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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/22748-8.txt b/22748-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..71aa971 --- /dev/null +++ b/22748-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12932 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Explanation of Terms Used in Entomology, by +John. B. Smith + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Explanation of Terms Used in Entomology + +Author: John. B. Smith + +Release Date: September 23, 2007 [EBook #22748] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY *** + + + + +Produced by Jon Richfield + + + + + + +EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY + +PREPARED BY JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D. +Professor of Entomology in Rutgers College, &c. + +PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY +BROOKLYN, N. Y. +1906 + +PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY +LANCASTER, PA. + +{Scanner's note: This book is about a century old at the time of +scanning. I found it in the discard pile of a local university library. I +find the book to be of exceptional historical interest in the insights it +gives into the development of early modern entomological science. It +also is of practical value as a source for terms that are obscure to +modern users because they are no longer current. + +I have edited the text as well as I could and I think it is by now very +usable, but do treat any really suspicious looking passages with +reserve. I have avoided the use of non-alphabetic symbols as far as I +could, for example Greek letters and male, female and hermaphroditic +symbols, but if you encounter difficulties you might find the +problem there. Also, the colour table at the end is not really much +good for anything beyond general impressions; not only are the paper +and ink old, but between my scanner and your screen or printer, there +is room for too much misinterpretation of precise colour, for anyone to +take it seriously. + +In any case, enjoy. The book is a valuable product of serious workers +in an age of exploration.} + + + +FOREWORD. + +When, some time since, in consequence of continuing demands, the +Brooklyn Entomological Society resolved to publish a new edition of +its Explanation of Terms used in Entomology, and entrusted the +writer and two associates with the task of preparing the same, it was +believed that a little revision of definitions, the dropping of a few +obsolete terms and the addition of a few lately proposed, would be all +that was necessary. It was to be a light task to fill idle time in +summer, report to be made in fall. Two years have passed since that +time; the associates have dropped by the way; the manuscript +contains five times the number of terms in the original "Explanation." +and if it is published now, it is not because I believe it to be complete; +but because I do not believe it can be made complete except as the +result of criticism and voluntary addition by specialists throughout +the country. + +It is twenty-six years since the original list was published and nothing +can better illustrate the advances made than a comparison between +the old and the new Glossary. No one realizes better than I the fact +that as students have increased in each order, each has followed an +independent line of research, absolutely without regard to the work +done elsewhere. In consequence, we have several terms for the same +thing in many cases and, in an equal number, several meanings to the +same term. As no one man can now-a-days cover the entire field of +Entomology, it goes without saying that I was compelled to rely partly +upon books and partly upon the good nature of correspondents to +make the work even approximately complete. + +The first notable contribution came from Professor Justus W. Folsom, +of Urbana, Illinois, who sent me over 2000 cards of terms collected by +himself and his assistants, and these added materially at the +beginning of the work. A number of correspondents were good enough +to send in lists of terms in Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, +Hemiptera and Neuroptera, and to refer me to literature where +explanations of other special terms could be found. + +After the cards were so far advanced as to warrant a preliminary +manuscript, Dr. Philip P. Calvert of the University of Pennsylvania. +Mr. Nathan Banks of Washington, D.C., and Mr. C. W. Johnson of +the Boston Society of Natural History went carefully over the entire +work and by their criticisms and additions contributed materially to +such merit as it possesses. To these gentlemen and to the many +others not specifically mentioned I give thanks for their assistance, +and if there have not been more co-workers it has been only because +of the time element that seems to demand the best that is ready, +rather than a delay to secure perfection. + +It would be interesting to go at length into the history of the +correspondence to determine what sort of terms should or should not +be included and to bring out the hopeless divergencies existing; but +all that is important here is to state briefly what has been included +and what omitted. + +Common English terms even if descriptive, when used in their +ordinary dictionary sense, have not been included as a rule; but this +is subject to many exceptions. Latin terms and derivatives, even if +used in their usual sense have been generally included; but +compounds made up of adequately defined descriptive terms are +generally omitted. Adverbial or adjective forms have been omitted +whenever it has been considered safe, and so have terms prefixed by +sub-, supra- and the like, indicating degree or position. In doubtful +cases the terms have been included and defined. All terms of venation +are, so far as possible, reduced to the Comstock system which is the +only one that has been satisfactorily worked out for all orders, and a +series of figures is added to explain this system so far as seems +necessary. It has not been considered feasible to determine the proper +use of terms applied differently in different orders or families; that is +scarcely within the scope of a work of this kind. + +Terms used in embryological and histological study have been +included only so far as seemed necessary to an understanding of the +general works, and no attempt has been made to cover the terms +applied to musculature and other details of microscopic structure: +this has seemed rather to be outside of the scope of the present essay. + +All color terms are reduced so far as possible to terms of the +Windsor and Newton system of water colors which are standard in the +English-speaking world, and the color plate shows solid blocks of +those colors that seem necessary to explain all modifications except +metallics, blacks and whites. {Scanner's note: color plate may be +excluded, partly because it is in poor condition.} + +The figures illustrating body structures and other details have been +drawn under my supervision by Mr. John A. Grossbeck, and are +meant to be guides merely - else the glossary would exceed its scope. + +In the admission that the work is incomplete, no apology is intended +for its publication; it is merely a statement of fact to encourage +constructive rather than destructive criticism. It is hoped that those +who note errors or omissions will communicate them to the writer so +that when another edition is needed, as it will be before many years +are past, a standard work may be possible. + + + +JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D. + +New Brunswick, N.J. April 1906 + + + + +EXPLANATORY. + +Definitions of general application are as a rule given first, where +more than one is necessary; next those of limited use, and finally +the specific meaning in each order in which there is any notable +difference. + +Where a word has more than one ending, the difference is given after a +hyphen which represents the stem word: e.g. ametabola -ous; the +latter in place of ametabolous, which indicates the possession of the +characters peculiar to the ametabola. Where there is an English and a +Latin ending, the former is usually given with the word and the other +is added: e.g. aequilate -us, instead of aequilatus, there being no +difference in the application. Usually the singular form of the word +is first given, and the plural ending is added; e.g. + + antenna -ae, + + cenchrus -ri, + + desideratum -ata; + +but occasionally, when the plural is more commonly used, e.g. +epimera -eron, this is reversed and the singular ending is added: when +the two are different in form, e.g. foot and feet, the words are given +separately, and so when there is a difference in the application, as in + + uncus and unci. + +In the definition of color terms the words in brackets [ ] refer to the +equivalent color as named on the plate, or the combination needed to +produce it. + +The names in parentheses ( ) are those of the writers whose definitions +are used, or who have used the term in the sense defined. In the +terms of venation, these parentheses occur most frequently. + +Most of the signs and abbreviations are those in common use + + := equal to, or the same as; + + q.v. which see; + + pl. plural; + + abb. abbreviated. + +The abbreviated names are: Comst. for Comstock; Coq. for +Coquillett; Meig. for Meigen; Nort. for Norton: O. S. for +Osten-Sacken: and Will. for Williston. + + +A + +A: prefix, is privative; wanting or without. + +Ab: off; away from. + +Abbreviated: cut short; not of usual length. + +Abdomen: the third or posterior division of the insect body: consists +normally of nine or ten apparent segments, but actual number is a +mooted question: bears no functional legs in the adult stage. + +Abdominal: belonging or pertaining to the abdomen. + +Abdominal feet: see pro-legs. + +Abdominal groove: the concave lobe of the inner margin of secondaries +enveloping the abdomen beneath, in some butterflies. + +Abdominal pouch: in female Parnassiids, a sac-like ventral cavity, +formed by material secreted during copulation. + +Abductor: applied to muscles that open out or extend an appendage or +draw it away from the body: see adductor. + +Abductor mandibulae: the muscle that opens the mandibles. + +Aberrant: unusual; out of the ordinary course. + +Aberration: a form that departs in some striking way from the normal +type; either single or occurring rarely, at irregular intervals. + +Abiogenesis: spontaneous generation. + +Abnormal: outside the usual range or course; not normal. + +Aborted: a structure developed so as to be unfit for its normal function +obsolete or atrophied. + +Abraded: scraped or rubbed. + +Abrupt: suddenly or without gradation. + +Abscissus: cut off squarely, with a straight margin. + +Absconditus: hidden, concealed; retracted into another. + +Acalyptrata: those muscid flies in which alulae are absent or +rudimentary. + +Acanthus: a spine, spur or prickle. + +Acaudal -ate: without a tail. + +Accessory: added, or in addition to. + +Accessory carinae: in Orthoptera the lateral carinae of the face. + +Accessory cell: a cell not commonly present in the group; in some +orders of definite location as, e.g. in Lepidoptera, usually a small cell +at the end of the subcosta, giving rise directly or indirectly to veins 7 +to 10:= 1st radius 2 (Comst.); = areole. + +Accessory glands: any glands opening into the ducts of the +reproductive system. + +Accessory sac: a glandular structure of the female reproductive +system containing a sticky secretion. + +Accessory subcostal vein: the vein given off from the subcosta and +branching toward the apex of the wing in Perlidae. + +Aceous or aceus: suffix; similar to, or of the nature of. + +Acephalous: without a head. + +Acerata: arthropods without true antennae Arachnids and Limulus + +Acetabular caps: Hemiptera; the coxal cavity. + +Acetabuliform: like a shallow saucer with more or less incurved sides. + +Acetabulum: the cavity into which an appendage is articulated; +specifically the coxal cavity, - q.v.; also applied to a +cup-like cavity in the sucking mouth of maggots. + +Achreioptera: ordinal term proposed for the coleopterous family +Platypsyllidae. + +Achromatic: free from color; tissue that does not stain readily. + +Acicular: needle-shaped; with a long, slender point. + +Aciculate: a surface that appears as if scratched with a needle. + +Acidotheca: the pupal sheath of the ovipositor. + +Acini: granulations, like those on a blackberry: the terminal secreting +tubes of glands. + +Acinose -ous: a surface set with acini. + +Acone: applied to compound eyes in which the individual ocelli have +no crystalline cone or lens; see eucone. {Scanner's note: this is no +longer a valid usage for the word "ocelli". Currently the term is. See +"ocellus" and "ommatidium".