., and on a Chief of
+the last three escallops or_; for ST. QUINTIN (H. 3)--_Or, three
+Chevronels gu., a Chief vair_. A field _Chevronée_ is of rare
+occurrence: the three Chevronels of DE CLARE, however, No. 124, appear
+to have been derived from a field _Chevronée_: certainly, on his seal,
+“Strongbow” has the Chevronée Shield, No. 125, about A.D. 1175. Charges
+set on a Chevron, or disposed “_in Chevron_,” are always placed erect.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 125.--Early shield of De Clare.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 126.--De Chandos.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 127.--De Brian.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 128.--De Bassett.]
+
+The PILE (H. 3), resembling a wedge in form, is borne both single and in
+small groups. Unless some other disposition on the field be specified,
+this Ordinary issues from the chief of the Shield. Examples: _Or, a Pile
+gu., between six and charged with three estoiles_ (or _mullets_)
+_counter-changed_,--for ROBERT DE CHANDOS, No. 126: _Or, three Piles
+az._, No. 127,--for Sir GUY DE BRIAN; _Or, three Piles gu., a canton
+erm._, No. 128,--for DE BASSETT (all H. 3): and (E. 2), _Arg., a Pile
+engrailed sa._--for Sir ROB. DE FORNEUS. In early emblazonments three
+piles appear almost uniformly to be depicted with the points converging.
+But a distinction is now made, and when the piles are intended to
+converge, as in No. 128, they are termed “_in point_.”
+
+The probable structural origin of these Ordinaries is sufficiently
+apparent to render any further comment on that interesting circumstance
+superfluous.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION IV
+
+ _The Subordinaries:-- The Canton or Quarter: The Inescutcheon: The
+ Orle: The Tressure: The Bordure: Flanches: The Lozenge, Mascle, and
+ Rustre: The Fusil: The Billet: The Gyron: The Frette-- The Roundles._
+
+ “The second in a line of stars.”
+ --IDYLLS OF THE KING.
+
+
+THE SUBORDINARIES. This title has been assigned, but without any
+decisive authority, to another group of devices, second in rank to the
+Ordinaries. Very few writers agree as to which are ordinaries and which
+subordinaries; nor does there seem any reason why any distinction
+between them should exist. Nor, indeed, save that all are exclusively
+heraldic, why some of them should be regarded as anything more than
+ordinary charges. These Subordinaries are the _Canton_, the _Quarter_,
+the _Inescutcheon_, the _Orle_, the _Tressure_, the _Bordure_,
+_Flanches_, the _Lozenge_, _Mascle_ and _Rustre_, the _Fusil_, the
+_Billet_, the _Gyron_, and the _Frette_. The Canton, by the early
+Heralds commonly styled the “Quarter,” sometimes has been grouped with
+the Ordinaries. And it must here be observed that the Lozenge, Fusil,
+Billet, Gyron, and Frette were not used as single charges by the early
+Heralds; but by them the fields of Shields were divided _lozengy_ and
+_gyronny_, or they were _semée of Billets_, or covered over with
+_Frette_-work, from which the single charges evidently were afterwards
+obtained.
+
+The CANTON (H. 3), sometimes blazoned as a QUARTER, cut off by two
+lines, the one drawn in pale and the other bar-wise, or in fesse, is
+either the first quarter of the field of a Shield, or about
+three-fourths of that quarter, but smaller if not charged. The confusion
+between the canton and the quarter is due to the fact that ancient arms
+in which the charge is now, and has been for centuries past, stereotyped
+as a canton and drawn to occupy one-ninth of the Shield, were uniformly
+drawn and blazoned in early times with the charge as a quarter. But
+there is a marked distinction now made between the canton and the
+quarter. A _Canton ermine_ is of frequent occurrence, as in No. 128; but
+it is generally borne charged, and it always overlies the charges of the
+field of the Shield, as No. 129, for DE KYRKEBY (R. 2)--_Arg., two bars
+gu.; on a canton of the last a cross moline or_; and, for BLUNDELL
+(H. 3)--_Az., billettée, on a canton or a raven ppr._, No. 130.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 129.--De Kyrkeby.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 130.--Blundell.]
+
+The INESCUTCHEON (H. 3) is a Shield borne as a charge, and superimposed
+upon another Shield larger than itself. When one Inescutcheon is borne,
+it is usually placed on the fesse-point; but several Inescutcheons may
+appear in one composition. The well-known Shield of the MORTIMERS
+supplies a good example, No. 131 (H. 3)--_Barry of six or and az., an
+inescutcheon arg.; on a chief gold, gyroned of the second, two pallets
+of the same_: for DARCY--_Arg., an inescutcheon sa., within an orle of
+roses gu._, No. 132 (E. 2): _Arg., three inescutcheons gu._, for DE
+WYLLERS (E. 2), No. 133. This is also the well-known Scottish coat of
+Hay.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 132.--Darcy.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 131.--De Mortimer.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 133.--De Wyllers.]
+
+The ORLE (H. 3), blazoned by early Heralds as a “_false escutcheon_”
+(“_faux escocheon_”), or as an “_inescutcheon voided_,” is the border of
+a Shield or Escutcheon--a Shield, that is, voided of the central area of
+its field, and, like an Inescutcheon, charged on a Shield. The arms of
+BALLIOL, No. 134, are--_Gu., an Orle arg._ (H. 3). These arms are
+blazoned on many Scottish Seals of the greatest interest, and on the
+Seals of Balliol College, Oxford. Small charges are frequently disposed
+about the border of a Shield “_in Orle_,” as in Nos. 86 and 132.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 134.--De Balliol.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 135.--Single Tressure Flory.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 137.--Double Tressure flory counterflory.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 136.--Single Tressure flory counterflory.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 138.--Scotland.]
+
+The TRESSURE (H. 3) may be regarded as a variety of the Orle; indeed, in
+its simplest form it is a very narrow Orle, which is generally set round
+with fleurs de lys. A Tressure thus enriched is represented in No. 135:
+in this example all the heads of the fleurs de lys point externally, and
+all their stalks internally, and this accordingly is blazoned as a
+“_Tressure flory_.” In No. 136, which, like No. 135, is a single
+Tressure, the fleurs de lys are so disposed that the heads and stalks of
+the flowers point alternately in contrary directions: this is blazoned
+as a “_Tressure flory counterflory_.” From this last example the
+Tressure that is so well known in the blazonry of the Royal Shield of
+SCOTLAND differs, in being “_double_.” This, the double Tressure of
+Scotland, is a combination of two such single Tressures as No. 136, and
+it is produced from them in the manner following:--From one such single
+Tressure, as No. 136, all the alternate heads and stalks of the fleurs
+de lys that point internally are cut away and removed; then a second
+similar Tressure, of rather smaller size, is denuded of all its external
+adornment, and in that condition it is placed within the former
+Tressure, leaving a narrow interval between the two. Each component half
+of this “double Tressure flory counterflory,” accordingly, has its own
+independent series of demi-fleurs de lys, the stalks and heads of the
+flowers alternating, and the one alternate series pointing externally,
+while the other points internally. When in combination, these two series
+of demi-fleurs de lys must be so arranged that the heads of the flowers
+in one series correspond with their stalks in the other, as in No. 137.
+I am thus particular in describing the process of producing the Royal
+Tressure, because it is frequently to be seen incorrectly drawn. No.
+138, the Royal Shield of SCOTLAND, now displayed in the second quarter
+of the Royal Arms of the UNITED KINGDOM, is thus blazoned--_Or, a lion
+rampt. within a double Tressure flory counterflory, gu._ It will be
+observed that a narrow strip of the golden field of this Shield
+intervenes between the two Tressures. There are many fine examples of
+this Shield in Scottish Seals; in the Garter-plate, also, of JAMES V. of
+Scotland, K.G., at Windsor; and on the Monuments in Westminster Abbey to
+MARY Queen of SCOTS (A.D. 1604), and to the Countess of LENNOX, the
+mother of Lord DARNLEY (A.D. 1577). Mr. Seton (“Scottish Heraldry,” p.
+447) states that the Tressure may be borne “triple”; and, after
+specifying the Scottish families upon whose Shields the same honourable
+bearing is blazoned, he adds:--“In the coat of the Marquess of HUNTLY,
+the Tressure is flowered with fleurs de lys within, and adorned with
+_crescents_ without; while in that of the Earl of ABERDEEN it is
+flowered and counter-flowered with _thistles_, _roses_, and fleurs de
+lys alternately.”
+
+ [Illustration: No. 139.--De Waltone.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 140.--Richard, Earl of Cornwall.]
+
+The BORDURE (H. 3), as its name implies, forms a border to a Shield: it
+is borne both plain and charged. Thus, for DE WALTONE (E. 2)--_Arg.,
+a cross patée sa., within a Bordure indented gu._, No. 139: for RICHARD,
+Earl of CORNWALL, second son of King JOHN (H. 3),--_Arg., a lion rampt.
+gu., crowned or, within a Bordure sa. bezantée_, No. 140. The Bordure,
+and its important services in Heraldry, will be more fully considered
+hereafter. (See Chapters XII. and XIII.)
+
+FLANCHES are always borne in pairs; but they are not of very early date,
+nor do they often appear in blazon. _Flanches_ are formed by two curved
+lines issuing from the chief, one on each side of the Shield: they are
+shown, shaded for azure, in No. 141; and in No. 142 are their
+Diminutives, _Flasques_ or _Voiders_, shaded for gules. But these
+diminutives are hardly ever met with. There is a close resemblance
+between these charges and a peculiar dress worn by Ladies of rank in the
+fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; but it is not easy to determine
+whether the dress suggested the Flanches on the Shield, or was derived
+from them. One thing, however, is certain--the dress must have possessed
+very decided good qualities, since it continued in favour for more than
+two centuries. It is remarkable that many of the ancient Greek Shields
+have pierced Flanches.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 141.--Flanches.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 142.--Flasques.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 143.--Mascle.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 144.--Rustre.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 145.--De Burgh, Earl of Kent.]
+
+The LOZENGE (E. 2), MASCLE (H. 3), and RUSTRE. The _Lozenge_ is a
+diamond-shaped figure, or a parallelogram set diagonally. The _Mascle_
+is a _Lozenge voided of the field_, No. 143; and the _Rustre_, No. 144,
+is a _Lozenge pierced with a circular opening_. In the early days of
+Heraldry the Lozenge and the Mascle were evidently held to be identical.
+The Shield of the famous HUBERT DE BURGH, Earl of KENT, in the early
+Rolls is blazoned as “_masculée_”: but his Seal proves it to have been,
+as in No. 145, _lozengy vair and gu._ The Lozenge, it will be
+remembered, is always set erect upon the field of a Shield.
+
+The FUSIL is an _elongated Lozenge_. The Arms of MONTACUTE or MONTAGU
+(see No. 20) are--_Arg., three Fusils conjoined in fesse gu._, No. 20:
+the Arms of PERCY are--_Az., five fusils conjoined in fesse or._
+
+ [Illustration: No. 20.--Montacute.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 146.--Deincourt.]
+
+The BILLET (H. 3) is a small elongated rectangular figure. Thus, for
+DEINCOURT, No. 146--_Az., billettée, a fesse dancette or._ The early
+Heralds blazoned a “Fesse Dancette” as simply a “_Dancette_” or
+“_Danse_.” See also No. 130.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 147.--Campbell.]
+
+The GYRON, a triangular figure, not known in English blazon as a
+separate charge (except perhaps in the one case of the arms of
+Mortimer), gives its title to the _gyronny field_, which is more
+commonly found in the Heraldry of the North than of the South. The field
+gyronny generally, and more particularly in Scotland, is divided into
+_eight pieces_: but the divisions are sometimes six, ten, twelve, or
+even sixteen in number. A Roll of the time of HENRY III. has, for WARIN
+DE BASINGBORNE--“_Gerony d’or et d’azur_.” The Arms of CAMPBELL
+are--_Gyronny or and sa._, No. 147.[3] Here, where there are eight
+pieces of divisions, it is not necessary to specify the number; but if
+they were either more or less than eight the blazon would be--_gyronny
+of six, of ten, &c._
+
+ [Footnote 3: In the illustration the colours are unfortunately
+ reversed.]
+
+The FRETTE, in more recent Heraldry, has generally superseded the
+original _field fretty_. This interlaced design, whether borne as a
+distinct figure, as No. 148, or repeated over the field of a Shield, as
+in No. 149, differs from a field lozengy or gyronny, in being a bearing
+charged _upon_ the field of a Shield, and not a form of varied surface:
+No. 149, for DE ETCHINGHAM (E. 2), is--_Az., fretty arg._ An early
+variety or modification of Frette is the _Trellis_ or _Treille_, in
+which the pieces do not interlace, but all those in bend lie over all
+those in bend sinister, and they are fastened at the crossings with
+nails--“_clouée_,” as in No. 150. RICHARD DE TRUSSELL or TRESSELL (H. 3)
+bears--_Arg., a trellis gu., clouée or_.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 148.--A Frette.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 149.--De Etchingham.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 150.--Trellis Clouée.]
+
+The ROUNDLES, or ROUNDLETS. These simple figures, in constant use in
+every age of Heraldry, are divided into two groups, which correspond
+with the division of the Tinctures into “Metals” and “Colours.”
+
+The first group contains the two Roundles of the _Metals_, which are
+_flat discs_: 1, The _Bezant_, or golden Roundle, No. 151, which has
+apparently derived its name from the Byzantine coins with which the
+Crusaders, when in the East, would have been familiar. 2, The Silver
+Roundle, or _Plate_, is from the Spanish “Plata”--_silver_. When Bezants
+or Plates appear in considerable numbers, the field on which they are
+charged is said to be “_bezantée_” or “_platée_.” See No. 140.
+
+The second group contains the five Roundles of the _Colours_, which are
+_globular_, and are usually shaded accordingly. The _Torteau_, No. 152,
+in the plural _Torteaux_, is gules: the _Hurt_ is azure: the _Pellet_ or
+_Ogress_ is sable: the _Pomme_ is vert: and the _Golpe_ is purpure.
+These distinctive titles, which are more calculated to perplex the
+student than to simplify his study, are of comparatively recent origin,
+the early Heralds having used the terms “_Bezant_,” “_Plate_,” and
+“_Torteau_,” with the general designations “_Roundle_” and “_Pellet_,”
+adding the tinctures for the others. Examples:--_Az., bezantée_, for WM.
+DE LA ZOUCHE: _Or, on a fesse gu. three plates_, for ROGER DE
+HUNTINGFIELD: _Arg., ten torteaux, four, three, two, one_, for ALEX.
+GIFFARD (all H. 3). See also Nos. 80, 82.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 151.--Bezant.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 152.--Torteau.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 153.--Fountain.]
+
+A circular figure or Roundle that is _barry wavy arg. and az._, is
+blazoned as a “_Fountain_,” No. 153. Examples:--_Arg., three fountains_,
+for WELLES: _Arg., a Chevron sable between three fountains_, borne by a
+family named _Sykes_, their name being an ancient term signifying a well
+or fountain. An _Annulet_, or a plain ring, No. 154, was sometimes
+blazoned as a “_false Roundle_”--a Roundle, that is, pierced, and having
+its central area removed.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 154.--Annulet.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION V
+
+ _Miscellaneous Charges:-- Human Beings-- Animals-- Birds-- Fish--
+ Reptiles and Insects-- Imaginary Beings-- Natural Objects-- Various
+ Artificial Figures and Devices-- Appropriate Descriptive Epithets._
+
+ “The Formes of pure celestiall bodies mixt with grosse terrestrials;
+ earthly animals with watery; sauage beasts with tame; fowles of prey
+ with home-bred; these again with riuer fowles; reptiles with things
+ gressible; aery insecta with earthly; also things naturall with
+ artificiall.”
+ --GUILLIM’S “Display of Heraldry,” A.D. 1611.
+
+
+Thus, in his own quaint fashion, the enthusiastic old Herald of the
+seventeenth century indicates the number and variety of the Charges,
+which in process of time had been introduced into Armory even before his
+era. In earlier days the Charges of Heraldry were much less varied,
+comparatively few in their numbers, and generally of a simple character.
+It will readily be understood, however, that fresh figures and devices
+would continually appear in blazon; and also that these, in their turn,
+would lead the way for the introduction of further varieties and new
+modifications.
+
+Human Beings are of very rare occurrence, except as Supporters. Parts of
+the human frame constantly appear, but they are more generally borne as
+Crests upon helms than as charges on shields. “Moor’s heads” or
+“Saracen’s heads” appear in some coats, with arms, hands and legs: and a
+human heart is well known as a charge in the coat of the famous house of
+DOUGLAS, where it was placed to commemorate the duty entrusted by ROBERT
+BRUCE to the “good Sir JAMES DOUGLAS,” that he should bear with him the
+heart of his Sovereign and friend to the Holy Land, and bury it there.
+Sir James fell, fighting with the Moors of Spain, A.D. 1330. This Shield
+of Douglas is a characteristic example of the gradual development of
+armorial composition. About A.D. 1290, the Seal of WILLIAM, Lord
+DOUGLAS, displays his Shield, No. 155, bearing--_Arg., on a chief az.
+three mullets of the field._ Next, upon the field of the Shield of
+WILLIAM, Lord DOUGLAS, A.D. 1333, there appears, in addition, _a human
+heart gules_, as in No. 156. And, finally, the heart is ensigned with a
+_royal crown_, as in No. 157, this form appearing as early as 1387.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 155.--Shield of Douglas.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 156.--Shield of Douglas.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 157.--Shield of Douglas.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 158.--Isle of Man.]
+
+The Shield of the ancient kingdom of the ISLE OF MAN, No. 158, still
+continues to be the heraldic ensign of that island: it is--_Gu., three
+human legs in armour ppr., conjoined in the fesse-point at the upper
+part of the thighs, and flexed in triangle._ This true curiosity of
+Heraldry leads Mr. Planché to remark, that “the _arms_ of MAN are
+_legs_” (“Pursuivant of Arms,” p. 112). The Shield represented in No.
+158 is drawn from an original example of the age of EDWARD I. in the
+Heralds’ College. At later periods, the armour of the conjoined limbs is
+represented in conformity with the usages then prevalent, and golden
+spurs are added. The ancient symbol of the island of Sicily, in which
+the limbs are without either armour or clothing, has been represented in
+No. 10: this device also appears in ancient examples with a human head
+at the junction of the limbs. Three human arms, united in the same
+manner, are borne on the shield of the mediæval family of TREMAINE.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 159.--Shield of St. Alban’s Abbey
+ (partly restored).]
+
+Human figures, winged and vested, and designed to represent ANGELS, are
+occasionally introduced in English Heraldry, their office generally
+being to act as “Supporters” to armorial Shields. Fine examples, in
+admirable preservation, may be seen boldly sculptured in the noble
+timber-roof of Westminster Hall; also in panels over the principal
+entrance to the Hall, and in various parts of the Abbey of Westminster.
+In the grand Abbey Church of St. Alban at St. Alban’s, numerous other
+examples of great excellence yet remain, the works of Abbot John de
+Wheathamstede, about A.D. 1440. In No. 159 I give a representation of
+the Shield of Arms of the Abbey of ST. ALBAN--_Az., a saltire or_,
+supported by Angels, and the Shield ensigned by the Mitre of Abbot
+Thomas De la Mere, as it is represented in his noble Brass in the Abbey
+Church. The Shield and the Angel Figures are the work of Abbot John. The
+Heads of the Figures, which are destroyed in the original, are restored
+from stained glass of the same period in the Abbey Church. Figures of
+Angels holding Shields of Arms--each figure having a shield in front of
+its breast, are frequently sculptured as corbels in Gothic churches.
+
+In the earliest Rolls of Arms, the Lion is the only animal that is found
+in blazon, with the sole addition of Boar’s heads. Deer, dogs, bulls,
+calves, rams, and a few other animals subsequently appear to share
+heraldic service and honours with the king of beasts. In modern Armory,
+however, almost every living creature has been required to discharge
+such duties as Heralds have been pleased to assign to them. The Lion of
+Heraldry I leave to be considered, with the Eagle, in the next Chapter.
+In comparatively early blazon, the _Bear_ is borne by FITZ URSE: the
+_Calf_, by CALVELEY and DE VELE: the _Ram_, by RAMSEY and RAMRYGE: the
+_Lamb_, by LAMBERT and LAMBTON: the _Otter_ (_loutre_, in French), by
+LUTTREL: the _Hedgehog_ (Fr., _herrison_), by DE HERIZ, afterwards
+HARRIS: and so also, in like manner, some other animals appear as _armes
+parlantes_ (see p. 16).
+
+With the lordly Eagle a few other Birds are associated in early
+Heraldry: and, after a while, others join them, including the Falcon,
+Ostrich, Swan, Peacock or Pawne, and the Pelican borne both as a symbol
+of sacred significance, and also by the PELHAMS from being allusive to
+their name. Cocks, with the same allusive motive, were borne by
+COCKAYNE: Parrots, blazoned as “_Popinjays_,” appear as early as
+HENRY III.: and in a Roll of EDWARD II., the Sire MOUNPYNZON has a Lion
+charged on the shoulder with a Chaffinch--in French a _Pinson_. The
+favourite bird, however, of the early Heralds is the Martlet, the
+heraldic Martin, a near relative of the Swallow or _Hirondelle_. The
+Martlet is practically always represented in profile, at rest, and with
+its wings closed. The few exceptions are modern. In some early examples
+the feet are shown, as in No. 160: but, in the Shield of Earl WM. DE
+VALENCE in Westminster Abbey, A.D. 1296, the Martlet appears feetless,
+as in No. 161; and at a later period this mode of representation was
+generally adopted. French Heralds deprive their Martlets of beak as well
+as feet.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 160.--Early Martlet.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 161.--Martlet.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 162.--Banner of De Barre.]
+
+“As the symbol of a name,” writes Mr. Moule, “almost all Fish have been
+used in Heraldry; and in many instances Fish have been assumed in Arms
+in reference to the produce of the estate, giving to the quaint device a
+twofold interest” (“Heraldry of Fish,” p 13). The earliest examples are
+the Barbel, the Dolphin, the Luce (or Pike), the Herring, and the Roach.
+In conjunction with fish we may perhaps consider the Escallop which, as
+a charge, belongs to the earliest period of Heraldry. The Barbel, so
+named from the barbs attached to its mouth to assist it in its search
+for food, was introduced into English Heraldry by JOHN, Count DE BARRE,
+whose elder brother married ALIANORE, eldest daughter of EDWARD I. At
+Carlaverock he displayed, as the chronicler has recorded, “_a blue
+banner, crusilly, with two Barbels of gold, and a red border
+en-grailed_,” No. 162. The Dolphin, borne by GILES DE FISHBOURNE (H. 3),
+and afterwards introduced into several English Shields, is best known as
+the armorial ensign of the DAUPHIN, the eldest son and heir apparent of
+the Kings of France, who bore, marshalled with the arms of FRANCE--_Or,
+a Dolphin az._ This title of “Dauphin” was first assumed by CHARLES V.,
+who succeeded to the Crown of France in 1364. In No. 8 I have shown
+after what manner the Dolphin was represented by an ancient Greek
+Artist: in the Middle Ages the heraldic Dolphin appeared as in No. 163.
+GEFFREY DE LUCY (H. 3) bears--_Gu., three Lucies or._ On his marriage
+with the heiress of ANTHONY, Lord LUCY, in 1369, HENRY, fourth Lord
+PERCY of Alnwick, quartered these three fish, with his own lion (blue on
+a golden field) and his fusils (gold on a blue field), upon the
+well-known Shield of the Earls of NORTHUMBERLAND (Chapter XI).
+
+ [Illustration: No. 163.--Dolphin.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 165.--Escallop.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 164.--De Lucy.]
+
+Another Carlaverock Banneret, ROBERT DE SCALES, whom the chronicler
+declares to have been both “handsome and amiable” as well as gallant in
+action, had “_six escallops of silver on a red banner_.” This beautiful
+charge of the escallop, happy in its association with the pilgrims of
+the olden time, and always held in high esteem by Heralds, is generally
+drawn as in No. 165.
+
+Reptiles and Insects occur but rarely in English Heraldry. Bees, Flies,
+Butterflies, and Snails are sometimes found, but they have no place in
+the earliest Rolls of Arms. Bees, as might be expected, appear in the
+Arms of _Bees_ton. _Azure, three Butterflies_, are the Arms of MUSCHAMP,
+and they are carved twice in the vaulting of the cloisters at
+Canterbury. Upon a monumental brass in the Church of Wheathampstead, in
+Hertfordshire, the Shield of HUGO BOSTOCK (about A.D. 1435)
+bears,--_Arg., three Bats, their wings displayed, sa._
+
+Imaginary and Fabulous Beings, some of them the creations of heraldic
+fancy when in a strangely eccentric mood, frequently appear as
+Supporters; and, in some cases, they take a part in the blazonry of
+Shields, or they are borne independently as Badges. A very brief
+description (all that is necessary) of the greater number of these
+monsters of _un_natural history will be given in the “Glossary of
+heraldic terms,” in Chapter X.; consequently, it is enough here merely
+to refer to them as having a place in blazon. The Griffin or Gryphon,
+the most worthy of the group, is comparatively common. The Dragon and
+the Wivern or Wyvern, both of them winged monsters, differ in this
+respect, that the former has four legs, while the latter has two only.
+In early blazon this distinction was not always observed. The
+Cockatrice, always having two legs, is a Wyvern with a cock’s head.
+
+Natural Objects of all kinds are blazoned as Charges of Heraldry, and
+they will be found described and illustrated in their proper places in
+Chapter X. They include the _Sun_, the _Moon_, the _Stars_; also such
+terrestrial objects as _Trees_, _Flowers_, _Fruits_, _Sheaves and Ears
+of Corn_, _Leaves_, _Chaplets_, _&c._ And with these Charges I may group
+the always beautiful Fleur de Lys, and the Trefoil, Quatrefoil,
+Cinquefoil, and Sixfoil.
+
+Of the various Artificial Figures and Devices that Heralds have charged
+upon Shields of Arms, it will be unnecessary for me to give detailed
+descriptions, except when either the heraldic name may require
+explanation, or some special circumstances connected with any particular
+figure or device may impart to it peculiar claims for attention. Again I
+refer to the “Glossary” for notices and examples of all Charges of this
+class--Annulets, Buckles, Castles, Crowns, Cups, Horseshoes, Keys,
+Knots, Sickles, Stirrups, Trumpets, and many others.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 166A.--Crescent]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 166B.--Increscent]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 166C.--Decrescent]
+
+In blazoning Charges of various classes, Heralds employ _appropriate
+Epithets and descriptive Terms_, of which the following are
+characteristic examples:--The _Sun_ is “_in splendour_.” The _Moon_,
+when full, is “_in her complement_”: she is a “_Crescent_” when she
+appears in No. 166, A: she is “_Increscent_” when as in No. 166, B: and
+she is “_Decrescent_” when as in No. 166, C. Animals and Birds of prey
+are said to be “_armed_” of their talons, teeth, and claws. All horned
+animals, also, except Stags and Antelopes, are “_armed_” of their horns;
+and a Cock is “_armed_” of his spurs; whilst Griffins and birds of prey
+are “_armed_” of their beaks and claws (_i.e._ the part of the leg which
+is unfeathered). Animals are “_hoofed_” or “_unguled_” of their hoofs;
+and “_langued_” of their tongues. Fierce animals are “_vorant_” of their
+prey, when represented in the act of devouring it. Deer, when reposing,
+are “_lodged_” Nos. 25 and 26: when standing, and looking out from the
+Shield, No. 167, “_at gaze_”: when in easy motion, they are termed
+“_trippant_,” or sometimes the word “_tripping_” is substituted, No.
+168: and when in rapid motion, they are “_courant_,” “_at speed_,” or
+sometimes described as “_in full course_,” No. 169. The male Stag is
+sometimes termed a “_Hart_,” and the female a “_Hind_.” There is really
+a distinction between the Buck and the Stag, but it is very usually
+disregarded in Heraldry. The antlers of the Hart are “_Attires_,” their
+branches are “_Tynes_”; and they are said to be “_attired_” of their
+antlers. A Stag’s head full-faced, but without the neck, as No. 170, is
+“_cabossed_” or “_caboshed_.”
+
+ [Illustration: No. 167.--At Gaze.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 169.--At Speed.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 168.--Tripping.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 170.--Stag’s Head Cabossed.]
+
+Eagles and Hawks with expanded wings, as in No. 206, are “_displayed_.”
+Expanded wings may be “_elevated_,” or, if drooping, “_inverted_” or
+“_in lure_.” Birds about to take wing are “_rising_”; when in flight,
+they are “_volant_”; when at rest, they are “_close_.” A Bird
+“_trusses_” its prey. A Peacock having its tail expanded is “_in its
+pride_”; and this same expression is applied to the Turkey. A Pelican,
+when feeding its young, is said to be “_in her piety_,” but may be
+merely “_vulning herself_” if the young are not represented. A Swan,
+when blazoned “_proper_,” is white with red legs and black beak.
+
+Fish, represented swimming in fesse, are “_naiant_”; if they are in
+pale, they are “_hauriant_,” No. 164; but if their heads are to the
+base, the term “_urinant_” is said to apply, but I cannot say I have so
+far come across an authenticated instance of the use of this word; if
+their bodies are bent, as the Dolphin is generally represented, they are
+“_embowed_,” No. 163. Fish, also, are said to be “_finned_” of their
+fins. Insects are “_volant_.” Reptiles are “_gliding_”; or, if they are
+twined into knots, “_nowed_.” Trees of mature growth are “_accrued_”;
+when with leaves, “_in foliage_” (but these two terms are so seldom used
+that they may be entirely disregarded); with fruit or seeds, “_fructed_”
+or “_seeded_”; if without leaves, “_blasted_”; and if their roots are
+exposed, “_eradicated_.” Branches or leaves torn off are “_slipped_.”
+
+The terms which denote the attitudes of Lions, all of them described in
+the next chapter, are equally applicable to other animals. Some other
+descriptive terms, not noticed here, will be found in the “Glossary” in
+Chapter X.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION VI
+
+ _The Lion and the Eagle in Heraldry_
+
+ “The LION and a King of Beasts.”
+ --SHAKESPEARE, _Richard II._
+
+ “The EAGLE, ennobled by Nature in as high a degree of nobility as
+ the chiefest of the terrestrial animals, is the most honourable
+ bearing of Birds.”
+ --GWILLIM (_Edition of 1724_).
+
+
+The regal dignity of the LION amongst the creatures that are quadrupeds,
+like himself, would naturally secure for him a position of corresponding
+eminence in Heraldry. From the dawn of the heraldic era, accordingly,
+the Lion is blazoned on the Shields of Sovereigns, Princes, and Nobles.
+The tressured Lion has been already noticed upon the Royal Shield of
+SCOTLAND, No. 138; and a crowned Lion has also appeared in the same
+attitude, borne by an English Prince, RICHARD, Earl of CORNWALL, No.
+140. From the time that they first possessed any true armorial insignia,
+the Sovereigns of the Realm of ENGLAND have borne Lions upon their Royal
+Shield. A Lion was the Ensign of the Native Princes of WALES, as he was
+of the Kings of LEON, of NORWAY, and of DENMARK, and of the Counts of
+HOLLAND, HAINAULT, EU, &c. And, in like manner, the Lion was in high
+favour with the most noble and powerful Barons of England--the MOWBRAYS,
+BOHUNS, LONGESPEES, FITZ-ALANS, LACIES, PERCIES, SEGRAVES, and such as
+they.
+
+It was a necessary consequence of his great popularity that the Lion of
+Heraldry should be blazoned in various attitudes, and also variously
+tinctured, otherwise it would not be possible duly to distinguish the
+Lions of different Shields. Heralds of all countries appear readily to
+have permitted their Lions to lay aside their natural tawny hue, and in
+its stead to assume the heraldic _or_, _argent_, _azure_, _gules_, and
+_sable_; but Continental Heralds were not generally disposed to
+recognise in their Lions any other attitude than the one which they held
+to be consistent with their Lion character, instincts, and
+habits--erect, that is, with one hind paw only on the ground, looking
+forward towards their prey, so as to show but one eye, and evidently in
+the act of preparing to spring. This undoubtedly most characteristic
+attitude is _rampant_, No. 171: and only when he was in this rampant
+attitude did the early Heralds consider any Lion to be a Lion, and
+blazon him by his true name. A Lion walking and looking about him, the
+early Heralds held to be acting the part of a leopard: consequently,
+when he was in any such attitude, they blazoned him as “_a leopard_.”
+The animal bearing that name bore it simply as an heraldic title, which
+distinguished a Lion in a particular attitude. These heraldic “leopards”
+were drawn in every respect as other heraldic “lions,” without spots or
+any leopard_ish_ distinction whatever. This explains the usage, retained
+till late in the fourteenth century, which assigned to the Lions of the
+Royal Shield of England the name of “leopards.” They were so called, not
+by the enemies of England for derision and insult, as some persons, in
+their ignorance of early Heraldry, have been pleased both to imagine and
+to assert; but the English Kings and Princes, who well knew their
+“Lions” to be Lions, in blazon styled them “leopards,” because they also
+knew that Lions in the attitude of their “Lions” were heraldic
+“leopards.” When at length the necessity of varying the attitude of
+their Lions was admitted by all Heralds, in consequence of the greatly
+increased numbers of the bearers of Lions, some strict adherents to the
+original distinctive nomenclature blazoned any Lion that was _not
+rampant_ by the compound term of a “_lion-leopard_,” or a
+“_lion-leopardé_.” But that controversy has long been at rest.
+
+The following terms are now in use to denote the various attitudes of
+the Lion in Heraldry:--
+
+_Rampant_: erect, one hind paw on the ground, the other three paws
+elevated, the animal looking forward and having his tail elevated, No.
+171. _Rampant Guardant_: as before, but looking out from the Shield, No.
+172. _Rampant Reguardant_: as before, but looking backwards.
+
+_Passant_: walking, three paws on the ground, the dexter fore-paw being
+elevated, looking forward, the tail displayed over the back, No. 173.
+_Passant Guardant_: as before, but looking out from the Shield, No. 174.
+_Passant Reguardant_: as before, but looking backwards.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 171.--Rampant.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 172.--Rampant Guardant.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 173.--Passant.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 174.--Passant Guardant.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 175.--Statant.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 176.--Statant Guardant.]
+
+_Statant_: standing, his four paws on the ground, and looking before
+him, No. 175. _Statant Guardant_: as before, but looking out from the
+Shield, No. 176: in this example the Lion has his tail extended, but
+this would be specified in the blazon, as it is an unusual position. In
+like manner, if the tail of a Lion in any other attitude be extended,
+there must be a statement to that effect.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 177.--Couchant.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 178.--Sejant.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 179.--Dormant.]
+
+_Sejant_: sitting down with his head elevated, No. 178. If he looks out
+from the Shield, the word _Guardant_ is to be added. A Scottish Lion
+sejant usually has his fore paws raised in the air, and in English terms
+of blazon would be described as “_Sejant erect_” or “_Sejant rampant_.”
+
+_Couchant_: is at rest, the fore legs stretched on the ground, as No.
+177.
+
+_Dormant_: asleep, head resting on fore paws, No. 179.
+
+_Salient_: in the act of springing, the hind paws on the ground, both
+the fore paws elevated, No. 180.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 180.--Salient.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 181.--Double-queued.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 182.--Coward.]
+
+_Queue fourchée_: having a forked tail.
+
+_Double-queued_: two tails, as No. 181, which is a _lion rampant
+double-queued_.
+
+_Coward: passant reguardant_, his tail between his legs, No. 182.
+
+Two Lions rampant, when face to face, are _Counter rampant_, or
+_Combatant_: when back to back, they are _Addorsed_: when passant or
+salient in contrary directions, they are _Counter passant_ or _Counter
+salient_.
+
+Lions, whatever their tincture, except it be red, or they are charged on
+a field of that tincture, are _armed and langued gules_; but _azure_ in
+the case of either of these exceptions, unless the contrary be specified
+in the blazon. When several Lions appear in one composition, or when
+they are drawn to a comparatively very small scale, they are sometimes
+blazoned as “_Lioncels_.” This term “_Lioncel_,” it must be added, when
+used alone, denotes a _small Lion rampant_.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 183.--Lion’s Head.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 184.--Lion’s Face.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 185.--Lion’s Jambe.]
+
+A Lion’s _head_ is a Charge: it may be _erased_, as in No. 183; or cut
+off smooth, when it is _couped_. A Lion’s _face_ also is a Charge, No.
+184; so is his _jambe_ or _paw_, No. 185. A _demi-lion rampant_ is the
+upper half of his body and the extremity of his tufted tail, as in No.
+186.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 186.--Demi-Lion Rampant.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 187.--England.]
+
+The LIONS OF ENGLAND are _golden Lions leopardé_, three in number,
+placed one above the other on a red Shield. They are blazoned--_Gu.,
+three Lions pass. guard., in pale, or_, No. 187.
+
+A Lion in this attitude, of this tincture, and on a field gules, may be
+blazoned as a “Lion of England.” These three Lions _first_ appear upon
+the second Great Seal of RICHARD I., A.D. 1194, on the Shield of the
+King, No. 188. An earlier Seal, used by Prince JOHN before his brother’s
+accession, has a Shield charged with _two_ Lions only, and they are
+_passant_, No. 189. The first Great Seal of the lion-hearted King has a
+Shield, bowed in its contour, and charged with a _single_ Lion rampant
+facing to the sinister, or _counter-rampant_, No. 190; and it has been
+conjectured that, were the whole face of this Shield visible, a second
+Lion rampant facing to the dexter would appear, thus charging the Shield
+with _two Lions combattant_; this, however, is a conjecture which is not
+supported by the authority of many Shields of the same form. A red
+Shield charged with _two golden Lions passant guardant in pale_ (No.
+22), and therefore closely resembling No. 189, as I have already shown,
+has been assigned to WILLIAM I., and his two sons and his grandson,
+WILLIAM II., HENRY I., and STEPHEN. The Shield bearing the three Lions,
+No. 187, has been assigned to HENRY II., but it first makes its
+appearance on the Great Seal of his son. The probability is that up to
+this period the device was simply a lion, indeterminate in position or
+numbers. This same Shield has continued, from the time of RICHARD I., to
+display the ROYAL ARMS of the REALM OF ENGLAND: how, in the course of
+ages, these Arms become grouped with other insignia, I shall presently
+have to show.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 188.--Richard I.--2nd Gt. Seal.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 190.--Richard I.--1st Gt. Seal.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 189.--Prince John.--Seal.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 191.--Le Strange.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 192.--Giffard.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 193.--Mowbray.]
+
+The _Lion passant_ is carefully distinguished in the earliest Rolls as a
+different Charge from the _Lion passant guardant_. Thus (H. 3), for
+HAMON LE STRANGE--_Gu., two Lions passant arg._, No. 191; and for JOHN
+GIFFARD--_Gu., three Lions pass. arg._, No. 192: for Sir NICHOLAS CAREW
+(E. 2),--_Or, three Lions pass. sa._
+
+ [Illustration: No. 194.--De Lacy.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 195.--De Segrave.]
+
+From the numerous early Shields which bear _Lions rampant_, I select the
+following examples, associated with names illustrious in English
+History. For ROGER DE MOWBRAY (H. 3)--_Gu., a Lion rampt. arg._, No.
+193: this Coat is quartered by the present Lord MOWBRAY, SEGRAVE and
+STOURTON. For FITZ-ALAN, Earl of ARUNDEL--_Gu., a Lion rampt. or_
+(H. 3), No. 193. For DE LACI, Earl of LINCOLN--_Or, a Lion rampt.
+purpure_ (E. 2), No. 194. For Sir JOHN DE SEGRAVE (E. 2)--_Sa., a Lion
+rampt. arg., crowned or_, No. 195. For PERCY, Earl of
+NORTHUMBERLAND--_Or, a Lion rampt. az._, No 196: this Shield is drawn
+from the fine counter-seal of Sir HENRY DE PERCY, first Lord of Alnwick,
+who died A.D. 1315.
+
+Two Shields of the DE BOHUNS, Nos. 114, 115, already described,
+exemplify the display of Lioncels as heraldic charges. An earlier
+Shield, charged with six Lioncels, but without any Ordinary, was borne
+by FAIR ROSAMOND’S son, WILLIAM LONGESPÉE, Earl of SALISBURY, A.D. 1226:
+it is boldly sculptured with his noble effigy in Salisbury Cathedral,
+and it also appears upon his Seal--_Az., six Lioncels or_, No. 197. The
+Roll of Edward II., confirmed by his Seal, gives for Sir WM. DE
+LEYBOURNE the same composition, with a difference in the
+tincturing--_Az., six Lioncels arg._ Other members of the same family
+change these tinctures for _gules and or_, _gules and argent_, and _or
+and sable_ (E. 2). Examples of Shields which bear Lions or Lioncels with
+various other charges will be described and illustrated in succeeding
+chapters.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 196.--De Percy.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 197.--Longespée.]
+
+Lions also fulfil important duties of high honour in English Heraldry as
+_Crests_ and _Supporters_, and also as _Badges_. From the time of
+EDWARD III. a Crowned Lion, at the first standing on a Cap of Estate,
+and afterwards upon the Crown, has been the Royal Crest of ENGLAND;
+a Lion also has always been the Royal Crest of SCOTLAND (see Chapter
+XVIII.). The Princes of the Royal Houses of England, in like manner,
+have always borne the Royal Lion distinguished by some “Mark of Cadency”
+(see Chapter XII.): No. 198 is the Lion Crest of the BLACK PRINCE, from
+his Monument at Canterbury, the Lion differenced with the Prince’s
+silver label. The Lion also appears as the Crest of many noble and
+distinguished families, as the DE BOHUNS, the PERCIES, and the HOWARDS.
+The Lion Crest of RICHARD II., sculptured _statant guardant_ upon his
+helm, with a chapeau and mantling, and with the Badge of two Ostrich
+feathers, in Westminster Hall, is without any crown: No. 199.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 198.--Crest of Black Prince.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 199.--Crest of Richard II.]
+
+As a Royal Supporter of the Arms of _England_, the Lion appears in
+company with some other creature from the time of HENRY VI., EDWARD IV.
+sometimes having his Shield supported by two Lions. On the accession of
+JAMES I. of Great Britain, the Royal Lion Supporter formed that alliance
+with the Unicorn of Scotland which still continues, and will continue,
+it is to be hoped, throughout all time. Lions, as I shall point out more
+in detail in Chapter XVI., were frequently introduced into the
+composition of Seals before true heraldic Supporters were in use. In
+more recent Heraldry the Lion is a favourite Supporter: he now appears
+supporting the Shields of the Dukes of NORFOLK, ARGYLL, ATHOLL, BEDFORD,
+GRAFTON, NORTHUMBERLAND, PORTLAND, and WELLINGTON; also, with many
+others, those of the Marquesses of BATH, EXETER, HEADFORT, and
+SALISBURY; of the Earls of ALBEMARLE, BROWNLOW, CARLISLE, CARNARVON,
+CORK, ESSEX, and HARDWICK; of the Viscount HARDINGE; and of the Barons
+ARUNDEL, CAMOYS, DUNBOYNE, MONSON, MOWBRAY, PETRE, and SOUTHAMPTON. As a
+Supporter the Lion is represented _rampant_, _rampant reguardant_, and
+_sejant rampant_. Lions also, and Demi-Lions, are frequently borne as
+modern Crests.
+
+In our own treatment of the Lions of Heraldry, whatever their attitude
+or tincture, whatever also the position they may occupy or the heraldic
+duty they may discharge, we are always to draw and to blazon them as
+true _heraldic Lions_, while, at the same time, in their expression and
+general characteristics they are to be _genuine Lions_.
+
+In becoming fellowship with the Lion, the EAGLE appears in the earliest
+English Rolls and examples of Arms. The Royal bird, however, does not
+occur in English blazon so frequently as the Lion; and his appearance
+often denotes an alliance with German Princes. A Roll of Arms (printed
+in “Archæologia,” XXX.) of the year 1275 commences with the Shields of
+the “EMPEROR OF GERMANY,” and of the “KING OF GERMANY,” which are
+severally blazoned as,--“_Or, an Eagle displayed having two heads sa._,”
+and, “_Or, an Eagle displayed sable_.” In York Cathedral, in stained
+glass, there are Shields with both the double-headed and the
+single-headed Eagles, all of them German, which may be considered to
+have been executed before the year 1310. In the north choir-aisle at
+Westminster, the Shield (now mutilated) of the Emperor FREDERICK II. is
+boldly sculptured by an heraldic artist of the time of our HENRY III.,
+No. 200; here the Eagle had one head only. The German Emperors naturally
+adopted the Eagle for their heraldic Ensign, in support of their claim
+to be successors to the Roman Cæsars; and the Russian Czars, with the
+same motive, have also assumed the same ensign. The Eagle having two
+heads, which severally look to the dexter and the sinister, as in No.
+201, typified a rule that claimed to extend over both the Eastern and
+the Western Empires; as the Eagle with a single head, No. 202, might be
+considered to have a less comprehensive signification. The Eagles of the
+Princes of Germany are frequently to be found, blazoned for them, in
+England.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 200.--In Westminster Abbey.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 201.--Imperial Eagle.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 202.--Royal Eagle.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 203.--Cornwall.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 204.--Seal of Euphemia Leslie.]
+
+RICHARD, the second son of King JOHN, in the year 1256 was elected King
+of Germany (he is generally styled “King of the Romans”), when he bore
+the Eagle of the Empire: but the only Seals of this Prince that are
+known to exist in England display the Shield of his English Earldom of
+Cornwall, No. 140. His Son EDMUND, who succeeded to his father’s
+Earldom, on his Seals has represented an _Eagle bearing in its beak his
+Shield of Cornwall_, as in No. 203: this is a peculiarly interesting
+example of an heraldic usage of striking significance, and it also
+illustrates the early existence of the sentiment which at a later period
+led to the adoption of “Supporters” to Shields of Arms. In the early
+Heraldry of Scotland, a single displayed Eagle is occasionally found
+supporting an armorial Shield; as in the Seals of ALEXANDER STEWARD,
+Earl of MENTEITH, A.D. 1296, and WILLIAM, Earl of DOUGLAS and MAR, A.D.
+1378 (Seton’s “Scottish Heraldry,” Plates VIII. and XII.): sometimes
+also, as Mr. Seton has observed, “the Eagle’s breast is charged with
+more than one Shield, as in the case of the Seals of MARGARET STEWART,
+Countess of ANGUS (1366), and EUPHEMIA LESLIE, Countess of ROSS (1381),
+on both of which _three_ escutcheons make their appearance” (“Scottish
+Heraldry,” p. 268, and Plate XII., No. 5): in No. 204 I give a woodcut
+of this interesting composition; the Shields are, to the dexter,
+LESLIE--_Arg., on a bend az., three buckles or_; in the centre, the Arms
+of the Earl of ROSS--_Gu., three Lions rampant arg., within a tressure_;
+and, to the sinister, CUMMIN--_Az., three garbs or_. The Imperial Eagle
+is sometimes represented crowned; the heads also in some examples are
+encircled with a _nimbus_ or glory, as in No. 212. I must add that in
+the Heraldry of the English Peerage the Imperial Eagle still supports
+the Shields of some few Peers of different ranks; as, for example, that
+of Baron METHUEN.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 205.--Shield of Piers Gaveston.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 206.--Montacute and Monthermer.]
+
+PIERS GAVESTON, who was created Earl of CORNWALL by EDWARD II.,
+bore--_Vert, six Eaglets or_, No. 205, (E. 2 and York stained glass): on
+his Seal, however, the number of the Eaglets is reduced to _three_.
+Another early example is the Shield of that gallant and persevering
+knight, RALPH DE MONTHERMER--_Or, an Eagle displayed vert_, No. 206, who
+became Earl of GLOUCESTER in right of his wife, JOAN, daughter of
+EDWARD I., and widow of GILBERT DE CLARE, the “Red Earl”; this green
+Eagle of Monthermer long held a place of high distinction in the
+mediæval Heraldry of England, marshalled on the Shields of the Earls of
+SALISBURY and WARWICK; in which, as in the example, No. 206, the Eagle
+of Monthermer is quartered with the coat of Montacute, No. 20 (page 17).
+The Eagle of early Heraldry was sometimes blazoned as an “_Erne_,”[4]
+and sometimes as an “_Alerion_,” WILLIAM D’ERNFORD (H. 3) bears--_Sa.,
+an Erne displayed arg._: and, at the same period WM. DE ERNFIELD bears a
+pair of Erne’s or Eagle’s Wings, called a “_Vol_,” No. 207. From Shields
+of the fourteenth century which bear Eagles, and are blazoned in the
+Roll of Edward II., I select the following small group as good
+examples:--Sir WM. DE MONGOMERIE--_Or, an Eagle displayed az._: Sir
+NICHOLAS DE ETONE--_Gu., a Chevron between three Eaglets arg._: Sir JOHN
+DE CHARLESTONE--_Arg., on a Chevron vert three Eaglets or_: Sir PHILIP
+DE VERLEY--_Or, a Bend gu., between six Eaglets sa._: Sir JOHN DE LA
+MERE--_Arg., on a Bend az. three Eaglets or_, No. 209: a Shield bearing
+a Bend charged with three Eagles, but with different tinctures, No. 88,
+I have shown to have been the Arms of the Grandisons.
+
+ [Footnote 4: Query if this is not really a herne or
+ heron.--A. C. F.-D.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 207.--A Vol.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 209.--De la Mere.]
+
+Eagles, under their name of “_Alerions_” (which early Heralds
+represented without feet and beaks), are blazoned in the same
+disposition as in No. 209, in the Arms of the Duchy of LORRAINE,--_Or,
+on a Bend gu. three alerions arg._: and this device the Dukes of
+Lorraine _are said_ to have borne in commemoration of an exploit of
+their famous ancestor, GODFREY DE BOLOGNE, _who is also said_, when
+“shooting against David’s tower in Jerusalem,” to have “broched upon his
+arrow three footless birds called alerions.” “It is impossible,” remarks
+Mr. Planché upon this legend, “now to ascertain who broached this
+wonderful story; but it is perfectly evident that the narrator was the
+party who drew the long bow, and not the noble GODFREY.” Mr. Planché
+adds, that the Alerions of Lorraine may indicate an alliance with the
+Imperial House; and he directs attention to “a similarity in sound
+between ’Alerion’ and ’Lorraine,’” and also to a singular Anagram
+produced by the letters ALERION and LORAINE, which are the same
+(“Pursuivant of Arms,” p. 87). The Arms of Lorraine are still borne by
+the Emperor of AUSTRIA: and in England they were quartered by Queen
+MARGARET of Anjou.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 210.--Shield at St. Albans.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 211.--The Austrian Eagle.]
+
+The Roll of Edward II. gives also for Sir HUGH DE BILBESWORTH these
+arms--_Az., three Eagles displayed or_. A similar Shield, the tinctures
+changed to--_Arg., three Eagles displayed gu., armed or_, was borne by
+ROBERT DE EGLESFIELD, Confessor to PHILIPPA of Hainault, Queen of
+EDWARD III., who in the year 1340 founded Queen’s College, Oxford: this
+Shield of the Founder is borne by the College. One of the Shields in the
+Chantry of Abbot RAMRYGE in St. Albans Abbey Church bears the same
+charges--_three eagles displayed_, No. 210: the drawing of the eagle in
+this Shield is remarkable, and the form of the Shield itself is
+singularly characteristic of the close of the fifteenth century. Another
+Shield in the same monument bears a single Eagle, drawn in the same
+manner, and sculptured with extraordinary spirit. The German Heralds,
+and also their brethren of France, delight in exaggerations of what I
+may distinguish as the Westminster Eagle, No. 200. The Austrian Eagle,
+besides having both its heads crowned, has a large Imperial Crown placed
+between and above the two heads, as in No. 211. The Imperial Eagle (Holy
+Roman Empire) sometimes has a nimbus or glory about each head, which
+dignified accessory is represented by a circular line, as in No. 212. In
+some examples of Eagles, as well in our own Heraldry as in that of
+continental countries, the wings are represented as _erect_ (the more
+usual form in England), and having the tips of all the principal
+feathers pointing upwards, as in No. 213. The Eagle borne as the Ensign
+of Imperial FRANCE was represented grasping a thunderbolt, in an
+attitude of vigilance, having its wings displayed, but with the tips of
+the feathers drooping, as they would be in the living bird; No. 214.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 212.--Imperial Eagle, with Nimbus.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 213.--Eagle “displayed,” with Wings erect.]
+
+EDWARD III., as a Second Crest, bore an Eagle. An Eagle also was borne
+for his Crest, as the imperial bird was displayed upon his Shield (No.
+206), by Earl RALPH DE MONTHERMER. In the more recent Heraldry of
+England, the Eagle is a Supporter to the Shields of the Earls of
+CLARENDON, COVENTRY, and MALMESBURY; the Viscounts BOLINGBROKE and ST.
+VINCENT; and the Barons HEYTESBURY, RADSTOCK, WYNFORD, and others.
+Eagles also and Demi-Eagles are borne as Crests in the English Heraldry
+of our own day.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 214.--French Imperial Eagle.]
+
+In drawing our heraldic Eagles, we can scarcely improve upon some of the
+examples in which early English Heralds expressed their ideas of the
+king of birds.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY
+
+SECTION VII
+
+ _Glossary of Titles, Names, and Terms_
+
+ “The several denominations given to these tokens of honour ...
+ with the terms of art given to them.”
+ --RANDLE HOME: “Academy of Armoury,” A.D. 1688.
+
+
+In this Glossary, which obviously must be as concise as possible,
+I shall include no word that is ordinarily well understood, unless some
+special signification should be attached to it when it is in use in
+armorial blazon.
+
+_Abased._ Said of a charge when placed lower than its customary
+position.
+
+_Abatement._ A supposed sign of degradation. (See Chapter XII.)
+
+_Accollée._ Placed side by side.
+
+_Accosted._ Side by side.
+
+_Achievement_, or _Achievement of Arms_. Any complete heraldic
+composition.
+
+_Addorsed._ Back to back.
+
+_Affrontée._ So placed as to show the full face or front.
+
+_Alerion._ A name sometimes given by early Heralds to the heraldic
+_Eagle_, which, when blazoned under this title, was also sometimes drawn
+without legs or beak. (See p. 97.)
+
+_Ambulant._ In the act of walking.
+
+_Annulet._ A plain ring; sometimes blazoned as a “_false roundle_”: in
+modern English cadency, the difference of the fifth son or brother: No.
+154.
+
+_Annulettée._ Ending in Annulets.
+
+_Antelope._ Depicted by early Heralds in a conventional manner, but now
+generally rendered more naturally, the earlier type being termed the
+heraldic antelope.
+
+_Anthony, St._ His cross is in the form of the letter T, No. 93.
+
+_Antique Crown._ See _Eastern Crown_.
+
+_Appaumée._ Said of a hand, when open, erect, and showing the palm: No.
+215.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 215.--Badge of Ulster.]
+
+_Arched._ Bent, or bowed.
+
+_Archbishop._ A prelate of the highest order in the English Church; his
+heraldic insignia are his _Mitre_, _Crozier_, and _Pall_. Next to the
+Royal Family, the Archbishop of Canterbury is the first subject in the
+realm; he is styled “Most Reverend Father in God,” “by Divine
+Providence,” and “Your Grace.” The Archbishop of York is third in rank
+(the Lord Chancellor being second), and his style is the same, except
+that he is Archbishop “by Divine permission.” Archbishops impale their
+own arms with those of their see, the latter being marshalled to the
+dexter.
+
+_Argent._ The metal silver.
+
+_Arm._ A human arm. When a charge, crest, or badge, it must be blazoned
+with full particulars as to position, clothing, &c. If couped between
+the elbow and the wrist, it is a _cubit arm_.
+
+_Armed._ A term applied to animals and birds of prey, to denote their
+natural weapons of offence and defence: thus, a Lion is said to be
+“_armed_ of his claws and teeth”; a Bull, to be “_armed_ of his horns”;
+an Eagle, “of its beak and talons.”
+
+_Armory._ Heraldry. Also, a List of Names and Titles, with their
+respective Arms.
+
+_Arms_, _Armorial Bearings_. Heraldic compositions, and the Figures and
+Devices which form them. (See Chapter I.)
+
+_Arms of Community._ Borne by Corporate and other Bodies and
+Communities, as cities, colleges, &c.
+
+_Arms of Dominion._ Borne by Sovereign Princes, being also the Sovereign
+arms of the realms over which they rule.
+
+_Arms of Office._ Borne, with the personal arms, to denote official
+rank.
+
+_Armes Parlantes._ Such as are allusive to the Name, Title, Office, or
+Property of those who bear them: thus, _Leaves_ for _Leve_son,
+a _Castle_ for _Castile_, a _Cup_ for _Butler_, _Fish_ for those who
+derive revenues from Fisheries, &c. The more usual term is, however,
+“canting arms” (See _Rebus_: also page 15.)
+
+_Arrow._ Is _barbed_ of its head, and _flighted_ of its feathers;
+a bundle of arrows is a _sheaf_; with a blunt head, it is a _bird-bolt_.
+
+_At Gaze._ A term applied to animals of the chase, to denote their
+standing still, and looking straight forward: No. 167.
+
+_Attires_, _Attired_. The antlers of a Buck, Stag, or Hart: having
+antlers. A Reindeer is represented in Heraldry with double attires, one
+pair erect, and the other drooping forward.
+
+_Augmentation._ An honourable addition to a Coat of Arms, specially
+granted with a peculiar significance: thus, the “Union” Device of the
+British Empire, blazoned on an inescutcheon, is the “_Augmentation_”
+specially granted to the great Duke of WELLINGTON, to be borne on the
+honour point of his paternal shield.
+
+_Augmented._ Having an “Augmentation.”
+
+_Avellane._ A variety of the heraldic Cross: No. 109.
+
+_Azure._ The colour _blue_ (indicated by horizontal lines): No. 52.
+
+_Badge._ A figure or device, distinct from a crest, and capable of being
+borne without any background or other accessory. Badges are, however,
+often depicted upon a standard or roundle of the livery colour or
+colours. Badges were depicted as a sign of ownership upon property; were
+worn by servants and retainers, who mustered under the standards on
+which badges were represented. (See Chapter XV.)
+
+_Banded._ Encircled with a band.
+
+_Banner._ A flag, charged with the coat of arms of the owner, displayed
+over its entire surface. (See Chapter XVII.)
+
+_Banneret._ A Knight who had been advanced by the King to that higher
+military rank which entitled him to display a banner.
+
+_Bar._ One of the Ordinaries: Nos. 81, 82.
+
+_Bars Gemelles._ Barrulets borne in pairs: Nos. 83, 84.
+
+_Barbed._ Pointed, as an arrow. The term is also applied to the small
+green leaves between the petals of heraldic roses. (See _Rose_.)
+
+_Barbel._ A Fish borne as an allusive device by the family of DE BARRE:
+No. 162.
+
+_Barded._ Having horse-trappings.
+
+_Bardings._ Horse-trappings, often enriched with armorial blazonry. On
+the Great Seal of EDWARD I. the Bardings of the King’s charger for the
+first time appear adorned with the Royal arms. On both sides of the
+horse, the head is supposed to be to the dexter. An example is
+represented in the Seal of ALEXANDER DE BALLIOL, in Chapter XIV.
+
+_Barnacles_, _Breys_. An instrument used in breaking horses. A rebus of
+Sir REGINALD BRAY, architect of St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, and
+repeatedly represented there: No. 216.
+
+_Baron._ The lowest rank in the British Peerage. A Baron is “Right
+Honourable,” and is styled “My Lord.” His coronet, first granted by
+Charles II., has on a golden circlet six large pearls, of which four
+appear in representations, as in No. 217. An Irish Baron has no coronet.
+All a Baron’s children are “Honourable.”
+
+_Baron._ A purely heraldic term signifying a _husband_, a _wife_ in
+Heraldry being _femme_.
+
+_Baroness._ A lady in whom a Barony is vested by inheritance in her own
+right; also, the wife of a Baron. In either case she is “Right
+Honourable”; is styled “My Lady,” and her coronet is the same as that of
+a Baron.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 216.--Breys.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 217.--Circlet of a Baron’s Coronet.]
+
+_Baronet._ An hereditary rank, lower than the peerage, instituted in
+1612 by JAMES I., who fixed the precedence of Baronets before all
+Knights, those of the Order of the Garter alone excepted. As originally
+created, all Baronets were “of Ulster,” or “of Nova Scotia”; afterwards
+all new creations were “of Great Britain”; now all are “of the United
+Kingdom.” The “Badge of Ulster,” generally borne as an augmentation upon
+a canton or small inescutcheon, is--_Arg., a sinister hand, couped at
+the wrist and appaumée, gu._,--No. 215. The arms of Nova Scotia, which
+may be (but seldom are) similarly borne on a canton or inescutcheon,
+are--_Arg., on a saltire az., the Royal arms of Scotland_. (See No.
+138.) By letters patent of JAMES I., the wives of Baronets have the
+titles of “_Lady_, _Madam_, or _Dame_,” at their pleasure prefixed to
+their names.
+
+_Barrulet._ The diminutive of a Bar.
+
+_Barrulée_, _Barruly_. Barry of ten or more pieces.
+
+_Barry._ Divided into an even number of Bars, which all lie in the same
+plane: Nos. 85, 86.
+
+_Barry Bendy._ Having the field divided by lines drawn _bar-wise_, which
+are crossed by others drawn _bend-wise_: No. 119.
