1 files changed, 12932 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/22748.txt b/22748.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..287ccf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/22748.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12932 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Explanation of Terms Used in Entomology, by
+John. B. Smith
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Explanation of Terms Used in Entomology
+
+Author: John. B. Smith
+
+Release Date: September 23, 2007 [EBook #22748]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jon Richfield
+
+
+
+
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY
+
+PREPARED BY JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D.
+Professor of Entomology in Rutgers College, &c.
+
+PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
+BROOKLYN, N. Y.
+1906
+
+PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
+LANCASTER, PA.
+
+{Scanner's note: This book is about a century old at the time of
+scanning.  I found it in the discard pile of a local university library.  I
+find the book to be of exceptional historical interest in the insights it
+gives into the development of early modern entomological science.  It
+also is of practical value as a source for terms that are obscure to
+modern users because they are no longer current.
+
+I have edited the text as well as I could and I think it is by now very
+usable, but do treat any really suspicious looking passages with
+reserve.  I have avoided the use of non-alphabetic symbols as far as I
+could, for example Greek letters and male, female and hermaphroditic
+symbols, but if you encounter difficulties you might find the
+problem there.  Also, the colour table at the end is not really much
+good for anything beyond general impressions; not only are the paper
+and ink old, but between my scanner and your screen or printer, there
+is room for too much misinterpretation of precise colour, for anyone to
+take it seriously.
+
+In any case, enjoy.  The book is a valuable product of serious workers
+in an age of exploration.}
+
+
+
+FOREWORD.
+
+When, some time since, in consequence of continuing demands, the
+Brooklyn Entomological Society resolved to publish a new edition of
+its Explanation of Terms used in Entomology, and entrusted the
+writer and two associates with the task of preparing the same, it was
+believed that a little revision of definitions, the dropping of a few
+obsolete terms and the addition of a few lately proposed, would be all
+that was necessary. It was to be a light task to fill idle time in
+summer, report to be made in fall. Two years have passed since that
+time; the associates have dropped by the way; the manuscript
+contains five times the number of terms in the original "Explanation."
+and if it is published now, it is not because I believe it to be complete;
+but because I do not believe it can be made complete except as the
+result of criticism and voluntary addition by specialists throughout
+the country.
+
+It is twenty-six years since the original list was published and nothing
+can better illustrate the advances made than a comparison between
+the old and the new Glossary. No one realizes better than I the fact
+that as students have increased in each order, each has followed an
+independent line of research, absolutely without regard to the work
+done elsewhere. In consequence, we have several terms for the same
+thing in many cases and, in an equal number, several meanings to the
+same term. As no one man can now-a-days cover the entire field of
+Entomology, it goes without saying that I was compelled to rely partly
+upon books and partly upon the good nature of correspondents to
+make the work even approximately complete.
+
+The first notable contribution came from Professor Justus W. Folsom,
+of Urbana, Illinois, who sent me over 2000 cards of terms collected by
+himself and his assistants, and these added materially at the
+beginning of the work.  A number of correspondents were good enough
+to send in lists of terms in Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera,
+Hemiptera and Neuroptera, and to refer me to literature where
+explanations of other special terms could be found.
+
+After the cards were so far advanced as to warrant a preliminary
+manuscript, Dr. Philip P. Calvert of the University of Pennsylvania.
+Mr. Nathan Banks of Washington, D.C., and Mr. C. W. Johnson of
+the Boston Society of Natural History went carefully over the entire
+work and by their criticisms and additions contributed materially to
+such merit as it possesses. To these gentlemen and to the many
+others not specifically mentioned I give thanks for their assistance,
+and if there have not been more co-workers it has been only because
+of the time element that seems to demand the best that is ready,
+rather than a delay to secure perfection.
+
+It would be interesting to go at length into the history of the
+correspondence to determine what sort of terms should or should not
+be included and to bring out the hopeless divergencies existing; but
+all that is important here is to state briefly what has been included
+and what omitted.
+
+Common English terms even if descriptive, when used in their
+ordinary dictionary sense, have not been included as a rule; but this
+is subject to many exceptions. Latin terms and derivatives, even if
+used in their usual sense have been generally included; but
+compounds made up of adequately defined descriptive terms are
+generally omitted. Adverbial or adjective forms have been omitted
+whenever it has been considered safe, and so have terms prefixed by
+sub-, supra- and the like, indicating degree or position. In doubtful
+cases the terms have been included and defined. All terms of venation
+are, so far as possible, reduced to the Comstock system which is the
+only one that has been satisfactorily worked out for all orders, and a
+series of figures is added to explain this system so far as seems
+necessary. It has not been considered feasible to determine the proper
+use of terms applied differently in different orders or families; that is
+scarcely within the scope of a work of this kind.
+
+Terms used in embryological and histological study have been
+included only so far as seemed necessary to an understanding of the
+general works, and no attempt has been made to cover the terms
+applied to musculature and other details of microscopic structure:
+this has seemed rather to be outside of the scope of the present essay.
+
+All color terms are reduced so far as possible to terms of the
+Windsor and Newton system of water colors which are standard in the
+English-speaking world, and the color plate shows solid blocks of
+those colors that seem necessary to explain all modifications except
+metallics, blacks and whites. {Scanner's note: color plate may be
+excluded, partly because it is in poor condition.}
+
+The figures illustrating body structures and other details have been
+drawn under my supervision by Mr. John A. Grossbeck, and are
+meant to be guides merely - else the glossary would exceed its scope.
+
+In the admission that the work is incomplete, no apology is intended
+for its publication; it is merely a statement of fact to encourage
+constructive rather than destructive criticism. It is hoped that those
+who note errors or omissions will communicate them to the writer so
+that when another edition is needed, as it will be before many years
+are past, a standard work may be possible.
+
+
+
+JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D.
+
+New Brunswick,  N.J.  April 1906
+
+
+
+
+EXPLANATORY.
+
+Definitions of general application are as a rule given first, where
+more than one is necessary; next those of limited use, and finally
+the specific meaning in each order in which there is any notable
+difference.
+
+Where a word has more than one ending, the difference is given after a
+hyphen which represents the stem word: e.g. ametabola -ous; the
+latter in place of ametabolous, which indicates the possession of the
+characters peculiar to the ametabola. Where there is an English and a
+Latin ending, the former is usually given with the word and the other
+is added: e.g. aequilate -us, instead of aequilatus, there being no
+difference in the application. Usually the singular form of the word
+is first given, and the plural ending is added; e.g.
+
+     antenna -ae,
+
+     cenchrus -ri,
+
+     desideratum -ata;
+
+but occasionally, when the plural is more commonly used, e.g.
+epimera -eron, this is reversed and the singular ending is added: when
+the two are different in form, e.g. foot and feet, the words are given
+separately, and so when there is a difference in the application, as in
+
+     uncus and unci.
+
+In the definition of color terms the words in brackets [ ] refer to the
+equivalent color as named on the plate, or the combination needed to
+produce it.
+
+The names in parentheses ( ) are those of the writers whose definitions
+are used, or who have used the term in the sense defined. In the
+terms of venation, these parentheses occur most frequently.
+
+Most of the signs and abbreviations are those in common use
+
+     :=     equal to, or the same as;
+
+     q.v.   which see;
+
+     pl.    plural;
+
+     abb.   abbreviated.
+
+The abbreviated names are: Comst. for Comstock; Coq. for
+Coquillett; Meig. for Meigen; Nort. for Norton: O. S. for
+Osten-Sacken: and Will. for Williston.
+
+
+A
+
+A: prefix, is privative; wanting or without.
+
+Ab: off; away from.
+
+Abbreviated: cut short; not of usual length.
+
+Abdomen: the third or posterior division of the insect body: consists
+normally of nine or ten apparent segments, but actual number is a
+mooted question: bears no functional legs in the adult stage.
+
+Abdominal: belonging or pertaining to the abdomen.
+
+Abdominal feet: see pro-legs.
+
+Abdominal groove: the concave lobe of the inner margin of secondaries
+enveloping the abdomen beneath, in some butterflies.
+
+Abdominal pouch: in female Parnassiids, a sac-like ventral cavity,
+formed by material secreted during copulation.
+
+Abductor: applied to muscles that open out or extend an appendage or
+draw it away from the body: see adductor.
+
+Abductor mandibulae: the muscle that opens the mandibles.
+
+Aberrant: unusual; out of the ordinary course.
+
+Aberration: a form that departs in some striking way from the normal
+type; either single or occurring rarely, at irregular intervals.
+
+Abiogenesis: spontaneous generation.
+
+Abnormal: outside the usual range or course; not normal.
+
+Aborted: a structure developed so as to be unfit for its normal function
+obsolete or atrophied.
+
+Abraded: scraped or rubbed.
+
+Abrupt: suddenly or without gradation.
+
+Abscissus: cut off squarely, with a straight margin.
+
+Absconditus: hidden, concealed; retracted into another.
+
+Acalyptrata: those muscid flies in which alulae are absent or
+rudimentary.
+
+Acanthus: a spine, spur or prickle.
+
+Acaudal -ate: without a tail.
+
+Accessory: added, or in addition to.
+
+Accessory carinae: in Orthoptera the lateral carinae of the face.
+
+Accessory cell: a cell not commonly present in the group; in some
+orders of definite location as, e.g. in Lepidoptera, usually a small cell
+at the end of the subcosta, giving rise directly or indirectly to veins 7
+to 10:= 1st radius 2 (Comst.); = areole.
+
+Accessory glands: any glands opening into the ducts of the
+reproductive system.
+
+Accessory sac: a glandular structure of the female reproductive
+system containing a sticky secretion.
+
+Accessory subcostal vein: the vein given off from the subcosta and
+branching toward the apex of the wing in Perlidae.
+
+Aceous or aceus: suffix; similar to, or of the nature of.
+
+Acephalous: without a head.
+
+Acerata: arthropods without true antennae Arachnids and Limulus
+
+Acetabular caps: Hemiptera; the coxal cavity.
+
+Acetabuliform: like a shallow saucer with more or less incurved sides.
+
+Acetabulum: the cavity into which an appendage is articulated;
+specifically the coxal cavity, - q.v.; also applied to a
+cup-like cavity in the sucking mouth of maggots.
+
+Achreioptera: ordinal term proposed for the coleopterous family
+Platypsyllidae.
+
+Achromatic: free from color; tissue that does not stain readily.
+
+Acicular: needle-shaped; with a long, slender point.
+
+Aciculate: a surface that appears as if scratched with a needle.
+
+Acidotheca: the pupal sheath of the ovipositor.
+
+Acini: granulations, like those on a blackberry: the terminal secreting
+tubes of glands.
+
+Acinose -ous: a surface set with acini.
+
+Acone: applied to compound eyes in which the individual ocelli  have
+no crystalline cone or lens; see eucone. {Scanner's note: this is no
+longer a valid usage for the word "ocelli".  Currently the term is.  See
+"ocellus" and "ommatidium".}
+
+Acoustic nerve: connects the auditory pits or other organs of hearing
+with special ganglia.
+
+Acridophagus: preying and feeding on grasshoppers.
+
+Acrostichal bristles: Diptera; two rows of bristles on the middle of the
+dorsum; specifically, minute peculiar bristles on the dorso-central
+region of Dolichopodidae.
+
+Aculeata: Hymenoptera; the stingers, including bees and wasps.
+
+Aculeate: prickly; armed with short, sharp spines; specifically, in
+Hymenoptera furnished with a sting which is a modified ovipositor
+and connected with a poison sac.
+
+Aculeus -ei: a prickle; a small sharp point; specifically, an ovipositor,
+especially when sting-like, as in Hymenoptera; in male Tipulidae a
+slender, horny, often curved and pointed piece, projected when the
+forceps is open.
+
+Acuminate: tapering to a long point.
+
+Acupunctate: a surface with fine punctures as if made with a needle.
+
+Acutangulate: forming, or meeting in an acute angle.
+
+Acute: pointed: terminating in or forming less than a right angle.
+
+Acutilingual: with a sharp pointed tongue or mouth structure, as in
+some bees.
+
+Acutilingues: bees with a short pointed tongue: see obtusilingues.
+
+Addorsal: close to but not quite on the middle of the dorsum.
+
+Addorsal line: in caterpillars, is longitudinal, a little to one
+side of the dorsal and between it and the subdorsal line.
+
+Adductor: applied to muscles that draw an appendage to the body
+or bring parts into apposition: see abductor.
+
+Adductor mandibulae: the muscle that draws in or closes
+the mandible.
+
+Adeloceratous: with concealed antennae: see cryptocerata.
+
+Adephagous: belonging to the Adephaga: pentamerous, predatory,
+terrestrial beetles with filiform antennae and predatory habits: see
+hydradephagous.
+
+Adherent: attached or clinging to.
+
+Adipose: fat or fatty: see fat-body.
+
+Adiscota: insects that develop into adults without forming imaginal
+discs; see discota.
+
+Adminicula: supports or props: the spinous processes on the
+abdomen of boring and burrowing pupae.
+
+Adnate: adjoining; adhering or growing together: closely connected.
+
+Adpressed: laid or pressed to; contiguous.
+
+Adsperse -us: with markings of closely crowded small spots.
+
+Adsternal: situated next or close to the sternum.
+
+Adult: the stage when an insect is sexually mature and ready to
+reproduce normally.
+
+Aduncate -cus, -catus: a part gradually bent through its whole extent.
+
+Adventitious: occurring accidentally, out of the ordinary course,
+without apparent reason.
+
+Adventral line: in caterpillars, extends along the under side between
+the middle and the base of legs.
+
+Adventral tubercle: on the abdominal segments of caterpillars on the
+inner base of the leg, and correspondingly on the apodal segments;
+constant: is number VIII of the abdominal series (Dyar).
+
+Aeneous -eus: shining bronze or brassy.
+
+Aenescent: becoming or appearing bronzed or brassy.
+
+Aequale: equal.
+
+Aequilate-us: of equal breadth throughout.
+
+Aerial: living in the air; applied to flying insects.
+
+Aeriductus: a spiracle: the tracheal, gill-like structures of aquatic
+larvae: more specifically the tail-like extensions of rat-tailed maggots
+and some aquatic Hemiptera.
+
+Aeroscepsin: an indefinite sense of perception supposed to be located
+in the antenna.
+
+Aeroscepsy: The faculty of observing atmospheric changes: supposed
+to be located in the antenna.
+
+Aerostats: a pair of large air sacs at base of abdomen in Diptera.
+
+Aeruginose -us: the color of verdigris [blue green].
+
+Aestival: occurring in summer.
+
+Aestivation: applied to summer dormancy.
+
+Afferent: carrying inwardly or toward the centre.
+
+Affinis: related to: similar in structure or development.
+
+Afternose: a triangular piece below antennae and above clypeus: see
+postclypeus.
+
+Agamic -ous: reproducing without union with a male.
+
+Agamogenesis: reproduction without fertilization by a male: see
+parthenogenesis; gamogenesis.
+
+Agglomerate: heaped or massed together.
+
+Agglutinate: stuck or glued together; welded into one mass.
+
+Aggregated: crowded together as closely as possible.
+
+Agnathous: without jaws; specifically applied to those Neuropteroid
+series in which the mouth structures are obsolescent.
+
+Aileron: the scale covering the base of primaries in some insects; see
+tegulae in Diptera = alula and squama, q.v.
+
+Air-sacs or vesicles: pouch-like expansions of tracheal tubes in heavy
+insects, capable of inflation and supposed to lessen specific gravity.
+
+Air-tube: a respiratory siphon.
+
+Ala -ae: a wing or wings.
+
+Alar appendage: see alulet.
+
+Alar frenum: a small ligament crossing the supra-alar groove toward
+the root of the wing: Hymenoptera.
+
+Alary: relating to the wings: applied also to the wing muscles of heart.
+
+Alate -us: winged; with lobes similar to wings in appearance though
+not necessarily in function.
+
+Albi, albus: white.
+
+Albicans: formed or made of white.
+
+Albidus: white with dusky tinge.
+
+Albinic: of the character of an albino.
+
+Albinism: that condition in which there is an absence of color or a
+whitening in a form usually colored.
+
+Albino: a colorless individual of a species that is normally colored.
+
+Albumen: the white of egg or the substances in the tissues which have
+the same characteristics.
+
+Albumin: the characteristic substance forming the white of egg.
+
+Albuminoid: like or of the character of albumen.
+
+Alimentary canal: the digestive tract as a whole; begins at the mouth
+and extends through the body to the anus.
+
+Alitrunk: that part of the thorax to which the wings are attached: in
+many Hymenoptera, includes the 1st abdominal segment.
+
+Alizarine: a transparent, orange red [alizar crimson].
+
+Alleghanian faunal area: is that part of the transition zone comprising
+the greater part of New England, s. e. Ontario, New York,
+Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, eastern N. Dakota, n.
+e. S. Dakota, and the Alleghanies from Pennsylvania to Georgia.
+
+Alligate -us: fastened or suspended by a thread;
+like the chrysalis of Papilio, etc.
+
+Alliogenesis: when the development includes an alternation of
+generations (q.v.), as in Cynipids.
+
+Alluring glands: glandular structures diffusing an odor supposed to be
+attractive to the opposite sex.
+
+Allux: next to the last joint of tarsus; in Rhynchophora.
+
+Alpine zone: = arctic zone, q.v.
+
+Alternation of generations: where a species that occurs in both sexes
+periodically produces only parthenogenetic females; the latter, in
+turn, producing the sexed form; occurs in Cynipidae and some
+Homoptera: see heterogeny.
+
+Altus: above: applied to a part raised above the usual level.
+
+Alulae: Diptera; a pair of membranous scales above the halteres,
+behind the root of the wing, one above or before the other; the
+anterior attached to the wing and moving with it, the posterior
+fastened to the thorax and stationary; see calyptra; squama;
+squamula; lobulus; axillary lobe; aileron; scale; tegulae: Coleoptera;
+a membranous appendage of the elytra which prevents dislocation.
+
+Alulet: Diptera: the lobe at basal posterior part of wing; = alar
+appendage; posterior lobe: and has been used as = alula.
+
+Alutaceous: rather pale leather brown [burnt sienna]: covered with
+minute cracks, like the human skin.
+
+Alveolate: furnished with cells: deeply pitted.
+
+Alveolus: a cell, like that of a honeycomb.
+
+Amber: a transparent, clear, pale yellowish brown; of the color of
+amber [a mixture of pale cadmium yellow and a little burnt umber].
+
+Ambient vein: Diptera; the costal vein when it extends beyond the
+apex and practically margins the wing.
+
+Ambrosia: bee-bread: the food cultures of certain Scolytid beetles.
+
+Ambulatoria: that series of Orthoptera in which the legs are fitted for
+walking only; Phasmids.
+
+Ambulatorial: fitted for walking or making progress on the surface.
+
+Ambulatorial setae: specialized hairs or bristles, situated on the
+ventral segments of the abdomen of some Coleoptera.
+
+Ambulatory: moves by walking; formed for walking.
+
+Ametabola -ous: insects without obvious metamorphoses, in which
+the larvae usually resemble the adult and the pupae are active.
+
+Ametabolion: an insect that has no distinct metamorphoses.
+
+Amethystine -us: bright blue with a reddish admixture; clear like an
+amethyst [between mauve and lilac].
+
+Amnion: the inner of the two membranes enveloping the embryo.
+
+Amnion cavity: a tube-like insinking from the ventral plate of the
+embryo, extending cephalad.
+
+Amnion fold: the extensions of the amnion which close the mouth of
+the amnion cavity in the embryo.
+
+Amnios: the first cast skin of the larva when a moult occurs almost
+immediately after emergence from the egg.
+
+Amoebiform: having the appearance or properties of an amoeba.
+
+Amoeboid: applied to movements similar to those of an amoeba.
+
+Amphibiotica: those pseudoneuropterous insects whose larvae are
+aquatic but whose imagos are aerial; stone-flies; May-flies;
+dragonflies.
+
+Amphimixis: the mingling of the germ plasm of two individuals.
+
+Amphiodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids bearing
+mandibles of medium size, between teleodont and priodont;
+=mesodont.
+
+Amphipneustic: applied to larvae which have the spiracles confined to
+the anterior and terminal segments.
+
+Ample: broad; large; sufficient in size.
+
+Amplected: when the head is received into a concavity
+of the prothorax; e.g. Hister.
+
+Ampliate -us: moderately dilated.
+
+Amplificatus: dilated; enlarged.
+
+Ampulla: Orthoptera; an extensile sac between head and prothorax
+used by the young in escaping from ooetheca, and later, in molting:
+Heteroptera; a blister-like enlargement at the middle of the anterior
+margin of the pro-thorax.
+
+Ampulla-like: flask-shaped; applied to a vascular sac at base of
+antennae which aids in the blood circulation of head and its
+appendages.
+
+Amygdaliform: almond-shaped.
+
+Anabolic: the constructive change from food material to animal tissue:
+see katabolic.
+
+Anal: pertaining or attached to the last segment of the abdomen; the
+point or angle of any wing or other appendage that is near to or at any
+time reaches the tip of the abdomen.
+
+Anal angle: on the secondaries is that angle nearest the end of the
+abdomen when the wings are expanded: the angle between the inner
+and outer margin of any wing; = hind angle of primaries.
+
+Anal appendages: generally; applied to the external genital parts.
+
+Anal area: Orthoptera and Neuroptera; the hinder or anal portion of a
+wing within the anal vein = axillary area.
+
+Anal cells: the spaces between the anal veins (Comst.): in Diptera,
+anal cell (Will.), the space nearest the body, inclosed by the 5th and
+6th veins sometimes called the third basal cell (Coq.) = 1st anal
+(Comst.).
+
+Anal field: Orthoptera; that area on the tegmina corresponding to the
+anal area of the secondaries.
+
+Anal filaments: see caudal setae.
+
+Anal fork: applied to the cerci of Coleopterous larvae.
+
+Anal foot: applied to the tip of the body in larval Chironomids, which
+is modified to serve as a hold-fast.
+
+Anal furrow: in wings, lies between the cubitus and 1st anal vein.
+
+Anal glands: appendages of the alimentary canal, opening into it near
+the posterior extremity, secreting either a lubricant, a silk-gum, or
+some other specialized material.
+
+Anal horns: in Collembola, are small processes borne on the last
+abdominal segment.
+
+Anal lobes: in Lecaniinae, a pair of small, triangular, hinged processes
+forming a valve which covers the anal orifice.
+
+Anal loop: Odonata; the loop formed by the angulations of 1st anal
+vein.
+
+Analogous: similar in function; but differing in origin and structure:
+e.g. the wings of birds and insects: see homologous.
+
+Anal operculum: the dorsal arch of the 10th abdominal segment; in
+caterpillars = supra-anal plate, q.v.
+
+Anal organs: Collembola; the two modified hairs arising
+from a tubercle ventro-cephalad of the anus and
+usually curving caudo-dorsad.
+
+Anal orifice: see anus.
+
+Anal papilla: Collembola; see anal tubercle.
+
+Anal plate: in caterpillars, the shield-like covering of the dorsum of the
+last segment: in the embryonic larva the 11th tergite.
+
+Anal ring: a chitinous ring encircling the anus in many Coccidae.
+
+Anal scale: one of the lateral processes of the ovipositor in Cynipidae,
+lying outside and below the lateral scale.
+
+Anal siphon: the anal breathing tube of Culicid larvae.
+
+Anal style: a slender process on or within the terminal segment of the
+abdomen in Homoptera.
+
+Anal tubercle: Collembola; the tubercle bearing the anal organs: =
+anal papilla.
+
+Anal tubercles: a pair of prominent, rounded or conical processes,
+situate one on each side of the anus in certain Coccids.
+
+Anal valves: see podical plates.
+
+Anal veins: those longitudinal unbranched veins extending from base
+to outer margin below the cubitus; the first anal, also termed vena
+dividens, q.v., is the 6th of the series starting from the base, and it
+may be followed by several others which are numbered in order to the
+inner margin.
+
+Anastomosing: inosculating or running into each other.
+
+Anastomosis: a running together; usually applied to wing veins, often
+to markings; sometimes used like stigma, q.v.; also in Neuroptera, a
+series of cross-veinlets nearly in one row; a connecting series of
+veinlets.
+
+Anceps: two-edged; similar to ensiform, q.v.
+
+Ancestral: primitive; inherited from an earlier form or ancestor.
+
+Anchor process: = breastbone, q.v.
+
+Anchylosed: grown together at a joint.
+
+Ancipital: with two opposite edges or angles.
+
+Androconia: specialized, usually small scales of peculiar form,
+found localized on some male butterflies.
+
+Androgynous: uniting the characters of both sexes.
+
+Aneurose: a wing without veins except near costa.
+
+Angle: of tegmina, "is the longitudinal ridge formed along the
+interno-median by the sudden flexure from the horizontal
+to the vertical portion when closed."
+
+Angular area: Hym.; the posterior of the three areas on the
+metanotum between the lateral and pleural
+carinae; = 3rd pleural area.
+
+Angulate: forming an angle; when two margins meet in an angle.
+
+Angulose: having angles.
+
+Angulus: forming an angle: = angulate.
+
+Angustatus: narrowed; narrowly drawn out.
+
+Anisoptera: that division of the Odonata in which the hind wings are
+wider, especially at base, than the front wings.
+
+Annectent: applied to connecting or intermediate forms.
+
+Annelet or annellus: Hym.; small ring-joints between scape and
+funicle.
+
+Annulate: ringed or marked with colored bands.
+
+Annulet: a small or narrow ring or annulus.
+
+Annuliform: in the form of rings or segments.
+
+Annulus: a ring encircling a joint, segment, spot or mark; sometimes
+applied to the inner ring encircling the mouth opening.
+
+Annulus antennalis: the ring sclerite of the head into which the basal
+segment of the antennae is inserted; = antennal sclerite.
+
+Anomalous: unusual; departing widely from the usual type.
+
+Anoplura: wingless species without metamorphosis, habits epizooetic,
+thoracic segments similarly developed: a composite aggregation which
+includes both the biting and sucking lice.
+
+Ante: before; used as a prefix.
+
+Ante-alar sinus: Odonata; a grooved area extending transversely
+immediately in front of the base of each front wing.
+
+Ante-apical: just before the apex.
+
+Ante-clypeus: Odonata; the lower of the two divisions of the
+clypeus; the inferior half of the clypeus whenever there is any
+apparent line of demarcation: = clypeus-anterior; infra-clypeus;
+rhinarium; second clypeus.
+
+Ante-coxal piece: Coleoptera; that portion of the metasternum lying
+in front of the posterior coxae, often passing between them and
+meeting the abdomen of mandible, is the lateral sclerite of the
+clypeus; - one on each side.
+
+Ante-cubital: see ante-nodal, cross veins and spaces.
+
+Ante-furca: an internal forked process from the prosternum, to which
+muscles are attached.
+
+Ante-humeral: relating to the space just before origin of wings.
+
+Ante-humeral stripe: Odonata; a discolored stripe, approximately
+parallel to, but to the inner side of the humeral suture, q.v.
+
+Antemedial line: = t. a. line, q.v.
+
+Antemedian: Diptera; applied to leg-bristles situated before the
+middle.
+
+Antenna -ae: two jointed, sensory organs, borne, one on each side of
+the head, commonly termed horns or feelers.
+
+Antenna-cleaner: a fringed excavation on the interior base of the 1st
+segment of the anterior tarsi of Hymenoptera which, when covered by
+the movable process from the end of the tibia, forms an opening
+through which the antennae may be drawn: similar structures are on
+the fore tibiae of Carabid beetles: tarsal claws are also used by
+various insects to clean antennae.
+
+Antennal appendage: in Mallophaga, a projecting process of the 1st or
+3rd segment in the male.
+
+Antennal formula: in Coccidae; made by enumerating the antennal
+joints in the order of their length, beginning with the longest and
+bracketing together those of the same length.
+
+Antennal fossa -w: grooves or cavities in which antennae are located
+or concealed: = a. grooves: antennary fossa.
+
+Antennal fovea: Diptera; a groove or grooves in the middle of the face
+as though for the lodgment of the antennae; bounded on the sides by
+the facial ridges.
+
+Antennal foveolae: Orthoptera; the pits between frontal costa and
+lateral carinae, in which the antennae are inserted.
+
+Antennal grooves: see antennal fossa.
+
+Antennal lobes: of brain, see deuto-cerebrum.
+
+Antennal organs: in Collembola are sensory structures on the distal
+segment.
+
+Antennal process: Diptera; the frontal protuberance upon which the
+antennae are inserted.
+
+Antennal sclerite: see annulus antennalis.
+
+Antennal segment: the second or deutocerebral segment of head.
+
+Antennary fossa: see antennal fossa.
+
+Antennary furrow: in Mallophaga, grooves on the under side of the
+head in which the antennae lie.
+
+Antenniferous: bearing antennae.
+
+Antenniform: made up like, or having the appearance of antennae.
+
+Antennule: a small antennae or feeler-like process.
+
+Antenodal cells: Odonata; in Agrionidae the cells included between the
+short sector (M 4 Comst.) and the upper sector of the triangle (Cu 1,
+Comst.), and between the quadrilateral (or quadrangle) and the vein
+descending from the nodus.
+
+Antenodal cross veins: Odonata; extend between costa and sub-costa,
+and between sub-costa and media, from the base to the nodus,
+forming the ante-nodal or ante-cubital cells: = ante-cubital.
+
+Antenodal costal spaces: Odonata; the cells between costa and
+subcosta, from the base to the nodus: = ante-cubitals.
+
+Anteocular: the region just before the eye; specifically applied in
+Collembola to a peculiar structure of undefined function situated in
+front of the eyes: = prostemmatic.
+
+Antepectus: the lower surface of the prothorax.
+
+Antepenultimate: the last but two.
+
+Anterior: in front; before; in Dip., that face of the leg which is visible
+from the front when the leg is laterally extended and bristles on that
+face are anterior.
+
+Anterior branch of third vein, in Diptera (Will.), = radius 4 (Comst.).
+
+Anterior field: Orthoptera; of tegmina, see costal field.
+
+Anterior intercalary vein: Diptera; = media 2 (Comst.); of Loew =
+discoidal vein.
+
+Anterior lamina: Odonata; the anterior sternal border of abdominal
+segment 2, modified to form the front margin of the genital pocket.
+
+Anterior lobe: Orthoptera; see lobes.
+
+Anterior squama: = antisquama; q.v.
+
+Anterior stigmatal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segment of
+caterpillars; varies from substigmatal to stigmatal anterior;
+sometimes united to IV: it is V of the abdominal series, IV of the
+thorax (Dyar).
+
+Anterior trapezoidal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segment of
+caterpillars addorsal, anterior, always present, rarely united with II: it
+is I of the abdominal series, la of the thorax (Dyar).
+
+Antero: to the front; anteriorly.
+
+Antero-dorsal: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of
+anterior and dorsal face.
+
+Antero-ventral: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of
+anterior and ventral face.
+
+Anthobian: feeding on flowers; applied to certain lamellicorn
+Coleoptera in which the labium extends beyond the mentum.
+
+Anthophila: Hymenoptera; species in which the basal joint of the hind
+tarsus is dilated and pubescent; the bees.
+
+Anthracine -us: coal black; black with a bluish tinge.
+
+Anti: over against; opposite; contrary: (prefix).
+
+Anticus: frontal; belonging to or directed toward the front.
+
+Antigeny: opposition or antagonism of the sexes; embracing all forms
+of secondary sexual diversity.
+
+Antipodal costal spaces: Odonata; the cells between costa and
+subcosta, from the base to the modus; = antecubitals.
+
+Antisquama: Diptera; the upper of the two which moves with the
+wings; = antitegula; see also squama.
+
+Antitegula: see antisquama.
+
+Antlia: the spiral tongue or haustellum of Lepidoptera.
+
+Antliata: insects with a sucking mouth; originally applied to
+Lepidoptera and Diptera, later and more specifically to Diptera.
+
+Antrorse -sum: directed toward the front.
+
+Anus: the end of the digestive tract, through which the food remnants
+are passed: the posterior part of the individual: specifically, in
+Coccidae, a more or less circular opening on the dorsal surface of the
+pygidium, varying in location as regards the circumgenital gland
+orifices: = anal orifice.
+
+Aorta: the anterior, narrow part of the heart, opening into the head.
+
+Apex: that part of any joint or segment opposite the base by which it is
+attached; that point of a wing furthest removed from base or at the
+end of the costal area.
+
+Aphaniptera: indistinctly winged; see Siphonaptera.
+
+Aphideine: see aphidilutein.
+
+Aphidilutein: a yellowish fluid found in plant lice, changed to a rich
+violet by alkaline reagents.
+
+Apical: at, near or pertaining to the apex; usually of a wing.
+
+Apical area: see petiolar area.
+
+Apical areas: apical cells in some Homoptera.
+
+Apical cell: a cell near or at the apex of a wing; in Hymenoptera
+(Norton) = medial (Comst.); outer apical cell = 2d medial 2 (Comst.);
+inner apical cell = medial 3 (Comst.).
+
+Apical cells or cellules: Trichoptera; the series of cells along the outer
+margin of wing from pterostigma to arculus.
+
+Apically: toward or directed toward the apex.
+
+Apical sector: one of the longitudinal veins in the apical part of wing of
+Neuroptera.
+
+Apical transverse carina: Hymenoptera; crosses the metanotum
+behind middle and separates the median from the posterior cells or
+areas.
+
+Apiculis: an erect, fleshy short point.
+
+Apiculate: covered with fleshy, short points.
+
+Apivorous: devouring bees.
+
+Apneustic: without an open tracheal system; respiration is through
+the skin or through tracheal gills.
+
+Apocrita: = petiolate, q.v.
+
+Apodal: with single, simple tubercles instead of feet, in larvae;
+without feet = apodous.
+
+Apode: one that has no feet.
+
+Apodema: a conspicuous transverse band crossing the thorax in front
+of the scutellum in male Coccidae.
+
+Apodeme: an inwardly directed process to which a muscle is attached.
+
+Apodous: without feet; see apodal.
+
+Apolar: without differentiated poles; without apparent radiating
+processes applied to cells.
+
+Apophysis: the lower of the two joints of trochanter in ditrocha
+trochanterellus; the dorso-lateral metathoracic spines in
+Hymenoptera; also used as synonymous with ento-thorax.
+
+Apophystegal plates: Orthoptera; flattened blade or plate-like sclerites
+covering the gonapophyses.
+
+Apotypes: = hypotypes; q.v.
+
+Appendage -es: any part, piece or organ attached by a joint to the
+body or to any other main structure.
+
+Appendice -es: any attached body or small process; an appendix.
+
+Appendicial: supplementary: relating to appendices.
+
+Appendicle: a small appendix: in some bees, a small sclerite at tip of
+labrum.
+
+Appendiculate: bearing appendages; said of antennae where the
+joints have articulated appendages; of tarsal claws that have
+membranous processes at base.
+
+Appendiculate cell: Hymenoptera; is on costa just beyond 2d radius 1
+and 2.
+
+Appendigerous: bearing appendages.
+
+Appendix: a supplementary or additional piece or part, added to or
+attached to another: in Heteroptera; = cuneus, q.v.
+
+Appress -ed: to press against; closely applied to.
+
+Approximate: near to; applies to antennae inserted close together.
+
+Aptera: those that have no wings: an ordinal term formerly employed
+for fleas, lice and other wingless forms now distributed in other orders:
+ later used for the simplest or lowest insects, including the Thysanura
+and Collembola.
+
+Apterodicera: wingless, with two antennae.
+
+Apterous: without wings.
+
+Apterygogenea: those insects that are wingless in all stages and
+presumed to be descended from ancestors which never were winged:
+see pterygogenea.
+
+Apterygota: = apterygogenea; see pterygote.
+
+Aquamarine -us: sea green: pale green with predominant blue and a
+little gray [nile green].
+
+Aquatic: living wholly in water.
+
+Aquatilia: cryptocerous Hemiptera of truly aquatic habit.
+
+Arachnoideous: resembling or similar to a cobweb.
+
+Araneiform: spider-like in appearance.
+
+Arboreal: living in, on, or among trees.
+
+Arborescent: branching like the twigs of a tree.
+
+Archaic: ancient; no longer dominant; of the olden time.
+
+Archiptera: those Neuroptera with incomplete metamorphosis =
+Pseudo-neuroptera.
+
+Arctic Zone: is that part of the boreal region above the limit of tree
+growth in the U. S. is restricted to the area above timber line on the
+summits of high mountains: = alpine.
+
+Arcuate: curved like a bow: = arcuate.
+
+Arcuato-emarginate: with a bow-like or curved excision.
+
+Arculus: Odonata; a small cross vein between radius and cubitus near
+the base, leaving an elongate triangle between them: Trichoptera; a
+point, often hyaline, on the forewing where the cubitus (or post
+cubitus) runs into the margin: in Homoptera; a cross-veinlet nearly
+reaching posterior margin at same point as in Trichoptera: in other
+orders applied to a cross-vein in similar position, apparently giving
+rise to the median.
+
+Arcus: a bow; part of a circle; but less than one half.
+
+Area mediastinal, scapularis and ulnaris: the areas in front of the
+mediastinal, the scapular, and the ulnar veins in Orthoptera.
+
+Areae or Areolae: wing cells or spaces between veins.
+
+Arenicolous: applied to species frequenting sandy areas.
+
+Arenose: a surface that is sandy or gritty.
+
+Areola: a small cell on the wings of certain Hemiptera: see also areae
+Hymenoptera; the central of three median areas on the metanotum: =
+2d median area; upper median area.
+
+Areolate: with small defined areas, like a network.
+
+Areole: Lepidoptera; see accessory cell, cell and cellule.
+
+Areolet: one of the small spaces between veins of net-veined insects.
+
+Argentate: shining, silvery white.
+
+Argenteous: silvery.
+
+Argillaceous: of the texture, appearance or color of clay.
+
+Arid: Applied to regions in which the normal rainfall is insufficient to
+produce ordinary farm crops without irrigation, and in which desert
+conditions prevail: see humid.
+
+Arid transition area: comprises the western part of the Dakotas,
+northern Montana east of the Rockies, southern Assiniboia, small
+areas in southern Manitoba and Alberta, the higher parts of the Great
+Basin and the plateau region generally, the eastern base of Cascade
+Sierras and local areas in Oregon and California.
+
+Arista: a specialized bristle or process on antennae of certain Diptera.
+
+Aristate: Diptera; that type of antennae that bears an arista: =
+athericerous.
+
+Aristiform: of the form or appearance of an arista.
+
+Armature: applied to the spinous or chitinous processes on the legs,
+body or wings; or the corneous parts of genitalic structures.
+
+Armatus: set with spines, claws or other chitinous processes.
+
+Armillate: with a ring or annulus of raised or different tissue.
+
+Arolium -ia: cushion-like pads on the tarsi of many insects: one of the
+lobes of the pulvillus; in Orthoptera, used only for the terminal pad
+between the claws: see empodium; pulvillus; palmula; plantula;
+onychium, paronychium, pseudonychium.
+
+Arquate: see arcuate.
+
+Arrhenotokous: capable of producing male offspring only, as in worker
+bees and some saw-flies.
+
+Arrhenotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are all
+males: see thelyotoky and deuterotoky.
+
+Arthrium: Coleoptera; the minute, concealed tarsal joint in
+pseudotetramera and trimera.
+
+Arthroderm: the outer skin or covering of articulates.
+
+Arthrodial: an articulation that permits motion in any direction.
+
+Arthromere: a body segment or ring: = somite.
+
+Arthropleure: the side piece of an arthromere.
+
+Arthropods: all those articulates having jointed legs.
+
+Article: a joint or segment.
+
+Articular pan: the cup or dish-like depression forming the socket into
+which an articulation is fitted.
+
+Articulate: that branch of the animal kingdom whose members are
+made up of rings, segments or articulations.
+
+Articulate: divided into joints or segments.
+
+Articulated apex: see clasp filament.
+
+Articulation: the point or place where two parts or segments are
+joined: also applied to an individual joint or segment.
+
+Articulatory epideme: the partly chitinized membrane by which the
+wings are attached to the thorax.
+
+Artus: the organs of locomotion generally.
+
+Asexual: applied where the reproductive organs are incompletely
+developed and eggs or young are produced by cell-budding: =
+parthenogenetic.
+
+Ash-gray: a mixture of black and white, with a faint orange tinge: like
+ashes of anthracite coal.
+
+Aspect: indicates the direction to which a surface faces or in which it
+is viewed; it may be dorsal, ventral, caudal, cephalic or lateral.
+
+Asperities: surface roughenings or dot-like elevations.
+
+Aspersus: rugged, with distinct elevated dots.
+
+Assembling: gathering together; applied when a virgin female is
+exposed to attract such males as may be near, either to secure a
+pairing or merely to obtain specimens; also called sembling.
+
+Assurgent: down-curved at base, then upcurved to an erect position.
+
+Asymmetrical: not alike on the two sides; not symmetrical.
+
+Asymmetry: a state of unlikeness in lateral development; absence of
+symmetry in form or in the development of members.
+
+Ater: deep black; not shining.
+
+Aterimus: the deepest black.
+
+Athericerous: see aristate.
+
+Atom -us: a minute dot or point.
+
+Atomarius: with minute dots or points.
+
+Atrachelia: Coleoptera in which there is no visible constriction
+between head and prothorax: Rhynchophora and some Heteromera.
+
+Atrium: a chamber just within the spiracle and before the occluding
+structure to the trachea.
+
+Atrocoeruleus: very deep, blackish, sky-blue.
+
+Atrophied: wasted away; unfit for use.
+
+Atropurpureus: dark purplish, nearly black [an admixture of mauve
+and black].
+
+Atrous: jet black.
+
+Atrovelutinus: velvety black.
+
+Atrovirens: dark green, approaching blackish [prussian green].
+
+Attenuated: drawn out; slender; tapering.
+
+Attingent: touching.
+
+Atus: suffix; denotes possession of a quality or structure.
+
+Atypic -ical: off type; not of the usual form.
+
+Auchenorhynchus: with the beak issuing from the inferior portion of
+head, as in Homoptera.
+
+Auditory: relating to the sense of hearing.
+
+Auditory organs: Orthoptera; specialized structures covered by a tense
+membrane, on the anterior tibia or base of abdomen; any structure
+that functions as an ear.
+
+Aurantiacus: orange colored; a mixture of yellow and red [chrome
+orange].
+
+Aurate: with ears or ear-like expansions: also = auratus.
+
+Auratus: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow].
+
+Aurelia: = chrysalis or pupa; specifically of butterflies.
+
+Aurelian: a lepidopterist.
+
+Aureolate: with a diffused colored ring.
+
+Aureole: a ring of color which is usually diffuse outwardly.
+
+Aureous -eus: gold-colored.
+
+Aurichalceous: brassy yellow.
+
+Auricle -cula: an appendage resembling a little ear; in Odonata the
+tumescent area at the sides of the second abdominal segment: in
+Andrenidae, a short membranous process placed laterally on the
+ligula.
+
+Auricular: applied to the space or cavity surrounding the dorsal
+vessel.
+
+Auriculate: with an ear-like appendage or, in antennae, with the basal
+joint distended into a concave, plate-like ear which envelops the rest
+of the structures.
+
+Auriculo-ventricular: the outer valves of the heart between the
+auricular space and the chamber.
+
+Auriculo-ventricular openings: are the lateral openings into the heart
+by means of which the blood is admitted into it.
+
+Auritus: with two ear-like spots or appendages.
+
+Auroral spot: applied to the bright orange colored spot at the apical
+area of Anthocharis.
+
+Auroreous -eus: red, like the aurora borealis [crimson lake].
+
+Austral: is that faunal region which covers the whole of the United
+States and Mexico except the boreal mountains and tropical lowlands:
+ divided into transition, upper, lower and gulf strip: see boreal and
+tropical.
+
+Austroriparian faunal area: that part of lower austral zone covering
+the greater part of the South Atlantic and Gulf States. Begins near
+mouth of Chesapeake Bay, covers half or more of Virginia, North and
+South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, all of Mississippi and
+Louisiana, east Texas, nearly all of Indian Territory, more than half of
+Arkansas and parts of Oklahoma, s. e. Kansas, so. Missouri, so.
+Illinois, s. w. corner of Indiana and bottom lands of Kentucky and
+Tennessee.
+
+Autotype: any specimen identified by the describer as an illustration
+of his species and compared with the type or co-type.
+
+Auxiliary: additional, or supplementing.
+
+Auxiliary vein: in Diptera (Will.), = subcosta (Comst.).
+
+Axillae: two small, subtriangular sclerites at the lateral basal angles of
+the meso-scutellum in Proctytripidae.
+
+Axillary: placed in the crotch or angle of origin of two bodies; arising
+from the angle of ramification.
+
+Axillary area: see anal area.
+
+Axillary calli: see calli axillary.
+
+Axillary cell: in Diptera (Will.), = 2d anal (Comst.).
+
+Axillary excision: = a. incision, q.v.
+
+Axillary incision: Diptera; an incision on inner margin of wing, near
+base, which separates the alula from the main part.
+
+Axillary lobe: the sclerite covering the base of the wing in Diptera; see
+also alula and posterior lobe.
+
+Axillary vein: one or two longitudinal veins toward the inner margin
+from the anal vein (Ephemeridae); a group of several (10-20) radiate
+veins that occupy the anal field in Orthoptera.
+
+Axis: a small process at base of elytron, upon which it turns.
+
+Azure -eus: clear sky-blue [cobalt blue].
+
+Azygos: unpaired; a structure without a fellow; sometimes applied to
+an unpaired oviduct specifically the enlarged portion of the vagina at
+the junction of the oviducts and thus = uterus.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+B
+
+Baccate -us: berry-like: applied to bladder-like ovaries from the
+surface of which the short ovarian tubes arise.
+
+Back: the dorsum or upper surface.
+
+Baculiform: rod or staff-like.
+
+Badius: liver-brown; clearer and lighter than
+castaneus [dragon's blood].
+
+Baenomere: a leg-bearing (thoracic) segment.
+
+Baenopoda: the thoracic legs.
+
+Baenosome: the thorax.
+
+Balancers: see halteres.
+
+Bald: without hair or other surface vestiture: see bare.
+
+Band: a transverse marking broader than a line.
+
+Bar: a short, straight band of equal width.
+
+Barb: a spine armed with teeth pointing backward.
+
+Barbate: furnished with barbs; hair with spines or spurs directed
+backward.
+
+Barbated: bearded; in antennae with tufts or fascicles of hair or short
+bristles on each side of each joint; = brush-like: on the abdomen,
+with flat tufts at the sides or tip.
+
+Barbule: a small barb, beard or filiform appendage.
+
+Bare: without clothing of any kind: see bald.
+
+Basad: in the direction of or toward the base.
+
+Basal: at or pertaining to the base or point of attachment to or nearest
+the main body.
+
+Basal area: in wings: that space nearest the point where they are
+attached to the body: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, the anterior
+of the three median cells or areas = 1st median area.
+
+Basal cell: Diptera; st (Will.), = radial 2 (Comst.); 2d (Will.), = media
+(Comst.); Trichoptera; one, two or three cells enclosed by the
+branches that form-the post-costal or anal vein: Odonata; an elongate
+cell between radius and cubitus, just before the arculus.
+
+Basalis: the principal mandibular sclerite, when sclerites are
+distinguishable, to which all other parts are jointed; corresponds to
+the stipes in the maxilla.
+
+Basal line: in many Lepidoptera; a transverse line extending half way
+across the primaries very close to base.
+
+Basal lobe: of culicid genitalia, see claspette.
+
+Basal post-costal vein: in Agrioninae, one of the cubito-anal
+cross-veins.
+
+Basal segment of clasp: see side piece.
+
+Basal space: that area on the primaries of certain Lepidoptera,
+between the base and t. a. line (q.v.).
+
+Basal streak: in Noctuid moths, extends from base, through the
+submedian interspace to the t. a. line.
+
+Basal transverse carina: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, crosses
+before middle and separates the anterior from the median areas.
+
+Base: that part of any appendage that is nearest the body: on the
+thorax that portion nearest the abdomen; on the abdomen that
+portion nearest the thorax.
+
+Basement membrane: that thin layer of tissue upon which the
+epithelium rests.
+
+Basilar: of or pertaining to the base.
+
+Basilar cross-vein: Odonata; crosses the basilar space.
+
+Basilar membrane: a thin membrane separating the cones and rods
+from the optic tract.
+
+Basilar space: Odonata; that area at base of wings, between media
+and cubitus.
+
+Basi-proboscis: basal third of the flexed proboscis of muscid flies.
+
+Batesian mimicry: see mimicry.
+
+Bathmis: see pterostigma.
+
+Bave: the fluid silk as it is spun by caterpillars.
+
+Beak: any notable prolongation of the front of the head: the snout in
+Rhynchophora: specifically, the jointed structure covering the lancets
+in the hemipterous mouth.
+
+Bearded: fringed with hair: see barbated.
+
+Belly: venter; under side of abdomen.
+
+Belonoid: needle-like.
+
+Bi: prefix, means two.
+
+Bi-alar: two-winged; applied to Diptera.
+
+Biarcuate: twice curved.
+
+Biareolate: with two cells or areoles: see bilocular.
+
+Bicaudate: having two tails or anal processes.
+
+Bicolored: with two colors that contrast to some extent.
+
+Bicornute: with two horns or cephalic processes.
+
+Bicuspidate: ending in two points or cusps.
+
+Bidactylate: with two fingers or finger-like processes.
+
+Bidentate: two-toothed.
+
+Biemarginate: twice emarginate; with two excisions.
+
+Bifarious: pointing in opposite directions.
+
+Bifasciate: with two bands or fascia.
+
+Bifid: divided into two parts; split; applied in Coleoptera to tarsal
+claws which are divided so that the claws lie side by side: see
+biparted.
+
+Biflabellate: antennae with fan-like process on two sides.
+
+Bifurcate: divided, not over half its length, into two dull points; forked.
+
+Bifurcation: a forking or division into two: the point at which a
+forking occurs.
+
+Biguttate: with two drop-like spots.
+
+Bijugum: in two pairs.
+
+Bilamellar: divided into two lamina or plates.
+
+Bilateral -eriter: with two equal or symmetrical sides.
+
+Biliary vessels: see malpighian tubules.
+
+Bilineate -us: with two lines.
+
+Bilobate -ed: divided into two lobes.
+
+Binocular: having two cells or compartments: see biareolate.
+
+Bimaculate: with two spots or maculae.
+
+Binate: in pairs: consisting of a single pair.
+
+Binotate: with two rounded spots.
+
+Binus: paired: doubled.
+
+Biogenesis: the production of life from antecedent life.
+
+Biomorphotica: those neuropterous insects in which the pupa is
+active.
+
+Bionomics: the habits, breeding and adaptations of living forms.
+
+Biophore: an ultimate constituent of germ plasm or hereditary
+substance.
+
+Bioplasm: formative living matter.
+
+Biparted: profoundly divided into two parts: see bifid.
+
+Bipectinate: antennae having comb-like teeth or processes on Beach
+side of each joint.
+
+Bipupillate: an ocellate spot with two pupils, of the same or different
+in color.
+
+Biradiate: consisting of, or with two rays or spokes.
+
+Biramose -ous: having two branches or doubled appendages.
+
+Biseriately: arranged in double rows or series.
+
+Biserrate: doubly saw-toothed; with a saw tooth on each side of each
+antennal joint.
+
+Bisetose -ous: with two bristle-like or setaceous appendages.
+
+Bisinuate: a margin or line with two sinuations or incisions.
+
+Bituberculate: with two distinct tubercles.
+
+Biuncinnate: with two hooks.
+
+Bivalve -ed: applied to mouth parts consisting of two parts or valves
+united to form a tube.
+
+Bivittate: with two longitudinal stripes or vittae.
+
+Blade: of maxilla, see lacinia.
+
+Blastem: a nucleated protoplasmic layer preceding the blastoderm.
+
+Blastoderm: the germinal membrane from which the organs of the
+embryo are formed.
+
+Blastodermic cells: are those forming the blastoderm.
+
+Blastogenic: relating to or inherent in the germ or blast.
+
+Blastophore: the primitive mouth of the embryo.
+
+Blind: without eyes: applied also to an ocellate spot without a pupil.