} + +Acoustic nerve: connects the auditory pits or other organs of hearing +with special ganglia. + +Acridophagus: preying and feeding on grasshoppers. + +Acrostichal bristles: Diptera; two rows of bristles on the middle of the +dorsum; specifically, minute peculiar bristles on the dorso-central +region of Dolichopodidae. + +Aculeata: Hymenoptera; the stingers, including bees and wasps. + +Aculeate: prickly; armed with short, sharp spines; specifically, in +Hymenoptera furnished with a sting which is a modified ovipositor +and connected with a poison sac. + +Aculeus -ei: a prickle; a small sharp point; specifically, an ovipositor, +especially when sting-like, as in Hymenoptera; in male Tipulidae a +slender, horny, often curved and pointed piece, projected when the +forceps is open. + +Acuminate: tapering to a long point. + +Acupunctate: a surface with fine punctures as if made with a needle. + +Acutangulate: forming, or meeting in an acute angle. + +Acute: pointed: terminating in or forming less than a right angle. + +Acutilingual: with a sharp pointed tongue or mouth structure, as in +some bees. + +Acutilingues: bees with a short pointed tongue: see obtusilingues. + +Addorsal: close to but not quite on the middle of the dorsum. + +Addorsal line: in caterpillars, is longitudinal, a little to one +side of the dorsal and between it and the subdorsal line. + +Adductor: applied to muscles that draw an appendage to the body +or bring parts into apposition: see abductor. + +Adductor mandibulae: the muscle that draws in or closes +the mandible. + +Adeloceratous: with concealed antennae: see cryptocerata. + +Adephagous: belonging to the Adephaga: pentamerous, predatory, +terrestrial beetles with filiform antennae and predatory habits: see +hydradephagous. + +Adherent: attached or clinging to. + +Adipose: fat or fatty: see fat-body. + +Adiscota: insects that develop into adults without forming imaginal +discs; see discota. + +Adminicula: supports or props: the spinous processes on the +abdomen of boring and burrowing pupae. + +Adnate: adjoining; adhering or growing together: closely connected. + +Adpressed: laid or pressed to; contiguous. + +Adsperse -us: with markings of closely crowded small spots. + +Adsternal: situated next or close to the sternum. + +Adult: the stage when an insect is sexually mature and ready to +reproduce normally. + +Aduncate -cus, -catus: a part gradually bent through its whole extent. + +Adventitious: occurring accidentally, out of the ordinary course, +without apparent reason. + +Adventral line: in caterpillars, extends along the under side between +the middle and the base of legs. + +Adventral tubercle: on the abdominal segments of caterpillars on the +inner base of the leg, and correspondingly on the apodal segments; +constant: is number VIII of the abdominal series (Dyar). + +Aeneous -eus: shining bronze or brassy. + +Aenescent: becoming or appearing bronzed or brassy. + +Aequale: equal. + +Aequilate-us: of equal breadth throughout. + +Aerial: living in the air; applied to flying insects. + +Aeriductus: a spiracle: the tracheal, gill-like structures of aquatic +larvae: more specifically the tail-like extensions of rat-tailed maggots +and some aquatic Hemiptera. + +Aeroscepsin: an indefinite sense of perception supposed to be located +in the antenna. + +Aeroscepsy: The faculty of observing atmospheric changes: supposed +to be located in the antenna. + +Aerostats: a pair of large air sacs at base of abdomen in Diptera. + +Aeruginose -us: the color of verdigris [blue green]. + +Aestival: occurring in summer. + +Aestivation: applied to summer dormancy. + +Afferent: carrying inwardly or toward the centre. + +Affinis: related to: similar in structure or development. + +Afternose: a triangular piece below antennae and above clypeus: see +postclypeus. + +Agamic -ous: reproducing without union with a male. + +Agamogenesis: reproduction without fertilization by a male: see +parthenogenesis; gamogenesis. + +Agglomerate: heaped or massed together. + +Agglutinate: stuck or glued together; welded into one mass. + +Aggregated: crowded together as closely as possible. + +Agnathous: without jaws; specifically applied to those Neuropteroid +series in which the mouth structures are obsolescent. + +Aileron: the scale covering the base of primaries in some insects; see +tegulae in Diptera = alula and squama, q.v. + +Air-sacs or vesicles: pouch-like expansions of tracheal tubes in heavy +insects, capable of inflation and supposed to lessen specific gravity. + +Air-tube: a respiratory siphon. + +Ala -ae: a wing or wings. + +Alar appendage: see alulet. + +Alar frenum: a small ligament crossing the supra-alar groove toward +the root of the wing: Hymenoptera. + +Alary: relating to the wings: applied also to the wing muscles of heart. + +Alate -us: winged; with lobes similar to wings in appearance though +not necessarily in function. + +Albi, albus: white. + +Albicans: formed or made of white. + +Albidus: white with dusky tinge. + +Albinic: of the character of an albino. + +Albinism: that condition in which there is an absence of color or a +whitening in a form usually colored. + +Albino: a colorless individual of a species that is normally colored. + +Albumen: the white of egg or the substances in the tissues which have +the same characteristics. + +Albumin: the characteristic substance forming the white of egg. + +Albuminoid: like or of the character of albumen. + +Alimentary canal: the digestive tract as a whole; begins at the mouth +and extends through the body to the anus. + +Alitrunk: that part of the thorax to which the wings are attached: in +many Hymenoptera, includes the 1st abdominal segment. + +Alizarine: a transparent, orange red [alizar crimson]. + +Alleghanian faunal area: is that part of the transition zone comprising +the greater part of New England, s. e. Ontario, New York, +Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, eastern N. Dakota, n. +e. S. Dakota, and the Alleghanies from Pennsylvania to Georgia. + +Alligate -us: fastened or suspended by a thread; +like the chrysalis of Papilio, etc. + +Alliogenesis: when the development includes an alternation of +generations (q.v.), as in Cynipids. + +Alluring glands: glandular structures diffusing an odor supposed to be +attractive to the opposite sex. + +Allux: next to the last joint of tarsus; in Rhynchophora. + +Alpine zone: = arctic zone, q.v. + +Alternation of generations: where a species that occurs in both sexes +periodically produces only parthenogenetic females; the latter, in +turn, producing the sexed form; occurs in Cynipidae and some +Homoptera: see heterogeny. + +Altus: above: applied to a part raised above the usual level. + +Alulae: Diptera; a pair of membranous scales above the halteres, +behind the root of the wing, one above or before the other; the +anterior attached to the wing and moving with it, the posterior +fastened to the thorax and stationary; see calyptra; squama; +squamula; lobulus; axillary lobe; aileron; scale; tegulae: Coleoptera; +a membranous appendage of the elytra which prevents dislocation. + +Alulet: Diptera: the lobe at basal posterior part of wing; = alar +appendage; posterior lobe: and has been used as = alula. + +Alutaceous: rather pale leather brown [burnt sienna]: covered with +minute cracks, like the human skin. + +Alveolate: furnished with cells: deeply pitted. + +Alveolus: a cell, like that of a honeycomb. + +Amber: a transparent, clear, pale yellowish brown; of the color of +amber [a mixture of pale cadmium yellow and a little burnt umber]. + +Ambient vein: Diptera; the costal vein when it extends beyond the +apex and practically margins the wing. + +Ambrosia: bee-bread: the food cultures of certain Scolytid beetles. + +Ambulatoria: that series of Orthoptera in which the legs are fitted for +walking only; Phasmids. + +Ambulatorial: fitted for walking or making progress on the surface. + +Ambulatorial setae: specialized hairs or bristles, situated on the +ventral segments of the abdomen of some Coleoptera. + +Ambulatory: moves by walking; formed for walking. + +Ametabola -ous: insects without obvious metamorphoses, in which +the larvae usually resemble the adult and the pupae are active. + +Ametabolion: an insect that has no distinct metamorphoses. + +Amethystine -us: bright blue with a reddish admixture; clear like an +amethyst [between mauve and lilac]. + +Amnion: the inner of the two membranes enveloping the embryo. + +Amnion cavity: a tube-like insinking from the ventral plate of the +embryo, extending cephalad. + +Amnion fold: the extensions of the amnion which close the mouth of +the amnion cavity in the embryo. + +Amnios: the first cast skin of the larva when a moult occurs almost +immediately after emergence from the egg. + +Amoebiform: having the appearance or properties of an amoeba. + +Amoeboid: applied to movements similar to those of an amoeba. + +Amphibiotica: those pseudoneuropterous insects whose larvae are +aquatic but whose imagos are aerial; stone-flies; May-flies; +dragonflies. + +Amphimixis: the mingling of the germ plasm of two individuals. + +Amphiodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids bearing +mandibles of medium size, between teleodont and priodont; +=mesodont. + +Amphipneustic: applied to larvae which have the spiracles confined to +the anterior and terminal segments. + +Ample: broad; large; sufficient in size. + +Amplected: when the head is received into a concavity +of the prothorax; e.g. Hister. + +Ampliate -us: moderately dilated. + +Amplificatus: dilated; enlarged. + +Ampulla: Orthoptera; an extensile sac between head and prothorax +used by the young in escaping from oötheca, and later, in molting: +Heteroptera; a blister-like enlargement at the middle of the anterior +margin of the pro-thorax. + +Ampulla-like: flask-shaped; applied to a vascular sac at base of +antennae which aids in the blood circulation of head and its +appendages. + +Amygdaliform: almond-shaped. + +Anabolic: the constructive change from food material to animal tissue: +see katabolic. + +Anal: pertaining or attached to the last segment of the abdomen; the +point or angle of any wing or other appendage that is near to or at any +time reaches the tip of the abdomen. + +Anal angle: on the secondaries