+
+_Bar-wise._ Disposed after the manner of a Bar,--crossing the field,
+that is, horizontally. The term _fessways_ is more usually employed.
+
+_Base._ The lowest extremity: No. 27, B.
+
+_Basilisk._ A cockatrice having its tail ending in a dragon’s head.
+
+_Basinet._ A helm fitting close to the head.
+
+_Baton._ A diminutive of the bend, couped at its extremities.
+
+_Battled_, or _Embattled_. Having battlements, or bordered, as No. 38,
+F.
+
+_Beacon_, or _Fire Beacon_. An iron case of burning combustibles set on
+a pole, against which a ladder is placed.
+
+_Beaked._ Applied to birds, not of prey.
+
+_Bearer._ An old Scottish term for a _Supporter_.
+
+_Bearing_, _Bearings_. Armorial insignia, borne on shields.
+
+_Bell._ Drawn, and generally blazoned as a _church-bell_, unless
+specified to be a _hawk’s-bell_.
+
+_Belled._ Having bells attached.
+
+_Bend._ One of the Ordinaries: Nos. 111-115.
+
+_Bendlet._ The diminutive of a bend: No. 117.
+
+_Bend-wise_, or _In Bend_. Placed in the position of or arranged in the
+direction of a bend.
+
+_Bendy._ Parted bend-wise into an even number of divisions: No. 116.
+
+_Besant._ A golden “Roundle” or disc, flat like a coin: No. 151, and No.
+140.
+
+_Billet._ An oblong figure of any tincture: _Billetée_--strewn with
+“Billets”: Nos. 130, 146.
+
+_Bird._ Many Birds appear in blazon, and they are represented both in
+heraldic tinctures and “proper”--in their natural aspect. (See Chapters
+VIII. and IX.)
+
+_Bird-bolt._ An arrow with a blunt head.
+
+_Bishop._ The Bishops are “by Divine permission,” and are styled “Right
+Reverend Father in God,” and “My Lord Bishop.” The Bishops of England
+and Wales are not Peers but are all “spiritual lords” of Parliament,
+some of the junior Bishops, however, having no seats. The Suffragan
+Bishops are merely assistant Bishops, and are not Lords of Parliament.
+The heraldic insignia of Bishops consist of _a mitre_ and _pastoral
+staff_; they impale their official and personal arms, as do the
+Archbishops; and, like them also, they bear no crests, but they ensign
+their shields with a mitre.
+
+_Blasted._ Leafless, withered.
+
+_Blazon._ Heraldry: Armorial Compositions. “To blazon” is to _describe_
+or to _represent_ any armorial Figure, Device, or Composition in an
+heraldic manner. _Blazoning_--_Describing_ in heraldic language: also,
+_representing_ in an heraldic manner. _Blazonry_--the representation of
+any heraldic Figure, Device, or Composition. But the distinction is in
+practice usually made to employ the word “emblazon” in cases of
+representation.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 218.--Water Bouget.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 219.--Bourchier Knot.]
+
+_Boar._ In Heraldry occasionally termed _Sanglier_.
+
+_Bordure._ A Subordinary: Nos. 139, 140. Also, an important
+“Difference.” (See Chapters XII. and XIII.)
+
+_Botoneé_, _Botoneé Fitcheé_. Varieties of the heraldic Cross: Nos. 103,
+110. This Cross is also termed _Trefleé_.
+
+_Bouget_, or _Water Bouget_. A charge, representing the vessels used by
+the Crusaders for carrying water. The word is an early form of Bucket.
+Fine early examples occur in the Temple Church, at Beverley Minster, and
+in a monument at Blyborough, Lincolnshire: No. 218.
+
+_Bourchier Knot._ The badge of the Bourchier family represented in No.
+219.
+
+_Bourdon._ A palmer’s or pilgrim’s staff. (See _Pilgrim’s Staff_.)
+
+_Bow._ The archer’s weapon, in all its varieties of form, is a charge.
+
+_Bowed._ Having a convex contour.
+
+_Bowen Knot._ No. 220.
+
+_Braced._ Interlaced.
+
+_Breys._ Barnacles, _q.v._
+
+_Brisure_, or _Brizure_. Any difference or mark of cadency.
+
+_Buckle._ See _Fermaile_.
+
+_Burgonet._ A helm worn in the sixteenth century.
+
+_Cabossed_, or _Caboshed_. The head of a stag, or other horned animal,
+represented full-faced, so as to show the face only: No. 170. In the
+case of a lion or leopard when the head is so represented it is termed
+the face.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 220.--Bowen Knot.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 221.--Caltrap.]
+
+_Cadency, Marks of._ Figures and devices, introduced into armorial
+compositions, in order to distinguish the different members and branches
+of the same family. (See _Difference_, and Chapter XII.)
+
+_Cadet._ A junior member or branch of a family.
+
+_Caltrap._ An implement formerly strewn on the ground in war to maim
+horses: No. 221.
+
+_Canting Heraldry._ Refer to _Armes Parlantes_.
+
+_Canton._ One of the Subordinaries: Nos. 129, 130.
+
+_Cantoned._ Placed in the quarters of a shield.
+
+_Carbuncle._ The same as _Escarbuncle_.
+
+_Cartouche._ No. 46.
+
+_Castle._ Generally represented with two or three turrets, as in the
+shield of Queen Alianore, of Castile: No. 222. Refer to _Tower_.
+
+_Celestial Crown._ No. 223.
+
+_Centaur._ Also blazoned as a _sagittary_, and supposed to have been a
+badge of King Stephen.
+
+_Cerceleé_, or _Recerceleé_. A descriptive term to denote a variety of
+the heraldic Cross: No. 98.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 222.--Castle.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 223.--Celestial Crown.]
+
+_Chapeau._ Also entitled _a cap of dignity_, _of maintenance_, or _of
+estate_. An early symbol of high dignity, and in England of right of
+Peerage. In addition it is now more frequently met with supporting
+certain crests: No. 224.
+
+_Chaplet._ A garland or entwined wreath of leaves and flowers, or of
+flowers alone. A _chaplet of rue_, sometimes called a _crancelin_, is
+blazoned bend-wise in the shield of Saxony--_Barry of ten or and sa.,
+over all a chaplet of rue vert_: No. 225. (See _Crancelin_.)
+
+ [Illustration: No. 224.--Chapeau.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 225.--Arms of Saxony.]
+
+_Charge._ Any heraldic figure or device. _Charged_--placed on a shield,
+banner, &c., as any heraldic figure or device may be.
+
+_Chequeé_, _Chequy_, _Checky_. Divided into three, or into more than
+three, contiguous rows of small squares, alternately of a metal (or fur)
+and a colour: No 68.
+
+_Chess rook._ A piece used in the game of Chess: borne by _Roke_wood and
+others: No. 226.
+
+_Chevron._ One of the Ordinaries: Nos. 123, 125.
+
+_Chevronel._ A diminutive of the Chevron: No. 124.
+
+_Chevroneé_, _Chevrony_. A field composed of a number of pieces divided
+and disposed _per Chevron_: No. 124A.
+
+_Chief._ One of the Ordinaries: Nos. 71-75. _In Chief_--placed in the
+upper part of the shield, or arranged in a horizontal row across the
+upper part of the field.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 226.--Chess Rook.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 227.--Cinque foil.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 228.--Clarions.]
+
+_Cinque-foil._ A flower or leaf of five foils: No. 227.
+
+_Civic Crown._ A wreath of oak-leaves and acorns.
+
+_Clarenceux._ See _Herald_.
+
+_Clarion._ An ancient musical instrument, a badge, apparently, of the DE
+CLARES. By some this charge is supposed to represent a _lance-rest_, and
+is sometimes so blazoned: No. 228, which shows two varieties of form.
+
+_Clecheé._ A variety of the heraldic Cross: No. 105.
+
+_Close._ With closed wings.
+
+_Closet._ A Diminutive of the Bar, one half its width.
+
+_Cloueé._ Fastened with Nails, and showing the Nail-heads: No. 150.
+
+_Coat Armour._ True armorial or heraldic bearings, duly granted or
+inherited, and rightly borne: so entitled, from having been depicted by
+warriors of the Middle Ages upon their _surcoats_, worn by them over
+their armour.
+
+_Coat of Arms._ A complete armorial composition, properly what would be
+charged upon a Shield or Banner, but often used as an alternative for
+_Achievement_, _q.v._
+
+_Cockatrice._ A fabulous creature, represented in No. 229.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 229.--Cockatrice.]
+
+_Collar._ One of the insignia of Orders of Knighthood, worn about the
+neck. Also any ornament or distinction worn in the same manner. Knights
+occasionally wore collars charged with their own badge. In addition to
+their badges of the Red and White Rose, examples exist showing that
+adherents of the rival houses of York and Lancaster sometimes wore
+collars, the former formed of alternate _Suns and Roses_, No. 230; and
+the latter, of the letter S continually repeated, No. 231. No certain
+origin has been discovered for the Lancastrian “Collar of S.,” but it
+has been suggested that it represents the word SOVERAYGNE, the motto of
+HENRY IV. No. 230 is from the Brass to HENRY BOURCHIER, K.G., Earl of
+Essex, at Little Easton, Suffolk, A.D. 1483; and No. 231 from the Brass
+to Lord CAMOYS, K.G., at Trotton, Sussex, A.D. 1424.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 230.--A Collar of York.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 231.--A Collar of Lancaster.]
+
+_College of Arms_, or _Heralds’ College_. (See _Herald_.)
+
+_Colour._ See Chapter V., page 41. The term “_Colours_” is applied to
+Flags, particularly to those of infantry regiments, and to such as are
+displayed at sea. (See Chapter XVII.)
+
+_Combatant._ Two lions, or other animals of prey, rampant and face to
+face.
+
+_Compartment._ In Scottish Heraldry, “a kind of carved panel, of no
+fixed form, placed below the escutcheon, bearing the supporters, and
+usually inscribed with a motto or the name and designation of the
+owner.” --_Seton._ Other objects placed below the shield are met with
+under this description.
+
+_Componée_, _Compony_, or _Gobony_. A single row of small squares
+alternately of two tinctures or furs: No. 66. (See _Counter Componée_.)
+
+_Complement, In her._ Applied to the moon when full.
+
+_Compound Quartering._ The quartering of a quarter, or division of a
+quartered Coat-of-Arms. (See page 34.)
+
+_Compound Arms._ Arms formed from the combination of the bearings of two
+or more distinct coats, to produce a single compound coat.
+
+_Conjoined in Lure._ Two wings united, their tips in base.
+
+_Contoise._ A flowing scarf, worn attached to the helm before 1350. Two
+examples occur in effigies in Exeter Cathedral, and another in
+Westminster Abbey.
+
+_Contournée._ Facing to the sinister.
+
+_Cornish Chough._ A bird like a crow, black, with red beak and legs.
+
+_Coronet._ An ensign of rank worn upon the head, in use in England from
+about the middle of the fourteenth century, but without any distinctive
+tokens of gradations of rank until a later period. In modern times
+English Coronets have enclosed a velvet cap with a bullion tassel. This
+cap originated in the cap of estate worn by Peers. (See _Prince_,
+_Duke_, _Marquess_, _Earl_, _Viscount_, and _Baron_.)
+
+_Cotise._ A diminutive of the Bend or other Ordinary, being one-fourth
+of their width. _Cotised_. When a Bend or Chevron is placed between two
+Cotises, or when a Fesse or Bar is placed between two Barrulets. Nos.
+114, 115.
+
+_Couchant._ In repose. No. 177.
+
+_Couchée._ Said of a Shield when suspended from the sinister extremity
+of the chief, or when placed as if it were so suspended. No. 49.
+
+_Count_, _Countess_. _Count_, in Latin “Comes,” the same as Earl.
+_Countess_, the wife of an Earl: she is “Right Honourable,” and styled
+“My Lady”: her coronet is the same as that of an Earl.
+
+_Counter._ Reversed or opposite.
+
+_Counter-changing._ See page 44, and Nos. 70, 126.
+
+_Counter Componée._ Double _Componée_, or two conjoined rows of
+alternately tinctured squares. No. 67.
+
+_Counter-Embattled._ A term in use for a fesse, bar, or chevron when
+embattled on both edges.
+
+_Counter-seal._ Early seals were generally impressed on both sides; and
+the seals thus were produced from two dies or matrices. The two sides
+were severally called the _seal_ and the _counter-seal_, the latter
+being termed the _reverse_ of the compound composition. Every such
+double impression constituted a single seal. Both seal and counter-seal
+were sometimes used alone; and the counter-seal was regarded as a
+private seal, or _secretum_.
+
+_Couped._ Cut off _smoothly_--the reverse of “erased.”
+
+_Couple-close._ Half a _chevronel_.
+
+_Courant._ Running.
+
+_Courtesy, Titles of._ Nominal degrees of rank, conceded to, and borne
+by, the Eldest Sons of Dukes, Marquesses, and Earls, and other titles
+used by their younger children and all children of Viscounts and Barons.
+
+_Coward_, _Cowed_. A term applied to an animal with its tail between its
+legs. No. 182.
+
+_Crampet._ The decorated end of a sword-scabbard.
+
+_Crancelin._ From the German _kranzlein_, “a small garland,” applied to
+the chaplet that crosses the shield of Saxony, No. 225: this charge is
+also blazoned as _a bend treflée vert_, _a bend archée coronettée_, or
+_a coronet extended in bend_: it is said to be an augmentation
+conferred, with the Dukedom of Saxony, on BERNHARD of Ascania, by the
+Emperor BARBAROSSA. The Emperor took from his head his own chaplet of
+rue, and threw it across the shield of Duke Bernhard. This story is
+probably untrue.
+
+_Crenellated._ Embattled.
+
+_Crescent._ No. 166. In modern English cadency, the difference of the
+second son, or house.
+
+_Cresset._ A beacon.
+
+_Crest._ A figure or device originally worn upon a helm, and now
+generally represented above a Shield of arms. Crests at first were
+ensigns of high honour, and their use was restricted to a few persons of
+eminence: they were attached by a _wreath_, or _torse_, or by a
+_coronet_, to the helm or basinet; and sometimes a crest stood upon a
+cap of estate. Crests are still represented standing upon either a
+wreath, or a cap, or issuing from a coronet: but in our own Heraldry a
+_crest-coronet_ must always be carefully distinguished from those
+coronets that are insignia of princely and noble rank. Crests are not
+borne by ladies, a reigning Sovereign only excepted. (See _Panache_,
+_Rebus_, and Chapter XIV.)
+
+ [Illustration: No. 232.--Crest Coronet.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 233.--Crest-Wreath.]
+
+_Crest-Coronet._ A coronet from which issues, or which supports,
+a crest. No. 232.
+
+_Crest-Wreath_, or _Torse_. In the Middle Ages, of rich materials and
+costly workmanship; now represented as being formed of two rolls of silk
+of the principal metal and colour in the arms, which are twisted to show
+the metal and colour alternately. The earliest examples are about A.D.
+1375. No. 233 shows three varieties of representation. (See Chapter
+XIV.)
+
+_Crined._ Having a mane or hair.
+
+_Cross._ One of the Ordinaries. Nos. 90-110.
+
+_Crown._ The ensign of Royal and Imperial dignity; in Heraldry borne as
+a charge, and also used to denote the rank of a Sovereign Prince. The
+Crown that is generally borne as a charge is represented without arches,
+and resembling No. 232. Certain other crowns, each distinguished by an
+appropriate title, are also sometimes borne on shields, or introduced as
+heraldic accessories. (See _Celestial_, _Eastern_ or _Radiated_,
+_Mural_, _Naval_, and _Vallary_ Crowns.) The different forms assumed at
+different periods by the Royal Crown of England are faithfully
+exemplified in the seals and the coinage of the successive Sovereigns,
+and several fine examples are preserved in the Royal effigies. The
+adornment of the regal circlet was arbitrary before the fifteenth
+century; still, it always was enriched with gems and surmounted by
+golden foliage. HENRY V. first arched his crown; and by HENRY VI. the
+circlet was first heightened with alternate crosses-patée and fleurs de
+lys. This arrangement has since been retained, the subsequent
+alterations being restricted to changes in the number and in the contour
+of the arches. The crown of His Majesty the KING has the circlet
+heightened with four crosses and as many fleurs de lys; from the crosses
+rise the arches, which are surmounted by a mound and a cross-patée. No.
+234. This, the heraldic crown, is not an exact reproduction of the
+actual crown of the King.
+
+_Crozier._ Strictly, the cross-staff of an archbishop; distinguished by
+its form from the pastoral-staff with a crook-head, of bishops; but the
+term is loosely and very generally applied also to the crook-headed
+pastoral-staff.
+
+_Crusilee_, _Crusily_. Having the field semée of crosses-crosslets, or
+of other small crosses, their peculiar form (when not crosslets) being
+specified.
+
+_Cubit arm._ A human arm couped between the elbow and the wrist.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 234.--Crown of H.M. The King.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 235.--Dacre Knot and Badges.]
+
+_Cup_, _Covered Cup_. A vessel formed like a chalice, and having a
+raised cover; borne by the BOTILERS, BUTLERS, &c.
+
+_Cushion_, _Pillow_, _Oreiller_. Unless described of another form,
+square or oblong, and with a tassel at each corner.
+
+_Dacre Knot._ No. 235. (See _Knot_.)
+
+_Dancetté._ No. 38B. In early blazon, a fesse dancetté is styled simply
+“a _dancette_” or “a _danse_.” Nos. 78, 146; and No. 20A, page 70.
+
+_Debruised._ When an ordinary surmounts an animal or another charge.
+
+_Decrescent._ A half-moon having its horns to the sinister. No. 166C.
+
+_Deer._ In general practice very little if any differentiation is made
+between the _Stag_, the _Buck_, and the _Hart_; the female is a _Hind_,
+and of course is without attires. (See Chapter VIII.)
+
+_Degrees._ A term applied to the steps upon which a Cross Calvary is
+represented.
+
+_Demembered_, _Dismembered_. Cut into pieces, but without any alteration
+in the form of the original figure.
+
+_Demi._ The half. The upper, front, or dexter half, unless the contrary
+be specified. No. 186.
+
+_Depressed._ Surmounted.
+
+_Dexter._ The right side. No. 27C.
+
+_Diaper_, _Diapering_. Surface decoration. No. 68.
+
+_Difference_, _Differencing_. An addition to, or some change in,
+a Coat-of-Arms, introduced for the purpose of distinguishing Coats which
+in their primary qualities are the same. (See Chapters XII. and XIII.)
+
+_Dimidiated._ Cut in halves per pale, and one half removed: No. 250.
+(See Chapter XI.)
+
+_Disclosed._ With expanded wings, in the case of birds that are _not_
+birds of prey. The contrary to _Close_.
+
+_Displayed._ Birds of prey with expanded wings. No. 200.
+
+_Disposed_, _Disposition_. Arranged, arrangement.
+
+_Dividing Lines._ No. 38: also Nos. 27-37.
+
+_Dolphin._ A favourite fish with Heralds. The heraldic Dolphin of
+antiquity is exemplified in No. 8; that of the Middle Ages in No. 163.
+
+_Dormant._ Asleep, as in No. 179.
+
+_Double-queued._ Having two tails. No. 181.
+
+_Doubling._ The lining of a Mantle or Mantling.
+
+_Dove-tail._ No. 381.
+
+_Dragon._ A winged monster having four legs. No. 236.
+
+_Duke._ The highest rank and title in the British Peerage; first
+introduced by EDWARD III. in the year 1337, when he created the BLACK
+PRINCE the first English Duke (in Latin, “_Dux_”). A Duke is “Most
+Noble”; he is styled “My Lord Duke,” and “Your Grace”; and all his
+younger sons are “Lords,” and all his daughters “Ladies,” with the
+prefix “Right Honourable.” His eldest son bears, by courtesy, his
+father’s “second title”; and, accordingly, he generally bears the title
+of Marquess. Whatever his title, however, the rank of the eldest son of
+a Duke is always the same, and it assigns to him precedence between
+Marquesses and Earls. The Coronet of a Duke, arbitrary in its adornment
+until the sixteenth century was far advanced, is now a circlet,
+heightened with eight conventional strawberry-leaves, of which in
+representations three and two half-leaves are shown; No. 237. It
+encloses a velvet cap. The present ducal coronet is represented in the
+portrait of LUDOVICK STUART, K.G., Duke of RICHMOND and LENNOX, who died
+in 1624; the picture, the property of the Crown, is at Hampton Court.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 236.--Dragon.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 237.--Circlet of a Duke’s Coronet.]
+
+_Ducal Coronet._ A term commonly, but not very accurately, applied to a
+_Crest Coronet_. No. 232.
+
+_Duchess._ The wife of a Duke. She is “Most Noble,” and is styled “Your
+Grace.” Her coronet is the same as that of a Duke.
+
+_Eagle._ See Chapter IX., page 92.
+
+_Eaglet._ An Eagle on a small scale.
+
+_Earl._ In Latin, “Comes”; in French, “Comte” or “Count.” Before 1337,
+the highest, and now the third degree of rank and dignity in the British
+Peerage. An Earl is “Right Honourable”; he is styled “My Lord”; his
+eldest son bears his father’s “second title,” generally that of
+Viscount; his other sons are styled “Honourable,” but all his daughters
+are “Ladies.” The circlet of an Earl’s Coronet has eight lofty rays of
+gold rising from the circlet, each of which supports a large pearl,
+while between each pair of these rays there is a golden strawberry-leaf.
+In representations five of the rays and pearls are shown; No. 238.
+Elevated clusters of pearls appear in an Earl’s coronet--that of THOMAS
+FITZ ALAN, Earl of ARUNDEL--as early as 1445; but the present form of
+the coronet may be assigned to the second half of the following century.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 238.--Circlet of an Earl’s Coronet.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 239.--Eastern Crown.]
+
+_Eastern_, _Radiated_, or _Antique Crown_. No. 239.
+
+_Electoral Bonnet._ A cap of crimson velvet guarded with ermine, borne,
+in the Royal Arms, over the inescutcheon of the arms of Hanover from
+1801 till 1816. No. 240.
+
+_Embattled_, and _Counter-Embattled_. A term applied to a fess or bar
+when so depicted both above and below.
+
+_Embowed._ Bent. An arm embowed has the elbow to the dexter, unless
+blazoned to the contrary.
+
+_Embrued._ Stained with blood.
+
+_Endorse._ A diminutive of the pale.
+
+_Enfiled._ Pierced, _e.g._ with a sword, or surrounded, _e.g._ with a
+coronet.
+
+_Engrailed._ The border-line, No. 38D.
+
+_Enhanced._ Raised towards the chief. Thus the arms of BYRON, No. 241,
+are--_Arg., three bendlets enhanced gu._
+
+_Ensigned._ Adorned; having some ensign of honour placed above--as a
+coronet above a shield.
+
+_Entire._ Said of a charge when it is necessary to express that it
+extends to the border lines of a shield, coat, or banner; also of a
+shield, coat, or banner of arms, when borne without any difference or
+mark of cadency.
+
+_Entoire_, _Entoyre_. A bordure charged with a series of inanimate
+figures or devices, as crosslets, roundles, &c.; to a similar bordure of
+living figures the term _Enaluron_ is applied. These are not terms
+ordinarily in use.
+
+_Enveloped_, _Environed_. Surrounded.
+
+_Equipped._ Fully armed, caparisoned, or provided.
+
+_Eradicated._ Torn up by the roots.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 240.--Electoral Bonnet.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 241.--Shield of Byron.]
+
+_Erased._ Torn off with a ragged edge; the contrary to _Couped_.
+
+_Ermine_, _Ermines_, _Erminois_. Nos. 57-60 and 57A. The animal, the
+ermine, sometimes appears in blazon, and an ermine spot is borne as a
+charge.
+
+_Erne._ An eagle. (See p. 96.)
+
+_Escarbuncle._ No. 19.
+
+_Escroll._ A ribbon charged with a motto; also a ribbon, coiled at its
+extremities, borne as a charge.
+
+_Escutcheon._ An heraldic shield: Nos. 39-40: also No. 27. An
+Escutcheon, when borne as a charge, is usually blazoned as an
+“_Inescutcheon_”: thus, the Arms of HAY are,--_Arg., three inescutcheons
+gu._: see also Nos. 131, 133.
+
+_Escutcheon of Pretence._ A shield charged upon the centre of the field
+of another shield of larger size, and bearing a distinct Coat-of-Arms.
+
+_Escallop_, or _Escallop-Shell_. A beautiful and favourite charge; No.
+165.
+
+_Esquire._ A rank below that of Knight. Besides those Esquires who are
+personal attendants of Knights of Orders of Knighthood at their
+installations, this title is held by most attendants on the person of
+the Sovereign, and all persons holding or having held the Sovereign’s
+commission in which they are so styled.
+
+_Estate._ Dignity and rank.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 242.--Estoile.]
+
+_Estoile._ A star with wavy rays or points, which are six, eight, or
+sometimes even more in number: No. 242. (See _Mullet_.)
+
+_False._ Said of any charge when its central area is removed--thus, an
+_Annulet_ is a “false roundle.”
+
+_Fan_, or _Winnowing Fan_, or _Vane_. The well-known implement of
+husbandry of that name, borne by the Kentish Family of De Sevans or
+Septvans--_Az., three fans or_ (E. 2). This shield appears in the Brass
+to Sir R. DE SEVANS, A.D. 1305, at Chartham, in Kent, and in the
+cloisters at Canterbury.
+
+_Fan Crest._ An early form of decoration for the knightly helm,
+exemplified in the 2nd Great Seal of RICHARD I., and in many other
+Seals, until about A.D. 1350. (See Chapter XIV.)
+
+_Feathers._ Generally those of the Ostrich, sometimes of the swan, the
+turkey, and a few other birds, borne generally as Crests and Badges,
+both singly and in plumes or groups. (See _Ostrich Feather_, _Panache_,
+and Chapter XIV.)
+
+_Femme._ The Wife, as distinguished from the “Baron,” the Husband.
+
+_Fer-de-Moline_, or _Mill-rind_. The iron affixed to the centre of a
+mill-stone; No. 243: a modification of the _Cross-moline_; No. 97.
+
+_Fermail_ (plural _Fermaux_). A buckle: No. 244. Several varieties of
+form appear in blazon, it being usual to specify them as round, oval,
+square, or lozenge-shaped. They are always blazoned as buckles.
+
+_Fess_, or _Fesse_. One of the Ordinaries: Nos. 76-80. _Fesse-wise, In
+Fesse._ Disposed in a horizontal line, side by side, _across the centre_
+of the field, and over the _Fesse-Point_ of a shield: No. 27, M.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 243.--Fer-de-Moline.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 244.--Fermails.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 245.--Fetter-lock.]
+
+_Fetter-lock._ A shackle and padlock--a Yorkist Badge: No. 245; is from
+the Brass to Sir S. DE FELBRIGGE, K.G., at Felbrigg, Norfolk, A.D. 1414;
+this, however, being a very unusual shape.
+
+_Field._ The entire surface of a Shield or Banner, or of an Ordinary.
+
+_File._ A Label, from the Latin _filum_, a narrow ribbon.
+
+_Fillet._ A diminutive of a Chief.
+
+_Fimbriated._ Bordered--the border (which is narrow) lying in the same
+plane with the object bordered: No. 89.
+
+_Fish._ Numerous Fish appear in blazon, and generally in their proper
+tinctures. They are borne as allusive charges, and also as types of some
+connection between those persons who bear them and the sea or lakes or
+rivers. Mr. Moule has published an admirable volume on the “Heraldry of
+Fish,” beautifully illustrated with examples drawn by his daughter. (See
+p. 77.)
+
+_Fitchée._ Pointed at the base, as in No. 110.
+
+_Flanches_, _Flasques_. Subordinaries: Nos. 141, 142.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 246.--Fleur de lys.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 247.--France Ancient.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 248.--France Modern.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 249.--Edmund, Earl of Lancaster.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 250.--Margaret, Queen of Edward I.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 251.--Seal of Margaret, second Queen of Edward I.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 252.--Shield of Edward III., A.D. 1340.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 253.--Shield of Henry IV., about A.D. 1405.]
+
+_Fleur de lys._ The beautiful heraldic device so long identified with
+the history of France: No. 246 (from the monument of EDWARD III.?). The
+fleur de lys, derived, it would seem, from the flower of a lily
+resembling the iris, was adopted by LOUIS VII. (A.D. 1137-1180) as his
+royal ensign, and in due time it was regularly charged upon a true
+Shield of Arms. Originally the Royal Shield of France was--_Az., semée
+of fleurs de lys, or_; the fleurs de lys scattered freely over the
+field, and the Shield itself having the appearance of having been cut
+out of a larger object, over the whole surface of which the flowers had
+been _semée_. This Shield of France is distinguished as “_France
+Ancient_”: No. 247. About A.D. 1365, CHARLES V. of France reduced the
+number of the fleurs de lys to three; and this Shield is now known as
+“_France Modern_”: No. 248. In the year 1275, EDMUND, first Earl of
+Lancaster, the second son of HENRY III., married BLANCHE of Artois, when
+he differenced his shield of England with _a label of France--a blue
+label charged on each point with three golden fleurs de lys_. No. 249,
+thus, for the first time did the armorial insignia of England and France
+appear together upon the same Shield. In 1299 EDWARD I. married his
+second Queen, MARGARET of France, and then this royal lady placed on one
+of her Seals a Shield of England and France dimidiated: No. 250. On
+another of her Seals, a very noble example of the Seal-engraver’s art,
+Queen MARGARET displayed the Shield of King EDWARD I., her husband,
+_surrounded, on the field of the Seal, with her father’s fleurs de lys_:
+No. 251. On the Seals of ISABELLE of France, Queen of EDWARD II., the
+same dimidiated shield, and another shield quartering the arms of
+England with _France Ancient_ and two other French coats (_Navarre_ and
+_Champagne_) appear. Then Prince JOHN of ELTHAM charged a “bordure of
+France” _upon his shield_, No. 24; thus applying the suggestion of the
+Seal of Queen MARGARET, No. 251, in such a manner as was consistent with
+the advanced condition of heraldic art. On his accession in 1327,
+EDWARD III. placed a fleur de lys on each side of the Shield of England
+upon his Great Seal: and in 1340, when he claimed the crown of France,
+EDWARD _quartered France Ancient with his lions of England_: No. 252.
+Shortly after his accession, perhaps in 1405, in order to conform to the
+altered blazonry of the French sovereigns, HENRY IV. quartered _France
+Modern_ on his shield: No. 253. The position of the three fleurs de lys
+was more than once changed in the Royal Shield of England (as I shall
+hereafter show more particularly) after the accession of the STUARTS;
+and they were not finally removed till the first year of the nineteenth
+century. The fleur de lys is also borne on many English Shields,
+disposed in various ways. In modern cadency the fleur de lys is the
+difference of the sixth son, or house.
+
+_Fleurettée_, _Florettée_. Terminating in, or bordered with, fleurs de
+lys; also, _semée de lys_.
+
+_Fleurie_, or _Fleury_. Ending as No. 100; also, _semée de lys_.
+
+_Flexed._ Bowed, bent.
+
+_Flighted._ Feathered, as arrows are.
+
+_Fly._ The length, and also the side of a flag farthest from the staff.
+
+_Foliated._ Crisped, or formed like a leaf.
+
+_Fountain._ No. 153.
+
+_Fourchée_, _Queue Fourchée_. A term applied to a lion with a forked
+tail.
+
+_Fret_, or _Frette_. A subordinary: No. 148. _Frettée_, _Fretty_:
+covered with fretwork: No. 149.
+
+_Fructed._ Bearing fruit or seeds.
+
+_Furs._ See p. 41: Nos. 57-65.
+
+_Fusil._ An elongated Lozenge: No. 20A, p. 70. _Fusillée_, or _Fusilly_.
+A field entirely composed of Fusils, all lying in the same plane.
+
+ [Illustration: Nos. 254, 255.--Fylfot.]
+
+_Fylfot._ A peculiar cruciform figure, supposed to have a mystic
+signification, found in military and ecclesiastical decorations in
+England, and on Eastern coins, &c.: Nos. 254, 255; the latter example is
+from the monument of Bishop BRONSCOMBE, in Exeter Cathedral.
+
+_Gad_, _Gadlyng_. A spike, knob, or other figure, projecting from the
+knuckles of gauntlets.
+
+_Galley._ An ancient ship. (See _Lymphad_.)
+
+_Garb._ A sheaf of wheat; if of any other grain, this to be specified.
+
+_Garnished._ Adorned in a becoming manner.
+
+_Garter, Order of the._ See Chapter XIX.
+
+_Garter King-of-Arms_. The chief of the official Heralds of England, and
+officer of arms of the Order of the Garter. (See _Herald_.)
+
+_Gemelles._ See _Bars Gemelles_.
+
+_Gem-Ring._ A ring for the finger, set with a jewel.
+
+_Genet._ A spotted animal, somewhat like a marten: a badge of Queen
+JOANNA of Navarre.
+
+_George, Saint._ The Patron Saint of England. The circumstances which
+led to his association with England are unknown. His Shield of arms, _a
+red cross on a silver field_, first appears in English Heraldry in the
+fourteenth century: No. 1.
+
+_George, The._ A mounted figure of the Saint in the act of piercing the
+dragon with his lance, and worn as a pendant to the collar of the Order
+of the Garter; added to the insignia of the Order, with the Collar, by
+HENRY VII. The _Lesser George_ has the same group on an enamelled field,
+and surrounded by the Garter of the Order, the whole forming a “jewel,”
+generally oval in shape: it was introduced by HENRY VIII., and is now
+worn pendent from the dark-blue ribbon of the Order, the ribbon passing
+over the left shoulder and the jewel hanging on the right side of the
+wearer. Originally, this “Lesser George” was worn from either a gold
+chain or a black ribbon: by Queen ELIZABETH the colour of the ribbon was
+changed to sky-blue, and it assumed its present darker hue in the reign
+of CHARLES II.
+
+_Gerattyng._ Differencing by the introduction of small charges. It is an
+early term, now obsolete.
+
+_Gimmel-ring._ Two annulets, interlaced.
+
+_Girt_, _Girdled_. Encircled, or bound round.
+
+_Gonfannon._ A long flag, pointed or swallow-tailed at the fly, and
+displayed from a transverse bar attached to a staff.
+
+_Gorged._ Encircled round the throat.
+
+_Gouttée_, _Guttée_. Sprinkled over with drops either of gold--_gouttée
+d’or_; of silver--_d’eau_; of blue--_de larmes_ (tears); of red--_de
+sang_ (blood); or of black--_de poix_ (pitch).
+
+_Grand Quarters._ The four primary divisions of a Shield, when it is
+divided _quarterly_: Nos. 30, 36, 37. The term “Grand Quarter” may be
+used to signify a primary quarter or division of a quartered Shield or
+Coat, and to distinguish such a quarter when _it is quartered_.
+
+_Grieces._ Steps.
+
+_Guardant._ Looking out from the field: Nos. 172, 174, 176, 187.
+
+_Guige._ A Shield-belt, worn over the right shoulder, and frequently
+represented in heraldic compositions as if sustaining a Shield of arms:
+Nos. 48, 49.
+
+_Gules._ Red: No. 53.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 256.--Shield of R. de Gorges.]
+
+_Gurges_, or _Gorges_. A charge formed of a spiral line of blue on a
+white field, and supposed to represent a whirlpool: borne (H. 3) by R.
+DE GORGES: No. 256.
+
+_Gyron._ A Subordinary. _Gyronny_. A field divided into Gyrons: No. 147.
+(See page 70.)
+
+_Habited._ Clothed.
+
+_Hames_, _Heames_. Parts of horses’ harness.
+
+_Hammer_, or _Martel_. Represented in blazon much in the same shape as
+the implement in common use (H. 3).
+
+_Harp._ A device and badge of Ireland. The Irish Harp of gold with
+silver strings on a blue field forms the third quarter of the Royal
+Arms.
+
+_Hart._ A stag, with attires; the female is a _Hind_: page 81.
+
+_Hastilude._ A tournament.
+
+_Hatchment._ An achievement of arms in a lozenge-shaped frame, placed
+upon the front (generally over the principal entrance) of the residence
+of a person lately deceased. In the case of the decease of an unmarried
+person, or of a widower or widow, the whole of the field of the
+hatchment is painted black; but in the case of a married person, that
+part only of the field is black which adjoins the side of the
+achievement occupied by the armorial insignia of the individual
+deceased. Thus, if a husband be deceased, the dexter half of the field
+of the hatchment is black, and the sinister white; and so, in like
+manner, if the wife be deceased, the sinister is black and the dexter
+white.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 257.--Hawk’s Lure.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 258.--Hawk’s Bells and Jesses.]
+
+_Hauriant._ A fish in pale, its head in chief.
+
+_Hawk’s bells, jesses, and lure._ A falconer’s decoy, formed of feathers
+with their tips in base, and joined by a cord and ring, No. 257; also
+bells with straps to be attached to hawks, No. 258.
+
+_Heightened._ Raised; placed above or higher.
+
+_Heights._ Applied to plumes of feathers which are arranged in rows or
+sets, one rising above another. See _Panache_.
+
+_Helm_, _Helmet_. Now placed as an accessory above a Shield of arms, and
+bearing its Crest after the fashion in which, in the Middle Ages, both
+Helm and Crest were actually worn in tournaments. A modern usage
+distinguishes Helms as follows:--The Sovereign--Helm of gold, with six
+bars, set _affrontée_, No. 259; Noblemen--Helm of silver, garnished with
+gold, set in profile, and showing five bars, No. 260; Baronets and
+Knights--of steel with silver ornaments, without bars, the vizor raised,
+set _affrontée_, No. 261; Esquires and Gentlemen--of steel, the vizor
+closed, and set in profile, Nos. 262, 263. The Helms that appear on
+early Seals and in other heraldic compositions till about A.D. 1600, are
+all set in profile, and the shield generally hangs from them _couchée_,
+as in No. 49. In these early compositions, the shield is small in
+proportion to the helm and its accessories.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 259.--Helm of the Sovereign.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 260.--Helm of Nobles.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 261.--Helm of Baronets and Knights.]
+
+ [Illustration: Nos. 262, 263.--Helms of Esquires and Gentlemen.]
+
+_Hemp-brake_, _Hackle_. An instrument having saw-teeth, used for
+bruising hemp.
+
+_Heneage Knot._ No. 264.
+
+_Herald._ An officer of arms. The Heralds of England were incorporated
+by RICHARD III.; and from Queen MARY, in 1555, they received a grant of
+Derby House, on the site of which, between St. Paul’s Cathedral and the
+Thames, stands their present official residence, HERALDS’ COLLEGE, or
+the COLLEGE OF ARMS. The college now consists of three
+KINGS-OF-ARMS--_Garter_, _Clarenceux_, and _Norroy_; six HERALDS, who
+have precedence by seniority of appointment--_Chester_, _Lancaster_,
+_Richmond_, _Windsor_, _York_, and _Somerset_; and four
+PURSUIVANTS--_Rouge Dragon_, _Portcullis_, _Rouge Croix_, and
+_Bluemantle_. The official habit is a _Tabard_, emblazoned with the
+Royal Arms, and the Kings and Heralds wear a _Collar of SS._ The Kings
+have a Crown, formed of a golden circlet, from which rise sixteen
+oak-leaves, nine of which appear in representations; and the circlet
+itself is charged with the words, _Miserere mei Deus secundum magnam
+misericordiam tuam_ (“Have mercy on me, O God, according to thy great
+loving-kindness”).
+
+ [Illustration: No. 264.--Heneage Knot.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 265.--Arms of the Heralds’ College.]
+
+The supreme head of the English Heralds, under the SOVEREIGN, is the
+EARL MARSHAL, an office hereditary in the family of the DUKE OF NORFOLK.
+The Arms of the College are--_Arg., a cross gu., between four doves
+their dexter wings expanded and inverted az._: No. 265; Crest--_From a
+crest-coronet or, a dove rising az._; Supporters--_Two lions ramp.
+guard. arg., ducally gorged or_. Each of the Kings has his own official
+arms, which he impales with his paternal coat on the _dexter_ side of
+the shield. The Arms of Garter are--_Arg., a cross gu.; on a chief az.,
+a ducal coronet encircled with a Garter of the Order, between a lion of
+England and a fleur de lys, all or_. Clarenceux and Norroy have the same
+shield, but the former has _a lion of England only, crowned, on a chief
+gules_; and the latter, _on a chief per pale az. and gu._, has
+_a similar lion between a fleur de lys and a key, all of gold_.
+
+There is also another King styled “Bath,” who is specially attached to
+the Order of the Bath; he is not a member of the College.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 266.--Arms of Lyon Office.]
+
+“Lyon King-of-Arms” is the chief Herald of Scotland; and the
+establishment over which he presides is styled the “Lyon Office.” The
+Arms of the Office are--_Arg., a lion sejant erect and affronté gu.,
+holding in his dexter paw a thistle slipped vert, and in the sinister an
+escutcheon of the second; on a chief az., a saltire of the first_: No.
+266.
+
+Ireland is the heraldic province of “Ulster King-of-Arms.” His official
+armorial ensigns differ from those of Garter only in the _charges of the
+chief_, which are _a lion of England between a golden harp and a
+portcullis_.
+
+_Herison._ A hedgehog.
+
+_Hill_, _Hillock_. A mound of earth.
+
+_Hirondelle._ A swallow.
+
+_Hoist._ The depth of a flag from chief to base. See _Fly_.
+
+_Honour Point._ No. 27, L.
+
+_Humettée._ Cut short at the extremities.
+
+_Hurst._ A clump of trees.
+
+_Hurt._ A blue roundle.
+
+_Illegitimacy._ See Chapter XII.
+
+_Imbrued_, or _Embrued_. Stained with blood.
+
+_Impaled._ Conjoined per pale.
+
+_Impalement._ The uniting of two (or more) distinct coats per pale, to
+form a single achievement.
+
+_Imperially Crowned._ Ensigned with the Crown of England.
+
+_Incensed_, _Inflamed_. On fire; having fire issuing forth.
+
+_Increscent._ No. 166, B. See _Decrescent_.
+
+_Indented._ No. 38, A.
+
+_Inescutcheon._ An heraldic Shield borne as a charge. This term is
+sometimes used to denote an _Escutcheon of Pretence_.
+
+_In bend._ Disposed in the position of a bend; _In Chevron_, _In Chief_,
+_In Cross_, _In Fesse_, &c. Disposed after the manner of a chevron, or
+in the chief of the shield, or in the form of a cross, &c.
+
+_In Foliage._ Bearing leaves.
+
+_In Lure._ Wings conjoined in the form of a hawk’s lure.
+
+_In her piety._ A term applied to a pelican feeding her young.
+
+_In Pretence._ A term applied to a single inescutcheon placed upon and
+in the centre of a larger escutcheon.
+
+_In Pride._ Having the tail displayed, as a peacock’s.
+
+_In Quadrangle._ When four charges are so disposed that one is in each
+quarter of the shield.
+
+_In Splendour._ The sun irradiated.
+
+_Irradiated._ Surrounded by rays of light.
+
+_Issuant._ Proceeding from, or out of.
+
+_Jambe_, _Gambe_. The leg of a lion, or other beast of prey: No. 185.
+
+_Jelloped._ Having wattles and a comb, as a cock.
+
+_Jesses._ Straps for hawk’s bells.
+
+_Jessant._ Shooting forth. _Jessant de lys._--A combination of a
+leopard’s face and a fleur-de-lys: No. 267.
+
+_Joust._ A tournament.
+
+_Jupon._ A short, sleeveless surcoat, worn over armour from about 1340
+to about 1405. It is often charged with armorial insignia, and thus is a
+true “coat of arms.”
+
+ [Illustration: No. 267.--Jessant de lys.]
+
+ [Illustration: Nos. 268, 269.--Heraldic Keys.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 270.--Hastings Badge.]
+
+_Key._ When represented in early blazon, Keys have always elegant forms.
+No. 268 is from Peterborough Cathedral, and No. 269 from Exeter.
+
+_King-of-Arms._ See _Herald_.
+
+_Knighthood, Orders of_: _Knights_. See Chapter XVI.
+
+_Knot._ An intertwined cord, borne as a badge. The varieties of this
+device are--The _Bourchier_, No. 219; the _Bowen_, No. 220; the
+_Harington_ (the same as a _Frette_), No. 148; the _Heneage_, No. 264;
+the _Lacy_, No. 274; the _Stafford_, No. 304; and the _Wake and Ormond_,
+No. 313. Cords were sometimes intertwined about other figures and
+devices, and so formed what may be regarded as _Compound Badges_, which
+significantly declared the union of two houses: thus, the knot of EDWARD
+Lord HASTINGS unites the Hungerford sickle with the Peverel garbe: No.
+270; and the _Dacre knot_ is entwined about the Dacre escallop and the
+famous “ragged staff” of Beauchamp and Neville: No. 235.
+
+_Label_, or _File_. A narrow ribbon placed across the field of a shield
+near the chief, and having three, five, or sometimes other numbers of
+_points_ depending from it, its object being to _mark Cadency_. In the
+early Labels the number of the points was arbitrary, the usual numbers
+being five and three; and, subsequently, three points were almost
+universally used; the object always was to render the Label conspicuous.
+In blazon a Label is supposed to have three points; but, if more, the
+number is to be specified; thus, No. 271 is simply “_a Label_,” but No.
+272 is “_a Label of five points_.” Labels appear early in the thirteenth
+century, and in the next century they are in constant use. Various
+charges may be placed on the “points” of Labels to extend their capacity
+for “differencing.” Since the time of EDWARD the BLACK PRINCE the Label
+of the PRINCE OF WALES has been plain silver. The Label is almost
+exclusively (now without any exception) used in Royal Cadency; but, in
+modern Heraldry, in the case of all other persons it is the peculiar
+mark of the eldest son. The Label is also found as a charge. It has
+become a usage in the degenerate days of Heraldry to represent the Label
+as in No. 273, instead of the earlier and far preferable forms of Nos.
+271, 272.
+
+ [Illustration: Nos. 271-273.--Labels.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 274.--Lacy Knot.]
+
+_Lacy Knot._ No. 274.
+
+_Lambrequin._ A mantling.
+
+_Langued._ A term which refers to the tincture of an animal’s tongue.
+
+_Leaves._ Their peculiarities are to be blazoned, as _laurel leaves_,
+_oak leaves_, &c.
+
+_Leopard_, _Leopardé._ See page 84.
+
+_Letters of the Alphabet_ sometimes are Charges. Thus, the Arms of the
+Deanery of Canterbury are--_Az., on a cross arg., the letter “x”
+surmounted by the letter “i” sable:_ the “x” is on the cross at the
+intersection of its limbs, and the “i” is above it.
+
+_Line_, or _Border Line_. No. 38.
+
+_Lined._ Having a cord attached: also, having a lining.
+
+_Lion._ See page 83.
+
+_Lioncel._ A lion drawn to a small scale, and generally rampant, Nos.
+114, 115, 197.
+
+_Livery Colours._ Of the PLANTAGENETS, as one family, _white and
+scarlet_; of the house of YORK, _blue and murrey_; of the house of
+LANCASTER, _white and blue_; of the house of TUDOR, _white and green_.
+The present Royal Livery is _scarlet and gold_. In the Middle Ages, all
+great families had their own livery colours, which had no necessary
+relation to the tinctures of the shield.
+
+_Lodged._ A term denoting animals of the chase when at rest or in
+repose, Nos. 25, 26.
+
+_Lozenge._ A square figure set diagonally, No. 47 (also see page 69).
+The armorial insignia of unmarried ladies and widows, with the sole
+exception of a Sovereign, are blazoned on a Lozenge instead of an
+Escutcheon.
+
+_Lozengy._ A field divided lozengewise: No. 145.
+
+_Luce_, or _Lucy_. The fish now called pike. See page 77 and No. 164.
+
+_Lure._ See _In Lure_.
+
+_Lymphad._ An ancient galley, No. 275. It was the feudal ensign of the
+Scottish lordship of LORN, and as such quartered by the Duke of ARGYLL.
+
+_Maintenance, Cap of._ See _Chapeau_.
+
+_Manche_, _Maunche_. A lady’s sleeve with a long pendent lappet, worn in
+the time of HENRY I., and borne as an armorial charge by the families of
+HASTINGS, CONYERS, and some others. HASTINGS (H. 3)--_Or, a manche gu._:
+No. 276.
+
+_Mantle._ A flowing robe worn over the armour, or over their ordinary
+costume, by personages of distinction of both sexes: the mantles of
+ladies were commonly decorated with armorial blazonry.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 275.--Lymphad.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 276.--Arms of Hastings.]
+
+_Mantling_, or _Lambrequin_. A small mantle of some rich materials,
+attached to the knightly basinet or helm, and worn hanging down. It is
+usually represented with jagged edges, to represent the cuts to which it
+would be exposed in actual battle: No. 199. (See _Panache_.) Mantlings
+blazoned with achievements of arms are sometimes adjusted in folds to
+form a background to the composition, and they are also occasionally
+differenced with various charges.
+
+_Marquess_, _Marquis_. The second order of the British Peerage, in rank
+next to that of Duke. This rank and title were introduced into England
+in 1387, by RICHARD II., who then created his favourite, ROBERT DE VERE,
+Marquess of DUBLIN. The next creation was by HENRY VI. A Marquess is
+“Most Honourable”; he is styled “My Lord Marquess”: all his younger sons
+are “Lords,” and his daughters “Ladies”; his eldest son bears his
+father’s “second title.” The Coronet, apparently contemporary in its
+present form with that of Dukes, has its golden circlet heightened with
+four strawberry leaves and as many pearls, arranged alternately: in
+representations two of the pearls, and one leaf and two half-leaves are
+shown, No. 277. The wife of a Marquess is a “Marchioness”; her style
+corresponds with that of her husband, and her coronet is the same.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 277.--Circlet of the Coronet of a Marquess.]
+
+_Marshalling._ The disposition of more than one distinct coat of arms
+upon a shield, so forming a single composition; or the aggroupment of
+two or more distinct shields, so as to form a single composition; also
+the association of such accessories as the helm, mantling, crest, &c.,
+and of knightly and other insignia with a shield of arms, thus again
+forming a single heraldic composition. See Chapter XI.
+
+_Martel._ A hammer.
+
+_Martlet._ The heraldic Martin, usually represented without feet: Nos.
+160, 161, and 70 and 86.
+
+_Mascle._ Lozenge voided: No. 143. _Masculée._ A field divided
+mascle-wise.
+
+_Masoned._ Representing brickwork.
+
+_Membered._ To denote the legs of a bird.
+
+_Merchant’s mark._ A device, adopted as early as 1400 by merchants, as a
+substitute for heraldic ensigns which were not conceded to them. Such
+marks are the predecessors of the _Trade-brands_ and _Marks_ of after
+times.
+
+_Mermaid_, _Merman_, or _Triton_. The well-known fabulous creatures of
+the sea, borne occasionally as charges, but more frequently as
+supporters, badges, or crests. A mermaid was the device of Sir WILLIAM
+DE BRIVERE, who died in 1226, and it is the badge of the BERKELEYS.
+
+_Metal._ The Tinctures _Or_ and _Argent_: Nos. 50, 51.
+
+_Mill-rind._ See _Fer-de-Moline_.
+
+_Mitre._ The ensign of archiepiscopal and episcopal rank, placed above
+the arms of prelates of the Church of England, sometimes borne as a
+charge, and adopted by the BERKELEYS as their crest. The contour of the
+mitre has varied considerably at different periods, the early examples
+being low and concave in their sides, the later lofty and convex. See
+No. 159.
+
+_Moline._ A cross terminating like a Fer-de-moline, No. 97. In modern
+cadency it is the difference of the eighth son.
+
+_Moon._ No. 166, page 80.
+
+_Motto._ A word, or very short sentence, placed generally below a shield
+but sometimes above a crest, an idea perhaps derived from the
+“war-cries” of early times. A motto may be emblematical, or it may have
+some allusion to the person bearing it, or to his name and armorial
+insignia; or it may be the epigrammatic expression of some sentiment in
+special favour with the bearer of it. As a matter of course, allusive
+mottoes, like allusive arms, afford curious examples of mediæval puns.
+I give a few characteristic examples:--“_Vero nil verius_” (_nothing
+truer than truth_, or, _no greater verity than in Vere_)--VERE; “_Fare,
+fac_” (_Speak--act_; that is, _a word and blow_)--FAIRFAX; “_Cave_”
+(_beware_)--CAVE; “_Cavendo tutus_” (_safe, by caution_, or _by
+Cavendish_)--CAVENDISH; “_Set on_,” says SETON; “_Fight on_,” quoth
+FITTON; “_Festina lente_” (_On slow--push forward, but be cautious_,
+that is), adds ONSLOW. Again: JEFFERAY says, “_Je feray ce que je
+diray_” (_I shall be true to my word_); SCUDAMORE--_Scutum amoris
+divini_ (_the shield of Divine love_); says JAMES--“_J’aime jamais_” (_I
+love ever_); says ESTWICK--“_Est hic_” (_he is here_); and
+POLE--“_Pollet virtus_” (_valour prevails_); and TEV--“_Tais en temps_”
+(_be silent in time_). The crest of CHARTERIS, an arm with the hand
+grasping a sword, has over it--“_This our charter is_.” In his arms the
+Marquess CHOLMONDELEY bears _two helmets_, and his motto is--“_Cassis
+tutissima virtus_” (_valour is the safest helm_); the crest of the
+MARTINS of Dorsetshire was an ape, with the significant motto--“_He who
+looks at Martin’s ape, Martin’s ape shall look at him!_” The motto of
+PERCEVAL is--“_Perse valens_” (_strong in himself_); but, “_Do no yll_,”
+quoth DOYLE. Some “lippes,” as Camden remarks, have a taste for “this
+kind of lettuce.”
+
+_Mound._ A globe, encircled and arched over with rich bands, and
+surmounted by a cross-patée, the whole an ensign of the royal estate.
+A mound or orb forms part of the regalia, and the same form appears upon
+the intersecting arches of the crown of the SOVEREIGN; and it also
+surmounts the single arch of the coronet of the PRINCE OF WALES: Nos.
+234, 289.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 278.--Mullet.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 279.--Mullet, pierced.]
+
+_Mount._ A green hill.
+
+_Mullet._ A star, generally of five, but sometimes of six or more points
+(if more than five the number to be specified), always formed by right
+lines, as No. 278. A mullet is sometimes “pierced,” as in No. 279, when
+the tincture of the field is generally apparent through the circular
+aperture. In modern cadency an unpierced mullet is the difference of the
+third son. See _Estoile_.
+
+_Mural Crown._ Represents masonry, and is embattled: No. 280.
+
+_Naiant._ Swimming in fesse. See _Hauriant_.
+
+_Naissant._ Equivalent to _Issuant_, but applied only to living
+creatures.
+
+_Naval Crown._ Has its circlet heightened with figures of the stern and
+the hoisted sail of a ship alternating: No. 281.
+
+_Nebulée_, or _Nebuly_. No. 38, H.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 280.--Mural Crown.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 281.--Naval Crown.]
+
+_Nimbus._ A glory about the head of a figure of a sainted personage:
+sometimes used to denote sanctity in a symbolical device.
+
+_Norroy._ See _Herald_.
+
+_Nova Scotia, Badge of._ See _Baronet_.
+
+_Nowed._ Coiled in a knot, as a snake.
+
+_Ogress._ A _Pellet_, or black roundle.
+
+_Opinicus._ A fabulous heraldic monster, a dragon before, and a lion
+behind with a camel’s tail.
+
+_Oppressed._ An alternative for _Debruised_.
+
+_Or._ The metal gold: No. 50.
+
+_Ordinary._ An early principal charge of a simple character. See Chapter
+VI., and Nos. 71-128: see also page 14.
+
+_Ordinary of arms._ A list of armorial bearings, classified or arranged
+alphabetically, with the names of the bearers. See _Armory_.
+
+_Oreiller._ A cushion or pillow, generally with tassels.
+
+_Orle._ A Subordinary formed of a border of a Shield, which is charged
+upon another and a larger shield, as in No. 134. _In Orle._ Arranged
+after the manner of an Orle, forming a border to a Shield, as in No. 86.
+
+_Ostrich feathers._ A Royal Badge: also a Device in a few instances
+charged by Royal and some other personages on an Armorial Shield. See
+Chapter XV.
+
+_Over all_, or _Sur tout_. To denote some one charge being placed over
+all others.
+
+_Overt._ With expanded wings.
+
+_Pale._ One of the Ordinaries: No. 87. _Pale-wise_, or _In Pale_.
+Disposed after the manner of a Pale--that is, set vertically, or
+arranged vertically one above another, as are the Lions of England in
+No. 187, page 87.
+
+_Pall_, _Pallium_. A vestment peculiar to Archbishops of the Roman
+Church: in Heraldry, as a charge, half only of the pall is shown, when
+it resembles the letter Y; it is borne in the arms of the Sees of
+CANTERBURY, ARMAGH, and DUBLIN.
+
+_Pallet._ Half a _Pale_.
+
+_Palmer’s Staff_, _Pilgrim’s staff_, or _Bourdon_. No. 282. JOHN BOURDON
+(H. 3) bears--_Arg., three palmer’s staves gu._
+
+ [Illustration: No. 282.--Bourdon.]
+
+_Paly._ Divided per pale into an even number of parts, which all lie in
+the same plane, as in No. 88. _Paly Bendy._ Divided evenly pale-wise,
+and also bend-wise, No. 118.
+
+_Panache._ A plume of feathers, generally of the ostrich, set upright
+and born as a crest. A panache sometimes consists of a single row of
+feathers; but more generally it has two or more rows or “heights” of
+feathers, rising one above the other. In the greater number of examples
+the tips of the feathers are erect; in others they wave, or slightly
+bend over. A panache may be charged with some device or figure, “for
+difference,” as by the TYNDALLS, with an _ermine circlet_, a _martlet_,
+and a _fleur de lys_. In Nos. 283, 285, from the seals of EDWARD
+COURTENAY, and EDMUND MORTIMER (A.D. 1400 and 1372) the “heights” both
+expand and rise in a curved pyramidal form. No. 284, from the seal of
+WILLIAM LE LATIMER (A.D. 1372), shows a remarkable variety of both
+panache and mantling. Waving plumes formed of distinct feathers first
+appear near the end of the fifteenth century, and are prevalent during
+the sixteenth century.
+
+_Party_, _Parted_. Divided.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 283.--PANACHE CREST: Edward Courtenay.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 284.--PANACHE CRESTS: William le Latimer.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 285.--PANACHE CRESTS: Edmund Mortimer.]
+
+_Passant._ Walking and looking forward: No. 173. _Passant Guardant._
+Walking and looking out from the shield, No. 174. _Passant Reguardant._
+Walking and looking back. _Passant Repassant_, or _Passant and Counter
+Passant_. Walking in opposite directions.
+
+_Pastoral Staff._ The official staff of a bishop or abbot, having a
+crooked head, and so distinguished from an archbishop’s _crozier_.
+
+ _Patée_, or _Formée_. }
+ _Patonce._ } Varieties of the heraldic Cross, Nos.
+ _Patriarchal._ } 106, 99, and 95.
+
+_Pean._ The Fur, No. 60.
+
+_Peer._ That general title, expressing their equality as members of a
+distinct “order” in the realm, which is applied to Dukes, Marquesses,
+Earls, Viscounts, and Barons of England, Scotland, Great Britain,
+Ireland, and the United Kingdom.
+
+_Peerage._ The hereditament of a Peer: also rank of a Peer; a list of
+the Peers.
+
+_Pegasus._ A horse with wings--a classic as well as an heraldic
+imaginary creature.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 288.--A Portcullis.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 286.--A Pennon.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 287.--A Pheon.]
+
+_Pelican._ Blazoned “in her piety,” when feeding her young with her own
+blood.
+
+_Pellet._ A black roundle.
+
+_Pendent._ Hanging.
+
+_Pennon._ An armorial lance flag, pointed or swallow-tailed at the fly.
+No. 286 is from the Brass to Sir JOHN D’AUBERNOUN, A.D. 1279; the arms
+are--_Az., a chevron or_.
+
+_Per._ By means of, or after the manner of.
+
+_Pheon._ A pointed arrow-head, borne with the point in base, unless the
+contrary is specified, No. 287.
+
+_Phœnix._ A fabulous eagle, always represented as issuant from flames.
+
+_Pile._ One of the Ordinaries, in form like a wedge, Nos. 126, 127, 128.
+_In Pile._ Arranged after the form of a pile.
+
+_Planta Genista._ The broom plant badge of the Plantagenets, No. 21.
+
+_Plate._ A silver roundle.
+
+_Plenitude._ The moon when full. See No. 166.
+
+_Plume._ See _Panache_.
+
+_Points of Shield._ No. 27. _In Point_ is the same as _In Pile_.
+
+_Pomme._ A green roundle.
+
+_Popinjay._ A parrot (H. 3).
+
+_Port._ A gateway, as the entrance to a castle: No. 222.
+
+_Portcullis._ A defence for a gateway, No. 288: the badge of the Houses
+of BEAUFORT and TUDOR, borne by the former with the significant motto,
+“_Altera securitas_” (additional security).
+
+_Potent._ A variety of the heraldic cross, No. 108; also a Fur, No. 64.
+
+_Powdered_, _Poudrée_. The same as _Semée_.
+
+_Preying._ When an animal devours its prey. See _Trussing_.