+
+Bloom: a fine violet dusting similar to that on plums. {Scanner's note:
+See Pruinous.}
+
+Blotch: a large irregular spot or mark: large whitish membrane
+between abdomen and thorax in certain saw-flies.
+
+Blunt: not sharp; obtuse at the edge or tip.
+
+Body: the trunk: usually applied to the thorax only; rarely to the
+abdomen alone; sometimes to thorax and abdomen combined.
+
+Bombifrons: front of head with a blister-like protuberance.
+
+Bombous: blister-like; spherically enlarged or dilated.
+
+Bombycinous: a very pale yellow like fresh spun silk.
+
+Boreal: from or belonging to the north: is that faunal region that
+extends from the polar sea southward to near the northern boundary
+of the United States and farther south occupies a narrow strip along
+the Pacific Coast and the higher parts of the Sierra-Cascade, Rocky
+and Alleghany Mountain ranges; divided into Arctic, Hudsonian and
+Canadian: see austral and tropical.
+
+Borer: applied to an insect or larva that burrows or makes channels in
+woody or other vegetable tissue.
+
+Botryoidal: clustered like a bunch of grapes.
+
+Bouclier: the pronotum, q.v.
+
+Bouton: a button; the terminal lappet-like process at the tip of the
+ligula in bees: = spoon.
+
+Brachelytra: with abbreviated wing covers or elytra.
+
+Brachia: the arms: has been applied to raptorial fore-legs.
+
+Brachial: relating to an arm; arm-like.
+
+Brachial cells: Hymenoptera; 1st (Nort.), = costal and sub-costal
+(Comst.) 2d (Nort.), = medial (Comst.); 3d (Nort.), = cubital (Comst.);
+4th (Nort.), = 2d anal (Comst.).
+
+Brachial veins: of primaries in Hymenoptera, originate at base, run
+parallel to inner edge toward anal angle; often connected with the
+cubital cellules by means of recurrent venules.
+
+Brachium: the fore tibia.
+
+Brachycerous: Diptera; with short, 3-jointed antennae.
+
+Brachypterous: with short or abbreviated wings.
+
+Brachyostomata: brachycerous Diptera with short proboscis.
+
+Brain: that ganglion of the nervous system which lies in the head
+above the oesophagus; formed of the first three primitive ganglia: see
+supra-oesophageal.
+
+Branchiae: air tubes or gill-like processes of aquatic larva;.
+
+Branchial: relating to the gills or branchiae.
+
+Branchiate: supplied with gills or bronchia.
+
+Brassy: yellow, with the lustre of metallic brass.
+
+Breast: the under surface of thorax or sternum.
+
+Breast-bone: in Cecidomyid larvae; a horny, more or less elongate
+process of the under side behind the mouth opening, supposed to
+represent the labium = anchor process.
+
+Breathing pores: see spiracle.
+
+Brevis: short.
+
+Brides: Homoptera; two pieces on the face, one each side of clypeus
+and lower part of front.
+
+Bridge: Odonata; a secondary longitudinal vein connecting the radial
+sector (Comst.) with Mi + 2, apparently forming a continuous part of
+the radial sector; it is the proximal portion of the subnodal sector of
+de Selys and Hagen.
+
+Bridge cross veins: Odonata; those cross veins, one or more in
+number, extending between M1 + 2 and the bridge (in de Selys
+between principal and subnodal sectors) proximal to the oblique vein.
+
+Brin: the fluid silk thread from each salivary gland.
+
+Bristle: a stiff hair, usually short and blunt.
+
+Broken: interrupted in continuity; as a line or band.
+
+Bronze: the color of old brass.
+
+Brood: all the specimens that hatch at about one time, from eggs laid
+by one series of parents and which normally mature at about the
+same time.
+
+Brunneus: a pure reddish dark brown [indian red].
+
+Brush-like: antennae with the joints laterally produced and tufted
+with short hair or bristles: see barbated.
+
+Buccal: relating to the mouth cavity; rarely to the cheeks.
+
+Buccal appendages: the mouth parts excluding the labrum: see
+trophi. Buccal cavity: the mouth: = oral cavity.
+
+Buccal fissure: the mouth slit or opening: the opening on each side of
+the mentum.
+
+Buccate: blown up, distended; especially the cheeks.
+
+Bucculae: little cheeks or distended areas.
+
+Budding: applied to that form of agamic reproduction found in plant
+lice.
+
+Bulla: a blister or blister-like structure: the shield-like sclerite that
+closes the opening to the trachea in lamellicorn larvae: in Ephemerida
+a part of the costal area of the fore wing toward the tip, which is
+slightly swollen forward and furnished with more cross veins than
+elsewhere; practically the stigma, q.v.
+
+Bullate: blistered.
+
+Bullule: a small blister.
+
+Bursa: a pouch or sac: a wing pouch in male caddice flies and in
+connection with a stalked hair pencil.
+
+Bursa copulatrix: the copulatory pouch of the female in some orders;
+a modification of the vagina.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+C
+
+Caducous-us: deciduous; easily detached or shed.
+
+Caecal tubes or pouches: sac, or blind tube-like structures
+surrounding the chylific ventricle at its junction with the crop, and
+secreting a digestive ferment.
+
+Caecum: a blind sac or tube-like structure serving as one of the caecal
+tubes or pouches: see coecum.
+
+Caelate: a surface with plane elevations of varying forms.
+
+Caeruleus -eous: light sky-blue [between lavender and cobalt blue] =
+coeruleus.
+
+Caerulescent: with a tinge of sky-blue.
+
+Caesius -eous: a pale dull blue-gray [blue-gray].
+
+Caespiticolous: frequenting or living in grassy pastures or lawns.
+
+Calathiform: shaped like a deep bowl.
+
+Calcar -ium; pl. ia: a movable spur or spine-like process: specifically
+the spines at the apex of a tibia.
+
+Calcarate -us: with a movable spur or spine-like process.
+
+Caliciform: shaped like a cup or calyx.
+
+Calipers: the anal forceps in Dermaptera.
+
+Calli axillary: Odonata; thickenings at the bases of the wings;
+distinguished as anterior at the base of the costa, and posterior at the
+base of radius + medius and cubitus: = axillary calli.
+
+Callosity: a thick swollen lump, harder than its surroundings: =
+callous: also a rather flattened elevation not necessarily harder than
+the surrounding tissue.
+
+Callous: see callosity.
+
+Callus: a small callosity.
+
+Caltrops spines: the branched and otherwise specialized irritating
+spines in Limacodid larvae.
+
+Calva: a skull-cap: = epicranium, q.v.
+
+Calx: the distal end of the tibia; the curving basal portion of the first
+tarsal joint.
+
+Calyculate: applied to antennae, whose cup-shaped joints are so
+arranged as to fit one into the other.
+
+Calypter: Diptera; the alula or squama when it covers the haltere.
+
+Calyptra: a hood or cap; see alula.
+
+Calyptrate: those flies that have aluke or membranous scales above
+the halteres.
+
+Calyx: the cap or crown of the mushroom bodies of the procerebrum:
+see also egg-calyx.
+
+Campanulate: bell-shaped: more or less ventricose at the base and a
+little recurved at the margin.
+
+Campestral: applied to species inhabiting open fields.
+
+Campodeiform: applied to larval forms which, in their early stages at
+Least, resemble Campodea: = leptitorm.
+
+Canadian zone: is that part of the boreal region comprising the
+southern part of the great transcontinental coniferous forests of
+Canada, the northern parts of Maine, New Hampshire and Michigan,
+and a strip along the Pacific Coast reaching south to Cape Mendocino
+and the greater part of the high mountains of the United States and
+Mexico. In the east covers Green. Adirondack and Catskill Mountains
+and the higher mountains of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia,
+western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. In the Rockies extends
+continuously from British Columbia to western Wyoming and in the
+Cascades from British Columbia to southern Oregon with a narrow
+interruption along the Columbia River.
+
+Canaliculate: channelled; longitudinally grooved, with a deeper
+concave line in the middle.
+
+Cancellate: cross-barred: latticed: with longitudinal lines decussate by
+transverse lines.
+
+Canescent: hoary, with more white than gray.
+
+Canine teeth: applied to the sharp and conical teeth of mandibles in
+predatory species: = dentes caninae.
+
+Cantharidin: the substance that gives the meloid beetles their
+blistering power composition, C10H12O4 (von Furth).
+
+Canthus: the chitinous process more or less completely dividing the
+eyes of some insects into an upper and lower half.
+
+Canus: see canescent.
+
+Capillaceous: capilla or hair-like.
+
+Capillaris: a very slender, hair-like tube.
+
+Capillary: long and slender like a hair: antennae in which the joints
+are long, slender and loosely articulated.
+
+Capillate -us: clothed with long slender hair; = coryphatus.
+
+Capillii: hairs of the head that form a cap as in certain Trichoptera
+and Tineid Lepidoptera.
+
+Capillitium: the hood-like collar in some Noctuid moths, e.g.
+Cucullia: see cucullus.
+
+Capitate: with a head: that type of clavate antenna in which the club
+is abruptly enlarged at tip and forms a spherical mass.
+
+Capitulum: a small head: the enlarged tip of an antenna: the little
+knob at tip of halteres in Diptera: the labella or lapping tip of the
+mouth of certain flies.
+
+Capricorn beetle: a Cerambycid or long horned beetle.
+
+Caprification: is that method or process through which the Smyrna
+figs are fertilized by Blastophaga throughthe medium of wild, inedible
+or "caprifigs."
+
+Capsular: in the form of a capsule or little cup-like container.
+
+Caput: the head with all its appendages.
+
+Capylus: a hump on the Tupper side of the segments of many larva.
+
+Carabidoid: applied to the second stage of a meloid larva, when it
+resembles that of a Carabid.
+
+Carbonarius: coal black.
+
+Cardia: the gizzard; q.v.: also applied to the heart.
+
+Cardiac: belonging or relating to the heart.
+
+Cardiac valvule: see oesophageal valve.
+
+Cardinal cell: Odonata; see triangle.
+
+Cardioblasts: a string or row of cells in the embryo giving rise to the
+heart or dorsal vessel.
+
+Cardio-coelom: that part of the coelom that forms the pericardium.
+
+Cardio-coelomic: applied to the venous openings from the heart to the
+body cavity.
+
+Cardo, pl. Cardines: the hinge or basal sclerite of the maxilla by
+means of which it is jointed to the head.
+
+Carina -ae: an elevated ridge or keel, not necessarily high or acute.
+Carinate: a surface having carinae.
+
+Carinula -ae: a little carina or keel-like ridge; specifically, the
+longitudinal elevation on the middle of snout in Rhynchophora.
+
+Carinulate: a surface with small and rather numerous carinae.
+
+Cariose -ous: corroded; appearing as if worm-eaten.
+
+Carminate -ed: mixed or tinged with carmine.
+
+Carneous -eus: flesh-colored [salmon with a little carmine].
+
+Carnivorous: a feeder upon flesh food.
+
+Cariose -us: of a soft, fleshy substance.
+
+Carolinian faunal area: that area of the upper austral zone comprising
+the larger part of the Middle States (except the mountains), s. e. So.
+Dakota, east. Nebraska, Kansas and part of Oklahoma; nearly all of
+Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Maryland and Delaware; more
+than half of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and New Jersey and
+large areas in Alabama, Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia,
+Pennsylvania, New York, Michigan and South Ontario: extends along
+Atlantic Coast from near mouth of Chesapeake Bay to Southern
+Connecticut and sends narrow arms up the valleys of the Hudson and
+Connecticut. A narrow arm follows the east shore of Lake Michigan to
+Grand Traverse Bay.
+
+Carpus: the pterostigma of Odonata: the extremity of the radius and
+cubitus of the primaries: that point in the wings at which they are
+tratsversely folded.
+
+Cartilaginous: of the consistency of cartilage or gristle.
+
+Caruncle: a soft, naked, fleshy excrescence or protuberance.
+
+Caryophylleous: nut or clove brown [Indian red].
+
+Castaneous: chestnut brown; bright red-brown [dragon's blood with a
+slight admixture of vermilion].
+
+Castes: the various forms or kinds of matured individuals among
+social insects as workers, soldiers, queens, etc.
+
+Cataphracted: invested with a hard callous skin, or with scales closely
+united. Catch: in Collembola, = tenaculum, q.v.
+
+Catenate: with longitudinal connected elevations like links in a chain.
+
+Catenulate: like catenate; but the links are smaller.
+
+Caterpillar: the term applied to the larvae of Lepidoptera.
+
+Catervatum: by heaps.
+
+Caudal: the tail: any process resembling a tail: the pointed end of the
+abdomen in plant lice: any extension of the anal segment or
+appendage terminating the abdomen.
+
+Caudad: toward the posterior end of the body, along the median line.
+
+Caudal: pertaining to the posterior or anal extremity.
+
+Caudal setae: long, thread-like processes at the end of the abdomen in
+many europterous and some other insects; = anal filaments.
+
+Caudate: with tail-like extensions or processes.
+
+Caudo-cephalic: in a line from the head to the tail.
+
+Caudo-dorsad: directed upward and toward the tail.
+
+Caudula -ae: a little tail.
+
+Caul: the fatty mass of larvae from which the organs of the future
+adult were supposed to develop: = epiploon.
+
+Cauliculus: the larger of the two stalks supporting the calyx of the
+mushroom body.
+
+Caulis: the funicle of antenna: the corneous basal part of jaws.
+
+Cavate: hollowed out; cave-like.
+
+Cavernicolous: cave-inhabiting.
+
+Cavernous: divided into small spaces or little caverns.
+
+Cavity -as: a hollow space or opening.
+
+Cecidium: a gall.
+
+Cell: any space between or bounded by veins: in the Comstock
+system the cells derive their names from the vein forming the Tupper
+margin: e.g. all just below the radius are radial cells; and they are
+numbered from the base outward, as radial 1, 2, etc.: the living unit;
+protoplasm differentiated into cytoplasm and nucleus, from which
+units all but the lowest plants and animals are developed by division
+and consequent increase into a multicellular condition: a
+compartment or division of a nest or honey-comb.
+
+Cellule: a portion of a wing included between veins; usually applied to
+a small area completely inclosed, rarely to interspaces where no closed
+area is formed.
+
+Cenchrus -rib: minute, often white marks, or membranous spaces on
+the metanotum of some Hymenoptera.
+
+Cenogonous: producing young at one time oviparously, at another
+viviparously as in plant-lice.
+
+Centimeter: abb. Cm.: = .01 meter = .394 inch; 2.54 Cm. = one inch.
+
+Centrad: toward the centre or interior.
+
+Central foveola: see median foveola.
+
+Centrolecithal: applied to eggs in which the food yolk is central.
+
+Centrosome: a spherical body that appears outside the nucleus of a
+cell.
+
+Cephalad: toward the head, along the central line of the body.
+
+Cephalic: belonging or attached to the head; directed toward the
+head.
+
+Cephalic bristles: Diptera; specialized bristles occurring on the head.
+
+Cephalic foramen: the posterior or occipital foramen of head through
+which the dorsal vessel, oesophagus, salivary ducts and ventral nerve cords
+pass from head to prothorax.
+
+Cephalization: concentration toward the head.
+
+Cephalomere: one of the head segments of an arthropod.
+
+Cephalophragm: a v-shaped partition which divides the head of some
+Orthoptera, into an anterior and posterior chamber.
+
+Cephalon: the head.
+
+Cephalosome: the head as one of the three regions.
+
+Cephalotheca: the head covering in the pupal stage.
+
+Cephalotheca: the united head and thorax of arachnids and
+crustacea {Scanner's comment: nowadays this term is used little
+if at all.  It does not seem ever to have been popular.  Instead
+the terms cephalothorax or prosoma are widely used.} :
+ that portion of an obtect pupa covering head and thorax: the anterior
+segments of larva that have no obviously separated head.
+
+Cerago: bee-bread.
+
+Ceratheca or Ceratotheca: that portion of the pupal shell that
+envelops the antenna.
+
+Cerci: two lateral anal appendages; usually short, jointed,
+antenna-like, developed from the eleventh abdominal segment of the embryo;
+sometimes unjointed and specialized into forceps or other processes.
+
+Cercopoda: jointed foot-like appendages of the last abdominal
+segment; also applied like cerci.
+
+Cercus: see cerci.
+
+Cerebellum: has been applied to the sub-esophageal ganglion.
+
+Cerebrum: the supra-oesophageal ganglion.
+
+Cernuous: bent: with the apex bent downward.
+
+Cervical: relating or belonging to the neck.
+
+Cervical foramen: in coleopterous larvae - occipital foramen.
+
+Cervical sclerites: small ebitinous plates on the membrane between
+head and thorax: see jugular sclerites.
+
+Cervical shield: the ebitinous plate on the prothorax of caterpillars
+just behind the head: = prothorax shield.
+
+Cerviculate: with a long neck or neck-like portion.
+
+Ceryinus: reddish, deer-gray [pale cadmium yellow and Indian red].
+
+Cervix: the upper part of the neck; = crag: in Diptera; that part of
+the occiput lying over the junction of the head, i.e. between the
+vertex and neck.
+
+Cespitose: matted together.
+
+Chaetophorous: applied to bristle-bearing flies.
+
+Chaetotaxy: the science dealing with the arrangement and
+nomenclature of the bristles on the body of insects.
+
+Chagrined: see shagreened.
+
+Chalastrogastra: the saw-flies: a group of Hymenoptera.
+
+Chalceous: brassy in color or appearance.
+
+Chalybeate: steely in appearance.
+
+Chalybeous: metallic steel blue.
+
+Channelled: a surface, with deep grooves or channels.
+
+Chaperon: =clypeus or clypeus anterior.
+
+Chaplet: a little crown; a circle of hooks or other small processes
+terminating a member or appendage.
+
+Character: a quality of form, color or structure.
+
+Cheek: see gena.
+
+Chela: the terminal portion of a limb bearing a lateral movable claw
+like that of a crab; specifically applied to the feet in some Parasitica in
+which the opposable claw forms a clasping structure.
+
+Chelate: bearing a cheat or claw; applied when claws are capable of
+being drawn down or back upon the last tarsal joint.
+
+Chiasma: an X-like crossing of nerve fibers.
+
+Chirotype: a specimen upon which a manuscript name is based.
+
+Chitin: the material forming the hard parts of the insect body; it is a
+secretion (or a metamorphosis?) of the epidermis, differing from horn
+by its insolubility in boiling liquor potassae: = elytra, entomolin.
+
+Chitinogenous: applied to that layer of epidermal cells which secretes
+the chitin.
+
+Chitinization: the process of depositing or filling with chitin.
+
+Chitinized: filled in with or hardened by chitin.
+
+Chitinous: composed of chitine {Scanner's comment: sic} or like
+it in texture: as a color term is amber yellow.
+
+Chlorophane: an oily, greenish yellow pigment found in insects.
+
+Chlorophyll: the green coloring matter of plants; one of the
+substances found in the blood of insects.
+
+Chordotonal: responsive to vibrations; applied to the ear-like
+structures in Orthoptera.
+
+Chorion: the shell or covering membrane of an insect egg.
+
+Chromatin: the minute granules that make up the chromoplasm of a
+cell nucleus.
+
+Chromosome: one of the segments into which the chromoplasmic
+filaments of a cell nucleus breaks up just before indirect division.
+
+Chrysalis or -id: applied specifically to the intermedial stage between
+larva and adult in butterflies: see pupa.
+
+Chrysargyrus: silvery gilt.
+
+Chyle: the food-mass after it has passed through the guard and is
+mixed with the secretions of the salivary glands and caecal structures,
+ready to be assimilated.
+
+Chylific ventricle: the true stomach in which the chyle is prepared and
+digestion begins.
+
+Cibarian: referring to the mouth parts.
+
+Cicatricose: a surface having scars with elevated margins like those of
+small-pox.
+
+Cicatrix: a scar: an elevated, rigid spot.
+
+Cilia: fringes; series of moderate or thin hair arranged in tufts or
+single lines; thin scattered hair on a surface or margin.
+
+Ciliate: fringed: set with even, parallel hairs or soft bristles.
+
+Cilium, pl. Cilia: q.v.
+
+Cimicine: an oily fluid of disagreeable odor secreted by certain
+Heteroptera and used as a means of defense.
+
+Cimier: the head crest in Pierid chrysalids.
+
+Cinetus: with a colored band:= cingulatus.
+
+Cinereous: ash-colored; gray tinged with blackish [ultra ash gray].
+
+Cinerescent: ashen in color or appearance.
+
+Cingula -um: a colored band or bands.
+
+Circulate -us: having a cingulum or collar: see also cinetus.
+
+Cinnabarine: [vermilion red].
+
+Cinnamomeous: cinnamon brown [burnt sienna].
+
+Cinema: see Thysanura, of which this forms a group including the
+bristle-tails, and for which it has been used as an equivalent.
+
+Circinal: spirally rolled like a watch-spring or a butterfly tongue.
+
+Circiter: about, or round-about.
+
+Circular: round like a circle.
+
+Circumgenital glands: small circular glands with an excretory orifice
+at tip, disposed in groups about the genital orifice in Diaspinae.
+
+Circumoesophageal commissures: those cords or nerve fibres
+connecting the suboesophageal ganglion with the main trunk of
+nervous system.
+
+Circumsepted: with a vein all around the wing.
+
+Citrate: antennae with very long, curled lateral branches which may
+or may not be ciliated; see plumose.
+
+Cirrose -us: with somewhat dense curled hair.
+
+Cirrus: a curled lock of hair placed on a thin stalk.
+
+Citrine -us: lemon yellow [chrome yellow].
+
+Cladocerous: with branched horns or antennae.
+
+Clasper: a chitinized process, free or attached to the inner sides of
+harpes, valves or other lateral pieces, serving to hold the female parts
+during copulation: = the harpers of some authors.
+
+Claspette: in genitalia of male culicids, the inner basal lobe of side
+piece; q.v.
+
+Clasp-filament: in male genitalia of culicids the articulated appendage
+or terminal segment of side-piece or clasp; sometimes bears an
+articulated point or apex and then = articulated apex.
+
+Class: a division of the animal kingdom lower than a sub-kingdom
+and higher than an order: e.g. the "Class Insecta."
+
+Classification: is the systematic arrangement of insects (or other
+animals or plants) in series showing their relation or agreement in
+structure, life habits or other characters forming the basis of the
+"classification."
+
+Clathrate: latticed or lattice-like in appearance.
+
+Claustrum: the structure uniting the wings in flight, whether by
+hooks, by a thickening of the margin, or by a jugum.
+
+Clava: a club; the enlarged apical joints of a clubbed
+antenna: = clavola.
+
+Claval suture: Hemiptera; at the base of hemelytra, separating
+the clavus.
+
+Clavate: clubbed: thickening gradually toward the tip.
+
+Clavate hairs: in Collembola, = tenent hairs.
+
+Clavicornia: that series of beetles having the antennae more or less
+distinctly enlarged or clubbed at tip.
+
+Clavicular lobe: Homoptera; that portion of hind wing behind anal
+veins.
+
+Claviform: club-like in form; specifically, in Noctuid moths an
+elongate spot or mark extending from the t. a. line through the
+submedian interspace, toward and sometimes to the t.p. line.
+
+Clavola: see clava.
+
+Clavus: the club of an antenna lava and clavola: in Heteroptera, the
+oblong sclerite at the base of the inferior margin of the hemelytra: the
+knob at the end of the stigmal or radial veins in certain Hymenoptera.
+
+Claws: the claw or hook-like structures at the end of the foot or
+tarsus.
+
+Cleavage: see segmentation of egg.
+
+Cleft: split: partly divided, longitudinally: in Coleopteran applied to
+claws so divided that the parts lie one above the other.
+
+Clintheriform: shaped like a plate.
+
+Cloaca: see rectum.
+
+Clubbed: see clavate.
+
+Clypeal suture: marks the division between clypeus and epicranium.
+
+Clypeate: shield-like in form.
+
+Clypeate constriction: applied when a surface is drawn in from the
+sides so as to produce a shield or saddle-like form.
+
+Clypeo-frontal suture: = clypeal suture.
+
+Clypeus: that portion of the head before or below the front, to which
+the labrum is attached anteriorly; in Diptera often visible below the
+margin of the mouth in front, as a more or less visor-shaped piece:=
+epistoma.
+
+Clypeus-anterior: see ante-clypeus.
+
+Clypeus posterior: see post-clypeus.
+
+Coactus: condensed; of a short stout form.
+
+Coadapted: formed so as to work together to one end; as the mandible
+and maxilla in Chrysopids, etc.
+
+Coadunate: joined together at base; two or more joined together; said
+of elytra when permanently united at the suture.
+
+Coagulate: to congeal; to change from a fluid to a jelly.
+
+Coagulum: a clotted mass, as of blood.
+
+Coalescent: united or grown together.
+
+Coarctate: contracted: compacted: applied to that form of pupa in
+which all the members of the future adult are concealed by a
+thickened, usually cylindric case or covering, which is often the
+hardened skin of the larva: beginning with a narrow base, then
+dilated and thickened.
+
+Cocardes: retractile vesicular bodies on each side of the thorax in
+certain Malachidae.
+
+Coccineous: cochineal red; dark red [carmine].
+
+Cochleiformis: formed like a snail shell.
+
+Cochleate: spirally twisted like a screw or a univalve shell.
+
+Cocoon: a covering, composed partly or wholly of silk or other viscid
+fibre, spun or constructed by many larvae as a protection to the pupa.
+
+Cocoon-breaker: structures or processes of the pupa, often on the
+head, by means of which it works its way out of the cocoon.
+
+Coecal: ending blindly, or in a closed tube or pouch.
+
+Coecum: a blind sac or tube: applied to a series of appendages
+opening into the alimentary canal at the junction of the gizzard and
+chylific ventricle: see caecum; the two are used interchangeably.
+
+Coeloblast: the endoderm in the narrower sense.
+
+Coelom: the body cavity.
+
+Coelomic cavity: the space between the viscera and the body wall.
+
+Coelom-sac: the cavity containing the viscera: in embryology one of a
+pair of closed sacs, arising in the mesoderm of each segment of the
+embryo and giving rise to more or less of the coelom of the adult.
+
+Coenogonous: oviparous at one season of the year, ovoviviparous at
+another, as in Aphididae.
+
+Coeruleus -eous: sky-blue: see caeruleus.
+
+Coincident: when two wing veins run together or lie, one in
+continuation of the other so as to appear like one.
+
+Coleoptera: sheath-winged: an order with the primaries coriaceous,
+used as a cover only, meeting in a straight line dorsally; mouth
+mandibulate; pro-thorax free; transformation complete: the beetles:
+the term has also been applied to the two elytra together.
+
+Collar: in general any structure between the head and thorax:
+specifically, in Hymenoptera, the neck; in Diptera, may mean the
+neck, the sclerites attached to the thorax, the thorax itself, or its
+processes (ante furca): in Coleoptera, is the narrowed thorax; in
+Lepidoptera, applied to the sclerites attached to the thorax and which
+shield the neck.
+
+Collembola: an ordinal term applied to species which are apterous;
+have no metamorphoses; have variably developed abdominal
+saltatorial appendages and a peculiar ventral tube at base: the
+spring-tails.
+
+Colleterial gland: see Colleterium.
+
+Colleterium: a glandular structure accessory to the oviduct, secreting
+the viscid material used in cementing the eggs together.
+
+Collophore: the sucker-like organ extended from the underside of the
+abdomen in Collembola.
+
+Collum: the neck or collar: the slender connection between head and
+thorax in Hymenoptera and Diptera; in Coleoptera, the posterior,
+narrow part of the head or even the thorax: loosely used.
+
+Colon: the large intestine; that usually enlarged portion of the
+alimentary canal before the rectum.
+
+Columella: a little rod, pillar or central axis.
+
+Columnar: cylindric, but tapering toward one end.
+
+Comate -us: only the upper part of head, or vertex, covered with hair.
+Commensal: one who eats at another's table: applied to species that
+feed on the surplus supply of another, without destroying the owner of
+the supply.
+
+Commensalism: applied to this manner of living and eating together.
+
+Comminute: to grind up fine: to reduce to minute particles.
+
+Commissure: the nerves connecting two ganglia: the point of meeting
+or union of two bodies: a bridge connecting two bodies or structures;
+e.g. tracheal tubes.
+
+Common: of frequent occurrence: occurring on two adjacent parts: a
+band or fascia is common when it crosses both primaries and
+secondaries.
+
+Communal: applied to life or dwelling in colonies like ants and bees.
+
+Comose: ending in a tuft or brush.
+
+Complanate: compressed: flattened above and below: = deplanate.
+
+Complemental: applied to sexed forms in the Termitidae, capable of
+reproduction, but which do not reach the winged stage; the females
+are less fertile than the forms that become winged and several may be
+used in one nest to replace a lost queen or mature female.
+
+Complicant: when one elytron extends over the other and partially
+covers it.
+
+Complicate: longitudinally laid in folds: intricate as opposed to
+simple.
+
+Component: one part of a combined whole.
+
+Compound: made up of many similar or dissimilar parts.
+
+Compressed: flattened laterally.
+
+Concatenate: linked together in a chain-like series.
+
+Concave: hollowed out; the interior of a sphere as opposed to the
+outer or convex surface: concave veins are those that occupy the
+bottoms of troughs or grooves on the upper surface of a wing; see
+convex veins.
+
+Concavo-convex: hollowed out or concave on one surface, rounded or
+convex on the other; like a small segment of a hollow sphere.
+
+Concentrated: gathered together at one point; intensified or
+strengthened by evaporation.
+
+Conchate: applied to the shell-like inflation of the auricle in the
+cephalic tibia of Orthoptera.
+
+Concinne: neat; fine.
+
+Concolorous: of the same general color.
+
+Concretion: a massing together of parts or particles.
+
+Concurrent: applied to a vein which arises separately, runs into
+another and does-not again separate.
+
+Conduplicate: doubled or folded together.
+
+Condyle: a process which articulates the base of the mandible to the
+head: in general any process by means of which an appendage is
+articulated into a pan or cavity.
+
+Confertim: closely clustered or crowded.
+
+Conflect: crowded; clustered; opposed to sparse.
+
+Confluent: running together; as of two macula when united in one
+outline.
+
+Confused: a marking with indefinite outlines: a running together as of
+lines and spots without definite pattern.
+
+Congener: a species belonging to the same genus.
+
+Congeneric: applied to a species agreeing in all characters of generic
+value with others compared with it.
+
+Congested: heaped together; crowded: distended.
+
+Conglobate: gathered together in a ball or sphere.
+
+Conglobate gland: a glandular appendage of male sexual organs in
+Orthoptera, opening upon one of the external structures.
+
+Conglomerate: congregated; massed together.
+
+Conic -al: cylindrical, with a flat base, tapering to a point.
+
+Conico-acuminate: in the form of a long, pointed cone.
+
+Coniferous: a surface which bears cone-like processes.
+
+Conjugate: to bring together in pairs: consisting of a single pair.
+Conjugation: the union of pairs; usually applied to the merging of the
+male and female elements.
+
+Conjunctiva: the membrane uniting the abdominal sclerites.
+
+Conjunctivus: a mandibular sclerite between the molar and basalis.
+
+Conjunctura: the articulation of a wing to the thorax.
+
+Connate: united at base, or along the whole length.
+
+Connexivum: the prominent abdominal margin of Het., at junction of
+dorsal and ventral plates: also used like pulmonarium, q.v.
+
+Connivent: converging: approaching together: wings so folded in
+repose that they unite perfectly at their corresponding margins.
+
+Consperse: irregularly dotted or sprinkled.
+
+Conspicuous: striking: easily seen at a glance.
+
+Conspurcatus: confusedly sprinkled with discolored or dark spots.
+
+Constituent: a part or element of a whole.
+
+Constricted: drawn in: narrowed medially and dilated toward the
+extremities.
+
+Contiguous: so near together as to touch.
+
+Contorted: twisted: obliquely incumbent upon each other.
+
+Contour: the outline or periphery.
+
+Contract -ed: to draw or drawn together: to reduce, or reduced in size
+by contraction.
+
+Contractile: that which may be drawn together or contracted or which
+has the power of contracting.
+
+Contrasting: appearing in sharp relief or contrast; as one color or
+marking against another.
+
+Converging: approaching each other toward the tip.
+
+Convergence: the approaching or drawing together at tips.
+
+Convex: the outer curved surface of a segment of a sphere; opposed
+to concave: convex veins are those which occupy the summits of
+ridges on the upper surface of - wing; see concave veins.
+
+Convolute: rolled or twisted spirally: also applied to wings when they
+are wrapped around the body.
+
+Coprophagus: feeding on excrement or on decaying vegetable matter of
+an excrementitious character.
+
+Copula, Copulation: the act of sexual union.
+
+Copulate: to unite in sexual intercourse.
+
+Copulation chamber: a chamber or cell excavated by certain
+Scolytid beetles in their burrows, in which copulation takes
+place: = rammel-kammer.
+
+Coralline: a pale pinkish red [salmon].
+
+Corbel: an ovate area at the distal end of the tibia in Coleoptera,
+surrounded by a fringe of minute bristles; when the articular cavity is
+on the side, above the tip, the corbel is closed; when the cavity is at
+the extreme tip, the corbel is open.
+
+Corbicula -um: a concave, smooth space, edged by a fringe of hairs
+arising from the margins of the posterior tibiae in bees, forming the
+pollen basket its function is to hold the collected pollen in place.
+
+Corbiculate: having corbicula.
+
+Cordate: heart-shaped; triangular, with the corners of the base
+rounded: not necessarily emarginate at the middle of base.
+
+Cordiform: = cordate.
+
+Coriaceo-reticulate: with impressed reticulations giving a leather-like
+appearance.
+
+Coriaceous: leather-like: thick, tough and somewhat rigid.
+
+Coriarious: leather-like in sculpture or texture.
+
+Corium: the elongate middle section of the hemelytra which extends
+from base to membrane below the embolium.
+
+Cornea: the outer surface of the compound eye as a whole, and of
+each individual facet.
+
+Corneal lenses: are the individual lens-like structures of which the
+cornea of the compound eye is composed.
+
+Corneous: of a horny or chitinous substance; resembling horn in
+texture.
+
+Cornicles: the honey tubes in plant-lice: = corniculus.
+
+Corniculi: the little horny tips or pieces of the ovipositor in
+Orthoptera; see valves.
+
+Corniculus -i: = cornicles; honey-tubes; q.v.
+
+Corniform: like the horn of an ox: a long, mucronate or pointed
+process.
+
+Cornute -us: having horns or horn-like processes.
+
+Corona: a crown or crown-like processes.
+
+Coronate: with a crown-like tip or termination.
+
+Coronet: a small crown or corona.
+
+Coronula: a circle or semicircle of spines at the apex of the tibia.
+
+Corpus: the body as a whole.
+
+Corpus adiposum: the mass of fat tissue often found in larvae.
+
+Corpuscle: a small cell; usually applied to blood cells.
+
+Correlate: to bring together into relation or correspondence.
+
+Correlated: derived from the same ancestral form: said of two or more
+features or qualities which bear a direct or an inverse relation to each
+other, but without implying a relation of cause and effect.
+
+Correlative: of a correlated nature; see correlated.
+
+Corrode: to eat away gradually, as by rust or decay.
+
+Corrodentia: an ordinal term meaning gnawers: net-veined or
+wingless: mandibulate, mouth formed for gnawing; transformation
+incomplete; thorax incompletely agglutinated: = Psocoptera: includes
+Termitidae, Psocidae and Mallophaga.  {Scanner's comment: These
+four groups are now placed in totally separate orders, and not
+families as these names imply}
+
+Corrugated: wrinkled; with alternate ridges and channels.
+
+Corselet: the thorax in Coleoptera.
+
+Cortical: relating to the cortex or outer skin.
+
+Corticinus: bark-like in sculpture, texture or color [vandyke brown].
+
+Corvinus: crow-black; deep, shining black with a greenish lustre.
+
+Coryphatus: = capillatus.
+
+Corysterium: an abdominal glandular structure in certain females,
+secreting a glutinous covering for the eggs.
+
+Cosmopolitan: species that occur throughout most of the world.
+
+Cosmotropical: species that occur throughout the tropics.
+
+Costa: any elevated ridge that is rounded at its crest: the thickened
+anterior margin of any wing, but usually the primaries: in Comstock,
+the vein extending along the anterior margin of the wing from base to
+the point of junction with subcosta.
+
+Costal area: the area behind costal vein; see also, costal field.
+
+Costal cell: the area inclosed between the costal and sub-costal veins:
+in the plural, Comstock, are all the cells anteriorly margined by the
+costa; in Hymenoptera (Norton), includes the 1st, 2d and sub-costal;
+of Packard, the 3d costal = 2d radial 1, and radial 2: in Diptera (Will.),
+it is the 2d costal.
+
+Costal field: Orthoptera; that region of the tegmina adjacent to the
+anterior margin or costa: = anterior field.
+
+Costal fold: in the males of some Hesperidae, a membranous flap that
+may be opened to expose the androconia.
+
+Costal margin: the anterior margin of a wing whether it is really
+costate or not.
+
+Costal membrane: Hymenoptera; the surface of wing in front of costal
+vein.
+
+Costal vein: Lepidoptera; runs close to and parallel with the costal
+margin, extending from base to the margin before the apex; always
+simple and often absent in the secondaries; is vein 12 of the
+numerical series on primaries; vein 8 on secondaries: = subcosta
+(Comst.).
+
+Costate: ribbed; marked with elevated thickened lines.
+
+Costula: Hymenoptera; a small ridge separating the externo-median
+meta-thoracic area into two parts.
+
+Costulatus: less prominently ribbed than costate.
+
+Cotyla: the articular pan; the cup or socket of a ball and socket joint.
+
+Cotypes: are all the specimens before the describer when a species is
+named, no single one being selected as the type: the type in such case
+equals the sum of the cotypes: see paratype.
+
+Coxa -ae: the basal segment of the leg, by means of which it is
+articulated to the body.
+
+Coxal cavity: the opening or space in which the Coxa articulates; in
+Coleoptera the cavity is open when the epimera do not extend to the
+sternum; closed or entire when the epimera reach the sternum or join
+medially as in Rhynchophora; the cavities are separated when the
+prosternum extends between them, confluent when it does not: see
+acetabulum.
+
+Coxal glands: eversible glandular structures at base of legs; well
+developed in some Thysanurans, modified variously in higher orders.
+
+Coxal stylets: short, leg-like, jointed appendages on the underside of
+the abdominal segments in Thysanura.
+
+Crag: the neck: = cervix.
+
+Cranium: the head or skull except the neck; sometimes limited to the
+fixed parts above the clypeo-frontal suture.
+
+Crassus: thick; tumid.
+
+Crateriform: like a shallow funnel or deep bowl.
+
+Creber: closely set.
+
+Cremaster: a stout spine, process or hooked area at the hind end of
+pupae in Lepidoptera.
+
+Crenate: scalloped, with rounded teeth.
+
+Crenulate: with small scallops, evenly rounded and rather deeply
+curved.
+
+Crepitation: a crackling sound or the production of such as by
+discharge of vapor or "bombarding": a cracking or creaking.
+
+Crepuscular: active or flying at dusk.
+
+Crescentiform: like a lunule or crescent.
+
+Crescentric: lunulate.
+
+Crest: a prominent, longitudinal carina on the upper surface of any
+part of the head or body.
+
+Crested: see cristate.
+
+Cretaceous: chalky white: the third, uppermost and latest of the three
+great divisions of the mesozoic or secondary rocks.
+
+Cribrate: pierced with closely set, small holes.
+
+Cribriform: with perforations like those of a sieve.
+
+Crineous: dark-brown, with a slight admixture of yellow and gray.
+
+Crinite -us: with tufts of long thin hair: see lanuginose.
+
+Crispate -us: with a wrinkled or fluted margin.
+
+Crista: a ridge or crest.
+
+Cristate: with a prominent carina or crest on the upper surface::=
+crested.
+
+Cristiform: in the form of a sharp ridge or crest.
+
+Cristula: a small crest.
+
+Cristulate: with little crescent-like ridges or crests.
+
+Croceous: saffron yellow; yellow with an admixture of red [pale
+cadmium yellow].
+
+Crocus: =croceous.
+
+Crook: the hook or recurved tip of the antenna in Hesperidae.
+
+Crop: the dilated portion of the alimentary canal behind the gullet
+which serves to receive and hold the food previous to its slower
+passage through the digestive tract: = ingluvies.
+
+Crotchets: the curved spines or hooks on the prolegs of caterpillars
+and on the cremaster of pupae.
+
+Crown: the top of head in Lepidoptera; also used as = coronet or
+corona.
+
+Cruciate: shaped like a cross; applied to wings when the inner
+margins lie one over the other; or to incumbent wings that overlie only
+at the apex: in Diptera, applied to bristles when they cross in
+direction.
+
+Cruciato-complicatus: folded crosswise: incumbent wings when the
+inner margins overlap; not well distinguished from cruciate.
+
+Crura: the legs or, more specifically, the thighs.
+
+Crura cerebri: two large cords that connect the supra- with the
+sub-oesophageal ganglion.
+
+Crus: a leg or leg-like structure.
+
+Crustaceous: hard, like the shell of a crab.
+
+Crypto: hidden, concealed.
+
+Cryptocerata: a division of Heteroptera with small antennae concealed
+in a groove under the bead: = adeloceratous: see gymnocerata.
+
+Cryptogastra: with the venter or belly covered or concealed.
+
+Cryptopentamera: feet 5-jointed, the 4th joint small and concealed.
+
+Cryptotetramera: feet 4-jointed, one of them small and concealed.
+
+Cryptothorax: a supposed thoracic ring between meso- and
+meta-thorax.
+
+Crypts: minute secretory follicles or cavities: specifically, large
+gland-like structures between the epithelial cells in chylific ventricle.
+
+Crystalline: transparent, like crystal.
+
+Crystalline cone: a conical structure below the cornea, imbedded in
+pigment cells of the compound eye: also termed Crystalline lens.
+
+Ctenidium: a comb-like structure occurring on any part of an insect.
+
+Cubital: referring or belonging to the cubits.
+
+Cubital cell: the wing area between the cubits and anal vein; in the
+plural, all the cells bounded anteriorly by the cubits or its branches
+(Comst.); in Diptera (Schiner), = radial 3 (Comst.), = 3d posterior cell
+(Loew); in Hymenoptera (Norton), = radial 3, 4 and 5 (Comst.).
+
+Cubital forks: the branching or points of separation of the branches of
+the cubits.
+
+Cubital nerve or vein: see cubits.
+
+Cubitus: of Comstock, is the 5th in the series of longitudinal veins
+extending from base, and usually two branched before reaching outer
+margin: in Orthoptera; = the internomedian and ulnar: in Neuroptera,
+a main longitudinal vein next behind the medius and before the anal:
+the tibia of the anterior leg.
+
+Cuckoo spit: liquid in the form of bubbles produced by members of
+the family Cercopidae and which often conceals the producer.
+
+Cucullate: hooded; somewhat hood-shaped.
+
+Cucullus: a hood: see capillitium.
+
+Cuilleron: see alula.
+
+Culicifuge: any preparation for driving away gnats or mosquitoes.
+
+Culmen: the longitudinal carina of a caterpillar.
+
+Cultellus: one of the blade-like lancets in piercing flies:
+= the mandibles of some authors.
+
+Cultrate -iform: shaped like a pruning knife.
+
+Cumulate: in groups or heaps.
+
+Cumulus: a group or heap; as of cells in a developing ovum.
+
+Cuneate, Cuneiform: wedge-shaped; elongate triangular.
+
+Cuneus: Hymenoptera; the small triangular area at the end of the
+embolium of hemelytra: Odonata, the small triangle of the vertex
+between the compound eyes.
+
+Cupreous: the metallic red of pure shining copper.
+
+Cupules: the sucker-like processes covering the under surface of the
+tarsi in male Dytiscidce.
+
+Cupuliform: cup-shaped: like a little cup: = cyathiform.
+
+Cursoria: in Orthoptera, that series in which the legs are formed for
+running (roaches, etc.).
+
+Cursorial: formed for running.
+
+Curvate: curved.
+
+Curvinervate: wings with the veins distinctly curved, like some
+Psocidae.
+
+Cusp -is: a pointed process; sometimes at the margin of a wing.
+
+Cuspidate: prickly pointed; ending in a sharp point; with an
+acuminated point ending in a bristle.
+
+Custodite -us: guarded: a body in an envelope.
+
+Cuticle: the outer skin or skin layer.
+
+Cuticula: = cuticle: specifically applied to the outer or chitinized layer:
+see epidermis and hypodermis.
+
+Cyaneous: pure dark blue: indigo blue [French blue].
+
+Cyanescent: with a deep bluish tinge or shading.
+
+Cyanogenic: applied to repugnatorial glands in myriapods and
+sometimes in insects.
+
+Cyathiform: obconical and concave; cup-shaped: = cupuliform.
+
+Cyatotheca: the cover of the thorax in the pupa.
+
+Cycle: a round or circle, e.g. of development; a life cycle.
+
+Cyclorrhapha: that section of Diptera in which the adult escapes from
+the hardened pupal case by pushing off a lid or covering: see
+orthorrhapha. Cyclorrhaphous: circular seamed.
+
+Cydariform: globose, but truncated at two opposite sides.
+
+Cylindrical: in the form of a cylinder or tube; round, elongate, of
+equal diameter throughout.
+
+Cymbiform: boat-shaped: a concave disc with elevated margin;
+navicular.
+
+Cytoplasm: the protoplasm of a cell exclusive of nucleus; the cell
+body.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+D
+
+Dactylus: a finger or toe: = digitus: a tarsal joint after the first one,
+when that is enlarged as in bees.
+
+Dagger mark: a marking in the form of a Greek Psi _.
+
+Dart: a sting, or its central part.
+
+Dash: a short disconnected streak or mark.
+
+Dasygastres: bees with pollen-carrying structures on the abdomen.
+
+Deaurate: of the color of gold; golden.
+
+Deciduous: that which may be cast off or shed.
+
+Declinate -us: a part somewhat bent, the apex downward.
+
+Decumbent -ous: sloping gradually downward.
+
+Decrepitans: crackling.
+
+Decumbent: bending down at tip from an upright base.
+
+Decurrent: closely attached to and running down another body.
+
+Decurved: bowed downward.
+
+Decussate: crossing at an angle: X-like: in cross pairs; or, when
+bristles alternately cross each other, as in some Diptera.
+
+Deflected: bent downward: the wings, when the inner margins lap
+and the outer edges decline toward the sides.
+
+Deflexed: abruptly bent downward.
+
+Deformed: twisted or set in an unusual form: specifically, in
+Coleoptera applied to knotted or twisted antennae as in male Meloids.
+
+Dehiscence: the splitting of the pupal integument in the emergence of
+the adult in Lepidoptera.
+
+Dehiscent: open or standing open: separating toward the tip.
+
+Dejectamenta: the excrement or excretion.
+
+Delamination: the splitting or division into layers.
+
+Deltoid: elongate triangular: resembling a Greek _ with apex
+extended.
+
+Demarcation: the bounding, laying out or limiting.
+
+Dendritic: applied to the branched nerve cells in the mushroom bodies
+of the pro-cerebrum.
+
+Dendroid: tree or shrub-like: branching like a tree or shrub.
+
+Dendrophagus: feeding on woody tissues.
+
+Dendrophilous: species that live in woody tissue, or on trees.
+
+Dens: a tooth or tooth-like process.
+
+Dense: thickly crowded together.
+
+Dentate: toothed: with acute teeth, the sides of which are equal and
+the tip is above the middle of base.
+
+Dentate-serrate: toothed, with the dentations themselves serrated on
+their edges.
+
+Dentate-sinuate: toothed and indented.
+
+Dentes: the teeth or pointed processes on the inner side of the
+mandible: the second or middle part of the furcula in Collembola,
+consisting of two parallel pieces from the distal end of the manubrium
+and bearing at their apices the crones.
+
+Dentes caninae: see canine teeth.
+
+Denticle: a small tooth.
+
+Denticulated: set with little teeth or notches.
+
+Dentiform: formed or appearing like a tooth.
+
+Denudate: without covering; destitute of scales or hair.
+
+Denude: to free from covering; to rub so as to remove the surface
+covering of scales, hair or other vestiture.
+
+Deorsum: downward.
+
+Dependent: hanging down.
+
+Deplanate -us: see complanate.
+
+Depressed: flattened down vertically; opposed to compressed.
+
+Depressor: applied to a muscle that has for its function the depression
+of an organ or a part.
+
+Deratoptera: = Orthoptera.
+
+Dermal: relating to the skin or outer covering.
+
+Dermal glands: hypodermal unicellular glands which secrete wax,
+setae, spines, etc.
+
+Dermaptera: see Dermatoptera.
+
+Dermatoptera: skin-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with
+elytriform, abbreviated primaries beneath which the secondaries are
+folded transversely and fan-like: mouth mandibulate, prothorax free;
+abdomen forcipate; metamorphosis incomplete: the Forficulidae or
+earwigs.
+
+Desectus: = truncatus.
+
+Desideratum -ata: some thing or things needed or desired.
+
+Destitutus: wanting; being without.
+
+Determinate: with well-defined outlines or distinct limits: fixed:
+marked out.
+
+Detonans: exploding: a sudden noise or a puff like an explosion.
+
+Detritus: rubbed off; a surface partly denuded.
+
+Deuterotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are
+male and female: see arrhenotoky and thelyotoky.
+
+Deutocerebral segment: =antennal segment; q.v.
+
+Deutocerebrum: the middle portion of the brain, formed by the
+ganglion of the 2d primary segment; also termed antennal or olfactory
+lobes from the parts it innervates.
+
+Deutoplasm: the yolk or food plasm of an ovum.
+
+Deutotergite: the secondary dorsal segment of the abdomen.
+
+Dextrad: extending or directed toward the right.
+
+Dextral: to the right of the median line.
+
+Dextro-caudad: extends obliquely between dextrad and caudad.
+
+Dextro-cephalad: extends obliquely between dextrad and cephalad.
+
+Di: as a prefix, = two.
+
+Diaphanous: semi-transparent; clear.
+
+Diaphragm: any thin dividing membrane; that thin membrane
+separating the cavity containing the heart from the rest of the body.
+
+Diarthrosis: any articulation that permits of motion.
+
+Diastole: that regular expansion of the heart that draws the blood
+inward: see systole.
+
+Dichaetae: a group of brachycerous Diptera with a proboscis
+consisting of two parts: Muscids, etc.
+
+Dichoptic: Diptera; eyes separated by front: not contiguous: see
+holoptic.
+
+Dichotomous: forked: dividing by pairs.
+
+Dichromatism: the possession of two color varieties.
+
+Dictyoptera: an ordinal term applied to the roaches: also more
+generally, to the Orthoptera.  {Scanner's comment: Roaches are now
+classed as Dictyoptera, and Orthoptera are now classed as distinct
+from Dictyoptera}
+
+Didactyle -us: two-toed: with two tarsi of equal length.
+
+Didymus: double: geminate.
+
+Difformis: irregular in form or outline: not comparable; anomalous.
+Diffracted: bending in different directions.
+
+Diffuse: spreading out; without distinct edge or margin.
+
+Digestive tract: the alimentary canal as a whole: more specifically that
+portion behind the crop, in which assimilation takes place.
+
+Digitate: finger-like, or divided into finger-like processes.
+
+Digitiform: formed, shaped like or having the function of a finger.
+
+Digitules: appendages on the feet of Coccidae; in Lecanium, four
+knobbed hairs.
+
+Digitus: the terminal joint of the tarsus, bearing the claws: a small
+appendage attached to the lacinia of the maxilla; rarely present and
+probably tactile.
+
+Digoneutism: the power to produce two broods in one season.
+
+Dilatatus: Coleoptera a margin, when the sharp marginal edge
+extends beyond its usual limit: the base when the transverse diameter
+is much longer at one part.
+
+Dilated: widened, expanded.
+
+Dilation: an expansion or widening.
+
+Dilute: thinned out: applied to color means weak or pale.
+
+Dilution: much thinned out or diluted.
+
+Dimera: forms with two-jointed tarsi: specifically applied to some
+groups of Homoptera.