is that angle nearest the end of the +abdomen when the wings are expanded: the angle between the inner +and outer margin of any wing; = hind angle of primaries. + +Anal appendages: generally; applied to the external genital parts. + +Anal area: Orthoptera and Neuroptera; the hinder or anal portion of a +wing within the anal vein = axillary area. + +Anal cells: the spaces between the anal veins (Comst.): in Diptera, +anal cell (Will.), the space nearest the body, inclosed by the 5th and +6th veins sometimes called the third basal cell (Coq.) = 1st anal +(Comst.). + +Anal field: Orthoptera; that area on the tegmina corresponding to the +anal area of the secondaries. + +Anal filaments: see caudal setae. + +Anal fork: applied to the cerci of Coleopterous larvae. + +Anal foot: applied to the tip of the body in larval Chironomids, which +is modified to serve as a hold-fast. + +Anal furrow: in wings, lies between the cubitus and 1st anal vein. + +Anal glands: appendages of the alimentary canal, opening into it near +the posterior extremity, secreting either a lubricant, a silk-gum, or +some other specialized material. + +Anal horns: in Collembola, are small processes borne on the last +abdominal segment. + +Anal lobes: in Lecaniinae, a pair of small, triangular, hinged processes +forming a valve which covers the anal orifice. + +Anal loop: Odonata; the loop formed by the angulations of 1st anal +vein. + +Analogous: similar in function; but differing in origin and structure: +e.g. the wings of birds and insects: see homologous. + +Anal operculum: the dorsal arch of the 10th abdominal segment; in +caterpillars = supra-anal plate, q.v. + +Anal organs: Collembola; the two modified hairs arising +from a tubercle ventro-cephalad of the anus and +usually curving caudo-dorsad. + +Anal orifice: see anus. + +Anal papilla: Collembola; see anal tubercle. + +Anal plate: in caterpillars, the shield-like covering of the dorsum of the +last segment: in the embryonic larva the 11th tergite. + +Anal ring: a chitinous ring encircling the anus in many Coccidae. + +Anal scale: one of the lateral processes of the ovipositor in Cynipidae, +lying outside and below the lateral scale. + +Anal siphon: the anal breathing tube of Culicid larvae. + +Anal style: a slender process on or within the terminal segment of the +abdomen in Homoptera. + +Anal tubercle: Collembola; the tubercle bearing the anal organs: = +anal papilla. + +Anal tubercles: a pair of prominent, rounded or conical processes, +situate one on each side of the anus in certain Coccids. + +Anal valves: see podical plates. + +Anal veins: those longitudinal unbranched veins extending from base +to outer margin below the cubitus; the first anal, also termed vena +dividens, q.v., is the 6th of the series starting from the base, and it +may be followed by several others which are numbered in order to the +inner margin. + +Anastomosing: inosculating or running into each other. + +Anastomosis: a running together; usually applied to wing veins, often +to markings; sometimes used like stigma, q.v.; also in Neuroptera, a +series of cross-veinlets nearly in one row; a connecting series of +veinlets. + +Anceps: two-edged; similar to ensiform, q.v. + +Ancestral: primitive; inherited from an earlier form or ancestor. + +Anchor process: = breastbone, q.v. + +Anchylosed: grown together at a joint. + +Ancipital: with two opposite edges or angles. + +Androconia: specialized, usually small scales of peculiar form, +found localized on some male butterflies. + +Androgynous: uniting the characters of both sexes. + +Aneurose: a wing without veins except near costa. + +Angle: of tegmina, "is the longitudinal ridge formed along the +interno-median by the sudden flexure from the horizontal +to the vertical portion when closed." + +Angular area: Hym.; the posterior of the three areas on the +metanotum between the lateral and pleural +carinae; = 3rd pleural area. + +Angulate: forming an angle; when two margins meet in an angle. + +Angulose: having angles. + +Angulus: forming an angle: = angulate. + +Angustatus: narrowed; narrowly drawn out. + +Anisoptera: that division of the Odonata in which the hind wings are +wider, especially at base, than the front wings. + +Annectent: applied to connecting or intermediate forms. + +Annelet or annellus: Hym.; small ring-joints between scape and +funicle. + +Annulate: ringed or marked with colored bands. + +Annulet: a small or narrow ring or annulus. + +Annuliform: in the form of rings or segments. + +Annulus: a ring encircling a joint, segment, spot or mark; sometimes +applied to the inner ring encircling the mouth opening. + +Annulus antennalis: the ring sclerite of the head into which the basal +segment of the antennae is inserted; = antennal sclerite. + +Anomalous: unusual; departing widely from the usual type. + +Anoplura: wingless species without metamorphosis, habits epizoötic, +thoracic segments similarly developed: a composite aggregation which +includes both the biting and sucking lice. + +Ante: before; used as a prefix. + +Ante-alar sinus: Odonata; a grooved area extending transversely +immediately in front of the base of each front wing. + +Ante-apical: just before the apex. + +Ante-clypeus: Odonata; the lower of the two divisions of the +clypeus; the inferior half of the clypeus whenever there is any +apparent line of demarcation: = clypeus-anterior; infra-clypeus; +rhinarium; second clypeus. + +Ante-coxal piece: Coleoptera; that portion of the metasternum lying +in front of the posterior coxae, often passing between them and +meeting the abdomen of mandible, is the lateral sclerite of the +clypeus; - one on each side. + +Ante-cubital: see ante-nodal, cross veins and spaces. + +Ante-furca: an internal forked process from the prosternum, to which +muscles are attached. + +Ante-humeral: relating to the space just before origin of wings. + +Ante-humeral stripe: Odonata; a discolored stripe, approximately +parallel to, but to the inner side of the humeral suture, q.v. + +Antemedial line: = t. a. line, q.v. + +Antemedian: Diptera; applied to leg-bristles situated before the +middle. + +Antenna -ae: two jointed, sensory organs, borne, one on each side of +the head, commonly termed horns or feelers. + +Antenna-cleaner: a fringed excavation on the interior base of the 1st +segment of the anterior tarsi of Hymenoptera which, when covered by +the movable process from the end of the tibia, forms an opening +through which the antennae may be drawn: similar structures are on +the fore tibiae of Carabid beetles: tarsal claws are also used by +various insects to clean antennae. + +Antennal appendage: in Mallophaga, a projecting process of the 1st or +3rd segment in the male. + +Antennal formula: in Coccidae; made by enumerating the antennal +joints in the order of their length, beginning with the longest and +bracketing together those of the same length. + +Antennal fossa -w: grooves or cavities in which antennae are located +or concealed: = a. grooves: antennary fossa. + +Antennal fovea: Diptera; a groove or grooves in the middle of the face +as though for the lodgment of the antennae; bounded on the sides by +the facial ridges. + +Antennal foveolae: Orthoptera; the pits between frontal costa and +lateral carinae, in which the antennae are inserted. + +Antennal grooves: see antennal fossa. + +Antennal lobes: of brain, see deuto-cerebrum. + +Antennal organs: in Collembola are sensory structures on the distal +segment. + +Antennal process: Diptera; the frontal protuberance upon which the +antennae are inserted. + +Antennal sclerite: see annulus antennalis. + +Antennal segment: the second or deutocerebral segment of head. + +Antennary fossa: see antennal fossa. + +Antennary furrow: in Mallophaga, grooves on the under side of the +head in which the antennae lie. + +Antenniferous: bearing antennae. + +Antenniform: made up like, or having the appearance of antennae. + +Antennule: a small antennae or feeler-like process. + +Antenodal cells: Odonata; in Agrionidae the cells included between the +short sector (M 4 Comst.) and the upper sector of the triangle (Cu 1, +Comst.), and between the quadrilateral (or quadrangle) and the vein +descending from the nodus. + +Antenodal cross veins: Odonata; extend between costa and sub-costa, +and between sub-costa and media, from the base to the nodus, +forming the ante-nodal or ante-cubital cells: = ante-cubital. + +Antenodal costal spaces: Odonata; the cells between costa and +subcosta, from the base to the nodus: = ante-cubitals. + +Anteocular: the region just before the eye; specifically applied in +Collembola to a peculiar structure of undefined function situated in +front of the eyes: = prostemmatic. + +Antepectus: the lower surface of the prothorax. + +Antepenultimate: the last but two. + +Anterior: in front; before; in Dip., that face of the leg which is visible +from the front when the leg is laterally extended and bristles on that +face are anterior. + +Anterior branch of third vein, in Diptera (Will.), = radius 4 (Comst.). + +Anterior field: Orthoptera; of tegmina, see costal field. + +Anterior intercalary vein: Diptera; = media 2 (Comst.); of Loew = +discoidal vein. + +Anterior lamina: Odonata; the anterior sternal border of abdominal +segment 2, modified to form the front margin of the genital pocket. + +Anterior lobe: Orthoptera; see lobes. + +Anterior squama: = antisquama; q.v. + +Anterior stigmatal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segment of +caterpillars; varies from substigmatal to stigmatal anterior; +sometimes united to IV: it is V of the abdominal series, IV of the +thorax (Dyar). + +Anterior trapezoidal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segment of +caterpillars addorsal, anterior, always present, rarely united with II: it +is I of the abdominal series, la of the thorax (Dyar). + +Antero: to the front; anteriorly. + +Antero-dorsal: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of +anterior and dorsal face. + +Antero-ventral: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of +anterior and ventral face. + +Anthobian: feeding on flowers; applied to certain lamellicorn +Coleoptera in which the labium extends beyond the mentum. + +Anthophila: Hymenoptera; species in which the basal joint of the hind +tarsus is dilated and pubescent; the bees. + +Anthracine -us: coal black; black with a bluish tinge. + +Anti: over against; opposite; contrary: (prefix). + +Anticus: frontal; belonging to or directed toward the front. + +Antigeny: opposition or antagonism of the sexes; embracing all forms +of secondary sexual diversity. + +Antipodal costal spaces: Odonata; the cells between costa and +subcosta, from the base to the modus; = antecubitals. + +Antisquama: Diptera; the upper of the two which moves with the +wings; = antitegula; see also squama. + +Antitegula: see antisquama. + +Antlia: the spiral tongue or haustellum of Lepidoptera. + +Antliata: insects with a sucking mouth; originally applied to +Lepidoptera and Diptera, later and more specifically to Diptera. + +Antrorse -sum: directed toward the front. + +Anus: the end of the digestive tract, through which the food remnants +are passed: the posterior part of the individual: specifically, in +Coccidae, a more or less circular opening on the dorsal surface of the +pygidium, varying in location as regards the circumgenital gland +orifices: = anal orifice. + +Aorta: the anterior, narrow part of the heart, opening into the head. + +Apex: that part of any joint or segment opposite the base by which it is +attached; that point