+
+_Prince_, _Princess_. In this country the rank and title of the members
+of the Royal Family. Their style is “Your Royal Highness.” The Coronet
+of the Prince of Wales differs from the crown of the King, only in
+having a single arch instead of two intersecting arches: No. 289. The
+coronets of the Princes and Princesses, the sons and daughters of the
+King, are the same as the coronet of the Prince of Wales, but without
+any arch: No. 290. The coronets of the Princes and Princesses, the
+grandchildren of the Sovereign, differ in having the circlet heightened
+with two crosses patée, as many strawberry leaves, and four
+fleurs-de-lys, No. 291. Other Royal coronets have the circlet heightened
+with four crosses patée, and as many strawberry leaves. No. 292. For the
+arms of their Royal Highnesses, see Chapter XVIII.
+
+_Purfled._ Lined and bordered or garnished.
+
+_Purpure._ A colour: No. 56.
+
+_Pursuivant._ A Herald of the lowest rank. In the Middle Ages, these
+officers were attached to the households of personages of high rank, and
+bore titles generally taken from the armorial insignia of their lords.
+
+_Quadrate._ A form of cross: No. 94.
+
+_Quarter._ The first (from the dexter chief) of the divisions of a
+shield that is parted per cross, as in No. 30; also any other division
+of a shield, to be specified in blazoning. See No. 36, and _Canton_.
+
+_Quartering._ Marshalling two or more coats of arms in the different
+quarters of the same shield. When two coats are thus quartered, the one
+in the first quarter is repeated in the fourth, and the one in the
+second in the third; when three are quartered, the first quartering is
+repeated in the fourth quarter. Any required number of coats may be
+quartered on the same principle. This same term is also applied to
+denote the dividing a shield “_quarterly_,” as in No. 30, or into more
+than four divisions, as in No. 36.
+
+ [Illustration: Nos. 289-292.--CIRCLETS OF ROYAL CORONETS
+ No. 289. Prince of Wales.]
+ No. 290. King’s Daughters and Younger Sons.]
+ No. 291. King’s Grandchildren.]
+ No. 292. Royal Dukes.]
+
+_Quarterly._ A shield divided into four divisions, as in No. 30: each
+division to contain a complete coat of arms, or a distinct heraldic
+device or composition. Should the shield be divided into more than four
+sections, the number is to be specified: thus, No. 36 is “_quarterly of
+eight_,” &c. See Nos. 252, 253.
+
+_Quarterly Quartering_ and _Quartered_. The quartering of a “quarter” of
+a shield that is divided “quarterly”; also distinguished as “_Compound
+Quartering_.” See page 34.
+
+_Quatrefoil._ A flower or figure having four foils or conjoined leaves,
+No. 293. In modern cadency a _Double Quatrefoil_ is the difference of
+the ninth son.
+
+_Queue Fourchée._ Having a forked tail; No. 181.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 293.--Quatrefoil.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 294.--The Ragged Staff Badge.]
+
+_Quilled._ Used to blazon the quills of feathers: thus, a blue feather
+having its quill golden is blazoned--_A feather az., quilled or_.
+
+_Radiant._ Encircled with rays.
+
+_Rayonée._ Formed of Rays.
+
+_Ragulée_, _Raguly_. Serrated, as No. 38, G. A “ragged staff,” No. 294,
+is a part of a stem from which the branches have been cut off roughly.
+This “ragged staff,” or “_staff ragulée_,” is the famous badge of the
+BEAUCHAMPS, and, derived from them, of the NEVILLES. No. 294 is from the
+monument of the great Earl, RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G., who died in
+1439, at Warwick.
+
+_Rampant_, _Rampant Guardant_ and _Reguardant_. Nos. 171, 172; when
+_reguardant_, the animal looks backward.
+
+_Rebus._ An allusive charge or device. A cask, or _tun_, to represent
+the final syllable “_ton_” of many surnames, is frequently found. I give
+a few examples of several varieties of Rebus:--JOHN OXNEY,
+Canterbury--An eagle (the emblem of _St. John_ the Evangelist, to denote
+“_John_”) standing on an _ox_, charged on its side with the letters _N
+E_. JOHN WHEATHAMSTEDE, St. Albans--An eagle and an Agnus Dei (the
+emblems of _St. John_ the Evangelist and _St. John_ the Baptist, to
+denote “_John_”), and clusters of _ears of wheat_. JOHN RAMRYGE, St.
+Albans--A _ram_, gorged with a collar inscribed with the letters _R Y G
+E_. WOODSTOCK--The stump or _stock of a tree_. Abbot ISLIP,
+Westminster--A man falling from a tree, exclaiming, “I slip!” and a
+human _eye_, and a _slip_ (small branch of a tree). WALTER LYHART,
+Norwich--_A hart_ (stag) _ly_ing down in _water_. An _owl_, with the
+letters _D O M_ on a scroll in its beak, for BISHOP OLDHAM, at Exeter.
+A church (“_kirk_”) on a _tun_, with a pastoral staff and the initial R,
+for Abbot ROBERT KIRTON, No. 295; and a _bird_ on a _tun_, and a _tree_
+growing out of a _tun_, for BURTON and ASHTON, all at Peterborough. At
+Wells, with an initial T, a fire-_beacon_ planted _in_ a _tun_, for
+Bishop THOMAS BECKYNGTON, No. 296; and at Lullinstone, Kent, in stained
+glass, the shield of Sir JOHN PECHÉ, A.D. 1522--_Az., a lion rampt.
+queue fourchée erm., crowned or_--is encircled by _peach-branches
+fructed and in foliage, each peach being charged with the letter É_, No.
+297; the crest-wreath also is formed of a similar peach-branch.
+
+_Recercelée._ A variety of the heraldic cross: No. 98.
+
+_Reflexed_, _Reflected_. Curved and carried backwards.
+
+_Reguardant._ Looking backwards: see No. 182.
+
+_Rein-deer._ Heraldically drawn with double antlers, one pair erect, the
+other drooping.
+
+_Respecting._ Face to face--applied to creatures not of a fierce nature.
+
+_Rest._ See _Clarion_, No. 228.
+
+_Ribbon_, _Riband_. A diminutive of a _Bend_.
+
+_Rising_, _Roussant_. About to fly.
+
+_Rompu._ Broken.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 295.--Rebus of Abbot Kirton.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 296.--Rebus of Bishop Beckyngton.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 297.--Arms and Rebus of Sir John Peché.]
+
+_Rose._ Represented in blazon as in Nos. 298, 299, and without leaves.
+The five small projecting leaves of the calyx, that radiate about the
+flower itself, are styled _barbs_, and when they are blazoned “proper”
+these barbs are green, as the “seeds” in the centre of the flower are
+golden. Both the “red rose” of LANCASTER and the “white rose” of YORK,
+but more especially the latter, are at times surrounded with rays, and
+each is termed a “_rose-en-soleil_,” No. 300. The rose, the emblem of
+ENGLAND, is generally drawn like the natural flower; or with natural
+stem, branches, leaves, and buds, but with heraldic rose-flowers. In
+modern cadency the heraldic rose is the difference of the seventh son.
+
+_Roundle._ See page 72.
+
+_Rustre._ A mascle pierced with a circular opening: No. 144.
+
+_Sable._ The colour black: No. 54.
+
+_Sagittary._ The fabulous centaur, half man and half horse.
+
+ [Illustration: Nos. 298, 299.--Heraldic Roses.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 300.--Rose en Soleil.]
+
+_Salamander._ An imaginary being, supposed to live in flames of fire; it
+is represented sometimes as a kind of lizard, and at other times (as in
+the crest of Earl DOUGLAS, A.D. 1483) as a quadruped somewhat like a
+dog, breathing flames.
+
+_Salient._ Leaping or bounding.
+
+_Saltire._ An ordinary, in form a diagonal cross: Nos. 120, 121, 122.
+_Saltire-wise_, or _in saltire_. Arranged after the form of a saltire.
+
+_Sanglier._ A wild boar.
+
+_Sans._ Without. “_Sans nombre_,” without any number fixed or specified.
+
+_Savage-man_, or _Wood-man_. A wild man, naked except large wreaths of
+leaves about his head and loins, and carrying a club.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 301.--Crest of Hamilton.]
+
+_Saw_, or _Frame-saw_. Borne as the crest of HAMILTON, Duke of HAMILTON,
+which is thus blazoned--_Out of a ducal crest-coronet or, an oak-tree
+fructed and penetrated transversely in the main stem by a frame-saw
+ppr., the frame gold; above the crest the motto_, “THROUGH!” This device
+is said to commemorate the escape into Scotland, in 1323, of Sir GILBERT
+HAMILTON, a reputed ancestor of the present ducal house. At the court of
+EDWARD II. Sir Gilbert had unadvisedly expressed admiration for ROBERT
+BRUCE, on which JOHN LE DESPENCER struck him. Despencer fell in single
+combat the next day, and Hamilton fled, hotly pursued, northward. Near
+the border the fugitive and a faithful esquire joined some wood-cutters,
+assumed their dress, and commenced working with them on an oak, when the
+pursuers passed by. Hamilton, saw in hand, observed his esquire
+anxiously watching their enemies as they passed, and at once recalled
+his attention to his woodman’s duties by the word, “Through!”--thus, at
+the same time, appearing to consider the cutting down the oak to be far
+more important than the presence of the strangers. So they passed by,
+and Hamilton followed in safety. This crest does not appear in the
+Hamilton seals till long after the days of Bruce and his admirer, Sir
+Gilbert: No. 301.
+
+_Scarpe_, _Escarpe_. A diminutive of a _Bend sinister_.
+
+_Scintillant._ Emitting sparks.
+
+_Seax._ A Saxon sword.
+
+_Seeded._ Having seeds or seed-vessels, as in the centre of an heraldic
+rose. See Nos. 298-300.
+
+_Segreant._ A term applied to a griffin when rampant.
+
+_Sejant._ Sitting.
+
+_Semée._ Sown broadcast or scattered, without any fixed number, over the
+field; parts of the charge thus semée appearing at the border-lines of
+the composition. See Nos. 247, 250, 252.
+
+_Shake-fork._ Resembles the letter Y, but does not extend to the margin
+of the shield, and is pointed at its extremities.
+
+_Shamrock._ A trefoil plant or leaf, the badge of IRELAND.
+
+_Shield_, or _Escutcheon_. The Shield of Heraldry is fully described at
+page 32. See also Nos. 27, 39-49.
+
+_Ship._ Sometimes blazoned as a modern vessel, but sometimes also as an
+ancient galley. See _Lymphad_.
+
+_Shoveller._ A species of duck.
+
+_Simple Quartering._ Dividing a shield quarterly, with the quartering of
+any of the quarters. See _Quartering_.
+
+_Sinister._ The left side. No. 27.
+
+_Sinople._ The colour _vert_ in French Heraldry.
+
+_Sixfoil._ A flower of six leaves: No. 302.
+
+_Slipped._ Having a stalk, as a leaf or branch: No. 309.
+
+_Spear._ The spear or lance is not of common occurrence in blazon; but
+it appears, with heraldic propriety, in the arms granted in 1596 to the
+father of the great poet, who bore--_Or, on a bend sa. a spear gold, the
+head arg._--the arms of SHAKESPEARE, No. 303. (In the woodcut the bend
+is accidentally shaded for _gules_, instead of _sable_.)
+
+ [Illustration: No. 303.--Arms of Shakespeare.]
+
+_Spur._ Not common as an heraldic charge. Before about 1320 the spur had
+a single point, and was known as the “pryck-spur”; about that time
+appeared a “rouelle-spur” of simple form; in the middle of the fifteenth
+century spurs of extravagant length were introduced.
+
+_SS., Collar of._ See _Collar_, and No. 231.
+
+_Stafford-knot._ No. 304.
+
+_Stall-plate._ A plate bearing the arms of a knight and placed in his
+stall. The stall-plates of the Knights of the GARTER and the BATH are
+severally placed in the Chapels of ST. GEORGE and of HENRY VII., at
+Windsor and Westminster. The earliest plates now in existence at
+Windsor, though many of them bear arms of an earlier date, were executed
+about 1430.
+
+_Standard._ A long narrow flag, introduced for the purpose of heraldic
+display, in the time of EDWARD III., but not in general use till a later
+period. Standards generally had the Cross of ST. GEORGE next the staff,
+to which succeeded the badge or badges and the motto of the owner. See
+Chapter XVII.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 302.--Sixfoil.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 304.--Stafford Knot.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 305.--Stapleton Badge.]
+
+_Staple._ Borne by STAPLETON: No. 305 represents a badge formed of two
+staples.
+
+_Statant._ Standing.
+
+_Star._ See _Estoile_ and _Mullet_; also a knightly decoration.
+
+_Stirrup._ Borne, with appropriate straps and buckles, by SCUDAMORE,
+GIFFARD, and a few others.
+
+_Stock._ The stump of a tree.
+
+_Stringed._ As a harp or a bugle-horn; or, suspended by, or fastened
+with, a string.
+
+_Sun._ When represented shining and surrounded with rays, he has a
+representation of a human face upon his disc, and is blazoned “_In
+splendour_.” _Sunbeams_, or _Rays_, are borne in blazon, and form an
+early charge. See _Collar_.
+
+_Supporter._ A figure of whatsoever kind that stands by a Shield of
+arms, as if _supporting_ or guarding it. Single Supporters occasionally
+appear, but the general usage is to have a pair of Supporters--one on
+each side of the _supported_ Shield. They came gradually into use in the
+course of the fourteenth century, but were not regularly established as
+accessories of Shields till about 1425, or rather later. At first they
+were generally alike, being then duplicate representations of the badge,
+but subsequently the more prevalent custom was that the two Supporters
+should differ, as in the case of the Royal Supporters, the Lion and the
+Unicorn, famous in History as in Heraldry. See _Bearer_, _Tenant_, and
+also Chapter XVI.
+
+_Surcoat._ Any garment worn over armour; but especially the long flowing
+garment worn by knights over their armour until about 1325, when its
+form was modified by cutting it short in front, and it was distinguished
+as a _Cyclas_. See _Jupon_.
+
+_Surmounted._ Placed over another.
+
+_Swan._ When blazoned “_proper_,” white with black beak and red legs. It
+is the badge of the BOHUNS, and of their descendants the LANCASTRIAN
+PLANTAGENETS, the STAFFORDS, and some others. This Swan has his neck
+encircled with a coronet, from which a chain generally passes over his
+back. By HENRY V., the Swan badge of his mother, MARY DE BOHUN, was
+borne with the wings expanded.
+
+_Sword._ When borne as a charge, straight in the blade, pointed, and
+with a cross-guard. All the appointments of the weapon are to be
+blazoned. It appears, as a spiritual emblem, in several episcopal coats
+of arms; in the arms of the CITY OF LONDON, No. 306, the first quarter
+of a Shield of ST. GEORGE (_arg., a cross gu._) is charged with _a sword
+erect gules_, the emblem of ST. PAUL, the special patron of the English
+metropolitan city. The sword is also borne in blazon in its military
+capacity.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 306.--Arms of City of London.]
+
+_Tabard._ A short garment with sleeves, worn in the Tudor era. It has
+the arms blazoned on the sleeves as well as on the front and back: No.
+307, the Tabard of WILLIAM FYNDERNE, Esquire, from his brass, A.D. 1444,
+at Childrey in Berkshire: the arms are--_Arg., a chevron between three
+crosses patée sable_, the ordinary being charged with _an annulet of the
+field_ “for Difference.” A similar garment is the official habit of
+heralds.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 307.--Tabard; A.D. 1444.]
+
+_Tau_, _Tau-Cross_. A cross formed like the letter T, so called in
+Greek, No. 93; borne as a charge in the arms of DRURY, TAWKE, and some
+others: this charge is also called the Cross of ST. ANTHONY: it is
+sometimes borne on a badge, as in the Bishop’s Palace at Exeter. See
+Chapter XV.
+
+_Templars_, _Knights_. See Chapter XIX.
+
+_Tenent_, _Tenant_. Used by French Heralds to distinguish human figures
+from animals, as _supporters_.
+
+_Tennée_, or _Tawney_. A deep orange-colour; in use in the Middle Ages
+as a _livery-colour_.
+
+_Thistle._ The national Badge of SCOTLAND, represented after its
+national aspect, and tinctured _proper_. JAMES I. of Great Britain, to
+symbolise the union of the two realms of England and Scotland,
+compounded a Badge from the _Rose_ of one realm, and the _Thistle_ of
+the other, united by impalement under a single crown: No. 308. The
+impaled rose and thistle is borne by the Earl of KINNOULL, repeated
+eight times upon a bordure.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 308.--Badge of James I.]
+
+_Timbre._ In the early Heraldry of England, this term denotes the true
+heraldic _crest_: but, in the modern Heraldry of France, the “timbre” is
+the _Helm_ in an armorial achievement. _Timbred._ Ensigned with a Helm;
+or, if referring to an early English achievement, with a Crest. It is a
+term very seldom met with in use.
+
+_Tiercée._ _In tierce_, _Per tierce_. Divided into three equal parts.
+
+_Tinctures._ The two _metals_ and the five _colours_ of Heraldry: Nos.
+50-56. See page 40. It was one of the puerile extravagancies of the
+Heralds of degenerate days to distinguish the Tinctures by the names of
+the _Planets_ in blazoning the arms of Sovereign Princes, and by the
+names of _Gems_ in blazoning the arms of Nobles.
+
+_Torse._ A crest-wreath.
+
+_Torteau_, plural _torteaux_. A red spherical Roundle: No. 152.
+
+_Tower_, _Turret_. A small castle. _Towered._ Surmounted by towers, as
+No. 222, which is a “_Castle triple towered_.”
+
+_Transposed._ Reversed.
+
+_Trefoil._ A leaf of three conjoined foils, generally borne “slipped,”
+as in No. 309.
+
+_Treflée_, or _Botonée_. A variety of the cross: No. 103. _Treflée_ also
+implies _semée_ of trefoils.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 309.--Trefoil Slipped.]
+
+_Treille_, _Trellis_. See page 71, and No. 150.
+
+_Tressure._ A subordinary. See pages 66, 67; and Nos. 135-8.
+
+_Tricked._ Sketched in outline.
+
+_Trippant_, or _Tripping_. In easy motion, as a stag. See page 81; and
+No. 168.
+
+_Triton._ See _Mermaid_.
+
+_Trivet._ A circular or triangular iron frame, with three feet, borne by
+the family of TRYVETT.
+
+_Trogodice._ An animal like a reindeer.
+
+_Trumpet._ In blazon usually a long straight tube, expanding at its
+extremity: No. 310, from the brass to Sir R. DE TRUMPINGTON, at
+Trumpingdon, near Cambridge; A.D. 1272.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 310.--Trumpet.]
+
+_Trussed._ With closed wings. _Trussing._ Devouring--applied to birds of
+prey.
+
+_Tudor Rose._ An heraldic rose, _quarterly gu. and arg._; or a white
+heraldic rose, _charged upon_ a red one.
+
+_Tun._ A cask; the rebus of the final syllable _TON_ in many surnames.
+See _Rebus_.
+
+_Tynes._ Branches of a stag’s antlers. See _Attires_.
+
+_Ulster._ See _Baronet_ and _Herald_.
+
+_Undy_, _Undée_. Wavy: No. 38, C.
+
+_Unguled._ Hoofed.
+
+_Unicorn._ A well-known fabulous animal, famous as the sinister
+supporter of the Royal Shield of England.
+
+_Union Jack._ The National Ensign of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
+and Ireland, fully described in Chapter XVII. It is borne on an
+inescutcheon upon the arms of the Duke of WELLINGTON as an augmentation.
+
+_Uriant._ A term said to be applied to a fish when it swims in a
+vertical position, head downwards. The reverse of _Hauriant_, _q.v._
+
+_Vair._ A Fur: Nos. 61, 62, 63.
+
+_Vane._ See _Fan_.
+
+_Vert._ In French Heraldry, _Sinople_. The colour green: No. 55.
+
+_Vervels_, _Varvals_. Small rings.
+
+_Vested._ Clothed.
+
+_Viscount._ The _fourth_ degree of rank and dignity in the British
+Peerage, in Latin _Vice-Comes_, introduced by HENRY VI., A.D. 1440.
+_Vice-comes_ is also the Latin word for the office of Sheriff.
+A Viscount is “Right Honourable,” and is styled “My Lord.” All his sons
+and daughters are “Honourable.” His Coronet, granted by JAMES I., has a
+row of sixteen pearls, of comparatively small size set on the circlet;
+in representations nine are shown: No. 311. The wife of a Viscount is a
+_Viscountess_, who has the same rank, style, and coronet as her husband.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 311.--Circlet of a Viscount’s Coronet.]
+
+_Vivre._ An early term, fallen into general disuse; but apparently
+denoting a _Barrulet_ or _Cotise Dancettée_; as in No. 312, at St.
+Michael’s Church, St. Albans.
+
+_Voided._ Having the central area removed.
+
+_Voiders._ Diminutives of _Flanches_.
+
+_Volant._ Flying. _Vorant._ Devouring.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 312.--Shield at St. Michael’s Church, St. Alban’s.]
+
+_Vol._ Two bird’s wings conjoined, having the appearance of an eagle
+displayed without its body: No. 207.
+
+_Vulned._ Wounded.
+
+_Wake Knot._ No. 313.
+
+_Walled._ Made to represent brick or stone-work. The term _masoned_ is,
+however, usually employed.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 313.--Wake Knot.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 315.--Wyvern.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 314.--Catherine Wheel.]
+
+_Water Bouget._ No. 218.
+
+_Wattled._ Having a comb and gills, as a cock.
+
+_Wavy_, _Undée._ No. 38, C.
+
+_Wheat-sheaf._ See _Garb_.
+
+_Wheel_, _Catherine Wheel_. Has curved spikes projecting from its rim:
+No. 314: from a shield upon a boss, about A.D. 1400, in the south
+choir-aisle of the church of Great Yarmouth.
+
+_Wreath_, _Crest-Wreath_. See _Crest-Wreath_, and No. 233; also Chapter
+XIV.
+
+_Wreathed._ Adorned with a wreath, chaplet, or garland; or twisted into
+the form of a wreath, &c.
+
+_Wyvern_, _Wivern_. A fabulous creature, being a species of dragon with
+two legs: No. 315.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+MARSHALLING
+
+ _Aggroupment-- Combination-- Quartering-- Dimidiation-- Impalement--
+ Escutcheon of Pretence-- Marshalling the Arms of Widowers, Widows, and
+ others; Official Arms; and, the Accessories of Shields._
+
+ “Marshalling is a conjoining of diverse Coats in one Shield.”
+ --GUILLIM.
+
+
+Upon this concise definition, Guillim, in another part of his work, adds
+the following comment:--“_Marshalling_ is an orderly disposing of sundry
+Coat Armours pertaining to distinct Families, and their contingent
+ornaments, with their parts and appurtenances, in their proper places.”
+Hence it is apparent that this term, “Marshalling,” implies--
+
+1. First, the bringing together and the disposition of two or more
+distinct “Coats in one Shield”:
+
+2. Secondly, the aggroupment of two or more distinct Coats to form a
+single heraldic composition, the Shields being still kept distinct from
+one another: and,
+
+3. Thirdly, the association of certain insignia with a Shield of arms,
+so as to produce a complete heraldic achievement.
+
+The association of “Arms” with Names, Dignities, and Estates would
+necessarily require, at an early period in the history of Heraldry, the
+establishment of some regular and recognised system for the combination
+and aggroupment of various distinct coats and insignia, whenever a
+single individual became the representative of more than one family, or
+was the hereditary possessor of several dignities and properties.
+
+Again: it would be equally necessary that this system should extend to
+the becoming heraldic declaration and record of _Alliances_ of every
+kind, including (a matter of no little importance in the Middle Ages)
+_feudal dependence_.
+
+In another, and a secondary sense, this same term, _Marshalling_, is
+used by Heralds to denote the general arrangement and disposition of
+heraldic charges and insignia in blazon upon the field of a Shield.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 316.--Seal of Margaret, Queen of Edward I.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 317.--Seal of Margaret, Lady de Ros. (_Laing._)]
+
+In its simplest form, MARSHALLING is effected by _Aggroupment_ without
+Combination--by placing two or more Shields of arms, that is, in such
+positions as to form a connected group of distinct Shields, either with
+or without various accessories. Seals afford excellent examples of
+Marshalling of this order. These Seals may be classified in two
+groups,--one, in which an effigy appears; and a second, in which the
+composition does not include any effigy. Here I may observe that the
+same armorial blazonry that was displayed upon their military surcoats
+by Princes, Nobles, and Knights, was adopted by Ecclesiastics for the
+decoration of their official vestments, and also (towards the close of
+the thirteenth century) by Ladies of rank, as an appropriate style of
+ornamentation for their own costume: and many examples of the effigies
+of Ladies, with a few of Ecclesiatics, adorned in this manner with
+heraldic insignia, exist in Seals and in Monumental Memorials. In
+Beverley Minster there is a noble effigy of a priest, a member of the
+great family of PERCY (about A.D. 1330), the embroideries of whose
+vestments are elaborately enriched with numerous allied shields of arms.
+Upon his episcopal seal, LEWIS BEAUMONT, Bishop of Durham from 1317 to
+1333, has his effigy standing between two Shields of Arms (to the
+dexter, _England_; to the sinister, a cross potent between four groups
+of small crosses patées, three crosses in each group), while his
+chasuble is semée de lys and also charged with a lion rampant--the arms
+of the house of Beaumont. The obverse of the Seal of MARGARET, daughter
+of PHILIP the Hardy, King of France, the second Queen of our EDWARD I.,
+illustrates this usage in the instance of ladies: No. 316. Upon her
+tunic the Queen has emblazoned the three lions of her royal husband; on
+her right side is a shield of _France_, the arms of her royal father;
+and on the left side a corresponding shield is charged with a lion
+rampant. I have already shown the reverse of this fine Seal (No. 251),
+which in the original is one inch more in depth than it appears in these
+woodcuts.[5] Other characteristic examples are the Seals of AGNES DE
+PERCY, whose effigy, having the arms of Louvaine upon the tunic, holds
+two armorial shields, one in each hand: and of MARGARET, Countess of
+LINCOLN and PEMBROKE (about 1241), who blazons the old arms of DE
+LACI--_quarterly or and gu., a bend sa., over all a label vert_--upon
+the tunic of her effigy, and has the same arms on a Shield to the
+dexter, while another Shield to the sinister is charged with the _lion
+rampant_, borne by the DE LACIES as Earls of LINCOLN. The effigies of
+illustrious Ladies, which appear on Seals with allied Shields of arms,
+are not always represented in heraldic costume: good examples are the
+Seals of ISABELLE OF FRANCE, Queen of EDWARD II., and of ELIZABETH,
+daughter of EDWARD I., who was Countess, first of HOLLAND, and
+afterwards of HEREFORD: both are engraved in Sandford’s “Genealogical
+History of England,” page 121. The Seal of MARGARET BRUCE, of Skelton,
+Lady DE ROS, attached to a deed, dated 1820, has the effigy of the noble
+lady, wearing her ermine mantle, and supporting two Shields of arms--the
+Shield of DE ROS, _gu., three water-bougets arg._, to the dexter, and a
+Shield of BRUCE, _a lion rampant_: No. 317. I am indebted, for the use
+of the excellent woodcut of this very interesting seal, to Mr. Laing of
+Edinburgh, the talented author of the two noble volumes on the _Early
+Seals of Scotland_, which occupy a foremost position amongst the most
+valuable as well as the most beautiful heraldic works that have ever
+been published in Great Britain. (See page 11.) In the Monumental
+Brasses and also in the Sculptured Monumental Effigies of Ladies of the
+fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, heraldic costume is frequently
+represented, and the figures are constantly associated with groups of
+Shields of arms. As most characteristic examples I may specify the
+effigy of a Lady, about A.D. 1325, at Selby in Yorkshire; and the Brass
+in Westminster Abbey, A.D. 1399, to ALIANORE DE BOHUN, Duchess of
+GLOUCESTER.
+
+ [Footnote 5: In No. 251 the initial A of the word AQVITANNIE has
+ been omitted.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 318.--Seal of Joan, Countess of Surrey.]
+
+The aggroupment of various armorial ensigns upon a Seal, without the
+presence of any effigy, is exemplified in the characteristic Seal of
+JOAN, daughter of HENRY Count DE BARRE, and of ALIANORE, daughter of
+EDWARD I., the widow of JOHN DE WARRENNE, Earl of SURREY, A.D. 1347. In
+this remarkable composition, No. 318, the arms, blazoned on lozenges,
+are, in the centre, _Warrenne_; in chief and base, _England_; and to the
+dexter and sinister, _De Barre_ (No. 162): also, at the four angles of
+the group, the lion and castle of _Leon_ and _Castile_, in direct
+allusion to the descent of the Countess from ALIANORE, first Queen of
+EDWARD I. In the original, this elaborate composition is only one and a
+half inches in diameter. Still smaller, measuring no more than one and a
+quarter inches in diameter, and yet no less rich in either its Heraldry
+or its Gothic traceries, is the beautiful little Counter-seal of MARY DE
+SAINT PAUL, wife of AYMER DE VALENCE, Earl of PEMBROKE, which is
+faithfully shown on an enlarged scale, in order to render the details
+more effectively, in No. 319. This illustrious lady, who founded
+Pembroke College, Cambridge, A.D. 1373, was the daughter of GUY DE
+CHASTILLON, Count of ST. PAUL, by his wife MARY, daughter of JOHN DE
+DREUX, Duke of BRITTANY, and of BEATRICE, sister of EDWARD I. On her
+Seal, accordingly, the Countess of Brittany marshals, in the centre, the
+arms of her husband (_De Valence_: No. 86), and those of her father (_De
+Chastillon_--_gu., three pallets vair, on a chief or a label of three
+points az._), united upon a single shield by “Dimidiation”--a process
+presently to be described: to the dexter, the arms of her Royal
+relatives of _England_ are blazoned in a circular compartment: to the
+sinister, in a similar compartment, are the fleurs de lys of _France
+Ancient_, No. 247, at that time so closely allied with the English
+lions: and, finally, in a third roundle, in the base of the composition,
+are the arms of _De Dreux_ (_chequée or and az., within a bordure
+gu.;[6] over all a canton of Brittany_, No. 15, borne by the maternal
+grandfather of the Countess: the legend is, + S . MARIE . DE . SEYN .
+POVL . COMITISSE . PEMPROCHIE. The original impression of this Seal,
+from which the woodcut, No. 319, was drawn, is appended to a charter,
+dated 1347, which is preserved amongst the muniments of Pembroke
+College. A very good example of the aggroupment of Shields upon a Seal,
+under conditions differing from those that now have been illustrated,
+I have already given in No. 204. Another beautiful and most interesting
+example, now unfortunately partially mutilated, is the Seal of MATILDA
+of LANCASTER, the wife, first, of WILLIAM DE BURGH, Earl of ULSTER (and
+by him mother of ELIZABETH, the wife of Prince LIONEL OF CLARENCE), and,
+secondly, of Sir RALPH DE UFFORD. This seal, of circular form, No. 320,
+displays to the dexter a shield of _De Burgh_--_or, a cross gu._; to the
+sinister, a shield of _Ufford_--_or, a cross engrailed sa._, in the
+first quarter _a fleur de lys, for difference_: in base there is a
+lozenge of _De Chaworth_ (the mother of the Countess was MATILDA DE
+CHAWORTH)--_barrulée arg. and gu., an orle of martlets sa._; and in
+chief there remains part of another lozenge of _Lancaster_, to complete
+this remarkable heraldic group. Of the legend there remains only . .
+ILLV MATILD’ . . . . SE . . . The introduction of _Badges_, with a
+Shield or Shields of arms, in the composition of a Seal, is another
+variety of this same system of Marshalling. No. 321, the Seal of OLIVER
+DE BOHUN, exemplifies this usage, having the _white swan Badge_ of the
+noble house of BOHUN thrice repeated about the Shield. See No. 114. Also
+see, in the frontispiece, the Seal of Earl RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, No.
+449, which is described in Section II. of Chapter XXII.
+
+ [Footnote 6: In No. 319 the bordure of _De Dreux_ in the roundle in
+ base is charged with Lions of England, as borne by JOHN DE DREUX;
+ but the presence of these in the Seal of the Countess is uncertain.
+ See No. 322.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 319.--Seal of Mary, Countess of Pembroke.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 320.--Seal of Matilda of Lancaster.]
+
+Marshalling by Aggroupment was practised under another form by placing
+Shields of arms in the different panels of the same architectural
+monument.
+
+MARSHALLING _by Combination_ is effected by actually forming, for the
+blazonry of a single Shield, a composition which includes the principal
+charges of two or more allied Shields. The composition of the Shield
+borne by the house of DE DREUX, to which I have just referred in
+describing the Seal of the Countess of Pembroke, No. 319, is a most
+striking example of this variety of Marshalling: and this Shield was
+borne by JOHN DE DREUX, created Earl of RICHMOND by his uncle King
+EDWARD I., who lived and died in England, as it is represented in No.
+322--the _field, chequée or and azure_, being for De Dreux; the _canton
+ermine_ for Brittany; and the _bordure, gules charged with golden lions
+of England_, representing the royal Shield of England, and showing the
+close connection existing between the Earl of Richmond and his
+Sovereign. The shield of Prince JOHN of ELTHAM (No. 24), _England within
+a bordure of France_, is another characteristic example of this
+Marshalling by Combination.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 321.--Seal of Oliver de Bohun.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 322.--Shield of Earl John de Dreux.]
+
+For many reasons, except in particular instances, these methods of
+Marshalling were not considered to be altogether satisfactory.
+Accordingly, a fresh arrangement was devised which would preserve intact
+the original integrity of each coat of arms, would imply a definite
+systematic method of arrangement, and would admit into a single
+composition any required number of distinct coats. This MARSHALLING _by
+Quartering_, naturally suggested by such simple bearings as Nos. 16 and
+17, consists in dividing the Shield, as in No. 30, into four parts, and
+placing in each of these divisions or quarters one of the coats to be
+marshalled on a single Shield. If two coats only are thus to be
+“_quartered_,” the most important of the two occupies the first quarter,
+and is repeated in the fourth; and, the other coat is placed in the
+second quarter, and repeated in the third. The earliest example known in
+England is the quartered Shield of _Castile and Leon--quarterly: first
+and fourth, gules, a castle triple-towered or; second and third, argent,
+a lion rampant gu._, No. 323. This shield is sculptured upon the
+monument in Westminster Abbey to ALIANORE, daughter of FERDINAND III.,
+King of CASTILE and LEON, and Queen of EDWARD I.: the date is 1290. This
+form of Marshalling began gradually to be adopted during the first half
+of the fourteenth century, and in the second half of that century it
+became generally adopted. Other examples of quartered shields I have
+already given in Nos. 252 and 253.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 323.--Shield of Castile and Leon.]
+
+Should there be _three_ Coats to be quartered, they would severally
+occupy the first, second, and third quarters of the Shield, in due
+order, and the first quarter would be repeated in the fourth. In
+quartering _four_ coats, no repetition would be necessary. If more than
+four coats would require to be quartered, the Shield would be divided
+into whatever number of sections might be necessary, as in No. 36, and
+the required arrangement would be made; should any repetition be
+necessary, the first quarter is to be repeated in the fourth. This
+process, whatever the number of the coats thus marshalled (and their
+number sometimes is very great), is always entitled “_quartering_”; and
+each of these divisions of a Shield, for the purpose of Marshalling, is
+distinguished as a “Quarter.” Occasionally a _quartered coat_ would have
+to be marshalled with others. In the “grand quartering” which then takes
+place, the quartered coat is treated precisely as any other member of
+the group. See No. 37. For example, the Shield, No. 324 (R. 2), of
+HENRY, first Earl of NORTHUMBERLAND, is--I. and IV. Grand
+Quarters,--_first and fourth, or, a lion rampt. az._, for Louvaine, or
+Percy modern: _second and third, gu., three lucies haurient arg._ (No.
+164) for Lucy: II. and III. Grand Quarters,--_az., five fusils conjoined
+in fesse or_, for Percy ancient.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 324.--Shield of Henry, Earl of Northumberland.]
+
+When a Shield to be quartered has a very numerous array of Quarterings,
+Grand Quartering is seldom adopted; but, in its stead, the new
+quarterings are marshalled in their proper succession, with the original
+quarterings of the Shield.
+
+In this Marshalling the first quarter is occupied by the most important
+quartering, which is determined (without any fixed rule) by the original
+grant or licence: the other quarterings follow, in the order in which
+they may have been “brought in” to the composition.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 325.--Shield of Mayor of Winchelsea.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 326.--De Valence, dimidiating Claremont Nesle.]
+
+To denote and record ALLIANCE BY MARRIAGE, two distinct Coats were first
+marshalled upon a single Shield by _Dimidiation_. This process is
+accomplished in the following manner. The Shield to be charged with the
+two Coats in union is divided _per pale_, as in No. 28: on the dexter
+half the corresponding half, or generally somewhat more than that half,
+of the arms of the husband is marshalled: then, in like manner, the
+sinister half is charged with the corresponding portion of the arms of
+the wife. In the Shield, No. 250, from another Seal of Queen MARGARET,
+_England_ dimidiates _France ancient_, Nos. 187 and 247. This
+Dimidiation in most cases produces a singular effect; as in No. 325,
+a Shield from the Seal of the Mayor of Winchelsea, one of the famous
+Sussex Cinque Ports, which bears _England_ dimidiating _azure, three
+hulls of ships, in pale, or_: here the dimidiated lions and ships appear
+to unite for the purpose of forming the most extravagant of compound
+monsters. The Seal of the Borough of Great Yarmouth substitutes _three
+herrings_, in allusion to the staple fishery of the port, for the ships,
+and dimidiates them with the national lions. In the central Shield of
+the Seal, No. 319, I have shown _De Valence_ dimidiating _De
+Chastillon_. In No. 326, from the monument of WILLIAM DE VALENCE, _De
+Valence_ appears dimidiating the French Coat of _Claremont Nesle_--_gu.,
+semée of trefoils, two barbels haurient addorsed or_: the Dimidiation
+here cuts off and removes one-half of the De Valence martlets and also
+one of the two barbels of Claremont.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 327.--Camoys, impaling Mortimer.]
+
+The characteristic features of one or of both of the united Coats, as I
+have just shown, being commonly rendered indistinct and uncertain by
+Dimidiation, that form of marshalling was generally superseded by
+IMPALEMENT in the course of the third quarter of the fourteenth century.
+This process, at once simple and effectual, marshals the whole of the
+husband’s arms on the dexter half of a Shield divided per pale, as No.
+28; and the whole of the arms of the wife on the sinister half of it.
+Such an impaled Shield is borne by a husband and wife during their
+conjoint lives; and should the wife become a widow, by her the impaled
+arms are borne during her widowhood charged upon a lozenge. The dexter
+half only--the husband’s arms--of an impaled Shield is hereditary. Fine
+examples of Shields that are both impaled and quartered, are preserved
+in the monuments of EDWARD III. and his Queen PHILIPPA, in the Brass to
+ALIANORE DE BOHUN, and in the monument to MARGARET BEAUFORT, all in
+Westminster Abbey. Other fine examples occur on the monument of Earl
+RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, at Warwick. No. 327, from the Brass to THOMAS, LORD
+CAMOYS, K.G., and his wife, ELIZABETH MORTIMER (the widow of HENRY
+HOTSPUR), at Trotton, in Sussex, A.D. 1410, marshals _Camoys_--_arg., on
+a chief gu. three plates_, impaling _Mortimer_, No. 131. Again, at
+Warwick, the Brass to Earl THOMAS DE BEAUCHAMP and his Countess,
+MARGARET FERRERS of Groby, A.D. 1406, has a Shield of _Beauchamp_--_gu.,
+a fesse between six crosslets or_, impaling _Ferrers_--_gu., seven
+mascles, three three and one, or_.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 328.--D’Aubigny, impaling Scotland.]
+
+It is to be observed that _Bordures_ and _Tressures_, which are not
+affected by Quartering, are _dimidiated by Impalement_,--that is, that
+side of both a Bordure and a Tressure which adjoins the line of
+Impalement is generally removed: thus, one of the small Shields
+sculptured upon the canopy of the monument of Queen MARY STUART, at
+Westminster, is charged with _D’Aubigny_ impaling _Scotland_,--that is,
+_az., three fleurs de lys or, within a bordure gu. charged with eight
+buckles gold_, impaling No. 138. This Shield, represented in No. 328,
+has both the bordure on its dexter half, and the tressure on its
+sinister half, dimidiated by the impalement. There are other excellent
+examples of this partial dimidiating in the monuments of MARGARET TUDOR
+and MARGARET BEAUFORT, in the same chapel of Westminster Abbey.
+
+The husband of an _Heiress_ or a _Co-heiress_, instead of impaling the
+arms of his wife, marshals them upon his Shield charged as an
+_Escutcheon of Pretence_. The son of an heiress, as heir to his maternal
+grandfather through his mother, as well as to his own father, _quarters_
+on his Shield, and transmits to his descendants, _the arms of both his
+parents_, his father’s arms generally being in the first quarter. The
+Shield of RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, K.G., Earl of WARWICK (died in 1439), is a
+good example of the use of an Escutcheon of Pretence; it is represented
+in No. 329, drawn from the garter-plate of the Earl, in St. George’s
+Chapel, Windsor. The Earl himself, as his hereditary coat, quarters
+_Beauchamp_ with _Newburgh_--_chequée or and az., a chevron erm._: upon
+this, for his Countess, ISABELLE, daughter and heiress of THOMAS LE
+DESPENCER, Earl of GLOUCESTER, he marshals an Escutcheon of Pretence
+charged with _De Clare_, No. 124, quartering _Le Despencer_--_quarterly
+arg. and gu., in the second and third quarters a frette or, over all a
+bend sa._ In the monument of this great Earl, at Warwick, upon the
+Escutcheon of Pretence the arms of Bohun are quartered with those of
+Clare and Despencer.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 329.--Shield of Earl Richard Beauchamp.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 330.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 331.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 332.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 333.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 334.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 335.]
+
+A few very simple diagrams will clearly elucidate the principle of
+Marshalling the arms of Husband and Wife. Suppose B (_Baron_) to
+represent the Husband, and F (_Femme_) the Wife: then, No. 330 B may
+represent the arms of the Husband, and No. 330 F the arms of the Wife.
+If F be _not_ an heiress, the arms of B and F, as husband and wife, are
+borne impaled, as in No. 330 B F; and their son bears No. 330 B only. If
+F _be an heiress_, the arms of B and F, as husband and wife, are borne
+as in No. 331--the arms of the wife on an Escutcheon of Pretence; and,
+in this case, the son of B and F quarters the arms of both his parents,
+as No. 332. Now, suppose this son, whose arms are No. 332, to marry a
+lady, _not_ an heiress, whose arms are No. 330 F F, he would simply
+impale the arms of his wife, as in No. 333, and his son would bear No.
+332 only, as his father bore that quartered shield before his marriage.
+But if the wife of the bearer of No. 332 were to _be an heiress_, he
+would charge the arms of his wife in pretence upon his own hereditary
+paternal Shield, as in No. 334; and his son, by this heiress, as before,
+would quarter the arms of both his parents, as in No. 335. It is obvious
+that Marshalling on this system (of which I here give the general
+outline) admits of a widely-extended application. Younger sons in all
+cases place over all the quarterings of their Shield their own
+distinctive Mark of Cadency, until they inherit some different
+quartering from those to which the head of their house is entitled, and
+the quartering itself then forms sufficient difference.
+
+A _Widower_ who marries again places the arms of both his wives upon any
+permanent record, but for ordinary purposes of use, _e.g._ on a seal or
+carriage, bears only the arms of his living wife.
+
+An _Unmarried Lady_ bears her paternal arms on a _lozenge_, without any
+Helmet, Crest, or Motto.
+
+A _Widow_ bears on a _lozenge_ the arms borne by her husband and
+herself. Should she marry again, a Widow ceases to bear the arms of her
+former husband.
+
+A _Peeress in her own right_, if married to a Peer, has both her own
+arms and those of her husband fully blazoned, and the lozenge and the
+Shield, with all their accessories, are marshalled to form a single
+united group, the achievement of the husband having precedence to the
+dexter. If married to a Commoner, a Peeress in her own right bears her
+own arms on a lozenge as before, and her husband marshals her arms
+ensigned with her coronet in pretence on his Shield: and this lozenge
+and Shield are grouped together, the lozenge yielding precedence.
+
+_Prelates_ bear the arms of their see impaling their own paternal and
+hereditary arms, the insignia of the see occupying the dexter half of
+the Shield, this Shield being ensigned with a mitre only. A married
+Prelate bears also a second Shield, placed to the sinister of the other,
+on which are marshalled, in accordance with ordinary usage, his own
+personal arms with those of his wife. The mitre then is placed over the
+conjoined shields.
+
+The _Kings of Arms_, in like manner, bear two Shields, disposed to form
+a single group: on the dexter Shield their official arms impale their
+personal; and on the sinister Shield their personal arms are marshalled
+with the arms of their wives.
+
+Again, the same usage obtains in marshalling the arms of _Knights of
+Orders of Knighthood_ who, when married, bear two Shields grouped
+together. On the dexter Shield are blazoned the arms of the Knight
+himself alone; and around this Shield are displayed the insignia of his
+Order, or Orders, of Knighthood: and on the sinister Shield the arms of
+the Knight and of his wife are marshalled, but without the knightly
+insignia. This second Shield is generally environed with decorative
+foliage. This usage, prevalent in England, is not accepted or adopted by
+foreign Heralds: nor does it appear to be required by true heraldic
+principle, or to be strictly in accordance with it. The wife of a Knight
+shares his knightly title, and takes precedence from her husband’s
+knightly rank; and a knight, with perfect heraldic consistency, might
+marshal his own knightly insignia about the Shield which is charged with
+his own arms and those of his wife, whether united by impalement, or
+when the latter are borne in pretence: and thus a single Shield would be
+borne, and there would cease to exist any motive for endeavouring to
+impart to a second Shield some general resemblance to its companion by
+wreaths or other unmeaning accessories. There are ancient precedents for
+the use of a single shield.
+
+_Official Arms_ are not hereditary.
+
+_Royal Personages_, when married, bear their own arms on a separate
+Shield; and a second Shield bears the arms of the husband and wife
+conjoined.
+
+The circumstances of every case must exercise a considerable influence
+in determining the Marshalling of the Accessories of any Shield,
+Lozenge, or Group. As a general rule, however, the _Helm_ always rests
+on the chief of the Shield: Commoners, Knights, Baronets, and Peers
+place their _Crest_ upon the Helm: Peers and Princes place their _Helm_
+upon the Coronet, and their Crest is placed upon the Helmet. The
+SOVEREIGN places the Crest upon the Royal Crown, which is a part of the
+Royal Crest, and it is unusual to duplicate the Crown by repeating it
+below the Helmet. The _Mantling_ is displayed from the back of the Helm:
+it is most effective when simple in its form and adjustment, and when it
+droops behind the Shield. The _Motto_ is usually placed below the
+Shield; but if it has special reference to the Crest, above the Crest.
+A Scottish motto always goes over the Crest. _Supporters_ are usually
+placed erect, as if in the act of really supporting the Shield: they
+ought to stand either on an appropriate ground, or on a Gothic basement
+to the entire Achievement. _Badges_, with all _Official_ and _Knightly
+Insignia_, and all other _Honourable Insignia_ of every kind, are
+rightly marshalled in an Achievement of Arms.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+CADENCY
+
+ _Marks of Cadency are temporary or permanent-- The Label-- The
+ Bordure-- The Bendlet, Barrulet, and Canton-- Change of Tincture--
+ Secondary Charges-- Single Small Charges-- Differences of
+ Illegitimacy-- Cadency of Crests, Badges, &c.-- Modern Cadency._
+
+ “Merke ye wele theys questionys here, now folowying!”
+ --BOKE OF ST. ALBANS, A.D. 1486.
+
+
+Amongst his comrades in arms, or in the midst of a hostile array, the
+last object that a mediæval Knight would expect or desire to observe, on
+the morning of a battle or a joust, would be an exact counterpart of
+himself. Occasions, indeed, might sometimes arise, when it might be
+highly desirable that five or six counterfeit “Richmonds” should
+accompany one real one to “the field”; or, when a “wild boar of
+Ardennes” might prefer to encounter the hunters, having about him the
+choice of his own “boar’s brood,” garnished at all points exactly after
+his own fashion. These, however, are rare and strictly exceptional
+cases. And the Knight, to whom distinction was as the breath of his
+nostrils, as he closed his vizor trusted confidently to his heraldic
+insignia to distinguish him, while, in the fore-front of the fray, with
+sword and lance and axe he would strive manfully to distinguish himself.
+This implies that Heraldry, besides assigning to different families
+their own distinct insignia, should possess the faculty of
+distinguishing the several members, and also the various branches of the
+same family, the one from the other. A faculty such as this Heraldry
+does possess, in its marks of CADENCY.
+
+In “_marking Cadency_”--that is, in distinguishing the armorial insignia
+of kinsmen, who are members of the very same family, or of some one of
+its various branches, it is a necessary condition of every system of
+“Differencing” that, while in itself clear and definite and significant,
+it should be secondary to the leading characteristics of the original
+Coat of Arms which denotes the senior branch of the Family, and also
+declares from what fountain-head all the kinsmen of all the branches
+have derived their common descent.
+
+Various methods for thus marking Cadency were adopted, and accepted as
+satisfactory, in the early days of Heraldry. Of these I now shall
+describe and illustrate such as are most emphatic in themselves, and in
+their character most decidedly heraldic,--such also as most
+advantageously may be retained in use in our own Heraldry of the present
+time. It will be seen that the “Differences” which mark Cadency
+necessarily resolve themselves into two groups or classes: one, in which
+the “Difference” is _temporary_ only in its significance and use,--as,
+when an eldest son, on the death of his father, succeeds to the position
+in the family which his father had held, he removes his Mark of Cadency
+as eldest son from his Shield, assumes the unmarked Shield as his father
+had borne it before him, and transfers to his own son the mark that
+previously had distinguished his Shield from that of his father. In the
+other group, the Marks of Cadency are more _permanent_, and consequently
+may become integral elements of the heraldic composition in which they
+appear: thus, the mark of Cadency which distinguishes any particular
+branch of a family, is borne alike by all the members of that branch,
+and in that branch it is transmitted from generation to generation.
+
+More than one Mark of Cadency may be introduced into the same Coat of
+Arms; and, for the purpose of some form of secondary distinction, it is
+quite correct Heraldry to _mark Marks of Cadency_--to charge one variety
+of mark, that is, upon another.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 336.--Eldest Sons of Edward I. and II.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 337.--Black Prince.]
+
+The LABEL, Nos. 271, 272, is blazoned as a Mark of Cadency in the
+earliest Rolls of Arms, and it appears discharging this duty in the
+earliest examples. The Label is generally borne with three points, as in
+No. 271; frequently with five, as in No. 272; and occasionally with four
+or with more than five points. It is quite certain that no significance
+was formerly attached to the number of the points, the object in all
+cases being to make the Label distinctly visible, and to adjust the
+points to the general composition of the Shield. Labels are of various
+tinctures. EDWARD I., EDWARD II., and EDWARD III., each one during the
+lifetime of his father, bore the Shield of England, No. 187, differenced
+with an _azure label_, sometimes of three points, as in No. 336, and
+sometimes having five points. EDWARD the BLACK PRINCE marked the Royal
+Shield of EDWARD III. with a _label argent_, as in No. 337; and a plain
+silver label has since been the Mark of Cadency of every succeeding
+heir-apparent to the English throne. The Label has been used in this
+manner by personages of all ranks who have borne arms, from the time of
+HENRY III.; and examples abound in all the early Rolls of Arms, in
+Monuments, and upon Seals.
+
+The _Label_, borne as a Mark of Cadency, was sometimes, particularly in
+the cases of junior members of the Royal Family, charged with other
+figures and devices, as differences of a secondary rank. Or, when it is
+thus charged, the charges upon a Label may be considered to be elements
+of the Label itself, in its capacity of a Mark of Cadency. EDMOND, the
+first Earl of LANCASTER, as I have already shown, No. 249, differenced
+his father’s Arms of England with a _Label of France_, No. 338--an azure
+label, that is, charged with golden fleurs de lys, to denote his French
+alliance; and thus by the same process he was Marshalling and Marking
+Cadency. JOHN OF GHENT, Duke of LANCASTER, differenced with an _ermine
+Label_, No. 339, derived from the ermine shield of Brittany (No. 15):
+and the Plantagenet Dukes of YORK charged each point of their silver
+Label with _three torteaux_, No. 340, which may be considered to have
+been derived from the shield of Wake (No. 82). In order to show them on
+a larger scale, the Labels in Nos. 338-343 are represented without the
+Shields on which they were charged. All these Shields would be
+repetitions of the same blazonry of France and England quarterly: Nos.
+252 and 253.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 338.--Lancaster.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 339.--Brittany.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 340.--York.]
+
+The Label, with various Differences, has generally been the Royal Mark
+of Cadency; and now differenced silver Labels are borne, to mark
+Cadency, by every member of our Royal Family.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 341.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 342.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 343.]
+
+Like the points of Labels, the Charges blazoned on those points had no
+fixed or determinate numbers. That both the Labels and their Charges
+should be distinct and conspicuous, was the special object with which
+they were blazoned. Accordingly, in different examples of the same Label
+the number of the repetitions of the Charges sometimes is found to
+differ. At the same time, in the earliest examples of charged Labels,
+the repetitions of the Charges, while devoid of any special differencing
+aim or meaning, may be considered to have been suggested by the sources
+from which the Charges themselves were derived. For example: the Label
+of Lancaster, No. 338, of Earl EDMOND, derived directly from the Shield
+of _France ancient_, No. 247, with its field _semée de lys_, has three
+fleurs de lys upon each point, so that this Label has the appearance of
+being also _semée de lys_. Had it been derived from the Shield of
+_France modern_, No. 248, charged with three fleurs de lys only,
+a single fleur de lys in all probability would have been blazoned on
+each of the three points of this same Label. Upon this principle the
+Label of Prince LIONEL, DUKE of CLARENCE, second son of EDWARD III.,
+which is differenced with _cantons gules_, has a single canton on each
+point, as in No. 341, evidently because only a single canton can be
+blazoned on a Shield. The figures and devices that are charged for
+secondary difference upon Labels vary widely in their character; but,
+however difficult it now may be in very many instances to trace these
+differencing charges to their sources, and so to determine the motive
+which led to their adoption, there can be no doubt that originally they
+were chosen and adopted for the express purpose of denoting and
+recording some alliance or dependency. Some early Labels are of a
+compound character; that is, they are charged with two distinct groups
+of devices, which are at once divided and conjoined by impalement. Such
+a Label was borne by Prince HENRY, son of JOHN of GHENT, between the
+time of his father’s death and his own accession as HENRY IV. (Feb. 3 to
+Sept. 30, 1399): it was a _Label of five points per pale of Brittany and
+Lancaster_, No. 342, being his father’s Label impaling that of his
+mother’s father. The second son of this Prince, THOMAS Duke of CLARENCE,
+instead of adopting impalement, charged _a red canton upon each point of
+an ermine Label_, as in No. 343: while his brother, JOHN Duke of
+BEDFORD, bore their father’s Label, No. 342.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 344.--Holland, of Kent.]
+
+The BORDURE, both plain and charged, is a Mark of Cadency borne by
+Princes and by personages of various ranks. EDMOND, youngest son of
+EDWARD I., differenced _England_ with a plain _silver bordure_, as in
+No. 344: the HOLLANDS, Earls of KENT, did the same: and the same silver
+bordure also was borne by THOMAS, youngest son of EDWARD III., about the
+quartered shield of _France ancient and England_; and about the
+quartered shield of _France modern and England_ by HUMPHREY, youngest
+son of HENRY IV. Prince JOHN of ELTHAM, as I have already shown, and
+after him the HOLLANDS, Dukes of EXETER, differenced _England with a
+Bordure of France_: No. 24. Though not so numerous as Labels, Bordures
+employed to mark Cadency exist in very many early examples, and a
+variety of devices appear charged upon them for secondary Difference.
+See No. 140. In the Royal Heraldry of our own times the Bordure is not
+used as a Royal Difference; but its use is retained in Scotland for
+differencing Shields of less exalted rank.
+
+In some few early Examples a BENDLET is charged upon the paternal shield
+as a mark of Cadency: and a BARRULET is found to have been also used for
+the same purpose. Thus, HENRY, second son of EDMOND the first Earl of
+LANCASTER, during the lifetime of his elder brother, differenced
+_England_ with an _azure Bendlet_, as in No. 345: and, in the Seal of
+HENRY DE PERCY, son and heir of HENRY third Baron, the lion is
+debruised, for Difference, by a Barrulet which crosses the Shield in the
+honour-point. Possibly, this Barrulet may be a _Label without points_.
+A CANTON, plain, or more frequently charged, and in many examples of
+ermine, is also added to Shields to mark Cadency, but more frequently
+nowadays its use denotes absence of blood descent. See Nos. 128, 129,
+130.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 345.--Henry of Lancaster.]
+
+To mark Cadency by a _change of Tinctures_ was a simple expedient, and
+such a one as would naturally be practised at an early period. It was
+effected, first, in the case of the _Field_: thus (H. 3) the brothers DE
+LA ZOUCHE severally bear--_Gu., bezantée_, and, _Az., bezantée_; and the
+brothers FURNIVAL (H. 3) bear--_Arg., a bend between six martlets gu._,
+and, _Or, a bend between six martlets gu._ Secondly, the change is
+effected in the _Charges_: thus, two William BARDOLFS (H. 3 and E. 2)
+severally bear--_Az., three cinquefoils or_, and, _Az., three
+cinquefoils arg._ Thirdly, the tinctures are _reversed_: for example,
+for two Sir JOHN HARCOURTS (E. 2)--_Gu., two bars or_, and, _Or, two
+bars gu._ Fourthly, there is a complete change in _all the tinctures_:
+and so, while Sir ANDREW LOTEREL (E. 2) bears--_Or, a bend between six
+martlets sa._, Sir GEFFREY LOTEREL (E. 2) bears--_Az., a bend between
+six martlets argent_. Finally, this system of marking Cadency admits
+various modifications of the changes already described: thus, in the
+Arms of Mortimer, No. 131, _gules_ is substituted for _azure_; and,
+again, in the same Shield an _inescutcheon ermine_ takes the place of
+the _inescutcheon argent_.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 346.--Beauchamp of Elmely.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 347.--Beauchamp at Carlaverock.]
+
+Another and a favourite method of marking Cadency, calculated to
+exercise a great and decided influence in the development of heraldic
+blazon, is the _addition of secondary Charges_ of small size (not on a
+Label or a Bordure but) semée over the field of a Shield, or charged
+upon an Ordinary, or disposed in orle. In a large number of examples,
+these small charges are found to have been gradually reduced to six or
+three, in order to admit of their being blazoned on a somewhat larger
+scale, and consequently made more distinct. Again: while the number and
+the tinctures of the secondary differencing charges remain the same, in
+order to carry out the Cadency still farther the secondary charges
+themselves are varied: and, once more, in other cases the identity of
+the original secondary charges is retained, but their number is
+increased or diminished. I must be content to illustrate these various
+forms of Cadency with a few examples only. First, a group of shields of
+the BEAUCHAMPS:--Beauchamp of Elmely (H. 3)--_Gu., a fesse or_, No. 346:
+Beauchamp at Carlaverock--_Gu., crusilée and a fesse or_, No. 347:
+Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick--_Gu., a fesse between six crosses crosslets
+or_, No. 348: and Beauchamp of Bletshoe--_Gu., a fesse between six
+martlets or_, No. 349. Second, a corresponding group of shields of the
+BERKELEYS:--Maurice de Barkele (or Berkeley)--_Gu., a chevron arg._
+(H. 3): and then for other Berkeleys--_Gu., a chevron between ten
+crosses pattées, six and four, arg._; and the same Ordinary, with either
+_ten cinquefoils of silver_, or the same number of _white roses_. Three
+CORBETS bear severally (E. 2)--_Or, a raven sa._; _Or, two ravens sa._;
+and, _Or, three ravens sa._ And, once more, their original Shield--_Gu.,
+a chevron or_, is differenced by the COBHAMS by charging the Ordinary
+with three lioncels, three eaglets, three crosslets, three mullets,
+three estoiles, three crescents, or three fleurs de lys, all of them
+sable. The particular devices and figures selected thus to mark Cadency,
+like those charged upon Labels or Bordures, must be considered to have a
+special significance of their own, though this significance may
+frequently fail to be discerned in consequence of our being no longer
+able to trace out their association with the sources from which they
+were obtained. The alliances and the incidents that give these various
+Marks of Cadency, when it is possible to ascertain what they may have
+been, illustrate in a striking manner the motives by which the early
+Heralds were influenced when they differenced the Arms of Kinsmen.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 348.--Beauchamp of Warwick.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 349.--Beauchamp of Bletshoe.]
+
+_Official Insignia_ sometimes become Marks of Cadency. Thus, JOHN DE
+GRANDISON, Bishop of Exeter (A.D. 1327-1369), on the bend in his
+paternal arms, No. 89, substitutes a _golden mitre_ for the central
+eaglet, as in No. 350. WILLIAM COURTENAY, Archbishop of Canterbury (A.D.
+1381-1396), adopts a different course, and charges three golden mitres
+upon each point of the Label of Courtenay--_Or, three torteaux, over all
+a label of three points az. charged on each point with as many mitres
+gold_. And again, HENRY LE DESPENCER, Bishop of Norwich (A.D.