+
+Dimerous: having only two tarsal joints.
+
+Dimidiate -us: halved; extending half way around; applied to elytra
+when they cover only half the abdomen.
+
+Dimidius: of half length.
+
+Dimorphic: occurring in two well-marked forms.
+
+Dimorphism: a difference in form, color, etc, between individuals of
+the same species, characterizing two distinct types: may be seasonal,
+sexual or geographic.
+
+Dioecious: with distinct sexes.
+
+Dioptrate: an ocellate spot with the pupil divided by a transverse line.
+
+Dioptric: with a transversely divided ocellus.
+
+Diploglossata: an ordinal term proposed for Hemimeridae, because of
+the supposed presence of a second labial segment.
+
+Diplogangliata: applied to the Arthropods.
+
+Diploptera: = diplopteryga; q.v.
+
+Diplopteryga: Hymenoptera; wasps in which the wings are
+longitudinally folded when at rest.
+
+Dipneumones: having two lungs (certain spiders).
+
+Diptera: an ordinal term applied to insects having only one pair of
+wings (anterior): thorax agglutinate; mouth haustellate;
+transformations complete.
+
+Dipterocecidium: a gall formed by a dipterous insect.
+
+Dipterous: belonging to or having the characters of Diptera.
+
+Direct: applied to metamorphosis = incomplete.
+
+Directive coloration: directive marks or colors which tend to divert the
+attention of an enemy from more vital parts.
+
+Disc: see disk.
+
+Discal: on or relating to the disc of any surface or structure.
+
+Discal area: of a wing applies especially to the more central portion, or
+that area covered by the discal cell.
+
+Discal bristles: Diptera; are inserted on the middle of the abdominal
+segments before the hind margin.
+
+Discal cell: Lepidoptera; the large or median cell extending from the
+base of the wing toward the center: = radial cell (Comst.): in Diptera
+(Will.) = 1st medial 2 (Comst.): Odonata; = discoidal areolets, q.v.:
+Trichoptera, the cell between the forks of the radial sector, and
+separated from the 2d apical cell by a cross-vein.
+
+Discal patch: in some male Hesperidae the oblique streak of
+specialized black scales on the disc of the primaries.
+
+Discal vein: Lepidoptera; the cross-vein closing the discal or median
+cell extends from radius 5 to media 1.
+
+Disciform: formed or shaped like a disc.
+
+Discocellular nervure or vein: Lepidoptera; = discal vein, q.v.
+
+Discoidal: relating to the disc, or middle = discal.
+
+Discoidal area: the middle area or field: Trichoptera; that area of the
+tegmina between the posterior or anal and the anterior or costal areas
+= d. field.
+
+Discoidal areolets: Odonata; a varying number of rows of cells on the
+outer side of the triangle between the short sector (M 4 of Comst.) and
+the upper sector of the triangle (Cu 1 of Comst.) = post-triangular cells
+:= discal cells.
+
+Discoidal cell: Hymenoptera (Norton) 1st medial 2, medial 3 and
+medial 4 (Comst.).
+
+Discoidal field: see discoidal area.
+
+Discoidal nervule: Lepidoptera; = media 1 (Comst.).
+
+Discoidal triangle: Odonata - see triangle.
+
+Discoidal vein: Diptera (Schiner), = media 2 (Comst.) anterior
+intercalary vein (Loew); Hymenopteran (Norton), = media 2 (Comst.),
+beyond the junction with the medial cross-vein: Trichoptera; the first
+and largest branch of the humeral vein.
+
+Discoideous: =discoidal.
+
+Discolored -orous: a different color from the surrounding, more or less
+contrasting; not concolorous.
+
+Discota: insects in which development of the adults is from imaginal
+discs: see adiscota.
+
+Discrete: distinctly separated.
+
+Discs: the abdominal motor processes of coleopterous larve.
+
+Discus: a disc; a somewhat flat circular part or area.
+
+Disjoined or Disjointed: see disjunctus.
+
+Disjunct: with head, thorax and abdomen separated by constrictions.
+
+Disjunctus: separated; standing apart.
+
+Disk: the central upper surface of any part; all the area within a
+margin; the central area of a wing: in Trichoptera, the obliquely ridged
+outer surface of hind femur in saltatoria.
+
+Dislocated: a stria, band or line interrupted in continuity, when the
+tips of the interrupted parts are not in a right line with each other.
+
+Disperses: with scattered markings, punctures or other small
+sculptures.
+
+Disposed: arranged or laid out.
+
+Dissepiment: a partition wall: applied to the forming septa separating
+the coelom-sacs in the embryo; also the thin envelope about the
+members in obtect pupae.
+
+Dissilient: bursting open elastically.
+
+Distad: toward the distal end.
+
+Distal: that part of a joint farthest from the body.
+
+Distant: remote from: standing considerably apart.
+
+Distichous: applied to antennae when lateral processes originate at
+the apices of the joints and bend forward at acute angles to them.
+
+Distiproboscis: the outer third of the proboscis in Muscid flies, bearing
+the labella.
+
+Distychus: bipartite: separated into two parts.
+
+Ditrocha: Hymenoptera; that series having the trochanter two-jointed.
+
+Diurnae: day fliers: applied to butterflies.
+
+Diurnal: such insects as are active or habitually fly by day only.
+
+Divaricable: able to spread apart or divaricate.
+
+Divaricate: straddling or spreading apart: when the wings are lapped
+at base and diverge behind: tarsal claws when arising at opposite
+sides of the joint and separating widely.
+
+Divergent: spreading out from a common base; in Coleoptera, tarsal
+claws are divergent when they spread out only a little; divaricate
+when they separate widely.
+
+Diverse: unequal: differing in size or shape: of various kinds.
+
+Diverticulum -la: an oft-shoot from a vessel or from the alimentary
+canal usually blind or sac-like: applied to the caecal tubes or
+pouches: any extensions or evaginations of the hypodermic.
+
+Dividens (vena): Trichoptera; 1st anal (Comst.).
+
+Dog-ear marks: in bees: small, subtriangular marks of light color,
+just below the antennae (Cockerell).
+
+Dolabriform: hatchet-shaped: compressed, with a prominent dilated
+keel and cylindrical base.
+
+Dolioloides: applied to obtect or coarctate pupae.
+
+Dominant: a character more constant and conspicuous than any
+other: a type or series occurring in large numbers both as to genera,
+species and individuals and in which differentiation is yet active.
+
+Dorsad: extending or directed toward the upper side.
+
+Dorsal: of or belonging to the upper surface: in Diptera, that face of
+the laterally extended legs visible from above.
+
+Dorsal bristles: see dorso-central.
+
+Dorsal diaphragm: the wings of the heart, or the very thin membrane
+upon which these muscles rest: = pericardial diaphragm, q.v.
+
+Dorsal gland orifices: in Diaspinae, oval orifices arranged in more or
+less distinct rows on the surface of the pygidium, through which is
+discharged the material of which the dorsal scale is formed.
+
+Dorsal glands: see last preceding title.
+
+Dorsal line: in caterpillars, extends longitudinally on the middle of the
+back or dorsal.
+
+Dorsal scale: that part of the covering scale of the Diaspinae that lies
+above the insect, as opposed to the ventral scale, which lies below.
+
+Dorsal space: in slug-caterpillars is the area between the sub-dorsal
+ridges.
+
+Dorsal vessel: the heart; q.v.
+
+Dorsi-meson: the middle of the upper surface.
+
+Dorso-alar region: Diptera; between the transverse suture and the
+scutellum on one side and the root of the wing and the dorso-central
+region on the other.
+
+Dorso-central bristles: Diptera; two or four longitudinal rows on the
+inner part of the dorsal.
+
+Dorso-central region: Diptera; bounded by two imaginary lines drawn
+from the scutellar bridges forward, and coinciding with a space free
+from bristles that exists on the outer side of the dorsal rows and is
+often occupied by a dorsal thoracic stripe.
+
+Dorso-humeral region: Diptera; bounded by the anterior end of thorax
+and transverse suture on two sides and by the dorsopleural suture
+and dorsocentral region on the two others.
+
+Dorsolum: the mesoscutum.
+
+Dorsopleural suture: Diptera; the lateral suture between dorsal and
+pleurum from the humeri through the base of the wing: separates the
+mesonotum from the pleura.
+
+Dorso-ventral: in a line from the upper to the lower surface.
+
+Dorsulum: the mesonotum before the scutellum, with the wing
+sockets: also, specifically, the meso-scutellum.
+
+Dorsum: the upper surface: in Coleoptera; often confined to
+meso- and meta-thorax: Odonata; includes mesepisterna and meso- and
+meta-thoracic terga: Diptera; upper surface of thorax, limited by the
+dorsopleural sutures laterally, the scutellum posteriorly and the neck
+anteriorly: Lepidoptera; the lower or inner margin of the wing.
+
+Draw-thread: the silk-producing gland.
+
+Drone: in Hymenoptera; the male bee.
+
+Duct: a channel, tube or canal for carrying a secretion from a gland to
+the point of discharge.
+
+Ductus ejaculatorius: the single duct or tube formed by the union of
+the vasa deferentia from each side, through which the seminal fluid is
+ejected into the vagina.
+
+Dufour's gland: that gland, in Hymenoptera, that secretes the alkaline
+portion of the poison carried by the sting.
+
+Duodenum: the chylific ventricle; also applied to the first section of
+the digestive tract just behind entrance of malpighian tubules.
+
+Dupion: a cocoon spun by two silk-worms together; also the coarse
+silk from such a cocoon.
+
+Duplicate -us: double.
+
+Duplicate-pectinate: having the branches of a bipectinated antenna
+alternately long and short.
+
+Duple: double, or twice.
+
+Durus: hard.
+
+Dusky: somewhat darkened; pale fuscous.
+
+
+
+
+E
+
+E: as prefix, is privative and means without.
+
+Ears: organs of hearing, as on the first tibiae or on the first abdominal
+segment of some Trichoptera.
+
+Ebenine: black like ebony.
+
+Eburneous: ivory white.
+
+Ecalcaratus: without a spur.
+
+Ecaudate: without tails or tail-like processes: usually applied
+to wings : = excaudate.
+
+Ecdysis: the process of casting the skin; moulting.
+
+Echinate: set with prickles.
+
+Ecology: the science of the relation of organisms to each other and to
+their surroundings: = ethology.  {Scanner's comment: Ethology
+nowadays refers to studies in animal behaviour,
+not directly to ecology.}
+
+Ectad: extending outwardly from within.
+
+Ectal: belonging or relating to the outer surface.
+
+Ectoblast: the outer wall of a cell; the ectoderm or epiblast.
+
+Ectoderm: the outer layer of skin: the outer layer of the blastoderm,
+giving rise to the nervous system and to epithelial structures of the
+body surface.
+
+Ectognathus: see ectotrophous.
+
+Ectoskeletal: referring to the outside or exoskeleton.
+
+Ectotrachea: the outer surface or layer of the trachea.
+
+Ectotrophous: with mouth parts free; not buried in the head: see
+entrotrophus.
+
+Edematus: dull translucent white.
+
+Edentate -ulous: without teeth.
+
+Edentula: those having no teeth.
+
+Efferent: carrying outward or away from the centre.
+
+Effluvium: a foul or unpleasant smell or emanation.
+
+Effected: somewhat angularly bent outward.
+
+Egg: a simple cell, capable of fertilization, containing the germ, the
+food-yolk necessary for its nutriment, and a covering membrane: a
+single ovum or cell from an ovary: the first stage of the insect.
+
+Egg-burster: a projecting point on the head or other part of an
+embryo, used in breaking the shell when hatching.
+
+Egg-calyx: the enlarged portion of the oviduct at the opening of the
+ovarian tubes, into which the egg is received before its entrance into
+the vagina.
+
+Egg-case: the case or covering prepared or secreted by an insect to
+contain or hold together the egg-mass as a whole: see ooetheca.
+
+Egg-guide: Orthoptera; two small pointed prolongations of the ventral
+portion of the 8th abdominal segment, between upper and lower
+valves, used in oviposition.
+
+Egg-pouch: see ooetheca.
+
+Egg-pod: applied to the egg-mass of grasshoppers.
+
+Egg-tube: see ovarian tube.
+
+Ejaculatory duct: see ductus ejaculatorius.
+
+Elastic: a part which has a degree of flexibility throughout.
+
+Elate -us: see elevatus.
+
+Elater: the spring or forked tail of Podurids.
+
+Eleutherata: all forms with free, separated maxillae; later, and more
+specifically, the Coleoptera.
+
+Elevate -us: a part higher than its surroundings.
+
+Elinguata: without a tongue: forms in which the maxillae are connate
+with the labium: see synista.
+
+Ellipsoidal: see elliptical.
+
+Elliptical: oblong-oval, the ends equally rounded, together forming an
+even ellipsoid.
+
+Elongata -ate: drawn out; lengthened; much longer than wide.
+
+Elutus: with scarcely distinct markings.
+
+Elytra: the anterior leathery or chitinous wings of beetles, serving as
+coverings to the secondaries, commonly meeting in a straight line
+down the middle of dorsum in repose: also applied to the tegmina in
+Orthoptera.
+
+Elytral ligula: a tongue-like process on the inner face of the side
+margin of elytra, to perfect the union with the ventral segments: e.g.
+in Dytiscidae.
+
+Elytriform: shaped or appearing like an elytron.
+
+Elytrin: = chitin, q.v.
+
+Elytron: singular of elytra; q.v.
+
+Elytroptera: see Coleoptera.
+
+Emandibulata: that series of insects in which there are no functional
+mandibles in any stage.
+
+Emandibulate: lacking functional mandibles; e.g. butterflies and
+moths, and applied in any stage.
+
+Emarginate: notched: with an obtuse, rounded or quadrate section cut
+from a margin.
+
+Embolium: Heteroptera; the narrow sclerite extending along the
+anterior margin of the hemelytra, from base to cuneus or membrane:
+the lobes on each side of the prothorax: the special enlargement at the
+base of the primaries which fits into a cavity in which the wing is
+moved.
+
+Embossed: ornamented with raised figures.
+
+Embryo: the young animal before leaving the body of the parent or
+before emerging from the egg.
+
+Embryonic: found in, or relating to the embryo; in an undeveloped
+state or condition.
+
+Emmet: an ant.
+
+Empodium: Diptera; the small process between the pulvilli: in
+Coleoptera; the bifid pseudotarsi between the claws: used also as =
+pulvillus; and see arolium, onychium, palmula, paronychium,
+plantula, pseudonychium and pulvillus.
+
+Enarthrosis: an articulation like a ball and socket joint.
+
+Encephalon -um: the brain, or that part of the head containing it.
+
+Encircled: ringed; margined round about.
+
+Endemic: occurring normally where found: native, not introduced.
+
+Endocardium: the inner lining membrane of the heart.
+
+Endochorium: the layer of the allantois that lines the chorium; the
+inner layer of the chorium.
+
+Endocranium: the inner surface of the cranium.
+
+Endoderm: the inner layer of the blastoderm in the embryo, giving
+origin to the mid-intestine and other visceral organs: see entoderm.
+
+Endolabium: the inner or mouth surface of the labium: the
+hypopharynx when that is well developed.
+
+Endomesoderm: the inner layer formed by an invagination of the
+middle portion of the primitive band of the embryo, and from which
+the endoderm and mesoderm are subsequently differentiated.
+
+Endophytic: living within plant or tree tissue, as borers or miners.
+
+Endoskeletal: relating or referring to the endoskeleton.
+
+Endoskeleton: applied to those chitinous processes extending inward
+into the body cavity from the body wall and serving as attachments for
+muscles.
+
+Endosternite: that part of the apodeme arising from the intersternal
+membrane.
+
+Endothorax: the internal framework or processes of the thorax.
+
+Endotoky: is applied to that form of reproduction where the eggs are
+developed within the body of the mother; see exotoky.
+
+Endotrachea: the inner surface or lining of the trachea: see intima.
+
+Enervis: applied to wings without veins of any kind.
+
+Engraved: see exsculptus.
+
+Ensiform: sword-shaped: two-edged, large at base and tapering to the
+point: see anceps.
+
+Entad: extending inwardly from without.
+
+Ental: referring to the centre of the body cavity.
+
+Enteric: relating to the digestive canal or enteron.
+
+Enteron: the digestive canal as a whole; a general term.
+
+Entire: with an even unbroken margin: said of wings when they are
+not divided or cut into.
+
+Entoderm: the innermost germ layer of the embryo, from which are
+derived the epithelium of the alimentary canal and accessory
+structures: = endoderm and hypoblast.
+
+Entognathous: see entotrophous.
+
+Entoloma: the inner margin of the wings.
+
+Entomogenous: growing in or on an insect: e.g. fungi.
+
+Entomography: the description of an insect or of its life history.
+
+Entomolin: = chitin, q.v.
+
+Entomologist: one who collects and studies insects.
+
+Entomology: that branch of Zoology that deals with insects and,
+specifically, the Hexapods.
+
+Entomophagous: feeding upon insects: specifically applied to those
+wasps that feed their young with larvae, etc.
+
+Entomophilous: insect-loving: applied to plants especially adapted for
+pollination by insects.
+
+Entomophytous: referring to plants produced in or on an insect: see
+Entomogenous.
+
+Entomosis: a disease caused by a parasitic insect.
+
+Entomotaxy: the preservation and preparation of insects for study.
+
+Entomotomy: that science which deals with internal structure of
+insects.
+
+Entomotomist: a student of insect structure.
+
+Entosternum: the internal processes from the sternum.
+
+Entothorax: applied to the apodemes or processes extending inwardly
+from the sternal sclerites: see apophysis.
+
+Entotrophous: with the mouth parts buried in the head:=
+entognathous: see ectotrophous.
+
+Entozoa: those animals that live within the body of others.
+
+Environment: the sum of the influences surrounding or acting upon
+an organism.
+
+Enzyme: a ferment secreted by a cell or a gland.
+
+Epalpate: having no palpi.
+
+Ephebic: referring to the winged, adult stage.
+
+Ephemerida: May-flies: an ordinal term used for insects with
+net-veined wings, held vertically when at rest, not folded; mouth
+mandibulate, not functionally developed: thorax loosely agglutinated;
+abdomen with anal filaments: metamorphosis incomplete.
+
+Ephemeroptera: briefly winged: = ephemerida; q.v.
+
+Epiblast: the outer germ layer of the embryo.
+
+Epicranial: relating or pertaining to the epicranium.
+
+Epicranial lobe: in caterpillars, the lateral, superior convex lobe of the
+head.
+
+Epicranial plate: in some larvae a plate-like structure forming the
+epicranium.
+
+Epicranial suture: the line of junction of the two procephalic lobes.
+
+Epicranium: the upper part of the head from the front to the neck:
+often used to include front, vertex and genae:= calva.
+
+Epideme: see articulatory epideme.
+
+Epiderma -is: the cellular layer of the skin, underlying and secreting
+the cuticula: incorrectly applied to the outer skin or cuticle.
+
+Epidermata: abnormal excrescences or outgrowths from the skin.
+
+Epididymis: the convoluted efferent ducts, massed at the posterior
+part of the testes.
+
+Epigastrium: the first entire ventral sclerite of the abdomen.
+
+Epigenesis: the doctrine of growth from an undifferentiated germ, as
+opposed to preformation, which implies development from already
+existing rudiments.
+
+Epigenetic: the period after the union of the male and female
+elements, during which organs are forming.
+
+Epiglossa: = epipharynx;  q.v.
+
+Epiglottis: = epipharynx; q.v.
+
+Epilabrum: a sclerite at each side of the labrum: specifically applied
+in myriapods.
+
+Epilobe: of mentum in Carabidae, really corresponds to a partially
+divided ligula: a lateral appendage of a bilobed mentum.
+
+Epimera -eron: the posterior lateral thoracic sclerites; usually small,
+narrow or triangular.
+
+Epiopticon: the second ganglionic swelling of the optic tract: see
+opticon.
+
+Epipharyngeal: belonging or relating to the epipharynx.
+
+Epipharyngeal sclerites: in bees; a pair of strap-like pieces extending
+backward from the two sides of the base of epipharynx: see
+hypopharyngeal sclerites.
+
+Epipharynx: an organ, probably of taste, attached to the inner surface
+of the labium and supposed to correspond to the palate of higher
+animals Epiglossa or epiglottis.
+
+Epiphysis: a lappet-like process covering an excavation on the fore
+tibia of many Lepidoptera.
+
+Epipleural: the deflexed or inflexed portions of the elytra, immediately
+beneath the edge: the inflexed portions of the pronotum are
+sometimes called prothoracic epipleura: as generally used, the term is
+incorrectly applied to the entire bent under margin of the elytra.
+
+Epipleural fold: the raised lower edge of the epipleura: see hypomera.
+
+Epiplooen: see caul.
+
+Epipygium: the dorsal arch of the last abdominal segment.
+
+Episternites: the upper pair of corneous appendages forming the
+ovipositor in grasshoppers.
+
+Episternum: the anterior and larger lateral thoracic sclerite between
+the sternum and notum.
+
+Epistoma -is: the lower face between the mouth and eyes: that sclerite
+immediately behind or above the labrum, whether it be clypeus or an
+intermediate piece: in Diptera, that part of the face between the front
+and the labrum; the oral margin and an indefinite space immediately
+contiguous thereto and so = peristoma: in Odonata; = clypeus: =
+hypostoma.
+
+Epithelium: the layer of cells which covers a surface or lines a cavity.
+
+Epizoa: insects that infest the body surface of animals.
+
+Epizooetic: living or parasitic on animals from the outside or on the
+surface.
+
+Epomiae: the elevated margin of an oblique furrow in the propleurae
+for the reception of the front femora; Hymenoptera.
+
+Epupillate: an ocellate spot included by a colored ring, but destitute of
+a pupil or central spot.
+
+Equal: of the same length, size or shape: the superfices when they are
+without inequalities.
+
+Equitant: laminated: folding one upon the other.
+
+Erect: standing upright; not necessarily perpendicular.
+
+Erectile: capable of being erected; applied to an appendage, a hair or
+other process, or to any tissue which may be distended and made
+rigid.
+
+Erecto-patent: the wings of Hesperids when at rest; primaries erect,
+secondaries horizontal.
+
+Eremochaetus: Diptera in which there is a general absence of bristles.
+
+Ergatandrous: applied to ants with worker-like males.
+
+Ergatogynous: applied to ants with worker-like females.
+
+Ergatoid: sexually capable, wingless ants, resembling workers.
+
+Ericeticolous: living in poor, sandy or gravelly places.
+
+Eroded -sus: gnawed; a margin with irregular teeth and
+emarginations.
+
+Eruca: broadly a larva: more specifically a caterpillar.
+
+Eruciform: like a caterpillar in form or appearance.
+
+Erucina: the caterpillar-like larvae of sawflies and the like.
+
+Erucivorous: a feeder on caterpillars; said of parasites.
+
+Erythrinus: red; nearly arterial blood-red: carmine, a little diluted.
+
+Erythrinus: deep brick-red, tending to blood-red [vermilion with a little
+Indian red].
+
+Escutcheon: the scutellum in Coleoptera.
+
+Essential character: see specific character.
+
+Ethology: see ecology.
+
+Eucephalous: with a well-developed head, bearing the normal
+appendages: applied to certain dipterous larvae.
+
+Eucone: a compound eye in which the individual ocelli have
+crystalline cones see acone.
+
+Euorthoptera: the Orthoptera excluding the Dermaptera.
+
+Euplexoptera: with beautifully folded wings: an ordinal term applied
+to the ear-wigs.
+
+Eous or -eus: as a suffix, indicates the possession of the quality of the
+stem word: e.g. membraneous, like a membrane in texture.
+
+Eutracheata: applied to articulates which, like the insects, have a
+well-developed tracheal system.
+
+Evaginate: extruded by eversion; turned inside out when extruded.
+
+Evagination: an extrusion formed by eversion or turning inside out.
+
+Evanescent: disappearing; becoming gradually less.
+
+Eversible: capable of being turned inside out.
+
+Evident: easily seen or recognized.
+
+Ex: prefix = A and E as privatives: also means from or out of.
+
+Exarate -us: sulcated: sculptured.
+
+Exarticulate: without distinct joints.
+
+Exasperate -us: rough with irregular elevations.
+
+Excalcarate: without spurs.
+
+Excaudate: see ecaudate.
+
+Excavate: with a depression that is not the segment of a circle.
+
+Excentric: not in the centre; revolving or arranged about a point that
+is not central.
+
+Excision: with a deep cut: a notch or other cut-out part.
+
+Excrementaceous -titious: made up of or resembling excrement.
+
+Excrescence: an outgrowth or elevation; usually abnormal.
+
+Excretion: the act of getting rid of waste products: any material or
+substance produced by any secretory glands or structures and which
+is voided or otherwise sent out from them.
+
+Excretory: those structures concerned in ridding the body of waste
+products.
+
+Excurrent: attenuate, narrowly prolonged.
+
+Excurved: curved outwards.
+
+Ex larva: from or out of the larva: usually applied to specimens that
+have been bred from collected larvae.
+
+Exochorion: that part of the chorion derived from the ectoderm: the
+outer layer of the chorion.
+
+Exochorium: Heteroptera; a narrow marginal part of the hemelytra.
+
+Exoderm: the outer skin or crust.
+
+Exoloma: the apical margin of the wings.
+
+Exophytic: relating to the outside of plant tissue.
+
+Exoskeleton: the entire body wall, to the inner side of which muscles
+are attached.
+
+Exotic: not a natives of the place where found: an introduced species:
+also any species occurring in any country outside of the limits of the
+country whose fauna is under consideration.
+
+Exotoky: is applied to that form of reproduction where the eggs are
+developed outside of the body of the insect and without care by the
+mother see endotoky.
+
+Ex ova: from or out of the egg: applied to specimens that have been
+bred from the egg stage.
+
+Expanded: spread or flattened out: applied to Lepidoptera when set for
+the cabinet.
+
+Expanse: the distance between the apices or other widest point of the
+wings when fully spread.
+
+Expansio alarum: the wing stretch; see expanse.
+
+Expiratory: relating to the act of expiration, when the abdomen is
+contracted and the air contained in the abdominal tracheae is
+presumably forced out of them.
+
+Explanate: spread out and flattened; applied to a margin.
+
+Explicate: unfolded; open; without folds or plica.
+
+Exsculptate -tus: a surface with irregular, more or less longitudinal
+depressions, as if carved.
+
+Exscutellate: having no scutel.
+
+Exserted: protruded; projecting beyond the body or over a given point.
+
+Exsertion: a protrusion: an extension of a line or other ornamentation
+beyond its ordinary course.
+
+Extended: spread out: not lying one upon the other.
+
+Extense: extended: expanded.
+
+Extension plate: a structure at the base of the pulvillus whose
+function it is to extend it.
+
+Extension sole: the pad-like pulvillus which may be extended by the
+extension plate through the pressure plate.
+
+Extensor: that which extends or straightens out; applied to muscles.
+
+Extenuate: to make or to become weak, thin or slender.
+
+Exterior: the outside.
+
+Exterior margin: the outer margin; sometimes used for costal margin.
+
+External: belonging to or on the outside.
+
+External area: Hymenoptera; the upper of the three cells or areas of
+the metanotum, between the median and lateral longitudinal carina,
+first lateral basal area.
+
+External median area: Hymenoptera; the median of the three cells or
+areas between the median and lateral longitudinal carinae: = second
+lateral area.
+
+Externomedial vein: in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radius (Comst.); in
+Orthoptera, = media (Comst.).
+
+Externo-median nerve: the humeral and discoidal veins together.
+
+Extra-ocular: remote from or beyond the eyes.
+
+Extremity: the point most remote from base.
+
+Extrorse -um: toward the outside.
+
+Extrude: to turn or force out.
+
+Exude: to ooze or flow slowly through minute openings.
+
+Exuvia -iae -ium: the cast skin of a larval insect: in Diaspinae the
+larval skin when cast and incorporated in the scale.
+
+Exuviate: to cast the skin: to moult.
+
+Exuviation: the act of molting: the cast-off skin or exuvium.
+
+Eyes: the organs of sight, composed of numerous facets, situated, one
+on each side of the head: the term is properly applied to compound
+eyes only but is sometimes used to designate also the simple eyes or
+ocelli.
+
+
+
+
+F
+
+Face or Facies: the upper or outer surface of any part or appendage:
+the front of the head between the compound eyes above the mouth to
+the vertex; usually applied to insects in which the head is -vertical:
+in bees extends between the eyes to the base of the antennae; in the
+Hymenoptera generally the area between antenne and clypeus: in
+flies the area between base of antennae, the oral margin, eyes and
+cheeks.
+
+Facet: a small face or surface: one of the parts, areas or lens-like
+divisions of the compound eye.
+
+Facial angle: the angle formed by the junction of the face and vertex.
+
+Facial bristles: Diptera; a series on either side of the middle portion of
+the face, above the vibrissae, along the facialia.
+
+Facial carinae: applied to both the carinae of the frontal costa and the
+accessory (lateral) carinae of the face; but usually restricted to the
+accessory carinae in Orthoptera.
+
+Facial depression: = antennal fovea, q.v.
+
+Facialium -ia: Diptera; that portion of the face between the lower part
+of the frontal fissure and the antennal fovea.
+
+Facial quadrangle: in bees; the quadrangle bounded laterally by the
+eyes, above by a line between their summits and below by a similar
+line between their lowest points.
+
+Facial ridges: Diptera; the elevated lateral borders of antennal grooves.
+
+Facial tubercle: Diptera; a median convexity below middle of face.
+
+Facies: the face: the general appearance or impression.
+
+Falcate: sickle-shaped; convexly curved: a wing when deeply
+excavated below the apex so as to leave the latter acute and a little
+curved.
+
+Falciform: curved like a sickle.
+
+False legs: = spurious legs; = prolegs; q.v.
+
+Family: a division of classification including a number of genera
+agreeing in one or a set of characters and so closely related that they
+are apparently descended from one stem: opinionative and indicated
+by the termination idae.
+
+Farctus: fully filled.
+
+Farinaceous: mealy: applied to powdery looking wings and surfaces.
+
+Farinose: dotted with many single, flour-like spots: mealy.
+
+Fascia: a transverse band or broad line; it is common when it crosses
+both wings or wing covers.
+
+Fasciate: banded transversely.
+
+Fascicle -ulus: a bundle of hair, threads or fibres.
+
+Fasciculate: bundled; clustered as in a bundle; tufted: a surface
+when covered with bundles of long hair.
+
+Fastigiate: flat-topped and of equal height: also applied to elytra that
+extend a little beyond the abdomen.
+
+Fastigium: Orthoptera; the extreme point or front of vertex.
+
+Fat-body: is the mass of oil or fat cells found, especially in larvae,
+surrounding the alimentary canal and some other internal organs.
+
+Fatiscent: with cracks, crevices or openings.
+
+Fauna: the assemblage of animals inhabiting a region or country.
+
+Favose: with large deep holes, like the cells of a honeycomb.
+
+Favus: a cell like that of a honeycomb.
+
+Fecula: the excrement of insects.
+
+Fecundation: the making fertile; as an egg by a spermatozooen.
+
+Feeler: commonly applied to antennae; q.v.
+
+Feelers: tactile organs: the term is usually applied to the
+antennae, but sometimes to the palpi, as mouth-feelers.
+
+Feet: the legs or organs of locomotion; one pair attached to each
+thoracic segment; composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and
+tarsus only; plural of foot; q.v.
+
+Female: designated by "O+" the astronomical sign for Venus: that
+sex in which the ova are developed. {Scanner's comment: The sign
+for Venus being an orthogonal  cross or plus sign hanging vertically
+below a circle.}
+
+Femina: the female, or belonging to that sex.
+
+Femorate -us: with abnormal or unusually developed femora or
+thighs.
+
+Femoro-tibial: pertaining to both femur and tibia or to the articulation
+between them.
+
+Femur -ora: the thigh: usually the stoutest segment of the leg,
+articulated to the body through trochanter and coxa and bearing the
+tibia at its distal end: in Coccidae and quite commonly, the femur
+and trochanter are considered as one, for measuring purposes.
+
+Fenestra: a window; a transparent glassy spot or mark; a pellucid
+mark in a vein: a small, pale, membranous area at the base of the
+antenna in roaches.
+
+Fenestrate: with transparent or window-like naked spots as in the
+wings of some Lepidoptera.
+
+Fenestrate membrane: of the compound eye is at the base of the
+ommatidia, at their junction with the optic nerve; see retina.
+
+Ferreous -eus: the metallic gray of polished iron.
+
+Ferrugineous -ous, -eus, -osus: rusty red-brown [Dragon's blood, but
+brighter].
+
+Ferrugino-testaeeous: a rusty yellow brown: a mixture of rusty red
+with dull yellow brown.
+
+Fertilization: takes place when a spermatozooen enters through the
+micropyle of an ovum and unites with the cell nucleus: loosely
+applied like copulation or to its completion.
+
+Festivus: variegated with bright colors.
+
+Festooned: arranged in loops as if hung from nails.
+
+Fibre: a thread-like structure of any tissue.
+
+Fibrilla: rod or sliver-like nerve elements, often grouped like a bundle
+of short threads.
+
+Fibrin: a proteid compound making up a large part of the muscular
+tissue: also found in blood and other body liquids.
+
+Fibrinogen: a proteid substance of the blood and other body fluids,
+concerned in the production of fibrin.
+
+Fibroin: a chemical compound found in silk, cobwebs and the like.
+
+Fifth longitudinal vein: Diptera (Will.); = media 3 (Comst.).
+
+Filament: a thread: a long slender process of equal diameter
+throughout: an elongated appendage.
+
+Filariasis: a disease caused by the presence of minute worms or
+Filaria, transmitted by mosquitoes. {Scanner's comment: Nowadays
+it is known that many kinds of filariasis are transmitted by other
+species of flies, in particular Simuliidae and Tabanidae}
+
+Filate: Diptera; antennae that are simple, without lateral hair or
+dilation: thread-like.
+
+Filator: the silk spinning structure of caterpillars.
+
+File: the diagonal ridged vein near the base of the tegmina in crickets,
+used in stridulating: in general any structure wherever situated that
+serves the same purpose.
+
+Filicornia: insects with thread-like antennae; e.g. in Coleopteran, the
+Carabidae.
+
+Filiform: thread-like: slender and of equal diameter.
+
+Filippi's glands: a pair of secondary glands, opening into the silk
+glands of caterpillars near their anterior end.
+
+Fillet: a transverse, raised structure between the antennae in
+Lepidoptera.
+
+Filose: ending in a thread-like process.
+
+Fimbria: thick, ciliated hair at the termination of any part: fringes.
+
+Fimbriate: a margin or process when set with a fringe of hair closely
+placed.
+
+Finger: of maxilla, is the digitus, q.v.
+
+First clypeus: see post clypeus.
+
+First inner apical nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.); is cubitus 1, from
+media 4, to first anal (Comst.).
+
+First lateral suture: Odonata; starts from beneath base of front wing
+behind humeral suture and meets it behind second coxa.
+
+First longitudinal vein: in Diptera; - radius 1 (Comst.).
+
+First submarginal cross-nervure: Hymenoptera; part of the media and
+the radio-medial cross vein (Comst.).
+
+Fissate: divided or split: with fissures or cracks.
+
+Fissile -is: cleft or divided; as the wings in plume-moths: also used
+for lamellate.
+
+Fissiparous: applied to that form of asexual generation in which the
+parent divides; each part becoming a new individual.
+
+Fissure: a crevice: a narrow longitudinal opening: a slit.
+
+Fissus: cleft: longitudinally divided nearly to base.
+
+Fistula: a slender tube: specifically applied to the channel formed by
+the union of the two parts of proboscis in Lepidoptera.
+
+Fistular: like a slender, cylindrical tube.
+
+Flabellate: with long flat processes folding like a fan.
+
+Flabelliform: fan-shaped.
+
+Flabellum: a fan: a leafed structure: the transparent lobe at the end of
+the glossa in bees: also used as = flagellum; q.v.
+
+Flabs: the lobes at the tip of the dipterous mouth:= labella; q.v.
+
+Flaccid: feeble: limber: lax.
+
+Flagelliform: whip-like; applied to a process.
+
+Flagellum: that part of the antenna beyond the pedicel: a whip or
+whip-like process: the tail-like process of a spermatozooen.
+
+Flammate -eus: flaming or fiery red [vermilion intensified].
+
+Flange: a projecting rim or edge.
+
+Flank: the sides of the thorax: the pleura.
+
+Flaring: widening out like the mouth of a trumpet.
+
+Flavescent: somewhat yellow.
+
+Flavid: yellowed: sulphur yellow.
+
+Flavo-testaceous: light yellow-brown: almost luteous.
+
+Flavous -us: sulphur yellow [gamboge].
+
+Flavo-vixens: green verging upon yellow [apple green + chrome yellow].
+
+Flex: to bend: to curve back.
+
+Flexible: pliable; with elastic properties.
+
+Flexile -is: capable of being bent at an angle without breaking:
+flexible.
+
+Flexuous -ose: almost zig-zag, without acute angles but more acute at
+angles than undulating: differs from sinuate in being alternately bent
+and nearly straight.
+
+Flexor: that which bends; applied to muscles.
+
+Flocculus -i: a hairy or bristly appendage on the posterior coxa of
+some Hymenoptera.
+
+Floccus: a tuft of wool or wool-like hair.
+
+Flosculiferous: species that bear a flosculus.
+
+Flosculus: a small, tubular lunulate anal organ with a central style, in
+certain Fulgorids.
+
+Fluviatile: inhabiting the margins of running streams.
+
+Fly-blows: eggs or young maggots of flesh flies: meat is fly-blown
+when such eggs or larvae have been deposited on it.
+
+Flying-hairs: very long slender surface hairs set in punctures.
+
+Foetid glands: glandular structures from which a foul smelling liquid
+may be ejected.
+
+Foliaceous: leaf-like, or resembling a leaf.
+
+Folioles: leaf-like processes from a margin or protuberance.
+
+Follicle: = cocoon, q.v.: a cellular sac or tube, as of a gland or ovary.
+
+Folliculate: enclosed in a case, cocoon or follicle.
+
+Food reservoir: Lepidoptera, a blind sac or diverticulum from the bind
+part of oesophagus lying in abdomen dorsal to the stomach.
+
+Foot: the tarsus, q.v.; improperly used to = leg; but in the plural form
+refers to legs rather than tarsi: see feet.
+
+Foot-shield: in caterpillars, the chitinous plate on outer side of
+abdominal feet.
+
+Foot-stalk: of the maxilla, is the stipes.
+
+Foramen: an opening in the body wall for the passage of a vessel or
+nerve: any opening at an apex: the opening of a cocoon.
+
+Foramen magnum; the opening on the posterior surface of the head to
+give passage to those structures that extend from head to thorax
+occipital foramen.
+
+Foramina: small openings in the body wall: in Orthoptera, the
+auditory organs on the anterior tibiae.
+
+Forceps: hook or pincer-like processes terminating the abdomen, like
+specialized appendages of ear-wigs: similar processes in the male,
+used as clasping organs in copulation.
+
+Forcipate: bearing forceps or similar structures.
+
+Forcipiform: having the form of forceps or pincers.
+
+Fore: anterior.
+
+Foregut: extends from the mouth to the end of gizzard; its epithelium
+being formed from the ectodermal invagination known as the
+stomodaeum.
+
+Forehead: in Mallophaga, the head in front of the mandibles and
+antennae.
+
+Fore-intestine: =foregut, q.v.
+
+Forficate: = forcipate, q.v.
+
+Forks: Trichoptera; forks of veins in apical part of wing,
+numbered 1, 2, 3, etc.
+
+
+Form: applied to representatives of a species which differ from the
+normal or type, in some uniform character; it is seasonal if it occurs
+at a period different from the type; dimorphic if there is an alternation
+of generations or two color patterns occur; or sexual if the members of
+one sex differ uniformly from those of the other.
+
+Formic: of, pertaining to or derived from ants.
+
+Formicary: an ant's nest or ant-hill.
+
+Fornicate: arched or vaulted: concave within, convex without.
+
+Fossa -ae: = fossula; q.v.
+
+Fossoria: burrowers: in Orthoptera, the mole crickets and allies; in
+Hymenoptera, the digging wasps.
+
+Fossorial: formed for or with the habit of digging or burrowing.
+
+Fossula -ae: a deep groove or sinus with sharp edges: specifically
+applied to grooves on the head or sides of prothorax in which the
+antennae are concealed.
+
+Fossulate: a surface with oblong impressions.
+
+Fossulet: an elongated, shallow groove.
+
+Fourth longitudinal vein: Diptera (Will.), = media 2 (Comst.).
+
+Fovea, Foveola -ae: a shallow depression with well-marked sides: a pit.
+
+Foveate: with foveae or pit-like depressions.
+
+Foveolate: with shallow cavities like a honey-comb.
+
+Fractus: broken: also applied to a geniculate antenna.
+
+Fragile: easily breakable: thin and brittle.
+
+Frass: the excrement; usually the excreted pellets of caterpillars.
+
+Free: unrestricted in movement: not firmly joined with or united to
+any other part: said of pupae when all the parts and appendages are
+separately encased as in Coleopteran.
+
+Frenatae: that series of Lepidoptera in which a more or less
+well-marked frenulum occurs.
+
+Frenate: having a frenulum.
+
+Frenulum: the spine, simple in males, compound in females, arising
+from the base of secondaries in many Lepidoptera, whose function it is
+to unite the wings in flight: in Cicada the triangular lateral piece on
+the mesonotum which connects with the trochlea: the anal area of
+secondaries and thus = tendo, q.v.
+
+Frenulum hook: in the males of frenate Lepidoptera, a hook or fold
+into which the frenulum is fitted.
+
+Frenum: that which holds things together: a lunate or triangular
+portion at the inner and hinder base of the wing in Odonata and
+Trichoptera; see tendo.
+
+Fringe -es: an edging of hair, scales or other processes extending well
+beyond the margin and usually of even length: in Lepidoptera, fringes
+occur on the outer margins of all wings and consist of scales or hair
+projecting beyond the wing membrane.
+
+Frog: the articular pan, - q.v.
+
+Frons: = front; q.v.
+
+Front: the anterior portion of head between base of antennae and
+below ocelli: in Homoptera, the vertical median area of face.
+
+Frontal: referring to the front of head or anterior aspect of any part.
+
+Frontal costa: Orthoptera, a prominent vertical ridge of bead which
+may be median or lateral: see median carina and lateral carina.
+
+Frontal fastigium: in Orthoptera, that process of the face extending
+dorsad between the antennae and meeting or nearly meeting the
+fastigium of the vertex in Tettigidae.
+
+Frontal fissure: Diptera; the impressed line extending from the frontal
+lunule to the border of the mouth.
+
+Frontal lobes: in Psyllidae, two lobes or swellings more or less
+completely divided by a suture in which an ocellus is situated.
+
+Frontal lunule: Diptera; an oval or crescentic space above the base of
+antennae in Cyclorrhapha, bounded by the frontal suture.
+
+Frontal processes: Diptera; = antennal process, q.v.
+
+Frontal ridge: in Coleopteran; a sharp ridge on the dorsal margin of
+the eye, extending forward.
+
+Frontal stripe: Diptera; the middle of the front when membranous or
+discolored: = vitta frontalis.
+
+Frontal suture: Diptera; separates the frontal lunule from that part of
+the head above it: in Coleopteran; = clypeal suture.
+
+Frontal tubercles: in certain Aphids, are raised structures upon which
+the antennae are placed.
+
+Frontal triangle: Diptera; the triangular space in males, between the
+eyes below, limited by a line drawn through base of antennae.
+
+Frontal vesicle: in Odonata; that elevated area on the vertex upon
+which the ocelli are situated.
+
+Fronto-orbital bristles: in Diptera; are placed on each side of the front,
+just below the vertical bristles.
+
+Fugitive: soon disappearing; not permanent.
+
+Fulcrant: the trochanter when continued along the femur, as in
+Carabids.
+
+Fulcrum: the chitinous envelope at the base of mouth in Diptera and
+Hymenoptera, covering the beginning of the oesophagus: any
+structure that serves as a support to another..
+
+Fulgidus: shining.
+
+Fuliginous -osus: sooty or smoky brown
+[Van Dyke brown + a little black].
+
+Fulvo-aeneous: brazen, with a touch of brownish yellow [brown pink].
+
+Fulvous -us: tawny; light brown with much yellow; nearly orange
+[pale cadmium yellow + Indian red].
+
+
+Fumate -us: smoky gray [gray].
+
+Fumose: smoky.
+
+Function: the work or duty which a given part or organ normally
+performs.
+
+Fungicolous: living in or on fungi.
+
+Funicle: the joints between the scape and club in Funiculate
+antennae: a small cord: a slender stalk.
+
+Funiculate: whip-like: long, slender, composed of many flexible joints.
+
+Funicule: a small, cord-like structure; especially when sheathed.
+
+Funiculus: the main tendon of abdomen: in Hymenoptera a slender
+ligament connecting the propodeum to petiole on its dorsal aspect.
+
+Furca: a fork: the anal appendage used for leaping in Thysanura; see
+furcula: the forked ental processes of the sternum.
+
+Furcal orifice: see sternal into orifice.
+
+Furcate: forked; divided nto two approximately equal divisions.
+
+Furcula: a forked process: an osmaterium {Scanner's comment:
+sic. See comment under "osmaterium".}: in Collembola the spring or
+saltatory appendage borne by the fourth abdominal segment: in
+Orthoptera, a pair of backwardly directed appendages which overlie in
+a more or less forked position the base of the supra-anal plate.
+
+Furred: covered with dense hair resembling fur.
+
+Fuscescent: becoming brown; with a brown shading.
+
+Fusco-ferruginous: brownish rust red.
+
+Fuseo-piceous: pitch black with a brown tinge or admixture.
+
+Fuseo-rufous: red-brown, approaching liver brown.
+
+Fuseo-testaceous: dull reddish brown [brown ocher].
+
+Fuscous -us: dark brown, approaching black; a plain mixture of
+black and red [crimson lake + black].
+
+Fused: run together: applied when two normally separated markings
+become confluent and have a common outline.
+
+Fusiform: spindle-shaped: tapering gradually to each end.
+
+Fusulus: = spinneret, q.v.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+G
+
+Gales: the outer lobe of the maxilla, usually two-jointed, often
+hood-like, subject to great modifications in Hymenoptera and
+Diptera, and forms the coiled tongue in Lepidoptera.
+
+Galeotheca: that part of the pupal case that covers the gales.
+
+Gall: an abnormal swelling or excrescence on a plant, produced by an
+insect: = cecidium.
+
+Gallicolous: dwellers in galls, whether as producers or inquilines.
+
+Gallivorous: feeding upon galls or gall tissue.
+
+Gamogenesis: reproduction through fertilization: see agamogenesis.
+
+Ganglion -ia: a nerve centre composed of a cell mass and fibres: the
+white disc-like bodies connected by a double cord, lying above the
+ventral surface within the body and forming the centre of the nervous
+system.
+
+Gasterotheca: that part of the pupa case that covers the abdomen.
+
+Gastric: of or belonging to the belly or to the stomach.
+
+Gastric caeca: = caecum; q.v.
+
+Gastro-coeli: a pair of usually transverse lateral pits near the base of
+the second abdominal tergite in some Hymenoptera.
+
+Gastro-ileal folds: occur in some insects at the junction of the chylific
+ventricle with the ileum and serve as a valve.
+
+Gastrula: that embryonic stage resembling a sac, with an outer layer
+of epiblastic cells and an inner layer of hypoblastic cells.
+
+Gastrulation: the process of forming a gastrula.
+
+Gathering hairs: the soft, flattened, often hooked hairs on the tongue
+of bees and other Hymenoptera; = hooked hairs.
+
+Gelatinous: of a jelly-like texture or consistency: viscid.
+
+Geminate: arranged in pairs composed of two similar parts: doubled.
+
+Gemmate -us: marked with metallic or bright colored spots.
+
+Gemmiparous: applied to that form of asexual reproduction where
+new individuals arise as buds from the germ body of the parent.
+
+Gena -ae: the cheeks; includes that portion of the head on each side
+below the eyes, and extends to the gular suture: in Odonata the area
+between the eyes and clypeus and mouth parts: in Diptera the space
+between the lower border of the eye and oral margin, merging into face
+at front and limited by the occipital margin behind.
+
+Genal bristles: Diptera; are on the cheeks near lower corner of eye.
+
+Generalized: primitive: containing in combination characters that are
+separated and specialized in other forms.
+
+Generation: used as the equivalent of brood; q.v.
+
+Genicular arc: Orthoptera; a curved dark marking on the posterior
+knee-joint.
+
+Geniculate: knee jointed: abruptly bent in an obtuse angle.
+
+Geniculum: a little knee or bend.
+
+Genital armature: all the processes concerned in copulation.
+
+Genital hamule: a little hook or plate covering the anal cavity of the
+male: the supra-anal or genital hook: in Lepidoptera, the uncut: in
+Odonata, in the plural, one or two pairs of lateral processes of the
+male genitalia on the ventral surface of the second abdominal
+segment.
+
+Genital hook: = genital hamule.
+
+Genitalia: the external organs of generation with all appendages.
+
+Genital lobes: in Odonata, a pair of-backward and downwardly
+directed processes from the 2d abdominal segment, between which
+the vesicle of the penis lies.
+
+Genital papilla: in some Smynthurids, a tubercular elevation upon
+which the genital aperture opens.
+
+Genital spike: the sheath of penis which, in male Diaspinae takes the
+form of a long mucronate spike.
+
+Genital tuft: in Lepidoptera; an expansible tuft of fine hair believed to
+be scent-producing.
+
+Genital valve: Odonata; a chitinous piece on each side of the
+ovipositor, derived from the sternum of abdominal segment 9:
+probably = outer pair of gonapophyses.
+
+Genoholotype: the species on which a genus is founded, whether
+unique or one of a series, specifically named as generic type by the
+author.
+
+Genolectotype: the one species of a series selected as the type of the
+genus in which the describer of the genus placed it, subsequent to
+the description.
+
+Genosyntype: one of a series of species upon which a genus is
+founded, no one species being mentioned as type.
+
+Genus: knee; the joint between femur and tibia.
+
+Genus: an assemblage of species agreeing in some one character or
+series of characters; usually considered as arbitrary and opinionative,
+though some consider it a natural assemblage.
+
+Geometrid: larva which, when walking, alternately elevate and
+straighten the middle of their body: opposed to rectigrade; q.v.
+
+Geodephagous: = adephagous; q.v.
+
+Geodromica: terrestrial Heteroptera in which the antennae are not
+concealed.
+
+Geophilous: living on the ground: species that live on the surface or
+come freely into contact with it.
+
+Germanium: an ovary: that portion of an ovarian tube containing the
+cell elements.
+
+Germ-ball: reproductive cells in larvae from which, exceptionally,
+young may develop as buds.
+
+Germ-band or Germinal band: that portion of a young embryo which
+is to become the future insect, when it is in the form of a band or
+strap and may or may not show the division into the future segments.
+
+Gerontogeic: belonging to the old world: see neogeic.
+
+Gibba: a rounded protuberance or prominence.
+
+Gibbous: hump-backed; protuberant: said of a macula when it
+resembles a moon more than half full.
+
+Gibbus: when the whole surface forms a hump or obtuse cone.
+
+Gills: respiratory structures which function in water; distinguished as
+true or blood gills where contained blood conveys the absorbed oxygen
+from the gill to the tissues, and as tracheal gills when this conveyance
+is by contained tracheae.
+
+Gilvus: = flavus; q.v.
+
+Ginglymus: a hinge joint that permits flexion in one plane.
+
+Gizzard: a pouch-like structure between the crop and chylific ventricle
+furnished with chitinous teeth or plates, in which the food is prepared
+for the digestive juices by grinding or merely sifting = cardia.
+
+Glaber-rous: smooth; free from all vestiture.
+
+Gland: a cellular sac which separates or secretes from the blood
+specific portions to produce characteristic products - e.g. wax,
+saliva, silk, etc.
+
+Gland-bearing prominence: in Diaspinae a prominence on the margin,
+bear-ing a gland opening on the dorsal surface.