of a wing furthest removed from base or at the +end of the costal area. + +Aphaniptera: indistinctly winged; see Siphonaptera. + +Aphideine: see aphidilutein. + +Aphidilutein: a yellowish fluid found in plant lice, changed to a rich +violet by alkaline reagents. + +Apical: at, near or pertaining to the apex; usually of a wing. + +Apical area: see petiolar area. + +Apical areas: apical cells in some Homoptera. + +Apical cell: a cell near or at the apex of a wing; in Hymenoptera +(Norton) = medial (Comst.); outer apical cell = 2d medial 2 (Comst.); +inner apical cell = medial 3 (Comst.). + +Apical cells or cellules: Trichoptera; the series of cells along the outer +margin of wing from pterostigma to arculus. + +Apically: toward or directed toward the apex. + +Apical sector: one of the longitudinal veins in the apical part of wing of +Neuroptera. + +Apical transverse carina: Hymenoptera; crosses the metanotum +behind middle and separates the median from the posterior cells or +areas. + +Apiculis: an erect, fleshy short point. + +Apiculate: covered with fleshy, short points. + +Apivorous: devouring bees. + +Apneustic: without an open tracheal system; respiration is through +the skin or through tracheal gills. + +Apocrita: = petiolate, q.v. + +Apodal: with single, simple tubercles instead of feet, in larvae; +without feet = apodous. + +Apode: one that has no feet. + +Apodema: a conspicuous transverse band crossing the thorax in front +of the scutellum in male Coccidae. + +Apodeme: an inwardly directed process to which a muscle is attached. + +Apodous: without feet; see apodal. + +Apolar: without differentiated poles; without apparent radiating +processes applied to cells. + +Apophysis: the lower of the two joints of trochanter in ditrocha +trochanterellus; the dorso-lateral metathoracic spines in +Hymenoptera; also used as synonymous with ento-thorax. + +Apophystegal plates: Orthoptera; flattened blade or plate-like sclerites +covering the gonapophyses. + +Apotypes: = hypotypes; q.v. + +Appendage -es: any part, piece or organ attached by a joint to the +body or to any other main structure. + +Appendice -es: any attached body or small process; an appendix. + +Appendicial: supplementary: relating to appendices. + +Appendicle: a small appendix: in some bees, a small sclerite at tip of +labrum. + +Appendiculate: bearing appendages; said of antennae where the +joints have articulated appendages; of tarsal claws that have +membranous processes at base. + +Appendiculate cell: Hymenoptera; is on costa just beyond 2d radius 1 +and 2. + +Appendigerous: bearing appendages. + +Appendix: a supplementary or additional piece or part, added to or +attached to another: in Heteroptera; = cuneus, q.v. + +Appress -ed: to press against; closely applied to. + +Approximate: near to; applies to antennae inserted close together. + +Aptera: those that have no wings: an ordinal term formerly employed +for fleas, lice and other wingless forms now distributed in other orders: + later used for the simplest or lowest insects, including the Thysanura +and Collembola. + +Apterodicera: wingless, with two antennae. + +Apterous: without wings. + +Apterygogenea: those insects that are wingless in all stages and +presumed to be descended from ancestors which never were winged: +see pterygogenea. + +Apterygota: = apterygogenea; see pterygote. + +Aquamarine -us: sea green: pale green with predominant blue and a +little gray [nile green]. + +Aquatic: living wholly in water. + +Aquatilia: cryptocerous Hemiptera of truly aquatic habit. + +Arachnoideous: resembling or similar to a cobweb. + +Araneiform: spider-like in appearance. + +Arboreal: living in, on, or among trees. + +Arborescent: branching like the twigs of a tree. + +Archaic: ancient; no longer dominant; of the olden time. + +Archiptera: those Neuroptera with incomplete metamorphosis = +Pseudo-neuroptera. + +Arctic Zone: is that part of the boreal region above the limit of tree +growth in the U. S. is restricted to the area above timber line on the +summits of high mountains: = alpine. + +Arcuate: curved like a bow: = arcuate. + +Arcuato-emarginate: with a bow-like or curved excision. + +Arculus: Odonata; a small cross vein between radius and cubitus near +the base, leaving an elongate triangle between them: Trichoptera; a +point, often hyaline, on the forewing where the cubitus (or post +cubitus) runs into the margin: in Homoptera; a cross-veinlet nearly +reaching posterior margin at same point as in Trichoptera: in other +orders applied to a cross-vein in similar position, apparently giving +rise to the median. + +Arcus: a bow; part of a circle; but less than one half. + +Area mediastinal, scapularis and ulnaris: the areas in front of the +mediastinal, the scapular, and the ulnar veins in Orthoptera. + +Areae or Areolae: wing cells or spaces between veins. + +Arenicolous: applied to species frequenting sandy areas. + +Arenose: a surface that is sandy or gritty. + +Areola: a small cell on the wings of certain Hemiptera: see also areae +Hymenoptera; the central of three median areas on the metanotum: = +2d median area; upper median area. + +Areolate: with small defined areas, like a network. + +Areole: Lepidoptera; see accessory cell, cell and cellule. + +Areolet: one of the small spaces between veins of net-veined insects. + +Argentate: shining, silvery white. + +Argenteous: silvery. + +Argillaceous: of the texture, appearance or color of clay. + +Arid: Applied to regions in which the normal rainfall is insufficient to +produce ordinary farm crops without irrigation, and in which desert +conditions prevail: see humid. + +Arid transition area: comprises the western part of the Dakotas, +northern Montana east of the Rockies, southern Assiniboia, small +areas in southern Manitoba and Alberta, the higher parts of the Great +Basin and the plateau region generally, the eastern base of Cascade +Sierras and local areas in Oregon and California. + +Arista: a specialized bristle or process on antennae of certain Diptera. + +Aristate: Diptera; that type of antennae that bears an arista: = +athericerous. + +Aristiform: of the form or appearance of an arista. + +Armature: applied to the spinous or chitinous processes on the legs, +body or wings; or the corneous parts of genitalic structures. + +Armatus: set with spines, claws or other chitinous processes. + +Armillate: with a ring or annulus of raised or different tissue. + +Arolium -ia: cushion-like pads on the tarsi of many insects: one of the +lobes of the pulvillus; in Orthoptera, used only for the terminal pad +between the claws: see empodium; pulvillus; palmula; plantula; +onychium, paronychium, pseudonychium. + +Arquate: see arcuate. + +Arrhenotokous: capable of producing male offspring only, as in worker +bees and some saw-flies. + +Arrhenotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are all +males: see thelyotoky and deuterotoky. + +Arthrium: Coleoptera; the minute, concealed tarsal joint in +pseudotetramera and trimera. + +Arthroderm: the outer skin or covering of articulates. + +Arthrodial: an articulation that permits motion in any direction. + +Arthromere: a body segment or ring: = somite. + +Arthropleure: the side piece of an arthromere. + +Arthropods: all those articulates having jointed legs. + +Article: a joint or segment. + +Articular pan: the cup or dish-like depression forming the socket into +which an articulation is fitted. + +Articulate: that branch of the animal kingdom whose members are +made up of rings, segments or articulations. + +Articulate: divided into joints or segments. + +Articulated apex: see clasp filament. + +Articulation: the point or place where two parts or segments are +joined: also applied to an individual joint or segment. + +Articulatory epideme: the partly chitinized membrane by which the +wings are attached to the thorax. + +Artus: the organs of locomotion generally. + +Asexual: applied where the reproductive organs are incompletely +developed and eggs or young are produced by cell-budding: = +parthenogenetic. + +Ash-gray: a mixture of black and white, with a faint orange tinge: like +ashes of anthracite coal. + +Aspect: indicates the direction to which a surface faces or in which it +is viewed; it may be dorsal, ventral, caudal, cephalic or lateral. + +Asperities: surface roughenings or dot-like elevations. + +Aspersus: rugged, with distinct elevated dots. + +Assembling: gathering together; applied when a virgin female is +exposed to attract such males as may be near, either to secure a +pairing or merely to obtain specimens; also called sembling. + +Assurgent: down-curved at base, then upcurved to an erect position. + +Asymmetrical: not alike on the two sides; not symmetrical. + +Asymmetry: a state of unlikeness in lateral development; absence of +symmetry in form or in the development of members. + +Ater: deep black; not shining. + +Aterimus: the deepest black. + +Athericerous: see aristate. + +Atom -us: a minute dot or point. + +Atomarius: with minute dots or points. + +Atrachelia: Coleoptera in which there is no visible constriction +between head and prothorax: Rhynchophora and some Heteromera. + +Atrium: a chamber just within the spiracle and before the occluding +structure to the trachea. + +Atrocoeruleus: very deep, blackish, sky-blue. + +Atrophied: wasted away; unfit for use. + +Atropurpureus: dark purplish, nearly black [an admixture of mauve +and black]. + +Atrous: jet black. + +Atrovelutinus: velvety black. + +Atrovirens: dark green, approaching blackish [prussian green]. + +Attenuated: drawn out; slender; tapering. + +Attingent: touching. + +Atus: suffix; denotes possession of a quality or structure. + +Atypic -ical: off type; not of the usual form. + +Auchenorhynchus: with the beak issuing from the inferior portion of +head, as in Homoptera. + +Auditory: relating to the sense of hearing. + +Auditory organs: Orthoptera; specialized structures covered by a tense +membrane, on the anterior tibia or base of abdomen; any structure +that functions as an ear. + +Aurantiacus: orange colored; a mixture of yellow and red [chrome +orange]. + +Aurate: with ears or ear-like expansions: also = auratus. + +Auratus: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow]. + +Aurelia: = chrysalis or pupa; specifically of butterflies. + +Aurelian: a lepidopterist. + +Aureolate: with a diffused colored ring. + +Aureole: a ring of color which is usually diffuse outwardly. + +Aureous -eus: gold-colored. + +Aurichalceous: brassy yellow. + +Auricle -cula: an appendage resembling a little ear; in Odonata the +tumescent area at the sides of the second abdominal segment: in +Andrenidae, a short membranous process placed laterally on the +ligula. + +Auricular: applied to the space or cavity surrounding the dorsal +vessel. + +Auriculate: with an ear-like appendage or, in antennae, with the basal +joint distended into a concave, plate-like ear which envelops the rest +of the structures. + +Auriculo-ventricular: the outer valves of the heart between the +auricular space and the chamber. + +Auriculo-ventricular openings: are the lateral openings into the heart +by means of which the blood is admitted into it. + +Auritus: with two ear-like spots or appendages. + +Auroral spot: applied to the bright orange colored spot at the apical +area of Anthocharis. + +Auroreous -eus: red, like the aurora borealis [crimson lake]. + +Austral: is that faunal region which covers the whole of the United +States and Mexico except the boreal mountains and tropical lowlands: + divided into transition, upper, lower and gulf strip: see boreal and +tropical. + +Austroriparian faunal area: that part of lower austral zone covering +the greater part of the South Atlantic and Gulf States. Begins near +mouth of Chesapeake Bay, covers half or more of Virginia, North and +South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, all of Mississippi and +Louisiana, east Texas, nearly all of Indian Territory, more than half of +Arkansas and parts of Oklahoma, s. e. Kansas, so. Missouri, so. +Illinois, s. w. corner of Indiana and bottom lands of Kentucky and +Tennessee. + +Autotype: any specimen identified by the describer as an illustration +of his species and compared with the type or co-type. + +Auxiliary: additional, or supplementing. + +Auxiliary vein: in Diptera (Will.), = subcosta (Comst.). + +Axillae: two small, subtriangular sclerites at the lateral basal angles of +the meso-scutellum in Proctytripidae. + +Axillary: placed in the crotch or angle of origin of two bodies; arising +from the angle of ramification. + +Axillary area: see anal area. + +Axillary calli: see calli axillary. + +Axillary cell: in Diptera (Will.), = 2d anal (Comst.). + +Axillary excision: = a. incision, q.v. + +Axillary incision: Diptera; an incision on inner margin of wing, near +base, which separates the alula from the main part. + +Axillary lobe: the sclerite covering the base of the wing in Diptera; see +also alula and posterior lobe. + +Axillary vein: one or two longitudinal veins toward the inner margin +from the anal vein (Ephemeridae); a group of several (10-20) radiate +veins that occupy the anal field in Orthoptera. + +Axis: a small process at base of elytron, upon which it turns. + +Azure -eus: clear sky-blue [cobalt blue]. + +Azygos: unpaired; a structure without a fellow; sometimes applied to +an unpaired oviduct specifically the enlarged portion of the vagina at +the junction of the oviducts and thus = uterus. + + + + + + +B + +Baccate -us: berry-like: applied to bladder-like ovaries from the +surface of which the short ovarian tubes arise. + +Back: the dorsum or upper surface. + +Baculiform: rod or staff-like. + +Badius: liver-brown; clearer and lighter than +castaneus [dragon's blood]. + +Baenomere: a leg-bearing (thoracic) segment. + +Baenopoda: the thoracic legs. + +Baenosome: the thorax. + +Balancers: see halteres. + +Bald: without hair or other surface vestiture: see bare. + +Band: a transverse marking broader than a line. + +Bar: a short, straight band of equal width. + +Barb: a spine armed with teeth pointing backward. + +Barbate: furnished with barbs; hair with spines or spurs directed +backward. + +Barbated: bearded; in antennae with tufts or fascicles of hair or short +bristles on each side of each joint; = brush-like: on the abdomen, +with flat tufts at the sides or tip. + +Barbule: a small barb, beard or filiform appendage. + +Bare: without clothing of any kind: see bald. + +Basad: in the direction of or toward the base. + +Basal: at or pertaining to the base or point of attachment to or nearest +the main body. + +Basal area: in wings: that space nearest the point where they are +attached to the body: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, the anterior +of the three median cells or areas = 1st median area. + +Basal cell: Diptera; st (Will.), = radial 2 (Comst.); 2d (Will.), = media +(Comst.); Trichoptera; one, two or three cells enclosed by the +branches that form-the post-costal or anal vein: Odonata; an elongate +cell between radius and cubitus, just before the arculus. + +Basalis: the principal mandibular sclerite, when sclerites are +distinguishable, to which all other parts are jointed; corresponds to +the stipes in the maxilla. + +Basal line: in many Lepidoptera; a transverse line extending half way +across the primaries very close to base. + +Basal lobe: of culicid genitalia, see claspette. + +Basal post-costal vein: in Agrioninae, one of the cubito-anal +cross-veins. + +Basal segment of clasp: see side piece. + +Basal space: that area on the primaries of certain Lepidoptera, +between the base and t. a. line (q.v.). + +Basal streak: in Noctuid moths, extends from base, through the +submedian interspace to the t. a. line. + +Basal transverse carina: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, crosses +before middle and separates the anterior from the median areas. + +Base: that part of any appendage that is nearest the body: on the +thorax that portion nearest the abdomen; on the abdomen that +portion nearest the thorax. + +Basement membrane: that thin layer of tissue upon which the +epithelium rests. + +Basilar: of or pertaining to the base. + +Basilar cross-vein: Odonata; crosses the basilar space. + +Basilar membrane: a thin membrane separating the cones and rods +from the optic tract. + +Basilar space: Odonata; that area at base of wings, between media +and cubitus. + +Basi-proboscis: basal third of the flexed proboscis of muscid flies. + +Batesian mimicry: see mimicry. + +Bathmis: see pterostigma. + +Bave: the fluid silk as it is spun by caterpillars. + +Beak: any notable prolongation of the front of the head: the snout in +Rhynchophora: specifically, the jointed structure covering the lancets +in the hemipterous mouth. + +Bearded: fringed with hair: see barbated. + +Belly: venter; under side of abdomen. + +Belonoid: needle-like. + +Bi: prefix, means two. + +Bi-alar: two-winged; applied to Diptera. + +Biarcuate: twice curved. + +Biareolate: with two cells or areoles: see bilocular. + +Bicaudate: having two tails or anal processes. + +Bicolored: with two colors that contrast to some extent. + +Bicornute: with two horns or cephalic processes. + +Bicuspidate: ending in two points or cusps. + +Bidactylate: with two fingers or finger-like processes. + +Bidentate: two-toothed. + +Biemarginate: twice emarginate; with two excisions. + +Bifarious: pointing in opposite directions. + +Bifasciate: with two bands or fascia. + +Bifid: divided into two parts; split; applied in Coleoptera to tarsal +claws which are divided so that the claws lie side by side: see +biparted. + +Biflabellate: antennae with fan-like process on two sides. + +Bifurcate: divided, not over half its length, into two dull points; forked. + +Bifurcation: a forking or division into two: the point at which a +forking occurs. + +Biguttate: with two drop-like spots. + +Bijugum: in two pairs. + +Bilamellar: divided into two lamina or plates. + +Bilateral -eriter: with two equal or symmetrical sides. + +Biliary vessels: see malpighian tubules. + +Bilineate -us: with two lines. + +Bilobate -ed: divided into two lobes. + +Binocular: having two cells or compartments: see biareolate. + +Bimaculate: with two spots or maculae. + +Binate: in pairs: consisting of a single pair. + +Binotate: with two rounded spots. + +Binus: paired: doubled. + +Biogenesis: the production of life from antecedent life. + +Biomorphotica: those neuropterous insects in which the pupa is +active. + +Bionomics: the habits, breeding and adaptations of living forms. + +Biophore: an ultimate constituent of germ plasm or hereditary +substance. + +Bioplasm: formative living matter. + +Biparted: profoundly divided into two parts: see bifid. + +Bipectinate: antennae having comb-like teeth or processes on Beach +side of each joint. + +Bipupillate: an ocellate spot with two pupils, of the same or different +in color. + +Biradiate: consisting of, or with two rays or spokes. + +Biramose -ous: having two branches or doubled appendages. + +Biseriately: arranged in double rows or series. + +Biserrate: doubly saw-toothed; with a saw tooth on each side of each +antennal joint. + +Bisetose -ous: with two bristle-like or setaceous appendages. + +Bisinuate: a margin or line with two sinuations or incisions. + +Bituberculate: with two distinct tubercles. + +Biuncinnate: with two hooks. + +Bivalve -ed: applied to mouth parts consisting of two parts or valves +united to form a tube. + +Bivittate: with two longitudinal stripes or vittae. + +Blade: of maxilla, see lacinia. + +Blastem: a nucleated protoplasmic layer preceding the blastoderm. + +Blastoderm: the germinal membrane from which the organs of the +embryo are formed. + +Blastodermic cells: are those forming the blastoderm. + +Blastogenic: relating to or inherent in the germ or blast. + +Blastophore: the primitive mouth of the embryo. + +Blind: without eyes: applied also to an ocellate spot without a pupil. + +Bloom: a fine violet dusting similar to that on plums. {Scanner's note: +See Pruinous.} + +Blotch: a large irregular spot or mark: large whitish membrane +between abdomen and thorax in certain saw-flies. + +Blunt: not sharp; obtuse at the edge or tip. + +Body: the trunk: usually applied to the thorax only; rarely to the +abdomen alone; sometimes to thorax and abdomen combined. + +Bombifrons: front of head with a blister-like protuberance. + +Bombous: blister-like; spherically enlarged or dilated. + +Bombycinous: a very pale yellow like fresh spun silk. + +Boreal: from or belonging to the north: is that faunal region that +extends from the polar sea southward to near the northern boundary +of the United States and farther south occupies a narrow strip along +the Pacific Coast and the higher parts of the Sierra-Cascade, Rocky +and Alleghany Mountain ranges; divided into Arctic, Hudsonian and +Canadian: see austral and tropical. + +Borer: applied to an insect or larva that burrows or makes channels in +woody or other vegetable tissue. + +Botryoidal: clustered like a bunch of grapes. + +Bouclier: the pronotum, q.v. + +Bouton: a button; the terminal lappet-like process at the tip of the +ligula in bees: = spoon. + +Brachelytra: with abbreviated wing covers or elytra. + +Brachia: the arms: has been applied to raptorial fore-legs. + +Brachial: relating to an arm; arm-like. + +Brachial cells: Hymenoptera; 1st (Nort.), = costal and sub-costal +(Comst.) 