+1370-1406), places about his paternal shield an _azure bordure charged
+with eight golden mitres_ (see the largest shield in No. 351). On his
+official seal the canopied effigy of the Bishop stands between this, his
+personal Shield, and the Shield of his see--_az., three mitres or_: but
+his Secretum, or private seal, is much more interesting, as an heraldic
+image of the man himself. Haughty, fierce, cruel, and pugnacious, his
+career not less inglorious as a military commander than as a churchman,
+this HENRY LE DESPENCER, a grandson of the unhappy favourite of the no
+less hapless EDWARD II., was one of the war-loving prelates who
+occasionally appear sustaining a strange, and yet as it would seem a
+characteristic, part in the romantic drama of mediæval history. His
+Secretum, No. 351, displays his Shield of _Despencer_, differenced with
+his bordure of mitres, couché from a large mantled helm, surmounted by a
+mitre, in place of a crest-coronet, which supports the Despencer crest,
+a silver griffin’s head of ample size; on either side are the Shields of
+the _see of Norwich_, and of _Ferrers_ (the Bishop’s mother was Anne,
+daughter of WILLIAM Lord FERRERS of Groby)--_Or, seven mascles, three
+three and one, gu._; the legend is, S . HENRICI . DESPENCER .
+NORWICENSIS . EPISCOPI.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 350.--Bishop Grandison.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 351.--Secretum of Bishop le Despencer.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 352.--Sir Fulk Fitz Warin.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 353.--Thomas le Scrope.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 354.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 355.]
+
+At an early period, Cadency was marked by _adding a single small charge_
+to the blazon of a Shield, or by charging some secondary device or
+figure upon any accessory of a Shield of arms. Such a Mark of Cadency as
+this, obtained from some allied Shield, and charged upon an ordinary or
+principal bearing, or occupying a conspicuous position in the general
+composition, was in high favour with the Heralds of both the fourteenth
+and fifteenth centuries. From the early examples, which exist in great
+numbers and in as great variety, it will be sufficient for me to adduce
+only a few specimens--a single example, indeed, illustrates the system.
+The Shield of _Ufford_, in the Seal of MATILDA of LANCASTER, which I
+have already described (No. 320), is thus differenced with a single
+fleur de lys in the first quarter. Precisely in the same manner Sir FULK
+FITZ WARIN differences the Shield of the head of his house, No. 17, by
+charging a _mullet sable_ upon the first quarter, as in No. 352. THOMAS
+LE SCROPE, on the other hand, for Cadency marks the golden bend upon his
+azure Shield, No. 111, with an _annulet sable_, as in No. 353. Two
+members of the family of Beauchamp charge their golden fesse (see Nos.
+346-349), the one with a _crescent sable_, and the other with a _pierced
+mullet_ of the same tincture: Nos. 354, 355. In like manner, in addition
+to various labels, the NEVILLES charge no less than eight different
+small figures upon their silver saltire, No. 121, to distinguish
+different members and branches of their powerful race: I give one of
+these Shields in No. 356, which was borne by GEORGE NEVILLE, Lord
+LATIMER, from the monument to Earl RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP at
+Warwick--_Gu., on a saltire arg. a gimmel-ring az._: another differenced
+shield of Neville, No. 357, has _a cinquefoil_ charged on the saltire:
+a third example from this group I have already given, No. 122,
+differenced with _a rose_: this shield, No. 122, is now borne by the
+Earl of ABERGAVENNY. Once more: Sir WILLIAM DE BREWYS (E. 2)
+bears--_Az., crusilée and a lion rampt. or_, No. 358, which coat another
+Sir WILLIAM DE BREWYS differences, to distinguish himself from his
+kinsman, while at the same time declaring their near relationship, by
+simply charging a _red fleur de lys_ upon his lion’s shoulder.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 356.--Lord Latimer.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 357.--Neville.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 358.--Sir William de Brewys.]
+
+Differences of Illegitimacy, which rightly and indeed necessarily are
+included under the general head of “Cadency,” do not appear at any time
+to have assumed a definite or decided character, and yet they bring
+before the student of Heraldry much curious matter for inquiry and
+investigation. Early in the true heraldic era illegitimate sons are
+found to have differenced their paternal arms, as other sons lawfully
+born might have done: and it does not appear that any peculiar methods
+of differencing were adopted, palpably for the purpose of denoting
+illegitimacy of birth, before the fourteenth century had drawn near to
+its close. And even then, if any express heraldic rule on this point
+ever was framed, which is very doubtful, it certainly was never observed
+with any care or regularity.
+
+The earliest known example of the arms of a man of illegitimate birth is
+the fine Shield of WILLIAM LONGESPÉE, Earl of SALISBURY, son of
+HENRY II. and FAIR ROSAMOND, No. 197. This Shield is supposed to have
+been assumed and borne by the Earl on his marriage with the daughter and
+heiress of D’EVREUX, when in right of his wife he succeeded to the
+Earldom of Salisbury: but this theory does not rest upon any solid
+foundation, since it would be very difficult to show that the Shield
+with the six lioncels was certainly borne, on his armorial ensign, by
+the father-in-law of Earl William. Also, if a Shield charged with an
+escarbuncle and many lioncels, which has been assigned to GEOFFREY Count
+of ANJOU, was really borne by the Founder of the House of PLANTAGENET,
+Earl WILLIAM LONGESPÉE may have derived his own Shield from his paternal
+grandfather. Upon his Counterseal the Earl displays his own “long sword”
+as his proper device. In like manner, certain other personages, also
+illegitimate, appear to have borne arms which were either expressly
+assigned to themselves by the Sovereign, or such as they assumed in
+right of their mothers or wives. In all such cases as these, the Arms
+were not the paternal coat in any way differenced, but what now would be
+designated “fresh grants.” Towards the beginning of the fifteenth
+century, however, a peculiar kind of Differencing for Illegitimacy
+gradually prevailed throughout Europe: thus, illegitimate children
+either altered the position of the charges in their paternal Shield; or
+they marshalled the entire paternal arms upon a bend or a fesse; or they
+composed for themselves a fresh Shield, either using their father’s
+badges and the actual charges of his Shield, or adopting devices
+evidently derived from the paternal bearings; or they bore the paternal
+Shield differenced in a peculiarly conspicuous manner with certain marks
+by which they might be readily and certainly distinguished.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 359.--Henry, Earl of Worcester.]
+
+When the composition of the paternal Shield would admit of such an
+arrangement, the field not being argent, an illegitimate son sometimes
+bore his father’s arms marshalled fesse-wise, so as to leave both the
+chief and the base of his Shield plain white. HENRY, Earl of WORCESTER,
+whose father was an illegitimate son of HENRY BEAUFORT, third Duke of
+SOMERSET, bore the arms of Beaufort couped in this manner in chief and
+in base, as if they were charged upon a very broad fesse on the field:
+No. 359.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 360.--Beaufort before 1397.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 361.--Beaufort after 1397.]
+
+JOHN DE BEAUFORT (great-grandfather of HENRY, Earl of WORCESTER), eldest
+illegitimate son of Prince JOHN of GHENT, _before_ the Act for his
+legitimation was passed in the year 1397, bore his father’s hereditary
+arms of _Lancaster_--_England with a label of France_, No. 249--_on a
+broad bend_, the field being _per pale arg. and az._, the Lancastrian
+livery colours: No. 360. After their legitimation act had become a law,
+this same JOHN DE BEAUFORT, with his brothers, sons, and grandsons, bore
+the Royal quartered shield of France and England, No. 361, differenced,
+not with labels, but with _a bordure componée arg. and az._ (the
+Lancastrian colours): the different members of the Beaufort family
+slightly varied the bordure, but by the head of their house it was borne
+as in No. 361. It will be seen that this is the coat that HENRY, Earl of
+WORCESTER (himself the legitimate son of an illegitimate son), bore
+fesse-wise, as in No. 359. The father of this Earl HENRY, CHARLES
+SOMERSET, Earl of WORCESTER (illegitimate son of the third Duke of
+SOMERSET), differenced _Beaufort_, No. 361, with a _silver bendlet
+sinister_, as in No. 362, the bendlet covering the quarterings, but
+being included within the bordure.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 362.--Charles, Earl of Worcester.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 363.--Sir Roger de Clarendon.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 364.--Radolphus de Arundel.]
+
+Since the fifteenth century, in English Heraldry, a narrow bendlet or
+baton sinister, couped at its extremities, either plain or charged, has
+usually been the mark employed as difference by the illegitimate
+descendants of the Royal Family. It was borne by ARTHUR PLANTAGENET,
+Viscount LISLE, son of EDWARD IV.: by HENRY FITZ ROY, Duke of RICHMOND,
+son of HENRY VIII., and, variously differenced, by illegitimate
+descendants of CHARLES II.--that is, it is borne at the present day,
+_argent_, by the Duke of BUCCLEUCH; _ermine_, by the Duke of CLEVELAND;
+_componée arg. and az._, by the Duke of GRAFTON; and, _gules charged
+with three white roses_, by the Duke of ST. ALBANS.
+
+Sir ROGER DE CLARENDON, illegitimate son of the BLACK PRINCE, bore _on a
+sable bend the three Ostrich Feathers_ of his illustrious father’s
+“_Shield of Peace_,” the field of his Shield being golden, as in No.
+363. Here the “Difference for Illegitimacy” is very emphatically marked
+in a singularly felicitous and beautiful Shield.
+
+The paternal arms of illegitimate children have also sometimes been
+carried by them charged on a _canton_, either dexter or sinister, the
+rest of the Shield being left blank, or perhaps in some cases displaying
+the maternal arms; of this usage I am not able to give any good example,
+in English Heraldry, of certain authority: one other variety of these
+singular Shields, however, I must add to my small group of examples,
+which was first noticed by Mr. MONTAGU (“Guide to the Study of
+Heraldry,” p. 44). This is the Shield, No. 364, of RADOLPHUS DE ARUNDEL;
+and it bears the quartered arms of the Earls of ARUNDEL--_Fitz Alan_ and
+_Warrenne_ (_gu. a lion rampt. or_, and No. 68), “_flanched_,”--that is,
+blazoned only upon the flanches (see No. 141) of the Shield, the central
+area being blank.
+
+For a lengthy period the use of the _bend_, _bendlet_, and _baton
+sinister_ was usual for the purpose of denoting illegitimacy, but this
+has now given way to the use, in England, of a _bordure wavy_; in
+Scotland, of a _bordure compony_; whilst in Ireland both these
+_bordures_ are used, more usually, however, the _bordure wavy_ being
+employed. By a curious divergence the _bordure wavy_ is not a mark of
+illegitimacy in Scotland, but a mark of perfectly legitimate cadency.
+The use of the _bendlet sinister_ for the debruising of crests still
+exists in England and Ireland, but crests are not usually differenced
+for any reason in Scotland.
+
+In treating of this subject, some writers have maintained that the
+_bordure componée_ is, in its heraldic nature, the most decided and
+unquestionable Difference for Illegitimacy: and this opinion these
+writers have derived from the singularly contradictory fact, that the
+BEAUFORTS differenced with a bordure componée when they became legally
+_legitimate_. A bordure componée _may_, indeed, be used with such an
+intention, as it is used by the Duke of RICHMOND, who bears the arms of
+CHARLES II. within a _bordure componée arg. and gu., charged with eight
+roses of the last_; but by the BEAUFORTS it was used with an intention
+exactly the reverse of this. The bordure, however, whatever its aspect
+or modification of treatment, remains still, as it was of old, an
+honourable Difference, until some abatement of honour has been
+associated with its presence under special circumstances. But the
+stereotyped use of the _bordure wavy_ in England with a set meaning,
+gives to the wavy variety a lack of desirability. Marks of illegitimacy
+are intended to remain upon a shield for all time, although in a few
+historic cases their use has been discarded. And precisely the same
+words may be applied to any other charge that has been employed, or may
+be required to mark Cadency.
+
+Marks of Cadency, as they are borne on Shields of Arms, may also be
+charged on Badges, Crests, and Supporters. As a matter of course, they
+appear on Armorial Banners and Standards under the same conditions that
+they are blazoned upon Shields and Surcoats. Such examples as may be
+necessary to illustrate heraldic usage in these cases, I propose to
+describe in the following Chapters.
+
+It cannot be necessary for me to adduce any arguments in order to
+impress upon Students of Heraldry the importance of investigating early
+Cadency, or to assure them that a special interest is inseparable from
+this inquiry: I may suggest, however, that it is most desirable that
+Students should arrange groups of allied Shields, and should carefully
+blazon them with their various “Marks of Cadency,” being careful also to
+record their authorities for every example.
+
+MODERN CADENCY is marked by the Label and by single small Charges, which
+take precedence in the following order:--
+
+ 1. The _Label_, No. 271.
+ 2. The _Crescent_, No. 166, A.
+ 3. The _Mullet_, No. 278.
+ 4. The _Martlet_, No. 161.
+ 5. The _Annulet_, No. 154.
+ 6. The _Fleur de lys_, No. 246.
+ 7. The _Rose_, No. 298.
+ 8. The _Cross Moline_, No. 99.
+ 9. The _Octofoil_, or _Double Quatrefoil_.
+
+When they are adopted, Marks of Cadency now are generally placed upon
+the Honour Point of the Shield, or in some other conspicuous position:
+one of these Marks also may be charged upon another, if desired,--as a
+Martlet may be charged upon a Crescent to denote the fourth son of a
+second son; and so in other cases.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 365.--Seal of William Fraser:
+ appended to Homage Deed, A.D. 1295, preserved in H.M. Record Office.]
+
+The Seal of WILLIAM FRASER, No. 365, from Mr. Laing’s Collection,
+exemplifies in a singular and interesting manner the early use of a
+differenced Label. Here the Label appears, without any Shield, borne as
+if it were a Badge: and it is charged, on each of its three points, with
+two devices that have the appearance of mullets of six points, but which
+really may be _fraises_--strawberry-leaves, the rebus-device of Fraser.
+(See pp. 182-185.)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+DIFFERENCING
+
+ _Differencing to denote Feudal Alliance or Dependency: Differencing
+ without any Alliance-- Augmentation-- Abatement._
+
+ “Differencing, which comprises in truth the growth and ramification
+ of Coat-Armour, and the whole system of its early development, has
+ been strangely lost sight of in the numerous treatises on Armory
+ that have satisfied recent generations of Englishmen.”
+ --HERALD AND GENEALOGIST, II. 32.
+
+
+DIFFERENCING, using the term here as distinct from, or perhaps as not
+identical with, the subject of CADENCY, includes not only the treatment
+of Coats of Arms and other armorial insignia, that denote and are based
+upon _Feudal Alliance_ or _Dependency_, but without blood-relationship;
+but also implies a comprehensive system of distinguishing similar Arms,
+when they are borne by individuals or families between whom no kind of
+alliance is known to have existed. It is evident, on the one hand, that
+a feudal influence would naturally lead to some degree of assimilation
+to the Coat-Armour of the feudal Chief, in the Arms of all allies and
+dependants: and, on the other hand, it will readily be understood that,
+even in the early days of its career, Heraldry would see the necessity
+for providing for the constantly increasing demands upon its resources;
+and, consequently, that it would organise a system which would enable
+the same Ordinaries and the same principal Charges to appear in distinct
+Shields, without either confusion or misapprehension.
+
+It is highly probable, and indeed it may be assumed to be certain, that
+what I have called a “feudal influence,” in the thirteenth and
+fourteenth centuries in no slight degree affected the general
+composition of Coats of Arms. In very many instances the working of this
+influence is still palpable; and it is always interesting to the student
+of Heraldry, as it must always be eminently useful to the student of
+History, to detect its presence and to explore its method of action.
+Like Cadency, feudal Differencing is expressed by various means, all of
+them indicating, in a greater or a less degree, the motive which
+suggested their adoption. I proceed at once to examples, which
+illustrate and explain the system so clearly and so fully, that
+prolonged introductory remarks are altogether superfluous.
+
+Upon his Seal, RANULPH DE BLONDEVILLE, Earl of CHESTER (died in 1232)
+bears three garbs or wheat-sheaves; and Rolls of Arms of the time of
+HENRY III. blazon the Shield of the Earl of CHESTER as--_Az., three
+garbs or_, No. 366. This Shield has been assigned to the Earls of
+CHESTER to this day: and, in token of feudal alliance, from the middle
+of the thirteenth century, “one or more garbs,” in the words of Mr.
+PLANCHÉ, “are seen in the majority of Coats belonging to the nobility
+and gentry of the County Palatine of Chester.” Thus, since the year
+1390, the arms of GROSVENOR have been--_Az., a garb or_.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 366.--Earl of Chester.]
+
+A cinquefoil, said to have been borne by him on a red Shield, was the
+device of ROBERT FITZ-PERNEL, Earl of LEICESTER, who died in 1204.
+Accordingly, the cinquefoil, derived from him, as early as the
+thirteenth century, appears in token of feudal connection on the Shields
+of many families of Leicestershire. As I have already shown, (page 183)
+a BERKELEY, who was of Leicestershire, substituted _ten cinquefoils_ for
+the ten crosses patée of the Berkeley Shield; and thus he combined
+feudal Differencing with Cadency.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 367.--Fitz Ralph.]
+
+Many a red chevron or chevronel, with other devices, charged upon a
+golden field, or a gold chevron on a red field, is a sign of feudal
+alliance with the great house of DE CLARE, whose Shield was--_Or, three
+chevronels gu._, No. 124. For example, the FITZ-RALPHS, near neighbours
+of the De Clares at Clare in Suffolk, differenced the Shield of the
+Earls by charging _silver fleurs de lys_ on each chevronel, as in No.
+367 (E. 2); and, for secondary difference, they sometimes added a
+_bordure azure_, as in the fine early Brass at Pebmarsh, near Clare.
+Again: by a change of tinctures, without affecting the charges of the
+Shield, the Arms of L’ERCEDECKNE (now Archdeacon) are--_Arg., three
+chevronels sa._
+
+At Carlaverock, EDMUND DE HASTINGS, brother of the Earl, bore--_Or,
+a maunche gu., with a label of five points sa._, the Earl himself
+bearing simply--_Or, a maunche gu._, No. 276. And, close by the side of
+EDMOND DE HASTINGS was his friend and companion, the feudal ally,
+without doubt, of his house, JOHN PAIGNEL, a very proper comrade, as the
+chronicler testifies--
+
+ “Un bacheler jolif et comté,”
+
+who differenced Hastings by change of tinctures, and bore--_Vert,
+a maunche or_.
+
+The Shield of the noble house of DE LUTERELL, or LOTEREL, I have
+blazoned with changed tinctures for two near kinsmen bearing that name
+(page 182), thus showing in what manner they marked their Cadency. This
+same shield, No. 368--_Or, a bend between six martlets sa._, was also
+differenced by other families to mark their feudal alliance with the
+house of Luterell. Thus, the DE FURNIVALS, themselves a powerful and
+distinguished family, who held their lands by feudal tenure under the
+Luterells, in token of this alliance bore the Shield of De Luterell with
+a fresh change of tinctures; and, accordingly, the arms of the De
+Furnivals are well known as--_Arg., a bend between six martlets gu._
+Then, while the FURNIVALS, for Cadency, differenced these arms amongst
+themselves, _their_ feudal allies and dependants, the ECCLESALLS or
+EKELESHALES, the MOUNTENEYS, the WADESLES or WADSLEYS, and the WORTELES
+or WORTLEYS, all united in declaring their connection with their chief
+by assuming arms founded upon the Furnival Coat. These very interesting
+and characteristic examples of feudal Differencing are well blazoned, as
+follows, in the Roll of EDWARD II. For DE ECCLESALL--_Sa., a bend
+between six martlets or_: for DE MOUNTENEY--_Gu., a bend between six
+martlets or_: for DE WADSLEY--_Arg., on a bend between six martlets gu.,
+three escallops or_, No. 369: and for DE WORTLEY--_Arg., on a bend
+between six martlets gu., three bezants_, No. 370.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 368.--De Luterell.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 369.--De Wadsley.]
+
+The MOUNTENEYS further difference their common arms, for Cadency, after
+this manner. Instead of _gules_, Sir ERNAUF DE MOUNTENEY has the field
+of his shield _azure_, his bend and martlets being _golden_: Sir JOHN
+bears these same arms, but charges his bend with a _mullet gules_, No.
+371: Sir T. DE MOUNTENEY bears Sir John’s arms, but with _a field
+gules_: and another Sir JOHN cotises his bend thus--_Gu., a bend cotised
+between six martlets or_, No. 372.
+
+North of the Tweed, also, the same principle is found to be exemplified
+in Scottish Heraldry. “In Annandale,” writes Mr. SETON, “the chief and
+saltire of the Bruces are carried (of different tinctures and with
+additional figures) by the Jardines, Kirkpatricks, Johnstons, and other
+families.” The arms of BRUCE are--_Or, a saltire and a chief gu._, No.
+73: those of JARDINE are--_Arg., a saltire and a chief gu., the latter
+charged with three mullets of the field, pierced of the second_: and the
+arms of KIRKPATRICK are--_Arg., a saltire and chief az., the latter
+charged with three cushions or_. This coat of Kirkpatrick is also borne
+by the JOHNSTONS, the tinctures differenced thus--_Arg., a saltire sa.,
+and on a chief gu. three cushions or_.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 370.--De Wortley.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 371.--Sir John de Mounteney.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 372.--Sir John de Mounteney.]
+
+Once more, returning to the southern side of the Scottish border, of
+RICHARD DE NEVILLE, the renowned “King-maker,” we find it to be recorded
+that, so great was his popularity at Calais, of which city he was
+governor, that his Badges were universally adopted,--“no man esteeming
+himself gallant whose head was not adorned with his _silver ragged
+staff_ (No. 294); nor was any door frequented, that had not his _white
+cross_ (silver saltire, No. 121) painted thereon.” This was an
+extravagant application of the earlier usage in denoting feudal
+alliance, such as was in keeping with the heraldic sentiment of the
+second half of the fourteenth century. Those good citizens of Calais,
+however, who were Neville-worshippers four hundred years ago, were not
+singular in exhibiting an armorial ensign at the entrance to their
+houses. Numerous, indeed, are the doorways in various parts of England,
+and particularly in the counties of Surrey, Sussex, and Norfolk, which
+in the “sign of the chequers” still display the insignia (_chequée or
+and az._, No. 68) of the once mighty Earls of WARRENNE and SURREY; and
+thus show that relics of the old feudal influence are endowed with a
+tenacious vitality, which prolongs their existence for ages after the
+feudal system itself has passed away. But no doubt some cases must be
+referred to the less romantic explanation of the reckoning board of the
+Steward.
+
+Differencing adopted, so far as now is apparent, _simply for the sake of
+distinction_, lays open before the student of Heraldry a wide and a
+diversified field of inquiry. All the miscellaneous charges that are
+associated in blazon with the Ordinaries, and also with the
+Subordinaries, thus are brought under consideration; and, without a
+doubt, it was for the express purpose of Differencing that many of these
+charges were introduced into English Heraldry. How far some remote
+degree of relationship, or some subordinate feudal motive now lost to
+sight and forgotten, may originally have affected the choice of Charges
+“for difference,” it is not possible now to determine; nor can we always
+follow the rebus-loving search for a “Difference,” that might speak
+through that allusive quality which is a primary element of the Herald’s
+science. We do know that the act of bearing the same arms by different
+families, without some heraldic Difference, was of very rare occurrence;
+and that, when it did occur, it was regarded with marked surprise, and
+on more than one occasion led to a memorable controversy: and, further,
+we find great numbers of early differenced Shields, which illustrate in
+a very effective manner the growth and development of English Heraldry.
+Shields of this order have strong claims on our attention. The examples
+that I am able here to place before students are to be regarded simply
+as specimens, few in number, and yet sufficient to show some of the
+varied forms under which early Differencing was effected.
+
+The proceedings in the High Court of Chivalry in the suit between Sir
+RICHARD LE SCROPE and Sir ROBERT GROSVENOR, relative to the right to the
+Arms--_Azure, a bend or_, No. 111--commenced on the 17th of August 1385,
+and the final judgment of the King himself upon the appeal of the
+defendant against the finding of the Court was not pronounced till the
+27th of May 1390. On the 15th of May 1389 the judgment of the Court
+assigned the arms--_Azure, a bend or_--to Sir RICHARD LE SCROPE; and to
+Sir ROBERT GROSVENOR, these arms--_Az., a bend or, within a plain
+bordure argent_. Thus the Court confirmed to Sir Richard le Scrope the
+right to bear the Ordinary in its severe simplicity, without any other
+charge and without any Difference: and, at the same time, it was decided
+that these arms of Scrope should be differenced, in order that they
+might become the arms of Grosvenor, and the “Difference” was to be a
+_plain silver bordure_. The whole of the proceedings in this remarkable
+case are preserved, and have been published; and they derive a peculiar
+interest from the circumstance, that amongst the witnesses who gave
+evidence was the father of English Poetry, GEOFFREY CHAUCER. Appeal
+having been made to the Sovereign, RICHARD II. determined that a “plain
+bordure argent” was a Mark of Cadency, good and right, and perfectly
+sufficient as a Difference “between Cousin and Cousin in blood”; but
+that it was “not a sufficient Difference in Arms between two strangers
+in blood in one kingdom.” The King, therefore, cancelled and annulled
+the sentence of the Court of Chivalry; and in so doing he gave a very
+clear definition of the distinction to be observed in Heraldry between
+kinsmen and strangers in blood. Then it was that the Shield, _Azure,
+a garb or_, was adopted as the arms of Grosvenor. We may assume, that
+the judgment of the Court would have been confirmed by the King, had Sir
+Robert Grosvenor been commanded to blazon his golden bend between two
+garbs, or charged with one or more garbs, or with three garbs on a
+chief, or with any other decided Difference which would be palpably
+distinct from a Mark of Cadency.
+
+The examples of Differenced Shields which follow I have selected from
+the Roll of EDWARD II. It will be seen that in each small group of these
+examples some primary feature of the composition is common to every
+Shield, so that the distinction between the Shields in each group is
+effected either by a simple change of tinctures, or by the introduction
+of various secondary charges.
+
+CHIEFS.--Sir JOHN DE ARDERNE--_Gu., crusilée and a chief or_. Sir THOMAS
+LE ROUS--_Erm., on a chief indented gu. two escallops arg._ Sir JOHN DE
+CLINTONE--_Arg., on a chief az. two fleurs de lys or_, No. 74. Sir JOHN
+DE CLINTONE, of Maxtoke--_Arg., on a chief az. two mullets or_, No. 75:
+here the Difference denotes Cadency as well as a distinct individuality.
+
+BENDS.--Sir ROBERT POUTREL.--_Or, on a bend az. three fleurs de lys
+arg._ Sir WALTER DE BERMYNGHAM--_Arg., on a bend gu., cotised az., three
+esallops or_. OLIVER DE BOHUN--_Az., on a bend, cotised and between six
+lioncels or, three escallops gu._, No. 321.
+
+FESSES AND BARS.--Sir JOHN DE DAGEWORTH--_Erm., a fesse gu. bezantée_,
+No. 80. Sir G. DE WACHESHAM--_Arg., a fesse and in chief three crescents
+gu._ Sir R. DE COLEVILLE--_Or, a fesse gu., and in chief three
+torteaux_. Sir J. DE GEYTONE--_Arg., a fesse between six fleurs de lys
+gu._ Sir G. DE OUSFLET--_Arg., on a fesse az. three fleurs de lys or_.
+Sir R. DE LOMELYE (Lumley)--_Gu., on a fesse between three popinjays
+arg., as many mullets sa._ Sir B. BADLESMERE--_Arg., a fesse between
+bars gemelles gu._ Sir G. DE LA MERE--_Or, a fesse between bars gemelles
+az._, No. 84. Sir J. DE PREIERES--_Gu., a fesse between bars gemelles
+arg._ Sir J. WAKE--_Or, two bars gu., in chief three torteaux_, No. 82.
+Sir B. PYCOT--_Az., two bars or, in chief three bezants_. Sir R. DE
+WEDONE--_Arg., two bars gu., in chief three martlets sa._ Sir R.
+BORDET--_Az., two bars or, on the uppermost three martlets gu._ Sir R.
+DE ROYINGE--_Arg., three bars and an orle of martlets gu._ Sir N. DE
+ESTOTEVILLE--_Barry arg. and gu., three lioncels sa._ Sir R. DE
+YNGELFELD--_Barrulée arg. and gu., on a chief or a lion pass. az._ Sir
+W. DE MONECASTRE--_Barrulée arg. and gu., on a bend sa. three escallops
+or_. Sir T. DE PONINGE--_Barry or and vert, on a bend gu. three mullets
+arg._
+
+CROSSES.--Sir N. DE WEYLANDE--_Arg., on a cross gu. five escallops or_.
+Sir R. BYGOD--_Or, on a cross gu. five escallops arg._ Sir WM.
+KIRKETOT--_Az., on a cross arg. five escallops gu._ Sir WM. DE
+BERHAM--_Sa., a cross between four crescents arg._ Sir R. DE
+BANNEBURY--_Arg., a cross patée between four mullets gu._ Sir J.
+RANDOLF--_Gu., on a cross arg. five mullets sa._ Sir G. DE DUREM--_Arg.,
+on a cross gu. five fleurs de lys or_. Sir P. DE GEYTONE--_Arg.,
+crusilée and three fleurs de lys az._ Sir R. DE HOFTOT--_Az., a cross
+patée erm. between four roses erm._
+
+CHEVRONS.--Sir G. ROSSEL--_Or, a chevron az., between three roses gu._
+Sir J. DE CRETINGE--_Arg., a chevron between three mullets gu._ Sir R.
+MALET--_Sa., a chevron between three buckles arg._ Sir T. DE
+ANVERS--_Gu., a chevron between three mullets or_. Sir WM. DE
+BERKEROLES--_Az., a chevron between three crescents or_. Sir W.
+BLUET--_Or, a chevron between three eagles vert_. Sir R. DE
+CAPLE--_Arg., a chevron gu. between three torteaux_. Sir T. MALET--_Sa.,
+a chevron between three buckles arg._ Sir R. DE PEYVRE--_Arg., on a
+chevron az. three fleurs de lys or_, No. 125. Sir R. DE
+BOTERELS--_Chequée or and gu., on a chevron az. three horseshoes arg._
+
+ [Illustration: No. 373.--At St. Albans.]
+
+LIONS.--The Earl of LINCOLN--_Or, a lion rampt. purp._, No. 194. The
+Earl of ARUNDEL--_Gu., a lion rampt. or_. Sir HENRY DE PERCY--_Or,
+a lion rampt. az._, No. 196. Sir JOHN MOWBRAY--_Gu., a lion rampt.
+arg._, No. 193. Sir R. DE SOTTONE (Sutton)--_Or, a lion rampt. vert_.
+Sir J. DE NORTONE--_Vert, a lion rampt. or_. Sir W. FAUCONBERG--_Arg.,
+a lion rampt. az._ Sir G. DE HAUTVILLE--_Sa., crusilée, a lion rampt.
+arg._ Sir ---- DE MOUNTFORT--_Arg., crusilée gu., a lion rampt. az._ Sir
+WM. MAUFEE--_Arg., semée of escallops gu., a lion rampt. sa._ Sir J. DE
+CREPPINGE--_Gu., billetée or, a lion rampt. arg._ Sir R. DE
+ASSCHEBY--_Arg., a lion rampt. sa. billetée or_. Sir J. DE
+DEYVILLE--_Gu., semée de lys, a lion rampt. arg._ _Arg., within a
+bordure gu. bezantée, a lion rampt. sa._, for Sir T. DE PICKERING; and,
+_Arg., within an orle of roses gu., a lion rampt. sa._, for Sir R.
+PIERPOUND, both apparently founded on the shield of the Earl of
+CORNWALL, No. 140, which also is blazoned in this Roll. Sir J. LE
+STRANGE--_Gu., two lions pass. arg._, No. 191. Sir J. DE SOMERI--_Or,
+two lions pass. az._ Sir R. DE ST. WALY--_Or, two lions pass. gu._ Sir
+N. CARRU (Carew)--_Or, three lions pass. sa._ Sir J. GIFFARD--_Gu.,
+three lions pass. arg._, No. 192. Sir R. LE FITZ PAYN--_Gu., three lions
+pass. arg., over all a bendlet az._ Sir G. DE CANVYLE--_Az., three lions
+pass arg._ In the beautiful chantry of Abbot THOMAS RAMRYGE, at St.
+Albans, one of the large sculptured Shields is charged with a lion
+rampant within what may be considered to be an _orle of roses_--the
+arms, as I have just shown, assigned in the Roll of EDWARD II. to Sir R.
+PIERPOUND. This Shield, carefully drawn by the engraver himself from the
+original in the Abbey Church of St. Alban, is represented in No. 373.
+
+AUGMENTATION, or AUGMENTATION OF HONOUR, is a term employed to denote an
+addition to a Shield of arms, specially granted by the Sovereign to
+commemorate some worthy or illustrious deed, and forming an integral
+element of the Shield as an hereditary bearing. Such additions will be
+found marshalled in the forms of Chiefs and Inescutcheons as Cantons, or
+as Quarterings; or they may assume the character of additional charges.
+Also, this same term denotes similar additions of Crests, Badges, or any
+other accessories of Shields.
+
+The Augmentation displayed upon the Ducal Shield of WELLINGTON, a most
+honourable exception to the prevailing degenerate heraldic feeling of
+the period in which it was granted to the Great Duke, in characteristic
+and expressive qualities is second to no other example of its own class
+and order. This true Augmentation of Honour is the _National Device of
+the British Empire_, as it is blazoned in the “Union Jack,” charged upon
+an inescutcheon, and displayed upon the honour point of the Duke’s
+paternal Shield.
+
+An equally significant Augmentation of an earlier date is borne in the
+Arms of HOWARD. These Arms before the battle of Flodden were--_Gu.,
+a bend between six crosses crosslets fitchée arg._ To commemorate the
+great victory won by him at Flodden Field, Sept. 9, 1513, when JAMES IV.
+of Scotland was defeated and slain, HENRY VIII. granted to THOMAS
+HOWARD, Duke of Norfolk, and to his descendants, as an Augmentation of
+Honour, the _Royal Shield of Scotland_ (No. 138), _but having a
+demi-lion only, which is pierced through the mouth with an arrow_, to be
+borne in the middle of the bend of his proper arms. This Shield is
+represented in No. 374; and in No. 374A the augmentation is shown on a
+larger scale.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 374.--Howard, after Flodden.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 374A.--The Howard Augmentation.]
+
+A small group of additional examples will be sufficient to illustrate
+this most interesting class of historical Arms, and at the same time
+will not fail to excite in students a desire very considerably to extend
+the series through their own inquiries and researches. In memory of the
+devoted courage and all-important services of JANE LANE, after the
+disastrous battle of Worcester, CHARLES II. granted as an Augmentation a
+_Canton of England_ (No. 187 marshalled on a canton), to be added to the
+hereditary Coat of Lane, which is--_Per fesse or and az., a chevron gu.
+between three mullets counterchanged_. The Crest of the family of DE LA
+BERE is said to have been conferred by the BLACK PRINCE upon SIR RICHARD
+DE LA BERE, as a memorial of the good service rendered by that gallant
+knight on the memorable field of Cressi. This Crest is--_Out of a
+crest-coronet a plume of five ostrich feathers per pale arg. and az._,
+the Plantagenet colours--the device (as Mr. LOWER observes) being
+evidently derived from the Prince’s own Badge, and also forming a
+variety of the “panache,” the Crest then held in such high estimation.
+The heart charged upon the shield of DOUGLAS (see Nos. 156, 157, p. 74)
+is another remarkable Augmentation. So also is the adoption of the
+armorial insignia of the CONFESSOR, No. 2, by RICHARD II., and his
+marshalling it upon his own Royal Shield, impaled to the dexter with the
+quartered arms of France and England.
+
+English Heraldry has been required to recognise another and a perfectly
+distinct class of “Augmentations,” which consist of additions to the
+blazonry of a Shield or of additional quarterings or accessories,
+granted as tokens of Royal favour, for heraldic display, but without any
+particular “merit” in the receiver, or any special historical
+significance in themselves. Augmentations of this order may be
+considered to have been first introduced by RICHARD II., when he
+granted, “out of his mere grace,” to his favourite ROBERT DE VERE, Earl
+of OXFORD, Marquess of DUBLIN and Duke of IRELAND, a differenced Coat of
+ST. EDMUND (No. 3)--_Az., three crowns or, within a bordure argent_, to
+be quartered with the DE VERE arms as the arms of IRELAND. In the same
+spirit, RICHARD II. granted, as similar Augmentations, the arms of the
+CONFESSOR to be marshalled, with Differences, on their Shields by THOMAS
+and JOHN HOLLAND, Dukes of SURREY and EXETER, and by THOMAS MOWBRAY,
+Duke of NORFOLK. It will be remembered that it was one of the capital
+charges against the then Earl of SURREY, a lineal descendant of this
+THOMAS MOWBRAY, the Duke of NORFOLK, in 1546, that he had assumed,
+without the special licence of HENRY VIII., the same arms of the
+CONFESSOR as an augmentation.
+
+By EDWARD IV. similar augmentations, “by grace” and not “for merit,”
+were granted; and by HENRY VIII. the system was carried to excess in the
+grants made to augment the armorial blazonry of ANNE BOLEYN, and of his
+English consorts, her successors.
+
+ABATEMENT is a term which was unknown until it made its appearance in
+certain heraldic writings of the sixteenth century, when it was used to
+denote such marks or devices as, by the writers in question, were held
+to be the reverse of honourable Augmentation--_Augmentations of
+dishonour_ indeed, and tokens of degradation. True Heraldry refuses to
+recognise all such pretended abatements, for the simple reason that they
+never did exist, and if they could exist at all, they would be in direct
+antagonism to its nature, its principles, and its entire course of
+action. Honourable itself, Heraldry can give expression only to what
+conveys honour, and it records and commemorates only what is to be
+honoured and held in esteem.
+
+The very idea of an heraldic Abatement implies, if not a complete
+ignorance, certainly a thorough misconception of the character and the
+office of Heraldry. Even if Heraldry were to attempt to stigmatise what
+is, and what ought to be esteemed, dishonourable, who would voluntarily
+accept insignia of disgrace, and charge and display them upon his
+Shield, and transmit them to his descendants? And the believers in
+Abatement must hold that Heraldry can exert a compulsory legislative
+power, which might command a man to blazon his own disgrace, and force
+him to exhibit and to retain, and also to bequeath, any such blazonry.
+A belief in heraldic Abatement, however, is by no means singular or
+rare. A curious example of its existence was recently brought under my
+notice, in connection with one of the most renowned of the historical
+devices of English Heraldry. The _bear_, the badge of the BEAUCHAMPS,
+Earls of WARWICK, which appears at the feet of the effigy of Earl
+RICHARD in the Beauchamp chapel at Warwick, in accordance with a special
+provision to that effect, is “_muzzled_”; and, wearing a muzzle has this
+bear been borne, as their Badge, by the successors of the BEAUCHAMPS in
+the Warwick Earldom, the Earls of the houses of NEVILLE, DUDLEY, RICH,
+and GREVILLE. But, it would seem that a legend has found credence at
+Warwick Castle itself, which would associate the muzzle of the bear with
+some dishonourable action of an Earl of the olden time; and,
+consequently, it was proposed that at length this Abatement should be
+removed from the bears still at Warwick! Earl RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP was
+not exactly the man to have displayed upon _his_ bear any ensign of
+dishonour; nor were his son-in-law, the “King-maker,” and Queen
+ELIZABETH’S ROBERT DUDLEY, at all more probable subjects for any similar
+display; still, it is quite certain that they bore the muzzled bear, as
+he appears on the seal of the great Earl, No. 448.[7] That muzzle,
+doubtless, has its becoming heraldic significance, without in the
+slightest degree partaking in the assumed character of an Abatement.
+I hope eventually to be able to trace out conclusively what the muzzle
+may really imply, and I commend the research to other inquirers:
+meanwhile, neither at Warwick nor elsewhere is there any such thing as
+“Abatement” in English Heraldry.
+
+ [Footnote 7: See Frontispiece.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+CRESTS
+
+ “On high their glittering crests they toss.” --LORD OF THE ISLES.
+
+ “Then he bound
+ Her token on his helmet.” --ELAINE.
+
+
+The idea of a CREST, of some accessory specially designed to form its
+crowning adornment, appears inseparable from the existence and use of a
+Helm. The Warriors and Warrior Divinities of classic antiquity are
+represented to us, wearing head-pieces richly crested: and, in the
+Middle Ages, had no other Heraldry ever been devised, assuredly
+ornaments of some kind would have been placed on helms and basinets, and
+these insignia would have been held in high esteem and honour.
+Accordingly, about the time that Coat-Armour became hereditary, having
+been reduced to a system and accepted as an independent science,
+heraldic Crests began to be worn as honourable distinctions of the most
+exalted dignity by the mediæval chivalry.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 375.--Richard I.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 376.--Henry de Perci.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 377.--Henry de Laci.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 378.--Seal of Alexander de Balliol, A.D. 1292.]
+
+Upon the Second Great Seal of RICHARD I. the cylindrical helm of the
+King appears surmounted by a kind of cap or fan charged with a lion
+passant, the whole being arched over by a radiated ornament somewhat
+resembling a displayed fan, as in No. 375. Similar Crests, somewhat
+modified in their details, are represented in other seals of the same
+era, and with them the flowing Contoise or Scarf is sometimes
+associated, as in No. 376, from the seal of Baron HENRY DE PERCI, A.D.
+1300. Similar ornaments were also placed by the knights of those ages
+upon the heads of their chargers. The seal of HENRY DE LACI, Earl of
+LINCOLN, A.D. 1272, shows the Fan-Crest both upon the helm of the Earl,
+No. 377, and the head of his war-horse. Another equally characteristic
+example is the Seal of ALEXANDER DE BALLIOL, No. 378, appended to the
+“General Release” given by JOHN BALLIOL to EDWARD I., 2nd January, 1292:
+it will be observed that this knight displays the arms of his house, No.
+134, upon his Shield, and also, in addition to the Fan-Crest, upon the
+barding of his charger. Again I am indebted to the kindness and
+liberality of Mr. Laing for the use of his admirable woodcut of this
+fine and interesting seal.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 379.--Helm of Thomas, second Earl of Lancaster.]
+
+The flowing Contoise continued to be attached to helms till about the
+middle of the fourteenth century; unless, indeed, some veritable “lady’s
+favour” were worn in its stead by knights favoured as was Sir LAUNCELOT,
+who, on a memorable day,--
+
+ “Wore, against his wont, upon his helm
+ A sleeve of scarlet, broidered with great pearls,
+ Some gentle maiden’s gift.”
+
+ [Illustration: No. 380.--Helm and Crest of Sir Geoffrey Luterell:
+ A.D. 1345.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 381.--Seal of Sir Robert de Marny, A.D. 1366.]
+
+The seal of THOMAS, second Earl of LANCASTER, about A.D. 1320, gives an
+excellent example both of such figures as were beginning at that early
+time to supersede the Fan-Crests, and also of the Contoise; No. 379.
+About this same period the fashion was introduced of fixing two tall
+spikes, one on each side of the Crest, upon the helm, probably intended
+in the first instance to display the contoise. These singular spikes may
+have been derived by the English Heralds from their brethren of Germany,
+who delighted, as they still delight, in placing upon helms as Crests,
+or as the accessories of Crests, small banners displayed from staves set
+erect and surmounted by spear-heads. In German Heraldry also Crests are
+very frequently placed between tall upright horns or trumpets: and,
+sometimes, upon a German helm the Crest stands between horns shaped like
+two elephant’s trunks (for which they have often been mistaken by
+English Heralds), placed in the same erect position, and, like the
+trumpets, so adjusted as to have the general aspect of the curved
+outline of a classic lyre. The helm of Sir GEOFFREY LUTERELL, A.D. 1345,
+No. 380, drawn from a celebrated illumination, between the tall spikes
+has a late example of the Fan-Crest; and it exemplifies the practice
+sometimes adopted of charging armorial insignia upon Crests of this fan
+form. The Arms of Luterell--_Or, a bend and six martlets sa._--were
+borne by Sir GEOFFREY thus differenced (E. 2)--_Az., a bend and six
+martlets arg._ A pair of lofty upright wings were held in much esteem in
+the Heraldry of both England and Scotland, to form the accessories of
+Crests. The Seal of Sir ROBERT DE MARNY, A.D. 1366, No. 381, shows his
+armorial shield--_Gu., a lion rampant arg._, suspended from a tree,
+between two crested helms, the crest in both cases being a _winged
+chapeau_, having the wings very tall and very slender.
+
+From the earliest times, Crests have occasionally been identical with
+the principal charge in the Shield of Arms, or they have repeated the
+principal charge with some slight modification of attitude or accessory:
+but, more generally, Crests have been altogether distinct. The Dragon
+and the Wyvern, the latter well exemplified in No. 315, are amongst the
+earliest figures that were borne as Crests in England. Other early
+Figure-Crests are the Lion, crowned and assumed for the first time by an
+English Sovereign by EDWARD III.; and the Eagle, borne by the same
+Prince. Various devices and figures are found gradually to have been
+added to these earliest Crests. The graceful and peculiarly appropriate
+_Panache_ soon joined them, with the heads of various animals and other
+creatures: and, as the fourteenth century advances, the _Crest-Coronet_,
+No. 232, the _Crest-Wreath_, No. 233, and the _Chapeau_, No. 224, assume
+their places in connection with Crests; and the _Mantling_ falls in rich
+folds from them, covering the back of the Helm. In the succeeding
+century, with Helms less dignified in form, but more elaborately
+enriched, and with strangely fantastic Mantlings, Crests become
+considerably larger in their proportions; and they often are extravagant
+in their character, devices constantly being assumed and borne as
+Crests, which are no less inconsistent with true heraldic feeling, than
+with the peculiar conditions and the proper qualities of true heraldic
+Crests. The Crest of the Duke of HAMILTON, No. 301, is far from being
+one of the most inconsistent devices that were intended to be worn upon
+helms. And, as it is scarcely necessary for me to add, every really
+consistent Crest should be such a figure or device as might be actually
+worn upon his helm, by a mediæval knight, with dignity and with a happy
+effect.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 382.--Seal of William de Wyndesor.]
+
+Early examples of Panache-Crests exist in considerable numbers, and they
+show much variety of treatment. No. 285, already given at page 142,
+shows a Panache of several heights of feathers, the general outline
+having an oval contour. In No. 283, from the Seal of EDWARD DE
+COURTENAY, Earl of DEVON, A.D. 1372, there are three heights of
+feathers, and the outline has a square form. Again, the Seal of WILLIAM
+LE LATIMER, A.D. 1415, gives the peculiar Panache, with the no less
+peculiar variety of mantling, shown in No. 284. A Panache of ample
+proportions, and of exceedingly graceful form, is represented in the
+Seal of WILLIAM DE WYNDESOR, A.D. 1381. The comparatively small size of
+the armorial Shield, as it generally appears when introduced into the
+composition of Seals in the fourteenth century, is shown in a striking
+manner in this same example, No. 382, which in the woodcut is slightly
+enlarged, in order to show the device more clearly: the arms are--_Gu.,
+a saltire or_. Other fine examples of Panache-Crests may be seen in the
+effigies of Sir RICHARD DE PEMBRIDGE, K.G., A.D. 1375, in Hereford
+Cathedral; of Sir ROBERT DE MARMION, A.D. 1400, at Tanfield, Yorkshire;
+and of Sir THOMAS ARDERNE, about the same date, at Elford, in
+Staffordshire. The very fine effigy of Sir EDWARD DE THORPE, A.D. 1418,
+at Ashwelthorpe, in Norfolk, has a helm of rare beauty of form, with a
+rich mantling, and a most graceful Panache of peacock’s feathers; and
+peacock’s feathers also form the Panache of Lord FERRERS of CHARTLEY, in
+his Brass, A.D. 1425, at Merevale, in Warwickshire. And, once more, upon
+the Seal of THOMAS DE HATFIELD, Bishop of Durham, A.D. 1345, the Panache
+rises from the episcopal mitre, after the same manner as it does in No.
+383 from a Coronet.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 383.--Crest of Sir Richard Grey, K.G., A.D. 1420.]
+
+Another episcopal Seal, that of Bishop HENRY LE DESPENCER, No. 351,
+shows a Shield of small size when compared with the helm and crest, the
+latter being the favourite device of a gryphon’s head between two tall
+upright wings. The Seals of the FITZALANS, Earls of Arundel, and the
+Seal of JOHN TIPTOFT, Earl of Worcester, may be specified as displaying
+fine examples of the same Crest. With them may be grouped the Crest of
+Sir RICHARD GREY, K.G., Lord Grey of Codnor, A.D. 1420--_A peacock’s
+head and neck, between two wings erect, the feathers az., and their
+pens_ (quills) _arg._, No. 383, from the Garter-plate at Windsor. This
+Crest rises from such a Crest-Coronet as was borne on their helms by
+noblemen in the time of HENRY V.
+
+The use of the _Chapeau_, or Cap of Estate, instead of a Crest-Coronet,
+to support a Crest upon a helm, I have already illustrated with Nos. 198
+and 199, severally the Lion-Crests of the BLACK PRINCE and of his son
+RICHARD II. Like No. 199, No. 384 is from one of the unrivalled series
+of helms sculptured in Westminster Hall, with the Crest and
+Ostrich-feather Badge of King RICHARD II. In both of these examples the
+adjustment of the _Mantling_ is shown. Two famous Lion-Crests are those
+borne by the great families of HOWARD and PERCY, severally Dukes of
+Norfolk and Northumberland. The HOWARD lion, originally granted by
+RICHARD II. to THOMAS MOWBRAY, Earl Marshal, and now borne by the Duke
+of NORFOLK, is _a lion statant guardant, his tail extended or, and
+ducally gorged arg._: the PERCY lion is _statant, his tail extended or_:
+each lion stands upon a chapeau. The Lion-Crest of the BLACK PRINCE,
+being charged with the _silver Label_ (which he may be said to wear
+after the fashion of a collar), exemplifies the prevailing practice of
+_differencing Crests with marks of Cadency_. Crests admit every variety
+of Difference: and Mantlings also are frequently differenced with small
+charges, or with badges; as in the Garter-plate of Sir JOHN BEAUMONT,
+K.G., and in the Brass at Little Easton, Essex, to Sir HENRY BOURCHIER,
+K.G., Earl of ESSEX.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 384.--Helm, Crest, Mantling,
+ and Badge of Richard II., from Westminster Hall.]
+
+The _Crest-Wreath_ first appears about the middle of the fourteenth
+century. The earliest example to which I can refer is represented in the
+Brass to Sir HUGH HASTINGS, at Elsyng, in Norfolk, A.D. 1347. In this
+most remarkable engraven memorial, the finial of the principal canopy is
+surmounted by a helm with mantling, wreath, and the crest of
+HASTINGS--_a bull’s head sable_; No. 385. In the effigy of Sir R. DE
+PEMBRIDGE, K.G., already noticed, the date of which is 1375, the crest
+is united to the great helm that supports the head of the knight by a
+wreath formed of a band of four-leaved flowers. A little later, A.D.
+1384, at Southacre, in Norfolk, the Brass of Sir JOHN HARSYCK has a
+Crest-Wreath formed of two rolls, probably of silk, twisted as in No.
+386. In the second half of the next century, amongst many good examples
+of Crest-Wreaths I select as typical specimens those which appear in the
+Brasses to Sir WILLIAM VERNON, A.D. 1467, at Tong, in Shropshire, No.
+386; and to Sir ROBERT HARCOURT, K.G., No. 387, at Staunton Harcourt,
+Oxfordshire.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 385.--Crested Helm of Sir Hugh Hastings;
+ A.D. 1347.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 386, 387, and 388.--Crest-Wreaths.]
+
+The Crest-Wreath in the form shown in the last examples, and now almost
+universally used in representations of such Crests as are without the
+Crest-Coronet and the Chapeau, may fairly be considered to have been
+derived from the rich ornamentation, generally, as it would seem, formed
+of costly textile fabrics, if not executed in jewelled or enamelled
+goldsmith’s work, that was frequently wreathed about knightly basinets.
+These wreath-like ornaments are represented in numerous effigies both
+sculptured and engraven; and they are shown to have been worn either
+flat, as in No. 388, or wrought to high relief, as in No. 389. These two
+examples are severally from the effigies of a knight in Tewkesbury Abbey
+Church, about A.D. 1365, and of Sir HUMPHREY STAFFORD, A.D. 1450, at
+Bromsgrove, in Worcestershire. The enamelled effigy of Earl WILLIAM DE
+VALANECE, A.D. 1296, at Westminster, has a wreath of delicate
+workmanship in relief, which once was set with real or imitative jewels.
+
+For many years after their first appearance, heraldic Crests were
+regarded as insignia of great dignity and exalted estate; and it was not
+till a considerably later period that the right to bear a Crest came to
+be regarded as an adjunct of the right to bear arms. Still later, when
+they were granted with Coat-Armour to corporate bodies, communities, and
+institutions, Crests altogether lost their original significance; and
+they became, in their use, Badges in everything except the habit of
+placing them, with their accessories of Wreath or Crest-Coronet, of
+Chapeau and Mantling, upon representations of helms.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 389.--Basinet with Crest-Wreath,
+ Effigy of Sir Humphrey Stafford, A.D. 1450.]
+
+When they were actually worn, Crests were undoubtedly constructed of
+some very light materials. It is probable that _cuir bouilli_ (boiled
+leather), the decorative capabilities of which were so well understood
+by mediæval artists, was generally employed.
+
+It has been sometimes held that Crests are personal bearings only; and,
+therefore, not hereditary, though capable of being bequeathed or granted
+by their possessors. This theory is not sustained by early or general
+usage; and, accordingly, Crests must be pronounced to be hereditary, as
+is Coat-Armour.
+
+It is evident that as one person may inherit, and therefore may quarter,
+two or more Coats of Arms, so the same person might claim to bear _two
+or more Crests_ by a similar right of inheritance. This in early times
+resulted in selection because no early British precedent exists for the
+simultaneous display of _two_ Crests. But it was soon recognised that as
+no woman could bear a Crest, she ought not to transmit one, and the idea
+of the inheritance of the Crest with a quartering from a female
+ancestress ceased. At the present day, several Crests, each with its own
+helm and mantling, are occasionally represented above a Shield of arms:
+but, in England, by strict heraldic rule, two (or more than two) Crests
+can be borne by one individual, only when he has obtained the Royal
+licence to bear and use the _Surname and Arms_ of another family _in
+addition_ to those of his own family, or, by a special grant from the
+Crown.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+BADGES
+
+ “Might I but know thee by thy household Badge!”
+ --SHAKESPEARE, _Henry VI._, _Part 2_.
+
+
+A BADGE, like a Coat of Arms, is an armorial ensign that is complete in
+itself, and possesses a definite signification of its own. In use with a
+decided heraldic significance long before the adoption of systematic
+Heraldry, Badges have always held a conspicuous position in the
+estimation of Heralds. A Badge resembles any single charge in Heraldry,
+in being a figure or device that is assumed as the distinctive
+cognisance of a particular individual or family: but, unlike a charge,
+it may be borne by itself, without any Shield, and also without any
+accompanying accessory, with the exception, in some instances, of a
+_Motto_ (See “Motto,” p. 138). Badges, however, are found depicted on
+roundels of the livery, and upon Standards, and for decorative purposes
+are often depicted upon mantlings. It will be evident that a Badge may
+be the very same figure or device as a Crest; but, it must be remembered
+that a Badge always differs from a Crest, in usually being altogether
+without crest-wreath or coronet, in consequence of having no connection
+whatever with the knightly helm. There was, however, a period in which
+the Badge was much confused with the Crest, which has resulted in many
+devices which are really Crests being officially recorded as Badges.
+
+After the establishment of a true Heraldry, Badges were generally used
+to commemorate remarkable exploits, or in reference either to some
+family or feudal alliance, or to indicate some territorial rights or
+pretensions. Very many Badges are allusive, and consequently they are
+_Rebuses_ (see “Rebus,” p. 146). Some are taken from the charges of the
+bearer’s Shield, or they have a more or less direct reference to those
+charges. Some trace of Marshalling or of feudal Difference may
+constantly be observed in Badges; and even where the motive for the
+selection of certain devices has not been discovered, it may fairly be
+assumed that a good heraldic motive still exists, although it has become
+obscured or been forgotten. It was not uncommon for the same personage
+or family to use more than one Badge; and, on the other hand, two or
+more Badges were often borne in combination, to form a single compound
+device, as in Nos. 235 and 270. The _ragged staff_, in like manner, No.
+294, and the _bear_, both of them Badges of the BEAUCHAMPS, Earls of
+WARWICK, were sometimes united to form a single Badge, and by the
+successors of that great family the “bear and ragged staff” were
+generally borne as a single device. (See No. 448, and p. 319.)
+
+Two distinct classes of Badges were in general use in the fourteenth,
+fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. Those of the first class, well known
+as the insignia of certain eminent personages and powerful houses, were
+borne by all the followers, retainers, dependants, and partisans of
+those personages and houses: and they were so borne by them, and they
+were used by their owners for every variety of decorative purpose,
+because they were _known and understood_; and, consequently, because the
+presence of these Badges would cause all persons and objects bearing
+them to be readily and certainly distinguished. By means of these most
+useful devices a wide and comprehensive range was given to the action
+and the influence of true Heraldry, without infringing in the slightest
+degree upon the lofty and almost sacred exclusiveness of the Coat-Armour
+of a noble or a gentle house. In the words which SHAKESPEARE teaches
+CLIFFORD to address to WARWICK, “Might I but know thee by thy household
+Badge!” it is implied that all the followers of Warwick were well known
+by his “household Badge,” which was displayed by them all, while some
+other insignia were worn by the great Earl upon his own person.
+
+Mr. Lower has remarked (“Curiosities of Heraldry,” p. 145) that
+“something analogous to the fashion” of embroidering the household
+Badges of their lords “upon the sleeves or breasts” of the dependants of
+great families in the olden times, “is retained in the Crest which
+adorns the buttons of our domestic servants.” The accomplished writer
+might have added that, in thus employing _Crests_ to discharge
+_Badge_-duties, we are content to indulge a love for heraldic display
+without observing becoming heraldic distinctions. Crested livery buttons
+are heraldic anomalies under all circumstances--even the head of a house
+himself, if he were a Herald, would not display his Crest, as a Crest,
+upon buttons to be used exclusively by himself. Crests are to be borne
+on helms, or represented as being borne on helms: Badges are decorative
+insignia, and fulfil with consistent significance their own distinct and
+appropriate functions.
+
+Badges of the second class were devices that were borne exclusively by
+the exalted personages who were pleased to assume them, often for
+temporary use only, and generally with some subtle or latent
+significance, which had been studiously rendered difficult to be
+detected, and dubious in its application.
+
+These Badges, thus displayed rather to effect disguise or to excite
+curiosity than to secure recognition, must be regarded for the most part
+as the expressions of heraldic revelry--as the fantasies and
+eccentricities of an age, which loved to combine quaint conceits and
+symbolical allusions with the display of gorgeous magnificence.
+Accordingly, Badges of this order are found generally to have been
+assumed on the occasion of the jousts or Hastiludes, the masques, and
+other pageants that in feudal times were celebrated with so much of
+elaborate and brilliant splendour.
+
+The adoption of Badges of this peculiar character is exactly in keeping
+with the sentiment which prompted men of exalted rank and eminent
+distinction to appear in public, on occasions of high festivity, bearing
+the arms of some friend, kinsman, or ally, instead of their own. A mark
+of especial favour and of peculiar distinction would be conferred, when
+a Sovereign or a Prince thus would display upon his own person the
+armory of some honoured subject or comrade. EDWARD III. delighted thus
+to honour the most distinguished cavaliers of his chivalrous Court. For
+example, in or about the year 1347, royal Hastiludes were celebrated at
+Lichfield with great splendour, the jousters consisting of the KING and
+seventeen Knights, and the Earl of LANCASTER and thirteen Knights.
+A conspicuous part was taken in these festivities by the King’s daughter
+ISABELLE, afterwards Countess of BEDFORD, and by six Ladies of high
+rank, with twenty-one other Ladies, who all wore blue dresses and white
+hoods of the same materials as well as the same colours as the robes of
+the Knights, together with various masks or vizors. On this occasion,
+the KING himself over his armour wore a surcoat with the Arms of Sir
+THOMAS DE BRADESTONE. These Arms in a Roll of EDWARD III. are blazoned
+as--_Arg., on a canton gu. a rose or_ (see _Archæologia_, xxxi., pp. 40
+and 118). On another occasion, during Hastiludes at Canterbury,
+EDWARD III. “is said to have given eight harnesses, worked with the arms
+of Sir STEPHEN DE COSYNTON (_az., three roses arg._), to the PRINCE OF
+WALES, the Earl of LANCASTER, and six other Knights.” In the same
+spirit, RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, Earl of WARWICK, at a great festival of
+arms held at Calais under his presidency, on the first day entered the
+lists decorated with the arms of his ancestor the Lord TONEY: on the
+second day, he wore the arms of Hanslap: and, on the third day, “he
+appeared as the Earl of WARWICK, quartering Beauchamp, Guy, Hanslap, and
+Toney, on his trappings; his vizor open, and the chaplet on his helm
+enriched with pearls and precious stones.” In such times, Badges of
+curious device and occult signification could not fail to enjoy a
+popularity, not the less decided because of the restricted use and
+exclusive character of the Badges themselves.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 390.--Secretum of Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick;
+ A.D. 1296.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 391.--Seal of Sir Walter de Hungerford, K.G.;
+ A.D. 1425.]