+
+Gland orifice: in Coccidae, the external opening through which a gland
+pours its secretions.
+
+Gland spines: in Coccidae; spiny appendages, each of which is
+supplied with a single gland whose opening is at the tip.
+
+Glandular: having the character or function of a gland: used as
+descriptive of specialized hairs, spines or other processes.
+
+Glassy: transparent; glass-like in appearance.
+
+Glaucus: shining sea-green: whitish blue inclining to gray lavender.
+
+Globose: formed like a globe or sphere.
+
+Globulin; an albumenoid proteid compound formed in the blood of
+insects.
+
+Glochis: a barbed point.
+
+Glomerate: congregated or massed together.
+
+Glossa: the inner lobe of second maxilla, corresponding to the lacing
+of first maxilla: loosely used as a synonym for tongue: especially
+applied to the coiled structure of the Lepidoptera; see also ligula.
+
+Glossarium: Diptera; the labrum-epipharynx; q.v.
+
+Glossata: a Fabrician term for Lepidoptera.
+
+Glossate: furnished with a spiral tongue.
+
+Glossotheca: that part of the pupa which covers the tongue.
+
+Glutinose -ous: slimy; viscid.
+
+Gnathal: relating or pertaining to the jaws.
+
+Gnathite: a jaw or jaw-like appendage; in the plural, the mouth parts.
+
+Gnathochilarium: a plate formed by the labial structures.
+
+Gnathopoda: the arthropods: the first pair of legs; especially applied
+in crustaceans: mouth feet.
+
+Goffered: a surface with regular impressions, closely set, and
+separated by narrow ridges: reticulated.
+
+Gonapophyses: three pairs of processes in the Orthoptera, one arising
+from the eighth and two from the ninth abdominal segment op the
+ventral surface. They appear to = the rhabdites composing the
+ovipositor of other insects.
+
+Gonyodon: a tooth-like articulated process at the apex of the femur in
+some Noctuidae.
+
+Gonytheca: articulating surface of femur to which the tibia is joined.
+
+Gorgeret: the barbed sting of the honey bee.
+
+Gracile: slender; graceful.
+
+Gradate -vim: one grade or step at a time: to arrange in a series: to
+blend so as to merge one into the other - e.g. colors.
+
+Gradate veins: a transverse series of veins, each before or beyond the
+next.
+
+Grammineus: grass-green [apple green].
+
+Granose: like a string of beads; moniliform.
+
+Granulated: covered with small grains.
+
+Granule: a little grain or grain-like elevation.
+
+Granulose: roughened with granules or made up of distinct grains.
+
+Gregarious: living in societies or communities; but not social.
+
+Grege: raw silk, including the gummy outer layer, as spun by a
+caterpillar.
+
+Gres: the gummy layer surrounding the silk thread spun by a
+caterpillar.
+
+Gressorious -vial: with legs fitted for walking: in Lepidoptera; the
+anterior legs aborted, the others fitted for walking.
+
+Griscent: ashen gray.
+
+Griseus: light gray; a mixture of white and black [gray].
+
+Group: a division of classification used indefinitely for a series
+of allied species, genera or larger assemblages.
+
+Grouped glands: see circumgenital glands.
+
+Grub: an insect larva: a term loosely applied, but more specifically to
+larvae of Coleopteran and Hymenoptera.
+
+Guanin: a white amorphous compound which occurs in the
+transparent areas of some wings, giving a milky tinge, and is also
+found in the photogenic organs of Lampyridae: an excretory
+substance, composition C5H5N5O (von Furth).
+
+Guest: applied to those insects that live in nests or dwelling places of
+other species, not necessarily at the expense of the host.
+
+Gula: the throat: that sclerite forming the central portion of the head
+beneath, extending from the submental to the posterior margin, and
+laterally bounded by the genae.
+
+Gular peduncle: in Coleopteran = submental peduncle.
+
+Gular suture: the line of division between the gulag or throat and the
+gene or cheeks.
+
+Gulf strip: see semitropical or gulf strip.
+
+Gullet: = oesophagus; q.v.
+
+Gulo-mental: includes the region covered by the gulag and mentum.
+
+Gustatory: elating to the sense of taste.
+
+Gutta: a light spot on a dark ground.
+
+Guttate: with light spots or drops on a dark ground.
+
+Gymnocerata: insects with freely movable, conspicuous antennae: see
+cryptocerata.
+
+Gymnogastra: Hymenoptera; species in which the venter is visible: see
+cryptogastra.
+
+Gymnoptera: species with membranous wings not covered with scales.
+
+Gynandromorphic: when an individual of one sex exhibits on one
+lateral half the organic characters of the other, more or less
+completely.
+
+Gyri-cerebrales: lobes of the oesophageal ganglion of the embryo,
+connected with the primary lobe: = stalked bodies.
+
+
+
+
+H
+
+Habena: a fascia on the thorax.
+
+Habit -us: the port or aspect: used to express a resemblance in
+general appearance.
+
+Habitat; abbreviated Hab.: the region or place which an insect
+inhabits or where it was taken.
+
+Haemoglobin: the coloring matter of blood which serves to carry
+oxygen.
+
+Haemolymph: the watery blood or lymph-like nutritive fluid of the
+lower invertebrates.
+
+Haemoxanthine: a dissolved albuminoid in the insect blood, which
+has both a respiratory and nutritive function.
+
+Hair: a slender, flexible filament of equal diameter.
+
+Hairy: covered or clothed with hair.
+
+Halophilous: species living in salt marshes, or near the sea.
+
+Halterata: the Diptera.
+
+Halteres: the poisers or balancers: capitate movable filaments in
+Diptera, situated one on each side of the thorax and representing
+rudimentary hind wings.
+
+Halteriptera: the Diptera.
+
+Hamule -us: furnished with hooks, or bent like a hook.
+
+Hammock: the hammock-like covering of the caterpillars of certain
+moths. Hamule: a little hook.
+
+Hamuli: Odonata; one or two pairs of hooked processes projecting
+from the ventral surface of the 2d abdominal segment of the male;
+usually termed genital hamules: in Hymenoptera; minute hooks on
+the anterior margin of secondaries used to unite them in flight with
+the inner margin of primaries: in tree crickets, hook-like processes of
+the male genitalia.
+
+Hamus: Lepidoptera; a hook or loop attached to the under side of
+costal margin of primaries near base, to receive the frenulum of male
+moths.
+
+Harpago -ones: the inner basal lobes of the clasping organs of d
+culicids also, more generally = harpes.
+
+Harpes: the lateral pieces of the male genitalia in Lepidoptera, used as
+clasping organs: also applied to the corneous hooks often borne by
+these lateral pieces, which are then termed valves; see clasper: in
+culicids an articulated process, sometimes jointed, at the base of inner
+side of side-piece, below and exterior to the harpagones.
+
+Hastate: halbert-shaped: excavated at base and sides but with
+spreading lobes or angles.
+
+Hastiform: = hastate.
+
+Hatched: closely marked with numerous short, transverse lines.
+
+Hatching spines: = egg burster; q.v.
+
+Haustellate: formed for sucking: applied chiefly to mouth structures.
+
+Haustellum: a sucker: applied to that portion of the mouth of a
+sucking insect through which liquid food is drawn into the gullet.
+
+Head: the first or anterior region of the insect body, articulated at its
+base to the thorax, bearing the mouth structures and antennae. It is
+now believed to be made up of seven primitive segments, named in
+order: 1, the ocular or protocerebral; 2, the antenna or deutocerebral;
+3, second antenna or tritocerebral; 4, mandibular; 5, superlingual; 6,
+maxillary; 7, labial or 2d maxillary.
+
+Head vesicle: in Diptera, = ptilinum, q.v.
+
+Heart: the dorsal vessel or tubular structure divided into chambers,
+lying just beneath the dorsal, which serves to propel the blood and
+controls the circulation.
+
+Heautotype: = autotype; q.v.
+
+Helcodermatus: a surface with ulcer-like depressions: applied also to
+the boring or tearing spines of pupae.
+
+Heliciform: in the form of a spiral snail shell: applied to the cases of
+some Trichoptera.
+
+Helocerous: with clavate antennae.
+
+Helvolus: tawny or dully reddish yellow.
+
+Helvus: honey yellow [brown pink + chrome lemon].
+
+Hemelytra: a modification of the anterior wings of Heteroptera,
+coriaceous at base, membranous at tip, not meeting in a straight line
+at the middle: more specifically applied to the corium; q.v.: also used
+for the tegmina of Orthoptera.
+
+Hemi: as a prefix, means half.
+
+Hemimeroptera: an obsolete term for Hemiptera.
+
+Hemimetabolous: manifesting an incomplete metamorphosis, but with
+a marked difference between the stages: specifically the Ephemerida,
+Odonata and Perlidae. {Scanner's comment: nowadays applied to far
+more orders, generally to those that undergo a marked
+metamorphosis, but without a pupal stage.}
+
+Hemiptera: half-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects in which
+the mouth parts consist of four lancets inclosed in a jointed beak or
+rostrum; metamorphosis incomplete: the primaries may be of uniform
+texture throughout (Homoptera) or may be thickened at base,
+membranous at tip (Heteroptera).
+
+Hemispheric: like the half of a globe or sphere.
+
+Hepaticolor: liver-brown [dragon's blood].
+
+Hepatic pouches: applied to caeca pouches; q.v.
+
+Herbivorous: feeding upon plant tissue: a leaf feeder.
+
+Heremetabola: with slight or incomplete metamorphosis, but with a
+resting stage at the end of the nymph life; specifically the Cicadidae.
+
+Hermaphrodite: an individual in which the characters of both sexes
+are combined.
+
+Hetero: as a prefix, unequal; different from.
+
+Heterocera: Lepidoptera in which the antenna are of any form other
+than clubbed at tip: opposed to Rhopalocera.
+
+Heterochrome: of different color: applied to species in which there are
+two color forms of one sex, one of which is like (homoeochrome), the
+opposite sex, as in certain Odonata and Lepidoptera.
+
+Heterochrony: an irregular development in point of time, a later stage
+becoming evident before one that is earlier in ordinary course.
+
+Heterogamy: applied to those cases in which two sexual or a sexual
+and parthenogenetic generation alternate.
+
+Heterogeneous: a mixture of different forms; abnormal.
+
+Heterogeny: the alternation of sexual and parthenogenetic
+generations.
+
+Heterogyna: the ants: referring to the different kinds of
+females, - queens and workers, - as distinguished from males.
+
+Heteromera: Coleopteran in which the anterior and middle tarsi are
+5-jointed and the posterior are 4-jointed.
+
+Heteromerous: having an unequal number of tarsal joints on the feet.
+
+Heterometabola: differing among themselves in metamorphosis; but
+not manifesting abrupt stages.
+
+Heteromorphous: the metamorphosis complete, in abrupt stages, the
+larva unlike the adult.
+
+Heteronomous: if two parts, compared with each other, are of different
+quality: differing in development or function.
+
+Heteropalpi: palpi with a different number of joints in male and
+female, as in some Trichoptera.
+
+Heteroptera: an ordinal term applied to that series of Hemiptera in
+which the anterior wings differ in texture from the posterior, and the
+different regions of primaries differ in texture.
+
+Heteropterous: with wings of different texture in different parts.
+
+Heterotypical: a genus, described from more than one species, these
+differing in structure,
+
+Hexachaetous: Diptera in which the mouth structures have six
+piercing setae.
+
+Hexanephric: with six kidneys, or structures serving as such.
+
+Hexapoda: tracheate arthropods with head, thorax and abdomen
+distinct, and only six legs in the adult stage: the true insects.
+
+Hexapodal -ous: provided with six feet.
+
+Hians: gaping.
+
+Hibernaculum: a tent or sheath made out of a leaf or other material in
+which a larva hides or hibernates.
+
+Hibernate: to pass the winter in a dormant condition.
+
+Hicks' bottles: {Scanner's comment: sic} flask-shaped pits
+or depressions in the antennae of bees and ants: supposed
+to be the organs of hearing.
+
+Hind angle: in primaries of Lepidoptera, is that point where inner and
+outer margin meet: = anal angle of secondaries.
+
+Hind-body: the abdomen.
+
+Hind-gut: the intestinal canal from the end of chylific ventricle to the
+Anus, including the malpighian tubules and anal glands.
+
+Hind-head: Mallophaga; that part of head behind mandibles and
+antennae.
+
+Hind-intestine: = hind-gut.
+
+Hinge: of maxilla = cardo; q.v.: the point of articulation of a movable
+joint.
+
+Hips: the coxa; q.v.
+
+Hirsute: clothed with long, strong hair; shaggy.
+
+Hispid: bristly: sparsely set with short, stiff hair.
+
+Histoblast: the morphological unit or cell characteristic of a particular
+tissue.
+
+Histogenesis: the formation and development of tissue.
+
+Histolysis: the degeneration and dissolution of organic tissue.
+
+Hoary: covered with a fine, white, silvery pubescence: pruinose q.v.
+
+Holometabolous: having a complete transformation; with egg, larval,
+pupal and adult stages distinctly separated.
+
+Holopneustic: having many pairs of open stigmata.
+
+Holoptic: Diptera in which the eyes of male are contiguous between
+vertex and antennae: see dichoptic.
+
+Holosericeus: with short, dense, silky hair, giving a satiny lustre.
+
+Holotype: the unique type: = type; q.v.
+
+Homelytra: elytra of similar or equal substance.
+
+Homo: prefix = the same; similar.
+
+Homochronic heredity: inheritance at corresponding periods of life.
+
+Homochronous: changes in an organism which appear in the offspring
+at the same age at which they did in the parent.
+
+Homodynamous: serially homologous: homology of the metameres.
+
+Homoeochromatism: applied when over a given region many
+butterflies tend to vary similarly as regards color.
+
+Homoeochrome: of the same color: see heterochrome.
+
+Homoeomerous: all feet with an equal number of tarsal joints: =
+isomerous.
+
+Homoeonomous: of the same substance or texture.
+
+Homoetype: = homotype; q.v.
+
+Homogeneous: of the same kind or nature: similar in texture or parts.
+
+Homogenous: similar in structure due to a community of descent.
+
+Homologous: implies that organs are identical in general structure
+and origin, though they may have developed in different ways for
+special purposes: see analogous.
+
+Homomorpha: insects in which the larvae resemble the adults.
+
+Homonymous: pertaining to homology of parts arranged on a
+transverse axis similarly developed and of equal function.
+
+Homonym: a name similar to or like another already used for a
+species in the same genus, or for a genus in the same kingdom: such
+names are paid to be preoccupied.
+
+Homonymous: where the same name is applied to different
+conceptions.
+
+Homophonous: words differently written but indistinguishable in
+sound, applied to different conceptions.
+
+Homoplastic: implies that organs, similar in situation and purpose,
+are not structurally the same, or have not the same origin.
+
+Homoptera: an ordinal term applied to those Hemiptera in which the
+primaries are of the same consistence throughout.
+
+Homotenous: retaining the primitive form: applied to insects without
+or with an incomplete metamorphosis.
+
+Homotype: is a specimen named by another than the author after
+comparison with the type.
+
+Honey dew: a sweetish excretion produced by certain insects, notably
+Aphids and Coccids, and exuding from the surface of some galls.
+
+Honey tubes: small tubes or tubercles on the abdomen of plant lice
+and other insects through which a sweetish liquid or honey dew is
+excreted siphonets; siphuncles; cornicles.
+
+Hood: of the maxilla is the galena; q.v.: in Tingitidae the elevated
+portion of the prothorax, often covering the head.
+
+Hooked hairs: = gathering hairs; q.v.
+
+Horismology: see orismology.
+
+Horizontal: said of wings when held parallel to the horizon.
+
+Horn: a pointed chitinous process of the head: in the plural form
+applied to the antennae; q.v.
+
+Host: the individual infested by or upon which a parasite grows: also
+applied to the maker of a cell or other structure in which guest flies or
+other insects take up their abode.
+
+Hudsonian zone: is that part of the boreal region comprising the
+northern part of the great transcontinental coniferous forests. In the
+eastern United States restricted to the cold summits of the highest
+mountains, from northern New England to western North Carolina: in
+the west it covers the higher slopes of the Rocky and Sierra-Cascade
+systems.
+
+Humeral: relating to the shoulder or humerus.
+
+Humeral angle: in Lepidoptera, that angle of the wings at the base of
+costa, near the point of attachment to the body: in Coleopteran, the
+outer anterior angle of elytra: in Orthoptera, the obtusely rounded
+angle formed by the deflection of the sides of the pronotum from the
+dorsal.
+
+Humeral bristles: in Diptera, are situated on the humeral callus.
+
+Humeral callus: in Diptera, is a rounded callus forming the anterior
+superior angle of the mesothorax.
+
+Humeral carina: in Coleoptera, an elevated ridge or keel on the outer
+anterior angle of elytra.
+
+Humeral cross-vein: (Comst.); extends between the costa and
+subcosta close to base.
+
+Humeralis: Coleopteran; when the elytral has an angulated projecting
+margin at base.
+
+Humeral stripe: in Odonata, covers the humeral suture.
+
+Humeral suture: in Odonata, runs from just in front the base of the
+fore-wing to the edge of the median coxa, separating the
+mesepisternum from the mesepimeron.
+
+Humeral veins: in Lepidoptera, secondary veins on posterior wings of
+Lasiocampids, developed to strengthen the humeral angle.
+
+Humerus: the shoulder: in Coleopteran; the basal exterior angle of
+elytra: in Diptera, the anterior superior angles of the mesothorax: in
+Orthoptera, the femur of the fore-leg: in Hymenoptera, applied to the
+sub-costal vein in some groups.
+
+Humid: applied to regions in which the normal rainfall is sufficient to
+produce ordinary farm crops without irrigation: see arid.
+
+Hyacinthine: the purple blue of the hyacinth [between mauve and
+lilac].
+
+Hyaline: vitreous: transparent or partially so.
+
+Hyaloplasm: the clear, semi-fluid material between the meshes of the
+cell reticulum.
+
+Hybrid: the progeny from the mating of two species.
+
+Hydradephaga; -ous: applied to aquatic, predatory pentamerous
+beetles with filiform antennae: see adephagous.
+
+Hydro: relating to water: a combining form used as a prefix.
+
+Hydrolysis: the chemical decomposition of a compound by water,
+causing formation of a new compound.
+
+Hydrophilous: applied to species living in low, damp places.
+
+Hymen: a thin plane membrane serving as a partition.
+
+Hymenoptera: membrane-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects
+with four membranous wings with few veins, the anterior usually
+larger than the posterior; mouth mandibulate; head free; thorax
+agglutinate, transformations complete.
+
+Hyoid: having the form of the Greek upsilon, Y
+
+Hypermetamorphosis: when an insect passes through more than the
+normal number of stages; the interpolated stages coming usually
+between the full-grown larva and adult.
+
+Hyperparasite: is a form that is parasitic upon another parasite.
+
+Hypertely: beyond the bounds of the useful: those forms whose
+resemblance to other objects is closer than needful, or without
+apparent object.
+
+Hypertrigonal space: = supra-triangular space; q.v.
+
+Hypertrophied: abnormally large or excessively developed.
+
+Hypnody: lethargy; a condition similar to or identical with hibernation.
+
+Hypertrophy: any abnormal enlargement or excessive development.
+
+Hypoblast: = entoderm.
+
+Hypocrateriform: salver-shaped.
+
+Hypodactyle: the so-called labium of Hemiptera.
+
+Hypoderm -is: the cellular layer which secretes the chitinous cuticula
+and in this sense = epidermis: specifically applied to the lining
+membrane of elytral and hemelytra.
+
+Hypodermatic: of or concerning the hypodermic.
+
+Hypodermic: under the skin.
+
+Hypoglottis: the under surface of the tongue = hypoglottis.
+
+Hypoglottis: a sclerite inserted between rectum and labium in many
+Coleopteran.
+
+Hypognathous: having the mouth parts directed more or less vertically
+ventrad.
+
+Hypographous: shaded; applied to a fascia that becomes gradually
+darker.
+
+Hypomeron -a: in Coleopteran; the inflexed edge of the pronotum
+(pronotal hypomera); and the raised lower margin of the epipleural
+(elytral hypomera) (see epipleural) fold.
+
+Hypopharyngeal: relating to the hypopharynx.
+
+Hypopharyngeal sclerites: in bees, a pair of strap-like pieces along the
+hypopharynx to the mentum: see also epipharyngeal sclerites.
+
+Hypopharynx: a sensitive and sensory structure on the upper surface
+of labium that serves as an organ of taste, or true tongue.
+
+Hypopleura: in Diptera, the space over the middle and hind coxa,
+between the metapleura and pteropleura: the side of the
+metasternum: the mesepimeron of the mesothorax.
+
+Hypoptere: = tegula; q.v..
+
+Hypopygium: the anus: more specifically the lower plate of the anal
+opening: in Diptera, the male sexual organs and terminal segments of
+abdomen = propygium.
+
+Hypostoma: in Diptera; that portion of the head included between
+antennae, eyes and mouth: in Hemiptera: the lower part of face.
+
+Hypotenuses: in Odonata; the simple or broken cross-vein between
+media 4, and cubitus 1, forming outer boundary of triangle.
+
+Hypotypes: includes specimens upon which supplementary
+descriptions are based: = apotypes.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+Iceous or Icius: suffix; expresses a likeness or the possession of a
+character see aceus.
+
+Icotypes: typical specimens which serve for purposes of identification,
+but have not been used in literature.
+
+Idiotype: a specimen named by the author after comparison with the
+type, but not also a topotype.
+
+Ignitus: fire-red [vermilion].
+
+Ileo-colon: the anterior portion of the hind-gut, extending from the
+mid-gut to the rectum, when not distinctly differentiated into ileum
+and colon.
+
+Ileum: the small intestine; begins at end of chylific ventricle at the
+point where malpighian tubules join, and extends to colon.
+
+Imaginal: pertaining to the adult or imago.
+
+Imaginal buds, cells, or discs: in forms with a complete
+metamorphosis are those embryonic cells around and from which the
+organs and appendages of the future imago develop.
+
+Imago: the adult or sexually developed insect.
+
+Imbricate: arranged or appearing like the scales on a fish or the
+shingles on a roof.
+
+Immaculate: destitute of spots or marks.
+
+Immarginate: without an elevated rim or margin.
+
+Immersed -us: inserted, imbedded or hidden in.
+
+Imponderable: that which cannot be weighed.
+
+Impregnate-ed: to make or made fertile or pregnant: fertilized.
+
+Impressed -us: a surface with shallow depressed areas or markings.
+
+Impubis: without hair.
+
+Inaequalis: unequal.
+
+Inarticulate: not jointed or segmented.
+
+Inaurate -us: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow].
+
+Ineanus: hoary.
+
+Inch: the English and American standard of length in insect
+measurement: it is = 12 lines and = 25.4 mm.: usually expressed in
+units and hundredths, as 1.01.
+
+Incised: notched or deeply cut into.
+
+Incision: any cut into a margin or through a surface: the marginal
+slits or notches in Coccidae.
+
+Incisure: an impressed line marking the junction of two segments: an
+incision.
+
+Inclinate -us: leaning or inclining.
+
+Inclusus: when one part is wholly or partially hidden in another.
+
+Inconspicuous: not attracting attention or quickly noticeable.
+
+Incrassated: thickened: rather suddenly swollen at some one point,
+especially near tip.
+
+Incubate: to brood: to cause to develop; as an egg.
+
+Incumbent: lying one over another: wings when they cover the dorsal
+horizontally.
+
+Incunabulum: = folliculus and cocoon; q.v.
+
+Incurved -ate: bowed or curved inwards.
+
+Independent: in Lepidoptera; that vein of the wings that arises from
+the cross-vein closing the cell, and does not branch directly from any
+vein reaching the base: it is v. 5 of the numerical series in both wings
+and the media of Comstock.
+
+Indeterminate: not defined nor well marked; obscure: of no constant
+form or shape.
+
+Indigote: a very deep indigo blue.
+
+Indirect: applied to metamorphosis = complete.
+
+Indumentum: a covering of hairs, scales or tufts.
+
+Indurated: hardened.
+
+Indusium: the case made by an insect larva: a membranous layer of
+the embryo of Locustidae below the serosa.
+
+Inequal: a surface with irregular elevations and depressions.
+
+Inermis: unarmed: without spines or spurs.
+
+Infericornia: Hemiptera; in which the antenna appear to be inserted
+well down on the sides of head; e.g. Lygaeidae.
+
+Inferior: beneath, below or behind: a term of position.
+
+Inferior appendage -es: in male Odonata the lower one or two of the
+terminal abdominal parts used to clasp the female in copulation.
+
+Inferior wings: = hind wings or secondaries: q.v.
+
+Infero-posterior: below and behind: refers to location.
+
+Inflated: blown up; distended bladder-like.
+
+Inflected: bent inward at an angle.
+
+Inflexus: = inflected.
+
+Infra: below or beneath: opposed to supra.
+
+Infra-anal lobe: a thick, conical fleshy lobe, often ending in a chitinous
+point, situated beneath the vent in caterpillars.
+
+Infra-cereal plates: in Orthoptera - generally inconspicuous paired
+plates which underlie in part the cerci and in part the lateral portion
+of the supra-anal plate.
+
+Infra-clypeus: = ante-clypeus and rhinarium: q.v..
+
+Infracted: abruptly bent inward, as if broken.
+
+Infra-genital: below the genital opening or process.
+
+Infra-marginal: situated below or behind the marginal cell.
+
+Infra-median vein; in Orthoptera: = ulnar vein: q.v.
+
+Infra-ocular: applied to the region below and between the eyes.
+
+Infra-oesophageal: situated below oesophagus; see sub-oesophageal.
+
+Infra-stigmatal: situated below the stigmata or spiracles.
+
+Infringing: encroaching upon.
+
+Infumated: clouded.
+
+Infundibuliform: funnel-shaped.
+
+Infuseated: smoky gray-brown with a blackish tinge [Roman sepia].
+
+Ingens: unusually large or disproportionate in size.
+
+Ingluvies: the crop; q.v.
+
+Inner lobe: of maxilla = lacinia: q.v.
+
+Inner margin: the line extending along the lower or interior edge of the
+wing from the base to the hind or anal angle.
+
+Innervate: to supply with nerves.
+
+Innotatus: without markings.
+
+Inocular: inserted in the inner margin of and partially or wholly
+surrounded by the eye.
+
+Inquiline: a species living in a gall or other structure prepared by a
+different species, not as a parasite but as, a guest.
+
+Inquiline: living as guests in the homes of others; as in galls.
+
+Insect: a member of the class Insecta strictly limited.
+
+Insecta: broadly defined, contains all articulates that are also
+tracheates and have the head free from the thorax; more strictly
+limited to those forms that have only three pairs of thoracic legs in the
+adult stage and a limited number of segments.
+
+Insectary: a place or building where insects are bred and studied.
+
+Insectivorous: feeding upon or devouring insects.
+
+Insectologist: a student of insects: = entomologist.
+
+Insectology: the science of insect study: = entomology.
+
+Insertion: the point or place where a part is inserted: a part that is
+inserted: the act of inserting.
+
+Insertus: a part that has its base set into another.
+
+In situ: in its natural place or normal position.
+
+Instar: the period or stage between molts in the larva, numbered to
+designate the various periods; e.g. the first instar is the stage
+between the egg and first molt, etc.: see stadium.
+
+Institia: stria or furrows of equal width throughout.
+
+Instrumenta cibaria: mouth parts of a mandibulate insect as a whole.
+
+Instrumenta suctoria: mouth parts of a haustellate insect as a whole.
+
+Integer: entire: applied to a margin without incisions.
+
+Integument: the outer covering to the insect body.
+
+Inter: between; among.
+
+Inter-alar space: in Odonata; the terga of meson- and meta-thorax.
+
+Interantennal: between the basal segments of antennae.
+
+Inter-articular: the membranous tissue between joints or segments.
+
+Intercalary -ies: additional or inserted between others; as a vein:
+plural; added or supplementary longitudinal wing reins: see under
+specific headings; i.e. anterior, etc.: in Ephemerides, certain
+longitudinal veins between the 8th (anal) and 9th (1st maxillary) and
+not branches of either: in Diptera, the anterior intercalary (Loew) = the
+discoidal, and the posterior intercalary = the cubitus 1 of Comstock:
+applied to an evanescent sclerite in the embryo between antenna and
+mandible; also termed premandibular.
+
+Intercostal: between veins or costae; usually in the narrow grooves
+between veins in the costal region of a wing.
+
+Intercostula: those small, vein-like structures between the normal
+veins, visible on a wing margin but lost toward the disc.
+
+Intercoxal process: in Coleopteran; a median protrusion of the basal
+segment of abdomen between the hind coxae.
+
+Intermediate: lying between others in position or possessing
+characters between two other forms.
+
+Intermediate field: of termini is = discoidal field q.v.
+
+Internal area: in Hymenoptera;  the posterior of the three areas
+between  median and lateral longitudinal carina on the metanotum
+third lateral area.
+
+Internal cell: in Hymenoptera (Pack.) 2d anal (Comst.).
+
+Internal triangle: in Odonata see triangle.
+
+Internal veins: in Lepidoptera, from one to three in number, run free
+from base to outer margin near hind angle; never branched;1a to is
+in the numerical series: = anal veins (Comst.).
+
+Interneural: between the nerves (or veins) of wings.
+
+Interno-mandibular: applied to one of the pairs of salivary glands in
+bees, situated at the inner side of base of mandible.
+
+Internomedian: in Orthoptera; = cubitus (Comst.); q.v.
+
+Interocular: between the eyes.
+
+Interplical: lying between folds; specifically applied to the alternate
+ridges and grooves in anal area of secondaries of Orthoptera.
+
+Interposed sectors: in Odonata; the shorter longitudinal veins
+occurring in the wings of some species between the chief veins; =
+supplementary sectors. Interrupted: broken in continuity, but with
+the tips of the broken parts in a right line with each other.
+
+Intersegmental: = interarticular; q.v.
+
+Interspace: Coleopteran; the plane surface between elytral striae:
+Lepidoptera spaces between wing veins not included in closed cells.
+
+Interspaceal: occurring in the interspaces between two wing veins or
+two elytral striae.
+
+Interstice -tium: space between two lines, whether striate or punctate.
+
+Interstitial line: the elevated ridge between two striae or series of
+punctures.
+
+Interval: the space or time between two structures, sculptures or
+periods of development.
+
+Interventricular: the inner valve between the chambers of the heart.
+
+Interventricular valvule: of heart, lies in front of seluilunar valve.
+
+Intervenular: in thespace between two veins.
+
+Intestinal caecum: that point of the large intestine in front of the
+junction with the small intestine.
+
+Intestine: that part of the alimentary canal through which the food
+passes from the stomach, in which absorption is completed and the
+excretions are formed for expulsion.
+
+Intima: the lining membrane of the trachea: see endotrachea.
+
+Intorted: turned or twisted inwardly.
+
+Intra-: within: between.
+
+Intra-alar bristles: in Diptera; a row of two or three between the
+supra-alar and dorso-central groups.
+
+Intracellular: occurring within the cell or in a cell.
+
+Infra-humeral bristles: in Diptera calyptrata; occur immediately in
+front of the thoracic suture, between the humeral callus and the
+presutural depression.
+
+Infra-ocular: situated within the eye, actually or apparently.
+
+Intra-pulmonary: that method of respiration which does not involve
+movements of the outer body wall and is confined to the respiratory
+organs.
+
+Intrauterine: applied to development, when the young hatch within
+the vagina of the mother.
+
+Intricate: irregular: confused; applied to markings and sculpture.
+
+Intromittent: used for throwing within.
+
+Intromittent organ: the penis; q.v.
+
+Introse -um: directed inward, toward the body.
+
+Intrusus: seemingly impressed with a sharp point.
+
+Intumescent: enlarged; swollen: expanded.
+
+Invaginate: when a tubular or vesicular part is turned inward or
+retracted within the body wall.
+
+Invagination: a pouch or sac formed by an infolding or indrawing of
+the outer surface.
+
+Investitus: unclothed: a surface without scales or hair.
+
+Involucrate: = involute.
+
+Involucrum alarum in Dermaptera a flap of the metanotum.
+
+Involute: spirally rolled inwardly.
+
+Involuti: butterflies whose larvae live in a folded leaf; Hesperidae.
+
+Iridescent: a surface which reflects the prismatic hues.
+
+Iridicolor: any color so broken up as to reflect the prismatic hues.
+
+Iris: the circle which, in an ocellate spot surrounds the pupil.
+
+Irised: with rainbow colors.
+
+Iris-pigment: = iris tapetum.
+
+Iris tapetum: the pigment layer of the compound eye just below the
+crystalline cone.
+
+Irregular: unequal, curved, bent or otherwise twisted or modified
+without order or symmetry, e.g. certain antennae.
+
+Irrorate: marked with minute points; freckled.
+
+Isabelline -us: pale yellow with some red and brown [chronic lemon
+with a little carmine and roman sepia].
+
+Ischia: = pleura; q.v.
+
+Iso-: equal.
+
+Isolate: to separate out from others; occurring alone.
+
+Isomers: that series of Coleoptera in which the tarsi have an equal
+number of joints on all feet.
+
+Isomerous: with equal number of tarsal joints on all
+feet := homoeomerous.
+
+Isomorphous: having the same form, appearance or construction.
+
+Isopalpi: that series of Trichoptera in which the palpi of both sexes
+have the same number of joints.
+
+Isoptera: equal winged: an ordinal term for insects with four, similar,
+net-veined wings; mouth mandibulate; thoracic rings similar, loosely
+jointed metamorphosis incomplete: the Termitidae. {Scanner's note: In
+modern nomenclature the Isoptera constitute the order of all termites;
+the Termitidae are just one family within the Isoptera.}
+
+Isotypical: a genus described from more than one species, all of which
+are congeneric.
+
+-itus: = -atus; q.v.
+
+-ius: suffix; having the power or ability to.
+
+
+
+
+J
+
+Jabot: the crop; q.v.
+
+Janthine: violet colored.
+
+Jaw-capsule: contains the mouth structures in those dipterous larvae
+in which the head is differentiated.
+
+Johnston's organ: a complex nervous structure in the basal joint of
+dipterous antennae.
+
+Joint: a segment or part between two incisures: an articulation.
+
+Jubate -us: fringed with long pendent hairs.
+
+Juga: the lateral anterior lobes of the head of a Heteropteron; each
+side of the tylo.
+
+Jugatae: that series of Lepidoptera in which there is a jugum instead
+of a frenulum to unite the wings in flight.
+
+Jugular: of or pertaining to the throat.
+
+Jugular sclerite: small sclerite in the membrane connecting the head
+with the thorax: see cervical sclerite.
+
+Jugulum: that sclerite just behind the sub-mentum; =gula: that cavity
+of the posterior part of the head to which the neck is annexed: the
+lateral and under parts of the prothorax.
+
+Jugum: in certain Lepidoptera and Trichoptera, a lobe or process at
+the base of primaries, overlapping secondaries and holding the two
+together in flight.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+K
+
+Katabolic: the destructive change from animal tissue to waste product:
+see anabolic.
+
+Keel: an elevated ridge or carina.
+
+Kermesinus: dark red, with much blue [purple lake].
+
+Key: a tabular or other arrangement of species, genera or other
+classification according to characters that serve to identify them.
+
+Kidney-shaped: like a kidney in outline; convex on one long side,
+concave on the other, the ends evenly and somewhat obtusely
+rounded: bean-shaped.
+
+Knee: the point of junction of femur and tibia.
+
+
+
+
+L
+
+Labellum -a: the sensitive ridged tip of the mouth structures of certain
+Diptera: a prolongation of the labium covering the base of rostrum in
+Coleoptera and Hemiptera.
+
+Labial: referring, pertaining or belonging to the labium.
+
+Labial segment: the 7th segment of head = second maxillary segment.
+
+Labial suture: is between labium and mentum.
+
+Labiate: lip-like or having lip-like sutures.
+
+Labipalp: a labial palpus.
+
+Labis: the slender abdominal forceps in some Lepidoptera.
+
+Labium: the lower lip: a compound structure which forms the floor of
+the mouth in mandibulate insects, behind the first maxilla and
+opposed to the labium; formed by a fusion in embryonic life of
+separate right and left maxilla-like halves: in some of its
+developments referred to as the tongue.
+
+Labral suture: is between labrum and clypeus.
+
+Labro-frontal lobes: of brain, = trito-cerebrum; q.v.
+
+Labrum: the upper lip; covers the base of the mandible and forms the
+roof of the mouth.
+
+Labrum-epipharynx: in the mouth of piercing Diptera is the central
+unpaired lancet.
+
+Lac: a mixture of resin, wax and other substances produced by certain
+scale insects as a protective covering.
+
+Lacer: a lappet; applied to a margin with irregular, broad and deep
+emarginations, leaving lappet-like intervals.
+
+Lacerated: ragged; torn in appearance; see lacer.
+
+Lacinia: the inner lobe of first maxilla, articulated to the stipes,
+bearing brushes of hair or spines: a blade: in Diptera, forms a flat
+lancet-like piercing structure and is never jointed.
+
+Lacinia exteriores and interiores: in Apidae, the palpiger and
+paraglossa often used for the gales and lacinia of maxilla.
+
+Laciniated: jagged; cut into irregular fragments.
+
+Lacte: milk-white.
+
+Lacteal: relating to milk; milky in appearance.
+
+Lactescent: secreting or yielding a milky fluid.
+
+Lacteous -eus: white, with a slight bluish tinge, like skim-milk.
+
+Lacunae: irregular impressions or cavities: specifically the non-walled
+cavities of the body.
+
+Lacunose: pitted; the surface covered with small cavities.
+
+Laemodipodiform: like a laemodipod; similar to the larva of a walking
+stick.
+
+Laete: bright.
+
+Laevis -igatus: smooth, shining and without elevations: said of a
+surface.
+
+Lamella: a thin plate or leaf-like process.
+
+Lamellate: antennae with the club formed of closely opposed leaf-like
+surfaces, the concealed surfaces set with sensory pits.
+
+Lamellicornia: those beetles in which the antennae terminate in a
+lamellate or leaf-like club.
+
+Lamelliform: made up of or resembling leaves, blades or lamellae.
+
+Lamina -ae: a chitinous plate or plates.
+
+Lamina externa: the paraglossa.
+
+Lamina interna: the ligula.
+
+Lamina subgenitalis: the sub-genital plate; q.v.: in roaches the 7th
+ventral plate of females and 9th ventral plate of males.
+
+Lamina supra-analis: = supra-anal plate.
+
+Laminate: formed of thin, flat layers or leaves.
+
+Laminato-carinate: with an elevated ridge or keel, formed of thin
+plates.
+
+Laminiform: layer-like: having the appearance or made up of lamina.
+
+Lana: wool: the long hair on the abdomen of some Lepidoptera.
+
+Lanate -atus: woolly: covered with dense, fine, long hairs, so distinct
+that they may be separated.
+
+Lanceolate: lance- or spear-shaped: oblong and tapering to the end.
+
+Lanceolate cell: in Hymenoptera (ort.); - 2d anal (Comst.).
+
+Lancet: indiscriminately applied to any piercing mouth structure.
+
+Lanuginose -us: with long, curled hair dispersed over the surface: see
+crinitus.
+
+Lanugo: slender single hairs.
+
+Laparostict: that series of lamellicorn beetles in which the abdominal
+spiracles are situated on the connecting membrane between the
+dorsal and ventral rings.
+
+Lapidicolous: living under deeply imbedded stones.
+
+Larva: the second stage of insect development; comes from the egg or
+ovum, grows, and according to its kind, changes to a pupa or
+chrysalis or to an imago; bears various names in the different orders:
+see nymph; caterpillar slug; maggot; grub.
+
+Larvarium: a tube or case made by a larva as a shelter or retreat.
+
+Larvatae: asked; applied to coarctate and obtect pupae.
+
+Larvina: a maggot: a dipterous larva without distinct head or legs.
+
+Larvule: applied to early stages of Ephemerid larvae when they appear
+to have no developed respiratory, circulatory or nervous systems.
+
+Lashed: eyes that have a more or less complete fringe of stiff hairs or
+bristles at the orbits.
+
+Lasureus: a very dark blue [French blue with some black].
+
+Laterad: toward the side and away from the median line.
+
+Lateral: relating, pertaining or attached to the side.
+
+Lateral areas: in Hymenoptera; on the metanotum, the three spaces
+between the median and lateral long carinae; the upper is the
+external or first lateral basal area; the second is the external or central
+lateral area; the third is the middle, internal, apical or third lateral
+area.
+
+Lateral bristles: in Diptera; situated at or near the lateral margins of
+the abdominal segments.
+
+Lateral carinae: in Orthoptera; on the head, extend downward from
+the front margin of the eyes: on prothorax extend along each lateral
+margin of the dorsum.
+
+Lateral foveolae: in Orthoptera: foveate depressions on the margins of
+the vertex near the front border of the eye.
+
+Lateral line: in caterpillars is at the margin of the dorsum between
+sub-dorsal and supra-stigmatal line.
+
+Lateral lobe: of the labium in Odonata, corresponds to the paraglossa
+with palpiger and palpus (Gerstaecker) or, more probably, to the
+palpus alone (Butler).
+
+Lateral lobes: the deflexed portions of pronotum that cover the sides of
+pro-thorax in many Orthoptera: in certain Hymenoptera, lie on each
+side of the parapsidal furrows of mesoscutum and = scapulae.
+
+Lateral longitudinal area: of Hymenoptera, extends between the
+median and pleural carinae of metanotum.
+
+Lateral ridge: in slug caterpillars, extends longitudinally along the
+lateral series of abdominal tubercles.
+
+Lateral scale: one of the lateral processes of the ovipositor in
+Cynipidae, lying within and below the anal scale.
+
+Lateral space: in slug caterpillars is the area on each side of the body
+between the subdorsal and lateral ridges.
+
+Lateral sutures: of the thorax in Odonata, are situated on the sides of
+thorax, the first separating the metepisternum from the mesepimeron;
+the second separating the metepisternum from the metepimeron;
+the first more or less obsolete in the Anisoptera.
+
+
+Lateral tubercle: lateral on thoracic and abdominal segments of
+caterpillars: it is 3 of the abdomen, 2a of thorax: constant (Dyar).
+
+Latericeous: = lateritius: q.v.
+
+Lateritius: yellowish-red; yellowish brick color [pale clay yellow with a
+little red].
+
+Laterodorsal: the point of junction of dorsum and pleurum.
+
+Lateropharyngeal: applied to the 4th pair of salivary glands in bees;
+situated on each side of the pharynx.
+
+Laterostigmatal: situated on the side, immediately above the spiracle.
+
+Lateroventral: the point of junction of sternum and pleurum.
+
+Latero-ventral metathoracic carina: in Odonata; forms the dividing
+line between the metepimera and the metasternum.
+
+Latescent: becoming obscure or hidden.
+
+Latreille's segment: the first abdominal segment of those Hymenoptera
+in which it is fused with the thorax:= median segment, propodeon,
+propodeum.
+
+Latticed: = cancellate; q.v.
+
+Latus: the side: broad.
+
+Latuscula: the facets of the compound eye.
+
+Leathery: having the appearance or texture of leather.
+
+Lectotype: a co-type chosen, subsequently to the original description,
+to take the place which in other cases a holotype occupies.
+
+Leg -s: the jointed appendages attached to the thoracic segments,
+used in walking: the organs of locomotion other than wings:
+unjointed organs of locomotion are pro-legs or false legs; q.v.
+
+Legion: a group of genera, subequal to a tribe.
+
+Legnum: the margin of a squama.
+
+Lemniscate: ribbon-like: in the form of an 8.
+
+Lenticular: round, doubly convex; like a lens or lentil.
+
+Lepidoptera: scale-winged: an order of insects with spirally coiled
+haustellate mouth structures; head free; thorax agglutinate;
+transformations complete four scale-covered wings.
+
+Lepidopteric acid: a green pigment obtained from the wing scales of
+Lepidoptera; a derivative of uric acid: see Lepidotic acid.
+
+Lepidopteron: a butterfly or moth: one of the Lepidoptera.
+
+Lepidotic: set with minute scales.
+
+Lepidotic acid: a yellow pigment obtained from certain butterfly scales
+a derivative of uric acid: see Lepidopteric acid.
+
+Lepis: a scale.
+
+Leprous: with loose, irregular scales.
+
+Leptiform: = compodeiform; q.v.
+
+Leptos: small, fine.
+
+Lethargic: torpid or inactive.
+
+Leucine: a white crystalline compound, the product of animal
+decomposition, found in the malpighian tubes: as a color, cheesy
+white.
+
+Leucocytes: pale, unicellular bodies, numerous in the insect blood.
+
+Levator: a muscle that raises an organ or a part.
+
+Levigate -us: with a smooth, somewhat shiny surface.
+
+Liber: free.
+
+Ligament: a band or sheet of tough, fibrous tissue between two parts
+or segments.
+
+Ligneous -eus: wood brown [Vandyke brown].
+
+Lignivorous: feeding upon wood or woody tissues.
+
+Ligula: the central sclerite of the labium, borne upon the mentum,
+usually single, sometimes paired: often used as synonymous with
+"glossa" and "tongue": corresponds to the united laciniae of right and
+left maxillae: see also elytral ligula.
+
+Ligulate: strap-shaped; linear, much longer than broad.
+
+Lilacinous: lilac-colored [lilac].
+
+Limaciform: having the form of a Limax or slug; said of larvae.
+
+Limb: the circumference: the area surrounding the disc.
+
+Limbate: when a disc is surrounded by a margin of different color.
+
+Limbus: the area along the outer and posterior margin of wing beyond
+the closed cells; Homoptera, Cicada.
+
+Limpid: clear and transparent: applied to wings and ornamentation.
+
+Line: a narrow streak or stripe: as a term of measurement,
+one-twelfth of an inch; commonly used by English and early
+American authors.
+
+Linea: a line or narrow stripe.
+
+Linear: straight; in the form of a right line.
+
+Lineate: marked with lines or streaks: lined.
+
+Lineolet: a delicate fine line.
+
+Lingua: the tongue; applied in Hymenoptera, to the ligula: in
+Lepidoptera and Diptera, to maxillary structures: has also been used
+for the hypopharynx, and that use might be adopted: a median organ
+of the hypopharynx in Apterygota.
+
+Lingua spiralis: the spiral tongue of Lepidoptera: see glossa.
+
+Linguiform: tongue-shaped: linear, with the extremities obtusely
+rounded.
+
+Lingula: in Aleurodidae, a more or less slender tongue or strap-shaped
+organ, attached cephalad within the vasiform orifice: a term proposed
+by Leuckart for the ligula of the bees.
+
+Lipochromus: without color.
+
+Lipoptera: = Mallophaga; q.v.
+
+Literate: ornamented with characters like letters.
+
+Littoral: living along the sea-coast or in the shore debris: strictly,
+between tide marks.
+
+Littoralia: Heteroptera that live in marshes.
+
+Litura: an indistinct spot, paler at its margin.
+
+Livid: yellowish gray with a violet tinge: greenish gray.
+
+Lobate -us: divided by deep, undulating and successive incisions.
+
+Lobe: any prominent rounded process or excrescence on a margin:
+specifically, the rounded, tooth-like processes on the margin of the
+pygidium of the Diaspinae: also applied to lateral expansions of the
+abdominal segments.
+
+Lobes: of the maxilla; see galea (outer) and lacinia (inner): of the
+mentum in Coleoptera, are the lateral expansions shielding the base
+of the central organs.
+
+Lobes of pronotum: in Orthoptera; the spaces or areas formed by
+three transverse impressions on the pronotum: that which borders
+the head is the anterior lobe, the hindmost is the posterior lobe, those
+intervening are the middle lobes.
+
+Lobiform: shaped like a lobe or rounded process.
+
+Lobulate: divided into, or with many small lobes or lobules.
+
+Lobule: in Coccidae, one of the two distinct parts of which a lobe is
+sometimes composed.
+
+Lobulus: the partly separated portion of the wings of some flies and of
+secondaries in some Hymenoptera: also used as = alula; q.v.
+
+Lobus: of maxilla = galea; q.v.
+
+Locomotion: organs of, are legs and wings.
+
+Longicorn -ia: having the antennae as long or longer than the body;
+specifically the Cerambycid beetles.
+
+Longitudinal: in the direction of the long axis.
+
+Longitudinal veins: are those that extend lengthwise through the wing
+either directly from base or as branches of one that does start there:
+they are named or numbered, and differently in the different orders.
+
+Loop: applied to that structure at base of innerside of primaries into
+which the frenulum of male moths is fitted: see retinaculum.
+
+Looper: applied to geometrid and other caterpillars in which some or
+all the middle abdominal legs are wanting and which move by bringing
+tail to thorax and forming a loop of the intervening segments.
+
+Lora: the chitinous bands connecting the submentum with the cardo
+of maxilla (Comst.): the submentum: small cords upon which the
+base of the proboscis is seated (Say): the anterior part of the genae at
+the edge of the mouth: the corneous processes to which the muscles
+flexing the mouth in certain Diptera are attached, and in that sense
+the palpifer of the maxilla: in Homoptera, the small sclerite at side of
+clypeus and front, extending laterally to the genae.
+
+Lorum: in bees: the angular piece upon which the sub-mentum rests.
+
+Lower austral zone: occupies southern part of United States from
+Chesapeake Bay to the great interior valley of California. Is
+interrupted by the continental divide in eastern Arizona and west New
+Mexico and divided according to conditions of humidity into an
+eastern or Austroriparian and western or lower Sonoran area.
+
+Lower field: in termini; see costal field.
+
+Lower fronto-orbital bristles: in Diptera: are on the lower part of front,
+above the antennae, along the orbit.
+
+Lower margin: of tegmina (Thomas), is the costal or anterior margin of
+other authors.
+
+Lower radial vein: in Lepidoptera (Holland) media 2 (Comst.).
+
+Lower sector of triangle: in Odonata - = cubitus 2 (Comst.).
+
+Lower Sonoran faunal area: comprises the most arid deserts of North
+America, beginning west of lat. 98 degrees in Texas: sends narrow arms into
+southern New Mexico, is interrupted by the Continental Divide; covers
+a large part of w. and s. Ariz., s. w. Nev., s. w. Calif., a portion of
+central Calif., and most of Lower Calif. These areas are irregular and
+incapable of brief definition.
+
+Lubricate -ous: covered with a slippery mucus.
+
+Lucid: shining; applied to luminous insects.
+
+Luciferase: a substance in the nature of an enzyme, existing in the
+luminous organs of light-giving beetles.
+
+Luciferine: a substance in the blood of luminous beetles which, when
+brought into contact with luciferase, produces light.
+
+Luciferous: light giving.
+
+Lucifugous: fleeing the light: applied to nocturnal forms or those that
+live in concealment.
+
+Lumen: the cavity of an organ: the inner surface of a tube: the hollow
+portion of a gland or vesicular structure.
+
+Luminescence: applied to the light of fire-flies, as a substitute for
+phosphorescence.
+
+Lumper: one who, in describing species or genera recognizes only
+prominent or obvious characters to the exclusion of minor color or
+variable characters of maculation or structure: see splitter.
+
+Lunaris or Lunate: crescent-shaped: formed like a new moon.
+
+Lunula: a small lunule or crescent.
+
+Lunulae: in Hymenoptera, crescent-shaped marks near the orbits.
+
+Lunulate: a line, when made up of a series of small lunules.
+
+Lunule: a lunate mark or crescent.
+
+Lurid -us: dirty brown with a bluish tinge [pale brown + a little French
+blue]: also used to indicate an obscuring of bright colors.
+
+Luteo -testaceous: dark clay yellow.
+
+Luteous -eus: clay yellow [pale clay yellow].
+
+Lutescent: becoming or appearing to be clay yellow.
+
+Lutose -us: apparently or really covered with dirt.
+
+Lymphatic: producing, carrying or relating to the lymph.
+
+Lyrate: lyre-shaped: cut into several transverse segments, and
+gradually enlarging towards the extremity.
+
+Lyre: the upper wall or border of the spinning tube of caterpillars.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+M
+
+Macrochaetae: the long bristles occurring singly on the body of
+Diptera.