2d (Nort.), = medial (Comst.); 3d (Nort.), = cubital (Comst.); +4th (Nort.), = 2d anal (Comst.). + +Brachial veins: of primaries in Hymenoptera, originate at base, run +parallel to inner edge toward anal angle; often connected with the +cubital cellules by means of recurrent venules. + +Brachium: the fore tibia. + +Brachycerous: Diptera; with short, 3-jointed antennae. + +Brachypterous: with short or abbreviated wings. + +Brachyostomata: brachycerous Diptera with short proboscis. + +Brain: that ganglion of the nervous system which lies in the head +above the oesophagus; formed of the first three primitive ganglia: see +supra-oesophageal. + +Branchiae: air tubes or gill-like processes of aquatic larva;. + +Branchial: relating to the gills or branchiae. + +Branchiate: supplied with gills or bronchia. + +Brassy: yellow, with the lustre of metallic brass. + +Breast: the under surface of thorax or sternum. + +Breast-bone: in Cecidomyid larvae; a horny, more or less elongate +process of the under side behind the mouth opening, supposed to +represent the labium = anchor process. + +Breathing pores: see spiracle. + +Brevis: short. + +Brides: Homoptera; two pieces on the face, one each side of clypeus +and lower part of front. + +Bridge: Odonata; a secondary longitudinal vein connecting the radial +sector (Comst.) with Mi + 2, apparently forming a continuous part of +the radial sector; it is the proximal portion of the subnodal sector of +de Selys and Hagen. + +Bridge cross veins: Odonata; those cross veins, one or more in +number, extending between M1 + 2 and the bridge (in de Selys +between principal and subnodal sectors) proximal to the oblique vein. + +Brin: the fluid silk thread from each salivary gland. + +Bristle: a stiff hair, usually short and blunt. + +Broken: interrupted in continuity; as a line or band. + +Bronze: the color of old brass. + +Brood: all the specimens that hatch at about one time, from eggs laid +by one series of parents and which normally mature at about the +same time. + +Brunneus: a pure reddish dark brown [indian red]. + +Brush-like: antennae with the joints laterally produced and tufted +with short hair or bristles: see barbated. + +Buccal: relating to the mouth cavity; rarely to the cheeks. + +Buccal appendages: the mouth parts excluding the labrum: see +trophi. Buccal cavity: the mouth: = oral cavity. + +Buccal fissure: the mouth slit or opening: the opening on each side of +the mentum. + +Buccate: blown up, distended; especially the cheeks. + +Bucculae: little cheeks or distended areas. + +Budding: applied to that form of agamic reproduction found in plant +lice. + +Bulla: a blister or blister-like structure: the shield-like sclerite that +closes the opening to the trachea in lamellicorn larvae: in Ephemerida +a part of the costal area of the fore wing toward the tip, which is +slightly swollen forward and furnished with more cross veins than +elsewhere; practically the stigma, q.v. + +Bullate: blistered. + +Bullule: a small blister. + +Bursa: a pouch or sac: a wing pouch in male caddice flies and in +connection with a stalked hair pencil. + +Bursa copulatrix: the copulatory pouch of the female in some orders; +a modification of the vagina. + + + + + + +C + +Caducous-us: deciduous; easily detached or shed. + +Caecal tubes or pouches: sac, or blind tube-like structures +surrounding the chylific ventricle at its junction with the crop, and +secreting a digestive ferment. + +Caecum: a blind sac or tube-like structure serving as one of the caecal +tubes or pouches: see coecum. + +Caelate: a surface with plane elevations of varying forms. + +Caeruleus -eous: light sky-blue [between lavender and cobalt blue] = +coeruleus. + +Caerulescent: with a tinge of sky-blue. + +Caesius -eous: a pale dull blue-gray [blue-gray]. + +Caespiticolous: frequenting or living in grassy pastures or lawns. + +Calathiform: shaped like a deep bowl. + +Calcar -ium; pl. ia: a movable spur or spine-like process: specifically +the spines at the apex of a tibia. + +Calcarate -us: with a movable spur or spine-like process. + +Caliciform: shaped like a cup or calyx. + +Calipers: the anal forceps in Dermaptera. + +Calli axillary: Odonata; thickenings at the bases of the wings; +distinguished as anterior at the base of the costa, and posterior at the +base of radius + medius and cubitus: = axillary calli. + +Callosity: a thick swollen lump, harder than its surroundings: = +callous: also a rather flattened elevation not necessarily harder than +the surrounding tissue. + +Callous: see callosity. + +Callus: a small callosity. + +Caltrops spines: the branched and otherwise specialized irritating +spines in Limacodid larvae. + +Calva: a skull-cap: = epicranium, q.v. + +Calx: the distal end of the tibia; the curving basal portion of the first +tarsal joint. + +Calyculate: applied to antennae, whose cup-shaped joints are so +arranged as to fit one into the other. + +Calypter: Diptera; the alula or squama when it covers the haltere. + +Calyptra: a hood or cap; see alula. + +Calyptrate: those flies that have aluke or membranous scales above +the halteres. + +Calyx: the cap or crown of the mushroom bodies of the procerebrum: +see also egg-calyx. + +Campanulate: bell-shaped: more or less ventricose at the base and a +little recurved at the margin. + +Campestral: applied to species inhabiting open fields. + +Campodeiform: applied to larval forms which, in their early stages at +Least, resemble Campodea: = leptitorm. + +Canadian zone: is that part of the boreal region comprising the +southern part of the great transcontinental coniferous forests of +Canada, the northern parts of Maine, New Hampshire and Michigan, +and a strip along the Pacific Coast reaching south to Cape Mendocino +and the greater part of the high mountains of the United States and +Mexico. In the east covers Green. Adirondack and Catskill Mountains +and the higher mountains of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, +western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. In the Rockies extends +continuously from British Columbia to western Wyoming and in the +Cascades from British Columbia to southern Oregon with a narrow +interruption along the Columbia River. + +Canaliculate: channelled; longitudinally grooved, with a deeper +concave line in the middle. + +Cancellate: cross-barred: latticed: with longitudinal lines decussate by +transverse lines. + +Canescent: hoary, with more white than gray. + +Canine teeth: applied to the sharp and conical teeth of mandibles in +predatory species: = dentes caninae. + +Cantharidin: the substance that gives the meloid beetles their +blistering power composition, C10H12O4 (von Furth). + +Canthus: the chitinous process more or less completely dividing the +eyes of some insects into an upper and lower half. + +Canus: see canescent. + +Capillaceous: capilla or hair-like. + +Capillaris: a very slender, hair-like tube. + +Capillary: long and slender like a hair: antennae in which the joints +are long, slender and loosely articulated. + +Capillate -us: clothed with long slender hair; = coryphatus. + +Capillii: hairs of the head that form a cap as in certain Trichoptera +and Tineid Lepidoptera. + +Capillitium: the hood-like collar in some Noctuid moths, e.g. +Cucullia: see cucullus. + +Capitate: with a head: that type of clavate antenna in which the club +is abruptly enlarged at tip and forms a spherical mass. + +Capitulum: a small head: the enlarged tip of an antenna: the little +knob at tip of halteres in Diptera: the labella or lapping tip of the +mouth of certain flies. + +Capricorn beetle: a Cerambycid or long horned beetle. + +Caprification: is that method or process through which the Smyrna +figs are fertilized by Blastophaga throughthe medium of wild, inedible +or "caprifigs." + +Capsular: in the form of a capsule or little cup-like container. + +Caput: the head with all its appendages. + +Capylus: a hump on the Tupper side of the segments of many larva. + +Carabidoid: applied to the second stage of a meloid larva, when it +resembles that of a Carabid. + +Carbonarius: coal black. + +Cardia: the gizzard; q.v.: also applied to the heart. + +Cardiac: belonging or relating to the heart. + +Cardiac valvule: see oesophageal valve. + +Cardinal cell: Odonata; see triangle. + +Cardioblasts: a string or row of cells in the embryo giving rise to the +heart or dorsal vessel. + +Cardio-coelom: that part of the coelom that forms the pericardium. + +Cardio-coelomic: applied to the venous openings from the heart to the +body cavity. + +Cardo, pl. Cardines: the hinge or basal sclerite of the maxilla by +means of which it is jointed to the head. + +Carina -ae: an elevated ridge or keel, not necessarily high or acute. +Carinate: a surface having carinae. + +Carinula -ae: a little carina or keel-like ridge; specifically, the +longitudinal elevation on the middle of snout in Rhynchophora. + +Carinulate: a surface with small and rather numerous carinae. + +Cariose -ous: corroded; appearing as if worm-eaten. + +Carminate -ed: mixed or tinged with carmine. + +Carneous -eus: flesh-colored [salmon with a little carmine]. + +Carnivorous: a feeder upon flesh food. + +Cariose -us: of a soft, fleshy substance. + +Carolinian faunal area: that area of the upper austral zone comprising +the larger part of the Middle States (except the mountains), s. e. So. +Dakota, east. Nebraska, Kansas and part of Oklahoma; nearly all of +Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Maryland and Delaware; more +than half of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and New Jersey and +large areas in Alabama, Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, +Pennsylvania, New York, Michigan and South Ontario: extends along +Atlantic Coast from near mouth of Chesapeake Bay to Southern +Connecticut and sends narrow arms up the valleys of the Hudson and +Connecticut. A narrow arm follows the east shore of Lake Michigan to +Grand Traverse Bay. + +Carpus: the pterostigma of Odonata: the extremity of the radius and +cubitus of the primaries: that point in the wings at which they are +tratsversely folded. + +Cartilaginous: of the consistency of cartilage or gristle. + +Caruncle: a soft, naked, fleshy excrescence or protuberance. + +Caryophylleous: nut or clove brown [Indian red]. + +Castaneous: chestnut brown; bright red-brown [dragon's blood with a +slight admixture of vermilion]. + +Castes: the various forms or kinds of matured individuals among +social insects as workers, soldiers, queens, etc. + +Cataphracted: invested with a hard callous skin, or with scales closely +united. Catch: in Collembola, = tenaculum, q.v. + +Catenate: with longitudinal connected elevations like links in a chain. + +Catenulate: like catenate; but the links are smaller. + +Caterpillar: the term applied to the larvae of Lepidoptera. + +Catervatum: by heaps. + +Caudal: the tail: any process resembling a tail: the pointed end of the +abdomen in plant lice: any extension of the anal segment or +appendage terminating the abdomen. + +Caudad: toward the posterior end of the body, along the median line. + +Caudal: pertaining to the posterior or anal extremity. + +Caudal setae: long, thread-like processes at the end of the abdomen in +many europterous and some other insects; = anal filaments. + +Caudate: with tail-like extensions or processes. + +Caudo-cephalic: in a line from the head to the tail. + +Caudo-dorsad: directed upward and toward the tail. + +Caudula -ae: a little tail. + +Caul: the fatty mass of larvae from which the organs of the future +adult were supposed to develop: = epiploon. + +Cauliculus: the larger of the two stalks supporting the calyx of the +mushroom body. + +Caulis: the funicle of antenna: the corneous basal part of jaws. + +Cavate: hollowed out; cave-like. + +Cavernicolous: cave-inhabiting. + +Cavernous: divided into small spaces or little caverns. + +Cavity -as: a hollow space or opening. + +Cecidium: a gall. + +Cell: any space between or bounded by veins: in the Comstock +system the cells derive their names from the vein forming the Tupper +margin: e.g. all just below the radius are radial cells; and they are +numbered from the base outward, as radial 1, 2, etc.: the living unit; +protoplasm differentiated into cytoplasm and nucleus, from which +units all but the lowest plants and animals are developed by division +and consequent increase into a multicellular condition: a +compartment or division of a nest or honey-comb. + +Cellule: a portion of a wing included between veins; usually applied to +a small area completely inclosed, rarely to interspaces where no closed +area is formed. + +Cenchrus -rib: minute, often white marks, or membranous spaces on +the metanotum of some Hymenoptera. + +Cenogonous: producing young at one time oviparously, at another +viviparously as in plant-lice. + +Centimeter: abb. Cm.: = .01 meter = .394 inch; 2.54 Cm. = one inch. + +Centrad: toward the centre or interior. + +Central foveola: see median foveola. + +Centrolecithal: applied to eggs in which the food yolk is central. + +Centrosome: a spherical body that appears outside the nucleus of a +cell. + +Cephalad: toward the head, along the central line of the body. + +Cephalic: belonging or attached to the head; directed toward the +head. + +Cephalic bristles: Diptera; specialized bristles occurring on the head. + +Cephalic foramen: the posterior or occipital foramen of head through +which the dorsal vessel, oesophagus, salivary ducts and ventral nerve cords +pass from head to prothorax. + +Cephalization: concentration toward the head. + +Cephalomere: one of the head segments of an arthropod. + +Cephalophragm: a v-shaped partition which divides the head of some +Orthoptera, into an anterior and posterior chamber. + +Cephalon: the head. + +Cephalosome: the head as one of the three regions. + +Cephalotheca: the head covering in the pupal stage. + +Cephalotheca: the united head and thorax of arachnids and +crustacea {Scanner's comment: nowadays this term is used little +if at all. It does not seem ever to have been popular. Instead +the terms cephalothorax or prosoma are widely used.