+
+EXAMPLES OF BADGES, such as are distinctive, and consequently of the
+class that I have first described. The Badges of PERCY are a _silver
+crescent_ and a _double manacle_: of HOWARD, a _white lion_: PELHAM, _a
+buckle_: DOUGLAS, a _red heart_: SCROPE, a _Cornish chough_: CLINTON,
+a _golden mullet_: TALBOT, a _hound_: BOHUN, a _white swan_: HUNGERFORD,
+a _sickle_: PEVEREL, a _garb_: STOURTON, a _golden “drag” or sledge_.
+The various “Knots,” described and illustrated in Chapter X., Nos. 219,
+235, 263, 270, 274, 304, and 313, are Badges. The _bear and ragged
+staff_ of the BEAUCHAMPS, and, after them, of the NEVILLES and DUDLEYS,
+I have already noticed. Seals frequently have Badges introduced upon
+them, in very early times, by themselves, the Badge in each case
+constituting the device of the Seal (see p. 193). The Secretum or
+private Seal of ROBERT BRUCE, Earl of CARRICK, the father of the King,
+appended to the homage-deed extorted by EDWARD I. from the Scottish
+nobles, is a good example, No. 390: this is another of Mr. Laing’s
+beautiful woodcuts. Badges also constantly appear upon Seals in
+association with Shields of arms. Thus, a Seal of one of the BERKELEYS,
+A.D. 1430, has a mermaid on each side of an armorial shield. Two other
+examples of this kind I have already given: No. 318, the Seal of JOAN DE
+BARRE, which is charged with the _castle_ and _lion_ of Castile and
+Leon, as Badges: and No. 321, the Seal of OLIVER DE BOHUN, charged,
+about the Shield, with the Bohun _Swan_. On his Seal, No. 391, Sir
+WALTER DE HUNGERFORD, K.G., Lord of HEYTESBURY and HOMET (the latter a
+Norman barony), displays his own Badge, the _sickle_, in happy alliance
+with the _garb_ of Peverel (borne by him in right of his wife,
+CATHERINE, daughter and co-heir of THOMAS PEVEREL), to form his Crest.
+The Crest, it will be observed, in No. 391, is _a garb between two
+sickles_. The Shield of Hungerford only--_sa. two bars arg., and in
+chief three plates_, is also placed between _two sickles_. Two banners,
+denoting important alliances, complete the Heraldry of this remarkable
+composition: the banner to the dexter, for Heytesbury, bears--_per pale
+indented gu. and vert., a chevron or_; and that to the sinister, for
+Hussy--_barry of six erm. and gu._ Lord HUNGERFORD died in 1449, and was
+succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Sir ROBERT DE HUNGERFORD. The
+Seal of this Sir Robert, used by him during the lifetime of his father,
+precisely the same in its heraldic composition as his father’s Seal, is
+remarkable from having _each of its four sickles differenced with an
+ermine-spot upon the blade_, to mark Cadency; and also, with the same
+motive, it shows that a label of three points was charged upon the
+Shield, and upon each of the two banners; No. 392.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 392.--Seal of Sir Robert de Hungerford:
+ before A.D. 1449.]
+
+Through an alliance with the Hungerfords, _sickles_ were borne, as one
+of their Badges, by the great family of COURTENAY. They appear, with a
+_dolphin_, a _tau cross_, and this same _tau-cross_ having _a bell_
+attached to it, as in No. 393, sculptured on the fine heraldic
+chimney-piece, the work of Bishop PETER DE COURTENAY (died in 1492), now
+in the hall of the Episcopal Palace at Exeter.
+
+The BADGES of our early Heraldry are comparatively but little
+understood. They invite the particular attention of students, both from
+their own special interest, and the light they are qualified to throw
+upon the personal history of the English people, and also from their
+peculiar applicability for use by ourselves at the present day. Indeed,
+at this time, when the revival of true Heraldry is in the act of being
+accomplished with complete success, it appears to be peculiarly
+desirable that Badges should be brought into general use. It is not
+enough for us to revive our old English Heraldry as once in the olden
+time it flourished in England, and to rest content with such a revival:
+but we must go on to adapt our revived Heraldry, in its own spirit and
+in full sympathy with its genuine feeling, to conditions of our age and
+of the state of things now in existence. And very much may be done to
+effect this by the adoption of Badges, as our favourite and most
+expressive heraldic insignia, both in connection with Coat-Armour and
+for independent display. Unlike Crests, which must necessarily be
+associated with helms and the wearers of helms, and consequently have
+both a military and a mediæval character, Badges are equally appropriate
+for use by Ladies, as well as by men of every profession, and they
+belong alike to every age and period. This has been recognised
+officially, to the extent that the officers of arms have now reverted to
+the ancient practice of granting and confirming badges and Standards.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 393.--A Courtenay Badge, at Exeter.]
+
+ROYAL BADGES.--I conclude this chapter with a concise list of the more
+important of the Badges that have been borne by the Sovereigns and
+Princes of England; and with some general remarks upon the famous Badge
+of the _Ostrich Feathers_, now considered to be exclusively the Ensign
+of the PRINCES OF WALES, not as such, but as the heirs-apparent to the
+Throne.
+
+The _Planta-genista_, or Broom-plant, No. 21, is well known as an
+English Royal Badge, from the surname derived from it for one of the
+most remarkable of the Royal Houses that ever have flourished in Europe.
+
+As well known are the _Rose_, _Thistle_, and _Shamrock_, severally the
+Badges of the three realms of the United Kingdom of ENGLAND, SCOTLAND,
+and IRELAND. A _golden Rose stalked proper_ was a badge of EDWARD I.:
+and from it apparently were derived, but by what process it is unknown,
+the _White Rose_ of YORK, the _Red Rose_ of LANCASTER, and the _White
+and Red Rose_ of the House of TUDOR.
+
+WILLIAM RUFUS: _A Flower of five foils._
+
+HENRY I.: _A Flower of eight foils._
+
+STEPHEN: _A Flower of seven foils: a Sagittarius._
+
+HENRY II.: _The Planta-genista: an Escarbuncle: a Sword and
+Olive-Branch._
+
+RICHARD I.: _A Star of thirteen rays and a Crescent: a Star issuing from
+a Crescent: a Mailed Arm grasping a broken Lance, with the
+Motto--“Christo Duce.”_
+
+JOHN and HENRY III.: _A Star issuing from a Crescent._
+
+EDWARD I.: _An heraldic Rose or, stalked ppr._
+
+EDWARD II.: _A Castle of Castile._
+
+EDWARD III.: _A Fleur de lys: a Sword: a Falcon: a Gryphon: the Stock of
+a Tree: Rays issuing from a Cloud._
+
+RICHARD II.: _A White Hart lodged: the Stock of a Tree: A White Falcon:
+the Sun in splendour: the Sun clouded._
+
+HENRY IV.: _The Cypher SS: a crowned Eagle: an Eagle displayed: a White
+Swan: A Red Rose: a Columbine Flower: A Fox’s Tail: a crowned Panther:
+the Stock of a Tree: a Crescent._ His QUEEN, JOAN OF NAVARRE: _An
+Ermine_, or _Gennet_.
+
+HENRY V.: _A Fire-beacon: a White Swan gorged and chained: a chained
+Antelope._
+
+HENRY VI.: _Two Ostrich Feathers in Saltire: a chained Antelope:
+a Panther._
+
+EDWARD IV.: _A White Rose en Soleil: a White Wolf and White Lion:
+a White Hart: a Black Dragon and Black Bull: a Falcon and Fetter-lock:
+the Sun in splendour._
+
+HENRY VII.: _A Rose of York and Lancaster, a Portcullis and a Fleur de
+lys, all of them crowned: a Red Dragon: a White Greyhound: a Hawthorn
+Bush and Crown, with the cypher_ H.R.
+
+HENRY VIII.: The same, without the Hawthorn Bush, and with a _White
+Cock_. His QUEENS: CATHERINE OF ARAGON--_A Rose, Pomegranate, and Sheaf
+of Arrows._ ANNE BOLEYN--_A Crowned Falcon, holding a Sceptre._ JANE
+SEYMOUR--_A Phœnix rising from a Castle, between Two Tudor Roses._
+CATHERINE PARR--_A Maiden’s Head crowned, rising from a large Tudor
+Rose._
+
+EDWARD VI.: _A Tudor Rose: the Sun in splendour._
+
+MARY: _A Tudor Rose impaling a Pomegranate_--also _impaling a Sheaf of
+Arrows, ensigned with a Crown, and surrounded with rays: a Pomegranate._
+
+ELIZABETH: _A Tudor Rose_ with the motto, “_Rosa sine Spinâ_” (a Rose
+without a Thorn): _a Crowned Falcon and Sceptre._ She used as her own
+motto--“_Semper Eadem_” (Always the same).
+
+JAMES I.: _A Thistle: a Thistle and Rose dimidiated and crowned_, No.
+308, with the motto--“_Beati Pacifici_” (Blessed are the peacemakers).
+
+CHARLES I., CHARLES II., JAMES II.: The same Badge as JAMES I., without
+his motto.
+
+ANNE: _A Rose-Branch and a Thistle growing from one branch._
+
+From this time distinctive personal Badges ceased to be borne by English
+Sovereigns. But various badges have become stereotyped and now form a
+constituent part of the Royal Arms, and will be found recited later in
+Chapter XVIII.
+
+The _Ostrich Feather Badge_. The popular tradition, that the famous
+Badge of the Ostrich Feathers was won from the blind KING OF BOHEMIA at
+Cressi by the BLACK PRINCE, and by him afterwards borne as an heraldic
+trophy, is not supported by any contemporary authority. The earliest
+writer by whom the tradition itself is recorded is CAMDEN (A.D. 1614),
+and his statement is confirmed by no known historical evidence of a date
+earlier than his own work. As Sir N. HARRIS NICHOLAS has shown in a most
+able paper in the _Archæologia_ (vol. xxxi. pp. 350-384), the first time
+the Feathers are mentioned in any record is in a document, the date of
+which must have been after 1369, and which contains lists of plate
+belonging to the King himself, and also to Queen PHILLIPA. It is
+particularly to be observed, that all the pieces of plate specified in
+this roll as the personal property of the Queen, if marked with any
+device at all, are marked with her _own initial_, or with some heraldic
+insignia that have a direct reference to _herself_. One of these pieces
+of plate is described as “a large dish for the alms of the Queen, of
+silver gilt, and enamelled at the bottom with _a black escutcheon with
+Ostrich Feathers_--_eym in fund vno scuch nigro cum pennis de ostrich_.”
+And these “Ostrich Feathers,” thus blazoned on a sable field upon the
+silver alms-dish of Queen PHILIPPA, Sir N. H. Nicholas believed to have
+been borne by the Queen as a daughter of the House of HAINAULT; and he
+suggested that these same “Ostrich Feathers” might possibly have been
+assumed by the Counts of the Province of Hainault from the Comté of
+Ostrevant, which formed the appanage of their eldest sons.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 394.--At Worcester Cathedral.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 395.--At Peterborough Cathedral.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 396.--At Peterborough Cathedral.]
+
+At the first, either a single Feather was borne, the quill generally
+transfixing an escroll, as in No. 394, from the monument of Prince
+ARTHUR TUDOR, in Worcester Cathedral; or, two Feathers were placed side
+by side, as they also appear upon the same monument. In Seals, or when
+marshalled with a Shield of Arms, two Feathers are seen to have been
+placed after the manner of Supporters, one on each side of the
+composition: in such examples the tips of the Feathers droop severally
+to the dexter and sinister: in all the early examples also the Feathers
+droop in the same manner, or they incline slightly towards the
+spectator. Three Feathers were first grouped together by ARTHUR TUDOR,
+PRINCE OF WALES, eldest son of HENRY VII., as in Nos. 395 and 396, from
+Peterborough Cathedral; or with an escroll, as in No. 397, from a
+miserere in the fine and interesting church at Ludlow. The plume of
+three Feathers appears to have been encircled with a coronet, for the
+first time, by Prince EDWARD, afterwards EDWARD VI., but who never was
+PRINCE OF WALES: No. 398, carved very boldly over the entrance gateway
+to the Deanery at Peterborough, is a good early example. In No. 399 I
+give a representation of another early plume of three Ostrich Feathers,
+as they are carved, with an escroll in place of a coronet, upon the
+Chantry of Abbot RAMRYGE in the Abbey Church at St. Albans: and again,
+in No. 400, from the head of a window near the east end of the choir, on
+the south side, in Exeter Cathedral, the three Feathers are charged upon
+a Shield _per pale azure and gules_, and this Shield is on a roundle.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 397.--In Ludlow Church.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 398.--The Deanery, Peterborough.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 399.--In the Abbey Church of St. Alban.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 400.--In Exeter Cathedral.]
+
+The Ostrich Feathers were borne, as a Badge with his Shield of Arms,
+upon one Seal of EDWARD III. himself: they were used, as an heraldic
+device, about the year 1370, by PHILIPPA, his Queen: they appear on
+some, but not on all, the Seals of the BLACK PRINCE, and they are
+omitted from some of his Seals after the battle of Cressi (A.D. 1346):
+and they were also borne, generally with some slight difference, marking
+Cadency, in all probability by all the other sons of
+EDWARD III.--certainly by JOHN OF GHENT, Duke of LANCASTER, and by
+THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, Duke of GLOUCESTER. They were adopted by
+RICHARD II., and placed on either side of his crested Helm in the
+heraldic sculpture of Westminster Hall, as appears in two of these
+beautiful examples, Nos. 199 and 384: by this Prince the Ostrich
+Feathers were placed on his first Royal Seal, and they were habitually
+used for decoration and heraldic display; and they also were formally
+granted by him, as a mark of especial favour, to be borne as an
+Augmentation of the highest honour, to his cousin THOMAS MOWBRAY, Duke
+of NORFOLK. The Ostrich Feathers were borne, in like manner, by the
+succeeding Princes, both LANCASTRIAN and YORKIST: by at least two of the
+BEAUFORTS: by the Princes of the House of TUDOR: and by their successors
+the STUARTS. Thus, it is certain that the Ostrich Feathers were held to
+be a _Royal Badge_, from the time of their first appearance in the
+Heraldry of England about the middle of the fourteenth century; and that
+in that character they were adopted and borne by the successive
+Sovereigns, and by the Princes, sometimes also by the Princesses (as in
+the instance of a Seal of MARGARET BEAUFORT, the mother of HENRY VII.),
+of the Royal Houses, without any other distinction than some slight mark
+of Cadency, and without the slightest trace of any peculiar association
+with any one member of the Royal Family. From the time of the accession
+of the House of Stuart to the Crown of the United Kingdom, however, the
+coroneted plume of three Ostrich Feathers appears to have been regarded,
+as it is at this present day, as the special Badge of the Heir to the
+Throne.
+
+In accordance with the express provision of his will, two armorial
+Shields are displayed upon the monument of the BLACK PRINCE in
+Canterbury Cathedral, which Shields the Prince himself distinguishes as
+his Shields “for War” and “for Peace”; the former charged with his
+quartered arms of France and England differenced with his silver Label,
+No. 337; and the latter, _sable_, charged with _three Ostrich Feathers
+argent_, their quills passing through scrolls bearing the Motto, “_Ich
+Diene_” No. 401. The same motto is placed over each of the Shields that
+are charged with the Feathers, as in No. 401: and over each Shield
+charged with the quartered arms (there are on each side of the tomb six
+Shields, three of the Arms, and three of the Feathers, alternately) is
+the other motto of the Prince, “_Houmout_.” In his will, the BLACK
+PRINCE also desired that a “_black Pennon with Ostrich Feathers_” should
+be displayed at his Funeral; and he further appointed that his Chapel in
+Canterbury Cathedral should be adorned in various places with his Arms,
+and “_likewise with our Badge of Ostrich Feathers--noz bages dez plumes
+d’ostruce_.”
+
+ [Illustration: No. 401.--Shield “for Peace” of the Black Prince.]
+
+The will of the BLACK PRINCE proves the Feathers to have been a Badge,
+and not either a Crest or the ensign of a Shield of Arms, since twice he
+expressly calls them “_our Badge_”: and it also is directly opposed to
+the traditional warlike origin and military character of the Feathers,
+as a Badge of the BLACK PRINCE, for it particularly specifies the
+peaceful significance of this Badge, and distinguishes it from the
+insignia that were worn and displayed by the Prince when he was equipped
+for war. The Mottoes “_Ich Diene_” and “_Houmout_” are old German, and
+they signify, “I serve,” and “magnanimous.” It has been suggested by Mr.
+Planché, that “Houmout” is Flemish, and that the three words really form
+a single Motto, signifying, “Magnanimous, I serve,” that is, “I obey the
+dictates of magnanimity” (_Archæologia_, xxxii. 69).
+
+ [Illustration: No. 402.--From the Seal of King Henry IV.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 403.--From the Seal of Thomas, Duke of Gloucester.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 404.--From the Garter-Plate of John Beaufort, K.G.]
+
+Upon a very remarkable Seal, used by HENRY IV. a short time before his
+accession, the shield with helm and crest are placed between two tall
+Feathers, about each of which is entwined _a Garter_ charged with his
+favourite and significant Motto--the word SOVEREYGNE, as in No. 402. His
+father, Prince JOHN OF GHENT, placed _a chain_ upon the quills of his
+Feathers, as in the very curious boss in the cloisters at Canterbury.
+The uncle of HENRY IV., THOMAS, Duke of GLOUCESTER, on one of his Seals,
+differenced his two Feathers with _Garters_ (probably of the Order)
+displayed along their quills, as in No. 403. And, about A.D. 1440, JOHN
+BEAUFORT, K.G., Duke of SOMERSET, on his Garter-plate placed two Ostrich
+Feathers erect, their _quills componée argent and azure_, and fixed in
+golden escrolls; No. 404. In the Harleian MS. 304, f. 12, it is stated
+that the Ostrich Feather of silver, the pen thus componée argent and
+azure, “is the Duke of Somerset’s”: also that the “Feather silver, with
+the pen gold, is the King’s: the Ostrich Feather, pen and all silver, is
+the Prince’s: and the Ostrich Feather gold, the pen ermine, is the Duke
+of Lancaster’s.”
+
+The Shield charged with three Ostrich Feathers, No. 401, was borne by
+Prince JOHN OF GHENT; and it appears on the splendid Great Seal of
+HENRY IV., between the Shields of the Duchy of CORNWALL and the Earldom
+of CHESTER. HUMPHREY, Duke of GLOUCESTER, is also recorded to have borne
+this same Feather Shield.
+
+In the Vaulting of the ceiling over the steps leading to the Hall at
+Christchurch, Oxford, the Ostrich Plume Badge is carved within a Garter
+of the Order: and, again, the Badge is represented after the same
+manner, environed with the Garter, in the beautiful binding of a copy of
+the Bible which is reputed to have been used by CHARLES I. in his last
+moments.
+
+The Ostrich Feathers are repeatedly mentioned in early documents; and
+they are shown to have been constantly used for various decorative
+purposes, always evidently with an heraldic motive and feeling, by the
+same Royal personages who blazoned them on their Seals, and displayed
+them elsewhere as their armorial insignia. A well-known example of a
+diaper of White Ostrich Feathers on a field per pale argent and vert, is
+preserved in the stained glass now in the great north window of the
+transept of Canterbury Cathedral.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+SUPPORTERS
+
+ “Standing by the Shield
+ In silence.” --IDYLLS OF THE KING.
+
+
+A SUPPORTER is a figure, sometimes of an angel, frequently of a human
+being, but more generally of some animal, bird, or imaginary creature,
+so placed in connection with a Shield of Arms as to appear to be
+protecting and supporting it. In English Heraldry a single Supporter is
+of comparatively rare occurrence, but a number of examples are to be
+found in the Heraldry of Scotland. In early examples, when two
+Supporters appear, they are in most cases alike: but, more recently
+(except in the Heraldry of France), the two figures are generally quite
+distinct the one from the other, the earlier usage of having the two
+Supporters alike being less frequent. The modern prevailing practice in
+England is happily exemplified in the well-known instance of the present
+Royal Supporters, the Lion and the Unicorn.
+
+Supporters are considered to have been introduced into the Heraldry of
+England during the reign of EDWARD III.; but they may with greater
+accuracy be assigned to the middle of the fifteenth century, than to the
+second half of the fourteenth. As armorial insignia of a very high rank,
+Supporters are granted in England only by the express command of the
+Sovereign, except to Peers and Knights Grand Cross and Knights Grand
+Commanders. In Scotland, where they occur more frequently than in the
+Heraldry of the South of the Tweed, the “Lord Lyon” has power to grant
+Supporters. Originally by the Scottish Heralds these accessories of
+Shields were entitled “Bearers.”
+
+Supporters are now granted, on payment of fees, to all Peers of the
+Realm to descend to the holders of a specified Peerage, and to Knights
+of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick, and to Knights Grand Cross and
+Knights Grand Commanders of all other orders of knighthood to be borne
+for life. Most Nova Scotia Baronets and Chiefs of Scottish Clans have
+supporters registered with their arms.
+
+Supporters probably owe their origin rather to several concurrent
+circumstances, than to any one particular circumstance. The mere fact of
+a Knight carrying his own armorial Shield, or his Esquire bearing it
+beside him, might suggest the general idea of some _supporting_ figure
+in connection with a representation of that Shield. The act of carrying
+a Banner of Arms, in like manner, might suggest a representation of a
+“Supporter” for a Shield of Arms. To early Seals, however, Heraldry is
+in an especial degree indebted for the development of the idea of
+Supporters, and for bringing it into a definite form. Again, the
+prevalent use of Badges in the fourteenth century, and in the fifteenth
+also, would necessarily exercise a powerful influence in the same
+direction; and would lead Heralds to associate with Shields of Arms
+certain other figures which, while in themselves distinct and
+independent, were closely allied with certain Shields of Arms. The
+prototypes of true Supporters, indeed, as they appear on Seals, are
+Badges. In fact, it is often difficult to determine whether specified
+figures on the Seals of a certain period are heraldic supporters or
+merely representations of Badges.
+
+An Effigy represented upon a Seal, as in No. 405, the Seal of
+DEVORGUILLA CRAWFORD, about A.D. 1290, from LAING’S Volume: or in Nos.
+316, 317, would be even more than a suggestion of a Supporter. The same
+may be said, when some figure, almost certainly a Badge, was introduced
+into the composition of a Seal, holding or supporting a Shield by its
+guige, as in No. 203; or when a Shield, or two or more Shields, were
+charged upon some figure, as in No. 204: both of these examples, indeed,
+might be regarded as illustrations of the origin or first adoption of
+single Supporters.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 405.--Seal of Devorguilla Crawford, about 1290.]
+
+The introduction of angelic figures, which might have the appearance of
+acting as “Guardian Angels,” in their care of Shields of Arms, was in
+accordance with the feeling of the early days of English Heraldry; and,
+while it took a part in leading the way to the systematic use of regular
+Supporters, it served to show the high esteem and honour in which
+armorial insignia were held by our ancestors of those ages. In No. 159 I
+have already shown an example of a sculptured Shield thus supported by
+Angels, from St. Albans. In the same noble church there are other
+examples of the same character in stained glass. Angel Supporters, the
+figures treated in various ways, occur in very many Gothic edifices;
+particularly, sculptured as corbels, bosses or pateræ, or introduced in
+panels, and employed for the decoration of open timber roofs, as in
+Westminster Hall. They appear also on Seals; as on the Seal of HENRY OF
+LANCASTER, about A.D. 1350, which has the figure of an Angel above the
+Shield, and a lion on each side of it.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 406.--Part of Seal of Margaret, Lady Hungerford.]
+
+The representation of armorial Banners upon Seals would lead to at least
+the occasional introduction of some figure to hold, or _support_, the
+Banner; and here, again, we discern the presence of some of the
+immediate predecessors of “Supporters,” properly so called. In the
+Seals, Nos. 391, 392, the Banners are not supported, and yet they are
+indirectly suggestive of giving support to the Shield which is
+marshalled with them in the same composition. Another Hungerford Seal,
+that of MARGARET BOTREAUX, widow of the second Baron HUNGERFORD (who
+died in 1477), in the centre of the composition has a kneeling figure of
+the noble lady, and on each side a banner of arms is held (_supported_)
+erect, so that the two banners form a kind of canopy over her head, by a
+lion and a gryphon. In No. 406 I give a part only of this elaborate
+Seal, sufficient to show how its general composition bears upon the
+adoption of Supporters. The Monument in Westminster Abbey of Sir LUDOVIC
+ROBSART, K.G., Lord BOURCHIER, Standard-Bearer to HENRY V. at Agincourt,
+has two banners sculptured in the stone work of the canopy, which are
+placed precisely in the same manner as the banners in No. 406; and, like
+them, they are held by Badges acting as Supporters. Two well-known seals
+of the PERCIES are charged with banners, and in each case the
+banner-staff is held by a single Supporter: one of these figures is a
+man-at-arms, A.D. 1386; the other is a lion, A.D. 1446. At the same
+period, two lions appear on another Percy Seal. Another, of the same
+date, has the shield supported by an armed man, without any banner, but
+having a lance with a long pennon charged with the Crescent badge of
+PERCY, No. 412, p. 247. Other Percy Seals, again, of the fourteenth
+century, on either side of the Shield have two lions or two birds.
+
+Numerous examples of great interest illustrate the early introduction of
+Badges into the composition of Seals, as accessories of Shields. A Seal
+of Prince JOHN OF GHENT, which has two falcons and padlocks, is one of
+the most beautiful and suggestive works of its class: in this Seal the
+two birds are addorsed, and consequently they also have their backs
+turned towards the central achievement. This position of the figures on
+early Seals is not uncommon; but it is an illustration that the use of
+Badges in the form from which they developed into supporters was an
+artistic necessity, arising from the form of the spaces to be occupied
+by the figures upon the Seal. Another most characteristic example of
+that marshalling of Badges upon Seals, which certainly led the way to
+true Supporters, is the Seal of Sir MAURICE DE BERKELEY, A.D. 1430, upon
+which _a mermaid_--the Berkeley badge--is blazoned on each side of the
+Shield. The two figures are drawn with much skill and elegance. The
+Shield itself quarters _Berkeley_ within a bordure, and a differenced
+coat of _Bottetourt_: it hangs from a large helm, which, in its turn, is
+ensigned by as large a _mitre_--the singular Crest of the Berkeleys. The
+two figures, generally animals, which fill up the spaces to the dexter
+and sinister of the central achievement on Seals, in the fifteenth
+century are almost invariably drawn of a comparatively large size; and,
+for the most part, they really act as _Supporters to the Crested Helm_,
+being themselves _supported by the Shield_. The composition of the Seal
+of EDMUND DE MORTIMER, Earl of MARCH, A.D. 1400, though now mutilated,
+exhibits in a most satisfactory manner this very effective arrangement,
+from which true Supporters to a Shield of Arms might obviously be
+derived. In this Seal, No. 407, the Shield quarters _Mortimer_, No. 131,
+and--_or, a cross gu._, for _Ulster_. The Seal of WM. DE WYNDESOR, No.
+382, illustrates with no less happy effect the occasional use of birds
+instead of beasts, as Supporting Badges. Other examples exist in great
+numbers, and in abundant variety: the two that I add from Mr. Laing’s
+Volume, Nos. 408 and 409, are in every respect most characteristic; they
+are severally the Seals of ROBERT GRAHAM, of Kinpont, and of Sir WILLIAM
+LINDSAY, of the Byres.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 407.--Seal of Earl Edmund de Mortimer; A.D. 1400.]
+
+It is scarcely necessary for me to point out to students that Supporters
+always have a decided heraldic significance. In supporting a Shield of
+Arms, they discharge an heraldic duty: but, in themselves, Supporters
+are armorial symbols of a high rank; and, with peculiar emphasis, they
+record descent, inheritance, and alliance, and they blazon illustrious
+deeds.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 408.--Seal of Robert Graham, of Kinpont,
+ A.D. 1433.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 409.--Seal of Sir Wm. Lindsay, of the Byres,
+ A.D. 1390.]
+
+Supporters should always be represented in an erect position. In
+whatever direction also they actually may be looking, they always ought
+to appear to fulfil their own proper office of giving vigilant and
+deferential _support to the Shield_. It would be well, in our blazoning
+of supported Achievements, not only for us to regard a becoming position
+and attitude for Supporters to be matters determined by positive
+heraldic law, but also that some satisfactory arrangement should be made
+and recognised for general adoption, by which an equally becoming
+_support_ would be provided for “Supporters.” An unsatisfactory custom
+has been either to place the Supporters, whatever they may be, upon some
+very slight renaissance scroll work that is neither graceful nor
+consistent, or, to constrain the Motto scroll to provide a foundation or
+standing-place for them. In the latter case, an energetic lion, or a
+massive elephant, and, in a certain class of achievements of
+comparatively recent date, a mounted trooper, or a stalwart man-of-war’s
+man, probably with a twenty-four pounder at his feet, are made to stand
+on _the edge of the ribbon_ that is inscribed with the Motto. Mr. Laing
+has enabled me to give an excellent example of Supporters--two lions
+standing upon a motto-scroll or ribbon--in No. 410, the Seal of JOHN
+DRUMMOND, created Earl of MELFORT and Viscount FORTH in the year 1686:
+the Shield is _Scotland, within a bordure componée_; the Supporters are
+gorged with collars charged with thistles; and the Crest is the Crest of
+Scotland issuing from a celestial Crown. As says the Motto of Sir
+WILLIAM MAHON, “_Moniti, meliora sequamur_”--now that we have been told
+of it, let us produce something better than this support for our
+Supporters. Happily the best heraldic artists of the moment seem very
+generally to have reverted to the older and more preferable form.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 410.--Seal of John Drummond, Earl of Melfort,
+ A.D. 1686.]
+
+The Heralds of France still restrict the term “Supporters”--“_Les
+Supports_”--to animals; whilst to human beings, to figures of angels,
+and to mythological personages or other figures in human form, when
+supporting a Shield, they apply the term “_Les Tenants_.” When trees or
+other inanimate objects are placed beside any armorial shield, and so
+discharge the duty of Supporters in French achievements, they are
+distinguished as “_Les Soutiens_.” An old French writer on Heraldry,
+PALLIOT, however, says that in his time (A.D. 1660), _Tenant_ is used in
+the singular number, and denotes any kind of _single Supporter_, while
+_Supports_ is used when there are _two_.
+
+In the French Heraldry of the present time, a single Tenant or Support
+is of rare occurrence; and when two Tenants or Supports appear in
+blazon, they are generally, though not always, alike.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+FLAGS
+
+ _The Pennon-- The Banner-- The Standard-- The Royal Standard-- The
+ Union Jack-- Ensigns-- Military Standards and Colours-- Blazoning--
+ Hoisting and Displaying Flags._
+
+ “Many a beautiful Pennon fixed to a lance,
+ And many a Banner displayed.”
+ --SIEGE OF CARLAVEROCK, A.D. 1300.
+
+ “Prosper our Colours!”
+ --SHAKESPEARE, _Henry VI._, _Part 3_.
+
+
+Admirably adapted for all purposes of heraldic display, rich in glowing
+colours, and peculiarly graceful in their free movement in the wind,
+FLAGS are inseparably associated with spirit-stirring memories, and in
+all ages and with every people they enjoy an enthusiastic popularity
+peculiar to themselves.
+
+In the Middle Ages, in England, three distinct classes of heraldic Flags
+appear to have been in general use, each class having a distinct and
+well-defined signification.
+
+1. First, the PENNON, small in size, of elongated form, and either
+pointed or swallow-tailed at the extremity, is charged with the Badge or
+some other armorial ensign of the owner, and by him displayed upon his
+own lance, as his personal ensign. The Pennon of Sir JOHN D’ABERNOUN,
+No. 286, fringed and pointed, A.D. 1277, bears his arms--_Az., a chevron
+or_: and No. 411, another example of the pointed form of Pennon, is from
+the Painted Chamber, Westminster, about A.D. 1275. No. 412, a long
+swallow-tailed Pennon, charged with the Percy crescent Badge, is from
+the Seal of HENRY DE PERCI, first Earl of NORTHUMBERLAND. Before the
+true heraldic era, _Lance-Flags_ with various decorative devices, but
+without any blazonry having a definite signification, were in use: See
+Nos. 5, 6. The _Pennoncelle_ was a modification of the Pennon.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 411.--Pennon, from the Painted Chamber.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 412.--Pennon of Percy; A.D. 1400.]
+
+2. Second, the BANNER, square or oblong in form, and of a larger size
+than the Pennon, bears the entire Coat of Arms of the owner blazoned
+over its whole surface, precisely as the same composition is blazoned
+upon a Shield: No. 162. The Banner has been described as the ensign of
+the Sovereign, or of a Prince, a Noble, or a Knight who had been
+advanced to the higher rank or degree of a “Banneret”; but it would seem
+almost certain that the display of Arms upon a Banner was never confined
+to a Banneret. Two Banners are represented in each of the Hungerford
+Seals, Nos. 391, 392. A small group of oblong Banners, with two pointed
+Pennons, is represented in No. 413, from the Painted Chamber.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 413.--Oblong Banners and Pointed Pennons,
+ from the Painted Chamber.]
+
+In the olden time, when a Knight had distinguished himself by
+conspicuous gallantry, it was the custom to mark his meritorious conduct
+by prompt advancement on the very field of battle. In such a case, the
+point or points of the good Knight’s Pennon were rent off, and thus the
+small Flag was reduced to the _square_ form of the Banner, by which
+thenceforth he was to be distinguished. FROISSART, in his own graphic
+manner, has described the ceremonial which attended the first display of
+the Banner of a newly-created Banneret on the field of battle. Sir JOHN
+CHANDOS, one of the Knights Founders of the Garter, appeared with his
+maiden Banner on the field, on the morning of the battle of Naveret, in
+Castile, April 3rd, 1367:--“He brought his banner in his hands,” says
+the chronicler, “rolled up” (rolled round the staff), “and said to the
+PRINCE OF WALES”--it was the BLACK PRINCE,--“’My Lord, behold, here is
+my Banner: I deliver it to you in this way,”--still rolled round the
+staff, that is--“’that it may please you to display it, and that this
+day I may raise it; for, thank God, I have land and heritage sufficient
+to support the rank as it ought to be!’ Then the Prince and the
+King”--Don PETRO, King of Castile--“took the Banner, which was of silver
+with a sharp pile gules, between their hands by the staff, and displayed
+it, and returned it to him, the Prince saying--’Sir John, behold your
+Banner; may God grant you may do your duty!’ Then Sir JOHN CHANDOS bore
+his Banner (displayed) to his own Company, and said--’Gentlemen, see
+here my Banner and yours; preserve it as your own!’” We see that, like
+another hero of a later period, the BLACK PRINCE held the
+maxim--“England expects every man to do his duty.”
+
+ [Illustration: No. 414.--Seal of Earl John Holland,
+ Admiral of England, &c., A.D. 1436.]
+
+Quarterings, Marks of Cadency, and Differences (but not impalements) are
+blazoned on Banners under the very same conditions that they appear on
+Shields of Arms. For example, the Banners, as well as the Shield, on the
+seal of Sir Robert de Hungerford, No. 392, are Differenced with a label
+for Cadency, and thus are distinguished from the corresponding Banners
+and Shield on the Seal of Sir Robert’s father, No. 391.
+
+Crests, Badges, Supporters, and other external accessories and ornaments
+of Armorial Shields have no place on Banners, a Banner representing a
+Shield, and being charged as a Shield. In the seventeenth century,
+however, English Banners sometimes were charged with Achievements of
+Arms, including all the accessories and ornaments of Shields.
+
+In early times Banners appear in use at sea, as well as on land; and the
+same Banners were used both on shore and afloat. The _sails_ of our
+early shipping, also, are constantly represented as covered with
+armorial blazonry, and they thus were enabled to act as Ship-Flags. Many
+curious and interesting representations of the strange, unwieldy,
+unship-shape looking craft that were the ancestors of the British Navy,
+are introduced with their _heraldic sails_ and their Banners into the
+compositions of Seals. A fine example of its order is the Seal of JOHN
+HOLLAND, Earl of HUNTINGDON, A.D. 1436, “Admiral of England, Ireland,
+and Aquitaine,” No. 414. The ship is really a noble-looking vessel, with
+her solitary sail blazoned with the Lord Admiral’s Arms--_England,
+within a bordure of France_,--the same arms that were borne by Prince
+JOHN OF ELTHAM, No. 24. In this example the crew are not represented:
+but in other Seals of early shipping figures are commonly introduced,
+and almost always they are drawn of ludicrously disproportionate size.
+This ship does not display any Banner from a banner-staff, but has a
+nautical Pennon of ample size flying at the mast-head: when Banners are
+displayed on board ships upon early Seals, they are generally narrow in
+proportion to their height, a form of Banner adopted on land as well as
+at sea, in consequence of the greater inconvenience attending the
+display of broad or really square Banners. At a later period, however,
+Ship-Flags of very large size came into favour.
+
+3. The STANDARD, the third variety of early heraldic Flags, which first
+appears about the middle of the fourteenth century, and was in general
+use by personages of high rank in the two following centuries, appears
+to have been adopted for the special purpose of displaying the Badge.
+The Badge was worn on his livery by a servant as retainer, and
+consequently the Standard by which he mustered in camp was of the livery
+colours, and bore the Badge, with both of which the retainer was
+familiar.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 415.--Standard of Sir Henry de Stafford, K.G.:
+ about A.D. 1475.]
+
+This Flag is of ample proportions, and great length; but its size varies
+with the owner’s rank. Next to the Staff was usually to be found the
+_red cross on a silver field_ of ST. GEORGE. The rest of the field is
+generally divided per fesse into two tinctures, in most cases the livery
+colours of the owner, or the prevailing tinctures of his Coat of Arms,
+which in such cases may almost be assumed to have been his livery. With
+some principal figure or device occupying a prominent position, various
+Badges are displayed over the whole field, a Motto, which is placed
+bend-wise, having divided the Standard into compartments. The edges are
+fringed throughout, and the extremity is sometimes swallow-tailed, and
+sometimes rounded.
+
+The Standard of Sir HENRY DE STAFFORD, K.G., second son of HENRY, second
+Duke of BUCKINGHAM (executed in 1483), is represented in No. 415, from a
+drawing in the Heralds’ College. It is charged, first, with _a cross of
+St. George_: then, on a _field per fesse sable and gules_ (the colours
+of the Duke’s livery), _the White Swan_ of the De Bohuns, with the
+_silver Stafford-knot_ (No. 304), differenced with _a Crescent gules_
+for Cadency; the Motto is HVMBLE : ET: LOYAL; and the fringe, of the
+same colours as the field, is _componée sa. and gu._ In other examples a
+greater variety of Badges is introduced. The student will not fail to
+take notice of the systematic display of the ensign of St. George in
+these Standards, as the national armorial device of England. The use and
+heraldic display of these standards had practically lapsed, but the
+College of Arms has now reverted to its ancient practice of recording
+them in cases of the grant or confirmation of a Badge.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 416.--The Royal Standard, or Banner.]
+
+The ROYAL STANDARD (to give it its popular name) is not really a
+Standard at all, but is the King’s Banner of his arms. It stands at the
+head of our English Flags of the present day, and bears the full
+blazonry of the Royal Arms of His Majesty THE KING, as they are
+marshalled on the Royal Shield: No. 416. It is personal to the King, and
+its use by other people is not permitted. This splendid Flag, so truly
+heraldic in its character, and charged with Coat-Armour and not with
+Badges, ought to be styled the ROYAL BANNER. The same Standard is duly
+differenced with their own Marks of Cadency and their Shields of
+Pretence for the different members of the Royal Family. For use at sea,
+whilst the PRINCE OF WALES has his own Flag or Banner of his arms, all
+other members of the Royal Family use a flag showing the Royal Arms
+within a bordure ermine. QUEEN MARY and QUEEN ALEXANDRA fly flags of
+their impaled arms.
+
+The UNION JACK, which is regarded as the national British Flag, as we
+now display it, is the second of its race. Strictly speaking, it is as
+much the property of the Sovereign as the Royal Banner, but objection to
+its use and display is not officially made. The _First Union Jack_, No.
+417, was produced in obedience to a Royal Proclamation of JAMES I. in
+the year 1606. Its object was to provide a single National Flag for both
+England and Scotland as a single kingdom, which might put an end to
+certain serious disputes concerning the precedence of their respective
+Banners of St. George and St. Andrew, Nos. 418, 419, between the natives
+of England and Scotland--of “South and North Britain.” This “Union” Flag
+combined the blazonry of the two rival ensigns, not marshalling them by
+quartering after the early heraldic usage, but by reviving a still
+earlier process, and by blending the cross and the saltire of Nos. 418
+and 419 in a single composition. This was effected, accordingly, by
+charging the Cross of St. George, with a narrow border or “fimbriation”
+of white to represent its white field, _upon_ the Banner of St. Andrew,
+the result being the Flag shown in No. 417. On the final “Union” between
+England and Scotland in 1707, this device was formally declared to be
+the “Ensign armorial of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.”
+
+ [Illustration: No. 418.--St. George.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 417.--The First Union Jack.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 419.--St. Andrew.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 420.--The Second Union Jack.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 421.--St. Patrick.]
+
+Upon the first day of January, 1801, the _Second Union Jack_, the “Union
+Jack” of to-day, No. 420, superseded the Flag of King JAMES and Queen
+ANNE. The “Union” with Ireland rendered a change necessary in the Union
+Jack, in order to incorporate with its blazonry the Banner of ST.
+PATRICK, No. 421, _arg., a saltire gu._ There seems good reason to
+believe that the so-called Cross of St. Patrick had little, if indeed
+any, separate or prior existence. The process that had been adopted
+before was again brought into action, but now a single compound device
+had to be formed by the combination of a cross and two saltires, Nos.
+418, 419, and 421. As before, in this new Flag the blue field of ST.
+ANDREW forms the field: then the two Saltires, the one white and the
+other red, are formed into a single compound Saltire counter-changed of
+the two tinctures alternating, the white having precedence; a narrow
+edging of white is next added to each red side of this new figure, to
+represent the white field of St. Patrick, as the narrow edging of white
+about the red cross represented the white field of ST. GEORGE in No.
+418; and, finally, the red cross of St. George fimbriated with white, as
+in the First Jack, is charged over all. Such is the Second Union Jack,
+No. 420. In this compound device it will be observed that the _broad
+diagonal white_ members represent the _silver saltire_ of St. Andrew,
+No. 419: that the _red diagonal_ members represent the _saltire gules_
+of St. Patrick, No. 421, and that the _narrow diagonal white_ lines are
+added in order to place this _saltire gules on a field argent_: that the
+_diagonal red and the broad diagonal white members_ represent the two
+Saltires of St. Andrew and St. Patrick in combination: and that the
+_fimbriated red cross_ in the front of the goodly alliance declares the
+presence of the symbol of St. George.
+
+Sir HARRIS NICHOLAS has suggested that this flag may have acquired its
+name of “Jack” (“Union” is obvious enough) from the original author of
+the First Union Flag, King JAMES, who, in the Heralds’ French language,
+would be styled _Jacques_: and so the Flag would be called “Jacques’
+Union,” which would easily settle down into “Jack’s Union,” and finally
+would as easily become “Union Jack.” The Second Union Flag is always to
+be hoisted as it is represented in No. 420, the diagonal white having
+precedence in the first canton. To reverse the proper display of the
+Flag implies distress or danger; or such a procedure (very often, as I
+am aware, unconsciously adopted, through ignorance of the real meaning
+of the Flag itself) subjects the Union Jack to degradation.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 422.--The Red Ensign.]
+
+By a recent warrant Lords Lieutenant fly the Union Jack charged with a
+sword fesseways.
+
+The ENSIGNS now in use are:--
+
+1. The _Red Ensign_, a plain red Flag cantoning a Union Jack--having a
+Jack in the dexter chief angle next to the point of suspension: No. 422.
+This Ensign shares with the Union Jack the honour of being the “Ensign
+of England”--the Ensign, that is, of the British Empire. When displayed
+at sea, it now distinguishes all vessels that do not belong to the Royal
+Navy: but, before the year 1864, it was the distinguishing ensign of the
+“red squadron of the Navy,” and of the “Admirals of the Red”--the
+Admirals of the highest rank.
+
+2. The _White_ or _St. George’s Ensign_ is the old banner of St. George,
+No. 418, with a Jack cantoned in the first quarter. It now is the Ensign
+of the Royal Navy: but, before 1864, it distinguished the “white
+squadron” of the Navy, and the Admirals--second in rank--of that
+Squadron.
+
+3. The _Blue Ensign_ differs from the Red only in the field being plain
+blue instead of red. It now is the Ensign of the Naval Reserve: before
+1864 it was the Ensign of “Admirals of the Blue,” third in rank, and of
+their Squadron of the Royal Navy.
+
+A Red Ensign is often charged with a Crown, or with some appropriate
+device, to denote some particular department of the public service.
+
+With the Ensigns may be grouped the _Flag of the Admiralty_, which
+displays a yellow anchor and cable set fesse-wise on a red field.
+
+The Ensigns are always to be hoisted so as to have the Jack next to the
+point of suspension, as in No. 422.
+
+MILITARY FLAGS. 1. _Cavalry Standards_, being lineal descendants of the
+knightly Banners of mediæval chivalry, are small square Flags, the
+colour of the field the same as the regimental facings; and each
+Standard bears the Number, Motto, and specific Title of its own
+Regiment, with whatever heraldic Badge or Device may be associated with
+it. Upon these Standards also are blazoned the regimental
+“_Honours_”--such words as WATERLOO, ALMA, LUCKNOW, and others, which
+briefly and with most emphatic significance declare the services of the
+corps. The Household Cavalry, the Life Guards and Blues, have all their
+Standards of Crimson, and they are blazoned with the Royal Insignia and
+their own “Honours” and Devices.
+
+2. _Infantry Colours._ In the first instance, each Regiment of Infantry
+had one “Colour”: subsequently, two others were added: and, finally, in
+the reign of Queen Anne, it was decided that every Infantry Regiment or
+Battalion of the Line (the Rifles of the Line excepted, who have no
+“Colours”) should have its own “Pair of Colours.” Of this “Pair,” one is
+the “_King’s Colour_”--a Union Jack charged with some regimental
+Devices: the other, the “_Regimental Colour_” is of the tincture of the
+facings, on which the “Honours” and “Devices” of the Regiment are
+charged, and in the dexter chief angle a small Jack is cantoned: in
+fact, the “Regimental Colour” is the same as the Red or Blue Ensign (No.
+422), the Colour of the field varying with the regimental facings, and
+the field itself being charged with the various Devices.
+
+In their Colours, the Guards reverse the arrangement that obtains with
+the Regiments of the Line. With them, the _Kings Colour_ is always
+crimson, with or without a Jack, but charged with the Royal Cypher and
+the regimental Devices: the _Regimental Colour_ of the Guards is the
+Union Jack.
+
+3. The _Royal Artillery_ have no Colours or Standards.
+
+Military Flags are not now used in actual warfare by British troops.
+
+I conclude this Chapter, which treats briefly of the Heraldry of the
+most important English Flags, with four still more brief general
+remarks:--
+
+1. First: by all English people who are disposed to exclaim, making
+SHAKESPEARE’S words their own, “_Prosper our Colours!_” it ought to be
+understood that their National Flags are endowed with heraldic, that is,
+with historical significance, recorded after an heraldic fashion.
+
+2. Second: this significance of their Flags ought also to be understood,
+that it may be appreciated, by all true English people.
+
+3. Third: our Flags ought always to be made and represented correctly.
+
+And 4. Lastly: our Flags, and all other Flags also, ought always to be
+hoisted and displayed rightly and properly.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+THE ROYAL HERALDRY OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND
+
+ _Shields of Arms of the Reigning Sovereigns of England; of Scotland;
+ of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland-- Crests--
+ Supporters-- Mottoes-- Crowns-- Banners-- Armorial Insignia of the
+ late Prince Consort; of the Prince and Princess of Wales; of the other
+ Princes and Princesses._
+
+ “On his Banner were three Leopards, courant, of fine gold, set on
+ red: fierce were they, haughty and cruel, to signify that, like them,
+ the KING is dreadful to his enemies; for his bite is slight to none
+ who inflame his anger: and yet, towards such as seek his friendship
+ or submit to his power his kindness is soon rekindled.”
+ --ROLL OF CARLAVEROCK.
+
+ “With Scotland’s Arms, Device and Crest
+ Embroidered round and round.”
+ --MARMION.
+
+
+How the “three Leopards courant” of the shrewd chronicler of Carlaverock
+are identical with the “three Lions passant guardant” of the Royal
+Shield of England I have already shown (see page 84). To the Norman
+Sovereigns of England, WILLIAM I., WILLIAM II., HENRY I., and STEPHEN
+(A.D. 1066-1154), the same Shield of Arms has been assigned--_Gu., two
+lions pass. guard., in pale, or_, No. 22. It must be distinctly
+understood, however, that there exists no certain authority for these
+Arms.
+
+In like manner, STEPHEN is also _said_ to have borne on a red Shield
+three golden _Sagittaries_, or Centaurs, with bows and arrows. And,
+again, HENRY II. is _considered_ to have added a third lion to the two
+on the Shield of his father, a _single golden lion passant guardant on
+red_ being (also considered to be) the armorial ensign of the province
+of Aquitaine, acquired by HENRY in right of his Consort, ALIANORE.
+
+As early as the reign of HENRY III., a Shield of Arms, No. 23, was
+assigned to the Anglo-Saxon Kings: another Shield, No. 2, was assigned
+to EDWARD THE CONFESSOR: and a third Shield, No. 3, to another sainted
+Anglo-Saxon Prince, EDMUND.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 22.--Royal Arms, supposed to have been borne
+ before A.D. 1189.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 187.--Royal Arms, from A.D. 1189 to 1340.]
+
+From the appearance of the Second Great Seal of RICHARD I., about A.D.
+1195, all uncertainty concerning the Royal Arms of England is at an end,
+and they are borne as follows by the successive English Sovereigns:--
+
+RICHARD I.: JOHN: HENRY III.: EDWARD I.: EDWARD II.: and EDWARD III.,
+till the thirteenth year of his reign, A.D. 1340:--_Gu., three lions
+passant guardant in pale or_,--No. 187.
+
+EDWARD III., from the thirteenth year of his reign, when he claimed to
+be King of France as well as of England, and so styled himself:
+RICHARD II.: and HENRY IV., till about the fifth year of his
+reign:--_France Ancient and England quarterly_,--No. 252.
+
+RICHARD II. sometimes bore the Arms of the CONFESSOR, No. 2, with his
+own, on a separate shield, as at Westminster Hall; and sometimes he
+impaled the Confessor’s Arms with his own quartered Shield, the arms of
+the Confessor having the precedence.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 252.--Royal Arms from A.D. 1340 to about 1405.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 253.--Royal Arms from about A.D. 1405 to 1603.]
+
+HENRY IV. from about 1405: HENRY V.: HENRY VI.: EDWARD IV.: EDWARD V.:
+RICHARD III.: HENRY VII.: HENRY VIII.: EDWARD VI.: MARY: and ELIZABETH,
+to A.D. 1603:--_France Modern and England Quarterly_, No. 253.
+
+The Royal Shield of SCOTLAND, No. 138, first appears upon the Seal of
+ALEXANDER II. about A.D. 1235; and, as Mr. Seton well observes, the
+origin of its bearings “is veiled by the mists of Antiquity.” The same
+Shield, without any modification or change, was borne by all the
+Sovereigns of Scotland.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 138.--Royal Arms of Scotland.]
+
+JAMES I.: CHARLES I.: CHARLES II.: JAMES II.: WILLIAM III. and MARY: and
+ANNE, till May 1, 1707: _Quarterly_: 1 _and_ 4, _Grand Quarters, France
+Modern and England_ (No. 253): 2, _Grand Quarter, Scotland_ (No. 138):
+3, _Grand Quarter--Az., a harp or, stringed arg., for Ireland_: No. 423.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 423.--Royal Arms of the Stuart Sovereigns.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 425.--Diagram of Shield of William III. and Mary.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 424.--Arms of Nassau.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 426.--Diagram of Shield of William III. alone.]
+
+WILLIAM III., as an elected Sovereign, charged his paternal shield of
+NASSAU, No. 424--_Az., billettée, a lion rampt. or_,--in pretence upon
+the Royal Shield: also, during the life of his Consort, till Dec. 28,
+1694, he bore the _Stuart_ shield with _Nassau_ in pretence on the
+dexter half of his Shield, and thus impaled in the sinister half of his
+Shield the same Stuart arms, as in the Diagram, No. 425, to denote their
+joint Sovereignty: the Shield represented in this Diagram, No. 425,
+bears the whole of No. 423 on its dexter half, with No. 424 in pretence;
+and on its sinister half it also bears the whole of No. 423. When he
+reigned alone, WILLIAM III. bore his own dexter half of the impaled
+Shield alone, as in the Diagram, No. 426: the Shield represented in this
+Diagram being the dexter half of No. 425.
+
+Queen ANNE, from May 1, 1707, till 1714, bore the Royal Arms marshalled
+as in the Diagram, No. 427:--1 and 2, _England_ impaling _Scotland_; 3,
+_France Modern_ (No. 253); 4, _Ireland_ (the Harp, as in the third
+quarter of No. 423).
+
+ [Illustration: No. 427.--Diagram of the Second Royal Shield
+ of Queen Anne.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 428.--Arms of Hanover.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 429.--Diagram of the Royal Shield
+ from A.D. 1714 to 1801.]
+
+The Arms of HANOVER, on the accession of GEORGE I., August 1, 1714, were
+added to the Shield of the United Kingdom. This was accomplished by
+removing the charges (_England and Scotland impaled_) from the fourth
+quarter of the Shield, No. 427, and charging that quarter with the arms
+of _Hanover_ as they appear on the Shield, No. 428:--_Per pale and per
+chevron_, 1, _Gu., two lions passant guardant or_, for _Brunswick_: 2,
+_Or, Semée of hearts, a lion rampt. az._, for _Lunenburgh_: 3, _Gu.,
+a horse courant arg._, for _Westphalia_: 4, _Over all, on an
+inescutcheon gules, the golden crown of Charlemagne_. This marshalling
+is shown in the Diagram, No. 429, which represents a Shield bearing,--1
+and 2, _England_ impaling _Scotland_; 3, _France Modern_; 4, _Ireland_;
+5, _Hanover_ (as in No. 428, without the Crown).
+
+On January 1, 1801, the Fleurs de Lys of France were removed from the
+Royal Shield of Great Britain, which then was marshalled as in the
+diagram, No. 430, _quarterly_, 1 _and_ 4, _England_; 2, _Scotland_; 3,
+_Ireland_; 5, _Hanover_--the shield of Hanover being ensigned with the
+_Electoral Bonnet_, No. 240, till 1816, but, after Hanover became a
+kingdom, with a _Royal Crown_ in place of the Electoral Bonnet from 1816
+till 1837, as it appears in No. 428.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 430.--Diagram of the Royal Shield
+ from A.D. 1801 to 1837.]
+
+GEORGE I.: GEORGE II.: GEORGE III., till Jan. 1, 1801:--The arms
+indicated in the diagram, No. 429.
+
+GEORGE III., till 1816:--The arms indicated in the diagram, No. 430, the
+inescutcheon ensigned with an electoral bonnet.
+
+GEORGE III., after 1816: GEORGE IV.: WILLIAM IV.:--The same arms as No.
+430, but the inescutcheon ensigned with a Royal Crown.
+
+QUEEN VICTORIA, KING EDWARD VII., and KING GEORGE V.:--The same as No.
+430, but without the inescutcheon, the four quarters being marshalled as
+on the Royal Standard, No. 416.
+
+
+ROYAL CRESTS.
+
+For ENGLAND:--_A golden lion statant guardant, imperially crowned_;
+assumed by EDWARD III., and by him borne on his Helm standing upon a Cap
+of Estate; retained from his time, and now borne standing on an Imperial
+Crown. No. 431.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 431.--Royal Crest of England.]
+
+For SCOTLAND:--First Crest. _A lion statant guardant gu._, assumed by
+ROBERT II., about A.D. 1385; retained, and with some modifications used
+by his successors, till about A.D. 1550. Second Crest. _On an Imperial
+Crown, a lion sejant affronté erect gu.; imperially crowned, holding in
+the dexter paw a sword, and in the sinister paw a sceptre, both erect
+and ppr._; with the motto--IN: DEFENSE; assumed by JAMES V.; borne by
+MARY, and shown in her signet-ring, No. 432, about 1564; retained, and
+now in use.
+
+
+ROYAL SUPPORTERS.
+
+For ENGLAND. Of uncertain authority before HENRY VI., who bore _two
+white antelopes_: also, _a lion and a panther_, or _antelope_.
+
+EDWARD IV.:--_A lion or_, or _argent, and a bull sable_: or, _two lions
+argent_: or, _a lion and a hart argent_.
+
+RICHARD III.:--_A lion or and a boar arg._: or, _two boars arg._
+
+HENRY VII.:--_A dragon gu., and a greyhound arg._: or, _two greyhounds
+arg._: or, _a lion or and a dragon gu._
+
+HENRY VIII.:--_A lion or and a dragon gu._: or, _a dragon gu., and
+either a bull sable, a greyhound argent, or a cock arg._
+
+EDWARD VI.:--_A lion or, and a dragon gu._
+
+MARY and ELIZABETH:--_A lion or, and a greyhound arg._, or _a dragon
+gu._
+
+For SCOTLAND.--First Supporters:--_Two lions rampt. guard._; first seen
+on a Seal of JAMES I., A.D. 1429. Second Supporters: _Two silver
+unicorns, crowned with imperial and gorged with open crowns and chained
+or_; assumed by JAMES IV., and retained in use. On the signet of Queen
+MARY STUART, No. 432: for this beautiful cut once more I am indebted to
+Mr. Laing.
+
+For the UNITED KINGDOM. Dexter Supporter: _A lion rampt. guard., royally
+crowned, or_. Sinister Supporter: _A unicorn rampt. arg., armed, crined
+and gorged with a coronet composed of crosses pattée and fleurs de lis,
+and chained or_. Assumed by JAMES I. of Great Britain: retained, and
+still in use.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 432.--The Signet of Queen Mary Stuart,
+ considerably enlarged.]
+
+
+ROYAL MOTTOES.
+
+The ancient English war-cry--DIEU . ET . MON . DROIT!--“_God and my
+Right!_” assumed as a regular Motto by HENRY VI., has been retained in
+use since his time.
+
+Queens ELIZABETH and ANNE also used--SEMPER . EADEM--“_Always the
+Same_.” JAMES I. used--BEATI . PACIFICI--“_Blessed are the
+Peace-makers_.”
+
+Mottoes of Scotland: NEMO . ME . IMPUNE . LACESSIT--“_No man with
+impunity attacks me_:” and, above the Crest--IN . DEFENSE. The former is
+really the Motto of the Order of the Thistle.
+
+
+THE CROWN
+
+Till the time of HENRY IV., the Crown, the symbol of the Sovereignty of
+England, was a golden circlet richly jewelled, and heightened with
+conventional _strawberry-leaves_: fine examples are represented in the
+effigies of HENRY III., JOHN, and EDWARD II.
+
+HENRY IV., as shown by his splendid effigy at Canterbury, introduced
+_fleurs de lys_, alternating with the leaves.
+
+From the time of HENRY V., the circlet has been heightened by _crosses
+pattées_ and _fleurs de lys_ alternating, four of each, and without any
+leaves. HENRY V. also first _arched the circlet with jewelled bands_,
+which at their intersection he surmounted with a _mound and cross_.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 234.--Crown of H.M., The King.]
+
+The arched Crown of HENRY V. has four half-arches,--that is, it is
+arched over twice: HENRY VI. and CHARLES I. arched their crown three
+times: all the other Sovereigns have had two complete arches only, and
+the Crown still retains these two arches intersecting at right angles,
+as in No. 234. At different periods, while the design of the Crown has
+remained unchanged, the contour of the arches, and the artistic
+treatment of the ornamentation have undergone various modifications.
+
+The ROYAL BANNERS, or STANDARDS, are charged with the bearings of the
+Royal Shield of Arms for the time being.
+
+The Armorial Insignia of H.R.H. the late PRINCE CONSORT. The SHIELD
+was--_Quarterly_, 1 _and_ 4,--_The Royal Arms of the late Queen_, as in
+No. 416, but differenced with _a silver label of three points charged on
+the central point with a cross of St. George_: 2 _and_ 3,--_Saxony_, No.
+225. This Shield was encircled with the Garter of the Order, and
+ensigned with the Prince’s own Coronet, shown in No. 441.
+
+The CREST was the _Royal Crest of England_, No. 431, the lion having the
+same _label_ that differences the Shield adjusted about his neck as a
+collar, and being crowned with the coronet, _vide_ No. 441, in place of
+the Imperial Crown.
+
+The SUPPORTERS were those of the Royal Arms, _the golden lion and silver
+unicorn_, both of them differenced with the same _label_, and the lion
+crowned with the same coronet.
+
+The Motto.--TREU . UND . FEST--“True and Faithful.” To the dexter of
+this Achievement, the complete Royal Achievement of QUEEN VICTORIA.