+
+Macropterous: long or large winged.
+
+Macrosomites: the primitive regions of primitive hand of the insect
+embryo.
+
+Macula: a colored mark larger than a spot; of indeterminate figure.
+
+Maculate -ed: spotted or marked with figures of any shape, of a color
+different from the ground.
+
+Maculation: the ornamentation or pattern of marking.
+
+Maculose: spotted; with many marks or spots.
+
+Maerianum: "that segment of the post-pectus situate one on each
+side behind the acetabulum and parapleurum"; it supports the
+posterior feet: see meriaeum.
+
+Magenta: pinkish red; an aniline product.
+
+Magis: more.
+
+Maggot: applied to the footless larvae of Diptera.
+
+Mala: a lobe: a ridged or grinding surface.
+
+Mala mandibularis: the grinding surface or area of a mandible.
+
+Mala maxillae: the globes of maxilla; outer or galea, inner or lacinia;
+where only one is present, the term refers to that one.
+
+Malaxation: a kneading or softening; applied to the chewing and
+squeezing by fossorial wasps of insects captured as food for their
+larva.
+
+Male: that sex having organs for the production of spermatozoa:
+designated by "?", the astronomical sign for Mars.
+{Scanner's comment: The sign for Mars being an diagonal  arrow
+rising from a circle, and pointing upwards towards the right.}
+
+
+Mallophaga: wool-eaters: an ordinal term applied to biting lice:
+wingless: mandibulate; thoracic segments similar; no
+metamorphosis: =Lipoptera.
+
+Malpighian tubules: long, slender tubules, varying in number, serving
+as excretory organs, entering the alimentary canal at the point of
+junction of chylific ventricle and ileum: said to be analogous with
+kidneys: = biliary vessels.
+
+Mammilate: with nipple-like protuberances or processes.
+
+Mandible: the lateral upper jaws of a biting insect.
+
+Mandibular strobe: a broad deep groove on outer side of mandible in
+some Coleoptera.
+
+Mandibular segment: the fourth or mandible bearing segment of head.
+
+Mandibulata: that series of insects in which the adults have
+functional mandibles used for biting.
+
+Mandibulate: with jaws or mandibles.
+
+Manicate -us: fur-like: surface clothed with irregular depressed hair.
+
+Manitrunk: that part of trunk that bears the anterior legs: =prothorax.
+
+Manometabola: with a slight or gradual metamorphosis and without a
+resting stage; e.g. the Orthoptera.
+
+Manubrium: in Coleoptera: that part of the mesosternum in Elateridae
+which forms the process for fitting into the cavity of the prothorax: in
+Collembola the basal part of the furculum.
+
+Manus: the hand: formerly applied to the anterior tarsus.
+
+Marbled: irregularly mottled, gray and white, like marble; =
+marmoratus.
+
+Marcescent: shrivelling.
+
+Margaritaceous: shining, like mother of pearl = nacreous; q.v.
+
+Margin: that portion of a surface within the edge, bounded on the
+inner side by the sub-margin and consisting of a more or less dilated
+imaginary line.
+
+Marginal: of, belonging to, or near the margin.
+
+Marginal area: in Orthoptera; see mediastinal area.
+
+Marginal bristles: in Diptera; are inserted on the posterior margin of
+the abdominal segment.
+
+Marginal cell: in Diptera (Williston):= subcostal (Shiner):= radial
+(Comst.): in Hymenoptera:= radial  and 2 (Comst.): in general that
+cell beyond the stigma.
+
+Marginal field: in tegmina = costal field: q.v.
+
+Marginal nervure or vein: in Orthoptera, = costa (Comst.): in
+Hymenoptera (Norton) = radius 3 (Comst.): in general, the vein
+forming the marginal cell.
+
+Margined -ated: bounded by an elevated or attenuated margin: when
+the margin is edged by a flat border.
+
+Marmorate -us: spots and lines irregularly disposed, as in marble:
+marbled. Mask: in the nymphs of Odonata, the modified labium
+which, when at rest,  conceals the other mouth parts.
+
+Masticate: to chew.
+
+Masticatory: formed for chewing or grinding; applied to the mouth
+parts and to the grinding structures in the gizzard.
+
+Mastigium -ia: telescopic anal organs in certain caterpillars, serving
+to repel attacks of parasites.
+
+Matrix: the formative substance from which cells and other structures
+are derived.
+
+Maxilla: without any qualifying adjective, the second pair of jaws in a
+mandibulate insect; the most persistent when the mouth is modified,
+and represented by some functional part in all insects in which the
+mouth structures are useful: second maxillae, = the labium, or third
+pair of jaws in a mandibulate insect.
+
+Maxillary: attached or belonging to the maxilla; e.g. palpi.
+
+Maxillary palpi: the first pair of palpi, borne on the maxilla.
+
+Maxillary pleurites: the lateral pieces, epimera and episterna of the
+maxillary segment.
+
+Maxillary segment: the sixth segment of the head, bearing the
+maxillae.
+
+Maxillary tendons: two slender rods in basal third of the
+muscid proboscis the remnant of the palpifer, to which muscles for
+flexing the proboscis are attached: see lora.
+
+Maxillary tentacle: in female Pronuba: a specialized process of
+palpifer.
+
+Maxillulae: a pair of appendages in Thysanurids, between
+mandibles and first maxillae.
+
+Maxime: very much or very large.
+
+Mealy: with a flour-like dusting: = farinose.
+
+Mecaptera: = Mecoptera, q.v.
+
+Meconium: the substance excreted by certain metabolic insects soon
+after their emergence from the chrysalis or pupa.
+
+Mecoptera: long-winged: neuropterous insects with similar, large,
+unfolded wings; mouth mandibulate, prolonged into a beak: head
+free; thorax agglutinated; transformations complete: the scorpion
+flies or Panorpidae. Medi-: prefix, = middle.
+
+Media: the fourth of the longitudinal veins extending from base
+through approximately the middle of the wing, not more than four
+branched, the branches numbered on margin from  nearest apex, to 4
+nearest anal angle: in Orthoptera; it is the median or externomedian:
+in Lepidoptera (Pack.), is cubitus  (Comst.).
+
+Mediad: toward the median plane or middle.
+
+Mediafurca: a process extending internally from the meso-sternum, to
+which the muscles are attached.
+
+Medial: referring to, or at the middle.
+
+Medial cells: (Comst.), are anteriorly bounded by the media or its
+branches: in Hymenoptera (Mort.), includes median and cubital
+(Comst.)
+
+Medial cross-vein: (Comst.), is between media 2 and 3.
+
+Median 1: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), = media 2 (Comst.).
+
+Median 2: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), = media 3 (Comst.).
+
+Median 4: in Lepidoptera ( Pack.), = cubitus 2 (Comst.).
+
+Median area: of wings in Orthoptera, lies between the radial and ulnar
+veins, radius and media (Comst.): of meta-thorax of Hymenoptera, is
+the middle of the dorsum, divided into three spaces or cells; 1st or basal
+area, 2d or Lipper median or areola; 3d or apical or petiolar area.
+
+Median carina: Orthoptera; of head, is usually applied to a median
+dorsal carina, but has been also used for that which extends down the
+middle of front from the fastigium, and then = frontal costa: of
+prothorax, extends along the middle of pronotum.
+
+Median cell: in Lepidoptera, is the closed area formed by a line
+extending from the end of subcostal to the end of the median veins, =
+radial (Comst.): in Hymenoptera, 1st median (Pack.), = medial (Comst.);
+ 2d median (Pack.), - medial 4 (Comst.); 3d median (Pack.), = medial 2
+(Comst.); 4th median (Pack.), = medial 1 (Comst.).
+
+Median cross-veins: in Odonata; are those which cross median space.
+
+Median foveola: in Orthoptera; the foveate depression of the vertex
+between the eyes: = central foveola.
+
+Median forks: in Orthoptera, refers to the forks of the median vein.
+
+Median furrow: lies between radius and media: in some Heteroptera,
+separates the embolium from the remainder of the corium.
+
+Median lines: on the primaries of many moths: the first or t.a.
+crosses about one-third from base; the second or t.p. crosses beyond
+the outer third and is usually sinuate.
+
+Median lobe: of labium in Odonata, is the partly divided glossa or
+ligula; probably corresponds to united glossa and paraglossae (Butler).
+
+Median longitudinal carinae: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera,
+extend one on each side of the middle.
+
+Median nervules: in Lepidoptera (Holland)1st = cubitus 2 (Comst.): 2d
+cubitus 1 (Comst.); 3d = media 3 (Comst.).
+
+Median notch: in Coccidae, a notch in the edge of the pygidium, at the
+posterior extremity of the body.
+
+Median plate: in Hymenoptera  := sessiliventres, is the dorsal plate
+connecting the thorax and abdomen.
+
+Median sector: in Odonata, = media 3 (Comst.).
+
+Median segment: applied to the basal segment of the abdomen when it
+forms part of the metathorax: see propodeum.
+
+Median shade or line: in Lepidoptera, crosses at or about middle of
+wings.
+
+Median space: in Lepidoptera, is the area between the median
+lines: in Odonata, the cubital cell (Comst.); the space at base
+between submedian (radius) and postcosta (st anal); by Selys in 1896
+and later used in the sense of medial cell of Comst.
+
+Median vein: in Odonata and Lepidoptera, = radius (Comst.): in
+Lepidoptera, it runs from base to about middle, nearly through centre,
+and is four or five branched: in Hymenoptera, it is the 3d from costal
+margin.
+
+Mediastinal: relating to the longitudinal median line or area.
+
+Mediastinal area: in Orthoptera, the area between median or
+mediastinal vein and the costal or front margin: = marginal area.
+
+Mediastinal vein: in Orthoptera and Diptera, = suhcosta (Comst.):
+also, in Diptera, = auxiliary vein (Meigen).
+
+Medio-eubital cross-vein: between media 4 and cubitus, connecting
+the two series (Comst.).
+
+Medio-ventral line: in caterpillars, extends along middle of under side.
+
+Medipectus: the under side of meta-thorax: the mesosternum.
+
+Mediproboscis: the middle third of the flexed proboscis of muscid flies.
+
+Medi-thorax: =mesothorax; q.v.
+
+
+Medius: middle.
+
+
+Mega- Megalo-: large.
+
+Melanic: with a blackish suffusion.
+
+Melanism: an abnormal or unusual darkening: a suffusion with
+blackish.
+
+Mellifera: honey-makers: applied to bees as a whole.
+
+
+Melliferous: honey-producing, or producers of honey.
+
+Mellisugous: honey-sucking: a feeder on honey.
+
+Member: any one of the external appendages.
+
+Membranaceous: thin, skin-like, semi-transparent, like parchment:
+of a thin, pliable texture.
+
+Membrana retinens: the stretched part of the membrane around the
+rectum of butterfly larvae, used in the change to the chrysalis.
+
+Membrane -ana: any thin, transparent, flexible body tissue:
+specifically the wing tissue between the veins: in Heteroptera, the thin
+membranous tip of the hemelytra.
+
+Membranous or eous: composed of membrane or skin-like tissue.
+
+Membranule: the small opaque expansion at base of wings in
+Odonata.
+
+Meniscoidal: with one side concave the other convex, like a round
+segment from a hollow sphere.
+
+Menognatha: insects in which both young and adults feed by
+mandibles; e.g. the Orthoptera: see menorhyncha and metagnatha.
+
+Menorhyncha: forms in which both young and adult take food by
+suction e.g. Hemiptera: see metognatha and metagnatha.
+
+Mental suture: in Coleoptera, the line between mentum and gula.
+
+Mentigerous: bearing or having a mentum.
+
+Mentum: a labial sclerite bearing the movable parts; attached to and
+sometimes fused with the sub-mentum; corresponds to the (united)
+stipes of maxillae: in Coleoptera, what is usually called mentum is
+really submentum: in Diptera, the term is applied to the posterior oral
+margin: in Hymenoptera, is part of "tongue," the second joint bearing
+the labial palpi, paraglossae and ligula.
+
+Merdivorous: feeding upon dung or excrement: see scatophagous.
+
+Meriaeum: the posterior inflected part of the metasternum  in
+Coleoptera.
+
+Meroistic: ovaries that secrete yolk or vitellaginous cells as well as ova.
+
+Mesad: extending or directed toward the median plane.
+
+Mesal: pertaining to, situated on or in the median plane of the body.
+
+Mesenchym: that portion of the mesoderm that produces the
+connective tissues of the body.
+
+Mesenteron: the mid-gut, stomach or chylific ventricle: the middle
+portion of the primitive intestinal canal, lined with entoderm.
+
+Mesepimeron: in Odonata: the sclerite between humeral and first
+lateral suture.
+
+Mesepisterna: in Odonata,- the oblique lateral pieces of mesothorax,
+meeting dorsally in a ridge.
+
+Mesially: at or to the middle.
+
+Mesinfraepisternum: a sclerite formed between propleuron,
+mesepisternum, mesepimeron and second coxa.
+
+Meso: middle: as prefix, drops the o when stem begins with a vowel.
+
+Mesoblast: the middles germ layer of the embryos: = mesoderm.
+
+Mesoderm:= mesoblast: gives rise to muscular and circulatory
+systems.
+
+Mesodont::= amphiodont: q.v.
+
+Mesomeros: the 2d to 5th abdominal segments in Lepidoptera.
+
+Meson: the middle plane of the body.
+
+Mesonotum: the primitively upper surface of the 2d or middle thoracic
+ring.
+
+Mesophragma: an internal prolongation of the metapraescutum,
+affording attachment to some of the wing muscles.
+
+Mesopleura: in Diptera, the space before the root of the wing between
+the dorso- and sternopleural sutures: in Hymenoptera, the piece
+below the insertion of the wings.
+
+Mesopleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted in the angle formed by
+the dorso-pleural and meso-pleural sutures.
+
+Mesopleural suture: in Diptera, runs from the root of the wings
+downward and separates the meso-pleura from the pteropleura.
+
+Mesopleuron: the lateral surface of the meta-thorax.
+
+Mesosternal cavity: in Elateridae, the opening into which the
+prosternal spine or mucro is fitted.
+
+Mesosternal epimera: in Coleoptera; the narrow pieces separating the
+meta-sternal from the meta-sternal episterna.
+
+Mesosternal episterna: Coleoptera; on each side of mesosternum
+between anterior border and epimera; generally separated by a
+distinct suture.
+
+Mesosternal lobes: in Orthoptera; = mesosternellum, q.v.
+
+Mesosternellum: in Orthoptera, two median lobes of the mesosternum,
+one on each side of the deep median notch: in general,
+the sternellum of the mesothorax.
+
+Mesosternum: the underside or breast of the meta-thorax.
+
+Mesostethidium: = meso-thorax: q.v.
+
+Mesostethium: the middle piece of the underside of meta-thorax,
+between the middle and hind legs.
+
+Mesostigma: in Odonata, the spiracles of second thoracic segment.
+
+Mesosulcus: a central longitudinal furrow of mesosternum in
+Hymenoptera.
+
+Mesotarsus: the tarsus of the middle leg.
+
+Mesothoracotheca: the pupal covering of the meso-thorax.
+
+Mesothorax: the second or middle thoracic ring; bears the middle legs
+and the anterior wings.
+
+Mesotergum: = mesonotum; q.v.
+
+Meta-: posterior: used as a prefix to designate the third thoracic ring
+and its parts.
+
+Metablastic: relating to the ecto- or meta-blast or ectoderm.
+
+Metabola: insects with a complete metamorphosis in which the larva
+does not resemble the adult, and the pupa is quiescent.
+
+Metabolism: is transformation: the whole process or series of changes
+of food into tissue and cell-substance and of these latter into waste
+products the first of these changes being anabolic, the second
+katabolic.
+
+Metabolous: undergoing metamorphosis or transformation.
+
+Metacoxal plate: in Coccinellidae, that portion of the first ventral
+segment included above the ventral lines visible on that segment.
+
+Metagnatha: insects which feed with jaws when young and by suction,
+with tubular mouths when mature; e.g. the Lepidoptera: see
+menognatha and menorhyncha.
+
+Metagonia: the hind or anal angle of a wing.
+
+Metallic: having the appearance of metal: applied to a surface or color.
+
+Metaloma: the sutural or inner margin of primaries.
+
+Metamere: a segment, somite or athromere.
+
+Metameric: made up of segments or metameres.
+
+Metamerism: the arrangement in metameres.
+
+Metameros: in Lepidoptera. the 6th to 8th abdominal segments.
+
+Metamorphosis: is that series of changes through which an insect
+passes in its growth from egg through larva and pupa to adult: it is
+complete when the pupa is inactive and does not feed; incomplete
+when there is no pupa or when the pupa is active and feeds.
+
+Metamorphosis dimidio: an incomplete transformation.
+
+Metamorphosis perfecta: a complete transformation.
+
+Metanotum: the primitively upper surface of the third or posterior
+thoracic ring: in Diptera, the oval arched portion behind, beneath
+the scutellum best developed in flies with long, slender abdomen:
+e.g. Tipulidae.
+
+Metaphragma: the hindmost internal thoracic septum.
+
+Metapleura: in Diptera, a swollen space at the outside of the
+metanotum, between it, the pteropleura and the hypopleura; in
+Hymenoptera, the piece behind and below the insertion of the hind
+wings.
+
+Metapleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted in the metapleura.
+
+Metapneustic: larva, chiefly dipterous, in which the spiracles are
+confined to the posterior segment.
+
+Metapnystega: that circular area of metanotum behind the
+postscutellum.
+
+Metapodeon: the abdomen behind the podeon or petiole in
+Hymenoptera.
+
+Metasternal: relating or attached to the metasternum.
+
+Metasternal epimera: small sclerite separating the metasternal
+episterna from the ventral segments.
+
+Metasternal episterna: sclerite situated on each side of the
+Metasternum, immediately behind the mesosternum epimera.
+
+Metasternellum: the sternellum of the metathorax.
+
+Metasternum: the underside or breast of the metathorax.
+
+Meta-stethidium: = meta-thorax; q.v.
+
+Metastigma: in Odonata, the spiracles of third thoracic segment.
+
+Metastoma: in Orthoptera:= hypopharynx: q.v.
+
+Metatarsus: applied to basal joint of tarsus, where that differs greatly
+in length or otherwise from the other joints: see sarothrum.
+
+Metatergum: = metanotum; q.v.
+
+Metathoracotheca: the pupal covering of the meta-thorax.
+
+Metathorax: the third thoracic ring or segment; bears the hind legs
+and second pair of wings; variably distinct; sometimes closely united
+with the mesothorax and sometimes appearing as a portion of the
+abdomen.
+
+Metatype: is a specimen named by the author after comparison with
+the type; according to some, it should be also a topotype.
+
+Metazona: in Orthoptera, the dorsal surface of the prothorax behind
+the principal sulcus.
+
+Metepimeron: in Odonata, lies behind the second lateral suture and
+extends ventrally to the sternum.
+
+Metepisternum: in Odonata, is the sclerite between the first and
+second lateral thoracic sutures.
+
+Meter: the standard of length in the metric system = 39.37 inches:
+see centimeter and millimeter.
+
+Meticulose -us: is a maculation in the form of a series of colored
+flames.
+
+Metinfraepisternum: in Odonata; the sclerite just above base of 3d
+coxa; below metepisternum and before metepimeron.
+
+Metochy: the relation borne to ants by the tolerated guests in
+ant-hills; demanding nothing from and giving nothing to the ants; see
+symphily and synecthry.
+
+Metopidium: the anterior declivous surface of prothorax in
+Membracidae.
+
+Micans: shining: also a surface of which only parts are shining.
+
+Microchaetae: small bristles, as opposed to macrochaetae, in Diptera.
+
+Microergates: the dwarf workers among ants.
+
+Micron: the unit of microscopic measurement = 001 mm.: represented
+by the symbol  mu: the symbol   mu mu represents .001 of a micron.
+{Scanner's note: the  mu mu notation would no longer be valid.}
+
+Micropterous: small winged.
+
+Micropterism: the tendency to produce small wings; applied to a line
+of variation.
+
+Micropyles: minute openings in the egg, through which spermatozoa
+enter.
+
+Microsomites: small secondary rings or somites of the macrosomites
+in the embryo, which afterward become the body segments.
+
+Microthorax: a supposed thoracic ring between the head and
+prothorax.
+
+Middle apical area: = internal area; q.v.
+
+Middle field: = discoidal field; q.v.
+
+Middle lobes: of pronotum in Orthoptera; see lobes.
+
+Middle pleural area: in Hymenoptera; the median of the three areas
+between lateral and pleural carinae: = 2d pleural area.
+
+Mid-dorsal thoracic Carina: a ridge or elevated line at the meeting of
+the mesepisterna in Odonata.
+
+Mid-gut: the chylific ventricle with the caecal glands, tubes or
+pouches.
+
+Mid-intestine: = mid-gut.
+
+Migrants: applied to that brood of plant lice which flies from one to an
+alternate food plant: any forms that fly from the place where they
+were born for food or other purposes.
+
+MM.: = Millimeter: .001 meter = .039 of an inch: roughly 25 mm. are
+counted to an inch in measuring insects. {Scanner's comment: modern
+usage is lower case.  So: mm.}
+
+Mimetic: when a species mimics or resembles another or some other
+object in appearance; but not in structure and other characters.
+
+Mimicry: strictly, the resemblance of one animal to another not closely
+related animal, living in the same locality; often loosely used to
+denote also resemblance to plants and inanimate objects: Batesian
+mimicry is where one of two similar species is distasteful (so-called
+model), the other not distasteful (so-called mimic);
+
+Muellerian mimicry is where both species are distasteful.
+
+Mines: applied to galleries or burrows between upper and under
+surface of leaf tissue, when made by larvae: they are linear, when they
+are narrow and only a little winding; serpentine, when they are curved
+or coiled, becoming gradually larger to a head-like end: trumpet-mines,
+when they start small and enlarge rapidly at tip; blotch mines,
+when they are irregular blotches tentiform, when the blotch mines
+throw the leaf into a fold on one side.
+
+Miniate -us: of the color of red lead [vermilion with a slight admixture
+of dragon's blood].
+
+Mirror: in Cicada; see specular membrane.
+
+Mitosoma: the middle piece of a developing spermatozoon.
+
+Mobile: movable: having the power of motion.
+
+Model: see mimicry.
+
+Modioliform: globular, truncated at both ends; like the hub of a wheel.
+
+Mola or Molar: the ridged or roughened grinding surface of the
+mandible: when the mandible is compound, the molar corresponds to
+the subgalea of maxilla.
+
+Monarsenous: that kind of union where one male suffices for many
+females.
+
+Moniliform: beaded like a necklace.
+
+Monochromatic: of one color throughout.
+
+Monodactyle: with a single movable claw which closes on the tip of the
+other leg structures as in some parasitica.
+
+Monodomous: ants in which each colony has one nest only.
+
+Monoecious: when both sexual elements or glands exist in one
+individual.
+
+Monogamous: a union where a female is fertilized by one male only.
+
+Monomeri: insects with one-jointed tarsi.
+
+Monomorphic: species of which only one sex (female) is known to
+exist.
+
+Monophagous: insects feeding upon only one species or genus of
+plants.
+
+Monothelious: a union where one female is fecundated by many
+males.
+
+Monotrocha -ous: Hymenoptera in which the trochanters are single:
+having legs in which the trochanter is one-jointed.
+
+Monotypical: a genus described from a single species, no other being
+known; or described from a single specified species with which are
+associated others believed to be identical in structure: see isotypical
+and heterotypical.
+
+Moult: a period in the transformation when the larva changes from
+one instar to another: the cast skin of a larva that has moulted.
+
+Mouth: the anterior opening into the alimentary canal, where the
+feeding structures are situated and in which the food is prepared for
+ingestion.
+
+Mouth-parts: a collective name including labrum, mandibles,
+maxillae, labium and appendages = trophi.
+
+Mucoreus: mouldy: a surface covered with small, fringe-like processes.
+
+Mucro: a long, straight or curved process terminating in a point: the
+pro-sternal process in Elateridae: the terminal spine or process of an
+obtect pupa: "the median posterior point of the epigastrium when
+differentiated by elevation."
+
+Mucronate: terminated in a sharp point.
+
+Mucrones: in Collembola the two small end pieces of the furcula,
+proceeding from the dentes.
+
+Mullerian association: a group of species belonging to different genera,
+often different families or even orders, having similar colors,
+possessing more or less distasteful qualities and living in the same
+locality.
+
+Muller's thread: the common terminal thread of all the ovarian tubes.
+
+Multangulate: with many angles.
+
+Multi-: many; used as a prefix, often without the i.
+
+Multiarticulate: with many joints or segments.
+
+Multilocular: with many large cells, spaces or cavities.
+
+Multipartite: divided into many parts.
+
+Multiplicate: with many longitudinal folds or lines of plication.
+
+Multispinose: with many spines.
+
+Mumia: the pupa.
+
+Munite -us: armed; provided with an armature.
+
+Muricate -us: armed with sharp, rigid points.
+
+Murinus: mouse colored [gray with some yellow].
+
+Mushroom bodies: two stalked, mushroom-like bodies arising from
+procerebral lobes; supposed to be the seat of insect intelligence.
+
+Muscle: the fleshy fibres of the insect body that serve to move the
+appendages and other body organs.
+
+Mute: silent: without power to produce audible sound.
+
+Mutic -us: unarmed: lacking processes where such usually occur.
+
+Mutici: Acridiids without a posternal spines.
+
+Mutilate -us: cut off: mutilated: abbreviated: not complete.
+
+Mycetophagous: feeding upon fungi.
+
+Myiasis: disease or injury caused by the attack of dipterous larvae.
+
+Myoblast: a cell that produces muscular tissue.
+
+Myrmecology: that branch of entomology that deals with ants.
+
+Myrmecophilous: ant-loving: applied to insects that live in ant nests.
+
+Mystacine -us: bcarded: with a hairy fringe above mouth or on
+clypeus.
+
+Mystax: in Diptera; a patch of hair or bristles above the mouth, on the
+lower part of the hypostoma above the vibrissae.
+
+Mytiliform: shell-like; as the middle feet in some aquatic Hemiptera.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+N
+
+Nacreous: pearly: resembling mother of pearl := margaritaceous.
+
+Nail: a tarsal claw: specifically the stout pointed claws in predatory
+Heteroptera = unguis.
+
+Naked: not clothed: lacking vestiture: a pupa when not inclosed in a
+cocoon or other covering.
+
+Nasal suture: =clypeal suture; q.v.
+
+Nasus: anterior termination of the face in certain  Hymenoptera: the
+clypeus or a modification of it: in Odonata, the upper portion of the
+clypeus = supra-clypeus = postclypeus.
+
+Nasuti: that type of termite soldiers that have the head prolonged into
+a point.
+
+Natatorial -ions: formed for swimming.
+
+Navicular: boat-shaped = cymbiform.
+
+Neanic: referring to the pupal stage.
+
+Nearctic: temperate and arctic North America, including Greenland.
+
+Nebula: a cloud: a vague, indefined, dusky shading.
+
+Nebulous -ose: cloudy: without definite form or outline.
+
+Neck: the slender connecting structure between head and thorax of
+such insects as have the head free: any contraction of the head at its
+juncture with the thorax.
+
+Necrophagous: living in or on carrion.
+
+Nectaries: honey-tubes, cornicles, siphuncles; q.v.
+
+Nematid: thread-like.
+
+Nematocera: = nemocera; q. A.
+
+Nematocerous: with long, thread-like antenna.
+
+Nemocera: Diptera with long, at least six-jointed antennae.
+
+Nemoglossata: bees with a thread-like tongue.
+
+Nemoricolous: living in open, sunny woods.
+
+Neogeic: belonging to the Western Hemisphere or New World: see
+gerontogeic.
+
+Neolepidoptera: all haustellate Lepidoptera, except the generalized
+Micropterygidae; mandibles not functionally present; pupa incomplete
+or obtect: see paleolepidoptera and protolepidoptera.
+
+Neoteinic: applied to complemental females in Termites because,
+though reproductive, they retain some juvenile characters.
+
+Neotropical: that part of the earth's surface embraced in the greater
+part of Mexico, West Indies and South America.
+
+Neotype: a specimen identified with a species already described, and
+selected as a standard of reference where the original type or co-types
+are lost or destroyed.
+
+Nephridia: tubular structures functioning as kidneys in Annelids,
+Mollusks, etc. and incorrectly used as = malpighian tubules; q.v.
+
+Nepionic: that stage of development immediately succeeding the
+embryonic; proposed as a substitute for larval.
+
+Nerinaeum: a ventral thoracic sclerite between the metasternum and
+posterior coxa in some Coleoptera.
+
+Nerve: a thread-like structure, composed of delicate filaments whose
+function it is to transmit sensations or stimuli to or from a ganglion or
+from or to any part of the body or its appendages.
+
+Nerves: sometimes used to = veins, in wing structures.
+
+Nervi: belonging or referring to the nerves.
+
+Nervulation: arrangement of the nerves: specifically applied to the
+arrangement of the chitinous framework of wings and thus= venation;
+q.v. Nervules or Nervures: the rod or vein-like structures supporting
+the membranes of wings and = veins and veinlets; q.v.
+
+Nervuration: = nervulation and venation: q.v.
+
+Neural canal: an incomplete tunnel on the floor of meso- and
+metathorax, formed by fusion of apodemes, serving for the reception
+and protection of the ventral nerve cord and for the attachment of
+muscles.
+
+Neural groove: is that furrow in the primitive layer of the embryo in
+which the nerve cord is formed.
+
+Neuration: = venation; q.v.
+
+Neurilemma: the external sheath of a nerve fibre.
+
+Neuroblast: the large cell in the early embryo, from which the nervous
+system develops.
+
+Neuromere: that part of a body segment pertaining to the nervous
+system.
+
+Neuroptera: nerve-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with four
+net-veined wings; mouth mandibulate: head free: thorax loosely
+agglutinated; metamorphosis complete: in its older use, the term
+applied to all net-veined insects irrespective of metamorphosis or
+thoracic structure.
+
+Neuropteroidea: like the Neuroptera in the wide sense; applied to
+those living insects included by Linnaeus in his Neuroptera; also to
+those extinct forms which have a general resemblance to them.
+
+Neurospongium: a granular matrix in the periopticon of the insect eye.
+
+Neuter: the term applied to workers or undeveloped females in some
+Hymenoptera: indicated by * or *, an imperfect form of Venus
+sign.{Scanner's comment: I have no characters to represent the
+symbols.  One is like the normal female (Venus) sign, but with no
+cross stroke on the downward stroke.  The other is the symbol for
+Mercury or of Hermaphroditus, like a Venus sign crowned with
+crescent horns.}
+
+Nidificate: to nest: applied when eggs are placed in a prepared
+receptaculum.
+
+Niger: black.
+
+Nigricans: black, tinged with gray.
+
+Nits: the eggs of sucking lice; specifically when attached to a hair: in
+general, though rarely, applied in the singular to an egg.
+
+Nitidus: shining: applied to a highly polished, smooth surface.
+
+Niveous -eus: snowy white.
+
+Nocturnal: species that fly or are active at night.
+
+Nodal furrow: in Odonata; a transverse suture, beginning at a point
+in costal margin corresponding to the nodus, and extending toward
+inner margin.
+
+Nodal sector: in Odonata; = media 2 (Comst.): arises from upper
+sector of arculus near nodus and extends to outer margin.
+
+Node: a knot or knob: in the plural refers to the small segment or
+segment between thorax and main portion of abdomen in ants.
+
+Nodiform: in the form of a knot or knob.
+
+Nodicorn: with antennae that have the apex of each joint swollen.
+
+Nodose -us: knotted or with knots; a body with one or more knotted
+parts a sculpture with almost isolated knots.
+
+Nodule: a little knot, lump or node.
+
+Nodulose -us -ate: with small nodes or nodules: a surface sculpture
+of knots or links, connected by an undulating line.
+
+Nodus: in Odonata; a stout, oblique, short vein at the place where the
+anterior margin of the wings is sometimes drawn in.
+
+Nopalry: a plantation of cacti for raising cochineal insects.
+
+Normal: of the usual form or type: not out of the ordinary.
+
+Notate: marked by spots: with a series of depressed marks as a
+sculpture.
+
+Notched: indented, cut or nicked; usually a margin.
+
+Notocephalon: in some aquatic Hemiptera, that part of the head which
+is apparent from a dorsal aspect.
+
+Notodont: with toothed backs: applied to a series of moths whose
+larvae are more or less conspicuously humped on dorsal surface.
+
+Notopleural suture: = dorso-pleural suture; q.v.
+
+Nototheca: that part of the pupa covering upper surface of abdomen.
+
+Notum: the dorsal or upper part of a segment: = tergum.
+
+Nucha: the upper surface of the neck connecting head and thorax.
+
+Nucleate: with, or having a nucleus.
+
+Nucleolus: the small portion of matter in the nucleus most readily
+affected by staining fluids.
+
+Nucleus: a well-defined, differentiated, round or oval body imbedded
+in the cell contents.
+
+Nude -us: naked: a surface devoid of hair, scales or other vestiture.
+
+Nuditas: = nudity.
+
+Nudity: the state of being naked or bare of vestiture.
+
+Nurses: worker ants or worker bees which care for the eggs, larvae
+and pupae, but do not forage, the latter function being taken up later,
+when nursing is given up.
+
+Nutant: nodding; the tip bent toward the horizon.
+
+Nutritive chamber: an enlarged section of ovarian tube, filled with
+granular nutritive material used in developing the egg cells.
+
+Nymph: the larval stage of insects with incomplete metamorphosis:
+applies also to their pupal stage, and sometimes used as = pupa.
+
+Nympha inclusa: = coarctate pupa; q.v.
+
+Nymphipara: applied to insects that bear living young in an advanced
+stage of development: see also pupipara.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+O
+
+Ob-: as a prefix, means inversely.
+
+Obconic: conic, with the apex pointing downward.
+
+Obcordate: inversely heart-shaped, with the point applied to the base
+of another object or part.
+
+Obese -us: unnaturally distended: usually applied to the abdomen.
+
+Oblate: flattened; applied to a spheroid of which the diameter is
+shortened at two opposite ends.
+
+Oblique: any direction between perpendicular and horizontal.
+
+Oblique vein: in Odonata; an apparent cross-vein situated between M2
+and Rs, distal to the level of the nodus and inclined obliquely, from its
+front end, backward and outward; in reality the basal part of Rs.
+
+Obliterate: nearly washed out; indistinct.
+
+Oblong: longer than broad.
+
+Obovate: inversely egg-shaped; the narrow end downward.
+
+Obpyriform: inversely pearshaped.
+
+Obscure: not readily seen: not well defined.
+
+Obsite-us: a surface covered with equal scales or other bodies.
+
+Obsolete: nearly or entirely lost: inconspicuous.
+
+Obtect: wrapped in a hard covering.
+
+Obtected: applied to pupae when they are covered with a chitinous
+case which confines and conceals all appendages, though their
+outlines may be marked on the surface: see free, and coarctate.
+
+Obtuse: not pointed: an angle greater than a right angle: opposed to
+acute. Obtuse-angulate: two markings or margins meeting so as to
+form an obtuse angle.
+
+Obtusilingues: short-tongued bees with the tip obtuse or bifid: see
+acutilingues.
+
+Occipital foramen: the opening in the occiput, opposed to a similar
+opening in the prothorax: = foramen magnum.
+
+Occipital margin: in Mallophaga, the posterior margin of the head.
+
+Occipito-orbital bristles: in Diptera; situated on posterior orbit of eye.
+
+Occiput: that part of the head behind the vertex: in Diptera, the whole
+posterior surface of the head: in bees, the space between the vertex
+and the neck.
+
+Occlusor: applied to muscles which close an opening; e.g. spiracles.
+
+Occult -us: hidden; concealed from superficial view.
+
+Ocellar bristles: in Diptera, are situated close to the ocelli, usually
+directed forward: often absent.
+
+Ocellar ribband: a crescent-shaped, smooth thin belt across the eye
+region in butterfly chrysalids.
+
+Ocellar triangle: a triangle, indicated by grooves or depressions, on
+which the ocelli are situated; Diptera.
+
+Ocellate: eye-like in appearance: in Lepidoptera, spots on the wings,
+bordered by a colored iris or ring, and usually with a pupil.
+
+Ocelli: plural of ocellus; q.v.; = stemmata.
+
+Ocelligerous: supplied with, or bearing ocelli.
+
+Ocellus: a simple eye, consisting of a single convex or bead-like lens,
+which conveys an image to a retina.
+
+Ocelli occur in larvae and, singly or in small groups, in adults: the
+compound eyes are made up of numerous ocelli.
+
+Ochraceous: yellow with a slight tinge of brown [pale cadmium yellow
+and brown ochre].
+
+Ochraeus -eus: = ochraceous.
+
+Ochro-leucus: dilute ochraceous.
+
+Ocular emargination: in Mallophaga, a lateral emargination of the
+head in which the eye is received posteriorly.
+
+Ocular fleck: in Mallophaga, a small, intensely black spot of pigment
+in the eyes.
+
+Ocular fringe: in Mallophaga, closely set small hair on posterior half of
+ocular emargination, sometimes extending on temporal margin.
+
+Ocular lobes: of brain = procerebrum; q.v.
+
+Ocular sclerite: the first or protocerebral segment of the head.
+
+Ocular tubercles: in Aphids, are a group of prominent facets on the
+hinder part of each eye.
+
+Oculi -us: the eyes: an eye: refers to the compound eyes.
+
+Oculocephalic: applied to that pair of imaginal buds destined to
+produce the cephalic region in Hymenoptera.
+
+Odona: toothed: applied to Odonata by Fabricius because of the long
+teeth on the maxilla and labium.
+
+Odonata: net-veined insects with mandibulate mouth; head free;
+thorax agglutinate; wings similar, elongate, flat; metamorphosis
+incomplete; copulatory organs of male near base of abdomen,
+separate from the testes. {Scanner's comment: Dragon flies
+and damselflies}
+
+Odonate: bearing toothed mouth parts, like those of dragon flies.
+
+Odoriferous: diffusing an odor; applied to glands or secreting organs.
+
+OEcology: see ecology.
+
+OEdagus: the penis.
+
+OEnocytes: large yellow cells arranged segmentally in clusters, in each
+side of body cavity: associated with blood and fat bodies.
+
+OEsophageal bone: a plate below anterior part of oesophagus in
+Psocidae.
+
+OEsophageal bulb: = sub-clypeal pump; q.v.
+
+OEsophageal diverticula: = food reservoirs (q.v.); but more generally
+applied also to any sac-like structure connected with the gullet.
+
+OEsophageal lobes: form posterior portion of brain or tritocerebrum.
+
+Oesophageal valve: a funnel-like folding of the oesophagus, extending
+into the chylific ventricle in some insects, and forming a valve that
+controls the entrance of food into that organ: = cardiac valvule.
+
+Oesophagus: the gullet: that part of the alimentary canal between the
+mouth and the crop.
+
+Olfactory: pertaining to the sense of smell: those lobes of the
+deutocerebrum from which the nerves supplying the antennae arise.
+
+Oligonephria: applied to insects with few urinary (Malpighian) tubes.
+
+Oligoneura: having few wing veins: specifically applied in Diptera to
+Cecidomyids.
+
+Olivaceous: with a tinge of olive-green, usually as a shading [olive
+green].
+
+Omaloptera: the pupiparous flies.
+
+Omia: the shoulders: the lateral anterior angles of an agglutinated
+thorax, when they are distinct:= see umbone: in Coleoptera; a
+corneous sclerite to which the muscles of the anterior coxa are
+attached; also the lateral margin of the prothorax; also the lateral
+margin of the scutellum in Carabids and Dytiscids.
+
+Ommateum: the compound eye.
+
+Ommatidium -ia: one of the elements of which the compound eye is
+composed.
+
+Omnivorous: a general feeder upon animal or vegetable food, or both.
+
+Oncus -i: a welt: applied to welt-like ridges on caterpillars.
+
+Onisciform: shaped like a wood-louse, Oniscus sp.; applied to certain
+Lycaenid and other caterpillars.
+
+Ontogenetic: relating to the development of the individual.
+
+Ontogeny: the development of the individual as distinguished from
+that of the species: see phylogeny.
+
+Onyches: claws of tarsi.
+
+Onychium -ia: small processes between the tarsal claws in many
+Diptera; see empodium: a more or less retractile process on the feet of
+some beetles: in Hymenoptera, the apical tarsal joint bearing the
+claws: see also arolium and pulvillus.
+
+Ooeblast: the primitive germinal nucleus of an egg.
+
+Ooegenesis: the process of egg-formation.
+
+Ooelemma: the cell wall of an egg: see vitelline membrane.
+
+Ooetheca: the covering or case over an egg mass, as in certain
+Orthoptera: see egg case.
+
+Opacus: opaque; a surface without any lustre.
+
+Opalescent: with a bluish white lustre, as in opals.
+
+Opalinus: = opalescent; q.v.
+
+Opaque: without lustre: not transparent.
+
+Operaria: the workers in Hymenoptera.
+
+Operative: in working order or actually working.
+
+Opercula: two plates covering the vocal structure of Cicada, beneath.
+
+Operculum: a lid or covering: in Diptera, the chitinous envelope
+covering the lower part of the muscid mouth; the labrum-epipharynx
+of Dimmock: the scutes covering the meso-thoracic stigmata: in
+Aleurodidae, the lid-like structure closing the vasiform orifice; q.v.
+
+Ophthalmic: relating to the eye.
+
+Ophthalmotheca: that part of the pupa that covers the eyes.
+
+Opisthogoneate: having the organs of generation at hind end of body.
+
+Opisthogonia: the anal angle of the secondaries.
+
+Opposite: placed over against, or opposed to.
+
+Optic: relating to the organs of vision.
+
+Optic ganglia: are at the sides of the procerebrum and innervate the
+compound eyes.
+
+Optic lobes: the laterals lobes of the procerebrum in which are
+centered the nerves supplying the organs of vision.
+
+Opticon: the first of a series of three ganglionic swellings in the optic
+nerve: see epiopticon and periopticon.
+
+Optic segment: =procerebral segment; q.
+
+Optic tract: is the perceptive portion of the compound eye.
+
+Ora: a border: specifically in some Coleoptera, the lateral margin of
+prothorax.
+
+Ora coleopterorum: the margin of the elytra.
+
+Orad: toward the mouth.
+
+Oral: pertaining to the mouth.
+
+Oral cavity: the mouth; = buccal cavity.
+
+Oral fossa: in Mallophaga, a furrow lying in front of the mandibles.
+
+Oral segment: that ring or segment which bears the mouth.
+
+Orbicular: round and flat, the diameters of the plane equal: in sonic
+moths, a round or oval macula in the median cell.
+
+Orbit: an imaginary border around the eye: in Diptera the orbits are
+divided into vertical or superior; frontal and facial or anterior; of the
+cheek or inferior; occipital or posterior.
+
+Orbital sclerite: a narrow sclerite encircling some eyes.
+
+Order: one of the primary divisions of the Class Insecta, based largely
+on wing structure and then usually ending in -ptera.
+
+Ordure: excrement; usually applied to such as is foul or offensive.
+
+Orichalceous: = aurichalceous; q.v.
+
+Oriental: in geographical zoology as used by Wallace, that part of the
+earth's surface including Asia east of the Indus River, south of the
+Himalayas and the Yangtse-kiang watershed, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java
+and the Philippines.
+
+Orificium: the anal or genital opening.
+
+Original type: is the actual specimen from which a published
+description is prepared.
+
+Orismologia -y: the defining of scientific or technical terms.
+
+Orthoptera: straight winged: an ordinal term applied to insects in
+which the primaries are not used in flight, but cover the longitudinally
+folded secondaries; mouth mandibulate; head set into prothorax, the
+latter free; metamorphosis incomplete.
+
+Orthorrhapha: that section of Diptera in which the pupa escapes from
+larval skin through a T-shaped opening on back: see cyclorrhapha.
+
+Orthorrhaphous: straight-seamed.
+
+Os: the mouth of insects, in general.
+
+Oscillation: a vibrating or swinging from side to side.
+
+Osculant: intermediate in character between two groups or series.
+
+Osmaterium -ia: fleshy, tubular, eversible processes producing a
+penetrating odor, capable of being projected through a slit in the
+prothoracic segment of certain Papilionid caterpillars, and from
+openings elsewhere in the bodies of other forms.
+{Scanner's comment: currently the only spelling I can find is
+"osmeterium".  This given spelling is almost certainly an error
+on someone's part.  Not only do the earliest books that I can
+find spell it "osmeterium", but the Greek root is "osme".}
+
+Osmosis: the tendency of liquids to pass or diffuse through a
+membrane or septum.
+
+Osselet: = ossicle; q.v.
+
+Ossicle: a small nodule of chitin resembling a bone.
+
+Ossicula: small corneous pieces that serve in the articulation of the
+wings to the thorax.
+
+Ostia: the slit-like openings of the heart.
+
+Ostiolar canal: a marginal furrow leading from the ostiole.
+
+Ostiole: in Heteroptera, the openings at the sides of meso- and
+metathorax, through which an odoriferous fluid is excreted.
+
+Ostium: singular of Ostia; q.v.
+
+-osus; an affix, signifying saturation, or the possession of the quality
+expressed in the stem word.
+
+Otocyst: an auditory or ear-like vesicle.
+
+Otolith: a little ear-bone: granules or concretions found in an otocyst.
+
+Outer lobe: of maxilla = galea; q.v.
+
+Outer margin: the outer edge of wing, between apex and hind angle.
+
+Ovo, Ovum: the eggs; an egg.
+
+Ova glebata: eggs laid or concealed in lumps of dung.
+
+Ova imposita: eggs laid in the substance that is to serve as food for
+the larva.
+
+Oval: egg-shaped, with both ends similar.
+
+Ova pilosa: eggs that are covered with hair: usually from the abdomen
+of the female.
+
+Ovarian tube: a tubular structure in which are developed the cells
+forming the future ova: a single one of the mass which, taken
+together, form the ovaries.
+
+Ovaries: a mass of ovarian tubes, lying one on each side of the body
+cavity of the female, in each of which tubes eggs or ova are developed:
+the individual tubes of an ovary all converge to one oviduct.
+
+Ovariole: an ovarian tube: q.v.
+
+Ovary: singular of ovaries; q.v.
+
+Ovate: in outline, egg-shaped or oval.
+
+Oviduct: the tube through which the egg passes from ovarian tubes
+into vagina: sometimes used in the sense of ovipositor: q.v.
+
+Oviform: egg-shaped.
+
+Oviparous: where reproduction is through eggs laid by the female.
+
+Oviposition: the act of depositing the eggs.
+
+Ovipositor: the tubular or valved structure by means of which the eggs
+are placed; usually concealed; but sometimes extended far beyond the
+end of the body.
+
+Oviscapt: = ovipositor; q.v.
+
+Ovivalvule: in Ephemeroptera; is an appendage of the female
+reproductive organs.
+
+Ovoviviparous: when living young are born from eggs which are
+hatched in the body of the parent.
+
+
+
+
+P
+
+Pacific coast humid area: is that faunal area of the transition zone
+comprising the western parts of Washington and Oregon between the
+Coast Mountains and Cascade range: parts of northern California and
+most of the coast region from near Cape Mendocino south to the
+Santa Barbara Mountains. To the south and east it passes into the
+arid transition and in places into the upper Sonoran.
+
+Pad: the pulvillus, or that part of it which is capable of extension and
+retraction in some Coleoptera.
+
+Paddle: the flattened joints of posterior tarsi in aquatic Hemiptera.
+
+Paedogenesis: reproduction in the sexually immature or larval stage.
+
+Paedogenetic: reproducing in the sexually immature or larval stage.
+
+Pagina: the surface of a wing: P. superior, is the upper surface;
+P. inferior, the lower surface: in Orthoptera, the external flattened
+surface of the caudal femora.
+
+Pagiopoda: Heteroptera, in which the posterior coxae are not globose
+and the articulation is a hinge joint: see trochalopoda.
+
+Pagiopodous: those Heteroptera which have the coxae of the hind legs
+hinged and the femora grooved.
+
+Pala: the shovel-shaped tarsal joints in many aquatic Heteroptera.
+
+Palate: = hypopharynx; q.v.
+
+Paleace: chaff or chaffy: = paleaceous.
+
+Paleaceous: chaffy in appearance.
+
+Palearctic: relating to that part of the earth's surface including
+Europe, Africa north of Sahara, and Asia as far south as the southern
+edge of the Yang-tse-Kiang watershed and the Himalayas, and west to
+the Indus River.
+
+Paleodictyoptera: an ordinal name suggested by Scudder for Paleozoic
+insects which cannot be assigned to existing orders.
+
+Paleolepidoptera: haustellate Lepidoptera in which the mandibles are
+distinct and the pupa is free: includes the Micropterygidae only: see
+protolepidoptera and neolepidoptera.
+
+Pallescent: becoming pale or light in color or tint.
+
+Pallette: the disc-like structure composed of three tarsal joints, on the
+anterior feet of male Dytiscidae.
+
+Pallid: pale or very pale.
+
+Pallide-flavens: pale or whitish yellow.
+
+Pallidus: of a pale, cadaverous hue [a very dilute brown pink].
+
+Pallium: an erectile membrane partially closing the open cavity formed
+by the walls of the sub-genital plate in Melanopli.
+
+Palma: the basal segment of the anterior tarsus when it is broadened
+or specifically modified.
+
+Palmate: like the palm of the hand, with finger-like processes.
+
+Palmula: = pulvillus; q.v.
+
+Palp: a mouth feeler or palpus.
+
+Palpal: belonging, relating or attached to the palpi.
+
+Palparium: in some Coleoptera, and other insects, the membranous
+support to which the labial palpi are attached, and which permits an
+amount of extension not possible when they are fixed.
+
+Palpi: plural of palpus; q.v.
+
+Palpicorne: with long, slender, antenna-like palpi.
+
+Palpifer: any palpus-bearing part: specifically, a small sclerite hearing
+the maxillary palpus and itself articulated to the stipes.
+
+Palpiferous or -gerous: bearing a palpus.
+
+Palpiger: that sclerite of the labium to which the labial palpus is
+attached corresponds to the palpifer of the maxilla and has been used
+in the same general sense.
+
+Palpigerous stipes: in Coleopterous larvae, = palpifer; q.v.
+
+Palpuli: the maxillary palpi in Lepidoptera, when visibly developed.
+
+Palpus: a mouth feeler: tactile, usually jointed structures borne by the
+maxillae (maxillary palpi) and labium (labial palpi).
+
+Panduriform: violin shaped: oblong, with rounded ends, medially
+constricted.
+
+Panorpatae: = Mecoptera; q.v.
+
+Pantherine: in color, almost like cervinus; q.v.: in maculation, like
+those of a panther.
+
+Papilioform: formed like a butterfly wing.
+
+Papilionaceous: butterfly-like.
+
+Papilla: a minute, soft projection: specifically the modified ligula in
+silk spinning caterpillars.
+
+Papillary: with nipple-like processes that have the tips rounded.
+
+Papillate -us: a surface with small elevations which are porous at tip.
+
+Papilliform: like a wart or pimple.
+
+Papillose -us: pimply; a surface covered with raised dots or pimples.
+
+Pappose: downy: made up or clothed with pappus.
+
+Pappas: a fine down.
+
+Para-: next to; near by; at the side of.
+
+Parabiosis: see symbiosis.
+
+Parabolic: elongately rounded.
+
+Paraclypeal piece: in lepidopterous pupa, occurs in some of the
+generalized families on each side of the maxillary palpi.
+
+Paraclypeus: in caterpillars, a narrow sclerite bordering clypeus at
+sides.
+
+Paraderm: the limiting membrane enclosing the pronymph of Muscidae.
+
+Paraglossa: a paired, labial structure, lying at each side of the ligula;
+often connected with it; sometimes free and two-jointed: corresponds to
+the galea of maxilla.
+
+Parallel: along the same line and nearly equidistant.
+
+Paranal: at the side of or next to the anus or anal structures.
+
+Paranal forks: two lateral, bristle-like structures in some caterpillars,
+used to throw frass pellets to a distance.
+
+Paranal lobes: = podical plates; q.v.