} : + that portion of an obtect pupa covering head and thorax: the anterior +segments of larva that have no obviously separated head. + +Cerago: bee-bread. + +Ceratheca or Ceratotheca: that portion of the pupal shell that +envelops the antenna. + +Cerci: two lateral anal appendages; usually short, jointed, +antenna-like, developed from the eleventh abdominal segment of the embryo; +sometimes unjointed and specialized into forceps or other processes. + +Cercopoda: jointed foot-like appendages of the last abdominal +segment; also applied like cerci. + +Cercus: see cerci. + +Cerebellum: has been applied to the sub-esophageal ganglion. + +Cerebrum: the supra-oesophageal ganglion. + +Cernuous: bent: with the apex bent downward. + +Cervical: relating or belonging to the neck. + +Cervical foramen: in coleopterous larvae - occipital foramen. + +Cervical sclerites: small ebitinous plates on the membrane between +head and thorax: see jugular sclerites. + +Cervical shield: the ebitinous plate on the prothorax of caterpillars +just behind the head: = prothorax shield. + +Cerviculate: with a long neck or neck-like portion. + +Ceryinus: reddish, deer-gray [pale cadmium yellow and Indian red]. + +Cervix: the upper part of the neck; = crag: in Diptera; that part of +the occiput lying over the junction of the head, i.e. between the +vertex and neck. + +Cespitose: matted together. + +Chaetophorous: applied to bristle-bearing flies. + +Chaetotaxy: the science dealing with the arrangement and +nomenclature of the bristles on the body of insects. + +Chagrined: see shagreened. + +Chalastrogastra: the saw-flies: a group of Hymenoptera. + +Chalceous: brassy in color or appearance. + +Chalybeate: steely in appearance. + +Chalybeous: metallic steel blue. + +Channelled: a surface, with deep grooves or channels. + +Chaperon: =clypeus or clypeus anterior. + +Chaplet: a little crown; a circle of hooks or other small processes +terminating a member or appendage. + +Character: a quality of form, color or structure. + +Cheek: see gena. + +Chela: the terminal portion of a limb bearing a lateral movable claw +like that of a crab; specifically applied to the feet in some Parasitica in +which the opposable claw forms a clasping structure. + +Chelate: bearing a cheat or claw; applied when claws are capable of +being drawn down or back upon the last tarsal joint. + +Chiasma: an X-like crossing of nerve fibers. + +Chirotype: a specimen upon which a manuscript name is based. + +Chitin: the material forming the hard parts of the insect body; it is a +secretion (or a metamorphosis?) of the epidermis, differing from horn +by its insolubility in boiling liquor potassae: = elytra, entomolin. + +Chitinogenous: applied to that layer of epidermal cells which secretes +the chitin. + +Chitinization: the process of depositing or filling with chitin. + +Chitinized: filled in with or hardened by chitin. + +Chitinous: composed of chitine {Scanner's comment: sic} or like +it in texture: as a color term is amber yellow. + +Chlorophane: an oily, greenish yellow pigment found in insects. + +Chlorophyll: the green coloring matter of plants; one of the +substances found in the blood of insects. + +Chordotonal: responsive to vibrations; applied to the ear-like +structures in Orthoptera. + +Chorion: the shell or covering membrane of an insect egg. + +Chromatin: the minute granules that make up the chromoplasm of a +cell nucleus. + +Chromosome: one of the segments into which the chromoplasmic +filaments of a cell nucleus breaks up just before indirect division. + +Chrysalis or -id: applied specifically to the intermedial stage between +larva and adult in butterflies: see pupa. + +Chrysargyrus: silvery gilt. + +Chyle: the food-mass after it has passed through the guard and is +mixed with the secretions of the salivary glands and caecal structures, +ready to be assimilated. + +Chylific ventricle: the true stomach in which the chyle is prepared and +digestion begins. + +Cibarian: referring to the mouth parts. + +Cicatricose: a surface having scars with elevated margins like those of +small-pox. + +Cicatrix: a scar: an elevated, rigid spot. + +Cilia: fringes; series of moderate or thin hair arranged in tufts or +single lines; thin scattered hair on a surface or margin. + +Ciliate: fringed: set with even, parallel hairs or soft bristles. + +Cilium, pl. Cilia: q.v. + +Cimicine: an oily fluid of disagreeable odor secreted by certain +Heteroptera and used as a means of defense. + +Cimier: the head crest in Pierid chrysalids. + +Cinetus: with a colored band:= cingulatus. + +Cinereous: ash-colored; gray tinged with blackish [ultra ash gray]. + +Cinerescent: ashen in color or appearance. + +Cingula -um: a colored band or bands. + +Circulate -us: having a cingulum or collar: see also cinetus. + +Cinnabarine: [vermilion red]. + +Cinnamomeous: cinnamon brown [burnt sienna]. + +Cinema: see Thysanura, of which this forms a group including the +bristle-tails, and for which it has been used as an equivalent. + +Circinal: spirally rolled like a watch-spring or a butterfly tongue. + +Circiter: about, or round-about. + +Circular: round like a circle. + +Circumgenital glands: small circular glands with an excretory orifice +at tip, disposed in groups about the genital orifice in Diaspinae. + +Circumoesophageal commissures: those cords or nerve fibres +connecting the suboesophageal ganglion with the main trunk of +nervous system. + +Circumsepted: with a vein all around the wing. + +Citrate: antennae with very long, curled lateral branches which may +or may not be ciliated; see plumose. + +Cirrose -us: with somewhat dense curled hair. + +Cirrus: a curled lock of hair placed on a thin stalk. + +Citrine -us: lemon yellow [chrome yellow]. + +Cladocerous: with branched horns or antennae. + +Clasper: a chitinized process, free or attached to the inner sides of +harpes, valves or other lateral pieces, serving to hold the female parts +during copulation: = the harpers of some authors. + +Claspette: in genitalia of male culicids, the inner basal lobe of side +piece; q.v. + +Clasp-filament: in male genitalia of culicids the articulated appendage +or terminal segment of side-piece or clasp; sometimes bears an +articulated point or apex and then = articulated apex. + +Class: a division of the animal kingdom lower than a sub-kingdom +and higher than an order: e.g. the "Class Insecta." + +Classification: is the systematic arrangement of insects (or other +animals or plants) in series showing their relation or agreement in +structure, life habits or other characters forming the basis of the +"classification." + +Clathrate: latticed or lattice-like in appearance. + +Claustrum: the structure uniting the wings in flight, whether by +hooks, by a thickening of the margin, or by a jugum. + +Clava: a club; the enlarged apical joints of a clubbed +antenna: = clavola. + +Claval suture: Hemiptera; at the base of hemelytra, separating +the clavus. + +Clavate: clubbed: thickening gradually toward the tip. + +Clavate hairs: in Collembola, = tenent hairs. + +Clavicornia: that series of beetles having the antennae more or less +distinctly enlarged or clubbed at tip. + +Clavicular lobe: Homoptera; that portion of hind wing behind anal +veins. + +Claviform: club-like in form; specifically, in Noctuid moths an +elongate spot or mark extending from the t. a. line through the +submedian interspace, toward and sometimes to the t.p. line. + +Clavola: see clava. + +Clavus: the club of an antenna lava and clavola: in Heteroptera, the +oblong sclerite at the base of the inferior margin of the hemelytra: the +knob at the end of the stigmal or radial veins in certain Hymenoptera. + +Claws: the claw or hook-like structures at the end of the foot or +tarsus. + +Cleavage: see segmentation of egg. + +Cleft: split: partly divided, longitudinally: in Coleopteran applied to +claws so divided that the parts lie one above the other. + +Clintheriform: shaped like a plate. + +Cloaca: see rectum. + +Clubbed: see clavate. + +Clypeal suture: marks the division between clypeus and epicranium. + +Clypeate: shield-like in form. + +Clypeate constriction: applied when a surface is drawn in from the +sides so as to produce a shield or saddle-like form. + +Clypeo-frontal suture: = clypeal suture. + +Clypeus: that portion of the head before or below the front, to which +the labrum is attached anteriorly; in Diptera often visible below the +margin of the mouth in front, as a more or less visor-shaped piece:= +epistoma. + +Clypeus-anterior: see ante-clypeus. + +Clypeus posterior: see post-clypeus. + +Coactus: condensed; of a short stout form. + +Coadapted: formed so as to work together to one end; as the mandible +and maxilla in Chrysopids, etc. + +Coadunate: joined together at base; two or more joined together; said +of elytra when permanently united at the suture. + +Coagulate: to congeal; to change from a fluid to a jelly. + +Coagulum: a clotted mass, as of blood. + +Coalescent: united or grown together. + +Coarctate: contracted: compacted: applied to that form of pupa in +which all the members of the future adult are concealed by a +thickened, usually cylindric case or covering, which is often the +hardened skin of the larva: beginning with a narrow base, then +dilated and thickened. + +Cocardes: retractile vesicular bodies on each side of the thorax in +certain Malachidae. + +Coccineous: cochineal red; dark red [carmine]. + +Cochleiformis: formed like a snail shell. + +Cochleate: spirally twisted like a screw or a univalve shell. + +Cocoon: a covering, composed partly or wholly of silk or other viscid +fibre, spun or constructed by many larvae as a protection to the pupa. + +Cocoon-breaker: structures or processes of the pupa, often on the +head, by means of which it works its way out of the cocoon. + +Coecal: ending blindly, or in a closed tube or pouch. + +Coecum: a blind sac or tube: applied to a series of appendages +opening into the alimentary canal at the junction of the gizzard and +chylific ventricle: see caecum; the two are used interchangeably. + +Coeloblast: the endoderm in the narrower sense. + +Coelom: the body cavity. + +Coelomic cavity: the space between the viscera and the body wall. + +Coelom-sac: the cavity containing the viscera: in embryology one of a +pair of closed sacs, arising in the mesoderm of each segment of the +embryo and giving rise to more or less of the coelom of the adult. + +Coenogonous: oviparous at one season of the year, ovoviviparous at +another, as in Aphididae. + +Coeruleus -eous: sky-blue: see caeruleus. + +Coincident: when two wing veins run together or lie, one in +continuation of the other so as to appear like one. + +Coleoptera: sheath-winged: an order with