+
+The Arms of KING EDWARD VII. were and those of KING GEORGE V. are
+practically the same as those of QUEEN VICTORIA. As PRINCES OF WALES,
+these Arms were differenced by a plain _label_ of three points argent,
+and an inescutcheon of SAXONY was superimposed. In each case upon
+accession to the throne, the inescutcheon of Saxony was removed, and
+consequently there has been no change whatsoever in the Royal Arms,
+those of KING EDWARD and KING GEORGE being the same as those of QUEEN
+VICTORIA, save, of course, the necessary change in the Royal
+Cyphers--the full blazon of the Royal Arms for the present reign
+being:--
+
+ARMS.-- _Quarterly_, 1 _and_ 4, _gules, three lions passant guardant in
+pale or_ (ENGLAND); 2, _or, a lion rampant within a double tressure
+flory and counterflory gules_ (SCOTLAND); 3, _azure, a harp or, stringed
+argent_ (IRELAND).
+
+HELMET--_of gold, affronté and with grylles_.
+
+MANTLING, _cloth of gold lined with ermine_.
+
+CRESTS _upon the Imperial Crown, a lion statant guardant, crowned or_
+(ENGLAND).
+
+_Upon the Crown of Scotland, a lion sejant erect affronté gules; crowned
+or, holding in the dexter paw a sword, and in the sinister a sceptre,
+both proper_ (SCOTLAND).
+
+On a Wreath, _or and azure, a tower triple-towered of the first, from
+the portal a hart springing argent, attired and unguled gold_ (IRELAND).
+
+SUPPORTERS (dexter), _a lion guardant or, crowned as the crest_;
+(sinister), _a unicorn argent, armed, crined and unguled or, gorged with
+a coronet composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lis, a chain affixed
+thereto, passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back of the
+last_.
+
+BADGES.--
+
+ 1. _The Red and White Rose, united and crowned_ (ENGLAND).
+
+ 2. _The Thistle, crowned_ (SCOTLAND).
+
+ 3. _A Harp or, stringed argent, crowned_ (IRELAND).
+
+ 4. _A Trefoil slipped vert, crowned_ (IRELAND).
+
+ 5. _The Rose, Thistle and Shamrock united on one stem and crowned_
+ (UNITED KINGDOM).
+
+ 6. _A Shield, crowned and bearing the device of the Union Jack_
+ (UNITED KINGDOM).
+
+ 7. _Upon a mount vert, a dragon passant with wings elevated gules_
+ (WALES). _N.B._--This badge is not crowned.
+
+MOTTO.--DIEU . ET . MON . DROIT in the compartment below the Shield,
+with the Union, Rose, Shamrock, and Thistle engrafted on the same stem.
+
+The Shield is encircled by the Garter of that Order.
+
+The Arms of H.M. QUEEN ALEXANDRA, early in the reign of KING EDWARD,
+were declared by Royal Warrant. Within the Garter are impaled (dexter)
+the Arms of KING EDWARD VII. and (sinister) the undifferenced Arms of
+DENMARK as under:--
+
+The ROYAL ARMS OF DENMARK. The Shield divided into four quarters by the
+national _white cross_, having a _border of red_ to represent the red
+field of the Danish Ensign. First Quarter:--DENMARK--_Or, semée of
+hearts gu., three lions pass. guard. in pale az._ Second
+Quarter:--SLESWICK--_Or, two lions pass. in pale az._ Third
+Quarter:--_Per fesse, in chief_, SWEDEN--_Az., three crowns or; in
+base_, ICELAND--_Gu., a stock-fish arg., crowned or; impaling_, for
+FAROE ISLANDS--_Az., a buck pass. arg._; and, for GREENLAND--a _polar
+bear rampt. arg._ Fourth Quarter:--_Per fesse, in chief_, for
+JUTLAND--_Or, ten hearts, four, three, two, one, gu., and in chief a
+lion pass. az.; in base_, for VANDALIA--_Gu., a wyvern, its tail nowed
+and wings expanded, or_.
+
+On an Inescutcheon, quarterly: First, for HOLSTEIN--_Gu., an
+inescutcheon per fesse arg. and of the first, in every point thereof a
+nail in triangle, between as many holly-leaves, all ppr._ Second, for
+STORMERK--_Gu., a swan arg., gorged with a coronet or_. Third, for
+DITZMERS--_Az., an armed knight ppr., brandishing his sword, his charger
+arg._ Fourth, for LAUENBURGH--_Gu., a horse’s head couped arg._
+
+Over all, in pretence upon a second Inescutcheon, OLDENBURGH--_Or, two
+bars gu._; impaling--_Az., a cross patée fitchée or_, for DALMENHURST.
+
+The above-mentioned warrant for Her Majesty declares the arms to be
+surmounted by the Royal Crown, and supported (dexter) by a lion
+guardant, and imperially crowned or, and (sinister) by a savage wreathed
+about the temples and loins with oak and supporting in his exterior hand
+a club all proper.
+
+The Arms of H.M. QUEEN MARY, as declared by Royal Warrant, are:--Within
+the Garter ensigned with the Royal Crown the Arms of the United Kingdom
+of Great Britain and Ireland impaling quarterly (for Cambridge) the
+Royal Arms as borne by GEORGE III. differenced by a label of three
+points arg., the centre point charged with the St. George’s Cross, and
+each of the other points with two hearts in pale gu., 2nd and 3rd (for
+Teck) or, three stags’ attires fesseways in pale, the point of each
+attire to the sinister sa., impaling or, three lions passant in pale
+sa., langued gu., the dexter fore paws of the last, over all an
+inescutcheon paly bendy sinister sa. and or. _Supporters_ (dexter)
+a lion guardant or, crowned with the Royal Crown ppr.; (sinister) a stag
+ppr.
+
+H.R.H. the PRINCE OF WALES bears a Shield--_Quarterly_, 1 _and_ 4,
+ENGLAND; 2, SCOTLAND; 3, IRELAND, differenced by a plain _label of three
+points argent_. In pretence over these Arms he bears an Inescutcheon of
+the Arms of WALES, viz. quarterly or and gu., four lions passant
+guardant counter-changed, the Inescutcheon surmounted by the Coronet of
+the Heir-Apparent. His Crest is the Crest of England, and his Supporters
+are also the same, but the Crest and each of the Supporters are
+differenced by a similar _label_, and for the Imperial Crown in the
+Crest and dexter supporter the coronet of the Prince of WALES is
+substituted. The Badges of the Prince of WALES are two:--viz. 1, _A
+plume of three ostrich feathers arg., quilled or, enfiled by a coronet
+composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lys_, with the MOTTO, “ICH
+DIEN”: 2, _on a mount vert, a dragon passant with wings elevated gu.,
+differenced with a label of three points arg._ Below the SHIELD the
+MOTTO “ICH DIEN” is repeated, and the Shield is surrounded by the
+Garter.
+
+The other PRINCES and PRINCESSES, younger children of the late QUEEN
+VICTORIA, all bore the Royal Arms of the Sovereign, the Princes on
+_Shields_, the Princesses on _Lozenges_. All their Royal Highnesses bore
+the Royal _Supporters_; all have a Shield of _Saxony_, in pretence on
+their own Shield or Lozenge; all ensign their Shield or Lozenge with
+their own Coronet, No. 290; and the Princes bear the Royal _Crest_. In
+every case, the dexter Supporter is crowned and the sinister Supporter
+is gorged, and the Crest stands upon and is ensigned with the same
+Coronet which appears above the Shield as their particular coronet of
+rank: all the Shields, Lozenges, Crests, and Supporters, are differenced
+with a _silver label of three points, the labels being differenced_ as
+follows:--
+
+H.R.H. the late Duke of EDINBURGH, &c.:--_On the central point a red
+cross; on each of the other two points a red anchor_ (when the Duke
+succeeded to the throne of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, a radical change in
+his Arms was made). H.R.H. the Duke of CONNAUGHT:--_Red cross, and two
+blue fleurs de lys_. H.R.H. the late Duke of ALBANY:--_Red cross, and
+two red hearts_. H.I.M. the late GERMAN EMPRESS, PRINCESS ROYAL OF
+ENGLAND, on the central point of her _label_ had a _red rose_, and on
+each of the other two points a _red cross_. H.R.H. the late Princess
+ALICE OF HESSE had on her _label_ a _red rose_, between two _ermine
+spots_. H.R.H. the Princess HELENA, Princess CHRISTIAN, has on her
+_label_ a _red cross_ between two _red roses_. H.R.H. the Princess
+LOUISE (Duchess of ARGYLL):--_Red rose, and two red cantons_. H.R.H. the
+Princess BEATRICE:--_Red heart, and two red roses_.
+
+The Warrants for the three daughters of King EDWARD were issued in the
+lifetime of Queen VICTORIA when they were grandchildren of the
+Sovereign, and no change has since been made. Consequently the _labels_
+are of _five points_ instead of _three_. The Charges upon the label of
+H.R.H. the Duchess of FIFE (Princess ROYAL OF ENGLAND) are: _Three red
+crosses, and two thistles slipped alternately_. H.R.H. Princess VICTORIA
+has a _label_ of _five points argent_, charged with _three roses_ and
+_two crosses gules_; and H.M. the Queen of NORWAY a similar _label_,
+charged with _three hearts_ and _two crosses gules_.
+
+The _label_ of H.R.H. the first Duke of CAMBRIDGE was silver, of three
+points, and the points differenced with _a red cross_ in the centre, and
+on each of the two side points _two red hearts in pale_. The second and
+late Duke bore the same _label_ as his father, and below it a second
+_label_ of three points _gules_. The _label_ of H.R.H. the first Duke of
+CUMBERLAND (son of KING GEORGE III.) was of silver, and of _three
+points_ charged with a _fleur de lys_ between _two crosses gules_. The
+second Duke bore an additional _label_ of _three points gules_, the
+_centre point_ charged with the _white horse of Hanover_. These Dukes
+bore the Royal Arms as used in the reign of GEORGE III. and not as
+altered for Queen VICTORIA, differencing the accessories as well as the
+Shield with their _labels_.
+
+In 1904 a warrant was issued for H.R.H. Prince ARTHUR OF CONNAUGHT. The
+label was of five points charged with three red crosses and two blue
+fleurs de lys alternately. The coronet assigned to him was of crosses
+patée and strawberry leaves alternately.
+
+An interesting warrant was issued for the Princess VICTORIA EUGENIE OF
+BATTENBERG, now Queen of SPAIN, in view of her then approaching
+marriage. This assigned to her the arms of her father within a bordure
+of England, and each of the supporters had a banner of the Royal Arms of
+the United Kingdom placed in his paws.
+
+Even more interesting was the warrant issued in 1913 to H.H. Princess
+ALEXANDRA, Duchess of FIFE. This assigned to her upon a lozenge the
+Royal Arms, differenced by the same label as that of her mother the
+Princess Royal, and upon an inescutcheon the quarterly coat of Duff, the
+inescutcheon being surmounted by the coronet of a Duchess of the United
+Kingdom, and the lozenge itself being surmounted by the coronet of a
+Princess of the rank of Highness. The dexter supporter is the Royal Lion
+of England crowned with the last-mentioned coronet and charged with the
+label as in the arms. The sinister supporter is a savage taken from the
+supporters of the late Duke of Fife.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD AND INSIGNIA OF HONOUR
+
+ _Feudal Knighthood-- Orders of Knighthood: Knights of St. John;
+ Knights Templars; The Order of the Garter; of the Thistle; of St.
+ Patrick; of the Bath; of St. Michael and St. George; of The Star of
+ India-- Order of Merit-- Royal Victorian Order-- Imperial Service
+ Order-- The Victoria Cross-- The Albert Medal-- Naval and Military
+ Medals-- Foreign Insignia bestowed on British Subjects._
+
+ “The same King would make an Order of KNIGHTS of himself
+ and his Sons, and of the bravest of his land.”
+ --FROISSART.
+
+ “I will say as I have said,--
+ Thou art a noble KNIGHT.”
+ --LORD OF THE ISLES.
+
+
+KNIGHTHOOD, as that term is generally understood in its comprehensive
+acceptation, has been well defined to be “a distinction of rank amongst
+freemen, depending not upon birth or property, but simply upon the
+admission of the person so distinguished, by the girding of a sword or
+other similar solemnity, into an order of men having by law or usage
+certain social or political privileges,” and also a certain appropriate
+title. It is evident, therefore, from this definition that Knighthood
+implies the existence of these two conditions: the one, that the man to
+be admitted to the rank of Knighthood should possess such qualifications
+as may entitle him to that distinction; and the other, that Knighthood
+should be conferred by a personage endowed with a competent power and
+authority.
+
+In feudal times the qualifications for Knighthood were military exploits
+of a distinguished character, and eminent services, of whatever kind,
+rendered to the King and the realm: also, the holding a certain property
+in land (in the time of EDWARD I., land then of the yearly value of £20,
+or upwards), whether directly from the King, or under some Noble, by the
+feudal tenure of personal military service to be rendered under certain
+established conditions; but it has been disputed whether there was any
+necessary connection between Knighthood, as such, and the Knight Service
+of Feudal Tenure. During the first two centuries after the Conquest,
+Knighthood was conferred by the great Barons and by the Spiritual Peers,
+as well as by the King himself, or by his appointed representative: but,
+after the accession of HENRY III., the prevailing rule appears to have
+been that in England no persons should be created Knights except by the
+King, or the Prince Royal acting for his Father, or by the King’s
+General-in-Chief, or other personal representative.
+
+The knightly rank, as it gave an increase of dignity, implied also the
+maintenance of a becoming state, and the discharge of certain civil
+duties: and, more particularly, all Knights were required to make such a
+provision for rendering military service as was held to be consistent
+with their position and their property; and it was expected from them
+that they should take a dignified part in the chivalrous exercises and
+celebrations of their times. It followed, that feudal Knighthood was a
+distinction which, if not conferred for the sake of honour, became
+obligatory; and fines, accordingly, were imposed upon men qualified for
+Knighthood who, notwithstanding, were found not to be Knights. In the
+course of time, as the rigour of the feudal system abated, the numbers
+of the military tenants of small tenures greatly increased: and, since
+many of these persons had no inclination for the profession of arms,
+they gladly accepted the alternative of paying a fine, which enabled
+them to evade an honour unsuited as well to their means as to their
+personal tastes and their peaceful avocations. A fruitful source of
+revenue thus was secured for the Crown, while the military character of
+Knighthood was maintained, and at the same time a new and important
+class of the community gradually became established.
+
+The Knights of Norman England, who at first were soldiers of the highest
+order, derived their designation from their warlike predecessors of
+Anglo-Saxon times, the word “_cniht_,” in the late Anglo-Saxon tongue,
+signifying a military attendant. When they had established themselves in
+the position and in the possession of the lands of the Anglo-Saxons, the
+Anglo-Norman Knights retained their own original title. The Latin
+equivalent for that title of “Knight” is “_Miles_,” and the
+Norman-French is “_Chevalier_.”
+
+These Knights may be grouped in two classes. The first class contains
+all persons who had been admitted into the comprehensive Order of
+Chivalry--who were Knights by reason of their common Knighthood. The
+second class is formed of Knights who, in addition to their Knightly
+rank, were members of some special and distinct Fraternity,
+Companionship, or Order of Knighthood. Every Society of this kind has
+always possessed Laws, Institutions, Titles, and Insignia peculiar to
+itself.
+
+The peculiar character and object of the Crusades led to the formation
+of two Orders of _Priest-Knights_--Orders not belonging to any
+particular nation, but numbering amongst their members men of all
+nations. These are the Orders of the KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM,
+or HOSPITALLERS, and of the KNIGHTS TEMPLARS.
+
+The HOSPITALLERS, instituted about A.D. 1092, were introduced into
+England about 1100. In the year 1310 they were established at Rhodes,
+and in 1530 at Malta, under their forty-third Grand Master, PHILIPPE DE
+VILLIERS DE L’ISLE-ADAM. Their device is a _silver cross of eight
+points_, No. 107, charged upon a _black field_, or worn upon a black
+surcoat or mantle. The Order was finally suppressed in England in 1559.
+
+The TEMPLARS, instituted about A.D. 1118, were introduced into England
+about 1140. In the year 1309 they were suppressed, and in 1312 their
+Order was finally abolished. They wore _a Cross_ of the same form as No.
+107, but of a _red colour upon a white field_. This red cross they
+charged upon a white banner: and they bore another banner, No. 13, of
+_black and white_, entitled “_Beau Seant_.” The same words, “_Beau
+Seant!_” were their war-cry. The Badges of the Templars were the _Agnus
+Dei_--the Holy Lamb, holding a red-cross banner; and a device
+representing two Knights mounted on a single horse, intended to denote
+the original poverty of the Order.[8]
+
+ [Footnote 8: The Arms of the Inner Temple of the present day
+ are--_Azure, a pegasus_ (or winged horse) _argent_, or sometimes
+ _or_. This Coat is derived from the early Badge, _the two horsemen_
+ having been mistaken in later times for _wings_. The Arms of the
+ Middle Temple are--_Argent, on a cross gules_, the Agnus Dei.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 433.--Insignia of the Order of the Garter.]
+
+THE ORDER OF THE GARTER, a military Fraternity under the special
+patronage of “ST. GEORGE, the good Knight,” was instituted at Windsor by
+King EDWARD III. in, or about, the year 1350--very probably in the
+summer of 1348, but the exact time is not positively known. It may
+safely be assumed, that the occasion which led to the institution of
+this most noble and renowned Order, was a Tournament or Hastilude of
+unusual importance held at his Castle of Windsor by EDWARD III. at the
+most brilliant period of his reign: and it is highly probable that the
+Order suggested itself to the mind of the King, as a natural result of
+his own chivalrous revival of a knightly “Round Table,” such as
+flourished in the days of King Arthur. How much of historical fact there
+may be in the popular legend, which professes to derive from a certain
+romantic incident the Title certainly borne by King EDWARD’S Order from
+the time of its original institution, it is not possible to determine:
+but the legend itself is not in any way inconsistent with the spirit of
+those times; nor would the Knights Founders of the Garter regard their
+Order as the less honourable, because its Title might remind them of the
+happy gallantry, with which the casual misadventure of a noble Lady had
+been turned to so good an account by a most princely Monarch. The
+Statutes of the Order have been continually modified and altered, and
+the original military character of the Institution has long ceased to
+exist: still, no changes in the Order of the Garter have affected the
+pre-eminence of its dignity and reputation. Illustrious now as ever, and
+foremost in rank and honour in our own country, the GARTER is second to
+no knightly Order in the world.
+
+The MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER consists of the SOVEREIGN and
+Twenty-five KNIGHTS COMPANIONS, of whom the PRINCE OF WALES always is
+one. By a Statute of the year 1805, the Order includes such lineal
+descendants of GEORGE III. as may be elected: and still more recent
+statutes have provided for the admission of foreign Sovereigns, and also
+of certain “Extra Knights,” who are elected “Companions” as vacancies
+occur.
+
+The OFFICERS of the Order are--The _Prelate_, the Bishop of Winchester:
+the _Chancellor_, the Bishop of Oxford: the _Registrar_, the Dean of
+Windsor: the _Herald_, Garter King of Arms: and, the _Usher of the Black
+Rod_.
+
+Knights of the Garter place the initials “K.G.” after their names; and
+these letters take precedence of all other titles, those of Royalty
+alone excepted.
+
+The Stalls of the Knights are in the choir of St. George’s Chapel,
+Windsor Castle, where their Garter-plates are fixed, and their Banners
+are displayed.
+
+The INSIGNIA of the Order of the Garter are--The _Garter_ itself, of a
+light blue originally, now of a dark blue, with border, buckle, and
+pendant of gold. On it, in golden letters, the
+_Motto_--HONI . SOIT . QVI . MAL . Y . PENSE--“Dishonour to him who
+thinks ill of it;” and not, as it is commonly rendered, “Evil to him
+that evil thinks.”
+
+The Badge of the Order is circular, and formed of a buckled Garter
+enclosing a Shield of St. George, the whole blazoned in the proper
+tinctures: it is worn on the left shoulder of the blue velvet Mantle.
+When irradiated with eight rays of silver or diamonds, a device
+resembling the Badge in every respect, except that the cross of St.
+George is enclosed within the Garter without being charged on a Shield,
+forms the _Star_ of the Order.
+
+The _Collar_, of gold enamelled, is formed of twelve buckled Garters,
+each encircling a Tudor Rose, and as many knots of intertwined cords.
+Attached to this Collar is the _George_--a mounted figure of the Saint
+in the act of trampling down the dragon and piercing him with his lance.
+The Collar and George were added to the Insignia by HENRY VII.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 434.--The Lesser George, of the Garter.]
+
+The _Lesser George_, or _Jewel_, added by HENRY VIII., has the same
+device placed on an enamelled field, and forming a jewel generally oval
+in form; it is encircled by a buckled Garter of the Order, and
+represented in No. 434. It was this Lesser George that CHARLES I.,
+immediately before he suffered, delivered to Archbishop JUXON, with the
+word, “Remember.” As a matter of course, the figure of ST. GEORGE ought
+always to be represented as a Knight, armed and equipped as one of the
+Christian chivalry of the Middle Ages--not as a pagan horseman of
+antiquity, and more particularly not in the guise of such a nude
+champion as appears on some of our modern coins. The Lesser George,
+often incorrectly called the Badge, at first was sometimes worn from a
+gold chain, and sometimes from a _black Ribbon_. The Colour of the
+ribbon was changed to _sky blue_ by Queen ELIZABETH; and it has since
+been again changed to the _dark blue_ of the broad Ribbon now worn. This
+_Ribbon_ of the Order crosses the figure of the wearer, passing over the
+left shoulder, and the Lesser George hangs from it under the right arm.
+
+Since the time of CHARLES II. it has been customary for the nearest
+representatives of a deceased K.G. to return his Insignia to the
+Sovereign.
+
+Each Officer of the Order, except the Usher, has his own proper Badge.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 450.--Insignia of the Order of the Thistle.]
+
+
+The ORDER OF THE THISTLE, OF SCOTLAND, styled “Most Noble and Most
+Ancient,” and indicated by the Initials “K.T.,” was originally
+instituted long before the accession of a Scottish Sovereign to the
+Crown of England; but it is now governed by statutes framed by JAMES II.
+of Great Britain, ANNE, and GEORGE IV.
+
+The Order consists of the SOVEREIGN and sixteen KNIGHTS. Its OFFICERS
+are--The _Dean_; _the Lord Lyon King of Arms_; and the _Gentleman Usher
+of the Green Rod_.
+
+The INSIGNIA are--The _Badge_ of gold enamelled, being a figure of St.
+Andrew standing upon a mount holding his silver Saltire and surrounded
+by rays in the form of a glory. This Badge is worn from the _Collar_ of
+the Order, formed of sixteen Thistles alternating with as many bunches
+of rue-sprigs; or, from a broad _dark green Ribbon_, which crosses the
+left shoulder. There are fine examples of these Insignia sculptured upon
+the Monument of MARY, Queen of Scots, in Westminster Abbey. The jewel is
+shown in No. 435.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 435.--Jewel of the Thistle.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 436.--Badge of St. Patrick.]
+
+The _Star_ of this Order, of silver or diamonds, is in the form of a St.
+Andrew’s Saltire, having its four limbs alternating with the four points
+of a lozenge: in the centre, surrounded by the Motto (NEMO ME IMPUNE
+LACESSIT), is a Thistle proper.
+
+The Most Illustrious Order of ST. PATRICK, OF IRELAND, indicated by the
+Initials, “K.P.”, and instituted in 1783 by GEORGE III., consists of the
+SOVEREIGN, the GRAND MASTER, and twenty-two KNIGHTS. The OFFICERS are
+the Grand Master, the _Chancellor_, the _Secretary_, _Ulster King of
+Arms_ and _Registrar_, two _Heralds_, and one _Pursuivant_, the
+_Genealogist_, and the _Usher of the Black Rod_.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 451.--Insignia of the Order of St. Patrick.]
+
+The INSIGNIA are--The _Badge_ or _Jewel_, of gold enamelled, and oval in
+form. It has a Shamrock (or Trefoil slipped) having on each leaf a Royal
+Crown, charged on the Saltire of St. Patrick, the field being surrounded
+by the _Motto_--QVIS . SEPARABIT . (“Who will sever?”) MDCCLXXXIII., on
+a blue band, which in its turn is encircled with a wreath of Shamrocks
+on gold. This Badge, No. 436, is worn from the _Collar_, composed of
+Roses and Harps, alternating with each other and with knotted cords,
+a Crown surmounting a Harp being in the centre; or, the Badge is worn
+from a broad _sky-blue Ribbon_, crossing the right shoulder.
+
+The _Star_ resembles the Badge, except that its centre is circular
+instead of oval; and that it has eight rays of silver or diamonds, in
+place of the wreath of Shamrocks.
+
+The Most Honourable ORDER OF THE BATH is an early Institution which,
+after having long been in abeyance, has been revived and remodelled, and
+has received fresh statutes in the years 1725, 1815, 1847, and 1859.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 452.--Collar and Military Badge.
+ Insignia of the Order of the Bath.]
+
+The Order, now numbering about a thousand members, consists of several
+distinct Groups or Classes, which include, with the SOVEREIGN, the Royal
+Princes, and some few distinguished Foreigners, Officers of our own Navy
+and Army, and also Diplomatic and Civil Servants of the Crown.
+
+The Three “Classes” of the Order alike include members of the Three
+Services, and each class is divided into two divisions, viz. Military
+and Civil.
+
+The “First Class,” of KNIGHTS GRAND CROSS OF THE BATH--G.C.B.--has 55
+Military and 27 Civil Knights.
+
+The “Second Class” numbers (with power to increase these numbers) 145
+Military and 108 Civil KNIGHTS COMMANDERS OF THE BATH--K.C.B.
+
+The “Third Class,” not of Knights, but of COMPANIONS OF THE
+BATH--C.B.--has 705 Military and 298 Civil Members, who take rank
+between Knights and Esquires.
+
+The MILITARY INSIGNIA are--The BADGE, a complicated combination of
+devices, characteristic of the debased period which produced it. It is
+represented in No. 437.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 437.--Badge of the Bath (Military Division).]
+
+The Cross is white; the circle with the Motto, red; and the small scroll
+in base, blue; all the rest being enamelled “proper.” This Badge is worn
+by the G.C.B. attached to a _Collar_, formed of nine Crowns and eight
+clusters of the Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock issuing from a Sceptre,
+alternating with seventeen Knots enamelled argent: or, this Badge is
+suspended by the G.C.B. from a broad _red Ribbon_, crossing the left
+shoulder. By the K.C.B. the Badge is worn from a narrower red Ribbon
+about the neck, or a still narrower at the button-hole. Also, by the
+C.B. it is attached to a narrow red Ribbon at the button-hole.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 453.--Star of Knight Grand Cross (Civil).]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 454.--Star of Knight Commander (Military).]
+
+The _Star_ of the G.C.B. is similar to the Badge without The Cross and
+the lions, surrounded by silver rays having a lozenge-shaped outline.
+The _Star_ of the K.C.B., which is in the form of a Maltese Cross, omits
+the Cross of the Badge. The C.B. have no Star.
+
+The Diplomatic and Civil INSIGNIA are--The _Badge_, No. 438, worn with
+the same distinctions as the Naval and Military Badge; but the C.B.
+Badge is of smaller size than the Badges of the two higher Classes.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 438.--Badge of the Bath (Civil Division).]
+
+The _Star_ of the G.C.B. has eight silver rays encircling their Badge in
+a circular form. The Star of the K.C.B. is the same as that of the Naval
+and Military K.C.B., omitting the laurel-wreath and the small scroll and
+motto.
+
+The _Motto_ of the Order--TRIA . JUNCTA . IN . UNO--“Three united in
+one,” refers to the Union of the three Realms of England, Scotland, and
+Ireland, in the Order.
+
+The _Stalls_ of the Knights of the Bath, before the Order was divided
+into classes, and those of their Esquires, are in Henry the Seventh’s
+Chapel, Westminster Abbey; but no installation has taken place since
+1815, when the Order was reorganised, and no new plates or banners have
+been set up.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 455.--Order of Merit.]
+
+THE ORDER OF MERIT (O.M.) instituted in the year 1902, although it gives
+to its members neither style nor precedence, ranks next to the Order of
+the Bath, and is divided into two classes, Military and Civil. The only
+Insignia are the Badge and the Ribbon parti-coloured of _red_ and
+_blue_. The Badge is _a cross pateé of four arms_, the outline of the
+cross being circular. The cross is of _blue enamel_ and superimposed
+thereupon a smaller cross of the same design of _red_. The centre is
+_blue_, bearing the words, “FOR MERIT,” in gold letters within a laurel
+wreath. The cross is surmounted by the Royal Crown. The reverse of the
+Badge shows the Royal and Imperial Cypher. To the Badge _two swords
+saltirewise_ in the angles of the cross are added in the case of members
+of the Military Division.
+
+
+ [Illustration: No. 456.--Collar and Insignia of the Exalted Order
+ of the Star of India.]
+
+The Most Exalted ORDER OF THE STAR OF INDIA, instituted by Queen
+Victoria in 1861, to render especial honour to high merit and loyalty in
+the Indian Empire, was enlarged on the 24th of May 1866, and ordained to
+consist of the SOVEREIGN, a GRAND MASTER, and 291 Ordinary COMPANIONS or
+MEMBERS; together with such extra and Honorary Members as the Sovereign
+at any time may be pleased to appoint.
+
+The VICEROY AND GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA for the time being is always
+the GRAND MASTER. The Ordinary Members are divided into Three
+Classes:--The “First Class” comprises 36 KNIGHTS GRAND COMMANDERS:
+G.C.S.I. In the “Second Class” there are 85 KNIGHTS COMMANDERS: K.S.I.
+And, the “Third Class” numbers 170 COMPANIONS: C.S.I.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 439.--Badge of the Star of India.]
+
+The INSIGNIA are--The _Badge_, No. 439, formed of diamonds, having the
+Motto on a field of light blue enamel, and the bust of the late Queen
+executed as an onyx cameo. This Badge is attached by a mullet to the
+_Collar_, composed of heraldic roses and lotus flowers alternating with
+palm-branches, a crown being in the Centre: or, the Badge is worn from a
+_Ribbon of pale blue with white borders_ crossing the left shoulder. The
+_Star_, of diamonds, has a mullet upon an irradiated field in its
+centre, within the _Motto_--HEAVEN’S . LIGHT . OUR . GUIDE, the whole
+being environed with wavy rays having a circular outline.
+
+
+The Most Distinguished ORDER OF ST. MICHAEL AND ST. GEORGE, originally
+instituted in 1818 for use in Malta and the Ionian Islands, has been
+extended and enlarged in 1868, 1877, and 1902, and now is awarded for
+Colonial and for Foreign Services. It consists of 100 KNIGHTS GRAND
+CROSS (G.C.M.G.), 300 KNIGHTS COMMANDERS (K.C.M.G.), and 600 COMPANIONS
+(C.M.G.), in addition to Honorary Members. The numbers are not adhered
+to. The _Star_ is of seven long rays, smaller rays intervening. This is
+charged with the Cross of St. George, and in the centre is a
+representation of St. Michael encountering Satan within a blue circle,
+bearing the Motto of the Order, “AUSPICIUM MELIORIS ÆVI.”
+
+ [Illustration: No. 457.--Star and Collar of the Order of St. Michael
+ and St. George.]
+
+The _Collar_ is composed alternately of lions of England, Maltese
+Crosses, and Cyphers, S. M. and S. G. In the centre is the Crown
+_over two winged lions passant guardant, each holding a book and
+seven arrows_.
+
+The _Badge_ is a gold cross of fourteen points of white enamel, and has
+in the centre, within the Motto of the Order (on the one side), St.
+Michael encountering Satan (and on the other side), St. George and the
+Dragon. The Badge is surmounted by the Crown.
+
+
+ [Illustration: No. 458.--Eminent Order of the Indian Empire.]
+
+The Most Eminent ORDER OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, instituted in 1878 and
+subsequently enlarged, is the second Indian Order, and consists of three
+classes, KNIGHTS GRAND COMMANDERS (G.C.I.E.), KNIGHTS COMMANDERS
+(K.C.I.E.), and COMPANIONS (C.I.E.).
+
+The _Star_ is of five rays of silver, alternated with as many rays of
+gold. In the centre, within a purple circle, inscribed with the Motto,
+“IMPERATRICIS AUSPICIIS,” and surmounted by the Crown, is an effigy of
+Queen VICTORIA.
+
+The _Collar_ is composed of elephants, lotus-flowers, peacocks in their
+pride, and Indian roses, all connected by gold chains.
+
+The _Badge_ is a red enamelled rose, in the centre of which is the
+effigy within the Motto as on the Star.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 459.--The Badge.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 460.--G.C.V.O. Star.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 461.--K.C.V.O. Star.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 462.--G.C.V.O. Badge.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 463.--K.C.V.O. Badge.]
+
+The ROYAL VICTORIAN ORDER was instituted in 1896 as the personal Order
+of the British Sovereign, and is divided into five classes--KNIGHTS
+GRAND CROSS (G.C.V.O.), KNIGHTS COMMANDERS (K.C.V.O.), COMMANDERS
+(C.V.O.), and Members of the Fourth and Fifth Classes (both M.V.O.).
+
+The _Star_ is of eight points, and of chipped silver, having in the
+centre a representation of the Badge.
+
+The BADGE is a white Maltese Cross. It has an oval enamelled centre of
+crimson with the monogram V. R. I., within a blue enamelled circle,
+carrying the Motto of the Order “VICTORIA,” the circle surmounted by
+the Crown. There is no collar for the order, but the King occasionally
+bestows, as an extreme mark of favour, “The Royal Victorian Chain,”
+a decoration not governed by express Statute.
+
+
+ [Illustration: No. 464.--Distinguished Service Order.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 465.--Imperial Service Order.]
+
+The DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER is a Military Decoration instituted in
+1886, but which does not carry the style of Knighthood. The _Badge_ is a
+gold cross enamelled white and of a circular outline. In the centre (on
+the one side) is the Crown on a red enamel ground within a wreath of
+laurel, (and on the other side) the Royal Cypher takes the place of the
+Crown.
+
+
+The IMPERIAL SERVICE ORDER, a purely Civil Decoration instituted in
+1902, is confined to the Administrative Services of the Empire. The
+_Badge_ is an eight-rayed star bearing (on one side) the Royal Cypher
+and (on the other side) “For faithful service,” surrounded by a wreath
+of laurel and surmounted by the Crown.
+
+
+ [Illustration: No. 440.--The Victoria Cross.]
+
+The VICTORIA CROSS, of bronze, was instituted by her late Majesty Queen
+VICTORIA in 1856, to render honour to “conspicuous bravery” in actual
+conflict, by sea or land. This Cross, No. 440, is worn on the left
+breast, attached to a _blue_ ribbon for the Navy, and to a _red_ ribbon
+for the Army. A Bar is attached to the ribbon for every additional such
+act of bravery as would have won the Cross.
+
+
+ [Illustration: No. 441.--The Albert Medal.]
+
+The ALBERT MEDAL, No. 441, which was instituted also by Queen VICTORIA,
+dates from March 13, 1866, and is to distinguish those who save, or who
+at the peril of their own lives endeavour to save, life or perform other
+meritorious acts of bravery. The Coronet is that of H.R.H. the late
+PRINCE CONSORT; and the Monogram consists of the Initials V. A., with an
+anchor. This Medal is executed in Silver and Bronze for two classes of
+recipients. The anchor in the Badge is omitted when awarded for land
+services.
+
+Other Decorations are “The Royal Order of Victoria and Albert” (of four
+classes) and the Imperial Order of the Crown of India (of one class),
+both confined to ladies, the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal, the Volunteer
+Officers’ Decoration, the Territorial Decoration, the Edward Medal, the
+King’s Police Medal, the Royal Red Cross, and the Order of Mercy; whilst
+the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England receives
+official recognition.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+PRECEDENCE. GENEALOGIES
+
+ “Orders and Degrees
+ Jar not with Liberty, but well consist.”
+ --_Paradise Lost_, Book V.
+
+ “The use of Arms was closely connected with the Study of Genealogy.”
+ --DALLAWAY, _Science of Heraldry_ (A.D. 1793).
+
+
+When JAMES I. succeeded to the Crown of England while he was actually
+the King regnant of Scotland, and accordingly became Sovereign of the
+two Realms, he found it necessary to produce a “Union Flag” for the
+whole of Great Britain, in consequence of the serious disputes for
+Precedence that arose between the natives of South and North Britain.
+Before the time of the peace-loving son of Mary Stuart, a Sovereign of
+another mould, HENRY VIII., had felt the necessity of framing and
+establishing some definite system of Precedence amongst the various
+degrees, orders, and ranks of his subjects: and, in 1539, a statute to
+that effect was enacted. Other statutes afterwards were added; and, from
+time to time, Royal Letters Patent on the same subject have been issued;
+and thus the Precedence now recognised and in use amongst us has been
+established.
+
+The General Scale of Precedence follows, but there are Special scales
+for use in (_a_) Scotland, (_b_) Ireland, (_c_) India, (_d_) Canada,
+(_e_) Colonies, (_f_) Army and Navy, (_g_) Diplomatic Service.
+
+
+THE GENERAL ORDER OF PRECEDENCE.
+
+ The SOVEREIGN.
+ The Prince of Wales.
+ The Younger Sons of the Sovereign.
+ The Grandsons of the Sovereign.
+ The Brothers of the Sovereign.
+ The Uncles of the Sovereign.
+ The Nephews of the Sovereign.
+
+ The Archbishop of Canterbury.
+ The Lord Chancellor.
+ The Archbishop of York.
+ The Premier.
+ The Lord High Treasurer.
+ The Lord President of the Council.
+ The Lord Privy Seal.
+
+The following GREAT OFFICERS OF STATE _precede all Peers of their own
+Degree_--that is, if Dukes, they precede all other Dukes; if Earls, all
+other Earls; &c.:--
+
+ The Lord Great Chamberlain.
+ The Lord High Constable.
+ The Earl Marshal.
+ The Lord High Admiral.
+ The Lord Steward of the Royal Household.
+ The Lord Chamberlain of the Royal Household.
+ The Master of the Horse.
+
+The Peers of each Degree take Precedence in their own Degree, according
+to their Patents of Creation.
+
+ Dukes
+ (_a_) of England,
+ (_b_) of Scotland,
+ (_c_) of Great Britain,
+ (_d_) of Ireland,
+ (_e_) of the United Kingdom and, if created since the Union,
+ of Ireland.
+ Marquesses (_vide_ Dukes).
+ Eldest Sons of Dukes.
+ Earls (_vide_ Dukes).
+ Eldest Sons of Marquesses.
+ Younger Sons of Dukes.
+ Viscounts (_vide_ Dukes).
+ Eldest Sons of Earls.
+ Younger Sons of Marquesses.
+ Bishops of (_a_) London, (_b_) Durham, and (_c_) Winchester.
+ Bishops, according to Seniority of Consecration.
+ Barons (_vide_ Dukes).
+ The Speaker of the House of Commons.
+ Commissioners of Great Seal.
+ The (_a_) Treasurer and the (_b_) Comptroller of the Royal Household.
+ Vice-Chamberlain of the Household.
+ The Secretaries of State, when not Peers.
+ Eldest Sons of Viscounts.
+ Younger Sons of Earls.
+ Eldest Sons of Barons.
+ Knights of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick, not being Peers.
+ Privy Councillors.
+ The Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+ The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
+ The Lord Chief Justice.
+ The Master of the Rolls.
+ Lord Justices of Appeal and Pres. of Probate Court.
+ Judges of High Court.
+ Younger Sons of Viscounts.
+ Younger Sons of Barons.
+ Sons of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (Life Peers).
+ Baronets.
+ Knights Grand Cross of the Bath.
+ Knights Grand Commanders of the Star of India.
+ Knights Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George.
+ Knights Grand Commanders of Indian Empire.
+ Knights Grand Cross of Victorian Order.
+ Knights Commanders of the various Orders
+ (in the same order of progression).
+ Knights Bachelors.
+ Commanders of Victorian Order.
+ County Court Judges.
+ Serjeants-at-Law.
+ Masters in Lunacy.
+ Companions of the various Orders.
+ Members of Fourth Class of Victorian Order.
+ Companions of Distinguished Service Order.
+ Eldest Sons of the Younger Sons of Peers.
+ Eldest Sons of Baronets.
+ Eldest Sons of Knights.
+ Members of Fifth Class of Victorian Order.
+ Baronets’ Younger Sons.
+ Knights’ Younger Sons.
+ Esquires:--Including
+ the Eldest Sons of the Sons of Viscounts and Barons,
+ the eldest Sons of all the younger Sons of Peers,
+ and their eldest Sons in perpetual Succession:
+ the younger Sons of Baronets:
+ the Sons of Knights,
+ the eldest Son of the eldest Son of a Knight
+ in perpetual Succession:
+ persons holding the King’s Commission,
+ or who may be styled “Esquire” by the King in any Official Document.
+ Gentlemen.
+
+
+THE PRECEDENCE OF WOMEN
+
+is determined, before marriage, by the Rank and Dignity, but not by the
+Office, of their Father.
+
+All the unmarried Sisters in any family have the same Degree, which is
+the Degree that their eldest Brother holds (or would hold) amongst men.
+Thus:--Of the Sons of an Earl the _eldest_ alone has an honorary Title
+of Nobility and is styled “My Lord,” while _all_ the Daughters of an
+Earl have a similar honorary Title, and are styled “My Lady.”
+
+By Marriage Women share the Dignities and Precedence of their Husbands:
+but, the strictly Official Dignity of a Husband is not imparted to a
+wife (except in India), in the case of the Archbishops and Bishops or
+holders of other offices.
+
+The Dignities which Ladies have by Birth or by right of Inheritance, are
+not imparted by Marriage to their Husbands: nor does Marriage with an
+inferior in Dignity in any way affect the Precedence that a Lady may
+enjoy by Birth, Inheritance, or Creation--both her own Precedence and
+that of her Husband remain as before their Marriage, unless the Husband
+be a Peer.
+
+In the ROYAL FAMILY the following Precedence takes effect:--
+
+ The Queen.
+ The Queen Dowager.
+ The Princess of Wales.
+ The Daughters of the Sovereign.
+ The Wives of the Younger Sons of the Sovereign.
+ The Granddaughters of the Sovereign.
+ The Wives of the Grandsons of the Sovereign.
+ The Sovereign’s Sisters.
+ Wives of the Sovereign’s Brothers.
+ The Sovereign’s Aunts.
+ Wives of the Sovereign’s Uncles.
+ The Sovereign’s Nieces.
+ Wives of the Sovereign’s Nephews (Brothers’ and Sisters’ Daughters).
+ Granddaughters of the Sovereign not bearing the style
+ of Royal Highness.
+
+To whatever Precedence she may be entitled by Birth, the Wife of a Peer
+always takes her rank, and therefore takes her actual Precedence, from
+her Husband.
+
+The Widow of a Peer, so long as she remains a Widow, retains the rank
+she enjoyed whilst married: but, should she contract a second Marriage,
+her Precedence then is determined either by the rank of her second
+Husband, or by the rank that was her own by Birth and which she enjoyed
+before her first Marriage.
+
+The Wife of the Eldest Son of any degree precedes all her Husband’s
+Sisters, and also all other Ladies having the same degree of rank with
+them. Thus:--the Wife of the Eldest Son of an Earl takes Precedence of
+_all_ Daughters of Earls. In actual practice, however, by a principle of
+Precedence that is accepted and adopted in all families of the same
+degree amongst themselves, the Sisters in every case have their place
+immediately after the Wife of their own Eldest Brother.
+
+
+GENEALOGIES.
+
+GENEALOGIES, the Records of the Descents and Alliances of Families, are
+necessarily associated with the Armorial Ensigns borne by those
+Families, and by the several Members and Branches of them. Still, it
+does not apparently follow, in the same manner, as a matter of
+necessity, that the study and investigation of Genealogies should be
+interesting and even attractive, because interest and attractiveness are
+inseparable from Heraldry. And yet, I do not hesitate to claim for
+genealogical researches the favourable regard of students of Armory, on
+the very ground of the interest which they are certain to feel in such
+researches; and also in confident reliance on that inherent power of
+attraction, inseparable from the subject itself, that will not fail both
+to win their favourable regard, and to lead them on from one inquiry to
+another.
+
+The very act of tracing up some eminent and illustrious personage, from
+generation to generation of his forefathers, noting down the alliances
+that have interwoven one thread of a brilliant line with others not less
+lustrous; or, the reverse of this process, the following the lineage of
+some worthy of the olden time onward down the stream, observing both the
+tributaries that flow into the main channel and the streamlets that
+issue from it--all this, when once it has been systematically
+undertaken, leads the student through the most picturesque regions of
+historical romance.
+
+The popular idea of Genealogy may be, that it consists in placing in a
+formal order of arrangement a series of dry names, connected with dates
+that (if it be possible) are even more dry. It is not uncommon to
+dispose of many things precisely in the same way, when an opinion is
+formed without even the slightest attempt to judge of a question by its
+true merits--it is so easy to decline the trouble and to avoid the
+effort attendant on inquiry and investigation, and so pleasant to become
+the possessor of an “opinion” and “views,” without any outlay in
+acquiring them. A Map has no value in the estimation of those who ignore
+Geography: the claims of Archæology are disregarded by all who are
+content to remain in ignorance even of what it implies: and History
+itself becomes and continues to be a dead letter, so long as an
+acquaintance is formed only with the exterior of its volumes. And, in
+like manner, Genealogy appears under a very different aspect to those
+who know it only by name, and to lovers of Biography and History who are
+familiar with its lucid and yet ever suggestive guidance. Without
+written Genealogies, who can clearly understand the political and
+historical position of the rival Princes of the red and white Roses; or
+of HENRY VII. and the “last of the Plantagenets”; or of Queens ELIZABETH
+TUDOR, MARY STUART, and JANE GREY? Or who, without similar aid, will
+follow out the fortunes of the Houses of BEAUCHAMP and NEVILLE and
+DUDLEY, and connect them with the existing noble lord of Warwick Castle;
+or, when reading of the DE CLARES, the BOHUNS, or the PERCIES, will see
+at a glance the connection between “STRONGBOW” and the “red Earl
+GILBERT,” or will understand the significance of the white swan Badge of
+the STAFFORDS, or will read at sight the quartered Shield of the Duke of
+NORTHUMBERLAND, of to-day, and will discern the line that connects the
+living Earl PERCY with the “HOTSPUR” whose fame was two centuries old
+when SHAKESPEARE wrote of him? And further, who, that is unable to
+accomplish such things as these, can appreciate History, can enjoy it
+and apply its lessons aright?
+
+In arranging a Genealogy the utmost conciseness is essential, all
+details being left for full description elsewhere. All the members of
+the same family are placed side by side, on the same level, in their
+order of seniority; and all are connected by lines with one another and
+with their parents. Successive generations also, throughout all the
+branches of any family, or in allied families, have their places on the
+same levels; and the connecting and distinguishing lines are continued
+throughout. Examples of Genealogies treated in the most scientific and
+yet simple manner, easy to be understood, and perfect as models for
+students, may be obtained in any Part of the _Herald and Genealogist_,
+formerly edited by the late Mr. J. G. NICHOLS, F.S.A., Parliament
+Street, Westminster. I refer to this excellent Periodical, because it is
+not possible for me here in the space at my disposal to set forth a
+really useful example of a Genealogy: and, I must add, because it is
+most desirable that students of Heraldry should form such an
+acquaintance with Mr. Nichols, as may be acquired through his works.
+_Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica_, now edited by Mr. W. B.
+BANNERMAN, is another Periodical, which ought to be in the hands of all
+Genealogists.
+
+In Genealogies, this mark = denotes alliance by marriage, and it is
+placed between the names of a husband and wife: and the lines that
+proceed from this mark, thus,
+
+ =
+ |
+ ________/ \________
+ / \
+
+point out their issue. The initials S. P. (of the Latin words _Sine
+Prole_, “without issue”) show where a line or a branch ceases. Other
+abbreviations and signs in general use will suggest their own
+signification.
+
+As I began this Chapter with quotations, so with a quotation I conclude
+it. “There are some persons,” writes Mr. LOWER, in his “Curiosities of
+Heraldry” (p. 292), “who cannot discriminate between the taste for
+pedigree” (or genealogy) “and the pride of ancestry. Now these two
+feelings, though they often combine in one individual, have no necessary
+connection with each other. Man is said to be a hunting animal. Some
+hunt foxes; others for fame or fortune. Others hunt in the intellectual
+field; some for the arcana of Nature and of mind; some for the roots of
+words, or the origin of things. I am fond of hunting out a pedigree.”
+And, gentle reader, when you have joined the chase genealogical,
+I promise you, so also will you be.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+ _The College of Arms-- The Lyon Office of Scotland-- Grants of Arms--
+ Tax on “Armorial Bearings,” and on “Arms Found”_
+
+ “They were conspicuous for judgment, experience, learning, and
+ elegance; they gained honour wherever they were employed.”
+ --NOBLE, _History of the College of Arms_.
+
+ “What is your Crest and Motto?--Send name and county to ----’s
+ Heraldic Office. For plain Sketch, 3s. 6d. In heraldic colours, 6s.”
+ --_Morning Newspapers._
+
+
+I. The HERALDS OF ENGLAND, who before had been attached to the Household
+either of the Sovereign or of some Personage of exalted rank, were
+incorporated as a Fraternity by RICHARD III., a Prince whose historical
+reputation is by no means in harmony with that early act of his reign,
+which has done such good service to English History--the Foundation and
+Establishment of the COLLEGE OF ARMS, or, as it is commonly called, the
+HERALDS’ COLLEGE.
+
+The Letters Patent, issued for this purpose by RICHARD III., bear date
+March the 2nd, 1483, the first year of his reign. Very important
+privileges and immunities, with high powers and authority, were granted
+to the incorporated Heralds: and the “right fair and stately house,”
+called “Pulteney’s Inn,” situate in the metropolitan parish of All
+Saints, was assigned to them as their permanent official residence. The
+Charter granted to the Heralds by the last Plantagenet Sovereign was
+confirmed by his successors.
+
+The buildings of the College were destroyed by the great fire of 1666;
+but all the records and documents fortunately escaped, having been
+removed to Whitehall; and the edifice was subsequently rebuilt, chiefly
+at the cost of the Heralds themselves, where it now stands between St.
+Paul’s Cathedral and the Thames. There, in the College of Arms, are
+still carefully preserved all that the early Heralds recorded and
+transmitted to our times. There, not the least valuable of the contents
+of the College, an unique Library is in the keeping of Guardians, who
+understand its true uses, as they appreciate its preciousness. And there
+also the Headquarters of English Heraldry are as duly established, as
+those of the British Army are at the Horse Guards in Whitehall.
+
+The great change that has come upon London since the Heralds rebuilt
+their official home, has already caused some structural alteration in
+the building, and has resulted in the College of Arms now appearing out
+of place in its original position in the City. Other changes, which
+follow in such rapid succession in that busy neighbourhood, render it by
+no means improbable that the site of their College may be required for
+some great “City improvement”; and so the Heralds may be constrained to
+establish themselves in the more congenial regions of the metropolitan
+“far west.” This, as I am disposed to consider, is one of those
+consummations that are devoutly to be desired.
+
+The times have been in which Heraldry could not number amongst its true
+friends the official Heralds of the College of Arms: but, happily,
+a very different, and in many most important respects a thoroughly
+satisfactory condition of things now obtains at the College. So far as
+the Heralds are concerned, as a body of learned, accomplished, and
+courteous gentlemen, Heraldry now is admirably represented amongst us,
+and faithfully supported. What still is deficient in the existing
+constitution of the College of Arms, as a National Institution, is
+adaptation to existing circumstances, sentiments, and requirements. It
+is but a truism to assert that, as a National Institution, the College
+of Arms does not fill its proper position: and, to all who are familiar
+with the facts of the case, it is equally obvious that this is simply
+because the College does not vindicate its indisputable title to that
+position which really is its own.
+
+Heraldry is decidedly popular. This popularity also is assuming a more
+practical, and at the same time a more enduring form, through gradually
+becoming the result of a correct appreciation of the true character of
+Heraldry, and of its intrinsic value. At a time in which people are
+beginning to feel and to admit that they _ought to know_ something about
+Heraldry, the College of Arms _ought to take the lead_ in making
+Heraldry still better understood, still more justly appreciated, still
+more popular. The time, also, is indeed come in which it is the bounden
+duty of the College of Arms to impress upon the community at large, that
+_the sole source and fountain-head of authority in all matters armorial,
+under the Sovereign, centres in itself_. This is to be accomplished by
+the same process, and only by the same process, by which the College of
+Arms may win for itself thorough popularity and universal confidence. If
+the College requires fresh or increased powers, application to that
+effect should be made to the Legislature. The Heraldry of Scotland has
+been dealt with by Parliament: and it would be equally easy to obtain
+such a statute as would enable English Heraldry to do justice to itself,
+while fulfilling its own proper duties.
+
+Without abating or compromising in the slightest degree its own dignity
+or the dignity of Heraldry, the College of Arms requires to be
+transmuted from an exclusive into a popular Institution. It requires,
+not indeed to have its object and aim and system of action changed, but
+to have them expanded, and expanded so widely as to comprehend all the
+heraldic requirements of the age. This is a subject of too urgent
+importance not to be noticed here; but still, it is not possible to do
+more than to notice it in very general terms.
+
+Upon one specific point, however, a few plain words may be spoken
+without hesitation, and may be left by themselves without comment. The
+Fees and Charges of all kinds for granting, matriculating, confirming,
+and recording the rightful possession of armorial Insignia must be
+arranged upon a perfectly fresh system, with such provisions and
+modifications as may adapt them to every variety of circumstance and of
+requirement. This is a question which can be regarded only from one
+point of view by every true lover of Heraldry, and consequently by every
+true friend of the College of Arms.
+
+II. The National Heraldic body in Scotland, entitled the LYON OFFICE, is
+under the presidency of the _Lyon King of Arms_. The Chief of the
+Scottish official Heralds from May 1796 to a recent period had been a
+Peer of that realm; and the duties of the office, accordingly, had been
+discharged for seventy years by a _Lyon Depute_. But, on the death of
+the Earl of KINNOUL, in February 1866, it was determined to remodel in
+some respects the arrangements of the Lyon Office; and Mr. GEORGE
+BURNETT, who had long been “Lyon Depute,” was appointed by Her Majesty
+to be “Lyon King.” He has been succeeded by Sir J. BALFOUR PAUL. The
+Arms of the Lyon Office I have already given, No. 266.
+
+The action of the Scottish Lyon King of Arms, and of the Institution
+over which he presides, after having degenerated from the worthy
+standard of earlier days, has revived under far happier conditions, and
+with prospects that are eminently gratifying. It may be fairly expected,
+indeed, that the most salutary results will be produced by the very
+decided “tendency” that for some time has existed, “to cultivate the
+rules and principles of that earlier age, to which”--writes Mr.
+Seton--“we are indebted for a system of Scottish Heraldry, whose purity
+certainly has not been surpassed in any other corner of Christendom.”
+These words occur in a highly interesting memoir of the Lyon Office, in
+the fourth chapter of the work entitled “The Law and Practice of
+Heraldry in Scotland,” an able and admirable volume, published in 1863
+in Edinburgh, which shows the growing popularity of a true Heraldry
+north of the Tweed, and proves that in the author, Mr. Seton, Scottish
+Heraldry possesses an advocate no less powerful than zealous and
+judicious.
+
+III. Arms and Armorial Insignia are granted _only_ through the College
+of Arms in England, and through the Lyon Office in Scotland, in both
+realms with the direct sanction of the Crown expressed in England by the
+Earl Marshal. In Ireland all Grants are made by Ulster King of Arms with
+the same sanction.
+
+It is to be observed and kept in remembrance that the _sole right_ to
+Arms is a Grant from the College or the Crown, or Inheritance by lineal
+descent from an ancestor to whom a Grant was made or in whom a right to
+bear Arms has been officially recognised and registered by the Crown.
+
+All “Grants” and “Confirmations of Arms” (Confirmations, that is, of the
+Claims of certain individuals to bear certain Arms, by some uncertain
+right and title duly set forth and approved and thereafter legalised by
+the Crown) are formally and regularly recorded, with a full blazon of
+the insignia, at the College or Offices of Arms.
+
+It is very greatly to be desired that, in addition to this time-honoured
+usage of the Heralds in making these records, some simple plan could be
+adopted for the periodical registration at the College of Arms of all
+armorial insignia that are borne by right. Almost equally desirable,
+also, it would be to make a corresponding registration, as far as might
+be possible, of whatever insignia are borne _without_ any right. The
+contents of both registers would form unquestionably useful publications
+of a periodical character. In connection with any such project as I have
+just suggested, it appears to me that good service might be rendered to
+the cause of true Heraldry amongst us, if _Badges and Mottoes_ (without
+any other insignia whatever) were formally granted by the College, under
+certain conditions, and at the cost of a small Fee.[9]
+
+ [Footnote 9: I leave this sentence as it has hitherto stood in the
+ book. Badges are now granted and recorded, but a prior right to arms
+ is required. --A. C. F.-D. 1908.]
+
+In new Grants of Arms, as in so many formal documents, something of the
+early form of Expression, with some traces of its piquant quaintness,
+are still retained. Very quaint indeed, and very extravagant also, is
+the style that was generally adopted by the Heralds of the sixteenth and
+seventeenth centuries, and yet characteristic of both the men and their
+times. As an example of one of these old documents, an example of no
+common interest in itself, I now give the Grant of Arms to JOHN
+SHAKESPERE, the Poet’s father, in the year 1596. Two draft copies of the
+original Grant are preserved in the College of Arms; the following
+transcript is printed from the later of the two copies, the earlier
+having been used to supply any word or passage that now is wanting in
+the other. The insertions thus obtained are printed in brackets.
+
+ [Transcriber’s Note:
+ All brackets except footnote references are in the original. Letters
+ in braces { } (“curly brackets”) were printed as superscripts.]
+
+GRANT OF ARMS TO JOHN SHAKESPERE, A.D. 1596.
+
+ To all and singuler Noble and Gentelmen of what estate [or] degree
+ bearing arms to whom these presentes shall come, William Dethick
+ alias Garter principall King of Armes sendethe greetinges. Know
+ yee that, whereas by the authoritie and auncyent pryveleges
+ perteyning to my office from the Quenes most excellent Ma{te} and
+ by her highnesse most noble and victorious progenitors, I am to
+ take generall notice and record and to make declaration and
+ testemonie for all causes of arms and matters of Gentrie thoroughe
+ out all her Majestes Kingdoms, Domynions, Principalites, Isles,
+ and Provinces, To th’ end that, as manie gentelmen, by theyre
+ auncyent names of families, kyndredes and descentes, have and
+ enjoye certeyne enseignes and cotes of arms, So it is verie
+ expedient in all ages that some men for theyr valeant factes,
+ magnanimite, vertu, dignites, and desertes, may use and beare
+ suche tokens of honour and worthinesse, whereby theyre name and
+ good fame may be the better knowen and divulged, and theyre
+ children and posterite in all vertu (to the service of theyre
+ Prynce and Contrie) encouraged. Wherefore being solicited and by
+ credible report informed that John Shakespeare of Stratford uppon
+ Avon in the counte of Warwik, whose parentes and late
+ antecessors[10] were for theyre faithefull and va[leant service
+ advaunced and rewarded by the most prudent] prince King Henry the
+ Seventh of [famous memorie, sythence which tyme they have
+ continewed at] those partes, being of good reputacion [and credit;
+ and that the] said John hathe maryed [Mary, daughter and one of
+ the heyrs of Robert Arden, of Wilmcote, in the said] counte,
+ esquire.[11] In consideration whereof, and for the encouragement
+ of his posterite, to whom such Blazon [or Atchevement] by the
+ auncyent custome of the lawes of armes maie descend, I the said
+ Garter King of Armes have assigned, graunted and by these
+ presentes confirmed this shield or cote of arms, viz. Gould, on a
+ bend sables a speare of the first, steeled argent; and for his
+ crest or cognizance a falcon, his winges displayed, argent,
+ standing on a wrethe of his coullors, supporting a speare gould,
+ steeled as aforesaid, sett upon a helmett with mantelles and
+ tasselles as hath ben accustomed and dothe more playnely appeare
+ depicted on this margent. Signefieng hereby, and by the authorite
+ of my office aforesaid ratifieng, that it shalbe lawfull for the
+ sayd John Shakespeare gent. and for his cheldren, yssue and
+ posterite (at all tymes and places convenient) to bear and make
+ demonstracion of the said Blazon or Atchevement uppon theyre
+ Shieldes, Targets, Escucheons, Cotes of arms, Pennons, Guydons,
+ Ringes, Edefices, Buyldinges, Utensiles, Lyveries, Tombes or
+ Monumentes, or otherwise, for all lawfull warrlyke factes or
+ civile use and exercises, according to the lawes of armes, without
+ let or interruption of any other person or persons for use or
+ bearing the same. In witnesse and perpetuall remembrance hereof I
+ have hereunto subscribed my name, and fastened the seale of my
+ office endorzed with the signett of my armes, At the Office of
+ Armes, London, the xx. daye of October, the xxxviij. yeare of the
+ reigne of our Soveraigne Lady Elizabeth, by the grace of God Quene
+ of England, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faythe, etc.
+ 1596.
+
+ [Footnote 10: Above the word _antecessors_ is written
+ _Grandfather_.]