+
+Paraphysis: the chitinized thickenings or lateral ingrowths, usually
+situated at the base of the lobes in certain Diaspid genera.
+
+Parapleura: the sternal side pieces in beetles.
+
+Parapodia: the pro- or false legs: more specifically applied to the
+jointed abdominal processes of the Symphyla.
+
+Parapsidae: the small sclerites on each side of the scutellum in
+Chalcids, marked by the parapsidal grooves.
+
+Parapsidal furrows: longitudinal grooves on each side of the
+mesoscutum of Proctytrypidae separating the parapsides from the
+middle lobe.
+
+Parapsidal grooves: the grooves or furrows on each side of the Chalcid
+scutellum, defining the parapsidae.
+
+Parapsides: lateral pieces of the meso-scutum, separated from the
+mesal portion by the parapsidal furrows.
+
+Parapteron -era: small sclerites, articulated to the dorsal extremity of
+the episternum, just below the wings; absent on prothorax = the
+tegulae of Hymenoptera, and patagia of Lepidoptera: have been
+homologized with the elytra of Coleoptera.
+
+Parasita: = parasitica: q.v.
+
+Parasite: a species that lives in or on another animal or insect, and
+depends upon the tissue of the host for its food supply.
+
+Parasitic: living on or in some other animal or insect in such a way as
+to derive all nourishment from the tissues of the host.
+
+Parasitica: the sucking lice: wingless; without metamorphosis; mouth
+with piercing lancets; thoracic segments similar; habits epizooetic.
+
+Parasitism: a form of symbiosis in which one party lives upon or at the
+expense of the other, makes no return and destroys its host: see
+symbiosis; commensalism.
+
+Parastigma: = pterostigma; q.v.
+
+Parastigmatic glands: small, circular glands, which secrete a waxy
+powder, sometimes present around the spiracles of Coccidae.
+
+Paratype: is every specimen of the series from which the type was
+selected see type and cotype.
+
+Parse: sparse or sparsely.
+
+Parcidentate: with few teeth.
+
+Parenchymatous: composed of soft cellular and connective tissue.
+
+Parietes: walls: the perpendicular sides of elevated bodies.
+
+Paronychium-ia: one or more bristle-like appendages of onychia; q.v.
+
+Parthenogenetic: see asexual.
+
+Parthenogenesis: reproduction by direct growth of germs from
+egg-cells without fertilization by the male element: as in
+plant lice, gall wasps, etc.
+
+Particolored: partly of one, partly of another color: divided into two or
+more color fields.
+
+Partite -us: divided; e.g. the eyes of Gyrinidae.
+
+Parum: not much.
+
+Patagium -ia: in Lepidoptera, those sclerites that cover the base of
+primaries: often used as synonymous with tegula and squamula, q.v.:
+assigned by some writers to the pro-, by others to the meso-thorax:
+homologized with the paraptera of meso-thorax.
+
+Patella -ae: the modified joints of anterior tarsi in Dytiscidae;
+plate-like, horny or spongy structures on the undersides of the tarsal joints:
+the first coxal joint.
+
+Patellar: pertaining to the knee-joint or cap.
+
+Patellariae: in Dytiscids, the unequal, cup-like impressions on the
+underside of the patella.
+
+Patens, Patentes: open; diverging; spreading apart.
+
+Patric: home or country of origin.
+
+Patulous-ose: open, spreading.
+
+Paunch: a crop-like accessory pouch in some Mallophaga: any
+pouch-like appendage of the alimentary canal.
+
+Paurometabolous: metamorphosis in which the changes of form are
+gradual and inconspicuous: e.g. Orthoptera and most Rhynchota.
+
+Pavillions: the sheds or cells sometimes built by ants as a shelter for
+groups of plant lice.
+
+Paxilla: a small stake or peg: a bundle of spicular processes.
+
+Pearlaceous: having the appearance of pearl.
+
+Pecten: a comb: in Hymenoptera, rigid, incurred setae on the basal
+parts of maxilla and labium: the rows of spines on the feet of
+pollen-gathering bees: any series of bristles arranged like a comb: in
+mosquito larvae the comb-like teeth on the breathing tube.
+
+Pectinate: comb-shaped: with even branches like the teeth of a comb.
+
+Pectinato-fimbriate: having pectinations that are fringed with hair.
+
+Pectoralis: relating to the breast.
+
+Pectoral plate: in Coleoptera, the sternum.
+
+Pectunculate: with a row of minute appendages like the teeth of a
+comb: e.g. some maxillary structures.
+
+Pectus: the ventral portion of thorax: variably applied in Coleoptera,
+for the entire meso- and meta-thorax: also the pro- and meso-sternum:
+in Diptera, is the inferior surface of the thorax between the legs.
+
+Pedal line: in caterpillars: extends along the base of the feet.
+
+Pedal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal rings of caterpillars: on
+the anterior side of leg-base and, correspondingly, on apodal
+segments: is VII of the abdomen where it consists of three setae: VI of
+the thorax where the setae are not numbered: constant (Dyar).
+
+Pedamina: the aborted fore-legs of Nymphalid butterflies.
+
+Pedate: foot-bearing, or having feet.
+
+Peddler: applied to the larvae of such Cassid beetles as carry their
+excrement and cast skins on an anal fork.
+
+Pedes: the feet, or really, legs.
+
+Pedicellus or Pedicle: the third joint in a geniculate antenna: forming
+the pivot between scape and funicle: in general, a stalk or stem.
+
+Pediculosis: a state of lousiness, or the abnormal condition caused by
+the multiplication of lice on the body: sec phthiriasis.
+
+Pediculous: lousy: infested with lice.
+
+Pedigerous: feet bearing.
+
+Peduncle: a stalk or petiole: the basal joint of the antenna in
+Homoptera: the smaller of the two stalks supporting the
+mushroom body; q.v.
+
+Pedunculated: set on a stalk or peduncle: attached by a slender stalk
+or neck.
+
+Pelagic: inhabiting the sea, far from land.
+
+Pellicles: the exuviae or cast larval skins of many insects: in Coccidae
+more especially applied to the hardened larval skin attached to the
+puparia of Diaspinae.
+
+Pellit: covered with long, drooping hairs, irregularly placed.
+
+Pellucid: colored, but transparent: sometimes applied
+when there is no color.
+
+Pelotons: the balls of fine tracheae in larvae, developed to
+supply the adult organism.
+
+Pelottae: =arolia: q.v.
+
+Peltate: shield- or target-shaped.
+
+Penal claspers: in Proctytripidae. lateral fringed processes of the male
+genitalia.
+
+Penal sheath: the horny outer covering of the penis.
+
+Pencil: a little, elongated brush of hair: in Diptera, applied to a group
+of sensory hairs on the flagellum of the antenna.
+
+Pendent: hanging down.
+
+Pendulous: drooping: hanging free, attached to one end only.
+
+Penes: open, slit-like structures of the seminal vesicles to the outer
+surface in Euplectoptera.
+
+Penicillate: with a long, flexible brush or pencil of hair: often at the
+end of a thin stalk.
+
+Penicilli: a pair of small style or cerci-like pieces on the tip of the 8th
+dorsal segment of abdomen of various male Hymenoptera.
+
+Penicilliform: pencil-like or shaped.
+
+Penicillum: a pencil or brush of long hair attached at the end of a
+stalk as long as the brush, and folded in a lateral groove in some
+male moths.
+
+Penis: the flexible, membranous, intromittent organ of the male.
+
+Pennaceous: = pennate.
+
+Fermate: feathered or bearing feather-like processes.
+
+Penniform: feather-like in form.
+
+Pentagon -um: a five-sided figure with five equal or unequal angles.
+
+Pentamera: Coleoptera with 5-jointed tarsi.
+
+Pentamerous: species having five-jointed tarsi.
+
+Penultimate: next to the last.
+
+Peptone: a soluble proteid compound produced by the digestion of
+albummenoid food substances.
+
+Per-: as a prefix, means very: extremely: through.
+
+Percipient: with the power of perceiving.
+
+Percurrent: running through the entire length.
+
+Pereion: the prothorax.
+
+Pereipoda: the second and third pair of thoracic legs of larvae, and the
+2d pair in adults.
+
+Perfoliate: divided into leaf-like plates: applied to antennae with
+disc-like expansions connected by a stalk passing nearly through
+their centres: also to any part possessing a well-developed
+leaf-like or plate-like expansion.
+
+Pergamenous: thin, partly transparent: resembling parchment.
+
+Peri-: round about.
+
+Periopticon: a complex nerve structure back of the basilar membrane
+of the eye.
+
+Pericardial: around, or belonging to the heart.
+
+Pericardial cavity: the space between the diaphragm and dorsal body
+wall, which contains the heart.
+
+Pericardial cells: specialized cells, which lie along both sides of the
+heart, and whose function it is to purify the blood.
+
+Pericardial chamber: is the open space around the heart or dorsal
+vessel.
+
+Pericardial diaphragm: a delicate membranous tissue attached
+to the ventral surface of the heart and laterally to the body wall
+:= dorsal diaphragm wings of the heart.
+
+Peri-intestinal: that part of the body cavity around the alimentary
+canal.
+
+Peri-neural: situated around a nerve: the body cavity
+immediately surrounding the nervous system.
+
+Periodical: recurring at regular intervals.
+
+Periopticon: third ganglionic swelling of optic tract: see opticon.
+
+Peripheral: referring to the outer margin.
+
+Peripheria: the entire outline of the body.
+
+Periphery: the circumference or outer margin.
+
+Peripneustic: larvae which have the spiracles absent on middle and
+posterior thoracic rings, and present on all other body segments.
+
+Peripodal cavities: pouches in the embryo in which the rudiments of
+the future legs and wings are developed.
+
+Peripodal membrane: the cell layer surrounding the peripodal cavities.
+Peristaltic: that periodic motion of the alimentary canal by means of
+which the food is forced toward the anal extremity.
+
+Peristethium: the meso-sternum.
+
+Peristoma -ium: the border of the mouth or oral margin in Diptera;
+sometimes used as := epistoma: q.v.
+
+Peristome: a membranous tissue surrounding the mouth parts at
+base, and forming the true ventral wall of the head.
+
+Peritoneal: applied to the membrane surrounding the viscera, trachea,
+and other internal structures.
+
+Peritracheal: surrounding the trachea.
+
+Peritreme: the corneous selerite surrounding a spiracle.
+
+Peritrophic membrane: a funnel-like extension of the fore-gut,
+extending back tube-like, through the chylific ventricle in some
+insects.
+
+Perivisceral: the cavity containing the alimentary canal and its
+appendages.
+
+Perlate: beaded: bearing relieved, rounded points in series.
+
+Perpendicular: upright: at right angles to horizontal.
+
+Persicinus: the red of peach blossoms.
+
+Persistent: remaining constantly; always present.
+
+Personate: gaping wide open; masked; disguised.
+
+Pes, Pedes: a foot feet.
+
+Petiolar area or Petiolarea: on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera,
+the apical or hindmost of the three median cells 3d median area;
+apical area.
+
+Petiolate: that series of Hymenoptera in which there is a slender
+stalk between the thorax and abdomen: = apocrita.
+
+Petiolate: supported or placed on a stem or stalk; usually applied in
+describing venation and the method of attachment of abdomen to
+thorax.
+
+Petiole: a stem or stalk: specifically the slender segment between the
+thorax and abdomen in many Hymenoptera, and some Diptera.
+
+Phaeism: applied to a duskiness of butterflies occurring in a limited
+region.
+
+Phagocyte: a corpuscle or cell that devours or absorbs noxious
+organisms and also absorbs the organs of the larval stage in the
+developments to the adult condition.
+
+Phagocytosis: the destruction or devouring of bacteria or other
+microorganisms by phagocytes.
+
+Phalaenae: a Linnean term embracing most of the heterocerous
+Lepidoptera: more specifically applied to the Geometridae.
+
+Phalanx -ges: a joint or joints of the tarsus: a division of classification
+of uncertain value: similar to tribe.
+
+Phalerated: beaded.
+
+Phallus: =penis: q.v.
+
+Pharyngeal pump: = sucking pump; q.v.
+
+Pharynx: the back part of the mouth and upper part of the throat: a
+slight enlargement at the beginning of the oesophagus: in Diptera is
+sometimes restricted to the space between the hypopharynx and sub-clypeal
+pump, and is then = sub-clypeal tube.
+
+Phauloptera: an ordinal term for the scale insects (Laporte 1835).
+
+Phleboptera: = Hymenoptera; q.v.
+
+Phonetic: sound producing; applied to stridulating structures.
+
+Phosphorescent: shining or glowing in the dark, like phosphorus.
+
+Photogenic: a light producing structure; producing a
+Phosphorescent glow.
+
+Phragma: a partition or dividing membrane: longitudinal, thin
+partitions passing down from the dorsum of meso- and meta-thorax:
+the partition formed by the inflexed hinder edge of prothorax.
+
+Phragmocyttares: social wasps in which the combs of the nest are
+wholly or partly supported by the covering envelope: see stelocyttares:
+poecilocyttares.
+
+Phthiriasis: a diseased condition of the skin caused by sucking lice.
+
+Phyllophagous: feeding upon leaf tissue.
+
+Phylogenetic: relating to tribal or stem development.
+
+Phylogeny: the development of a genus, family, tribe or class: see
+ontogeny.
+
+Phyloptera: the super-ordinal term proposed to include all
+the net-veined orders, the Orthoptera and Dermatoptera.
+
+Phylum: a stem or tribe: used in classification to indicate a series of
+related organisms.
+
+Physopoda: bladder-footed: = Thysanoptera; q.v.
+
+Phytophaga: plant-eaters: beetles in which the 4th and 5th tarsal
+joints are anchylosed and the 3d is lobed.
+
+Phytophagus: feeding upon plants.
+
+Phytophilous: plant loving: species that live on plants.
+
+Phytophthira: plant lice: some authors include also scale insects.
+
+Phytoscopic: characters of light or conditions of illumination that
+affect colors of caterpillars. {Scanner's comment: This is a
+puzzling term.  I suspect it is a misspelling of "Photoscopic"}
+
+Piceous -eus: pitchy black.
+
+Picine: black, with a bluish oily lustre.
+
+Pick: a chitinous maxillary structure in Psocidae.
+
+Pieza: the combined biting and sucking mouth of the Hymenoptera.
+
+Piezata: the Fabrician term for Hymenoptera.
+
+Pigment: any coloring matter or material that gives a color
+appearance. {Scanner's comment: sic}
+
+Pile: a hairy or fur-like covering: in Diptera, applied to thick, fine,
+short, erect hair, giving a surface appearance like velvet.
+
+Pilifer or Piliger: a small sclerite at each side of the clypeus in
+Lepidoptera, resembling a rudimentary mandible.
+
+Piliferous: with a covering of fine hair or pile.
+
+Pillared eye: in Ephemerids, that type which is placed on a cylindrical
+stalk or process: = turbinate eye.
+
+Pilous or Pilose: clothed with down, or dense pile: with long, sparse
+hair.
+
+Pilosity: a covering of fine, long hair.
+
+Pincers: the anal forceps.
+
+Pinna: a narrow wing; a feather.
+
+Pinnae: of posterior femur in jumping Orthoptera, are the oblique
+ridges running to the median line and somewhat resembling a feather.
+
+Pinnate: feather-like; cleft, like the wings of Alucita: with markings
+resembling a feather: with stiff hairs or thorny processes occupying
+opposite sides of a thin shank.
+
+Pinnatifid: divided into feathers, as when wings are cleft nearly to the
+base.
+
+Pistazinus: yellowish green, with a slight brownish tinge [pale
+green with a little burnt sienna].
+
+Plaga: a spot, stripe or streak of color; a longitudinal spot of irregular
+form.
+
+Plaited: longitudinally folded or laid in pleats.
+
+Planate: with a flattened surface.
+
+Plane: level, flat; applied to a surface.
+
+Planipennia: applied to Neuroptera in which the wings are large and
+laid flat on the body wnen at rest; Sialidae, Myrmeleonidae, etc.
+
+Planta -ae: the basal joint of the posterior tarsus in pollen gathering
+Hymenoptera: the soles of the posterior tarsal joints: the anal clasping
+legs of caterpillars.
+
+Plantigrade: species that walk on the entire foot, not on the claws
+alone.
+
+Plantula: a lobe of the divided tarsal pulvillus; one of the soles
+or climbing cushions of the foot: see arolium; pulviglus.
+
+Plaques: the small leathery hemelytra in some Naucorids.
+
+Plasma: the liquid portion of animal fluids and cells.
+
+Plasticity: the capacity for being formed, moulded or developed.
+
+Plate: any broad flattened piece or sclerite: = squame, in Coccidae.
+
+Platelet: a little plate or sclerite of chitin in a membrane.
+
+Plates: in Coccidae, the squames; q.v.: in male Homoptera, a pair of
+pieces following the last full ventral segment; usually preceded by a
+short piece, - the valve.
+
+Platyptera: flat and broad-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects
+with four net-veined wings, secondaries longitudinally folded beneath
+primaries; mouth mandibulate; prothorax free; transformations
+complete: Psocidae, Termitidae, Perlidae and Mallophaga.
+{Scanner's comment: These four groups are now placed in totally
+separate orders, and not families as these names imply}
+
+Plecoptera or Plectoptera: plaited winged: an ordinal term applied to
+net-veined insects in which the secondaries are longitudinally folded
+beneath primaries; mouth mandibulate; body loosely jointed;
+prothorax free; metamorphosis incomplete: the term Plecoptera was
+used by Brauer for Perlidae; Plectoptera by Packard for the
+Ephemerida: there has been some confusion since, and both have
+been used in the Brauer sense.
+
+Pleon: = abdomen; q.v.
+
+Pleopoda: abdominal legs of larva: posterior legs of an adult.
+
+Plesiobiosis: see symbiosis.
+
+Plesiotype: any specimen identified with a described or named species
+by a person other than the describer.
+
+Pleura: plural of pleuron or pleurum: the lateral sclerites between the
+dorsal and sternal portion of the thorax: in general, the sides of the
+body between the dorsum and sternum.
+
+Pleural areas: on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera, the three
+spaces between the lateral and pleural carinae; the 1st or anterior =
+spiracular area; the 2d or central = middle pleural; the 3d or
+posterior = angular area.
+
+Pleural carinae: in Hymenoptera, extend along the exterior margin of
+the metanotum.
+
+Pleural pieces: the lateral sclerites of the thorax; see pleura.
+
+Pleurites: the sclerites into which the pleurum is divided.
+
+Pleuron: the side of the thorax.
+
+Pleuropodia: embryonic or temporary bands formed by the modified
+first pair of abdominal legs in many insects.
+
+Pleurostict: lamellicorn beetles in which the abdominal spiracles are
+situated on the dorsal portion of the ventral sclerites.
+
+Pleurum: = pleuron; plural, pleura; q.v.
+
+Plexus: a knot: applied to a knot-like mass of nerves, or tracheae.
+
+Plica: a fold or wrinkle: a longitudinal plait of a wing.
+
+Plicate: plaited; folded like a fan.
+
+Plications: folding,; applied to the folds on the hind wings of
+Orthoptera.
+
+Plicipenna: = Trichoptera; proposed by Latreille.
+
+Plumate: like a feather.
+
+Plumbeus: leaden or bluish gray [neutral].
+
+Plumose: feathered; like a plume: antennae that have long ciliated
+processes on each side of each joint: see cirrate.
+
+Plump: with full, rounded outlines; not obese.
+
+Plumules: specialized scales of the androconia of male Lepidoptera.
+
+Pluri: as a prefix, means many.
+
+Pluri-dentate: with many teeth.
+
+Pluri-setose: bearing several seta; as the head in some Carabids.
+
+Pluri-valve: with several valves or valve-like appendages.
+
+Pneumogastric: the ganglion supplying nerves for the tracheal and
+digestive system: also used as = vagus: q.v.
+
+Pneustocera: breathing horns: the prolongations of the metathoracic
+spiracles in Berytidae, etc.
+
+Pnystega: in Odonata, applied by Charpentier to a portion of
+mesonotum.
+
+Pobrachial: a longitudinal vein of the Ephemerid wing just
+behind praebrachial; usually simple: number 7 of some systems.
+
+Podeon: in Hymenoptera, the petiole: the true second abdominal
+segment.
+
+Podex: the upper plate of the anal opening; = supra-anal or
+sur-anal plate in caterpillars.
+
+Podical plates: the latero-ventral plates attached to the loth abdominal
+segment of Orthoptera; the two pieces on each side of the vent,
+thought by Huxley to be rudiments of an 11th abdominal ring; united
+they form the tergite of a rudimentary ring: = anal valves: paranal
+lobes.
+
+Pododunera: apterous insects with biting mouth structures.
+
+Podotheca: that part of pupa that covers the legs of future adult.
+
+Poecilocyttares: social wasps that build their combs around the
+branch or other support covered by the envelope: see stelocyttares
+and phragmocyttares.
+
+Poisers: = halteres and balancers; q.v.
+
+Poison glands: sometimes applied to the salivary glands of bugs and
+biting flies; more usually to an abdominal gland connected with the
+sting of female Hymenoptera.
+
+Policate: a tibia produced inwardly into a short, bent spine or thumb.
+
+Politus: smooth, shiny, polished.
+
+Pollen: a dusty or pruinose surface covering which is easily rubbed off;
+ used mostly in Diptera.
+
+Pollen-plate: a polished area margined by hair, on the outer face of the
+tibia in bees.
+
+Pollex: a thumb: the stout fixed spur at inside of tip of tibia.
+
+Pollicatus: = policate; q.v.
+
+Polliniferous: formed for collecting pollen: pollen bearing.
+
+Pollinigerous: = polliniferous: q.v.
+
+Pollinose: covered with a yellow, pollen-like dust.
+
+Poly-: many, much.
+
+Polyandry: where a female mates with more than one male.
+
+Polychromatic: many colored.
+
+Polydomous: applied to ants when one colony has several nests.
+
+Polyembryony: the production of several embryos from a single egg, as
+in some Chalcids.
+
+Polygamy: where a male mates with more than one female.
+
+Polygonal: with many angles.
+
+Polygoneutism: the power to preduce several broods in one season.
+
+Polymorpha: the claviform and serricorn Coleoptera, as a whole.
+
+Polymorphic-ous: occurring in several forms; differing in sex,
+In season, in locality or without apparent reason: undergoing
+Several changes, and in this sense applied to insects with
+a complete metamorphosis.
+
+Polynephria: applied to insects with many urinary (Malpighian) tubes.
+
+Polyphagous: eating many kinds of food.
+
+Polyphyletic: derived or descended from several stems or sources.
+
+Polypodous: having many feet, and thus, specifically applied to the
+Myriapoda, and to the larvae of Lepidoptera and saw-flies, in
+contradistinction to footless and hexapodous larvae.
+
+Ponderable: that which may be weighed.
+
+Pone: behind (the middle).
+
+Ponticulus: = frenulum; q.v.
+
+Porcate: marked with raised longitudinal lines.
+
+Pore: any small, round opening on the surface.
+
+Poriferous: closely set with deep pittings or punctures.
+
+Porose -us: with little round openings on the surface.
+
+Porrect: stretched out forward: straightly prominent.
+
+Post-: behind or after.
+
+Post-alar callosities: rounded processes at the posterior
+lateral margin of the dorsum, in Diptera.
+
+Post-alar callus: in Diptera, a rounded swelling between the root of the
+wing and the scutellum.
+
+Post-alar membrane: the strip of membrane connecting the squamae
+with the scutellum.
+
+Postal vein: in Hymenoptera, = costa (Comst.).
+
+Post-annellus: in Hymenoptera, the 4th joint of antenna and 2d of
+flagellum.
+
+Post antennal organs: in Collembola, oblong or ellipsoidal organs
+situated just caudad of the bases of the antenna.
+
+Post-brachial: = pobrachial; q.v.
+
+Post-cerebral: applied to that pair of salivary glands in bees, situated
+close to the posterior wall of the head.
+
+Post-clypeus: in Odonata, the upper of the two parts into which the
+clypeus is divided: in Psocidae, a peculiar inflated structure behind
+the clypeus: in general, the posterior or upper part of clypeus when
+any line of demarcation exists: = supra-clypeus; nasus: afternose;
+paraclypeus: first clypeus; clypeus posterior.
+
+Post-costa: = sub-costa (Comst.): in Odonata, = 1st anal vein (Comst.):
+ in Trichoptera = anal.
+
+Post-costal space: Odonata; the cell or cells lying posterior to the
+post-costa = anal cell (Comst.).
+
+Post-cubitals: = post-nodal spaces; q.v.
+
+Post-dorsulum: the middle piece of the meta-notum, between the
+mesophragma and post-scutellum.
+
+Post-embryonic -otic: the stage after the insect has come out of the
+egg.
+
+Post-epistoma: that part of the head behind the clypeus in
+Hymenoptera: see also post-clypeus.
+
+Posterior: hinder or hindmost: opposed to anterior: in Diptera; applied
+to that face of the legs which is not visible when viewed from the front,
+the legs being laterally extended.
+
+Posterior angle: of thorax, in Coleoptera, is the lateral angle near base
+of elytra: of the wings = hind angle; anal angle; q.v.
+
+Posterior cells: in Diptera (Will.): 1st radial 5 (Comst.): 2d = medial 1
+(Comst.): 3d = 2d medial 2 (Comst.) 4th = medial 3 (Comst.): 5th
+cubitus 1 (Comst.).
+
+Posterior cephalic foramen: in Odonata, the opening of head
+posteriorly through which the cavities of head and thorax
+communicate.
+
+Posterior field: of tegmina, = anal field; q.v.
+
+Posterior intercalary: in Diptera, is one of the anal veins (Comst.).
+
+Posterior lateral margins: in Orthoptera, extend from base of
+pronotum downward to the posterior angle of sides.
+
+Posterior lobe: of the pronotum in Orthoptera, see lobe: in Diptera,
+that part of wing between axillary incision and base: = alar
+appendage (Loew). Posterior margin: = inner margin; q.v.
+
+Posterior pereion: the meta-notum.
+
+Posterior pleon: the terminal segments of the abdomen.
+
+Posterior pleopoda: the anal clasping legs of caterpillars: see planta.
+
+Posterior stigmatal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segments of
+caterpillars; varies in position from substigmatal to stigmatal posterior;
+sometimes united to V: it is IV of the abdomen, II of the thorax
+(Dyar).
+
+Posterior trapezoidal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal
+segments of caterpillars; subdorsal, posterior, always present,
+rarely united with I: it is II of the abdomen,
+lb of the thorax (Dyar).
+
+Posterior veins: those separating the posterior cells.
+
+Posterior wings: = secondaries: q.v.
+
+Postero-dorsal: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of the
+dorsal and posterior face.
+
+Postero-ventral: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of the
+ventral and posterior face.
+
+Postfurca: an internal process of metasternum to which the muscles
+of hind legs are attached.
+
+Post-gena:  the sclerite below occiput and behind gena in some
+Orthoptera.
+
+Post-gula: is situated at the extreme base of the underside of the head
+in Dermaptera.
+
+Post-humeral bristles: in Diptera, are usually two, inserted above the
+dorso-pleural suture between the humeral callus and root of wing, on
+the bottom of the presutural depression.
+
+Postical vein: in Diptera, = 5th longitudinal (Meig.);
+= media 3 (Comst.).
+
+Posticus: hinder.
+
+Post-media: Ephemerida; an apparently distinct vein between media
+and Cubitus (Comst.).
+
+Post-medial line: in Lepidoptera, = t.p. line: q.v.
+
+Post-median: Diptera; those leg bristles situated above or behind the
+middle. Post-nodal cross-veins: in Odonata, the transverse veins
+between costa and radius 1, and radius 1 and media 1, from nodus to stigma,
+separating the post-nodal cells or spaces: = post-cubital cross-veins.
+
+Post-nodal costal spaces: in Odonata, the cells below costal margin
+from nodus to stigma.
+
+Post-nodal radial spaces: in Odonata, the cells between radius 1 and
+media 1, from nodus to outer margin.
+
+Post-nodal sector: in Odonata, a longitudinal vein lying between
+media 1 and media 2 (Comst.): = ultra-nodal sector.
+
+Post-oral: behind the mouth; those segments bearing mouth
+structures.
+
+Post-pectus: the under surface of the meta-thorax.
+
+Post-petiole: in Hymenoptera, that part of abdomen behind petiole.
+
+Post-retinal: the fibres arising from the facets of the compound eye
+and extending into the ganglionic plate.
+
+Post-scutellum: the fourth and posterior sclerite of the dorsum of the
+thoracic rings.
+
+Post-sutural: in Trichoptera, the little plate behind the scutellum of
+mesothorax: = post-scutellum.
+
+Poststigmatal: that portion of the marginal cell beyond the stigma in
+bees: = 2d radial 1 (Comst.).
+
+Post-stigmatal primary tubercle: on thoracic segment of caterpillars;
+sub-primary, stigmatal, posterior; it is III of the thorax and not
+present on abdomen (Dyar).
+
+Post-subterminal: following the s. t. line in Lepidoptera.
+
+Post-sutural bristles: in Diptera, dorsal bristles behind transverse
+suture.
+
+Post-terga: applied to the posterior scutes of the segments of
+Coleopterous larvae.
+
+Post-triangular cells: = discoidal areolets; q.v.
+
+Post-vertical cephalic bristles: in Diptera, are in the middle of upper
+part or Occiput.
+
+Pouch: in Trichoptera, a depressed, usually longitudinal area in a
+wing.
+
+Prae- or Pre-: anterior to; before.
+
+Praebrachial: a longitudinal vein in middle of an Ephemerid wing;
+usually forked: no. 6 of some systems.
+
+Praecostal spur: a false vein in costal angle at base of secondaries.
+
+Prae-dorsum: = prophragma: q.v.
+
+Prae-labrum: in Diptera = clypeus: q.v.
+
+Praeocular: before the eyes.
+
+Praeputium: the external membranous covering of penis:
+specifically a spherical muscular mass at base of penis
+in some Orthoptera.
+
+Prae-scutellum: a sclerite, rarely present, between the
+meso-scutum and meso-scutellum.
+
+Prae-scutum: the first of the four divisions of the notum of the
+thoracic rings.
+
+Prae-subterminal: preceding the s.t. line in Lepidoptera.
+
+Prae-terga: the anterior thoracic scutes in coleopterous larvae.
+
+Prae-tornal: preceding the tornus (q.v.) in Lepidoptera.
+
+Prasinus: grass-green [apple green].
+
+Pratinicolous: frequenting or living in grassy meadows or bogs.
+
+Pre-alar callus: a small swelling or projection before the root of wings,
+just back of outer ends of transverse suture, in Diptera.
+
+Pre-anal: above or before the anal opening.
+
+Pre-anal plate or lamina: = supra-anal plate; q.v.
+
+Pre-antennal: anterior to or before the antenna.
+
+Pre-apical: before the apex.
+
+Pre-balancer: = pre-halter: q.v.
+
+Pre-basilar: before the base.
+
+Precocious stages: generally applied to all stages of development from
+the fertilized egg to the pupa.
+
+Precurrent: continuous: entire: complete: said of a vein.
+
+Predaceous: applied to insects that live by preying upon other
+organisms.
+
+Predatory: = predaceous: q.v.
+
+Pre-eruciform: before the caterpillar stage: specifically applied to the
+early larvae of some Proctytrypidae.
+
+Preformation: the doctrine of growth or development from already
+existing rudiments; opposed to epigenesis: q.v.
+
+Pre-furca: "the stem vein in front of a fork, that reaches back to where
+itself forks from another vein"; Diptera.
+
+Pregenicular: in Orthoptera, that portion of femur proximad the knee.
+
+Pregenicular annulus: a more or less conspicuous color ring on the
+caudal femora proximad the knee in Orthoptera.
+
+Pre-halter: a membranous scale in front of the true haltere of a fly.
+
+Prehension: structures fitted for grasping or holding.
+
+Pre-mandibular: situated in front of the mandible: applied to a
+temporary segment of the embryo: = intercalary segment.
+
+Pre-media: Ephemeridae; an apparently distinct vein between radius
+and media (Comst.).
+
+Premorse: as if bitten off: with a blunt or jagged termination.
+
+Prensor: the genital lateral clasping organ of male Lepidoptera: see
+clasper.
+
+Pre-ocular: see prae-ocular.
+
+Pre-oral: in front of the mouth: the embryonic head segments before
+those bearing the mouth parts.
+
+Prepuce: =praeputium; q.v.
+
+Pre-pupal: that stage in the larva just preceding the change to pupa.
+
+Pre-scutellar bristles: in Diptera, are in a transverse row in front of
+the scutellum.
+
+Pre-scutellar callus: = post-alar callus: q.v.
+
+Pre-scutellar rows: in Diptera, short rows of small bristles in front of
+the scutellum.
+
+Press: =filator; q.v.
+
+Pressure plate: a structure at base of pulvillus, which exerts a
+pressure on the sole of the pad.
+
+Pre-sutural bristles: in Diptera, in a trigonate depression at outer
+ends of transverse suture, near dorso-pleural suture.
+
+Pre-sutural inter-alar bristle: the single bristle of the interalar series,
+situated before the transverse suture.
+
+Primaries: the anterior or fore-wings.
+
+Primitive: simple in character; of an early or ancient type.
+
+Principal sector: in Odonata, extends from its point of separation
+From the median sector to the outer margin, at or just below
+the apex:= media 1 (Comst.).
+
+Principal sulcus: in Orthoptera, a transverse impression of the
+prothorax, at or behind the middle.
+
+Priodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids that have the
+smallest mandibles: see teleodont, mesodont, amphiodont.
+
+Prismatic: formed like a prism: a play of colors similar to that
+produced through a prism.
+
+Pro-: anterior: used as a prefix to designate the parts of the first
+thoracic segment.
+
+Proboscidea: an ordinal term for the Coccidae.
+
+Proboscis: generally applied to any extended mouth structure; usually
+applied to the extensile mouth of the Diptera; frequently to the beak of
+Hemiptera; sometimes to the tongue of Lepidoptera; and rarely, to the
+mouth of long-tongued bees.
+
+Procephalic: relating or belonging to the procephalon.
+
+Procephalic lobes: in the embryo, form part of the anterior,
+overhanging portion of the head.
+
+Procephalon: that segment of the head in the embryo which is formed
+by the coalescence of the first three primitive segments.
+
+Procerebral: that segment of the brain containing the median
+protocerebrum and optic ganglia; also called optic segment.
+
+Procerebral lobes: the central portion of the cerebrum, made up of the
+fused median lobes, giving rise to the mushroom bodies; q.v.
+
+Procerebrum: the anterior part of the brain, formed by the ganglion of
+the first primary segment; also termed ocular lobe, froth part it
+innervates. Process: a prolongation of the surface, margin, or an
+appendage: any prominent portion of the body not otherwise
+definable.
+
+Process of labrum: in bees = appendicle: q.v.
+
+Procidentia: the narrow projecting tip of 7th dorsal segment in
+Nematinae.
+
+Proclinate: directed forward; applied to hair or bristles.
+
+Proctodaeum: the invagination of epiblast that produces the anus and
+intestine as far forward as and including malpighian tubes.
+
+Proculiform or Poculiform: hollow, cylindrical, with a hemispherical
+base, the sides at top straight goblet-shaped.
+
+Procumbent: trailing; prostrate; lying flat.
+
+Produced: drawn out; prolonged; extended from.
+
+Proeminent: said of the head when it is horizontal and does not form
+an angle with the thorax.
+
+Profile: the outline as seen from the side.
+
+Profound, Profundus: deep.
+
+Prognathus: having the jaws directed forward.
+
+Progoneate: with the genital opening on an anterior body segment.
+
+Progonia: the anterior angle of the secondaries.
+
+Proleg: any process or appendage that serves the purpose of a leg:
+specifically the fleshy unjointed abdominal legs of caterpillars and
+certain saw-fly larvae: = abdominal feet: false legs.
+
+Proloma: the anterior margin of the secondaries.
+
+Prolonged: extended or lengthened beyond ordinary limits.
+
+Promeros: the first abdominal segment in Lepidoptera.
+
+Prominent: raised or produced beyond the level or margin: standing
+out in relief by color or otherwise: conspicuous.
+
+Promuscidate: with proboscis or extended mouth structure.
+
+Promuscis: an extended mouth structure: has been applied to the long
+tongue of bees and to the rostrate structure in Hemiptera.
+
+Pronotal carina: in Orthoptera, the main or median carina on
+pronotum.
+
+Pronotum: the upper or dorsal surface of the prothorax.
+
+Pronucleus: the nucleus of male and female elements, spermatozoa
+and ova, the union of which forms the nucleus of a fertilized ovum.
+
+Pronymph: is that stage in certain inctabolous insects in which the
+larval tissues are completely broken down, and the imaginal tissues
+are just beginning to build up.
+
+Proparaptera: the paraptera of the prothorax: the terms erroneously
+applied in this connection.
+
+Propedes: = prolegs: q.v.
+
+Prophragma: the anterior dividing wall of meso-thorax, which is horny
+and, at its upper edge, bears the connecting membrane between
+pro- and mesothorax.
+
+Prop-leg: = pro-leg; q.v.
+
+Propleura: the lateral portions of prothorax.
+
+Propleural bristles: in Diptera, are situated immediately above the
+front coxa: = prothoracic bristle; q.v.
+
+Propneustic: larval forms in which only the most anterior spiracles
+occur.
+
+Propodeon: = propodeum.
+
+Propodeum: in Hymenoptera, that part of thorax just above insertion
+of abdomen, and really the first abdominal segment: see median
+segment.
+
+Propolis: a glue or resin-like product elaborated by bees to
+serve as a cement in cases where wax is not sufficiently tenacious.
+
+Propulsatory: that which drives onward or forward.
+
+Propupa: a semi-pupa: q.v.
+
+Propygidium: the dorsal segment or tergite in front of the pygidilini,
+sometimes left exposed in Coleoptera.
+
+Propygium: = Hypopygium: q.v.
+
+Proscutum: the scutum of the pronotum.
+
+Proscutellum: the scutellum of the pronotum.
+
+Prostemmatic: = ante-ocular; q.v.
+
+Prosternal: belonging to the prosternum.
+
+Prosternal grooves: occur laterally in some Coleoptera. e.g. Elateridae,
+to receive the antennae.
+
+Prosternal epimera: the epimera of prothorax.
+
+Prosternal episterna: the episterna of prothorax.
+
+Prosternal lobe: in some Coleoptera, an anterior prolongation of the
+prosternum which more or less conceals the mouth from below.
+
+Prosternal spine: the curved mucro in Elateridae which extends
+backward into a meso-sternal cavity: the cone or tubercle between
+fore-legs in some Orthoptera.
+
+Prosternal suture: that suture of pro-thorax which separates the
+sternum front the pleural pieces.
+
+Prosternellum: the sternellum of the prothorax
+
+Prosternum: the fore-breast: the sclerite between the fore-legs.
+
+Prostheca: a mandibular sclerite set with hair, articulated to the
+basalis - q.v. -and equal to the lacinia of the maxilla.
+
+Protamphibion: a name applied by P. Mayer to the hypothetical
+common ancestor of the Perlina, Ephemerina and Odonata.
+
+Protandry: the appearance of males earlier in the season than females.
+
+Protarsus: the tarsus of the anterior leg.
+
+Proteiform: having many fortes or varieties: protean.
+
+Protergum: in Odonata, the upper surface of prothorax.
+
+Proterotypes: primary types, including all the material upon which the
+original description is based.
+
+Prothoracic bristle: in Diptera, a strong bristle immediately above the
+front coxa: see propleural bristles.
+
+Prothoracic glands: occur in Orthoptera, on the sides of prothorax in
+certain Phasmid genera.
+
+Prothoracic shield: = cervical shield: q.v.
+
+Prothoracotheca: the pupal covering of prothorax.
+
+Pro-thorax: the first thoracic ring or segment: hears the anterior legs
+but no wings: when free, as in Coleoptera. is usually referred to as
+"thorax" merely.
+
+Protocerebral segment: = ocular seginent; q.v.
+
+Protocerebrum: the primitive anterior cerebral vesicle.
+
+Protocosta: the thickened costal margin of Lepidopterous wings.
+
+Protocranium: the posterior part of the epicranium: sometimes used
+as Occiput.
+
+Protogonia: the apical angle of the primaries.
+
+Protograph: all original description by a figure or picture made from
+the original type.
+
+Proto-lepidoptera: proposed for those forms (Eriocephalidae) in which
+lacinia and mandibles are obvious and the spiral tongue is not
+developed: see neolepidoptera and paleolepidoptera.
+
+Protolog: the original description by words.
+
+Protoloma: the anterior margin of primaries.
+
+Protomesal: applied to certain areolets in Hymenoptera, situated
+between costal cells and apical margin.
+
+Prototergite: the foremost dorsal segment of abdomen.
+
+Preto-thorax: = prothorax: q.v.
+
+Prototype: a primitive form to which later forms can be traced.
+
+Protractor: that which extends or lengthens out: applied to muscles.
+
+Protuberance: any elevation above the surface.
+
+Protuberant: rising or produced above the surface or general level.
+
+Proventriculus: the posterior portion of crop: the gizzard.
+
+Proximad: toward the proximal end.
+
+Proximal: that part of an appendage nearest the body: see distal.
+
+Prozona: in Orthoptera, the upper or dorsal surface of prothorax in
+front of the principal sulcus.
+
+Pruinose: hoary: as if covered with a fine frost or dust.
+
+Pruinous -us: deep blue with a reddish tinge, like a plum [French blue
++ purple lake].
+
+Psammophilous: living in sandy places.
+
+Pselaphotheca: that part of the pupa which covers the palpi.
+
+Pseudidolum: = nymph: q.v.
+
+Pseudimago: = sub-imago; q.v.
+
+Pseud- or Pseudo-: as a prefix means false, spurious, or merely
+resembling. Pseudo-cellula: = accessory cell: q.v.
+
+Pseudo-chrysalis: the semi-pupa.
+
+Pseudo-coel: a false hollow; a hollow which does not form a tube.
+
+Pseudo-cone: a soft, gelatinous cone in the compound eye of some
+Insects, replacing the crystalline cone of others.
+
+Pseudo-elytra: the aborted anterior wings of Strepsiptera.
+
+Pseudogyna fundatrix: in Aphids, is the immediate issue of a
+fecundated egg: a stem-mother.
+
+Pseudogyna gemmans: in Aphids. are wingless descendants of the
+stem-mother (fundatrix) or of the winged migrants (migrans) which
+reproduce asexually through a number of generations.
+
+Pseudogyna migrans: in Aphids, the winged descendants of the
+stem-mother (fundatrix) through which the species is spread.
+
+Pseudogyna pupifera: in Aphids, the last generation of p. gemmans,
+which produces the true sexes.
+
+Pseudogyna: a female that reproduces without impregnation.
+
+Pseudo-halteres: the rudimentary primaries of Stylops.
+
+Pseudo-neurium: a false vein formed by a chitinous thickening of a
+wing fold.
+
+Pseudo-neuroptera: those net-winged insects with incomplete
+metamorphosis: includes the present Ephemeroptera, Odonata,
+Plecoptera, Isoptera and Corrodentia: = Archiptera.
+
+Pseudonychium -ia: = paronychia; q.v.
+
+Pseudo-nymph: = semipupa; q.v.
+
+Pseudopodia: = parapodia; q.v.
+
+Pseudoptera: an ordinal name for the scale insects (Amyot 1847)
+
+Pseudo-pupa: the inactive larval stage preceding the formation of the
+true pupa in some insccts; e.g. Meloidae: = semi-pupa; q.v.
+
+Pseudo-pupillae: in Odonata, the black spots seen on the compound
+eyes of the living insects.
+
+Pseudosessile: those petiolate Hymenoptera, in which the abdomen is
+so close to the thorax as to seem sessile.
+
+Pseudo-trachea: the ringed and ridged grooves on the labella of
+Diptera, by means of which they scrape their food.
+
+Pseudova: egg-like germ cells capable of development without
+fertilization e.g. in certain plant lice.
+
+Pseudovary: the organ or mass of germ cells of an agamic insect.
+
+Pseudo-vitellus: a cellular organ in Aphididae, supposed to replace the
+absent Malpighian tubules.
+
+Psocoptera: = Corrodentia; q.v.
+
+Psychogenesis: the origin and development of social and other
+instincts and habits.
+
+Pterodicera: with wings and two antenna.
+
+Pterogostia: the wing veins.
+
+Pterogostia: referring to the wing structure.
+
+Pteropega: wing sockets or cavities into which the wings are inserted.
+
+Pteropleura: in Diptera, are situated below the base of the wings
+behind the meso-pleural suture: = the posterior lateral plate of
+mesothorax of Lowne; the episternum of meso-thorax of Hammond.
+
+Pteropleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted on the pteropleura.
+
+Pterostigma: a thickened, opaque spot on the costal margin of a wing,
+near its middle or at end of the radius: = bathmis, and see stigma.
+
+Pterotheca: that part of the pupa that covers the wings.
+
+Pterothorax: the wing-hearing thoracic segments in Thysanoptera.
+
+Pterygium: a lateral expansion of the snout of some Coleoptera.
+
+Pterygodes: the patagia or tegtila: q.v.
+
+Pterygogenea: insects that are winged in the adult stage or believed to
+be descended from winged ancestors: see apterogogenea.
+
+Pterygostium: a wing vein.
+
+Pterygote: wing bearing.
+
+Ptilinum: in Diptera cyclorrhapha, an inflatable organ capable of being
+thrust out through a frontal suture just above the root of antenna.
+
+Ptilota: winged insects.
+
+Pubes or Pubescence: short, fine, soft, erect hair or down.
+
+Pubescent: downy: clothed with soft, short, fine, closely set hair.
+
+Pubis: the lateral region of the prothorax.
+
+Pulmonarium: the membranous connection of the plates or scutes of
+the abdominal rings: = connexivum.
+
+Pulsatile: having the power of pulsating or moving in a rhythmic
+manner: applied to special organs in the legs, which aid in circulating
+the blood in these appendages.
+
+Pulverulent: powdery or dusty in appearance.
+
+Pulvilliform: having the appearance or structure of a pulvillus.
+
+Pulvillus -i: soft, pad-like structures between tarsal claws: the
+cushions of short, stiff hair or other clothing on the underside of
+tarsal joints; rarely fleshy lobes: see arolium.
+
+Pulvinatus: moderately convex.
+
+Punctate: set with impressed points or punctures.
+
+Punctiformis: shaped like a point or dot.
+
+Punctulatus: with small punctures.
+
+Puncture: an impression like that made by a needle.
+
+Punctured: marked with small, impressed dots.
+
+Puniceus: carmine red [carmine].
+
+Pupa: the intermediate stage between larva and adult; loosely applied
+for all orders, properly only for those with a complete metamorphosis:
+a pupa is obtect, when inclosed in a rigid case on which the members
+may or may not be outlined. It is liber, or free when the appendages
+are separately encased and there is no covering over the whole: see
+chrysalis.
+
+Puparium -ia: in Diptera, the thickened larval skin within which the
+pupa is formed.
+
+Pupate, Pupation: to become a pupa: the act of becoming a pupa.
+
+Pupiferous: applied to that generation of plant lice which produces
+sexed individuals.
+
+Pupigenous: =pupiparous; q.v.
+
+Pupigerous: forming a larval pupariuni: coarctate: said of dipterous
+larva that contract to form an envelope for the inclosed pupa.
+
+Pupil: the central mark of an ocellate spot.
+
+Pupillate: spots or marks that have an eye-like centre.
+
+Pupipara: a series of Diptera, in which the females do not extrude the
+young until they have reached the stage ready to pupate.
+
+Pupiparous: bringing forth young ready to pupate.
+
+Pupivorous: feeding upon pupa: especially applied to those
+Hymenoptera that are parasitic upon insects in the pupal stage.
+
+Purpurascent: becoming purple in shade.
+
+Purpureous -eus: purple [mauve].
+
+Pustular a colored point of moderate circumference.
+
+Pustulated hair: in Mallophaga those arising from unchitinized
+spaces.
+
+Pygidium: the last dorsal segment of abdomen left exposed by the
+elytra: in Forficulidw, the last dorsal segment: in Diaspincr, the
+compound terminal segment.
+
+Pygofer: the last segment of the abdomen in certain Homoptera,
+especially the lateral margins which appear in the ventral view; hence
+sometimes used in the plural - pygofers.
+
+Pygophore: the large upper piece of the genitalia in Homoptera.
+
+Pygotheca: the parts containing the genitalia in Homoptera.
+
+Pyloric: referring to the posterior extremity of the chylific ventricle.
+
+Pyloric valve: the specialized posterior portion of crop where there is
+no distinct gizzard.
+
+Pyloric valvule: a circular projection of the stomach behind which is
+an enlargement of the intestine.
+
+Pylorus: the chylific ventricle.
+
+Pyriform: shaped like a pear.
+
+
+
+
+Q
+
+Quadra -ri -ro: as a prefix, means four.
+
+Quadrate: square or nearly so.
+
+Quadrifarium: having four rows.
+
+Quadrilateral: four-sided: formed or bounded by four lines: in
+Odonata, a space on the wings of Zygoptera bounded by the lower
+sector of arculus, the sub-median vein, a cross-vein between these
+two, and the lower part of arculus.
+
+Queen: the actively reproducing female among worker insects.
+
+Quiescent: not active: applied to the pupae in forms with complete
+metamorphosis.
+
+Quiet: subdued: not conspicuous or contrasting in color or
+maculation.
+
+
+
+
+R
+
+Race: a variety of a species possessing constant characters which yet
+are not specific; usually occurring in a different faunal region from the
+type and may thus be geographical: nearly synonymous with
+subspecies.
+
+Racemose: like a bunch of grapes: applied to ovaries when they form
+bunches or sacs.
+
+Rachis: a ridge or keel dividing the spinning canal at base, in
+caterpillars; the shank of an antennal joint into which the lateral
+spines or other processes are inserted.
+
+Radial: pertaining to the radius or radial vein.
+
+Radial area: in Orthoptera; the space between the mediastinal (
+subcosta) and radial veins: see scapular area.
+
+Radial cells: the wing area between the radius and media; often
+divided: in the plural (Comst.), are those cells anteriorly margined by
+the radius or its branches.
+
+Radial cross vein: (Comst.), is that which divides cell, radius 1.
+
+Radial sector: in general, the lower of the two primary divisions of the
+radius (Comst.): in Odonata, an indirect branch from the media, just
+below and parallel with media 2.
+
+Radial vein: in Homoptera, the first important vein next the costa
+between it and ulnar: in Orthoptera, = radius (Comst.): in Diptera, =
+2d longitudinal vein (Meigen), = radius 2 (Comst.).
+
+Radiate veins: the longitudinal veins spreading fan-like in the anal
+field of secondaries: = anal veins; q.v.
+
+Radiated: marked with lines proceeding from a common centre.
+
+Radicle or Radicula: that joint of the antenna that is articulated to the
+head.
+
+Radio-medial cross vein: connects the radial and medial systems and
+usually closes the radial cell (Comst.).
+
+Radius: (Comst.); the third of the longitudinal veins starting from
+base and dividing into not more than five branches before reaching
+the margin: the branches are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5,
+respectively, beginning at the costal margin and extending outward
+and downward.
+
+Radix: base of wings, and their point of insertion; see pteropega.
+
+Rami -us: branches: a branch.
+
+Ramification: the branching out in every direction.
+
+Ramify: to branch out in every direction.
+
+Rammel-kammer: = copulation chamber; q.v.
+
+Ramose -ous: branched, or having long branches.
+
+Rapacious: predatory; capturing and eating prey.
+
+Raptatory: = raptorial; q.v.
+
+Raptoria: applied to that series of Orthoptera, in which the anterior
+legs are fitted for grasping; Mantidae {Scanner's comment: No longer
+Orthoptera, but Mantodea, a suborder of the Dictyoptera.}
+
+Raptorial: formed for seizing prey.
+
+Rare: seldom seen or found.
+
+Rasorial: formed for scratching; applied to leg structures.
+
+Ravenous: greedy; voracious; hungrily.
+
+Receptaculum seminis: a sac or pouch-like appendage at the junction
+of the oviducts with the vagina; it is filled during copulation and the
+eggs are fertilized from it as they are extruded.