+
+ [Footnote 11: _Gent._ was first written, and it is altered to
+ _esquire_.]
+
+Like other documents of its class, in this Grant the language is framed
+after certain regular forms; so that it is to be read without that exact
+observance of particular expressions, which is rightly bestowed upon
+legal and historical records. The interest inseparable from this Grant
+is enhanced in no slight degree by the strong probability that John
+Shakespere made his application to the College of Arms by the advice and
+in consequence of the request of his son. Had the worthy Garter been
+able to divine the “dignities and desertes” of the son, he might
+possibly have employed formal language of a still more complimentary
+character, when drawing up a Grant of Arms for the father.
+
+A much more curious specimen of the heraldic style and form of
+expression (and also of the spelling) of the earlier days of the Queen
+ELIZABETH era, is a Grant of Augmentation and Crest, by LAWRENCE DALTON,
+Norroy King of Arms, to JOHN BENNETT, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, Gentleman,
+A.D. 1560. The Preamble to this Grant, which is printed in full in
+_Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica_ (p. 48), is thus written:--
+
+ To All and Singuler as well nobles and gentles as kings herauldes
+ and officers of Armes as others w{ch} thes presentes shall see
+ Reade or heare Lawrence Dalton Esquire Al’s Norrey Kinge of Armes
+ of thest and west p’tyes of Englande fro the Ryver of trent
+ northwarde Sendythe Due and humble comendacons and greatinge
+ fforasmuche as awncyentlye fro the begynnynge and not w{th}owt
+ great Delyberacon Equitie and Reason hyt hathe byn by the moste
+ noble and famous princes Constytutyd and ordeynyd that men of
+ wysdom knoledge vertue and of noble lyefe and Coorage haue byn
+ notoryowslye commendyd to the Woorlde w{th} Sonndrye monumentes
+ and Remembrances w{th} tokens of honnor for A testamonye of
+ theyre good Desertes As Amonge the Romayns y{e} Erecc’on of
+ Statues and Images w{th} tytles and Appellac’ons of honnour And
+ of more latre Dayes w{th} the moste p’te of nac’ons bearinge of
+ Signes and tokens in Shyldes callyd Armes w{ch} be the
+ Demonstrac’ons and Evidences of noblenes vertue and woorthynes
+ that to eu’ry man accordinge to theyre Desertes be Dyu’slye
+ Dystrybutyd Wherby such signes and tokens of the woorthye and
+ cooragyous might appeare before the cowarde vnwoorthye and
+ Ignorant Even so yt ys yet obs’vyd that suche w{ch} have merytyd
+ or donne com’endable s’vice to theyre prince or countrye or by
+ theyre woorthye and Lawdable lyefe Do Daylye encrease in vertue
+ wysdom and knowledge shulde not be forgoten and so put in oblyvyon
+ but rewardyd w{th} som token of honnor for the same the Rather to
+ move and styrre other to the Imytac’on of lyke noblenes vertue and
+ woorthynes ffor w{ch} purpose hyt was not therefor w{th}owt
+ great provydence ordeynyd and yet ys that there Shulde be officers
+ and herauldes of Armes to whose office hyt shulde be appropryate
+ to kepe in Regestre tharmes pedegrees and Descentes of nobles and
+ gentles w{th} theyre woorthye and valyant actes and to have power
+ and awethorytye to allowe and Ratefye vnto the woorthye Som
+ awgmentac’on token or Remembrance of noblenes for theyre seyde
+ woorthynes And now beinge Desyryd--
+
+And so forth, worthy Mr. Norroy having forgotten such “signes and
+tokens” as stops, while carefully showing what style and form it is
+_not_ desirable for us to adopt, however excellent may be his system of
+building up honourable insignia upon a foundation of nobleness, virtue,
+and worthiness.
+
+I add one other early document of another kind, which is an excellent
+model for present use by the Heralds of our own days, the orthography
+having by them been duly corrected.
+
+ EXAMPLE OF A CONFIRMATION OR RECORD OF ARMS:-- Theis are the
+ anncient Armes and Creast, belonging to the name and famely of
+ LEECHFORDE in the County of Surrey, descended from the LEECHFORDS
+ in Buckinghamsheire. Which at the request of S{R} RICHARD
+ LEECHFORDE of Shelwood in the County of Surrey Knight, I WILL’M
+ SEGAR Garter, Principall King of Armes have blasoned, and sett
+ forth in coullors, according as they are here depicted in the
+ margent. Viz.” (here follows a written blazon).... “Testifying
+ hereby the saide armoryes to belong vnto the saide S{R} RICHARD
+ LEECHFORD and to his yssue, to vse, beare, and shewe forth at all
+ tymes, and in all places, at their free lib’ty and pleasure. In
+ Witnes wherof....
+
+&c. &c., with Seal and Signature, and the Date 3rd of JAMES I.
+
+I presume that an argument in support of the abolition of all Taxation
+of “Armorial Bearings,” on the plea of the utter absurdity of a tax upon
+an honourable distinction, would be met with the reply that “Armorial
+Bearings” are taxed purely as “luxuries,” and without the slightest
+reference to their intrinsic character. If the validity of this plea
+must be admitted, still this tax might be levied with what may be styled
+a becoming heraldic discrimination.
+
+For example:--Arms distinguished by “Augmentations of Honour” might be
+altogether exempted; a higher rate might be fixed in the case of Arms
+that are ensigned with Coronets, and that display Supporters. Arms borne
+by unquestionable right, and which are duly recorded at the College,
+might be rated at a comparatively low charge, certainly not to exceed
+five shillings a year. On the other hand, all Arms or armorial insignia
+borne with a very questionable right, or without even the pretence of
+any right whatever, might be subjected to the ordinary tax for “Armorial
+Bearings” of their class multiplied (according to circumstances) by
+four, six, or ten.
+
+The tax estimated by the aid of the multiplication-table, that has just
+been suggested, would extend, under a special schedule possessing a high
+multiplying power, to any self-constituted “Establishment” or “Office,”
+which, powerless to “grant” Arms, undertakes--in consideration of a very
+trifling fee--to “find,” and either to “sketch” or to “colour” them.
+Exceedingly simple is the process, by means of which this undertaking is
+accomplished. It consists in consulting a printed Armory; and, when the
+desired “Arms” have been “found” in its well-stored columns, they then
+at once are assigned to the applicant, in conformity with the
+comprehensive and beautifully simple theory, that all persons having the
+same surname and who also live (or were born) in the same county are
+equally entitled to bear the same Arms. Probably it does not occur to
+the patrons of advertising Heraldry-dealers, that upon precisely the
+same principle every person who has the same “name and county” with any
+officer who may be “found” in the Navy or the Army List, might assert a
+right to whatever rank and title such an officer may enjoy by virtue of
+his commission.
+
+The almost universal desire to possess some kind of armorial insignia,
+implies a corresponding recognition of the necessity to obtain them from
+some Institution or Personage, supposed to be competent and authorised
+both to determine what they should be, and to impart a right to accept
+and to assume and bear them. It rests with the Heralds of the College of
+Arms to take the initiative in a course of action, which would direct
+all aspirants for heraldic distinctions, as a matter of course, to their
+own doors. The Heralds, who really are Heralds, and who alone are real
+Heralds, may rely on the support of Public Opinion. If a fictitious
+Heraldry is not only prevalent, but in some sense actually in the
+ascendant, it is not because the counterfeit is preferred to the
+genuine, but because it is unconsciously mistaken for it. In very many
+instances, indeed, a determination to obtain “Arms” is coupled with an
+ignorance of Heraldry so complete, as to ignore the existence of any
+such thing as a Heraldry that is fictitious.
+
+A popular College of Arms, without any serious difficulty, might
+establish its own authority with all classes of the community; and, at
+the same time, it would not fail to impress upon the public mind the
+very decided difference that exists between the heraldic and the
+non-heraldic acceptation of the expression--“_an escutcheon of
+pretence_.” Much real good would certainly result from the rude shock
+that would be given to many a complacent display of armorial insignia,
+by showing the proud blazonry to be _abated_ with the baton sinister of
+heraldic untruth and unwarrantable assumption. And better still it would
+be to show to all who possess, or who desire to possess and to bear
+“Arms,” that the “Pride of Heraldry” is a worthy and a noble pride,
+because it is the Pride of Truth and Right.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+ _MISCELLANEOUS:-- Coins-- Seals-- Heraldry in Architecture; in
+ Monuments; in Illuminations; in Encaustic Tiles-- Heraldic Personal
+ Ornaments, and various Heraldic Decorations-- Conclusion._
+
+ “The Spandrels over the Wall-arcading are exquisitely beautiful...
+ Those in the western arm contained Shields of a large number of the
+ great men of the day ... the few which remain are nobly executed.”
+ --GLEANINGS FROM WESTMINSTER ABBEY, by G. G. Scott, R.A.:
+ 2nd Edition, p. 33.
+
+
+I. The HERALDRY OF THE COINAGE, in addition to the Shields of Arms of
+successive Sovereigns, exemplifies the changes that have taken place in
+the form and adornment of the Crown, and it also is rich in various
+Badges and Devices having an historical significance.
+
+In Coins the Royal Shield is sometimes quartered by a cross charged upon
+it, as in the silver penny of EDWARD VI. A mediæval ship, having a sail
+covered with heraldic blazonry, appears on the _Noble_--a coin worthy of
+its name. A figure of the King in armour (not particularly well
+proportioned to the size of the vessel), his sword in one hand, and his
+Shield of arms in the other, is also represented in these fine examples
+of mediæval numismatic art. A ship without any sail, but in its stead
+charged with the Royal Shield heightened by a Cross, forms the reverse
+of another excellent coin, the _Angel_, the obverse bearing a figure of
+ST. MICHAEL with his lance thrusting down the dragon. The Angel of
+EDWARD IV. on either side of the Cross has the initial E and the white
+rose of York; and the legend is-- PER : CRVCEM : TVA : SALVA : NOS :
+XTE : REDEMPT : (“By thy Cross save us, O Redeemer Christ!”). A Crowned
+Rose, with a Royal Cypher, is another favourite device; as in the
+Shilling of Henry VIII., with the legend-- POSVI : DEV : ADIVTOREM :
+MEVM : (“I have placed God (before me as) my helper”).
+
+Such are a few examples of the early Heraldry of English Coins. More
+recently, and particularly in our own Coinage, Heraldry and Art have
+declined together, so that feeble designs, but too commonly executed
+with lamentable consistency, are associated with heraldic inaccuracies
+which continue uncorrected to this day--witness the _tressure of
+Scotland_ often incorrectly blazoned on the Royal Shield; and poor
+BRITANNIA, in her old position, sitting forlorn on the copper and bronze
+coinage, as if conscious of being constrained to display on her oval
+Shield an obsolete blazonry, that placed the reign of Queen VICTORIA in
+the eighteenth century![12]
+
+ [Footnote 12: The specimens of the existing Coinage of Europe,
+ displayed at the Universal Exposition, at Paris, showed that if the
+ art of the English Mint is now at a low ebb, the prevailing standard
+ of numismatic art is not a single degree higher, the coins of France
+ alone being in many respects an honourable exception to the general
+ rule.]
+
+II. To what has been already said on the value of heraldic SEALS I
+desire here to add a few words, in the hope of inducing all students of
+Heraldry to study them with the most diligent care.
+
+Casts of fine impressions are not difficult to obtain. Almost every
+accessible fine Seal has been copied by Mr. Ready, of the British
+Museum, who supplies admirable casts at a very moderate cost. The
+Scottish Seals of the late Mr. H. Laing, of Edinburgh, were purchased on
+his decease by the authorities of the British Museum. The most
+satisfactory casts are made in gutta-percha, which may be gilt by simply
+rubbing a gold powder with a soft brush upon them, after slightly
+warming their surfaces. Moulds for reproducing casts or impressions may
+be made in gutta-percha; and from these moulds casts, also in
+gutta-percha, may be obtained. The process is very simple: the
+gutta-percha, softened by immersion in hot water, is pressed upon an
+impression in relief, until a perfect intaglio is formed. When this
+mould is cold and hard, it will stamp an impression upon gutta-percha
+softened in the same manner.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 442.--Seal of Lord Bardolf.]
+
+I add to the examples of fine heraldic Seals that I have already given,
+the richly traceried Seal bearing the armorial Shield of JOHN, Lord
+BARDOLF, of Wormegay in Norfolk, about A.D. 1350; No. 442. This most
+beautiful Seal, which in the original in diameter is only one and
+one-sixth inches, has been somewhat enlarged in the engraving, in order
+to show the design more plainly. The arms of BARDOLF are--_Az., three
+cinquefoils or_.
+
+The liberality and kindness of Mr. Laing enable me to associate with the
+Seal of Lord BARDOLF a small group of additional examples of Scottish
+Seals: two of them are good illustrations as well of English as of
+Scottish Heraldry, and they exemplify the usage of introducing Gothic
+traceries into the composition of Seals with Shields of Arms: in both
+these examples, however, the leading outlines only of the traceries
+remain, and the rich cusping (which is so perfect in the Seal of Lord
+BARDOLF) is lost. No. 443, the Seal of WILLIAM MURE, A.D. 1397, has a
+Shield bearing--_Arg., on a fesse az. three mullets of the field_. No.
+444, the Seal of THOMAS MONYPENY, A.D. 1415, has the Shield _couchée_
+charged with _Az., a chevron between three crosses crosslets fitchée
+issuing from as many crescents arg._: the Crest, on a helm, is a bird,
+probably a popinjay or parrot. The Seal of RICHARD STUART, No. 445,
+probably about 1350, may be compared with No. 414, p. 249: in the
+smaller and earlier example, the solitary individual who represents the
+crew may be assumed to be Richard Stuart himself; his vessel displays
+two banners which are evidently affected by contrary currents of air,
+and a pennon.
+
+ [Illustration: No. 443.--Seal of William Mure.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 444.--Seal of Thomas Monypeny.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 445.--Seal of Richard Stuart.]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 447.--Counter Seal of Earl Thomas de Beauchamp,
+ A.D. 1344]
+
+The noble Seal, No. 446 (_see_ Frontispiece), engraved from a most
+perfect impression recently discovered appended to a document in the
+guardianship of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, represents its
+illustrious owner, THOMAS DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G., third Earl of WARWICK, in
+armour, with his shield and jupon charged with the armorial insignia of
+Beauchamp (_gu., a fesse between six crosses crosslets or_), and with
+the same insignia repeated upon the bardings of the charger upon which
+the Earl is mounted. The engraving of the Seal itself appears on the
+Frontispiece to this Volume: and the Counter-Seal, one of the most
+beautiful and most perfect examples in existence of the early
+seal-engraver’s art, is here represented in No. 447. The Shield
+displayed on this Counter-Seal is charged only with the Arms of the
+NEWBURGHS (_chequée or and az., a chevron erm._), from whom the Earldom
+of Warwick passed by inheritance to the House of Beauchamp. The
+inscription is commenced on the Seal, No. 446, and continued on the
+Counter-Seal, No. 447, and is as follows:-- S : THOE : COMITIS :
+WARRWYCHIE : ANNO : REGNI : REGIS : E : T’CII : POST : CŌQVESTV̄ :
+ANGLIE : SEPTIO : DECIO : ET : REGNI : SVI : FRANCIE : QVARTO--
+“The Seal of Thomas, Earl of Warwick, in the seventeenth year of the
+reign of King Edward III. (of that name) after the Conquest of England,
+and the fourth of his reign over France.” Thus, the date of the
+execution of this fine Seal is the year 1344. The Earl himself died
+in 1369.
+
+A second Beauchamp Seal is also represented in the Frontispiece. This is
+the Seal of RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, K.G., fifth Earl of WARWICK, who died
+in the year 1439. The Heraldry in this example is particularly
+interesting. The Shield, charged with _Newburgh_ and _Beauchamp_
+quarterly, is couchée from the helm of the Earl which is ensigned with
+his coronet and crest; and on either side is _a bear with a ragged
+staff_, the famous Badges of the BEAUCHAMPS: No. 448 (_see_
+Frontispiece). The Inscription is-- SIGILL : RIC : DE : BELLO : CAMPO :
+COMIT : WARWICH-- “The Seal of Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick”
+(see pages 223 and 224).
+
+III. In GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Heraldry is always a consistent, beautiful,
+and most effective accessory. Indeed, so thoroughly is the spirit of
+Heraldry in harmony with the great Architecture which grew up in the
+Middle Ages, that Heraldry must be considered rather as an element of
+its nature than as an allied Art. Gothic Architecture is essentially
+heraldic; and hence, as well as from its elastic nature and its equally
+consistent and happy applicability to every use and requirement, it is
+peculiarly appropriate as our own national style.
+
+From the earliest years of its existence as a definite Science, Heraldry
+is found to be most intimately associated with the Gothic Architecture
+of England: and happy it was for the early Heralds, that in their days
+the English Gothic was at work in the full strength of its first
+maturity. And this alliance was never interrupted, or permitted to
+decline from its original cordiality. As long as the Gothic flourished,
+Heraldry held its own place in Architecture. And in the finest works
+that exist amongst us, relics of the grand Gothic Ages of English
+Architecture, Heraldry is ever present to adorn them with its graphic
+records. In the spandrels of arcades, in panels, upon bosses in
+vaulting, in stained glass, in encaustic floor-tiles, and indeed in
+almost every position in which such ornamentation could be admissible,
+the early Herald is found to have been the fellow-worker with the early
+Gothic architect. Gothic Architecture, accordingly, has preserved for us
+very noble collections and specimens of the most valuable illustrations
+of our national Heraldry. Canterbury and York Cathedrals, and the Abbey
+Churches of Westminster and St. Alban’s, with the Chapel of King’s
+College, Cambridge, are especially rich in heraldic treasures: and
+Westminster Hall and the northern Castles of Alnwick and Warkworth may
+be specified as noble examples of secular Architecture, which retain
+their heraldic enrichments.
+
+IV. Gothic MONUMENTS, and in common with them their successors of the
+Renaissance era, abound in every variety of armorial blazonry. And fine
+examples of heraldic Monuments are no less abundant, than are the
+Shields and other insignia that appear on particular memorials. The
+principles which directed the selection of Shields to be introduced into
+the composition of early Monuments are worthy of careful consideration:
+and the same remark is no less applicable in the case of Architecture.
+I must be content to specify a very small group of heraldic Monuments of
+especial interest and value. In Westminster Abbey: the Monuments of
+Queens ALIANORE of Castile, PHILIPPA of Hainault, ELIZABETH TUDOR, and
+MARY STUART; the Monuments of King EDWARD III. and King HENRY VII.; and
+those of ALIANORE DE BOHUN, Duchess of GLOUCESTER, the Countess of
+LENNOX, the Countess of DERBY, the two DE VALENCES, Earls of Pembroke,
+EDMUND, Earl of Lancaster, Lord BOURCHIER, and Sir GILES DAUBENEY, K.G.
+In Canterbury Cathedral: the Monuments of the BLACK PRINCE, and of
+HENRY IV. and JOANNA of Navarre. In Salisbury Cathedral: the Monument of
+Earl WILLIAM LONGESPÉE. In St. Alban’s Abbey Church: the Monuments of
+HUMPHREY, Duke of GLOUCESTER, and of the Abbots WHEATHAMSTEDE and
+RAMRYGE. Also, other fine Monuments in the Churches at Elsyng in
+Norfolk, Ewelme and Northleigh in Oxfordshire, King’s Langley in
+Hertfordshire, and Cobham in Kent; in Beverley Minster, and in the
+Beauchamp Chapel at Warwick.
+
+V. In the ILLUMINATIONS of the Middle Ages Heraldry has a place of
+honour: and in the revival of that early Art, which is held in such high
+estimation at the present day, Heraldry ought to occupy a position of
+corresponding prominence. This implies in the Illuminators of to-day
+some knowledge of Heraldry, and at least some degree of familiarity with
+good early examples. I venture to suggest, therefore, to students of
+Illumination the study both of the Herald’s Art and his Science, as no
+unimportant part of their preparation for the practice of the Art of
+Illumination on the principle of the sagacious maxim of a great modern
+painter, quoted by Mr. RUSKIN in his “Seven Lamps of
+Architecture”--“Know what you have to do, and _then_ do it.”
+
+VI. In the ornamentation of early ENCAUSTIC or INLAID PAVEMENT TILES,
+Shields of Arms and various heraldic devices frequently occur: and in
+many examples the Shields of Arms are arranged with much skill and in
+excellent taste, to form decorative compositions in combination with
+foliage and traceries. Numerous heraldic Tiles of a very interesting
+character remain in the Cathedrals of Worcester, Gloucester, and Exeter;
+and in the Churches of Great Malvern, King’s Langley, the Abbey Church
+of St. Alban, and many others. The student will observe that the devices
+upon these Tiles are frequently _reversed_, evidently the result of the
+neglect to reverse the designs upon the original dies or stamps.
+
+VII. Heraldic blazonry was highly esteemed in the Middle Ages as a
+becoming decoration for PERSONAL COSTUME. The Knights wore their _Coats
+of Arms_, and they carried and used their _Shields of Arms_, and their
+armorial insignia were displayed upon their weapons and upon the various
+accessories of their personal equipment. The Ladies adapted this usage
+to their own Costume, and they also wore _Mantles and Dresses of Arms_;
+and many of their personal ornaments were strictly heraldic. Without
+even suggesting now to our Ladies any revival of heraldic costume,
+properly so called--such as dresses, mantles, or shawls emblazoned with
+the bearings of armorial shields--I certainly do desire to see Heraldry
+exercising a powerful influence in all designs for personal ornaments,
+the works of the goldsmith and the jeweller more especially. Badges also
+may supply the motive for designing many patterns that are to adorn
+fabrics used for costume: and, in like manner also, the designs woven
+into carpets, curtains, and various other fabrics may be derived with
+the greatest advantage from the same source. The loom is employed in
+blazoning heraldic insignia in white damask: why should it not work,
+under judicious and cautious guidance, in silk and velvet, in satin and
+every woollen fabric?[13]
+
+ [Footnote 13: I have lately seen a design for the embroidery of a
+ dress for a young lady of the Clan CAMPBELL; its characteristic
+ features are the Scottish Thistle and the Myrtle, the latter the
+ Badge of the Campbells. I may express my approval of the motive of
+ this design: others, as I have reason to believe, have approved the
+ treatment of it.]
+
+It must be understood, however, that heraldic ornaments and devices,
+unless they be of such a character that they are universally applicable,
+must have a reference to the wearer, or they degenerate at once into
+heraldic parodies. Personal ornaments, costume, furniture, if heraldic,
+must display devices that have a significance as well as a beauty: such
+costume and ornaments must be, not “becoming” only to the wearer, but
+(in the heraldic acceptation of that term) “belonging” also. And so in
+every instance.
+
+For purposes of universal decoration and adornment, Heraldry is no less
+applicable now than when EDWARD III. or HENRY IV. reigned in England.
+Happily, a taste for furniture and all the appliances of every-day life
+in the Gothic style is gradually becoming prevalent; and this is
+inseparable from the use of Heraldry for the purposes of ornamentation.
+I presume that the fallacy of regarding the Gothic style of Art as
+exclusively ecclesiastical in its associations and uses, or as no less
+necessarily inseparable from mediæval sentiments and general usages, is
+beginning to give way to more correct views, as the true nature of the
+Gothic and its original universal employment are better understood.
+I consider it to be unnecessary for me, therefore, to enter here, in
+support of my own sentiments, into any detailed explanations to show
+that the revival of a Style of Art which flourished in bygone ages, and
+with it the revival of Heraldry as it was invented and grew into its
+early dignity and popularity, are in no way or degree whatever connected
+with an implied return to the mode of life of four, five, or six
+centuries ago. We have used Roman and even what we intended to be Greek
+Architecture in nineteenth-century England; we are still in the habitual
+use of Roman and Greek designs for every variety of decoration; and of
+late we have added Egyptian and Scandinavian works of Art to the
+deservedly prized collections of models, that we have formed for the
+express purpose of imitating them: and yet we do not consider that we
+thus in any way bind ourselves to adopt Roman, or Greek, or Egyptian, or
+Scandinavian costumes or customs; nor in our use of the Arts of
+Antiquity do we perceive any demonstration of retrogression in
+ourselves.
+
+It is the same with Mediæval Heraldry and Gothic Art. We may apply to
+our own times, our own uses, our own delight, what the old Heralds and
+the Gothic Artists have taught us, without even dreaming of wearing
+armour or re-establishing the feudal system. True Heraldry (for it is
+with Heraldry that I am now more especially concerned) is a Science, and
+it also is an Art, for all time--for our times, and for future times, as
+well as for the times that are past. If we understand and appreciate it,
+we shall not fail to use and to apply it aright.
+
+
+ [Illustration: No. 449.--Seal of Sir WALTER SCOTT,
+ of Branxholm and Kirkurd, A.D. 1529. (Laing).]
+
+From the initial-letter of my first Chapter I suspended the Shield borne
+by that Sir WALTER SCOTT, of Abbotsford, whose name will ever be a
+household word with every lover of what is chivalrous and knightly. Here
+I place the Seal, No. 449, of an earlier Sir WALTER SCOTT, of Branxholm
+and Kirkurd--a Knight of another branch of the same distinguished House,
+who differenced the Shield of Scott so as to bear--_Or, on a bend azure
+a mullet and two crescents gold_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+PEERAGE DIGNITIES
+
+ _The Dignity of Earl-- Of Baron-- The Parliament of 1295-- Landed
+ Qualifications-- Creation of the Title Duke of Cornwall-- The Title of
+ Marquis-- The Premier Baron of England-- The Peerage of Scotland--
+ Scottish remainders-- Daughter Inherits in her own right--
+ Determination of an Abeyance-- The Right to Create Peers of Ireland--
+ Rights and Privileges of a Peeress-- The Daughters of Peers--
+ Anomalies of the English Scale of Precedence._
+
+
+Although the name of the dignity of Earl is derived from a Saxon word,
+the dignity itself, like all others, is more Norman than Saxon in its
+character. At the period of the Conquest, and whilst the Norman dynasty
+was on the throne, there were a number of people who bore this title. At
+that time and for long afterwards, certainly well into the Plantagenet
+period, an Earl within his earldom was little short of a petty
+sovereign. Issues of justice and many other rights of regality were in
+his hands, and he occupied a position very much akin to a viceroy for
+the King, seeing that what he did he did in his own name and as Earl, or
+“comes,” of the County. The High Sheriff was the “vice-comes.” Some of
+the earldoms had more extensive rights of regality than others, some
+were actual palatinates, and all earldoms originally were honours in fee
+heritable by the heir-general. Earldoms had a territorial nature, and
+the Earl took his “third penny” in the issues of the Courts in his
+earldom.
+
+The only other dignity at that period was that of Baron, and just as the
+Earls of to-day have little in common save dignity and title with the
+Earls of the past, so the Barons originally were very unlike the latest
+creations of modern Prime Ministers in the name of the King. At the
+Norman Conquest, and for long afterwards, the Barons, an indeterminate
+number, were those who held their land in barony.
+
+It is a matter of much uncertainty at what date Parliament came into
+being. The word goes back to a much earlier period, and is used
+concerning a variety of meetings which are now generally regarded as
+meetings of different Councils and not of Parliament, but historians are
+agreed that whether or not any earlier meetings can be properly
+described as Parliaments, the Parliament of 1295 was properly and fully
+constituted in all its elements. To this Parliament all those who were
+personally summoned by the King in their own names and were not
+nominated or elected by other people are Peers, and of these Peers those
+who are not described as Earls are Barons. It should, however, be noted
+that Bishops and Abbots were summoned by right of the offices they held,
+and there are certain other officials who were summoned also because of
+their offices and could be distinguished from the Barons and Earls.
+There is no shadow of doubt that the reason for the summoning of the
+Barons was the fact that they were great subjects and important because
+of their ownership of land. It was landowners who had to provide the
+military services for the country, and Parliament was chiefly concerned,
+not in law-making, but in authorising and consulting as to military
+expeditions, or in providing the subsidies necessary for these
+expeditions, and the other services of the Crown. In addition to this
+Peers exercised some of the judicial functions of the Crown. But
+law-making was done by the King and his Council until a later period.
+The landed qualifications which justified the summoning of a man to
+Parliament as a Baron usually descended to his heir and similarly
+justified the summoning of that heir; and in that way, but without any
+intention to that end, the right of summons and the right of peerage
+became hereditary. Originally it had been arbitrary and at the
+discretion of the Crown. It was not until the reign of Edward IV. that
+the hereditary peerage character of a barony was fully recognised, and
+with that recognition came the divorce of the territorial idea from the
+right of peerage. Like ancient earldoms, ancient baronies were honours
+in fee heritable by the heirs general. Save that William the Conqueror
+was Sovereign Lord of the Duchy of Normandy and as such Duke, the
+dignity of duke did not exist in England until 1337, when Edward the
+Black Prince was created Duke of Cornwall with remainder to his heirs
+the eldest sons of the Kings of England. That was the creation of the
+title now enjoyed by the Prince of Wales, but this Duchy of Cornwall and
+the Duchy of Lancaster are really Duchies as distinguished from the
+Dukedoms enjoyed by other people having the designation of Duke.
+
+The title of Marquis dates from 1386, when Richard II. created Robert de
+Vere Marquis of Dublin; and the title of Viscount from 1440, when the
+Viscounty of Beaumont was created. The first Barony by Letters Patent
+was created in 1387, but the oldest surviving barony by patent now in
+existence dates from 1448, when Sir John Stourton was created Baron and
+Lord Stourton of Stourton, co. Wilts. The present Lord Mowbray, Segrave
+and Stourton, who has inherited the barony of Stourton, also claims, as
+Lord Mowbray, to be the premier baron of England although the barony of
+Mowbray is placed on the roll of precedence after the baronies of Le
+Despenser and De Ros. Although earldoms were granted by charters from
+the earliest period, because, attached to the earldom, were also
+material rights which needed to be conveyed, patents did not come into
+use for baronies until it was desired to limit the succession of the
+peerage to the heirs male of the body of the grantee, which is a
+limitation and a less heirship than is comprised in the enjoyment of an
+honour in fee simple. Privilege of peerage with all it entails has been
+a slow growth of accretion; and save for place and precedence and the
+right of any peer or peeress to be tried in the House of Lords, and the
+now limited and threatened right of peers to legislate, little of
+privilege of peerage remains.
+
+The peerage of Scotland is very similar to that of England, and, before
+the Union, the principal difference between the two countries was the
+persistency with which the Scottish peerage remained attached to the
+land. Until a late date a patent creating a Scottish peerage erected
+certain lands into a barony or earldom as the case might be, and
+entailed those lands with the dignity. The difference arising from this
+form of procedure was more than counterbalanced by the recognised and
+constantly-adopted procedure of resigning a Scottish inheritance into
+the hands of the Crown, and then obtaining what is known as a
+“Novodamus,” with either the same or different limitations.
+
+The many Scottish remainders, which are quite unknown to English peerage
+law, are all a consequence of this territorial nature of a Scottish
+peerage. One of the chief differences at the present time between an
+English and a Scottish peerage is to be found in those which are
+heritable by females. Unless governed by special remainder contained in
+the instrument of creation, a Scottish peerage, which in the event of
+failure of a male heir devolves upon a female heir, differs from an
+English one in its manner of descent. In Scotland the elder daughter
+inherits as of right, standing in the line of heirship next after her
+youngest brother and before any uncle or a younger sister. On the other
+hand, such an inheritance is only known by virtue of a special remainder
+in England. All Baronies by writ are Baronies in fee in England, and
+heritable by the heir general, which means that they can if necessary
+devolve upon females. If the only child of a peer having such a peerage
+be a daughter she inherits in her own right, but if his issue is two
+daughters, then the peerage falls into abeyance between them, because
+under the law of England there is no seniority amongst daughters, and as
+both of them cannot enjoy one single peerage, neither of them has it,
+and it remains in abeyance until the Crown interferes or until by the
+natural course of events one line becomes extinguished by the extinction
+of all issue of the one daughter, when the peerage then at once devolves
+upon the heir of the other. Sometimes an abeyance will last several
+hundred years, sometimes it may end with the lapse of one or two; but at
+any time during the continuance of an abeyance the Crown may, at its
+entire pleasure, signify that any co-heir shall enjoy the peerage. This
+is what is termed the determination of an abeyance, and this is effected
+by the issue of a writ of summons to Parliament if the co-heir be a male
+or by the issue of letters patent in the case of a lady. The co-heir in
+whose favour the abeyance is determined then at once enjoys the peerage
+with the same designation and precedence as those who have held it
+hitherto, and his or her heir succeeds in due course.
+
+Although there is one judgment to the contrary, it is now pretty
+universally admitted that there is no such thing as an Irish Barony by
+writ. With the union of England and Scotland, no further peerages of
+either country were created, and subsequent peerages were either of
+Great Britain or of Ireland; and it has been already judicially decided
+by the House of Lords that the power to create a Scottish peerage does
+not now exist in the Crown. There is no similar judgment in relation to
+a peerage of England, but the fact is that no attempt has since been
+made to create one, and though the point up to the present time still
+has to be decided, it is certainly a matter for argument whether or not
+such a right remains. Since the union of Great Britain with Ireland no
+further peerages of Great Britain or of England have been created, but
+the right to create peers of Ireland was specifically retained under
+certain conditions and has been constantly taken advantage of. Other
+peerages since created have, however, been of the United Kingdom.
+Whether or not we shall ever have peerages of the Empire remains a
+matter for the future.
+
+Since the latter part of the seventeenth century it has been the custom
+for peers and peeresses in their own right to sign simply by the
+designation of their peerage. The peeress by marriage prefixes her
+Christian name or initials to her husband’s title. It is statute law in
+Scotland, but not in England, that no person may sign his surname
+without prefixing a Christian name or initials. A peeress by marriage
+who is also a peeress in her own right signs first her husband’s title,
+adding her own afterwards; for instance, the signature of the Countess
+of Yarborough is Marcia Yarborough, Fauconberg and Conyers. One cannot
+call to mind in recent times any instances in which the peeress in her
+own right has married a peer of lower rank than her own, and until such
+a case occurs it is difficult to forecast what the signature should be.
+A peeress by marriage after re-marriage loses all privilege of peerage
+and precedence, and all right which she acquired by marriage, but as a
+matter of courtesy she usually retains her peerage designation if her
+subsequent marriage is to a commoner.
+
+The daughter of a peer if married to another peer takes the precedence
+of her husband and relinquishes her own, but she retains it if she
+marries a commoner; and one of the anomalies of the English scale of
+precedence is to be found in the following circumstances. If the two
+elder daughters of a Duke were to marry an Earl and a Baron
+respectively, whilst the youngest daughter were to run away with the
+footman, she would, nevertheless, rank as the daughter of a Duke above
+her sisters ranking as wives of an Earl and a Baron.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+ Abated, Abatement, 100, 207
+ Abbotsford, 1, 326
+ Abased, 100
+ Aberdeen, Earl of: Arms, 68
+ Abergavenny, Earl of: Arms, 187
+ Abeyance, 330, 331
+ Accollée, 100
+ Accosted, 100
+ Accrued, 82
+ Achievement, Achievement of Arms, 100
+ Addorsed, 86, 100
+ Admirals, 256;
+ “Admiral of England,” 250
+ Admiralty, Flag of, 256
+ Æschylus, 6
+ Affrontée, 100
+ Aggroupment of Arms, 158, 163
+ Agnes de Percy: Seal, 160
+ Agnus Dei, as a Badge, 147, 276
+ Alant, Aland, 100
+ Albany, Duke of, 271
+ Albemarle, Earl of: Supporters, 92
+ Albert, H.R.H., the late Prince. _See_ Prince Consort
+ Albert Medal, 293
+ Alerion, 96, 100
+ Alianore de Bohun. _See_ Bohun
+ Alianore of Aquitaine: Arms, 259
+ Alianore of Castile and Leon:
+ Arms, 162, 166;
+ Monument, 322
+ Alianore, Daughter of Edward I., 77
+ Alice of Hesse, H.R.H., the Princess, 271
+ Alliance, Heraldic Record of, 159, 164;
+ Feudal, 194
+ Allusive Heraldry, 15
+ Alnwick Castle, 322
+ Alphabet, the Letters of the, in Heraldry, 135
+ Aluminium, 47
+ Ambulant, 100
+ Angels, Heraldic figures of, 75;
+ as Supporters, 75, 247
+ Anglo-Saxon Shields and Standards, 5, 55
+ Anglo-Saxon Sovereigns, Arms attributed to the, 18, 259
+ Anjou, Geoffrey, Count of, 188
+ Anjou, Queen Margaret of, 97
+ Annandale, Arms in, 198
+ Anne Boleyn, Queen, 229
+ Anne Stuart, Queen, 253;
+ Arms, 260, 262;
+ Badge, 229;
+ Motto, 265
+ Annulet, Annuletté, 72, 100, 101, 120;
+ in Modern Cadency, 193
+ Antelope, 80, 101
+ Anthony, Saint; his Cross, 101, 154
+ Antique Crown, 101
+ Anvers, Sir T. de: Arms, 202
+ Appaumée, 101
+ Aquitaine: Arms, 259
+ Archbishop, 101;
+ Marshalling his Arms, 173
+ Archdeacon, L’Ercedeckne: Arms, 196
+ Arched, Archy, 101
+ Arderne, Sir J.: Arms, 201
+ Argent, 40, 101
+ Argyll, Duke of:
+ Supporters, 91;
+ Duchess of, 271
+ Arm, Armed, 80, 101, 102
+ Armagh, See of: Arms, 141
+ “Armes Parlantes,” 16, 76, 102
+ Armorial Bearings, 39, 101;
+ Tax on, 313
+ Armory, 2, 101
+ Arms, Shields and Coats of, 2;
+ Aggroupment of, 158;
+ Attributed, 18;
+ Combination of, 158;
+ of Community, 102;
+ of Dominion, 102;
+ of Heiress and Co-heiress, 170, 172;
+ of Herald Kings, 173;
+ of Husband and Wife, 167, 171;
+ of Knight, 174;
+ of Office, 102;
+ Official, 174;
+ of Parlante, 102;
+ of Peeress in her own right, 173;
+ of Prelate, 173;
+ of Royal Personages, 174, 258;
+ of Unmarried Lady, 173;
+ of Widow and Widower, 173
+ Arms, Grants and Confirmations of, 308
+ “Arms found,” 313
+ Arms, right to bear, 308
+ Arragon, Queen Catherine of: Arms, 229
+ Arrow, 102
+ Art, Heraldic, 24, 27, 326
+ Art, Gothic, 325
+ Artificial Figures and Devices in Heraldry, 78
+ Arthur Plantagenet, 190
+ Arthur Tudor, The Prince: Badge, 231
+ Arundel: Arms, 17, 203
+ Arundel, Fitz Alans, Earls of, 89, 191, 215
+ Arundel, Thomas Fitz Alan, Earl of, 118
+ Arundel, Radulphus de: Arms 191
+ Arundel, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+ Ascania, Bernhard of, 113
+ Ashton: Badge, 147
+ Ashwelthorpe: Monument, 215
+ Asscheby (Ashby), Sir R. de: Arms, 203
+ At gaze, 80, 81, 102;
+ At speed, 81
+ Athole, Duke of: Supporters, 91
+ Attires, Attired, 81, 102
+ Attributed Arms, 18
+ Aubernoun, Sir J. d’: Pennon and Arms, 143, 246
+ Augmentation, Augmented, 102
+ Augmentations of Honour, 204;
+ by “Royal Favour,” 206
+ Austria, The Emperor of, 97
+ Avellane, 57, 102
+ Aventinus, 6
+ Azure, 41, 47, 102
+
+ Badge, 102, 103, 175, 220;
+ Varieties of, 221, 222;
+ Examples of, 224, 241;
+ marked for Cadency, 192, 226;
+ in Seals, 164, 225;
+ peculiarly appropriate for present use, 227;
+ to supersede Crests, 218, 227;
+ borne by Ladies, 277;
+ Royal, 220;
+ in Modern Heraldry, 309
+ Badge, of Ostrich Feathers, 230;
+ of Garter, 278;
+ of Thistle, 280;
+ of St. Patrick, 281;
+ of Bath, 283, 284, 285;
+ of Star of India, 288
+ Badge, Yorkist, 121
+ Badges, granted and recorded, 309
+ Badges, worn by, 251
+ Badlesmere, Sir B. de: Arms, 202
+ Balliol: Arms, 66;
+ Sir Alexander de, Seal, 103, 210
+ Balliol College, Oxford, 66
+ Bannebury, Sir R. de, 202
+ Branded 103
+ Banner, Armorial, 3, 103, 247;
+ blazoning of, 39;
+ made on field of Battle, 248;
+ Royal, 266;
+ marked for Cadency, 192, 252;
+ on Seals, 239;
+ at Sea, 250;
+ of Leicester, 14;
+ of Templars, 13, 276
+ Banneret, 103;
+ creation of, 248
+ Bannerman, W. Bruce, 302
+ Bar, 51, 103;
+ examples of, 201
+ Barbarossa, The Emperor, 113
+ Barbed, 103
+ Barbel, 77, 103
+ Barded, Bardings, 103
+ Bardoff: Arms, 182;
+ John Lord, 318
+ Barkele. _See_ Berkeley
+ Barnacles, Breys, 103
+ Baron, 103, 104, 328;
+ Baroness, 104
+ Baronet, 104
+ Barre, de: Arms, 103, 162;
+ Joan de, 162, 224;
+ Henry de, 162;
+ John de, 77
+ Barrulée, Barruly, 52, 104
+ Barrulet, 51, 106, 182
+ Barry, 52, 104
+ Barry Bendy, 60, 104
+ Bars Gemelles, 52, 103, 126
+ Bar-wise, 53, 104
+ Base, 33, 105
+ Basilisk, 105
+ Basinet, 105, 218
+ Basingborne, Wm. de: Arms, 70
+ Bassett: Arms, 62
+ Bat in Heraldry, 79
+ Bath Herald, 131
+ Bath, Order of the, 283;
+ Knights of, 284;
+ Companions of, 284;
+ Insignia of, 284;
+ Stalls of Knights, 286
+ Bath, Marquess of, 92
+ Baton, 105;
+ Sinister, 190, 191
+ Battled, or Embattled, 105
+ Bayeux Tapestry, 5
+ Beacon, Fire Beacon, 105
+ Beaked, 105
+ Bear, in Heraldry, 76;
+ Bear and Ragged Staff, 221, 321
+ Bearer, 105
+ Bearings, Armorial Bearings, 39, 105.
+ _See_ Arms
+ Beasts, in Heraldry, 76
+ Beatrice, H.R.H., The Princess, 271
+ Beauchamp, Earl Richard de, 164, 171, 208, 319;
+ his Badges, 221;
+ at Jousts at Calais, 223
+ Beauchamp, Earl Thomas de, 169, 319, 320
+ Beauchamp, K.G., Earl Richard, 146
+ Beauchamp, of Warwick: Arms, 169, 171, 183;
+ Badges, 146
+ Beauchamp, of Bletshoe: Arms, 183
+ Beauchamp, of Elmley: Arms 183
+ Beauchamp, at Carlaverock: Arms, 183
+ Beauchamp: Differences, 187
+ Beauchamp Chapel, the, at Warwick, 169, 187, 322
+ Beaufort: Arms and Differences, 189, 190, 192;
+ Badge, 140, 233
+ Beaufort, Margaret de, 169, 170, 233
+ Beaufort, John de, 189, 190, 236
+ Beaufort, Henry de, 189
+ Beaumont, Bishop Lewis de: Effigy and Arms, 159
+ Beaumont, Sir J.: Crest, 216
+ Beaumont, Viscount, 329
+ Beausseant, 13, 276
+ Bec, Bishop Anthony, 56
+ Beckyngton, Bishop: Rebus, 147
+ Bedford, Isabelle, Countess of, 223
+ Bedford, John, Duke of, 181
+ Bedford, the Duke of: Supporters, 91
+ Bees, in Heraldry, 79
+ Beeston, Arms, 79
+ Bell, 105
+ Belled, 105
+ Bend, 58, 105, 191;
+ Examples, 201;
+ Sinister, 60
+ Bendlet, 58, 105, 191;
+ in Cadency, 182;
+ Sinister, 191
+ Bendwise, or Bendways, distinction between, 59
+ Bend-wise, In Bend, 59, 105
+ Bendy, 59, 105
+ Bennett, John: Grant of Arms to, 311
+ Bere, Sir de la: Crest, 206
+ Berham, Sir Wm. de, 202
+ Berkeley:
+ Arms, 183, 196, 241;
+ Badge, 138, 224, 241;
+ Crest, 138, 241
+ Berkeroles, Sir Wm. de: Arms, 202
+ Bermyngham, Sir Wm. de: Arms, 201
+ Bernhard, of Ascania, 113
+ Beverley Minster, 27, 106, 159
+ Bezant, 71, 105;
+ Bezantee, 72
+ Bilbesworth, Sir H. de: Arms, 97
+ Billet, Billettée, 64, 70, 105
+ Birds, in Heraldry, 76, 105
+ Birds of prey, 80
+ Bird-bolt, 102, 105
+ Bishop, 105, 173
+ Bishops, Suffragan, 106
+ Black Prince, _See_ Edward
+ Blasted, 82, 106
+ Blazon, 31, 106;
+ Epithets and Terms in, 80, 106;
+ modern refinement of, 52
+ Blazoning, 31, 39, 45, 106;
+ Descriptive, 46, 106;
+ in Tinctures, 47
+ Blazonry, 31, 106
+ Blondeville, Ranulph de: Arms, 195
+ Blue Ensign, 256
+ Bluemantle, 130
+ Bluet, Sir Wm.: Arms, 202
+ Blundell: Arms, 65
+ Blyborough, Monument at, 106
+ Boar, in Heraldry, 106;
+ Boar’s Head, 76
+ Bohemia, the King of, 230
+ Bohun, De, Earl of Hereford:
+ Arms, 59, 89;
+ Crest, 91;
+ Badge, 155, 164, 251
+ Bohun, Alianore de, 162, 169, 323
+ Bohun, Mary de, 153
+ Bohun, Earl Humphrey de, 59, 83
+ Bohun, Sir Gilbert de, 59
+ Bohun, Oliver de, 201, 225
+ Boleyn, Queen Anne: Arms, 207, 229
+ Bolingbroke, the Viscount: Supporters, 99
+ Bologne, Godfrey de, 96
+ Bordet, Sir R.: Arms, 202
+ Bordoun, Sir J.: Arms, 17, 106, 141
+ Bordure, 43, 68, 106;
+ Examples, 26, 181;
+ Quartered and Impaled, 169;
+ Componée, 192;
+ Wavy, 192;
+ of France, 124
+ Bostock, Hugo: Arms, 97
+ Boterels, Sir R. de: Arms, 203
+ Botiler, Le: Arms, 50, 58, 115. _See_ Butler
+ Botonée, Botonée Fitchée, 56, 106
+ Bottetourt: Arms, 241
+ Bottreaux, Margaret: Seal, 240
+ Bouget, Water Bouget, 106
+ Bourchier, Lord: Arms, 241, 323
+ Bourchier, Sir H. de: Arms, 110, 216
+ Bourchier Knot, 106, 133
+ Bourdon, 17, 106
+ Bow, Bowed, 107
+ Bowen Knot, 107, 133
+ Braced, 107
+ Bradestone, Sir T. de: Arms, 223
+ Brewys, Sir Wm. de, 187
+ Brey, Sir Reginald de: Badge, 60, 104
+ Breys, 107
+ Brian, Bryan, Sir Guy de: Arms, 62
+ Brittany: Arms, 14, 165
+ Brittany, John, Duke of, 163
+ Brivere, Sir W. de: Badge, 135, 138
+ Brisure, Brizure, 107
+ Bromesgrove, 217
+ Bronscombe, Bishop, 125
+ Broom-plant, 17
+ Brownlow, the Earl: Supporters, 92
+ Bruce, de: Arms, 161, 198
+ Bruce, Margaret, Lady de Ros: Seal, 164
+ Bruce, King Robert de, 150
+ Bruce, Robert de, Earl of Carrick: Seal, 224
+ Brunswick: Arms, 262
+ Brus, Sir Bernard de: Arms, 50
+ Buccleuch, Duke of: Difference, 191
+ Buck, 116
+ Buckle. _See_ Fermail
+ Burgh, de: Arms, 164
+ Burgh, Elizabeth de: Arms, 164
+ Burgh, Hubert de: Arms, 69
+ Burgh, William de: Arms, 163
+ Burgonet, 107
+ Burke, Sir B.: his “Peerage,” 98
+ Burnett, George, Esquire, Lord Lyon, 307
+ Burton, Abbot: Rebus, 147
+ Butterflies, in Heraldry, 79
+ Buttons, Heraldic, 222
+ Bygod, Sir R., 202
+ Byron: Arms, 119
+
+ Cabossed, or Caboshed, 81, 107
+ Cadency, 107, 178;
+ Marked, 179;
+ Marks of, 107, 179;
+ by Label, 179;
+ by Bordure, 181, 192;
+ by Bendlet, 181, 189;
+ by Canton, 182, 191;
+ by Change of Tinctures, 182;
+ by Change of Charges, 182;
+ by Small Charges, 182;
+ by Official Insignia, 184;
+ by Single Small Charge, 186;
+ of Illegitimacy, 187, 192;
+ Marked on Badges, Banners, Crests, Mantlings, Standards,
+ and Supporters, 192, 22, 249;
+ Modern, 193
+ Cadency, King Richard II. on, 200
+ Cadency, unpierced mullet, 139
+ Cadet, 107
+ Calais, Citizens of, 198
+ Calf, 76
+ Caltrap, 107
+ Calvary Cross, 55
+ Calveley: Arms, 76
+ Cambridge, H.R.H., the Duke of, 270
+ Camden, 139, 230
+ Camoys, Eliz., Lady, 169
+ Camoys, Thos., Lord de, 110, 169
+ Camoys, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+ Campbell: Arms, 71;
+ Badge, 324
+ Canterbury: Arms of See, 141;
+ Arms of Deanery, 135;
+ Archbishop of, 101;
+ Heraldry of the Cathedral, 236, 322
+ Canterbury, Wm. de Courtenay, Archbishop of, 184
+ Canting Heraldry, 16, 107
+ Canton, Cantoned, 64, 107;
+ in Cadency, 180, 190
+ Canton and Quarter distinction, 65
+ Cantons, Chiefs and Inescutcheons of, 204
+ Canvyle, Sir G. de: Arms, 204
+ Caple, Sir R. de: Arms, 202
+ Carbuncle. _See_ Escarbuncle
+ Carew, Sir Nicholas: Arms, 89
+ Carlaverock, Roll of, 12, 258
+ Carlisle, 13
+ Carlisle, Earl of: Supporters, 92
+ Carnarvon, Earl of: Supporters, 92
+ Carrick, Earl o, 224
+ Carru, Sir N., 204
+ Cartouche, 37, 107
+ Castile and Leon: Arms, 17, 102, 166
+ Castile and Leon, Queen Alianore of, 166
+ Castile and Leon, Ferdinand III., King of, 166;
+ Pedro, King of, 248
+ Castle, 102, 107
+ Castle-acre Priory, 44
+ Catherine, Queen, of Arragon, 229
+ Catherine Parr, Queen, 229
+ Cavalry Standards, 256
+ Cave: Motto, 138
+ Cavendish: Motto, 138
+ Celestial Crown, 107
+ Centaur, Sagittarius, 108, 258
+ Cercelée, Recercelée, 56, 108
+ Chaffinch, 76
+ Champagne: Arms, 124
+ Chandos, Sir P. de, 62;
+ Sir John, 248
+ Chapeau, 108, 213, 215
+ Chaplet, 108
+ Charge, 38, 108;
+ Miscellaneous, 70;
+ Secondary, 183;
+ Single Small, 186
+ Charlemagne: his Crown, 262
+ Charles I., 191, 279;
+ Arms, 260;
+ Badge, 229;
+ Crown, 266
+ Charles II., 103, 192, 205, 279;
+ Arms, 260;
+ Badge, 229
+ Charles V., of France, 78, 122
+ Charlestone, Sir. J.: Arms, 96
+ Charteris, 139
+ Chartham, 120
+ Chastillon: Arms, 163, 168;
+ Guy de, 163
+ Chaucer, Geoffrey, 200
+ Chaworth, De: Arms, 164;
+ Matilda de, Seal, 164
+ Chequée, Chequy, Checky, 43, 108
+ Chess-rook, 109
+ Chester, County Palatine of, 195;
+ Arms, 195, 267;
+ Ranulph, Earl of, 195
+ Chester, Earls of, 195
+ Chester Herald, 130
+ Chevron, Chevronel, Chevronnée, Chevrony, 61, 109;
+ Examples, 203
+ Chief, 33, 49, 109;
+ Examples, 201
+ Childrey, Brass at, 154
+ Chivalry, High Court of, 200, 201;
+ Order of, 275
+ Cholmondeley: Motto, 139
+ Christchurch, Oxford, 236
+ Church-Bell. _See_ Bell
+ Cinquefoil, 109
+ Cinque Ports: Arms, 168
+ Civic Crown, 109
+ Clare, De: Arms, 61, 196;
+ Badge 109
+ Clare, Gilbert de, the “Red Earl,” 95
+ Clare, in Suffolk, 196
+ Claremont Nesle: Arms, 169
+ Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, 164, 180
+ Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, 181
+ Clarenceux, 109, 130, 131;
+ Arms, 131
+ Clarendon, K.G., Earl of, 57
+ Clarendon, Sir Roger de: Arms, 191
+ Clarendon, the Earl of, Supporters, 99
+ Clarion, 109
+ Clasps, 290
+ Clechee, 57, 109
+ Cleveland, Duke of: Difference, 191
+ Clifford, Lord, 50, 51
+ Clintone, Clinton, Sir J. de, 50, 201;
+ of Maxtoke, 201;
+ Badge, 224
+ Close, 109, 116
+ Closed, 81
+ Closet, 109
+ Clouée, 71, 109
+ Coat of Arms, 3, 109, 324
+ Coat Armour, 109
+ Cobham Monuments, 323
+ Cockatrice, 79, 110
+ Cockayne: Arms, 76
+ Co-Heiress: Arms, 170
+ Coinage, Heraldry of the, 316
+ Coleville, Sir R. de: Arms, 201
+ Collar, 110, 130;
+ of the Garter, 278;
+ of the Thistle, 200;
+ of St. Patrick, 281;
+ of the Bath, 283;
+ of the Star of India, 287
+ College of Arms or Heralds’ College. _See_ Herald
+ College of Arms, Arms of, 131
+ Colour, 40, 41, 47, 110
+ “Colours,” 110, 265
+ Combattant, 86, 110
+ Combination of Arms, 158, 165
+ Compartment, 110
+ Complement, 111
+ Componée, Compony, or Gobony, 43, 111;
+ Bordure, 191
+ Compound Badges, 133
+ Compound Quartering, 34, 111
+ Compounded Arms, 111, 158, 164
+ Confessor, the, 206. _See_ St. Edward
+ Confirmation of Arms, 308;
+ Example, 312
+ Conjoined in Eure, 111
+ Connaught, H.R.H. Duke of, 271
+ Consort, H.R.H., the late Prince: Arms, 266;
+ Difference, 266;
+ Coronet, 267, 294;
+ Crest, 267;
+ Supporters, 267;
+ Motto, 267
+ Contoise, 111, 211
+ Contournée, 111
+ Controversy, the Scrope and Grosvenor, 200
+ Corbet: Arms, 17
+ Cork, Earl of: Supporters, 92
+ Cornish Chough, 111
+ Cornwall, Edmund, Earl of, 94;
+ Richard, Earl of, 68, 83, 94, 204
+ Cornwall, Piers Gaveston, Earl of, 95
+ Coronet, 111
+ Costume, Heraldry of, 324
+ Cosynton, Sir S. de: Arms, 223
+ Cotise, Cotised, 53, 58, 111
+ Couchant, Dormant, 86, 111
+ Couchée, 38, 111
+ Count, Countess, 112
+ Counter, 112
+ Counter-changing, 44, 112, 254
+ Counter Componée, 43, 112
+ Counter Embattled, 112
+ Counter Passant, 86
+ Counter Potent, 41
+ Counter Rampant, 86
+ Counter Salient, 86
+ Counter-Seal, 112
+ Counter-Vair, 41
+ Couped, 54, 87, 112
+ Couple-Close, 112
+ Courant, 81, 112
+ Courtenay, William de, Archbishop, 184;
+ Peter de, Bishop, 226
+ Courtenay Earl Edward de, 141, 214;
+ Badge, 226
+ Courtesy, Titles of, 112
+ Courthope, William, Esq., late Somerset Herald, 9
+ Coventry, Earl of: Supporters, 99
+ Coward, Cowed, 86, 112
+ Crampet, 112
+ Crancelin, 112
+ Crawford, Deverguilla: Seal, 239
+ Crenelated, 113
+ Crescent, 68, 113;
+ in Modern Cadency, 193
+ Cresset, 113
+ Crest, 113, 174, 208;
+ Early, 213;
+ Marked for Cadency, 193;
+ Differenced, 216;
+ as originally worn, 218;
+ two or more, 219;
+ superseded by Badge, 218, 227;
+ of England, 90, 264;
+ of Scotland, 90, 264;
+ of English Princes, 90, 266;
+ of Edward III., 99;
+ German, 212
+ Crest-Coronet, 113, 119
+ Crest-Wreath, 113, 120, 123
+ Crests, Inheritance of, 219
+ Cretinge, Sir J. de: Arms, 202
+ Crined, 114
+ Crombe, de: Arms, 62
+ Cross, 54, 114;
+ Throughout, 54;
+ Couped, or Humettée, 54;
+ Voided, 55;
+ Fimbriated, 54;
+ of St. George, 54, 253;
+ of St. Andrew, 61, 253;
+ of St. Patrick, 61, 253;
+ of St. Anthony, or Tau, 55;
+ Greek, 55;
+ Latin, 55;
+ Quarter-pierced, 54;
+ Quarterly-pierced, 55;
+ on Degrees, 55;
+ Calvary, 55;
+ Heraldic Varieties of, 55;
+ Quadrate, 55, 145;
+ Patriarchal, 55, 142;
+ Fourchée, 55, 125;
+ Moline, 55, 138, 193;
+ Recercelée, 56, 150;
+ Patonce, 56, 142;
+ Fleury, 56, 125;
+ Fleurettee, 56, 125;
+ Pommée, 56;
+ Botonée, or Treflée, 56, 106;
+ Crosslet, 56;
+ Clechée, 57, 109;
+ Patee, or Formée, 57, 142;
+ Maltese, and of eight points, 57;
+ Potent, 57, 144;
+ Avellane, 57, 103;
+ Fitchée, 58, 121
+ Crosslet, Crossed Crosslet, 56
+ Crown, 114, 139, 266
+ Crown of India, Order of, 294
+ Crozier, 114
+ Crusader Kings, The: Arms, 43
+ Crusades, 4
+ Crusilée, Crusily, 56, 115
+ Cubit-Arm, 115
+ Cumberland, H.R.H. Duke of, 271
+ Cummin: Arms, 95
+ Cup, Covered Cup, 115
+ “Curiosities of Heraldry,” by Mr. M. A. Lower, 303
+ Cushion, Pillow, Oreiller, 115
+ Cyclas, 153
+ Czar, The: Arms, 92
+
+ Dacre Knot, 115, 134
+ Dageworth, Sir J.: Arms, 51, 201
+ Dalmenhurst: Arms, 269
+ Dancetté, 35, 70, 115, 157
+ Danse. _See_ Dancetté
+ Darcy, D’Arcy: Arms, 65
+ Darnley, Lord: Arms, 68
+ Daubeney, Sir Giles, K.G., 323
+ D’Aubigny: Arms, 170
+ Debased, 115
+ Debruised, 115
+ Decoration, Heraldic, 324
+ Decrescent, In Detriment, 80, 115
+ Deer, 80, 115
+ Degrees, 55, 116
+ Deincourt: Arms, 70
+ Delamere, Sir John, 96;
+ Sir G., 202
+ Demembered, Dismembered, 116
+ Demi, 116
+ Demi-Eagle, 99
+ Demi-Lion, 87
+ Denbigh, Earl of, 98
+ Denmark: Arms, 83, 268
+ Dependency, Feudal, 194
+ Depressed, 116
+ Despencer, Le: Arms, 171;
+ Barony, 329
+ Despencer, Isabelle le, 171;
+ Bishop Henry le, 186, 215;
+ John le, 150
+ Devon, Earl of, 214
+ Dexter, 32, 33, 116
+ Deyville, Sir J. de, 202
+ Diaper, Diapering, 44, 116
+ Difference, Differencing, 116, 177, 190, 194
+ Differenced Shields, 186, 200
+ Differences, Temporary, 177;
+ Permanent, 177;
+ for Distinction only, 199;
+ of Illegitimacy, 187
+ Dignities, 31
+ Dimidiation, Dimidiated, 116, 162, 167
+ Disclosed, 116
+ Displayed, 81, 116
+ Disposition, Disposed, 45, 116
+ Distinguished Service Order, 292
+ Ditzmers: Arms, 269
+ Dividing and Border Lines, 34, 116
+ Dolphin, 7, 77, 78, 82, 116
+ Dormant, 86, 116
+ Double-queued, 116
+ Doubling, 116
+ Douglas: Arms, 74;
+ Crest, 149;
+ Badge, 224;
+ Augmentation, 206
+ Douglas Sir James, 74;
+ Lord William, 74;
+ the first Earl, 74
+ Douglas and Mar William, Earl of, 94
+ Dove-tail, 35, 116
+ Doyle, 139
+ Dragon, 79, 116
+ “Dresses of Arms,” 324
+ Dreux, De: Arms, 116, 165
+ Dreux, J. de, Duke of Brittany, 163, 165
+ Drummond, John: Seal, 244
+ Drury: Arms, 154
+ Dublin, De Vere, Marquess of, 136, 329
+ Dublin: Arms of, See, 141
+ Ducal Coronet, 117
+ Duchess, 117
+ Duchies of Cornwall and Lancaster, 329
+ Dudley, Earl Robert, 208
+ Dudley, Thomas: Seal, 216
+ Duke, 116, 329
+ Dunboyne, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+ Durem, Sir G. de, 202
+ Durham, 14
+
+ Eagle, 117;
+ Heraldic, 25, 76;
+ in Stained glass at York, 92;
+ sculptured in Westminster Abbey, 92;
+ with one Head, 92;
+ with two Heads, 93;
+ Imperial, crowned, 95;
+ with Nimbus, 95;
+ Drawing of, 98;
+ Austrian, 98;
+ French, 98;
+ as Supporter, 99;
+ as Badge, 148
+ Eagles and Hawks, 81
+ Eaglet, 95, 99, 117
+ Earl, 117, 327
+ Earl Marshal, the, 131
+ Eastern, Radiated, or Antique Crown, 118
+ Ecclesal Ekeleshale: Arms, 197
+ Ecclesiastics, Heraldic decoration of their Vestments, 159
+ Echingham, De: Arms, 71
+ Edinburgh, H.R.H., the Duke of, 280
+ Edmond, Son of Edward I., 181
+ Edmund, Saint: Arms, 19, 206, 259
+ Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, 94
+ Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, 123, 179, 181, 323
+ Edward, Saint, the Confessor: Arms, 19, 181
+ Edward I.: Label as Prince Royal, 178;
+ Arms, 259;
+ Badge, 228;
+ Barding of Charger, 103;
+ Rolls of Arms of his era, 13
+ Edward II.: Label as Prince Royal, 178;
+ Arms, 259;
+ Badge, 228;
+ Roll of Arms of his era, 13
+ Edward III.: Label as Prince Royal, 178;
+ Arms, 259;
+ quarters France Ancient, 123;
+ Crest, 90, 99, 213, 263;
+ Badges, 227, 232;
+ Supporters, 237;
+ Heraldry of his Monument, 26, 169;
+ Roll of Arms of his era, 13;
+ Heraldry in his time, 9;
+ his love of Heraldry, 223;
+ founds the Order of the Garter, 276
+ Edward IV.: Arms, 260;
+ Supporters, 91, 264;
+ Badges, 229;
+ Coins, 317;
+ grants Augmentations, 213
+ Edward V.: Arms, 260
+ Edward VI.: Arms, 260;
+ Supporters, 264;
+ Badges, 229;
+ bears the Ostrich Feather Badge, 230;
+ Coins, 316
+ Edward VII. _Vide_ King
+ Edward the Black Prince: Arms, 134, 178, 191;
+ Crest, 91, 215;
+ Badge, 230, 231;
+ Motto, 234;
+ First English Duke and Prince of Wales, 116, 234, 329;
+ at Navaret, 248;
+ his Will, 234;
+ his Monument, 26, 233
+ Eglesfield, Robert de: Arms, 97
+ Eglintoun, Earls of, 11
+ Eleanor. _See_ Alianore
+ Electoral Bonnet, 118, 263
+ Elford, Monuments at, 215
+ Elizabeth, Queen: Arms, 260;
+ Supporters, 264;
+ Badges and Mottoes, 229, 265;
+ Changes Colour of Ribbon of the Garter, 126, 279;
+ her Monument, 322
+ Elizabeth, Countess of Holland and of Hereford, 161
+ Elsyng, Brass at, 216, 323
+ Eltham, Prince John of, 26, 124, 165, 181, 250
+ Embattled, and Counter Embattled, 34, 118
+ Emblazoning, 47
+ Emblems, 9
+ Embowed, 82, 118
+ Embrued, 118
+ Endorse, Endorsed, 53, 118
+ Enfiled, 118
+ England: Arms, 27, 83, 89, 258;
+ Royal Heraldry of, 258, 267;
+ Patron Saints of, 19;
+ Lions of, 87, 258;
+ Crest, 90, 263;
+ Supporters, 91, 264;
+ Badges, 149, 228;
+ Crowns, 266;
+ Flags, 253
+ England, Bordure Wavy, 191, 192
+ Engrailed, 34, 118, 197
+ Enhanced, 118
+ Ensign, 255;
+ Red, 255;
+ White, 256;
+ Blue, 256
+ Ensigned, 119
+ Entire, Entoire, Entoyre, 119
+ Enveloped, Environed, 119
+ Epithets, Heraldic, and Descriptive Terms, 80
+ Equipped, 119
+ Eradicated, 82, 119
+ Erased, 87, 119
+ Ermine, Ermines, Erminois, 41, 42, 119
+ Erne, 96, 119
+ Erneford, Wm. de: Arms, 96
+ Erskine: Arms, 53
+ Escallop or Escallop-Shell, 59, 77, 78, 120
+ Escarbuncle, 15, 119
+ Eschales: Arms, 17
+ Escroll, 119
+ Escutcheon, 119;
+ of Pretence, 120, 170, 314
+ Esquire, 120
+ Essex, Henry, Earl of, 216
+ Essex, Earl of, Geoffrey de, 15
+ Essex, the Earl of: Supporters, 92
+ Estate, 120
+ Estoile, 120
+ Estoteville, Sir N. de: Arms, 202
+ Estwick: Motto, 139
+ Etone, Sir N. de: Arms, 96
+ Eureux, D’, of Salisbury, 188
+ Ewelme, 323
+ Exeter Cathedral, 111, 231
+ Exeter, Hollands, Dukes of, 181;
+ John Grandison, Bishop of, 184
+ Exeter, Marquess of: Supporters, 92
+ Expression, Styles and Forms of, 30
+
+ Fabulous Beings, in Heraldry, 79
+ Fairfax: Motto, 138
+ Falconer: Arms, 17
+ False, 120;
+ False Cross, 55;
+ False Escutcheon, 66;
+ False Roundle, 72, 120
+ Fan, or Winnowing Fan, or Vane, 120
+ Fan-Crest, 120, 210
+ Faroe Islands: Arms, 264
+ Fauconberg, Sir Wm.: Arms, 203
+ Feathers, in Heraldry, 120. _See_ Ostrich Feathers
+ Fees, for Grants of Arms, &c., 308, 310
+ Felbrigge, Sir S. de, K.G., 121
+ Felbrigg, Brass at, 121
+ Femme, 120
+ Fenwick, John: Arms, 44
+ Fer-de-Moline, or Mill rind, 120
+ Fermail, Fermaux, 121
+ Ferrers, De: Arms, 185;
+ Anne, de, 185;
+ Margaret, de, 170;
+ William, Lord, of Groby, 185;
+ Lord, of Chartley, 215
+ Fess or Fesse, 50, 121;
+ Examples, 201
+ Fesse-Point, 33, 121
+ Fesse-wise, In Fesse, 51, 121
+ Fessways, 105
+ Fetter-lock, 121
+ Feudal Alliance and Dependency, Heraldic Record of, 159, 194
+ Feudal Influence, in Heraldry, 201
+ Feudal Tenure, 274
+ Field, 38, 121;
+ Varied Fields, 42;
+ “Of the Field,” 43
+ Fife, H.R.H. Duchess of, 271
+ File, 121
+ Fillet, 121
+ Fimbriation, Fimbriated, 54, 121
+ Finned, 82
+ Fish, in Heraldry, 77, 82, 103, 121
+ Fishbourne, Giles de: Arms, 78
+ Fitched, 57
+ Fitchee, 58, 121
+ Fitton: Motto, 138
+ Fitz Alan, of Bedale, 52
+ Fitz Alan, Earl of Arundel, 83, 89, 118, 215
+ Fitz Parnel, Earl Robert, 195
+ Fitz Payne, Sir R. le: Arms, 204
+ Fitz Ralph: Arms, 196
+ Fitz Walter, Robert Le: Arms, 51
+ Fitz Warine, Fitz Waryn: Arms, 14;
+ Sir Fulk de, 186
+ Fitz Urse: Arms, 76
+ Flags, 257;
+ Military, 256, 257;
+ Four remarks upon, 257
+ Flanches, Flasques, 68, 69, 122
+ Flanched, 191
+ Fleur de Lys, 122;
+ quartered by Edward III, 124;
+ Removed from Royal Shield of England, 262;
+ in Modern Cadency, 193
+ Fleurie, or Fleury, 56, 125
+ Fleurettée, Florettée, 56, 125
+ Flexed, 125
+ Flighted, 102, 125
+ Flodden Field, 205
+ Fly, 125
+ Flory-counter-flory, 35
+ Foliated, 125
+ Formée, 57
+ Forneus, Sir R. de: Arms, 62
+ Forth, Viscount: Seal, 244
+ Fountain, 72, 125
+ Fourchée, Queue Fourchée, 55, 86, 125
+ Fraise, 193
+ “France Ancient,” 122, 124;
+ “France Modern,” 122, 125;
+ “Bordure of France,” 124;
+ “Label of France,” 123;
+ Imperial Eagle of, 99
+ Fraser, Wm.: Seal, 193
+ Frederick II., Emperor: Arms, 92
+ Frere: Arms, 58
+ Fret, Frette, Frettée, Fretty, 64, 71, 125, 133
+ Froissart, 248, 273
+ Fructed, 82, 125
+ Furs, 40, 42, 125
+ Furnival, De: Arms, 182, 203
+ Fusil, Fusillée, Fusily, 70, 125
+ Fylfot, 125
+ Fynderne, Wm., 156
+
+ Gad, Gadlyng, 125
+ Galley, 125
+ Gambe. _See_ Jambe
+ Garb, 125, 195, 201
+ Garnished, 125
+ Garter, Order of the, 125, 276;
+ Insignia of the, 125, 278;
+ Stalls and Garter Plates of Knights, 278;
+ Officers, 278
+ Garter King-of-Arms, 126, 130;
+ Arms, 131
+ Gaveston, Piers: Arms, 95
+ Gemelles. _See_ Bars Gemelles
+ Gem-Ring, 126
+ Genealogies, 300
+ Genet, 126
+ Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, 188
+ George, Saint: Arms, 19, 126, 253;
+ Chapel of, 103
+ George, The, of the Garter, 126, 278;
+ The Lesser, 126, 278
+ George I.: Arms, 263
+ George II.: Arms, 263
+ George III.: Arms, 263
+ George IV.: Arms, 263
+ Gerattyng, 126
+ German Empress, 271
+ Germany, the Emperor of: Arms, 92
+ Germany, the King of: Arms, 92
+ Geytone, Sir J. de: Arms, 201;
+ Sir P. de, 202
+ Ghent, Prince John of, 179, 189, 232, 235, 241
+ Giffard: Arms, 152
+ Giffard, Sir A., 72;
+ Sir J., 89, 204
+ Gimmel-Ring, 126
+ Girt, Girdled, 126
+ Gliding, 82
+ “Glossary of Heraldry,” The Oxford, 31
+ Glossary of Titles, Names, and Terms, 100
+ Gloucester, Alianore, Duchess of, 323.
+ _See_ De Bohun
+ Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 181, 236, 323;
+ Thomas, Duke of, 232, 235, 322
+ Gloucester, Thomas le Despencer, Earl of, 171
+ Gloucester, Ralph de Monthermer, Earl of, 95
+ Gloucester Cathedral, Tiles at, 323
+ Gold, 42, 47
+ Golpe, 72
+ Gonfannon, 126
+ Gorged, 127
+ Gorges, R. de: Arms, 127
+ Gothic Architecture, Heraldry in, 321
+ Gothic Art, its Heraldic Character, 325
+ Gothic Monuments, Heraldry of, 322
+ Gough, Lord: Arms, 23
+ Gouttée, Guttée, 127
+ Grafton, Duke of: Supporters, 91;
+ Differences, 191
+ Graham, Robert: Seal, 242
+ Grand Quartering, Grand Quarters, 35, 127, 166
+ Grandison: Arms, 5, 96, 184
+ Grandison, Bishop John de, 184
+ Grants of Arms, 308;
+ Example, 309
+ Great Malvern, Tiles at, 323
+ Great Yarmouth: Arms, 168
+ Greek Cross, 55
+ Greenland: Arms, 269
+ Greville, Earl of, 208
+ Grey: Arms, 52;
+ Crest of Sir Richard de Grey, K.G., 215
+ Grieces, 127
+ Griffin. _See_ Gryphon
+ Grosvenor: Arms, 195;
+ Sir R. de, 58, 200
+ Gryphon, Griffin, 79, 80
+ Guardant, 85, 127
+ “Guide to the Study of Heraldry,” by Mr. Montagu, 2, 9, 191
+ Guige, 127
+ Gules, 41, 48, 127
+ Gurges, Gorges, 127
+ Gyron, Gyronnée, Gyronny, 34, 64, 70, 127
+
+ Habited, 127
+ Hainault, the Counts of: Arms, 83
+ Hainault, Queen Philippa of, 230, 232
+ Hames, Haimes, 127
+ Hamilton, Crest, 150, 213
+ Hamilton, Duke of, 150
+ Hamilton, Sir Gilbert de, 150
+ Hammer, or martel, 127
+ Hanover, 263;
+ Arms, 262
+ Harcourt, Sir R.: Arms, 217;
+ Harecourt, or Harcourt: Arms, 51, 182
+ Hardinge, Viscount: Supporters, 92
+ Hardwick, Earl of: Supporters, 92
+ Harp, 127
+ Harris: Arms, 76
+ Harington Knot, 133
+ Harsyck, Sir J.: Crest, 216
+ Hart, 81, 116, 127
+ Hastilude, 128
+ Hastings, the Earl, 196;
+ Edmund de, 196;
+ Edward, Lord, 133;
+ Sir Hugh, 216
+ Hastings: Arms, 136;
+ Crest, 216
+ Hatchment, 128
+ Hatfield, Thomas, 215
+ Hauriant, 82, 128
+ Hautville, Sir G. de: Arms, 203
+ Hawk’s Bells, Jesses, and Lure, 105, 128
+ Hay: Arms, 66, 119
+ Headfort, the Marquess of: Supporters, 92
+ Hedge-hog, 76
+ Heightened, 128
+ Heights, 128
+ Heiress, Arms of, 170
+ Helena, H.R.H., the Princess, Princess Christian, 271
+ Helm, Helmet, 128, 174
+ Hemenhale: Arms, 51
+ Hempbrake, Hackle, 130
+ Heneage Knot, 130, 133
+ Henry I.: Arms, 88, 260;
+ Badge, 228
+ Henry II.: Arms, 260;
+ Badges, 228
+ Henry III.: Arms, 259;
+ Badge, 228;
+ Rolls of Arms of his Era, 13
+ Henry IV.: Label, as Duke of Lancaster, 181;
+ Motto, 110, 235;
+ Arms, 259;
+ quarters “France Modern,” 125;
+ Badges, 228;
+ Crown, 266;
+ Seal, 235
+ Henry V.: Arms, 260;
+ Badges, 153, 228;
+ Crown, 114, 266
+ Henry VI.: Arms, 260;
+ Badges, 229;
+ Supporters, 91, 228, 264;
+ Crown, 114, 266;
+ Motto, 265
+ Henry VII.: 126, 279;
+ Arms, 260;
+ Badges, 229;
+ Supporters, 264
+ Henry VIII.: 126, 191, 207, 279, 295;
+ Arms, 260;
+ Badges, 229;
+ Supporters, 264;
+ Coins, 317
+ Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, 181
+ “Herald and Genealogist,” 302
+ Heralds of England, Incorporated, 304
+ Herald, 130, 212
+ Heraldic Sails, 250
+ Heralds’ College, 130, 304
+ Heraldry, Early Love, of in England, 2;
+ Early Influence, 2;
+ Definition and True Character of, 3;
+ of the twelfth century, 4;
+ Utility of, 4;
+ English Mediæval, 5;
+ Ancient, 6, 9;
+ English, its Career, 9;
+ Early English Literature of, 12;
+ its Allusive Character, 15;
+ Canting, 16;
+ Revival in England, 20, 24, 306;
+ Debasement, 21, 22;
+ a Science, 24, 27, 30, 326;
+ an Art, 24, 27, 326;
+ Style of Art in, 24, 30;
+ Treatment of Animate Creatures in, 24, 27;
+ Language of, 29;
+ Nomenclature, 29;
+ Style and Forms of Expression, 30;
+ Birds in, 76;
+ Beasts in, 76;
+ Human Beings in, 73;
+ the Lion in, 83, 86;
+ the Eagle in, 9, 91;
+ Scottish, 131;
+ of Monuments, 322;
+ Royal, 258;
+ of the Coinage, 316;
+ its present Popularity, 304;
+ in Architecture, 321;
+ of Illuminations, 324;
+ in Inlaid Tiles, 323;
+ of Costume, 324
+ “Heraldry of Fish,” by Mr. Moule, 77, 121
+ Hereford, De Bohuns, Earls of, 59;
+ Elizabeth, Countess of, 161
+ Hereford Cathedral, 214
+ Herison, Herrison, 76, 131
+ Heriz, De (Harris): Arms, 76
+ Heron: Arms, 17
+ Herring, 77
+ Herschel, Sir J.: Arms, 23
+ Heytesbury and Homet, Lord, 225
+ Heytesbury, the Baron: Supporters, 99
+ Hill, Hillock, 131
+ Hind, 81, 116
+ Hirondelle, 77, 132
+ Hoftot, Sir R. de, 202
+ Hoist, 132
+ Holland, Counts of, 83;
+ Elizabeth, Countess of, 161
+ Hollands, of Exeter, 181, 206;
+ of Kent and Surrey, 181, 206
+ Holland, John, Earl of Huntingdon:
+ Seal, 258
+ Holstein: Arms, 269
+ Honour, Augmentations of, 204
+ Honour-Point, 33, 132
+ “Honours,” Regimental, 256
+ Honourable Insignia, Medals, and Clasps, 175
+ Hoofed, 80
+ Hospitallers. _See_ St. John, Knights of
+ Hotspur, Henry, 169
+ Howard: Arms, 205;
+ Augmentation, 205;
+ Crest, 91, 216;
+ Badge, 224
+ Howard, Thos., Duke of Norfolk, 205
+ Human Beings, in Heraldry, 73
+ Humettée, 54, 132
+ Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 181, 236, 322
+ Hungerford, 225;
+ Badge, 224
+ Hungerford, Lord, 240;
+ Sir Walter de, 225, 247;
+ Sir Robert de, 225, 249
+ Huntingfield, Roger de: Arms, 72
+ Huntercumbe: Arms, 52
+ Huntley, the Marquess of, 68
+ Hurst, 132
+ Hurt, 72, 132
+ Husband and Wife, Marshalling their Arms, 167, 171
+ Hussy: Arms, 225
+
+ Iceland: Arms, 269
+ Illegitimacy, Cadency of, 132, 187
+ Illuminations, Heraldry of, 323
+ Imaginary Beings, in Heraldry, 79
+ Imbrued, Embued, 132
+ Impalement, Impaled, 132, 168, 249;
+ of the Bordure and Tressure, 170
+ Impaling, 181
+ Imperial Crown, the, 114, 264;
+ Imperially Crowned, 132
+ Imperial Service Order, 292
+ Incensed, Inflamed, 132
+ In Bend, 59, 132
+ In Chevron, 62, 132
+ In Chief, 50, 132
+ In Complement, 80
+ In Cross, 55, 132
+ In Fesse, 51, 132
+ In Foliage, 82, 132
+ In Full Course, 81
+ In Lure, 81, 132
+ In Orle, 66
+ In Pale, 54
+ In Point, 63
+ In her Piety, 81, 132
+ In Pretence, 132
+ In Pride, 81, 132
+ In Quadrangle, 132
+ In Saltire, 61
+ In Splendour, 80, 132
+ Increscent, 80, 132
+ Indented, 35, 132
+ Indian Empire, Order of, 290
+ Inescutcheon, 65, 132
+ Infantry Colours, 256
+ Innes, Walter: Seal, 11
+ Innes, or De Ynays, Wm.: Seal, 11
+ Insects, in Heraldry, 79, 82
+ Invected, or Invecked, 35
+ Inverted, 81
+ Ireland: Badge, 151, 228;
+ Heraldry of, 308;
+ Chief Herald of, 131
+ Ireland, Bordures, 191
+ Ireland, De Vere, Duke of, 206
+ Irradiated, 132
+ Isabel, of France: Seal, 124, 161
+ Isabel, Countess of Bedford, 223
+ Isabel le Despenser, 171
+ Isle of Man: Arms, 9, 74
+ Islip, Abbot: Rebus, 147
+ Issuant, 132
+
+ JAMBE, Gambe, 87, 132
+ James I. of Scotland: Badge, 229;
+ Supporters, 264
+ James IV. of Scotland: at Flodden, 205;
+ Supporters, 265
+ James V. of Scotland: Crest and Motto, 264;
+ Garter Plate, 68
+ James VI. of Scotland--James I. of Great Britain: Arms, 260;
+ Supporters, 91, 265;
+ Badges and Motto, 154, 229, 265;
+ creates Baronets, 104;
+ his proclamation for first “Union Jack,” 253
+ James II.: Arms, 260;
+ Supporters, 264;
+ Badge, 229;
+ frames Statutes for Order of Thistle, 280
+ James: Motto, 138
+ Jane Seymour, Queen, 229
+ Jardine: Arms, 198
+ Jefferay: Motto, 138
+ Jelloped, 133
+ Jerusalem: Arms, 43
+ Jessant, Jessant de lys, 133
+ Jesses, 133
+ Jewellery, Heraldic, 324
+ Joan, Daughter of Edward I., 95
+ Joan, Countess of Surrey: Seal, 162
+ Joanna, of Navarre, Queen: Badge, 126, 228
+ John, King: his Seal as Prince, 88;
+ Arms, 259;
+ Badge, 228
+ John, Prince, of Eltham, 26, 124, 165, 181, 250
+ John, Prince of Ghent, 179, 189, 232, 241
+ John de Dreux, 163, 165
+ John, Duke of Bedford, 181
+ John de Warrenne, Earl of Surrey, 162
+ Johnston: Arms, 198
+ Joust, 133
+ Jowlopped, or Jelloped, 133
+ Jupon, 133
+ Juxon, Archbishop, 279
+
+ KAISAR-I-HIND medal, 294
+ Kent, De Burgh, Earl of, 70;
+ Hollands, Earls of, 181
+ Key, 133
+ KING, H.M. THE: Crown, 114, 266;
+ Arms, 263, 267;
+ Banner, 252
+ “King Maker,” the, 198, 208
+ King, Mr.: his “Hand-book of Engraved Gems,” 6
+ King-of-Arms, 130, 133, 177. _See_ Herald
+ King’s College Chapel, Cambridge, Heraldry of, 25, 322
+ “King’s Colour,” 257
+ King’s Langley, Monument at, 323
+ Kinnoul, Earl of, 154, 307
+ Kirketot, Sir Wm., 202
+ Kirkpatrick: Arms, 198
+ Kirton, Abbot: Rebus, 147
+ Knights, Knighthood, Knightly Orders, 117, 133, 175, 273
+ Knights of St. John, 57, 275;
+ Templars, 13, 275
+ Knot, 133, 224
+ Kyrkeby: Arms, 65
+
+ LABEL, _or File_, 134, 178;
+ Forms of, 134;
+ Points of, 134, 178;
+ Differenced, 179, 180;
+ a Royal Difference, 178;
+ as borne by Princes Royal, 178;
+ by Black Prince, 178;
+ by Princes of Wales, 178;
+ of Brittany, 179;
+ of France, 179;
+ of Lancaster, 179, 180;
+ of York, 179;
+ borne as a Badge, 193;
+ in Modern Cadency, 193
+ Laci, Lacy, De: Arms, 83, 89, 161
+ Laci, Earl Henry de: Crest, 210
+ Lacy Knot, 134
+ Ladies, Unmarried: their Arms, 173
+ Ladies’, Heraldic Costume, 160, 161, 324;
+ their right to bear Badges, 227
+ Laing, Mr. H., his “Catalogue of Scottish Seals,”
+ 11, 161, 193, 211, 224, 239, 242, 265, 317
+ Lamb, 76
+ Lambert: Arms, 76
+ Lambrequin, 135. _See_ Mantling
+ Lambton: Arms, 76
+ Lancaster, Label of, 179;
+ Rose of, 149, 228;
+ Badge of, 153;
+ Livery Colours of, 135;
+ Collar of, 110
+ Lancaster, Edmund, Earl of, 123, 179, 181, 323;
+ Henry, Earl of, 183, 239;
+ Thomas, Earl of, 211;
+ John of Ghent, Duke of, 179 (_see_ John of Ghent);
+ Matilda of, 163, 186
+ Lancaster Herald, 130
+ Lance-Rest. _See_ Clarion
+ Lane, Jane, 205
+ Language of Heraldry, 29, 30
+ Langued, 80, 135
+ Latimer, George, Lord, 187;
+ William le, 142, 214
+ Latin Cross, 55
+ “Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland,” by Mr. Seton,
+ 9, 68, 94, 198, 260, 307
+ Law of Tinctures, 43
+ Leaves in Heraldry, 102, 135
+ Leechford, Sir R.: Confirmation of Arms to, 312
+ Legh, Gerard, 22
+ Leicester, Banner of, 14
+ Leicester, Robert, Earl of, 195
+ Leicestershire Families, their Arms, 196
+ Lennox, Countess of: Arms, 68, 323
+ Leon: Arms, 83, 166. _See_ Castile
+ Leopard, Leopardé, 84, 135, 258
+ L’Ercedeckne: Arms, 196
+ Leslie: Arms, 94;
+ Euphemia, Countess of Ros, 94
+ “Lesser George,” the, 126
+ Le Strange. _See_ Strange
+ Letters of the Alphabet, in Heraldry, 135
+ Leveson: Arms, 17, 102
+ Leybourne, Sir W. de: Arms, 90
+ Lichfield, Joust at, 223
+ Lincoln, Earls of: Arms, 89, 161, 203
+ Lincoln, Henry, Earl of: Crest, 210
+ Lincoln and Pembroke, Margaret, Countess of, 161
+ Lindsay, Sir W.: Seal, 242
+ Line, Border Line, Lined, 135
+ Lion in Heraldry, 25, 27, 76, 83, 87, 135;
+ Heraldic Treatment of, 23, 92;
+ of England, 88, 258;
+ of Scotland, 67, 259;
+ as a Crest, 90;
+ as a Supporter, 90, 91, 264;
+ Percy Lion, 216;
+ Howard Lion, 216;
+ Examples of Lions, 203
+ Lion’s Face, 87;
+ Head, 87;
+ Jambe, 87
+ Lioncel, 87, 135
+ Lion-leopard, Lion-leopardé, 85
+ Lionel, Prince, of Clarence, 164, 180
+ Lisle, Arthur, Viscount, 190
+ Little Easton, Brass at, 110, 216
+ Livery, Badges depicted on, 220
+ Livery Colours, 135
+ Lodged, 80, 135
+ Lomelye, Lumley, Sir R.: Arms, 202
+ London, City of: Arms, 153
+ Longespée, William, Earl of Salisbury, 83, 90, 188, 323
+ Lord Lyon, 131, 238, 307
+ Lorn: Arms, 135
+ Lorraine: Arms, 97;
+ Duchy of, 96
+ Loterel, Luterell: Arms, 76, 182, 196, 212
+ Loterel, Luterell, Sir A., 182;
+ Sir G., 182, 212
+ Louis VII., of France, 122
+ Louise, H.R.H., The Princess, 271
+ Loutre, 76
+ Louvaine: Arms, 167
+ Lower, Mr. M. A., 9, 302;
+ on Crests, 222
+ Lozenge, 37, 69, 135
+ Lozengy, 135
+ Luce, or Lucy, 17, 77, 135
+ Lucy: Arms, 17, 170;
+ Sir Anthony, 78;
+ Geoffrey de, 78
+ Ludlow Church, 231
+ Lullingstone, 147
+ Lunenburgh: Arms, 262, 278
+ Lure, 81, 135
+ Luterell. _See_ Loterel
+ Lyhart, Bishop Walter: Rebus, 147
+ Lymphad, 135
+ Lyon Office, 131, 307;
+ Depute, 307
+
+ MAHON, Sir W.: Motto, 244
+ Maintenance, Cap of, 136
+ Malet, Sir R., 202;
+ Sir T., 202
+ Malmesbury, Earl of: Supporters, 99
+ Maltese Cross, 57
+ Man, Isle of, 9, 74
+ Manche, Maunche, 136
+ Mandeville, Geoffrey de, 15
+ Manfee, Sir W.: Arms, 203
+ Mantle, 136
+ Mantling, Badges depicted on, 220
+ Mantling, or Lambrequin, 136, 175, 213;
+ Marked for Cadency, 192
+ March, Mortimers, Earls of: Seals, 242
+ Margaret, of Anjou, Queen, 97;
+ of France, 123, 160, 168;
+ Bruce, 161;
+ Beaufort, 169;
+ Tudor, 170;
+ Countess of Lincoln, 161;
+ de Ferrers, 170
+ Marks of Cadency, Marking Cadency. _See_ Cadency
+ Marlborough, Duke of, 95, 98
+ Marmion, Sir R. de: Crest, 215
+ Marny, Sir R. de: Seal, 213
+ Marquess, Marquis, Marchioness, 136
+ Marriage, Heraldic Record of, 168
+ Marshalling, 137, 159;
+ by Combination, 165;
+ by Quartering, 166;
+ Quartered Coats, 167;
+ Arms of Husband and Wife, 167, 171;
+ Crests, 174;
+ Helms, Coronets, Mantlings, Mottoes, Supporters, Badges,
+ and Various Insignia, 174, 175
+ Martel, 17, 137
+ Martlet, 77, 137;
+ in Modern Cadency, 193
+ Martin: Crest and Motto, 139
+ Mary Tudor, Queen: Arms, 260;
+ Supporters, 264;
+ Badges, 229;
+ grants Derby House to the Heralds, 130
+ Mary Stuart, Queen: Arms, 260
+ Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots: her Signet, 265;
+ Heraldry of her Monument, 281
+ Mary, The Princess, of Teck, 270
+ Mary de Saint Paul: Seal, 163
+ Mascle, Masculée, 69, 137
+ Masoned, 137
+ Matilda de Chaworth, 164;
+ of Lancaster, 163
+ Maufee, Sir Wm., 202
+ Melfort, Earl: Seal, 244
+ Membered, 137
+ Menteith, Earl of, 94
+ Merchant’s Mark, 137
+ Mercy, Order of, 293
+ Mere, De la. _See_ Delamere
+ Mere, De la: Arms, 52
+ Merevale, Brass at, 215
+ Merit, Order of, 286
+ Mermaid, Merman, or Triton, 137
+ Metals, 40, 42, 138
+ Methuen, the Baron, 95
+ Military Flags, 257
+ Mill-rind. _See_ Fer-de-Moline
+ “Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica,” 302
+ Mitre, 138
+ Moline, 56, 138
+ Molines, Molyneux, De: Arms, 56
+ Monecastre, Sir W. de: Arms, 202
+ Monson, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+ Montacute, De, Montagu: Origin of the Name, 16;
+ Arms, 70, 95
+ Montagu, Mr., his work on Heraldry, 2, 9, 196
+ Montfort, De: Arms, 60;
+ Sir ---- de, 203
+ Montgomerie, Sir W. de, 96
+ Montgomerie, Earl of Eglintoun: Arms, 10
+ Monthermer, Sir Ralph de, 95, 99
+ Moon, the, 80, 138
+ Moor’s heads, 73
+ Monypeny, Thomas: Seal, 319
+ Mortimer, De: Origin of the Name, 16;
+ Arms, 65, 169;
+ Differences, 182;
+ Crest, 141
+ Mortimer, Edmund de, Earl of March: Seal, 242
+ Mortimer’s, 65
+ Motto, 138, 174, 219;
+ Royal, 219
+ Moule, Mr., his “Heraldry of Fish,” 77, 121
+ Mound, 139
+ Mounpynzon: Arms, 76
+ Mount, 139
+ Mounteney, De: Arms, 197;
+ Sir E. de, 197;
+ Sir J. de, 197;
+ Sir T. de, 197
+ Mowbray, Segrave and Stourton, Lord, 89, 329
+ Mowbray, Sir J., 203;
+ Roger de, 89;
+ Supporters of Baron, 92;
+ Thomas de, Duke of Norfolk, 207, 216, 233
+ Mullet, 139;
+ in Modern Cadency, 193
+ Mundegumri, John: Seal, 10
+ Mural Crown, 139
+ Murallée, Walled. _See_ Walled
+ Mure, Wm.: Seal, 319
+ Murrey, 135
+ Muschamp: Arms, 79
+
+ Naiant, 82, 140
+ Naissant, 140
+ Names, 31
+ Nassau: Arms, 261
+ Natural Objects, in Heraldry, 79
+ Naval Crown, 140
+ Navarre: Arms, 124, 228
+ Naveret, Battle of, 248
+ Nebulée, or Nubuly, 34, 140
+ Nelson, Admiral Lord: Arms, 23
+ Neville: Arms, 61;
+ Differences, 187;
+ Badge, 146
+ Neville, George de, Lord Latimer, 187
+ Neville, Earl Richard de, 198, 208, 222
+ Newburgh: Arms, 320, 321
+ Nicholas, Sir N. Harris, 9;
+ on Ostrich Feather Badge, 230;
+ on “Union Jack,” 253
+ Nichols, Mr. J. Gough, 9, 15, 302
+ Nimbus, 140
+ Nomenclature, Heraldic, 29
+ Norfolk, the Duke of, 131;
+ Arms, 205;
+ quarters Mowbray, 89;
+ Supporters, 91;
+ Crest, 216;
+ Earl Marshal, 131
+ Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of, 233
+ Normans, their Shields and Standards, 5
+ Norroy, 130. _See_ Herald
+ Northleigh, 323
+ Northumberland, Earls of: Arms, 78, 89, 247
+ Northumberland, Henry, 1st Earl of, 167;
+ the Duke of, 91
+ Nortone, Sir J. de: Arms, 203
+ Norway: Arms, 83
+ Norway, H.M., Queen of, 271
+ Norwich: Arms of the See, 185;
+ Henry, Bishop of, 185
+ Nova Scotia, Badge. _See_ Baronet
+ Nowed, 82, 140
+
+ Octofoil, in Modern Cadency, 193
+ Official Insignia, 175;
+ in Cadency, 184
+ Official Arms, 174
+ Ogress, 72, 140
+ Oldenburgh: Arms, 269
+ Oldham, Bishop: Rebus, 147
+ Onslow: Motto, 138
+ Opinions, 140
+ Oppressed, Debruised, 140
+ Or, 40, 140
+ Orders of Knighthood. _See_ Knighthood
+ Order of Merit, 286
+ Ordinaries, 42, 49;
+ their structural Origin, 14, 64
+ Ordinary of Arms, 140. _See_ Armory
+ Oreiller, 140
+ Orle, In Orle, 66, 140
+ Ornaments, 209, 210
+ Osbaldistone, Frank, 1
+ Ostrevant, Comté of, 230
+ Ostrich Feather Badge, 141, 216, 230
+ Otter, 76
+ Ousflet, Sir G. de: Arms, 202
+ Overall, Sur tout, 141
+ Overt, 141
+ Ownership, Badges as a sign of, 103
+ Oxford, De Veres, Earls of, 206
+ Oxney, John: Rebus, 146
+
+ Padlock, Badge, 241
+ Paignel, John: Arms, 196
+ Painted Chamber, Westminster, 246
+ Pale, Pale-wise, In Pale, Paly, 53, 54, 141
+ Pall, 141
+ Pallet, 53, 141
+ Palliot, French Writer on Heraldry, 244
+ Paly Bendy, 60, 141
+ Panache, 141, 213, 214
+ Parliament, 328
+ Parr, Queen Catherine, 229
+ Party, Parted, 33, 142
+ Passant, Passant Guardant, Passant Reguardant, Passant Repassant,
+ 85, 142
+ Pastoral Staff, 142
+ Patée, or Formée, 57, 142
+ Pateshulle, J. de: Arms, 51
+ Patonce, 56, 142
+ Patriarchal, 55, 142
+ Paul, Sir J. Balfour, 307
+ Pawne, Peacock, 76
+ Peach-Branches, 147
+ Pean, 41, 142
+ Pebmarsh, Brass at, 196
+ Peché, Sir John, 147
+ Pedro, King of Castile, 248
+ Peer, 142
+ Peerage, 143;
+ Privilege of, 330
+ Peerage Dignities, 327
+ Peeress in her own Right, 173
+ Pegasus, 143, 276
+ Pelham: Arms, 76;
+ Badge, 224
+ Pelican, 76, 132, 143
+ Pellet, 72, 143
+ Pembridge, Sir R. de: Crest, 214, 216
+ Pembroke, the Earl of, 163;
+ De Valences, Earls of, 52, 323
+ Pembroke College, Cambridge, 163
+ Penbrugge: Arms, 52
+ Pendent, 143
+ Pennon, 3, 143, 246
+ Per, 33, 143
+ Perceval: Motto, 139
+ Perci, Percy: Arms, 70, 83, 167;
+ Crest, 91, 216;
+ Badges, 224, 241, 246;
+ Seals, 241
+ Perci, Henry de, 78, 182, 203, 210
+ Perci, Henry de, 3rd Baron, 182;
+ Agnes de, 160
+ Percy Shrine, Beverley Minster, 27
+ Percy Effigy, at Beverley, 159
+ Peterborough, 147;
+ Cathedral and Deanery, 231
+ Petrasancta, Silvester de, 40
+ Petre, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+ Peverel: Badge, 224;
+ Catherine, 225
+ Peverel Garbe, 133
+ Peyvre, Sir R. de: Arms, 62, 203
+ Philip, “the Hardy,” 160
+ Philippa, Queen, of Hainault: Badge, 230, 232;
+ Heraldry of her Monument, 169, 322
+ Phœnix, 143
+ Pickering, Sir T. de: Arms, 204
+ Pigot: Arms, 17
+ Pile, In Pile, 62, 143
+ Pirepound, Sir R.: Arms, 204
+ Planche, Mr., 9, 74, 96, 195, 235
+ Plantagenet, The Royal House of, 17, 188;
+ Livery Colours of, 135;
+ Arthur, 190
+ Planta Genista, 17, 143, 227
+ Plate, Plattee, 72, 143
+ Plenitude, 144
+ Plume, 144
+ Points, or Stops, in Heraldry, 46
+ Points of a Shield, 33, 144;
+ In Point, 144
+ Pole: Motto, 139
+ Pomme, Pommee, 56, 144
+ Poninge, Sir T. de: Arms, 202
+ Popinjay, 76, 144
+ Port, 144
+ Portcullis, 144;
+ Pursuivant, 130
+ Portland, Duke of: Supporters, 91
+ Potent, 41, 57, 144
+ Poudree, Powdered, 45, 144
+ Poutrel, Sir R.: Arms, 201
+ Potent, 41
+ Preieres, Sir J. de: Arms, 202
+ Precedence, Order of, 295;
+ in the Royal Family, 299;
+ of Women, 298
+ Prelates: Arms, 173
+ Pretence, Escutcheon of, 120, 170, 314
+ Preying, 144
+ Prince, Princess, 144
+ Princes and Princesses of the Royal Family; Armorial Insignia,
+ 269, 270;
+ Coronets, 144
+ Proper, 42, 81
+ Provence: Arms, 38
+ Purfled, 144
+ Purpure, 41, 48, 144
+ Pursuivant, 130, 144
+ “Pursuivant of Arms,” by Mr. Planché. _See_ Planché
+ Pycot, Sir B.: Arms, 202
+
+ Quadrate, 55, 145
+ Quarter, 64, 145. _See_ Canton
+ Quarter Pierced, 55
+ Quartering, 34, 145;
+ Simple, 34;
+ Compound, 34, 165;
+ Grand, 167;
+ Marshalling by, 165;
+ the Bordure and Tressure, 170
+ Quarterings, Quarters, 34, 165;
+ Grand, 34, 165
+ Quartered Coats, Marshalling of, 165
+ Quarterly Quartered, 34, 145
+ Quarterly Quartering, 34, 146
+ Quarterly Pierced, 55
+ Quatrefoil, 146
+ Queen Alexandra, 268, 269
+ Queen Victoria, 263
+ Queen’s College, Oxford, 97
+ Quency, De: Arms, 17
+ Queue Fourchée, 86, 125, 146
+ Quilled, 146
+ Quintefueil, 17
+
+ Radclyffe, Radcliffe: Arms, 58
+ Radiant, Rayonée, 146
+ Radstock, the Baron: Supporters, 99
+ Ragged Staff, 134, 146, 198, 321
+ Ragulée, Raguly, 34, 146
+ Ram, 76
+ Rampant, Rampant Guardant and Reguardant, 84, 85, 146
+ Ramryge, John, 147
+ Ramryge, Thomas, Abbot of St. Albans, 25, 76, 97, 204, 231, 323
+ Ramsey: Arms, 76
+ Randolf, Sir J., 202
+ Rayonne, 35
+ Ready, Mr., his Casts of Seals, 317
+ Rebus, 146, 221
+ Recercelee, 56, 147
+ Red Ensign, 255
+ References to Authorities, 13
+ Reflexed, Reflected, 147
+ Regalia, 139
+ “Regimental Colour,” the, 257
+ Reguardant, 85, 147
+ Rein-deer, 102, 147
+ Reptiles, in Heraldry, 79
+ Respecting, 147
+ Rest. _See_ Clarion
+ Ribbon, Riband, 58, 147;
+ of the Garter, 279;
+ Bath, 285;
+ Thistle, 281;
+ St. Patrick, 282;
+ Star of India, 288
+ Rich, Earl of, 208
+ Richard I.: Arms, 88, 259;
+ Crest, 220;
+ Seals, 88, 209;
+ Badges, 228
+ Richard II.: Arms, 206, 259;
+ Crest 91, 216;
+ Badges, 27, 216, 228, 233;
+ Roll of Arms of his Era, 13
+ Richard III.: Arms, 260;
+ Badges, 228;
+ Supporters, 264;
+ incorporates Heralds, 130, 304
+ Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and King of the Romans, 68, 93
+ Richard, Earl of Warwick, 208
+ Richmond, Henry, Duke of, 190, 192
+ Richmond, John de Dreux, Earl of, 165
+ Richmond and Lennox, Ludovic Stuart, Duke of, 117
+ Richmond Herald, 130
+ Rising, Roussant, 81, 147
+ Riveres: Arms, 51
+ Robert II. of Scotland, 264
+ Robsart, Earl Ludovic: Monument, 240
+ Rolls of Arms, 12, 29
+ Romans, Richard, King of the, 68, 93
+ Rompu, 148
+ Roringe, Sir R. de: Arms, 202
+ Ros, de, Barony, 329
+ Ross, Euphemia, Countess of, 94;
+ Marg., Lady de, 161;
+ the Earl of, 94
+ Rosamond, Fair, 90, 188
+ Rose, 148;
+ en Soleil, 149;
+ of England, 149, 228;
+ of Lancaster, 149, 228;
+ of York, 149, 228;
+ Badge of Edward I., 228;
+ in Modern Cadency, 193
+ Rossel, Sir G.: Arms, 17, 202
+ Rouge Croix, Pursuivant, 130
+ Rouge Dragon, Pursuivant, 130
+ Roundle, Roundlet, 71, 72
+ Rous, Sir Thomas le, 201
+ Royal Arms, 118
+ Royal Badges, 227, 229, 268;
+ Banners, 266;
+ Personages, their Arms, 174;
+ Mottoes, 265;
+ Red Cross, 294;
+ Standards, 250, 266;
+ Supporters, 264
+ Royal Family, junior members of, 179
+ Royal Livery, 136
+ Rue, Chaplet of, 108
+ Ruskin, Mr., 323
+ Rustre, 69, 149
+
+ Sable, 41, 48, 149
+ Saggitarius, Sagittary, 149, 258
+ Sails, Heraldic, 250
+ Saint Alban, Abbey Church and Arms of, 25, 75, 204, 322;
+ Heraldic Tiles at, 324
+ Saint Albans, Duke of, 191
+ Saint Andrew: Arms, 61;
+ Banner, 254
+ Saint Anthony: Badge, 154
+ Saint Edmund. _See_ Edmund
+ Saint Edward, the Confessor. _See_ Edward
+ Saint George: Arms and Banner, 54, 251, 253, 279;
+ Ensign, 256;
+ Chapel, 171
+ Saint John, of Jerusalem, Knights of, 275, 294
+ Saint Michael and Saint George, Order of, 288
+ Saint Michael’s Church, St. Albans, 157
+ Saint Patrick: Arms and Banner, 61, 262;
+ Order of, 281
+ Saint Paul: Badge, 153
+ Saint Paul, Mary de, 163;
+ Guy, Count de, 163
+ Saint Vincent, the Viscount: Supporters, 99
+ Saint Waly, Sir R. de: Arms, 204
+ Salamander, 149
+ Salient, 86, 149
+ Salisbury, Longespée, Earl of, 90, 95, 188
+ Salisbury, D’Eureux, Earl of, 188
+ Salisbury Cathedral, 323
+ Salisbury, Marquess of: Supporters, 92
+ Saltire, Saltire-wise, In Saltire, 61, 149
+ Sanglier, 106, 149
+ Sans, 52, 149
+ Saracen’s heads, 73
+ Savage-man, Wood-man, 149
+ Saw, Frame Saw, 150
+ Saxony: Dukedom and Arms, 113, 267
+ Scales, Rob. de: Arms, 78
+ Scarpe, Escarpe, 150
+ Science of Heraldry, 24, 30, 326
+ Scintillant, 150
+ Scotland, Bordure Company, 191;
+ Early Heraldry of, 94;
+ Heraldry of, 198;
+ Royal Heraldry of, 258;
+ Royal Arms of, 67, 83, 170, 258;
+ Crests, 91, 244, 264;
+ Badge, 151, 228;
+ Illegitimacy Marks in, 191;
+ Supporters, 264;
+ Mottoes, 265;
+ Scottish Supporters, 237;
+ Differenced Shield of, 205;
+ Early Seals of, 161 (_see_ Laing, Mr. H.)
+ Scots, Mary Queen of, 68
+ Scott, Sir Walter, of Abbotsford, 1, 326
+ Scott, Sir Walter, 1, 326
+ Scottish Seals, Laing’s Catalogue of, 11. _See_ Laing
+ Scrope, Le: Arms, 58, 200;
+ Badge, 224
+ Scrope, Sir R. le, 58, 200;
+ Thos. le, 186;
+ Controversy, 200
+ Scudamore: Arms, 152;
+ Motto, 138
+ Seals: their value in Heraldry, 10, 317;
+ Early Scottish, 11;
+ Casts of, 317;
+ Suggestive of Supporters, 238;
+ Examples, 317
+ Seax, 150
+ Secondary Charges, 183
+ Seeded, 82, 150
+ Segrave: Arms, 83;
+ Sir John, 89
+ Segreant, 150
+ Sejant, 86, 150
+ Semee, 45, 150;
+ de lys, 125
+ Seton, Mr., his “Scottish Heraldry,”
+ 9, 68, 94, 138, 198, 260, 307, 308
+ Sevans, Septvans: Arms, 120
+ Seymour, Queen Jane, 229
+ Shakefork, 151
+ Shakespeare: Arms, 151;
+ grant of Arms to, 309
+ Shamrock, 151, 228
+ Shelly: Arms, 17
+ Shield, or Escutcheon, Heraldic, 14, 37, 151;
+ Parts, Points, and Divisions of, 32;
+ Varieties, 35;
+ Bowed, 35;
+ à Bouche, 36;
+ Couchee, 38;
+ Differenced, 200;
+ treatment, 38
+ Shield-belt. _See_ Guige
+ Shield-boss, 15
+ Shields-of-Arms, 2
+ Ship, 151
+ Shoveller, 151
+ Sickle, 225, 266
+ Simple Quartering, 34, 151
+ Single Small Charges, for Difference, 186
+ Sinister, 32, 33, 151
+ Sinople, 41, 151, 158
+ Six-foil, 151
+ Sleswick: Arms, 269
+ Slipped, 82, 151
+ Someri, Sir J. de: Arms, 204
+ Somerset, Henry, Duke of, 189, 190;
+ John, Duke of, 236
+ Somerset Herald, 130
+ Sottone, Sutton, Sir R. de: Arms, 203
+ Southacre, 216
+ Southampton, the Baron: Supporters, 92
+ “Soutiens, Les,” 244
+ Spain, Queen of, 272
+ Spear, 151
+ Spiritual Peers, 105
+ Spur, 151
+ SS., Collar of, 110, 130, 151. _See_ Collar
+ St. Quintin: Arms, 62
+ Staff, crook-headed, 115
+ Stafford, De: Arms, 61;
+ Badge, 153
+ Stafford, Sir H. de: Standard, 251
+ Stafford, Sir Humphrey de: Crest-wreath, 217
+ Stafford Knot, 133, 151, 251
+ Stag, 116
+ Stains, 42
+ Stall-Plate, 151, 278
+ Standard, 152, 251;
+ Anglo-Saxon, 5;
+ Anglo-Norman, 5;
+ Badges on, 220;
+ Marked for Cadency, 192;
+ Royal, 252, 266;
+ Recording, 252
+ Staple, 152
+ Stapleton: Badge, 152
+ Star, 152
+ Star of India, Order of, 287
+ Statant, Statant Guardant, 85, 152
+ Staunton Harcourt, 217
+ Stephen: Arms, 88;
+ Badges, 108, 228
+ Steward, Alexander, Earl of Menteith: Seal, 94
+ Steward, Board of, 199
+ Stewart, Margaret, Countess of Angus, 94
+ Stirrup, 152
+ Stock, 152
+ Stormerk: Arms, 269
+ Stourton: Badge, 224;
+ Lord, 329
+ Strange, Le Strange: Arms, 89
+ Strange, Hamon Le, 89;
+ Sir J. Le, 204
+ Stringed, 152
+ “Strongbow:” Seal, 62
+ Stuart, Ludovic, 117;
+ Sir Richard: Seal, 319;
+ Badge, 233
+ Stuarts: Arms, 124;
+ Livery Colours, 135
+ Subordinaries, 42, 64
+ Suns and Roses, Collar of, 110, 152. _See_ Collar
+ Supporters, 152, 175, 237;
+ their probable Origin, 94, 237;
+ their heraldic Significance, 243;
+ rightly supported, 243;
+ Royal, 264;
+ of the United Kingdom, 265;
+ of Scotland, 264;
+ granted by the Lord Lyon, 237
+ “Supports, Les,” 244
+ Surcoat, 153, 192
+ Surmounted, 153
+ Surrey, Earl of, 162, 207
+ Swan, 81, 153, 251
+ Sweden: Arms, 269
+ Sword, 153
+ Swyneborne: Arms, 17
+ Sykes: Arms, 72
+ Symbolical Expression and Record ancient and universal, 5
+
+ Tabard, 130, 154
+ Talbot: Badge, 224
+ Tanfield, 215
+ Tapestry, Bayeux, 5
+ Tau Cross, 55, 226
+ Tawke: Arms, 154
+ Tax on “Armorial Bearings,” 313
+ Teck, Arms of, 270
+ Templars, Order of, 276;
+ their Banner, 13, 276
+ Templars, Barristers of the Temple, 276
+ Temple Church, London, 15;
+ at Beverley Minster, 107
+ Tenent, 154, 244
+ Tennée, Tawny, 42, 154
+ Tetlow: Arms, 23
+ Tey: Motto, 139
+ Thistle, 68, 154, 228;
+ Order and Insignia of the, 280
+ Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, 148, 181, 232, 235
+ Thomas, Duke of Clarence, 181
+ Thorpe, Sir E. de: Helm and Crest, 215
+ Throne: heirs apparent, 227
+ Through, 54
+ Tiercée, In Tierce, Per Tierce, 155
+ Tiles, Encaustic, 323
+ Timbre, Timbred, 154, 155
+ Tinctures, 40, 155;
+ Law of, 43, 46;
+ Blazoning in, 47;
+ Change of, for Cadency, 182
+ Tiptoft, John, Lord: Seal, 215
+ Titles, 31
+ Tong, 217
+ Torse, 113, 155
+ Torteau, Torteaux, 72, 155
+ Tower, Turret, 155
+ Transposed, 155
+ Treflée, or Botonée, 56, 155
+ Trefoil, 155
+ Treille, Trellis, 71, 155
+ Tremaine: Arms, 75
+ Tressure, 66, 67, 155;
+ impaled and quartered, 170;
+ incorrectly blazoned, 317
+ Tricked, In Trick, 42, 155
+ Trippant or Tripping, 80, 81, 155
+ Triton, 155
+ Trivet, 155
+ Trompintoun, Trumpington, Sir R. de, 17, 155
+ Trotton: Brass at, 110, 169
+ Trumpet, 155
+ Trumpington: Brass at, 17, 158
+ Trussed, Trussing, 155
+ Trussell, Tressell: Arms, 71
+ Trusses, 81
+ Tryvett: Arms, 155
+ Tudor, Arthur: Badge, 130, 233
+ Tudor, Margaret, 170
+ Tudor: Badge, 144;
+ Livery Colours, 135;
+ Rose, 156, 228
+ Tun, 148, 156
+ Tyndall: Crest, 146
+ Tyndalls, 141
+ Tynes, 81, 156
+
+ Ufford, Sir Ralph de: Arms, 164, 186
+ Ulster, Badge of, 104. _See_ Baronet and Herald
+ Ulster, William, Earl of, 163
+ Ulster King-of-Arms, 131, 308
+ Undée, Undy, 35, 156
+ Unguled, 80, 156
+ Unicorn, 91, 156, 264, 265
+ “Union Jack,” 54, 156, 252;
+ the First, 253;
+ the Second, 253, 254
+ Union Device, 102, 205
+ United Kingdom: Supporters, 265
+ Unmarried Ladies: Arms, 173
+ Urdée, 57
+ Uriant, 82, 156
+
+ Vair, 41, 42, 156
+ Valence, De: Arms, 163, 168, 323
+ Dimidiating Claremont Nesle, 168
+ Valence, Earl William de, 45, 53, 77, 217;
+ Earl Aymer de, 163
+ Vandalia: Arms, 269
+ Vane. _See_ Fan
+ Varied Fields, 42, 59
+ Vavasour, William le, 51
+ Vele, De: Arms, 76
+ Vere, De: Motto, 138
+ Vere, Robert de, 136, 206
+ Verley, Sir Philip de, 96
+ Vernon, Sir William, 217
+ Vert, 41, 48, 156
+ Vervels, Vervals, 156
+ Vesci, William de, 56
+ Vested, 156
+ VICTORIA, QUEEN: Arms, 263
+ Victoria Cross, 293
+ Victoria, H.R.H. Princess, 271
+ Victorian Order, 291
+ Victoria and Albert, Order of, 294
+ Villiers, de L’Isle Adam, Phillippe de, 57, 275
+ Viscomes, 156
+ Viscount, Viscountess, 156
+ Vivre, 157
+ Voided, 55, 157
+ Vol, 96, 157
+ Volant, 81, 82, 157
+ Volunteers: Motto and Flag, 256;
+ Decoration, 294
+ Vulned, 157
+ Vulning, 81
+
+ Wachesham, Sir G. de: Arms, 201
+ Wadesles, Wadsley, De: Arms, 147
+ Wake: Arms, 51, 179;
+ Sir J., 202
+ Wake Knot, 133, 157
+ Waldegrave: Arms, 14
+ Wales, Native Princes of, 83
+ Wales, the Princes of, always K.G., 278;
+ also Earls of Chester, 195
+ Wales, H.R.H. The Prince of: his Armorial Insignia, 269, 270;
+ his Label, 134, 178;
+ his Coronet, 139;
+ his Badge, 231;
+ his eldest son’s Label, 270
+ Wales, Princess of, 270
+ Walford, Mr., 9
+ Walled, 157
+ Waltone, De: Arms, 68
+ Warkworth, 322
+ Warrenne, De, the Earls: Arms, 43, 45, 199
+ Warwick, the Earls of, 56;
+ Arms and Seals, 95, 169, 171, 183, 319
+ Water Bouget, 157
+ Wattled, 157
+ Wavy, Undée, 35, 157
+ Wedone, Sir R. de: Arms, 202
+ Welles: Arms, 72
+ Wellington, the Duke of: Arms, 23;
+ Supporters, 91;
+ Augmentation, 102, 156, 204
+ Westminster Abbey, Heraldry of, 19, 26, 53, 68, 92, 111, 169, 286, 322
+ Westminster Hall, Heraldry of, 27, 91, 215, 259
+ Westphalia: Arms, 262
+ Weylande, Sir N. de, 202
+ Wheathamstede, John de, Abbot of St. Albans, 75, 147, 323
+ Wheathampstead Church, Brass at, 79
+ Wheat-Sheaf. _See_ Garbe
+ Wheel, Catherine Wheel, 157
+ White Ensign, 256
+ Whitworth, Shield at, 14
+ Widow, Widower: Arms, 173
+ Wife and Husband, Marshalling their Arms, 171
+ William I., 329;
+ Arms, 18, 88, 258
+ William II.: Arms, 88, 258;
+ Badge, 227
+ William III. and Mary: Arms, 260
+ William III.: Arms, 262
+ William IV.: Arms, 263
+ Winchelsea: Seal of the Mayor of, 168
+ Windsor Herald, 130
+ Windsor, St. George’s Chapel, 171
+ Wingfield: Arms, 17
+ Winnowing Fan. _See_ Fan
+ Wings in Crests, 212
+ Woodstock, Duke Thomas of, 181, 232;
+ Badge, 149
+ Worcester, Charles, Earl of, 190;
+ Henry, Earl of, 189, 190;
+ John, Earl of, 215
+ Worcester Cathedral, 230, 323
+ Wortele, Worteley, De: Arms, 197
+ Wreath, Orle, Crest-Wreath, Wreathed, 157
+ Wyllers, De: Arms, 66
+ Wyndesor, Wm. de: Seal, 214, 242
+ Wynford, the Baron: Supporters, 99
+ Wyvern, Wivern, 72, 157
+
+ Yarborough, Countess of, 331
+ Yarmouth, Great: Arms, 168
+ Yngelfeld, Sir R. de: Arms, 202
+ York, Dukes of, 179
+ York, Archbishop of: Arms, 101
+ York, Rose of, 149, 228;
+ Collar of, 110;
+ Livery Colours of, 135
+ York Cathedral, Heraldic Glass at, 92
+ York Herald, 130
+
+ Zouche, de La: Arms, 72;
+ Differenced Arms, 186
+
+ * * * * *
+ * * * *
+ * * * * *
+
+Errata
+
+Punctuation in the Index and in Figure captions has been silently
+regularized, and invisible periods (full stops) have been supplied.
+Inconsistent hyphenization is as in the original.
+
+ Author of “The Monumental Brasses of England,” [England,’]
+ [Contents] Earliest Heraldic Shields and Banners
+ [“Earlies Heraldic” with invisible t]
+ a fine shield of the thirteenth century in Westminster Abbey
+ [Westminister]
+ 7. _Potent_ (note different shape of divisions) [_Potent_) note]
+ thus, the Arms of the Earl de WARENNE are _Chequée or and az._
+ [elsewhere spelled “Warrenne”]
+ _armes parlantes_ (see p. 16) [p. 15]
+ It is a very common error to overload heraldic blazoning with commas
+ [“commas” here means “inverted commas”, i.e. apostrophes]
+ for DE HEMENHALE, No. 79,-- [No, 79]
+ _Az., billettée, on a canton or a raven ppr._
+ [Here and in a few other passages, a term is used before it has
+ been defined.]
+ _Arg., a lion rampt. gu., crowned or [gu. crowned]
+
+ [Glossary]
+ _Buckle._ See _Fermaile_. [elsewhere spelled “fermail”]
+ _Saltire._ An ordinary, in form a diagonal cross: Nos. 120, 121, 122.
+ [Nos. 120, 121. 122.]
+ famous as the sinister supporter of the Royal Shield of England.
+ [of England,]
+ extend to the becoming heraldic declaration and record
+ [text unchanged: error for “becoming the...”?]
+
+ [Illustration: No. 330.]
+ [Four consecutive illustrations are captioned “No. 330.”
+ (See text.)]
+ A bordure componée _may_, indeed, be used [componeé]
+ Sir WM. KIRKETOT-- [Sir.]
+ impaled in the sinister half of his Shield [sinster]
+ The Arms of the Lyon Office I have already given, No. 266.
+ [printed “265” corrected by unknown hand]
+
+ [Index: Heraldry]
+ Canting, 16; [“Cantin , 16” with invisible g]
+
+
+Illustrations
+
+“Fig(s).” in text has been regularized to “No(s).” in the following:
+
+ No. 35. ... (See No. 87.) [(See Fig. 87.)]
+ _gyronny_ (No. 147) ... Nos. 30 and 33 [(Fig. 147) _and_ Figs.]
+ when the piles are intended to converge, as in No. 128
+ Eagles and Hawks with expanded wings, as in No. 206
+ The CREST ... _vide_ No. 441
+ The INSIGNIA ... shown in No. 435.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Handbook to English Heraldry, by
+Charles Boutell
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