+
+Reclinate: directed backward; e.g. the bristles in Diptera.
+
+Reclinatus: = reflexed; q.v.
+
+Reclivate: curved into a convex, then into a concave line.
+
+Recondite: the sting when concealed in the abdomen.
+
+Rectal cauda: the terminal, tubular process or tail terminating the
+abdomen of some male Hemiptera.
+
+Rectal glands: appendages to or thickenings of the rectum secreting a
+lubricating material.
+
+Rectal tracheal gills: lamelliform structures in the rectum of the
+nymphs of some Odonata, supplied with trachea and tracheoles and
+serving as respiratory organs.
+
+Rectangular: in the form of a right or rectangle.
+
+Rectangulate: forming or meeting in a right angle.
+
+Rectigrade: larvae which, having sixteen feet, walk with a rectilinear
+body.
+
+Rectilinear: in the form of a straight line.
+
+Rectum: a chamber, variable in size and form, just within the anus, in
+which the excretions are formed or molded for expulsion from the
+body:= cloaca.
+
+Rectus: right or straight.
+
+Recumbent: lying down; reclining.
+
+Recurrent: running backward: applied to nerves it = stomatogastric.
+
+Recurrent nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.), is the medial cross vein
+(Comst.), from the point of branching to the junction.
+
+Recurrent vein: in Hemerobiidae, the first branch of the subcosta
+when it recurves toward the base of the wing.
+
+Recurved: bowed backward.
+
+Reductus: a zig-zag marking or corrugation.
+
+Reflected or Reflexed: angularly bent backward.
+
+Refracted: bent back as if broken.
+
+Region: a space or area adjoining a specified point: a part of the body
+composed of a number of segments, as the head, the thorax, or the
+abdomen.
+
+Rejuvenescence: a renewal of youth; bringing back to a condition of
+youth.
+
+Remote: further removed than distant.
+
+Reniform: kidney-shaped: applied to a macula approximating that
+shape, found at the end of median cell in many moths.
+
+Repand: wavy; with alternate segments of circles and intervening
+angles.
+
+Replicate: wings folded back upon the base; like the secondaries in
+Coleoptera.
+
+Replicatile: capable of being folded back.
+
+Repugnatorial: serving to repel: so offensive as to drive away: applied
+to glands that secrete an offensive material.
+
+Reservoir: a case or cavity for the storage of any fluid or secretion.
+
+Resilient: elastic; having the property of springing back.
+
+Respiration: breathing or taking breath: union of oxygen with tissues
+and liberation of carbon dioxide from same.
+
+Restricted: held back: confined to a limited area.
+
+Resupinate: upside down; horizontally reversed.
+
+Rete: the fatty mass of insects: also applied generally to any
+structureless membrane or layer.
+
+Reticulate: like net-work.
+
+Reticulum: a net-work; as of a cell.
+
+Retina: that portion of the eye upon which the image is formed.
+
+Retinaculum: in Lepidoptera, the loop into which the frenulum of the
+male is fitted; = hamus, q.v.: in Hymenoptera, horny, movable scales
+serving to move the sting or to prevent its being darted out too far: in
+Coleoptera, the middle, tooth-like process of the larval mandible.
+
+Retinal pigment: the pigment layer of the compound eye just above the
+basilar or fenestrate membrane.
+
+Retinophora: = retinula; q.v.
+
+Retinula -ae: the retina of a single ocellus: the nerve fibres or cells
+between pigment cells and retina of the compound eye.
+
+Retracted: drawn back; opposed to prominent.
+
+Retractile: capable of being drawn in or retracted.
+
+Retractor: used in drawing in or back; as a muscle.
+
+Retroarcuate: curved backwards.
+
+Retrocession: the going or moving backward.
+
+Retrose: (sinuate), pointing backwards; (serrate) inversely serrated.
+
+Retuse: ending in an obtuse sinus or broad, shallow notch, terminated
+by an obtuse hollow.
+
+Reversed: turned in, an unusual or contrary direction, as upside down
+or inside out: said of wings when they are deflexed, the margin of
+secondaries projecting beyond those of primaries.
+
+Reviviscence: coming back to life; awakening from hibernation.
+
+Revolute: spirally rolled backward.
+
+Rhabdites: the blade-like elements of the sting and ovipositor: a rod
+or bladelike process projecting from the epidermis.
+
+Rhabdom: the rod lying in the axis of the retinula, below the
+crystalline cone of an eye.
+
+Rhabdomere: the rod-like distal portion of a retinular cell.
+
+Rhabdopoda: clasping organs of the 9th abdominal segment of male.
+
+Rhinarium: a nostril piece or portion of the nasus: q.v.: in Odonata,
+the lower portion of clypeus = ante-clypeus; q.v.
+
+Rhipiptera: = Strepsiptera q.v.
+
+Rhomboidal: having the form of a rhomb.
+
+Rhombus: a quadrangular figure having its four sides equal and its
+opposite lines parallel, with two opposite angles acute and two obtuse.
+
+Rhopalocera: that series of Lepidoptera in which the antenna are alike
+in both sexes and form a club at tip.
+
+Rhodoptera: apterous insects with sucking mouth structures.
+
+Rhophoteira: an ordinal term for the fleas (Clairville).
+
+Rhynchophora: that section of Coleoptera, in which the head is
+produced into a snout, at the end of which the mouth structures are
+situated; gular sutures confluent: prosternal sutures wanting: the
+weevils.
+
+Rhynchota: = Rhyngota: q.v.
+
+Rhynchus: of Fabricius, = promuscis: q.v.
+
+Rhyngota: insects in which the mouth parts are prolonged into a beak
+or rostrum which serves as a protection to the piercing lancets:
+Hemiptera in the broad sense.
+
+Rhythmical: occurring at regular intervals in the production of
+opposite conditions.
+
+Rigid: inflexible: holding a direct course.
+
+Rima: a crack or longitudinal opening with sharp edges.
+
+Rimose: full of cracks.
+
+Ring: a circle or annulus, usually margining a discolored spot.
+
+Ringent: gaping.
+
+Riparian: along the river or along shore.
+
+Ripicolous: dwelling on river banks: riparian.
+
+Rorulentum: dusty: =pulverulent: q.v.
+
+Roseate-eous,-ens: rose colored: pale blood red [rose].
+
+Rosette-shaped: in the form of a double rose: clustered round a
+centre.
+
+Rostellum: a small beak; applied to the mouth parts of sucking lice:
+also used in Hemiptera, as = rostrum; q.v.
+
+Rostral: pertaining or attached to a rostrum; specifically of
+Hemiptera.
+
+Rostrate: the head, when it has a long protraction bearing the mouth
+parts.
+
+Rostriform: produced like a beak or snout.
+
+Rostrum: a snout-like prolongation of the head: in Coleoptera,
+applied to the rigid extension in the snout beetles: in Hemiptera, is the
+jointed beak covering the piercing lancets; and this is the better use
+of the term.
+
+Rotate: wheel-shaped.
+
+Rotator: used for turning; applied to muscles.
+
+Rotatory: an articulation that permits a rotating motion, e.g. a ball
+and socket joint.
+
+Rotula: a small round segment sometimes present between the joints
+of antenna; and palpi: = torquillus.
+
+Rotule: the trochantine.
+
+Rotundate: rounded: in the form of a circle or segment of a circle:
+without angles: said of margins when they pass gradually into each
+other and do not form an angle at their point of junction.
+
+Royal jelly: the food supplied to bee larva that develop into queens.
+
+Royal pairs or Royalties: the sexually active males and females of
+social insects.
+
+Ruben: red, approaching carmine [alizar crimson].
+
+Rubescent: reddish or becoming red.
+
+Rubiginose: a rusty red [dragon's blood, but brighter].
+
+Rubinous: ruby red: like the eye of a house fly.
+
+Rudiment -any: the beginning of any structure or part before it has
+developed.
+
+Rufescent: reddish.
+
+Rufous: brick-red [chronic yellow + dragon's blood].
+
+Ruga, Rugulae: a wrinkle; small wrinkles.
+
+Rugose -ous: wrinkled: with irregular waved elevated lines.
+
+Rugulose -ous; minutely wrinkled.
+
+Runcinate: notched: cut into several transverse acute segments
+which point backward.
+
+Ruptor ovi: = egg burster; q.v.
+
+Rutilous: a shining bronze red.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+S
+
+Sabulose: sandy or gritty.
+
+Sac: in Coccidae, the separate cottony envelope secreted by many
+species.
+
+Saccate: gibbous or inflated toward one end.
+
+Saccule: a little sac or pouch.
+
+Saccus: a lobe of ventral plate of 9th segment in female Lepidoptera.
+
+Saddle: the chitinous plate on the anal siphon of Culicid larvae.
+
+Sagitta: arrow-like spots on the wings of Lepidoptera and other
+insects.
+
+Sagittae: the inner pair of forceps in male genitalia of aculeate
+Hymenoptera: see stipites.
+
+Sagittal: equivalent to longitudinal.
+
+Sagittal plane: the longitudinal vertical plane which divides an animal
+into right and left halves.
+
+Sagittate: shaped like an arrow head: elongate triangular.
+
+Salient: projecting; jutting out.
+
+Saliva: the secretion of the salivary glands that moistens and begins
+the digestion of the food.
+
+Salivary glands: glands that open into the mouth or at the beginning
+of the alimentary canal, secreting a digestive, irritant or viscid
+material.
+
+Salivary receptacle: a small cavity above the opening of the salivary
+duct, between labium and hypopharynx.
+
+Salivary pump: applied to the chitinous, cup-like structure at the base
+of the labial stylets of piercing Diptera; e.g. mosquitoes.
+
+Saltatoria: that series of Orthoptera in which the posterior legs are
+formed for jumping.
+
+Saltatorial or Saltatory: formed for jumping or leaping: a posterior
+femur when much enlarged and dilated.
+
+Saltatory appendage: in Collembola = furcula; q.v.
+
+Sanguineous -eus: red like arterial blood [crimson lake].
+
+Sanguinolent: bloody; in color or appearance.
+
+Sapphyrinus: sapphire blue [French blue].
+
+Sarcolemma: the elastic covering of the striated muscular fibres.
+
+Sarothrum: the basal joint of posterior tarsus in pollen gatherers: see
+metatarsus.
+
+Saturate: deeply or strongly marked; in a color, means intense.
+
+Saxicolous: species that frequent rocky or stony areas.
+
+Saws: the ovipositors of the saw flies or Tenthredinidae.
+
+Scaber: uneven, rough.
+
+Scabriculous: regularly and finely wrinkled.
+
+Scabrose -ous: rough like a file, with small raised points.
+
+Scalariform: ladder-like; applied to venation when the veinlets
+between two longitudinal veins are regularly arranged like the rungs of
+a ladder.
+
+Scale: a general term to distinguish Coccidae: specifically the
+puparium of a Diaspid, comprising exuviae and excreted matter: the
+waxy covering of a male Lecaniid: in Diptera = alula: q.v.
+
+Scales: broad flattened hairs, forming the wing vestiture of
+Lepidoptera, and present in various other insects.
+
+Scalloped: an edge marked by segments of circles without intervening
+angles.
+
+Scalpellus: a lancet-like piercing structure, as in some Diptera.
+
+Scalpriform: chisel-shaped.
+
+Scansorial: said of feet, when formed for climbing on hair.
+
+Scape: the long basal joint of a geniculate antenna in Coleoptera;
+usually applied to the three basal joints, as in Hymenoptera.
+
+Scaphiform: boat-shaped.
+
+Scaphium: a ventral process of the 10th abdominal segment in male
+Lepidoptera below the uncus.
+
+Scapula: in Lepidoptera the shoulder tippets, patagia or axillae; q.v.:
+in Hymenoptera, the side pieces of the mesonotum; also, a trochanter
+of the fore-leg; in Proctotrupidae the lateral lobes on each side of the
+parapsidal furrow.
+
+Scapulae: in Hemiptera, the inferior lateral face of mesonotum.
+
+Scapular: the episternum; q.v.: applied to the scapula.
+
+Scapular area: in a wing, is that portion nearest the shoulder: in
+Orthoptera, = radial area.
+
+Scapularia: a meso-episternum: see scapula.
+
+Scapular vein: in Orthoptera, = radius.
+
+Scapus: = scape.
+
+Scarabidoid: applied to that stage of a meloid larva in which it
+resembles a white grub or Scarabid larva.
+
+Scarified: a surface with irregular depressions, as if clawed or
+scratched.
+
+Scariose -ous: dry and scaly.
+
+Scatophagous: feeding upon dung or excrement:= merdivorous.
+
+Scent glands, or organs: glandular structures; sometimes eversible,
+sometimes in the form of hair tufts or pencils for diffusing odors that
+may be repellant or attractive; most frequently found in males as a
+secondary sexual character.
+
+Scent pores: = ostioles; q.v.
+
+Sclerite: any piece of the body wall bounded by sutures.
+
+Scopa: a brush: a covering of short, stiff hair of equal length: in
+Hymenoptera, the thick hair covering the posterior tibia of
+pollen-gathering forms.
+
+Scopate: furnished with a scopa.
+
+Scopula: a small, dense tuft of hair: the bristles or stiff hairs covering
+the inner side of basal joint on the tarsi of pollen-gathering
+Hymenoptera.
+
+Scopulipedes: bees which have pollen gathering structures on the feet.
+
+Scraper: the hardened portion of the inner margin of the tegmina in
+crickets used in producing the song.
+
+Scriptus: lettered or marked with characters resembling letters.
+
+Scrobes: grooves formed for the reception or concealment of an
+appendage specifically, in Rhynchophora, grooves at the sides of the
+rostrum to receive the scape of antenna 2: also applied to grooves on
+the sides of mandibles: in Hymenoptera, the usually circular
+impressions upon the frons, in which the scapes revolve: in
+Orthoptera, the pits in which the antenna; are situate.
+
+Scrobiculated: having the surface covered with deep round pits.
+
+Scrotal membrane: the envelope covering the testes in some insects.
+
+Scrotiform: purse-shaped.
+
+Scrotum: = scrotal membrane; q, v.
+
+Sculpture: the markings or pattern of impression or elevation on an
+elytra or other body surface.
+
+Sculptured: a surface, when marked with elevations or depressions or
+both, arranged in some definite manner.
+
+Scutate-iform: shield or buckler-shaped.
+
+Scutcheon: = scutellum; q.v.: also used by some authors (Walker) for
+the pronotum in Homoptera.
+
+Scutel: = scutellum: q.v.
+
+Scutellar angle: of elytra is next to the scutel when wing is expanded.
+
+Scutellar bridge: in Diptera, a small ridge on either side of the
+Scutellum, connecting it with the mesonotum.
+
+Scutellar space: in Mantids, an area between antennae and clypeus.
+
+Scutellate: dish- or platter-shaped.
+
+Scutellum: the third dorsal sclerite of the meso- and meta-thorax: in
+Coleoptera, the triangular piece between the elytra at base and
+universally referred to as the scutellum: in Heteroptera, a similar
+sclerite between base of hemelytra: in Diptera, a sub-hemispherical.
+body posteriorly cut off by an impressed line from the dorsum of the
+meso-thorax.
+
+Scutes: the chitinous shields or plates on the segments of larvae.
+
+Scutiform: = scutate; q.v.
+
+Scutum: the second dorsal sclerite of the meso- and meta-thorax.
+
+Seal-brown: a brilliant deep red-brown: almost like, but darker than
+castaneous [between dragon's blood and Indian red].
+
+Sebaceous: fatty or oily; applied to glands secreting such substances.
+
+Sebific: oily; sebaceous; somewhat sticky.
+
+Sebific duct: carries the excretions of the colleterial gland to the bursa
+copulatrix.
+
+Second antennal segment: the third or tritocerebral segment of head.
+
+Secondaries: the hind wings; always attached to the meta-thorax.
+
+Secondary sexual characters: features possessed by one sex but not
+the other, other than the differences of the reproductive organs
+themselves; e.g. color, size, shape, etc.
+
+Second clypeus: see anteclypeus.
+
+Second costal cell: in Hymenoptera (Pack.); is the stigma.
+
+Second inner apical: in Hymenoptera (Nort.), = media 3 (Comst), to the
+junction of medial cross-vein; also called sub-marginal nervure in
+part.
+
+Second lateral thoracic suture: in Odonata, extends front base of
+secondaries to the rear of the third coxa.
+
+Second longitudinal vein: in Diptera:= radius 2 + 3 (Comst). Second
+maxilla: the labium: q.v.
+
+Second maxillary segment: the seventh or labial segment of head.
+
+Second median area: see median area; areola.
+
+Second submarginal nervure: Hymenoptera (Nort.), = radius 5
+(Comst.).
+
+Secretion: any matter produced by a gland: in Coccidae, specifically,
+the waxy, fibrous, cottony or silky substances forming the "scales."
+
+Secretionary supplement: that part of a Diaspid scale extending
+beyond or around the pellicles.
+
+Secretory: concerned in the process of secretion.
+
+Sectores coronis: the tearing or cutting structures used by the
+Lepidoptera in working out of a cocoon.
+
+Sectors: longitudinal veins in Odonata, which strike the principal
+veins at an angle, and usually reach the apex or hind margin: they
+are radial, subnodal, principal, nodal, median, short, and upper and
+lower of triangle: all of which see.
+
+Secund: pointing one way: unilateral.
+
+Securiform: triangular-compressed; like the blade of a hatchet.
+
+Sedentary: not active: settled or remaining in one place.
+
+Segment: a ring or division bounded by incisions or sutures: a
+segment of an insect or of any articulate is a transverse portion
+reaching entirely across the body, originally separated on the exterior
+by incisions or sutures from the preceding and the succeeding
+segments, having attached to it not more than one pair of ventral
+appendages, containing internally not more than one pair of nerve
+ganglia which supply nerves to the pair of appendages; = somite,
+arthromere: fusion of segments frequently obscures, as in the head:
+externally the walls of one segment may be composed of a number of
+sclerites separated from each other by secondary sutures.
+
+Segmentate: made up of rings or segments.
+
+Segmentation of egg: the division of the originally single celled egg into
+a number of coherent cells or blastomeres; = cleavage.
+
+Segregated: detached or scattered into groups.
+
+Segregation: a separation or placing apart.
+
+Sejunctus: separated.
+
+Sellate: saddle-shaped.
+
+Sematophore: a seminal packet, composed of the seminal fluid mixed
+with the excretions of the accessory glands.
+
+Sembling: = assembling; q.v.
+
+Semen: the fluid secreted in the testes, containing the spermatozoa.
+
+Semi-: half.
+
+Semicircular: like the half of a circle.
+
+Semi-complete: in metamorphosis, = incomplete; q.v.
+
+Semicordate: half or partly heart-shaped.
+
+Semicoronate: partly surrounded by a margin of spines, hooks or the
+like.
+
+Semicoronet: a margin of spines or hooks partly surrounding a
+structure or process.
+
+Semi-cylindrical: like a groove or half a cylinder.
+
+Semi-hyaline: hyaline in part only: not altogether transparent.
+
+Semi-looper: a caterpillar in which one or two pairs only of the
+abdominal legs are wanting and where in progression, only small
+loops are formed: see looper.
+
+Semi-lunar: in the form of half a crescent.
+
+Semi-lunar valve: guards the auriculo-ventricular opening of the
+heart.
+
+Seminal ducts: = vasa deferentia; q.v.
+
+Seminal vesicles: enlarged tube or pouch-like structures which serve
+to store the seminal fluid of the male, and in which the later stages of
+its development may take place.
+
+Seminiferous: semen-secreting.
+
+Semipupa: that stage of the larva just preceding pupation: more
+specifically the interpolated stage between the active larva and the
+true pupa, in hyper-metamorphosis.
+
+Semi-saggitate: like the longitudinal half of an arrow head.
+
+Semitropical or Gulf strip: is the southern part of the Austro-riparian
+area extends from Texas to Southern Florida, covers a narrow strip in
+So. Georgia and probably follows the coastal lowlands into South
+Carolina.
+
+Sensim: gradually.
+
+Sensoria: the circular openings covered by membrane, on the antenna
+or legs of plant lice.
+
+Sensory: relating to or having a sense function.
+
+Sensory pittings: deep pits or punctures through the surface, which
+may or may not bear pegs, bristles or seta, and may be open or
+covered by a membrane; serving as organs of perception for sounds or
+smells.
+
+Septa, Septula: in Odonata, the triangular area of the mesonotum
+before the insertion of the primaries: = calli axillary.
+
+Septum: an internal division of a body cavity.
+
+Sequence: the order in which things follow; e.g. species or genera.
+
+Seriatim: placed in longitudinal rows.
+
+Sericeous: silky: clothed with very dense minute hair which gives a
+silky lustre.
+
+Sericterium -ies: the silk producing gland or glands in caterpillars: the
+spinning structures.
+
+Series: a group of species, genera or families, arranged to show
+agreement in a common character which is not of sufficient
+importance to warrant the next higher division.
+
+Serific glands: are these which produce a thick, mucous-like secretion
+which, on hardening, forms silk.
+
+Serosa: the outer membrane that envelops the forming embryo, the
+amnion and the remainder of the egg.
+
+Serpentinous: a dirty, dark green [Hooker's green].
+
+Serra: a saw or saw-like part.
+
+Serrate: saw-toothed, the teeth set toward one end.
+
+Serrato-dentate: toothed, the edges themselves saw-toothed.
+
+Serratulate: with little teeth or serrations.
+
+Serricornia: that series of Coleoptera in which the antenna are serrate
+or saw-toothed.
+
+Serriferous: possessing a saw-like ovipositor in the female; the
+saw-flies.
+
+Serrulate: with numerous little saw teeth.
+
+Serum: the fluid in which the blood corpuscles float or are suspended.
+
+Sesquialter or Sesquiocellus: a large ocellus including a smaller one.
+
+Sesquitertial: occupying a fourth part.
+
+Sessile: closely seated: the abdomen, when it is closely attached for
+nearly or quite its full width to the thorax.
+
+Sessiliventres: Hymenoptera in which the abdomen is sessile.
+
+Seta -ae: a pointed bristle or long stiff hair: slender, hair-like
+appendages.
+
+Setaceous: bristle-shaped: slender, gradually tapering to a tip.
+
+Setarious aristate: the dipterous antenna when the arista is simple.
+
+Setiferous: = setigercus; q.v.
+
+Setiform: in the form of a bristle or seta: when a slender short bristle
+arises from a thicker basal joint.
+
+Setigenous: the hypodermal cells that give rise to setae.
+
+Setigerous: bearing setae or bristles; e.g. punctures.
+
+Setiparous: producing hair or sets.
+
+Setireme: the hairy, oar-like legs of aquatic insects.
+
+Setose -ous: bristly or set with bristles.
+
+Setula: a small stiff bristle or seta: in Diptera, the small thorn at the
+end of the sub-costa.
+
+Setulose: clothed with fine seta or setulae.
+
+Sex: as a number, six: the physical difference between male and
+female: usually indicated by the sign of Mars (?) for male, and Venus
+(?) for female; workers or undeveloped females have the sign of Venus
+without the cross line, or a combination of the two others.
+
+Sexuparae: that generation of plant lice which produces the true
+sexes.
+
+Shade: a cloudy, ill-defined streak or band.
+
+Shagreened: a surface roughened with minute tooth-like projections.
+
+Shank: = tibia; q.v.
+
+Shard: a chitinous sheath or elytron.
+
+Sharp: with a pointed tip or thin edge; opposed to blunt.
+
+Sheath of penis: in Odonata, a median, hood-like piece between the
+hamules, under which the penis is folded when not in use.
+
+Shin: = tibia; q.v.
+
+Short sector: in Odonata, = media 4 (Comst.).
+
+Shoulder: loosely applied to an obtuse angulation; more generally to
+the humeral angle of fore wings or elytra: the anterior angles of
+thorax in Lepidoptera; the angles of prothorax in Heteroptera: the
+lateral angles of metazona of pronotum in Orthoptera.
+
+Sialisterium: a salivary gland.
+
+Side: the lateral margin of the body.
+
+Side piece: in genitalia of male Culicids the main lateral part of the
+clasping organ or basal segment of clasp.
+
+Sides of thorax: in Odonata, includes the pleura of meso- and meta-
+thorax, less the meso-episterna.
+
+Sienna: a brownish orange [brown ochre].
+
+Sigmoid: shaped like the Greek letter sigma, or English S.
+
+Signate -us: = with marks or spots; see notate.
+
+Signature: a colored blotch of any size or shape.
+
+Silaceous: = ochraceous.
+
+Silk: the hardened salivary secretion of certain larvae, mainly of
+Lepidoptera. similar material is produced by anal glands of some larva
+in Neuroptera.
+
+Silk-glands: a pair of modified salivary glands in certain larva, mostly
+of Lepidoptera that secrete a viscid fluid which, on contact with the
+air, hardens into a silken fibre.
+
+Silvicolous: living in moist, shady woods.
+
+Simple, Simplex: without process, armature, or appendage of any
+kind.
+
+Simple eyes: = ocelli; q.v.
+
+Sinciput: in Coleoptera; that part of the vertex between the eyes.
+
+Sinistrad: toward the left.
+
+Sinistral: extending to or at the left from the median line.
+
+Sinistro-caudad: extending obliquely from the left toward the tail.
+
+Sinistro-cephalad: extending obliquely from the left toward the head.
+
+Sinuate: cut into sinuses; applied to lines and margins with an in and
+out curve.
+
+Sinuated: winding: with the edge scooped into sinuses.
+
+Sinuato-convex: sinuate and convex.
+
+Sinuato-lobate: sinuate and lobed.
+
+Sinuato-truncate: truncated, with the margin sinuate.
+
+Sinuous: undulating; curved in and out.
+
+Sinus: a curvilinear indentation more or less profound: an excavation
+as if scooped out: a curved break in an otherwise straight margin.
+
+Siphon: a tube-like mouth organ in certain insects: the breathing
+tube of a Culicid larva: any tubular external process or structure.
+
+Siphonaptera: an ordinal name for insects which are wingless: mouth
+formed for piercing and sucking; saltatorial; transformations
+complete: the fleas = Aphaniptera; q.v.
+
+Siphonata: = Homoptera or, more specifically, plant lice and leaf
+hoppers.
+
+Siphonets: see honey tubes.
+
+Siphonophora: = Coccinellidae; the term is preoccupied in the
+Coelenterates.
+
+Siphunculata: the sucking lice.
+
+Siphunculus: the suctorial organ of a louse, contained within the
+tubule: in plant lice =honey tubes; q.v.
+
+Situ (in): in its natural place or position.
+
+Sixth longitudinal vein: in Diptera; = 1st anal vein (Comst.).
+
+Skeleton: the hard chitinous parts which externally (exoskeleton) or
+internally (endoskeleton) form a protective covering, or serve as points
+of attachment, to muscles and other soft organs.
+
+Skippers: a popular term for Hesperid butterflies: the dipterous larva
+sometimes found in cheese and other provisions.
+
+Slaty: very dark blackish gray with a reddish tinge [neutral with a
+little Indian red].
+
+Slug: in general, any larva that has a slimy viscid appearance, and the
+body closely applied to the food plant: more specifically, the larvae of
+certain saw-flies and of some Coleoptera.
+
+S. M. interspace: sub-median interspace in the primaries of
+Lepidoptera, includes the space between the median and sub-median
+veins; (cubitus and 1st anal, Comst.).
+
+Smaltinus: a dull grayish blue.
+
+Smaragdinus: emerald green [pale green].
+
+Smooth: a surface without elevations or indentations.
+
+Snout: the prolongation of the head in Rhynchophora at the end of
+which the mouth parts are situated: see rostrum.
+
+Social: living in communities: more especially those species in which
+undeveloped or worker forms occur and where the colony has a single
+female head.
+
+Soldiers: in termites; forms sexually undeveloped, in which the
+mandibles are pincer-like and the head is much enlarged: worker
+majors in certain ants.
+
+Solid: applied to an organ usually jointed, when these joints form into
+one mass; e.g. the capitulum of certain clavate antennae.
+
+Solitary-arius: occurring singly or in pairs; not in colonies.
+
+Somatic: relating to the body, or abdomen.
+
+Somatotheca: that part of pupa covering abdominal rings:=
+gasterotheca.
+
+Somite: = arthromere.
+
+Sonifaction: the production of sound: = stridulation; q.v.
+
+Sonoran faunal areas: see upper and lower Sonoran.
+
+Sonorific: sound producing: applied to stridulating organs.
+
+Sordid: dirty; dull.
+
+Spadiceous: bay brown [dragon's blood + brown ochre].
+
+Spado: the worker or neuter in bees and ants.
+
+Sparse: scattered: single hairs, scales or sculptures set well apart.
+
+Spatha: a median piece in male genitalia of aculeate Hymenoptera,
+covering the bases of the sagitte.
+
+Spatula: the breast bone (q.v.) of cecidomyid larvae.
+
+Spatulate: rounded and broad at top, attenuate at base.
+
+Specialization: the adaptation of an organ to a definite purpose, or of
+an organism to fit a determinate environment.
+
+Species: an aggregation of individuals alike in appearance and
+structure, mating freely and producing young that themselves mate
+freely and bear fertile offspring resembling each other and their
+parents: a species includes all its varieties and races.
+
+Specific character: a feature common to all individuals of a species, by
+means of which they may be distinguished from all other individuals
+of other species: = essential character.
+
+Specular: mirror-like: transparent.
+
+Specular membrane: in male Cicada, the inner or posterior mirror-like
+membrane of the sound-organ: = mirror.
+
+Speculum: a transparent area or spot on wings of some Lepidoptera;
+the glassy areas at base of tegmina in male Orthoptera that serve as
+sounding boards: a spot on the neck of some caterpillars.
+
+Sperm: the seminal fluid: in plural form is sometimes used as =
+spermatozoa; q.v.
+
+Spermatheca: = spermatotheca; q.v.
+
+Spermatid: the final cells which are converted without further division
+into spermatozoa: they arise by division of the second spermatocytes
+(Wilson).
+
+Spermatocytes: the cells arising from the spermatogonia. The primary
+spermatocyte arises by growth of one of the last generation of
+spermatogonia. By its division are formed two secondary
+spermatocytes, each of which give rise to two spermatids (Wilson).
+
+Spermatogenesis: the development of spermatozoa.
+
+Spermatogonia: the descendants of the primordial germ cells in the
+male. Each ultimate spermatogonium typically gives rise to four
+spermatozoa.
+
+Spermatophora: a sac or case containing spermatozoa.
+
+Spermatotheca: the sac or reservoir in the female, that receives the
+sperm during coition: = spermatheca and receptaculum seminis.
+
+Spermatozooen-zoa: the male cell or cells which, by uniting with the
+ova, fertilize them.
+
+Spherical: in the form of a sphere: a body in which all diameters are
+equal.
+
+Spherule: a minute sphere or globule.
+
+Spicula: a slender needle-like process: e.g. the sting in bees: also
+employed as = ovipositor: q.v.
+
+Spiculiform: like a slender, needle-like process.
+
+Spiculum: a small spicule or thin, pointed process.
+
+Spinate: produced into an acuminate spine.
+
+Spindle-shaped: cylindrical, elongate, thicker in the middle, tapering
+to each end: fusiform.
+
+Spine: a sharp process: in Coccidae there are two, one each side of
+each segment of the pygidium.
+
+Spiniferous: bearing, or clothed with spines.
+
+Spiniform: in the form or shape of a spine.
+
+Spinneret: the ligula in bombycid and some other larvae, modified for
+silk spinning: any organ consisting of an internal tube, terminating in
+a pore, spine or process, producing a silky or waxy fibre: in the
+plural, the organs concerned in the emission of the silky or cottony
+filaments of which the scales or sacs of Coccidae are produced: =
+fusulus.
+
+Spinose -ous -ed: set with acute processes or spines.
+
+Spinous-radiate: beset with spines in a circle, either concatenate,
+united at their bases, or setaceous, like bristles.
+
+Spinulae: spinous processes at the apex of the tibia: also called
+spines, spurs or heels.
+
+Spinulate -ose: set with little spines or spinules.
+
+Spinules: little spines.
+
+Spira: the coiled ovipositor of Cynipidae.
+
+Spiracle -cula: a breathing pore: q.v.: in the plural the lateral
+openings on the segments of the insect body through which air enters
+the tracheae:= stigmata.
+
+Spiracular area: the anterior of the three areas between lateral and
+pleural carinae on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera: =first
+pleural area.
+
+Spiracular line: in caterpillars is that which includes the spiracles: =
+stigmatal.
+
+Spiracular sulcus: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, is a grooved
+linear channel extending from spiracle to apical margin.
+
+Spiral: rolled up like a watch spring, or twisted like a cork-screw.
+{Scanner's comment: Nowadays it is more correct to regard the
+corkscrew as helical and the watch spring as spiral.}
+
+Spiral fibre: the spiral thickening or folding of the chitinous lining of a
+trachea, which gives to the latter its characteristic microscopic
+appearance as well as its support and elasticity:= ctenidium.
+
+Spirignath: = spiritrompe.
+
+Spiritrompe: the spiral tongue in Lepidoptera.
+
+Splanchnic: applied to the outer embryonic layer of the rudiment of
+the mid-intestine: or the inner layer of the mesoderm which,
+becoming applied to the walls of the alimentary canal, develops into
+the muscle fibres thereof.
+
+Splendens -ent: shining: with a metallic glitter.
+
+Splitter: one who splits or describes species or genera upon minute
+characters which the "Lumper" (q.v.) deems insufficient to authorize
+them.
+
+Spongioplasm: the net-like structure of protoplasm in a cell.
+
+Spongiose: a soft, elastic tissue resembling a sponge.
+
+Spoon: = bouton; q.v.
+
+Spring: in Collembola. = furcula: q.v.
+
+Spur: a short, stiff, generally blunt process and usually not
+articulated at its base: in the plural refers to paired spiniform
+processes at or near the end of tibia:.
+
+Spur formula: a numerical expression of their arrangement; as 2-3-4;
+ two spurs on fore tibia, 3 on middle, and 4 on posterior; in
+Trichoptera.
+
+
+Spurius: false: applied to aborted anterior legs in some diurnal
+Lepidoptera.
+
+Spurious cell: in Diptera (Pack.), = 3d anal (Comst.).
+
+Spurious veins: certain folds or thickenings in the wing surface which
+resemble a vein so nearly as to be readily mistaken and sufficiently
+constant to be useful in classification.
+
+Squama: in Odonata, the sclerite that bears the palpus of both maxilla
+and labium: the scale-like first abdominal segment of some ants: a
+scale-like appendage covering the base of primaries in Lepidoptera,
+and so = patagium; q.v.: a small scale above the halteres in Diptera:
+in this order Packard uses squama for the lobed scale and restricts
+alula to the lobe-like appendage: Osten-Sacken uses squama for the
+posterior scale alone and antisquama for the anterior.
+
+Squames: the flattened, fimbriated or spine-like marginal processes of
+the pygidium in Diaspinae, other than the lobes and true spines: =
+"plates," of Comst.; or "scaly hairs" of Maskell.
+
+Squamiform: having a scale-like form.
+
+Squamose -ous: scaly or covered with scales.
+
+Squamula: a small corneous scale covering the base of primaries in
+some insects: = tegula, q.v.: in Diptera, = alula.
+
+Squarrous: scurfy: clothed with rough scales differing in direction,
+standing upright, or not parallel to the surface.
+
+Stadium -ia: the interval between the molts of larvae:= instar q.v.:
+any one period in the development of an insect.
+
+Stage: refers to the period of development; e.g. larval, pupal, etc.
+
+Stalked bodies: = gyri cerebrales; q.v.
+
+Stellate: star-shaped; with four or five radiating lines.
+
+Stelocyttares: social wasps in which the comb layers of the nest are
+supported by pillars and not connected with the envelope: see
+poecilocyttares and phragmocyttares.
+
+Stemapoda: the modified filamentous anal legs of Cerura and other
+Notodontid larvae.
+
+Stemmata: simple eyes or ocelli; q.v.
+
+Stem-mother: in plant lice; that form hatching from the winter egg,
+which starts a series of agamic summer generations.
+
+Stenocephalous: with a narrow, elongate head.
+
+Stenorhynchan: narrow beaked or snouted.
+
+Stenothorax: a supposed ring between pro- and meso-thorax.
+
+Stercoral: relating or pertaining to excrement.
+
+Sterile: not capable of reproducing its kind.
+
+Sternal orifice: in Perlids; a peculiar slit on each side of the sternum,
+extending inward and ending blindly := furcal orifice.
+
+Sternal spatula: = breast-bone; q.v.
+
+Sternauli: the short and often obsolete furrows on either side of the
+mesosternum in Hymenoptera.
+
+Sternellum: the second sclerite of the ventral part of each thoracic
+segment frequently divided into longitudinal parts which may be
+widely separated.
+
+Sternite: the ventral piece in a ring or segment.
+
+Sternopleura: in Diptera, the lower part of the pleura, below the
+sternopleural suture and above the front coxa.
+
+Sternopleural bristles: in Diptera, are situated on the sternopleura
+below the sternopleural suture.
+
+Sternopleural suture: in Diptera, is below and nearly parallel with
+dorso-pleural suture, separating the mesopleura from the
+sternopleura.
+
+Sterno-rhabdite: a sternal rhabdite.
+
+Sternorhynchi: that series of Homoptera in which the beak or rostrum
+apparently arises from the sternum between the anterior coxae; e.g.
+plant lice, etc.
+
+Sternum -a: the breast: the middle portion of the under surface of
+thorax, between the coxal cavities.
+
+Stethidium: the trunk: the entire thorax with all its appendages.
+
+Stigma: a spiracle or breathing pore: a dense, often discolored portion
+of the costal margin of a wing, usually at the end of the radius; see
+anastomosis: in Diptera, a colored wing spot near the tip of the
+auxiliary vein: in Lepidoptera, the specialized patch of black scales on
+the primaries of Hesperidae.
+
+Stigmata: the spiracles: also applied to the two spots, orbicular and
+reniform, in the cell of the primaries of certain moths.
+
+Stigmatal line: in caterpillars, = spiracular; q.v.
+
+Stigmatiferous: applied to processes or structures bearing spiracles or
+stigmata.
+
+Stimuli: the small acute spines on some larva, especially wood-borers
+
+Sting: the modified ovipositor in aculeate Hymenoptera.
+
+Stipes: the foot-stalk of the maxilla; articulated partly to the head,
+partly to the cardo, and bearing the movable parts: modified into a
+piercing structure in some Diptera and into a lever for flexing the
+proboscis in others.
+
+Stipitate: supported on a stalk or pedicle.
+
+Stipites: the outer pair of forceps in male genitalia of aculeate
+Hymenoptera see sagittae.
+
+S. T. line: sub-terminal line; crosses the primaries of many moths
+just before the outer margin.
+
+S. T. space: the area between the t.p. line and s. t. line in moths.
+
+Stirps: a stock or stem: a division of classification similar to
+super-family: not used at present.
+
+Stoma -ata: a breathing pore or pores:= stigma; q.v.
+
+Stomach: that portion of the alimentary canal, immediately following
+the gizzard and preceding the ileum, into which most of the digestive
+juices are poured = chylific ventricle.
+
+Stomatodaeum: that invagination of the ectoderm that forms the
+mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, crop and gizzard.
+
+Stomatogastric: that system of nerves and ganglia, lying along the
+dorsal and lateral surfaces of gullet and crop.
+
+Stomatotheca: that part of the pupa covering the mouth structures.
+
+Stramineous -eus: straw yellow [pale clay yellow].
+
+Strangulate: constricted, as if by bands or cords.
+
+Stratified: arranged or made up in layers.
+
+Strepsiptera: twisted-wing: an ordinal term proposed for the parasitic
+Stylopidae, now ranged as a family of Coleoptera = Rhipiptera.
+
+Stria: in Coleoptera, a longitudinal depressed line or furrow,
+frequently punctured, extending from base to apex of elytra: in
+Lepidoptera, a fine transverse line: in general, any longitudinal
+impressed line.
+
+Striate -ed: marked with parallel, fine, impressed lines; or, in
+Lepidoptera, with numerous fine transverse lines.
+
+Stridulate: to make a creaking noise by rubbing together two ridged or
+roughened surfaces.
+
+Stridulation: a creaking sound produced by rubbing together two
+striated or otherwise roughened surfaces: the act of stridulating or
+the noise produced by it.
+
+Striga: a narrow, transverse line or slender streak, either surface or
+impressed. {Scanner's note: the proper plural is strigae}
+
+Strigate: having striga: applied to a surface on which the striga are
+impressed as in the elytra of some beetles, or to an ornamentation
+composed of fine, short lines. {Scanner's note: sic; the proper plural is
+strigae}
+
+Strigile -is: maculation that consists of parallel longitudinal lines: a
+deep sinus near base of first joint of anterior tarsus.
+
+Strigillate -ation: = stridulate -anon; q.v.
+
+Strigose: clothed with rigid bristles that are thickest at base: rough,
+with sharp bristles: = hispid.
+
+Strigula: a fine short transverse mark or line.
+
+Strigulated: with numerous strigulae.
+
+Striolate -us: with finely impressed parallel lines.
+
+Stripe: a longitudinal streak of color different from the ground.
+
+Style: in Aphids, the slender tubular process at the end of the
+abdomen: in Coccids, a long spine-like appendage at the end of the
+abdomen of the male; = genital spike: in Diptera, the ovipositor
+(Loew); the single immovable organ immediately below the forceps in
+male Tipulidae (O-S.) a thickened jointed arista at or near the tip of
+the third antennal joint in the plural form applied to small, usually
+pointed, exarticulate appendages, most frequently found on the
+terminal segments of abdomen.
+
+Stylet: a small style or stiff process: one of the piercing mouth
+structures in Diptera and Hemiptera.
+
+Styliform: in the shape of a stylus: terminating in a long slender point,
+like the antenna in some Diptera.
+
+Stylopized: infested by a member of the Stylopidae.
+
+Stylotrachealis: with a long tube bearing a stigma, from the head case;
+as the pupa of some Diptera.
+
+Stylus: a small, pointed, non-articulated process.
+
+Sub-: as a prefix, means that the main term is not entirely applicable,
+but must be understood as modified in some way; e.g. sub-ovate,
+may be either more or less than ovate and may be irregular in outline.
+
+Sub-aduncate: somewhat hooked or curved.
+
+Sub-anal plate: Orthoptera; = sub-genital lamina; q.v.
+
+Sub-apical lobe: of male genitalia in Culicids is the inner sub-apical
+lobe of the side piece.
+
+Sub-apterous: almost wingless; with rudimentary wings only.
+
+Sub-clavate: somewhat thickened toward tip; but not quite
+club-shaped.
+
+Sub-coriaceous: somewhat leathery.
+
+Sub-cortical: beneath the bark; as in larval borings, etc.
+
+Subcosta: (Comst.); that longitudinal vein extending parallel to the
+costa and reaching the outer margin before the apex; not branched as
+a rule of Packard, in Hymenoptera, = radius (Comst.).
+
+Subcostal cell: in Diptera (Schiner), = marginal cell (Loew), = radial 1
+(Comst.) in the plural (Comst.), all those cells anteriorly margined by
+the subcosta first s.c. cell in Hymenoptera (Pack.), = radial and first
+radial 1 (Comst.).
+
+Subcostal crossveins: in Odonata, are between subcosta and media on
+the basal side of the first antecubital.
+
+Subcostal fold or furrow: lies between costa and radius.
+
+Subcostal nervule: Lepidoptera, on secondaries:= media 1 (Comst.):
+s.c. 1 = radius 1 (Comst.); s.c. 2:= radius 2 (Comst.) s.c. 3 = radius
+3 (Comst) s.c. 4 = radius 4 (Comst.) s.c. 5 = radius 5 (Comst.).
+
+Subcostal vein: in Diptera (Schiner), = 1st longitudinal vein (Meigen)
+radius 1 (Comst.): in Lepidoptera, runs from base, parallel to costa, to
+or beyond the middle, giving rise to branches which extend to the
+outer margin and thus = radius (Comst.).
+
+Sub-cristate: with a moderately elevated ridge or keel on pronotum, in
+Orthoptera.
+
+Subcutaneous: under the skin: applied to larvae that feed under the
+skin of animals or within the substance of a leaf.
+
+Sub-dorsal: the space between the dorsum and the stigmata.
+
+Sub-dorsal line: in caterpillars is to the side of the dorsal and between
+it and the lateral or, if there is an addorsal line, between that and the
+lateral.
+
+Sub-dorsal ridge: in slug caterpillars, extends longitudinally along the
+sub-dorsal row of abdominal tubercles.
+
+Sub-equal: similar, but not quite equal in size, form or other
+characters.
+
+Sub-eroded: wing margins when somewhat, but irregularly, indented.
+
+Sub-falcate: when a wing is only a little excavated below the apex.
+
+Subfamily: a division of classification containing a group of closely
+allied genera; different from other allied groups, yet not so as to make
+a family series: opinionative, and ending in -inae.
+
+Sub-fossorial: legs used in digging: yet not greatly modified.
+
+Sub-frontal: close to the front; immediately behind the front margin.
+
+Sub-fulcrum: a sclerite between mentum and palpiger: rarely present.
+
+Sub-fusiform: somewhat spindle-shaped.
+
+Subgalea: a maxillary sclerite or segment, attached to the stipes, and
+bearing the galea or outer lobe.
+
+Sub-geniculate: applied to antennae that are articulated from a short,
+thick scope.
+
+Subgenital lamina or plates: plates underlying the genital organs in
+Orthoptera.
+
+Subgenus: a division within a genus, based upon a character not
+sufficient for generic separation; opinionative.
+
+Subglossa: in Odonata; a sclerite between the two halves of the
+mentum (Graber): is really the true mentum.
+
+Sub-imago: sometimes applied as = nymph: that stage in Ephemerida
+just after emergence from the pupa and before the final molt during
+flight: that stage in the development of insects with free pupa when
+the insect is fully colored but yet retains its pupal position.
+
+Sub-labrum: =epipharynx; q.v.
+
+Sublingual: beneath the tongue; applied to a pair of salivary glands in
+bees.
+
+Submargin -al: an imaginary portion of a surface outside of the disk
+and within the margin: a line is submarginal when it is well within
+the margin but close to it.
+
+Submarginal area: of secondaries, lies between the costal margin and
+the 1st strong vein.
+
+Submarginal cells: in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radial cells (Comst.): in
+Diptera (Will.); = radial 3 (Comst.).
+
+Submarginal nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.); the irregular line of
+veins extending on the whole parallel with the outer margin;
+composed in part of media 1, 2, 3 and 4, the medial cross vein and
+cubitus 1 (Comst.).
+
+Submedian cells: in Hymenoptera (Pack.); 1st = cubital + cubital 1
+(Comst.) 2d = medial 3 (Comst.); 3d = 2d medial 2 (Comst.).
+
+Submedian vein: in Odonata, =cubitus (Comst.); in Lepidoptera, = 1st
+anal (Comst.), runs from base of primaries to the hind angle, close to
+the inner margin and is v. 1 of the numerical series.
+
+Submental: pertaining to the sub-mentum.
+
+Submental peduncle: in Coleoptera, the prolonged portion of the gula
+supporting the mentum.
+
+Submentum: the basal sclerite of the labium, by means of which it is
+attached to the head.
+
+Subnodal sector: in Odonata, = radial sector (Comst.).
+
+Sub-nymph: applied to the resting or pupal stage of female Coccidae;
+also to a supernumerary stage before the formation of the pupa, and
+thus = pseudo-pupa.
+
+Sub-ocellate: an ocellate spot that is blind or without a pupil.
+
+Sub-ocular: beneath or below the eyes.
+
+Sub-oesophageal ganglion: situated in the head below the
+oesophagus, formed by a union of the posterior three primitive head
+ganglia.
+
+Sub-order: a division of an order higher than a family, based on a
+character common to a large series of species; e.g. the Homoptera
+and Heteroptera in the order of Hemiptera.
+
+Sub-pedunculate: in Coleoptera, when the constriction between
+pro- and meso-thorax is so great as to give the appearance of
+a narrow waist.
+
+Subreniform: a rounded spot or outline, below and sometimes
+attached to the reniform spot in Catocala and some allied Noctuids.
+
+Sub-parallel: nearly parallel.
+
+Sub-primary sub-ventral tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal
+segments of caterpillars; sub-ventral, posterior, not present in the
+primitive first stage; it is VI of the abdomen, V of the thorax:
+constant.
+
+Sub-sellate: nearly like or approaching the form of a saddle.
+
+Sub-servate: denticulate.
+
+Subspecies: a well-marked form of a species differing from the type in
+some character of color or maculation which is recognizable but does
+not prevent a fertile union: an indefinite and opinionative division.
+
+Subspiracular line: in caterpillars, margins the spiracles inferiorly.
+
+Substigmatal: that portion of the marginal cell below the stigma, in
+bees: = 1st radial 1 (Comst.): applied to a line in caterpillars =
+subspiracular.
+
+Sub-teres: nearly but not quite cylindrical.
+
+Subtile -is: slightly; feebly; small; pretty; graceful.
+
+Subtriangular space: = internal triangle: see triangle.
+
+Subtus: beneath; at the under surface.
+
+Subulate: awl-shaped: linear at base, attenuate at tip.
+
+Subulicornia: with awl-shaped antennae; applied to a combination of
+Odonata and Ephemerida.
+
+Subuliform: formed like an awl: = subulate.
+
+Sub-ventral line: in caterpillars, extends along the sides just above the
+base of the feet at lie edge between lateral and ventral.
+
+Sub-ventral ridge: in slug caterpillars extends longitudinally along the
+sub-ventral series of abdominal tubercles.
+
+Sub-ventral space: in slug caterpillars is the area on each side,
+between the lateral ridge and the lower edge of the body, and contains
+the spiracles.
+
+Succincti: those chrysalids of butterflies which are held in place by a
+silken cord passing around the body: see suspensi.
+
+Succineous: resembling amber in color or appearance.
+
+Sucking pump: in sucking insects, a thick-walled muscular
+enlargement of the oesophagus that serves to draw up the liquid food
+= pharyngeal pump.
+
+Sucking spears: the mandibles and maxillae of Hemerobiid larvae,
+used for puncturing prey and sucking its juices.
+
+Sucking stomach: a thin-walled muscular pouch connected with the
+end of the oesophagus; serves as a food reservoir and is not commonly
+present except in some Lepidoptera.
+
+Suctoria: an ordinal term proposed for fleas.
+
+Suctorial: adapted for sucking: see haustellate.
+
+Suctorial vesicles: bladder-like structures connected with the
+oesophagus in mosquitoes supposed to assist in blood-sucking; but
+this is disputed.
+
+Suffused: clouded or obscured by a darker color.
+
+Suffusion: a clouding, or a spreading of one shade over another.
+
+Sulca: grooves, furrows or channels: plural of sulcus.
+
+Sulcated: grooved; furrowed with broad, concave, parallel impressed
+lines.
+
+Sulciform: resembling a sulcus.
+
+Sulcus: a furrow or groove: a groove-like excavation.
+
+Sulphureous -eus: bright, sulphur yellow [chrome lemon].
+
+Superans: exceeding in size and length.
+
+Superciliary: placed above the eyes.
+
+Supercilium: an arched line over an ocellate spot.
+
+Super-family: a division of classification less than an order, including
+a series of family groups more closely related to each other than to
+similar groups within the order: opinionative and ending in oidea:
+sometimes hardly different from suborder; but lower than suborder
+when both terms are employed.
+
+Superficies: the upper surface.
+
+Supericornia: those Heteroptera having the antenna inserted on the
+upper parts of the sides of the head; e.g. Coreidae: see infericornia.
+
+Superior wings: the primaries; q.v.
+
+Superlinguae: the lateral pair of organs of hypo-pharynx in
+Thysanura.
+
+Superlingual segment: the fifth segment of head.
+
+Superne: denotes all those parts belonging to the upper surface.
+
+Supernumerary: additional or added cells, veins or other structures.
+
+Supernumerary segment: in Cecidomyidae, between the head and first
+thoracic segment.
+
+Super-order: a group of allied orders, like the Linnaean Neuroptera.
+
+Superposed: placed one above the other, as the frontal tufts in some
+moths.
+
+Supplementary sectors: interposed sectors; q.v.
+
+Suppression: the non-development of a part normally present.
+
+Supra-: over; above.
+
+Supra-alar bristles: in Diptera, are situated, one on the post-alar
+callus, one on the alar frenum, the third on the edge of the supra-alar
+depression.
+
+Supra-alar cavity: = supra-alar groove.
+
+Supra-alar depression: in Diptera = supra-alar groove.
+
+Supra-alar groove: in Hymenoptera, a groove or depression just above
+the base of wings: in Diptera, a groove on the meso-thorax just above
+the root of the wings.
+
+Supra-anal: situated above the anus.
+
+Supra-anal hook: in male of most Lepidoptera, a curved hook attached
+to the plate covering the genital cavity: = uncus.
+
+Supra-anal plate: a triangular sclerite covering the anal cavity above;
+present in many insects, sometimes in one sex only, often in both:
+see anal operculum.
+
+Supra-cerebral: applied to that pair of salivary glands situated above
+the brain in bees.
+
+Supra-clypeal mark: in bees; a patch of light color above the clypeus.
+
+Supra-clypeus: = post-clypeus; q.v.: = nasus.
+
+Supra-Oesophageal: situated above the oesophagus: applied to two
+large ovoid ganglia so situated, and connected by a short, thick
+commissure; - the brain.
+
+Supra-orbital: situated above the eye.
+
+Supra-spinal: above the spine or nerve cord: applied to a cord or band
+of connective tissue lying above the central nervous system in adult
+Lepidoptera also to a sinus or vessel acting as a ventral heart.
+
+Supra-spiracular line: in caterpillars, margins the spiracles superiorly.
+
+Supra-stigmatal line: = supra-spiracular lines.
+
+Supra-triangular cross-veins: in Odonata, cross the supra-triangular
+space.
+
+Supra-triangular space: in Anisoptera, an area just above the triangle,
+occupying nearly the same position as the quadrilateral of Zygoptera:
+hyper-trigonal space.
+
+Suranal: = supra-anal.
+
+Suranal plate: the middle dorsal plate attached to the l0th abdominal
+segment of the male grasshoppers, above the anal opening: a supra-
+anal tergite of a caterpillar.
+
+Sursum: directed upwardly.
+
+Suspensi: the chrysalids of butterflies that are suspended by the tail
+only: see succincti.
+
+Suspensoria: are those muscles or ligaments that hold the viscera and
+other internal structures in place.
+
+Sustentors: the two posterior projections of a butterfly chrysalis.
+
+Suture: a seam or impressed line indicating the division of distinct
+parts of body wall: the line of junction of elytra in Coleoptera.
+
+Suturiform: an articulation soldered together so that only a slight
+impressed line is visible.
+
+Swarming: the concerted departure from a hive of a large number of
+worker bees, accompanied by a queen; this forming the nucleus of a
+new colony.
+
+Swimmerets: gill or plate-like structures in the aquatic larvae of some
+Neuroptera, serving as oars or organs of locomotion.
+
+Swimming paddles: terminal appendages of mosquito pupae.
+
+Swoked: smoky, suffused with gray or blackish.
+
+Sylvan: species inhabiting forests or woodland areas.
+
+Symbiogenesis: the method of origin of social symbiotic relation
+among ants and other insects.
+
+Symbiosis: a life relationship existing between different kinds of
+animals or plants, or between animals and plants: true symbiosis is
+where both parties to the relation benefit: see also parasitism,
+commensalism. Among the ants social symbiosis exists in its most
+highly developed form and distinctive terms have been proposed for
+the various types of relations:
+
+     Calobiosis, is that association in which one species, often only the
+female, lives in the nest of and at the expense of another species,
+either for a time, = temporary - or altogether, = permanent
+calacobiosis. {Scanner's note: sic}
+
+     Cleptobiosis, is where one species of ant lives in or near the nest of
+another, preying upon its larvae or pupae or stealing the food supply.
+
+     Dulosis, is that mingling of colonies which owes its origin to the
+enslavement of one species by another.
+
+     Hamabiosis, is that relation where two species of any insects, one of
+which may be an ant, live side by side without obvious motive or
+known advantage to one or both.
+
+     Lestobiosis, is where the workers of one ant colony "hold up" those of
+another species and rob them of the food they are carrying to the nest.
+
+     Parabiosis, is where different species of ants form colonies with
+inosculating galleries, and have their households strangely
+intermingled, but not blended.
+
+     Phylacobiosis, is the relation existing between ants and Termites, the
+ants living in the doorways of the Termites and functioning as guards.
+
+     Synclerobiosis, is an association of two species of ants that usually
+inhabit independent colonies, for purposes that are not clearly
+understood.
+
+     Trophibiosis, is the relationship between ants on the one hand and
+aphids, coccids and the like on the other; these species being sought
+and attended by the ants for their own benefit: see myrmecophily.
+
+     Xenobiosis, is where one species of ant lives as a guest
+in the nest of another, maintaining its own household, and mingling
+freely with the host species, the two living on terms of
+mutual toleration.
+
+Symbiotic: species that live together in a state of symbiosis.
+
+Symmetrical: evenly developed on both sides.
+
+Symmetry: that regular arrangement of organs or parts which is
+capable of division into similar halves or similar radii.
+
+Sympathetic nervous system: applied to the nerves and ganglia of the
+alimentary canal and sonic other viscera which they innervate; =
+vagus; visceral nervous system.
+
+Symphily: the relation borne to ants by the true guests which inhabit
+their nests and are fed and tended: rendering in return some
+substance or service desired by the ants: see metochy and synechtry.
+
+Symphyla: a group name for apterous species resembling myriapods
+in appearance, with functional abdominal legs and the genital
+openings on the last abdominal segment: regarded by some as
+connecting forms between insects and myriapods, e.g.
+Scolopendrella.
+
+Symphysis: where two sclerites are joined together by a soft
+membrane, permitting a slight motion.
+
+Synaptera: originally wingless insects without metamorphosis; the
+Thysanura.
+
+Synarthrosis: an articulation without motion.
+
+Syncerebrum: the compound brain of insects.
+
+Synchronous: happening at the same time.
+
+Synciput: that portion of the vertex lying between the eyes.
+
+Syncitium: masses of protoplasm with nuclei, found in ovarian tubes;
+giving rise to ova, nutritive cells or both.
+
+Syndesis: that method of articulation where two parts are connected
+by a membrane which permits of considerable motion between them.
+
+Synechtry: the relation borne to ants by insects inhabiting their nests
+in spite of the efforts of the ants to destroy them: see symphily and
+metochy.
+
+Synista or Synistata: those Neuropterous insects in which the mouth
+structures are undeveloped, forming an imperfect tubular structure:
+see elinguata.
+
+Synoecy: the relation that exists between ants and those guests that
+are indifferent to and tolerated by them:= metochy, and see symphily
+and synecthry.
+
+Synonym: a name applied to a species or genus that has been
+previously named and described.
+
+Synonymous: words of different derivation applied to the same
+conception.
+
+Synthlipsis: the basal constriction of the notocephalon in Notonectids.
+
+Syntype: = co-type; q.v.
+
+Syringe: in Hemiptera, a chamber into which the salivary ducts open
+and by means of which the secretion is forced forward between the
+seta or lancets.
+
+System: an order of arrangement.
+
+Systematic: in definite order, or arranged according to a system.
+
+Systole: that regular contraction of the heart that sends the blood
+outward: see diastole.
+
+
+
+
+T
+
+T. A. line: transverse anterior line; crosses the primaries of certain
+moths one-third or less from the base: = antemedial line.
+
+Tactile: used for touching; an organ that has the sense of touch.
+
+Taenia: a broad longitudinal stripe.
+
+Taeniate -us: with broad longitudinal markings.
+
+Taenidium -ia: the band or chitinized fibre forming a part of the spiral
+thread in the trachea of insects.
+
+Tail: an elongated terminal segment of the abdomen: the cauda in
+plant lice: elongated processes on the secondaries, in some
+Lepidoptera and Neuroptera.
+
+Tangential: set in or meeting at a tangent; applied to ornamentation
+and processes.
+
+Tarsal: relating to the tarsi, or feet.
+
+Tarsal lobes: membranous appendages arising from the underside of
+the tarsal joints in some Coleoptera.
+
+Tarsus -i: the foot; the jointed appendage attached at the apex of tibia.
+bearing the claws and pulvilli.
+
+Taste cups: specialized pits or cups, with or without a peg or hair,
+connected with ganglionated nerve cells: occur on the mouth
+structure and evidence the sense of taste.
+
+Tawny: a brownish yellow, like the color of a tanned hide [pale
+cadmium yellow + Indian red].
+
+Taxonomical: systematic: relating to classification.
+
+Testate: covered; concealed: also used as = tectiform.
+
+Tectiform: roof-like, sloping from a median ridge, like the primaries of
+Cicada.
+
+Tegmen: a covering: sometimes used for the anterior wings in
+Orthoptera and Neuroptera.
+
+Tegmina: the thickened primaries serving as wing covers in
+Orthoptera.
+
+Tegulae: small, more or less cup-like scales at the base of primaries in
+many insects; specifically in Hymenoptera: in Lepidoptera, = the
+patagia or shoulder tippets; but the homology is disputed; also
+applied to the lappet-like pieces forming the collar: in Diptera, the
+alulae, q.v.: the latter use is unfortunate and should be abandoned;
+the first definition should limit the use of the term: see aileron.
+
+Tegument: a covering surface or skin.
+
+Teleodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids bearing the largest
+mandibles: see mesodont, amphiodont, priodont.
+
+Telescopic: arranged so that one portion of an organ or process may
+be drawn into another, like the joints of a telescope.
+
+Telson: a terminal tubercle bearing the anal opening: the anal
+segment of the insect embryo.
+
+Telum: a spear, or spear-shaped process.
+
+Temple: the posterior part of the gena; behind, before or beneath the
+eye.
+
+Tempora: the temples.
+
+Temporal margins: in Mallophaga, the lateral margins of the hind
+head.
+
+Tenaculum: in Collembola, a small organ which holds the furcula in
+position when at rest: = catch.
+
+Tenant hair: see tenent hair.
+
+Tendo: the anal area of secondaries when it forms a groove for the
+abdomen: has also been called frenum and frenulum: in Trichoptera,
+a small elliptical space at base of hind wings near base of anal veins
+and behind the trochlea.
+
+Tendon: the slender, chitinous plates, bands, strap- or cup-shaped
+pieces, to which muscles are attached for moving appendages: see
+apodeme.
+
+Tenent hair: specialized hair adapted for clinging or clasping.
+
+Teneral: that state of the imago just after its exclusion from pupa or
+nymph, in which neither coloring nor clothing is fully developed.
+
+Tensor: a muscle which stretches a membrane.
+
+Tentacle: a flexible sensory or tactile process; in some cases retractile:
+usually prefixed by a descriptive term indicating the structure to
+which it is attached.
+
+Tentacular -um: retractile processes on the larvae of Lepidoptera.
+
+Tentaculate: a margin when fringed with soft tactile processes.
+
+Tentiform: shaped like a tent: see mines.
+
+Tentoria: Diptera; two hollow, cylindrical struts which pass from the
+ventral border of the occipital foramen to the cheeks.
+
+Tentorium: a chitinous frame-work within the head, upon which the
+brain rests.
+
+Tenuis: thin, slender; long drawn out.
+
+Terebra: a borer or piercer: an ovipositor fitted for boring or cutting as
+in saw-flies: a mandibular sclerite articulated to the basalis; forms
+the point of the structure and = the galea of the maxilla.
+
+Terebrant: with an ovipositor fitted for piercing or boring.
+
+Terebrantia: Hymenoptera with sessile abdomen and valved
+ovipositors: Thripids in which the ovipositor of female is borer-like.
+
+Teres, Terete: cylindric or nearly so.
+
+Tergal: belonging to the primitively upper surface: see dorsal.
+
+Tergal suture: the Y shaped dorsal suture on the head of many insect
+larvae.
+
+Tergite: the primitively dorsal part of a segment, especially when that
+part consists of a single sclerite; usually applied to the abdomen.
+
+Tergo-pleural: the upper and lateral portion of a segment.
+
+Tergo-rhabdites: the lower pair of corneous appendages forming the
+ovipositor in grasshoppers: plates on the inner dorsal surface of the
+abdominal wall.
+
+Tergum: the primitively upperor dorsal surface whether it consists of
+one or more than one sclerite and specifically of the abdomen: in
+Odonata and Orthoptera, applies to thorax as well.
+
+Termen: the outer margin of a wing, between apex and hind or anal
+angle.
+
+Terminal: situated at the tip or extremity; opposed to basal.
+
+Terminal line: in Lepidoptera, runs along the outer margin of the
+wings.
+
+Terminal space: the area between the s. t. line and terminal line in
+certain Lepidoptera.
+
+Terminology: the technical nomenclature of any science.
+
+Termitarium: a nest, natural or artificial, or a colony of Termites.
+
+Terrestrial: living on or in the land; opposed to aquatic.
+
+Tessellated: checkered; more or less like a chess-board. {Scanner's
+comment: More correctly, it means "tiled", covered with possibly
+regularly shaped areas or pieces.  They may or may not be square or
+otherwise regular.}
+
+Test: the secretionary covering of Coccidae, and especially such as are
+waxy, horny or glassy.
+
+Testaceous: dull yellow brown; tile colored [pale cadmium
+yellow+burnt sienna].
+
+Testes: the tubular structures in the male, in which the production of
+spermatogonia, and often also of later stages in the development of the
+sperm takes place.
+
+Testicular follicles: in the larva, are those structures which in the
+adult form the tubes composing the testes; in the adult applied also to
+the tubes forming the testes.
+
+Testudinate -us: resembling the shell of a tortoise.
+
+Tetra-: four: a combining form.
+
+Tetrachaetae: applied to those Diptera in which the mouth structures
+consist of four longitudinal blades or piercing structures.
+
+Tetradactyle: with four fingers or finger-like processes.
+
+Tetragonal: having four sides or angles: quadrangular.
+
+Tetramera: applied to Coleoptera with four-jointed tarsi.
+
+Tetramerous: having four-jointed tarsi.
+
+Tetrapoda: applied to those butterflies in which the anterior legs are
+atrophied in whole or in part.
+
+Tetraptera: a term proposed for all insects with four naked,
+membranous reticulated wings.
+
+Thamnophilous: applied to species living in thickets or dense
+shrubbery.
+
+Theca: a case or covering: specifically applied to the fleshy covering of
+the fly-mouth; to the cases of the Trichopterous larvae; to the lower
+piece of the male genitalia in Homoptera; and to the outer covering of
+the pupa.
+
+Thelyotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are all
+females see Arrhenotoly and Deuterotoky.
+
+Thigh: see femur.
+
+Thigmotactic: contact-loving: applied to species that tend to live close
+together or in touch, one with the other.
+
+Third longitudinal vein: in Diptera (Will.):= radius 5 (Comst.).
+
+Third posterior cell: in Diptera, = 2d medial 2 (Comst.).
+
+Third submarginal cross-nervure: in Hymenoptera (North.):= radius 4
+(Comst.).
+
+Thoracic: belonging or attached to the thorax.
+
+Thoracic dorsal bristles: in Diptera, the specialized bristles on the
+dorsum of the thorax.
+
+Thoracic feet: the jointed legs on the thoracic segments of larvae, as
+distinguished from abdominal or pro-legs.
+
+Thoracico-abdominal: the first segment of the abdomen when united
+with the thorax so as to form part of it: =propodeum.
+
+Thoracic pleural bristles: in Diptera, the specialized bristles situated
+on the pleural region of the thorax.
+
+Thoracotheca: = cytotheca: q.v.
+
+Thorax: the second or intermediate region of the insect body, bearing
+the true legs and wings: made up of three rings, named in order, pro-,
+meso-, and meta-thorax: when the pro-thorax is free as in Coleoptera,
+Orthoptera, and Hemiptera, the term thorax is commonly used in
+descriptive work for that segment only: in Odonata, where the
+prothorax is small and not fused with the larger and united meso- and
+meta-thorax, the term thorax is commonly used for these latter two
+united, excluding the prothorax.
+
+Thread-plate: an epithelial plate of the embryo from which the
+terminal threads of the ovarian tubes originate.
+
+Thyridial cell: in Trichoptera: the cell formed by the first fork of
+median vein; the cell behind Thyridium.
+
+Thyridiate: applied to a wing vein that at one point seems broken so
+as to permit of a folding or bending; either to pack into a small
+compass or to enfold the body.
+
+Thyridium -ii: small, whitish or almost transparent spots near the
+anastomosis of the disc of the wings in some Neuroptera, or in the
+recurrent veins in the cubital cellule in some Hymenoptera; also the
+apical margin of the gastrocoeli, often alone visible: in Trichoptera,
+specifically, a hyaline spot on second fork of median vein.
+
+Thyrsus: a cluster.
+
+Thysanoptera: fringe-winged: an ordinal term, applied to species with
+four narrow, similar wings, lengthily fringed; mouth parts fitted for
+puncturing and scraping; metamorphosis incomplete: the Thripids.
+
+Thysanura: fringe-tails; wingless, mandibulate insects without
+metamorphosis; with anal appendages; body covered with scales;
+thoracic segments similar.
+
+Tiarate -us: turban or tiara-like.
+
+Tibia -ae: the shank: that part of the leg articulated to the femur
+basally and which bears the tarsus at the distal end.
+
+Tibial epiphysis: a movable process attached near the base of the
+inner side of the anterior tibia in many Lepidoptera.
+
+Tibial membrane: in male Cicada, the drum-like vibratory membrane
+that produces the sound.
+
+Tip: the extremity; the part furthest removed from the base.
+
+Titillator: a small process just below the penis in some Orthoptera.
+
+Tomentose: covered with fine hair, so matted together that particular
+hairs cannot be separated.
+
+Tomentum: a form of pubescence composed of matted, woolly hair: in
+Diptera applied to a covering of short, flattened, more or less
+recumbent, scale-like hair which merges gradually into dust or pollen.
+
+Tongue: an indefinite term, applied usually to the coiled mouth
+structure of Lepidoptera; the lapping organ of flies; the ligula of bees
+and wasps and, sometimes also to the hypopharynx of other insects.
+
+Tooth: an acute angulation: a short pointed process from an
+appendage or margin.
+
+Topomorph -ic: a geographic form, variety or subspecies of a widely
+distributed species: developed by local environment.
+
+Topotype: is a specimen collected in the exact locality whence the
+original type was obtained.
+
+Tornal: relating to or concerning the tornus.
+
+Tornus: in Lepidoptera, the junction of the termen and dorsum of
+wing: = hind or anal angle; q.v.
+
+Torose: swelling into knots or protuberances.
+
+Torpid: lying motionless by reason of cold or other natural conditions
+that unfavorably affect the organism.
+
+Torqueate: with a ring or collar.
+
+Torquillus: = rotula.
+
+Tortilis: twisted.
+
+Tortulose-us: hump-backed; a surface with a few large elevations:
+beaded; moniliform.
+
+Tortuose -us: irregularly curved and bent; snake-like.
+
+Tortuous: = Tortuose.
+
+Torulus: the basal socket joint of the antenna upon which the organ is
+articulated for movement in all directions.
+
+Totidem: in all parts; entirely.
+
+T.P. line: transverse posterior line; crossing the primaries of certain
+Lepidoptera, two-thirds or more from base: = post medial line.
+
+Trabecula: rounded, lobular masses of the procerebrum, from which
+arise the stalks bearing the mushroom bodies: a paired movable
+appendage in front of the antennae in certain bird-lice.
+
+Trachea -ae: the spirally ringed breathing tube or tubes of insects.
+
+Tracheal gills: the flattened or hair-like processes in aquatic larvae
+through which oxygen is absorbed from the water.
+
+Tracheary: relating to or composed of tracheae.
+
+Tracheate: supplied with trachea: a general term applied to all
+articulates that breathe by means of spiracular openings into a
+system of tubular structures that extend to all parts of the body.
+
+Tracheation: the arrangement or system of distribution of trachea.
+
+Tracheoles: the capillary trachea of the adult as they develop in
+masses in the larva: very small, slender tracheae.
+
+Transection: a cut across, at right angles to the body: transverse
+section.
+
+Transition zone: is the transcontinental belt in which the austral and
+boreal elements overlap: it is divided into a humid or Alleghanian
+area; a western arid area; and a Pacific Coast humid area: all of
+which see.
+
+Transitory: lasting for a short time only.
+
+Translucent: semi-transparent; admitting the passage of light but not
+of vision.
+
+Translucid: clear: transparent enough to be seen through.
+
+Transparent: so clear as not to obstruct vision.
+
+Transverse: when the longest diameter is across the body.
+
+Transverse incision: = transverse sulci.
+
+Transverse sulci: the transverse grooves of pronotum in many
+Orthoptera.
+
+Transverse suture: in Diptera, a transverse groove extending inward
+from the root of wing and obsolete in the middle of dorsum.
+
+Trapeziform: in the form or shape of a trapezium.
+
+Trapezium: a four-sided figure in which no two sides are parallel.
+{Scanner's comment: sic This is presumably an error in editing the
+original text.  A trapezium has two sides parallel. Compare next item.}
+
+Trapezoid -al: a four-sided plane of which two sides are parallel and
+two are not.
+
+Tri-: three; a combining form.
+
+Triangle: in Odonata: a small, triangular cell at the junction of cubitus
+with cubitus 1: a similar cell adjoining it basally is the internal
+triangle discoidal triangle: cardinal cell; q.v.
+
+Tri-articulate: composed of three joints or articles.
+
+Tribe: a term of classification less than a sub-family: opinionative and
+ending in ini: but this is not universally adhered to.
+
+Tri-carinate: with three keels or carinae.
+
+Trichogen: a hair-forming hypodermal cell in caterpillars, etc.
+
+Trichoptera: hairy-winged: insects with hairy primaries with many
+longitudinal veins and cells, covering the broader secondaries which
+are usually folded lengthwise; mouth mandibulate but rudimentary:
+head free; thorax agglutinate: metamorphosis complete.
+
+Trichostical bristles: in Diptera, a fan-like row, situated on the
+meta-pleura: conspicuous in some families.
+
+Trichotomous: divided by threes.
+
+Trichroism: the condition when any given part exhibits three different
+colors in different individuals of the same species: e.g. in
+Lepidoptera, the hind wings of certain Heliconids.
+
+Tricuspidate: ending in three points: with three cusps or teeth.
+
+Tridactyle -ous: having three toes or claws.
+
+Trifid: cleft into three parts or ends.
+
+Trigonal: triangular: an area bounded by a triangle.
+
+Trigonate: three-cornered; approximately triangular.
+
+Trigoneutism: where three broods occur in one season.
+
+Trigonulum: in Odonata, = triangle.
+
+Trimera: that series of Coleoptera, in which there are only three tarsal
+joints present.
+
+Trimerous: species which have the tarsi three-jointed.
+
+Trinomial: that method of nomenclature in which a varietal or
+subspecific name follows the specific term without an intervening
+mark or indications of its rank.
+
+Tripectinate: when an antenna has three branches or processes to
+each joint.
+
+Triquetral: = triquetrous.
+
+Triquetrous: with three flat sides.
+
+Tri-regional: divided into three distinct parts or regions.
+
+Trito-cerebral segment: see second antennal segment.
+
+Trito-cerebrum: the posterior portion of the brain, formed by the
+ganglion of the third primary segment; also termed labro-frontal lobe.
+
+Tri-undulate: with three waves or undulations.
+
+Triungulin: the first larval stage of a meloid beetle.
+
+Trivial: applied to a name, means specific as opposed to generic, or
+popular as opposed to technical.
+
+Trivittate: with three stripes or vitta.
+
+Trochalopoda: Heteroptera in which the posterior coxae are nearly
+globose and the articulation is a ball and socket joint: see pagiopoda.
+
+Trochanter: a sclerite, sometimes divided, between the coxa and femur
+sometimes fused with the femur.
+
+Trochanterellus: see apophysis.
+
+Trochantine: the basal part of the trochanter when it is two-jointed: in
+Coleoptera, a piece often present on the outer side of and sometimes
+movable on the coxa; also the small sclerite connecting the coxa with
+the sternum in Dytiscidae: in Neuroptera and Trichoptera the
+posterior separated part of the coxa: in Orthoptera, a narrow
+longitudinal sclerite between mandible and gena.
+
+Trochiformis: cylindro-conic.
+
+Trochlea: the thickened base of the hind wings in Cicada: in
+Trichoptera a small elliptical space at base of hind wing behind origin
+of median vein.
+
+Trochlearis: pulley-shaped; like a cylinder contracted medially.
+
+Trochus: that part of an articulated body inserted between the joints.
+
+Trophi: the mouth parts collectively, including the labrum: see buccal
+appendages.
+
+Trophobiosis: see Symbiosis.
+
+Tropical: is that faunal region which covers the southern part of the
+peninsula of Florida, the greater part of Central America, the lowlands
+of southern Mexico south of the table land, and a narrow strip on
+each side of Mexico which follows the coast northward into the United
+States.
+
+Tropico-politan: occurring in all tropical regions.
+
+Trumpets: breathing tubes of mosquito pupae.
+
+Truncate: cut off squarely at tip.
+
+Truncature: the truncation or point squarely cut off.
+
+Truncus: the trunk or thorax.
+
+Trunk: the thorax as a whole: the body.
+
+Tryptic: acting like tripsin, the proteolytic ferment of the pancreatic
+fluid.
+
+Tube: a slender, hollow, cylindrical body: specifically applied to the
+anal siphon or respiratory tube of mosquito larvae.
+
+Tubercle: a little solid pimple or small chitinous button: really a ring,
+which may or may not give rise to a seta.
+
+Tubercles: on the thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars are
+anterior trapezoidal; posterior trapezoidal; lateral; posterior stigmatal;
+anterior stigmatal; sub-primary subventral; pedal and adventral: all
+of which see.
+
+Tubercula: an elevated triangular process at the anterior angle of the
+thorax specifically in Hymenoptera.
+
+Tuberculate -ose: formed like a tubercle: a surface covered with
+tubercles.
+
+Tubercule -ulum: a small tubercle.
+
+Tuberculiform: shaped like a pimple or tubercle.
+
+Tuberculose -ous: covered or set with tubercles.
+
+Tubulifera: Hymenoptera, in which the terminal segments of abdomen
+are retracted, but may be extended, tube-like: Thysanoptera in which
+there is no ovipositor and the terminal segments of abdomen are
+tubular.
+
+Tubulous -ose: formed like a tube: fistulous.
+
+Tubulus: the slender, flexible abdominal segments forming the
+ovipositor in Diptera.
+
+Tubus: a term used to designate the corneous base of a ligula: the
+sheath of the tongue.
+
+Tumescence: a swelling or tumid enlargement: a puffed up area.
+
+Tumescent: a little swollen or puffed up.
+
+Tumid: swollen; enlarged; puffed up.
+
+Tunica intima: the inner layer of the silk glands: an inner lining or
+membrane.
+
+Tunica propria: a layer of epithelial cells and connective tissue lining
+the interior of the hind gut: the outer layer of the silk glands: a
+covering or investing membrane.
+
+Tunicate: composed of concentric layers, enveloping one another: said
+of antennae when each successive joint is buried in the preceding
+funnel-shaped one.
+
+Turbinate: top-shaped; nearly conical: differs from pyriform in being
+shorter and more suddenly attenuated at base: applied to an eye =
+pillared eye; q.v.
+
+Turgid: swollen.
+
+Turritus: towering: a surface rising cone-like.
+
+Tylo: = tylus; q.v.
+
+Tylus: the anterior central lobe of the head in Hemiptera.
+
+Tympana: the ears in Orthoptera.
+
+Tympanal: applied to organs covered with a tympanum or stretched
+membrane supposed to function as ears.
+
+Tympanic spiracle: in Diptera, the thoracic spiracle at base of wing.
+
+Tympanules: small openings covered by a membrane, having otoliths
+and serving as ears.
+
+Tympanum: any membrane stretched like the head of a drum:
+specifically applied to the membrane covering the auditory organs in
+Orthoptera.
+
+Type: a unique or single specimen selected from a series and labelled
+by the describer to represent his name and description: if male or
+female  be added to the label, the specimen typifies that sex, and in
+case of an erroneous association the male type stands for the species
+unless the author has specifically designated the other example as
+representing the name: see also co-type; homotype; meta-type;
+paratype; topotype.
+
+Typical: the normal or usual form of a species; agreeing with the type
+form.
+
+
+
+
+U
+
+Uliginous: muddy, or pertaining to mud.
+
+Ulnar: in Homoptera, a wing vein between the radial vein and claval
+suture; = cubitus: in Orthoptera, = cubitus; q.v.
+
+Ulnar area: in Orthoptera, = median area; q.v.
+
+Ulona: the thick, fleshy mouth parts of Orthoptera.
+
+Ulonata: a Fabrician. term for Orthoptera, based on the character of
+the mouth structures.
+
+Ultimate: last or final: that larval stage just before pupation.
+
+Ultramarine: an intense deep blue [cobalt blue].
+
+Ultra-nodal sector: in Odonata, runs parallel with and between media
+1 and 2, or principal and nodal sectors: = postnodal sector.
+
+Umbilicate: navel-shaped, or resembling a navel.
+
+Umbilicus: a navel, or navel-like depression.
+
+Umbonate: bossed; with an elevated knob in the centre.
+
+Umbone: an embossed, elevated knob situated on humeral angle of
+elytra.
+
+Umbones: two movable spines on the sides of prothorax in some
+Coleoptera.
+
+Umbrosa: shaded or clouded: a cloud or shade.
+
+Unarmed: without spurs, spines or armature of any kind.
+
+Unarticulate: not jointed nor segmented.
+
+Unci: thick, hooked processes, forming the borders of the anal
+opening.
+
+Uncinnate: hooked at the end.
+
+Uncus: in Lepidoptera, Diptera, and elsewhere, the curved book
+directed downward from a triangular dorsal plate in the male and
+shielding the penis: the genital hamule.
+
+Undate: wavy or waved.
+
+Undulated: obtusely waved in segments of circles.
+
+Unequal: unlike in size, form, development or other characters.
+
+Ungues: the tarsal claws.
+
+Unguiculate: armed with a hook, nail or claw.
+
+Unguiculus: a small terminal claw or nail-like process.
+
+Unguis: one of the claws at the end of the tarsus: also applied to a
+short process on the 6th antennal joint in some Aphids.
+
+Ungula: a hoof, claw or talon.
+
+Ungulate: shaped like a hoof.
+
+Uni-: one, a combining form.
+
+Unicolorous: of one color throughout.
+
+Unidentate: with one tooth only.
+
+Uniplicate: with a single fold or line of folding.
+
+Unique: one only: unlike any other.
+
+Unisexual: of one sex only: applied to Aphids and Cynipids where only
+parthenogenic females are known.
+
+Upper austral zone: is divided into an eastern humid or Carolinian
+area, and a western arid or upper Sonoran area, which pass
+insensibly into each other near the 100th meridian: see Carolinian
+and upper Sonoran.
+
+Upper field: in tegmina, = anal field; q.v.
+
+Upper margin: of tegmina (Thomas), corresponds to the posterior or
+anal margin of most authors.
+
+Upper median area: see areola.
+
+Upper radial: in Lepidoptera, = media 1 (Comst.), and is vein 5, or the
+independent, of the numerical series.
+
+Upper sector of triangle: in Odonata, = cubitus 1 (Comst.).
+
+Upper Sonoran faunal area: that arid part of upper austral west of
+100th meridian; covers most of plains in eastern Montana and
+Wyoming, s. w. South Dakota, west. Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma
+and Texas, and east. Colorado and New Mexico; covers plains of
+Columbia, Malheur and Harney in Oregon and Washington. In
+California encircles Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys and forms a
+narrow belt around Colorado and Mohave deserts. In Utah covers Salt
+Lake and Sevier deserts. In Idaho the Snake plains. In Nevada and
+Arizona irregular areas of suitable elevation.
+
+Uranidin: a yellow coloring matter in some Coleoptera and
+Lepidoptera.
+
+Urceolate: pitcher-shaped; swelling in the middle.
+
+Ureter: the stalk connecting the malpighian tubules, when they form
+large tufts, with the intestine.
+
+Uric acid: the characteristic nitrogenous excretion of the malpighian
+or urinary tubules: composition, C5H4N4O3 (von Furth).
+
+Urinary vessels: = malpighian tubules; q.v.: has also been applied by
+older authors, to anal glands.
+
+Urite: an abdominal segment and, specifically, its ventral portion.
+
+Uromere: any of the abdominal segments of an arthropod.
+
+Uropoda: any of the abdominal feet of arthropods.
+
+Uropygium: the ovipositor when it is a mere extension of the
+abdominal segments.
+
+Urosome: the abdomen.
+
+Urosternite: the sternal or under piece of the uromeres.
+
+Urticating: nettling; applied to specialized hairs or processes on the
+bodies of certain caterpillars, which cause a stinging or burning
+sensation on the skin.
+
+Ustulatus: scorched: applied to a maculation that has the appearance
+of having been burned in.
+
+Uterus: the vaginal portion of oviduct: the sometimes enlarged
+portion of the vagina at junction of the oviducts: = calyx, q.v.
+
+Uterus masculinus: a pouch or sac into which the ductus
+ejaculatorius opens in the Symphyla.
+
+Utriculi breviores: small vesicular sacs connected with the seminal
+vesicles in crickets and some other insects.
+
+Utriculi majores: large vesicular sacs or tubular structures connected
+with the seminal vesicles in crickets and some other insects.
+
+Utriculus: a little bag or hollow vesicle.
+
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+Vacuolate: with vacuoles or small cavities, empty or filled with a
+watery fluid.
+
+Vagina: the tubular structure formed by the union of the oviducts in
+the female, opening externally to admit the passage of the egg to the
+ovipositor: receives the penis of the male in copulation and is
+sometimes called oviduct: "every part, the office of which is to cover,
+protect or defend the tongue": "the bivalve coriaceous sheath or cover
+of the spicula": generally, a sheath.
+
+Vaginata: sheathed: an obsolete ordinal term for Coleoptera.
+
+Vaginate: inclosed in a bivalved sheath.
+
+Vagus: sympathetic nervous system; q.v.
+
+Valgate: enlarged at bottom: club-footed.
+
+Valve or Valvulae: the expanded plate-like galea of the maxilla in
+many Hymenoptera.
+
+Valve: a small, transverse or triangular piece behind the last full
+ventral segment, at base of plates in male Jassidae and allies.
+
+Valves: in Orthoptera, the corneous pieces of the ovipositor:=
+corniculi in Lepidoptera, sometimes used to = harpes; q.v.
+
+Valvula = vagina in its application to Dipterous mouth parts.
+
+Valvulae: in Hymenoptera, branches of the genital forceps of male.
+
+Valvular: when two parts join so as to form a valve between them.
+
+Valvular process: in Odonata, a slender, unjointed process at the apex
+of each genital valve.
+
+Valvule: any small, valve-like process.
+
+Variation: a departure in color or form, from the normal: the sum of
+the departures from a mean type of any species: it is continuous
+when there is no break between the extremes; discontinuous when
+there are gaps without intermediate forms.
+
+Variety: any departure from the normal type of a species which, while
+retaining the specific characters, is yet recognizably different because
+of climatic, seasonal or other influences; may occur with the type form
+or as a geographical race.
+
+Variola: a deep, rounded impression with defined edges.
+
+Variolate -ose: with large, rounded impressions like pock-marks.
+
+Vas deferens: = vasa deferentia, q.v.
+
+Vasa deferentia: tubes from the seminal vesicles or testes of each side,
+which usually unite into a single ductus ejaculatorius; q.v.
+
+Vasa varicosa: the malpighian tubules.
+
+Vascular: relating to the blood-vessels or circulatory system.
+
+Vasiform orifice: in Aleurodidae, an ovate, triangular or semicircular
+opening on the dorsum of the last abdominal segment.
+
+Veinlets: in Orthoptera, are the minute transverse ribs or ridges
+between the longitudinal veins.
+
+Veins: the chitinous, rod-like structures supporting the wings, and
+especially those extending longitudinally from base to the outer
+margin nerves nervures; nervules.
+
+Velum: a membranous appendage of the spurs at the apex of anterior
+tibia in bees a broad process at inner end of fore tibia.
+
+Velum penis: the thin membranous covering of the male intromittent
+organ also applied to ether covering or shield-like structures of the
+penis.
+
+Velutinous: velvety: clothed with dense, soft, short hair, like velvet.
+
+Vena: a vein.
+
+Vena dividens: that longitudinal vein of secondaries that marks the
+beginning of the anal area: = anal 1 (Comst.).
+
+Vena plicata: on the wings of Dermaptera, the vein around which the
+folding occurs.
+
+Vena spuria: = spurious vein: q.v.
+
+Venation: the system of chitinous frame-work supporting the wings: in
+Lepidoptera, the veins are usually referred to by numbers which are
+as follows: on primaries: 1 = anal; 2 = cubitus 2; 3 = cubitus 1: 4 =
+media 3; 5 = media 2; 6 = media 1; 7 = radius 5; 8 = radius 4; 9 =
+radius 3; 10 = radius 2; 11 = radius 1; 12 = subcosta:
+on secondaries: 1, 1a, 1b = anal; 2 = Cubitus; 3 = cubitus 1; 4 =
+media 3: 5 = media 2; 6 = media 1; 7 = radius 1; 8 = sub-costa. See
+plate III for typical venations of all orders.
+
+Venter: the belly: under surface of abdomen as a whole and of each
+ring.
+
+Ventose: inflated; puffed out.
+
+Ventrad: extending or directed toward the under side.
+
+Ventral: pertaining to the under surface of abdomen: in Diptera, that
+face of the leg which is inferior when laterally extended.
+
+Ventral chain: refers to the series of ganglia of the nervous system.
+
+Ventral comb: in Trichoptera, a transverse row of fine teeth on venter.
+
+Ventral diaphragm: is a fine membrane covering the central nerve
+cords and ganglia: also called ventral heart.
+
+Ventral heart: = ventral diaphragm, q.v.
+
+Ventral plate: a thickening of the blastoderm of an egg from which the
+embryo, but not the amnion or serosa is formed.
+
+Ventral scale: in Diaspinae, the under part of the puparium,
+interposed between the insect and the plant.
+
+Ventral tube: in Collembola, a tube or tubercle proceeding from the
+ventral side of the first abdominal segment.
+
+Ventricose: with a big belly: distended; inflated.
+
+Ventriculus: the true stomach, = chylific ventricle; q.v.
+
+Ventri-meson: the middle line of the ventral surface of the body.
+
+Ventro-cephalad: toward the lower side and anteriorly.
+
+Ventro-dorsad: extending from belly to back.
+
+Venules: the branches of the main veins.
+
+Vermian: worm-like.
+
+Vermicular: worm-like, tortuous: resembling the tracks of a worm.
+
+Vermiculate: worm-like in form: a marking with wormlike tracings.
+
+Vermiform: worm-shaped.
+
+Vernal: appearing in spring.
+
+Vernantia: the molting or shedding of the skin.
+
+Verriculate: with thick-set tufts of parallel hairs.
+
+Verricule: a dense tuft of upright hairs.
+
+Verrucose: having little hard lumps or wart-like elevations.
+
+Versatile: moving freely in every direction.
+
+Versicolored: with several colors, indeterminately restricted.
+
+Vertex: the top of the head between the eyes, front and occiput: in
+bees, that part of the head adjacent to and occupied by the ocelli: in
+Notonectids, "the imaginary anterior margin of the notocephalon."
+
+Vertexal: occurring on or near the vertex, or directed toward it.
+
+Vertical cephalic bristles: in Diptera, are two pairs, inner and outer,
+inserted more or less behind the upper and inner corner of the eye;
+erect, or the inner pair convergent, the outer pair divergent.
+
+Vertical margin: in Diptera, the limit between front and occiput.
+
+Vertical triangle: in male Diptera, the small triangle upon which the
+ocelli are situated; limited behind by vertex, in front by eyes.
+
+Verticil: one of the whorls of long fine sensitive hair arranged
+symmetrically on the joints of the antennae in certain Diptera.
+
+Verticillate: placed in whorls: antennae in which the joints have a
+circle of long, fine hair as in Cecidomyiids.
+
+Vesicant: blistering: able to produce a blister.
+
+Vesicle of penis: in Odonata, a sac with chitinous walls, attached to
+the sternum behind the penis.
+
+Vesicles: little sacs, bladders or cysts: applied to extensible organs
+producing odors or secretions, as in some beetles and caterpillars.
+
+Vesicular: bladder-like; beset with spherical prominences.
+
+Vesicula seminalis: see seminal vesicles.
+
+Vestibule: the space around the ovipositor formed by the projecting
+margins of the surrounding segments: the space between the
+occluding structure of the spiracle and the valve opening into the
+trachea itself.
+
+Vestigial: small or degenerate: only a trace or remnant of a previously
+functional organ.
+
+Vestiture: the surface clothing, whether of a hairy or scaly character.
+
+Vexhillum: in Hymenoptera, an expansion on the tip of tarsi of certain
+fossorial groups.
+
+Vibrant: having a rapid motion to and fro.
+
+Vibratile: formed for vibratory motion: used to express the almost
+continual movement of the antennae of some Hymenoptera, and the
+wings of some Diptera.
+
+Vibrissae: curved bristles or hairs in some Diptera, situated between
+the mystax and the antenna: whiskers.
+
+Villi: soft hairs or papillate processes: plural of villus, q.v.
+
+Villose -ous: soft-haired or clothed with soft, short hair.
+
+Villus: a short, hair-like or papillate process on the surface of certain
+absorbent and sensory organs.
+
+Vinous: wine-color: a deep, transparent red-brown, like claret [purple
+madder].
+
+Violaceous: violet colored: a mixture of blue and red [violet carmine].
+
+Virescent or Viridescent: greenish or becoming green.
+
+Viridis: green, like verdigris [French blue + chrome yellow + white].
+
+Viscera: the internal organs of the body.
+
+Visceral: relating or attached to the viscera.
+
+Viscid: sticky: covered with a shiny, resinous or greasy matter.
+
+Viscous: thick, sticky or semi-fluid.
+
+Vis formatrix: the creative or formative force.
+
+Vitelligenous: producing the vitellus or yolk: said of certain cells in the
+ovaries, believed to have that function.
+
+Vitelline -us: yellow, with a slight tinge of red, like yolk of an egg.
+
+Vitelline membrane: the delicate tissue surrounding the yolk of an
+egg.
+
+Vitreous: glassy; transparent.
+
+Vitta: a longitudinal, colored line.
+
+Vitta frontalis: = frontal stripe: q.v.
+
+Vittate: striped.
+
+Viviparous: applied to insects which bear living young.
+
+Vocal cords: specialized organs on the thoracic spiracles of Diptera, by
+means of which they produce a humming or singing sound.
+
+Volant: flying or capable of flight.
+
+Vulgar: common; not conspicuous: obscure in appearance and
+abundant in number.
+
+Vultus: face: that part of head below front and between the eyes.
+
+Vulva: the orifice of the vagina in the female.
+
+Vulvar lamina: in Odonata, the posterior margin of sternum of
+segment 8.
+
+Vulvar scale: = v. lamina.
+
+
+
+
+W
+
+Wart: a spongy excrescence, more or less cylindric, with a nearly
+truncated tip: the enlarged, common base of a group of seta: in
+Trichoptera, a pitted elevation.
+
+Wax: a ductile substance excreted by bees and other insects from
+glandular structures in various parts of the body, used in building
+cells or in forming a protective covering.
+
+Wax-cutter: the pincer-like structure formed by the hind tibia and
+metatarsus in social bees.
+
+Wax-glands: any glands in any part of the body which secrete a waxy
+product in either a scale, string or powder: in Coccidae, the
+circumgenital and parastigmatic glands; q.v.
+
+Wax-pincer: = wax cutter.
+
+Wax-scale: one of the scales secreted in the wax pocket or gland of a
+worker bee.
+
+Whitlows: = paronychia; q.v.
+
+Whorl: a ring of long hair arranged around a centre, like the spokes
+around the hub of a wheel.
+
+Wing, Wings: membranous reticulated organs of flight; one pair, the
+primaries, attached to the meso-thorax; the other, the secondaries,
+attached to the meta-thorax.
+
+Wing covers: those parts of the chitinous cuticle of larvae, nymphs or
+pupae which cover the rudiments of the wings of the imago: the
+forewings of an imago when they are thicker than the hind wings and
+cover them when at rest: see elytra; tegmina.
+
+Wings of the heart: the series of diagonal and other muscular fibres
+above the diaphragm in the pericardial cavity: see pericardial
+diaphragm.
+
+Wing cells: areas inclosed by veins: reference should be had to the
+figures illustrating venation and to the special terms applied to the
+cells.
+
+Winglets: small, concavo-convex scales, generally fringed at tip, under
+the base of the elytra in Dytiscidae.
+
+Wing-pads: undeveloped wings of pupa or nymph.
+
+Wing-scale: in Hymenoptera, = tegula; q.v.
+
+Workers: the undeveloped females in the social Hymenoptera; also
+those sexually undeveloped Termites that are not soldiers.
+
+
+
+
+X
+
+Xanthophyll: the yellow of autumn leaves; one of the substances
+found in the blood of insects.
+
+Xenobiosis: see symbiosis.
+
+Xerophilous: applied to species living in dry places.
+
+Xylophaga: wood-eaters: applied in several orders.
+
+Xylophagous: feeding in or upon woody tissue.
+
+Xyphus: a spinous or triangular process of the meso-sternum in many
+Hemiptera, and some other insects.
+
+
+
+
+Y
+
+Yellow: used without modification is sulphur or lemon yellow.
+
+Yolk: the nutritive matter of an egg as distinguished from the living,
+formative material; = deutoplasm.
+
+
+
+
+Z
+
+Zona: a belt or zone; as of distribution.
+
+Zonite: = arthromere or somite; q.v.
+
+Zooenite or Zooenule: = zonite.
+
+Zygoptera: those Odonata, having the fore and hind wings subequal in
+width, venation comprising a quadrilateral, not a triangle; nymphs
+with caudal tracheal gills.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ADDENDA.
+
+Calacobiosis: see symbiosis.
+
+Cleptobiosis: see symbiosis.
+
+Dulosis: see symbiosis.
+
+Coxal file: in some aquatic Coleoptera a series of striations just above
+the hind coxa of male and, perhaps, a stridulating organ.
+
+Coxal plates: plate-like expansions or dilations of the coxa: specifically
+in aquatic Coleoptera on the posterior pair.
+
+Ecto-parasite: one that is attached to the external surface of the host.
+
+Ento-parasite: one that feeds within the body of the host.
+
+Embioptera: an ordinal term proposed for the Neuropterous family
+Embidae.
+
+Hamabiosis: see symbiosis.
+
+Heliophobic: loving darkness: applied to species that shun the light,
+like, e.g. Termites.
+
+Heliotactic: light loving: applied to species that live in the open and in
+daylight.
+
+Lestobiosis: see symbiosis.
+
+Meron: in Neuroptera, a sclerite posterior to the coxa and below the
+epimeron: corresponds to the trochantine in Lepidoptera.
+
+Metasternal wing: in some aquatic Coleoptera a leaf-like expansion
+above the coxal plates.
+
+Myrmecophily: is the relation existing between ants and those guests
+that seek their company primarily for their own individual advantage.
+
+Phylacobiosis: see symbiosis.
+
+Prosternal process: in aquatic Coleoptera a modification of the
+prosternum used in the differentiation of species.
+
+Sub-clypeal pump: in some Diptera, the enlarged, more or less bulb-
+like structure at the anterior entrance of the oesophagus.
+
+Sub-clypeal tube: in Diptera: see pharynx.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
+
+PLATE 1. Structures of the External Body Wall.
+
+1. Harpalus caliginosas showing the underside, and the head from
+above, to show the regions and the position of the sclerites.
+
+
+
+2. Thorax of a Dipteron to show location of bristles.
+
+
+
+3. Lateral view of a denuded Lepidopteron to show arrangement of
+sclerites.
+
+4. Abdominal segment of a caterpillar to show the position of the
+tubercles.
+
+5. Lateral view of a dragon fly to show the body sclerites.
+
+All the abbreviations used in this plate are readily understood.
+
+
+
+PLATE II.  Structures of Head, Mouth, Thorax & Genitalia
+
+1. Head of wasp from front.
+
+2. Head of honey bee with mouth parts extended.
+
+3. Head of Locustid from front, to show regions.
+
+4. Head of a Lepidopteron from front.
+
+5. Head of a cricket from front.
+
+6. Labium of a cricket showing all usual parts.
+
+7. Maxilla of Harpalus caliginosus, with all sclerites marked.
+
+8. Mandible of Copris carolina with all sclerites defined.
+
+9. Thorax of a Hymenopteron from above.
+
+10. Genitalia of a male mosquito with all parts named.
+
+11. Genitalia of a male Noctuid from below: the parts separated out.
+
+
+
+PLATE III. Venation According to the Comstock System.
+
+1. Wing venation of a Noctuid.
+
+2. Wing venation of a Hepialid.
+
+3. Wing venation of a Locustid.
+
+4. Wing venation of a Hymenopteron.
+
+5. Wing venation of a Dipteron.
+
+6. Wing venation of an Odonat.
+
+7. Wing venation of a Cicada.
+
+
+
+Abbreviations are as follows:
+
+C. Costa, except in figure 1, where on the outer margin C occurs
+instead of Cu. In the cells it means Costal.
+
+Sc. Subcosta, when it refers to a vein and subcostal in a cell.
+
+R. Radius, when it refers to a vein and radial when in a cell.
+
+M. Media, when it refers to a vein and median in a cell.
+
+Cu. Cubitus, when it refers to a vein and cubital in a cell.
+
+A. Anal veins or cells.
+
+c-v. cross-vein.
+
+m-cu. medio-cubital cross-vein.
+
+r-m. radio-medial cross-vein.
+
+m. median cross-vein.
+
+h. humeral cross-vein.
+
+st. stigma.
+
+ar. arculus.
+
+br. bridge.
+
+n. nodus.
+
+o. oblique vein.
+
+t. triangle.
+
+i. internal triangle.
+
+al. anal loop.
+
+Antn-c-sp. Antenodal costal spaces.
+
+Ptn-c-sp. Postnodal costal spaces.
+
+Ptn-r-sp. Postnodal radial spaces.
+
+All cells are named after the vein that bounds them anteriorly and are
+numbered, if more than one, from base outwardly, as 2M3 = second
+median 3, etc.
+
+In figure 1, M, in the outer margin between C1 and M2, should be M3:
+the 3 was accidentally cut out by the engraver.
+
+
+
+Plate 1
+
+
+Plate 2
+
+Plate 3
+
+COLOR PLATE.
+
+Nomenclature of Windsor and Newton's Water Colors.
+ 1. Vermilion.
+ 2. Carmine.
+ 3. Crimson lake.
+ 4. Alizar crimson.
+ 5. Salmon.
+ 6. Rose.
+ 7. Purple madder.
+ 8. Mauve.
+ 9. French blue.
+10. Purple lake.
+11. Violet carmine.
+12. Lilac.
+13. Cobalt blue.
+14. Lavender.
+15. Blue gray.
+16. Greenish gray.
+17. Chrome lemon.
+18. Gamboge.
+19. Chrome orange.
+20. Pale cadmium yellow.
+21. Brown pink.
+22. Pale clay yellow.
+23. Hooker's green.
+24. Prussian green.
+25. Olive green.
+26. Apple green.
+27. Nile green.
+28. Pale green.
+20. Blue green.
+30. Neutral.
+31. Gray.
+32. Ultra ash gray.
+33. Indian red.
+34. Dragon's blood.
+35. Burnt sienna.
+36. Brown ochre.
+37. Cologne earth.
+38. Roman sepia.
+39. Van Dyke brown.
+40. Pale brown.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Explanation of Terms Used in Entomology, by
+John. B. Smith
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY ***
+
+***** This file should be named 22748.txt or 22748.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/7/4/22748/
+
+Produced by Jon Richfield
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.