the primaries coriaceous, +used as a cover only, meeting in a straight line dorsally; mouth +mandibulate; pro-thorax free; transformation complete: the beetles: +the term has also been applied to the two elytra together. + +Collar: in general any structure between the head and thorax: +specifically, in Hymenoptera, the neck; in Diptera, may mean the +neck, the sclerites attached to the thorax, the thorax itself, or its +processes (ante furca): in Coleoptera, is the narrowed thorax; in +Lepidoptera, applied to the sclerites attached to the thorax and which +shield the neck. + +Collembola: an ordinal term applied to species which are apterous; +have no metamorphoses; have variably developed abdominal +saltatorial appendages and a peculiar ventral tube at base: the +spring-tails. + +Colleterial gland: see Colleterium. + +Colleterium: a glandular structure accessory to the oviduct, secreting +the viscid material used in cementing the eggs together. + +Collophore: the sucker-like organ extended from the underside of the +abdomen in Collembola. + +Collum: the neck or collar: the slender connection between head and +thorax in Hymenoptera and Diptera; in Coleoptera, the posterior, +narrow part of the head or even the thorax: loosely used. + +Colon: the large intestine; that usually enlarged portion of the +alimentary canal before the rectum. + +Columella: a little rod, pillar or central axis. + +Columnar: cylindric, but tapering toward one end. + +Comate -us: only the upper part of head, or vertex, covered with hair. +Commensal: one who eats at another's table: applied to species that +feed on the surplus supply of another, without destroying the owner of +the supply. + +Commensalism: applied to this manner of living and eating together. + +Comminute: to grind up fine: to reduce to minute particles. + +Commissure: the nerves connecting two ganglia: the point of meeting +or union of two bodies: a bridge connecting two bodies or structures; +e.g. tracheal tubes. + +Common: of frequent occurrence: occurring on two adjacent parts: a +band or fascia is common when it crosses both primaries and +secondaries. + +Communal: applied to life or dwelling in colonies like ants and bees. + +Comose: ending in a tuft or brush. + +Complanate: compressed: flattened above and below: = deplanate. + +Complemental: applied to sexed forms in the Termitidae, capable of +reproduction, but which do not reach the winged stage; the females +are less fertile than the forms that become winged and several may be +used in one nest to replace a lost queen or mature female. + +Complicant: when one elytron extends over the other and partially +covers it. + +Complicate: longitudinally laid in folds: intricate as opposed to +simple. + +Component: one part of a combined whole. + +Compound: made up of many similar or dissimilar parts. + +Compressed: flattened laterally. + +Concatenate: linked together in a chain-like series. + +Concave: hollowed out; the interior of a sphere as opposed to the +outer or convex surface: concave veins are those that occupy the +bottoms of troughs or grooves on the upper surface of a wing; see +convex veins. + +Concavo-convex: hollowed out or concave on one surface, rounded or +convex on the other; like a small segment of a hollow sphere. + +Concentrated: gathered together at one point; intensified or +strengthened by evaporation. + +Conchate: applied to the shell-like inflation of the auricle in the +cephalic tibia of Orthoptera. + +Concinne: neat; fine. + +Concolorous: of the same general color. + +Concretion: a massing together of parts or particles. + +Concurrent: applied to a vein which arises separately, runs into +another and does-not again separate. + +Conduplicate: doubled or folded together. + +Condyle: a process which articulates the base of the mandible to the +head: in general any process by means of which an appendage is +articulated into a pan or cavity. + +Confertim: closely clustered or crowded. + +Conflect: crowded; clustered; opposed to sparse. + +Confluent: running together; as of two macula when united in one +outline. + +Confused: a marking with indefinite outlines: a running together as of +lines and spots without definite pattern. + +Congener: a species belonging to the same genus. + +Congeneric: applied to a species agreeing in all characters of generic +value with others compared with it. + +Congested: heaped together; crowded: distended. + +Conglobate: gathered together in a ball or sphere. + +Conglobate gland: a glandular appendage of male sexual organs in +Orthoptera, opening upon one of the external structures. + +Conglomerate: congregated; massed together. + +Conic -al: cylindrical, with a flat base, tapering to a point. + +Conico-acuminate: in the form of a long, pointed cone. + +Coniferous: a surface which bears cone-like processes. + +Conjugate: to bring together in pairs: consisting of a single pair. +Conjugation: the union of pairs; usually applied to the merging of the +male and female elements. + +Conjunctiva: the membrane uniting the abdominal sclerites. + +Conjunctivus: a mandibular sclerite between the molar and basalis. + +Conjunctura: the articulation of a wing to the thorax. + +Connate: united at base, or along the whole length. + +Connexivum: the prominent abdominal margin of Het., at junction of +dorsal and ventral plates: also used like pulmonarium, q.v. + +Connivent: converging: approaching together: wings so folded in +repose that they unite perfectly at their corresponding margins. + +Consperse: irregularly dotted or sprinkled. + +Conspicuous: striking: easily seen at a glance. + +Conspurcatus: confusedly sprinkled with discolored or dark spots. + +Constituent: a part or element of a whole. + +Constricted: drawn in: narrowed medially and dilated toward the +extremities. + +Contiguous: so near together as to touch. + +Contorted: twisted: obliquely incumbent upon each other. + +Contour: the outline or periphery. + +Contract -ed: to draw or drawn together: to reduce, or reduced in size +by contraction. + +Contractile: that which may be drawn together or contracted or which +has the power of contracting. + +Contrasting: appearing in sharp relief or contrast; as one color or +marking against another. + +Converging: approaching each other toward the tip. + +Convergence: the approaching or drawing together at tips. + +Convex: the outer curved surface of a segment of a sphere; opposed +to concave: convex veins are those which occupy the summits of +ridges on the upper surface of - wing; see concave veins. + +Convolute: rolled or twisted spirally: also applied to wings when they +are wrapped around the body. + +Coprophagus: feeding on excrement or on decaying vegetable matter of +an excrementitious character. + +Copula, Copulation: the act of sexual union. + +Copulate: to unite in sexual intercourse. + +Copulation chamber: a chamber or cell excavated by certain +Scolytid beetles in their burrows, in which copulation takes +place: = rammel-kammer. + +Coralline: a pale pinkish red [salmon]. + +Corbel: an ovate area at the distal end of the tibia in Coleoptera, +surrounded by a fringe of minute bristles; when the articular cavity is +on the side, above the tip, the corbel is closed; when the cavity is at +the extreme tip, the corbel is open. + +Corbicula -um: a concave, smooth space, edged by a fringe of hairs +arising from the margins of the posterior tibiae in bees, forming the +pollen basket its function is to hold the collected pollen in place. + +Corbiculate: having corbicula. + +Cordate: heart-shaped; triangular, with the corners of the base +rounded: not necessarily emarginate at the middle of base. + +Cordiform: = cordate. + +Coriaceo-reticulate: with impressed reticulations giving a leather-like +appearance. + +Coriaceous: leather-like: thick, tough and somewhat rigid. + +Coriarious: leather-like in sculpture or texture. + +Corium: the elongate middle section of the hemelytra which extends +from base to membrane below the embolium. + +Cornea: the outer surface of the compound eye as a whole, and of +each individual facet. + +Corneal lenses: are the individual lens-like structures of which the +cornea of the compound eye is composed. + +Corneous: of a horny or chitinous substance; resembling horn in +texture. + +Cornicles: the honey tubes in plant-lice: = corniculus. + +Corniculi: the little horny tips or pieces of the ovipositor in +Orthoptera; see valves. + +Corniculus -i: = cornicles; honey-tubes; q.v. + +Corniform: like the horn of an ox: a long, mucronate or pointed +process. + +Cornute -us: having horns or horn-like processes. + +Corona: a crown or crown-like processes. + +Coronate: with a crown-like tip or termination. + +Coronet: a small crown or corona. + +Coronula: a circle or semicircle of spines at the apex of the tibia. + +Corpus: the body as a whole. + +Corpus adiposum: the mass of fat tissue often found in larvae. + +Corpuscle: a small cell; usually applied to blood cells. + +Correlate: to bring together into relation or correspondence. + +Correlated: derived from the same ancestral form: said of two or more +features or qualities which bear a direct or an inverse relation to each +other, but without implying a relation of cause and effect. + +Correlative: of a correlated nature; see correlated. + +Corrode: to eat away gradually, as by rust or decay. + +Corrodentia: an ordinal term meaning gnawers: net-veined or +wingless: mandibulate, mouth formed for gnawing; transformation +incomplete; thorax incompletely agglutinated: = Psocoptera: includes +Termitidae, Psocidae and Mallophaga. {Scanner's comment: These +four groups are now placed in totally separate orders, and not +families as these names imply} + +Corrugated: wrinkled; with alternate ridges and channels. + +Corselet: the thorax in Coleoptera. + +Cortical: relating to the cortex or outer skin. + +Corticinus: bark-like in sculpture, texture or color [vandyke brown]. + +Corvinus: crow-black; deep, shining black with a greenish lustre. + +Coryphatus: = capillatus. + +Corysterium: an abdominal glandular structure in certain females, +secreting a glutinous covering for the eggs. + +Cosmopolitan: species that occur throughout most of the world. + +Cosmotropical: species that occur throughout the tropics. + +Costa: any elevated ridge that is rounded at its crest: the thickened +anterior margin of any wing, but usually the primaries: in Comstock, +the vein extending along the anterior margin of the wing from base to +the point of junction with subcosta. + +Costal area: the area behind costal vein; see also, costal field. + +Costal cell: the area inclosed between the costal and sub-costal veins: +in the plural, Comstock, are all the cells anteriorly margined by the +costa; in Hymenoptera (Norton), includes the 1st, 2d and sub-costal; +of Packard, the 3d costal = 2d radial 1, and radial 2: in Diptera (Will.), +it is the 2d costal. + +Costal field: Orthoptera; that region of the tegmina adjacent to the +anterior margin or costa: = anterior field. + +Costal fold: in the males of some Hesperidae, a membranous flap that +may be opened to expose the androconia. + +Costal margin: the anterior margin of a wing whether it is really +costate or not. + +Costal membrane: Hymenoptera; the surface of wing in front of costal +vein. + +Costal vein: Lepidoptera; runs close to and parallel with the costal +margin, extending from base to the margin before the apex; always +simple and often absent in the secondaries; is vein 12 of the +numerical series on primaries; vein 8 on secondaries: = subcosta +(Comst.). + +Costate: ribbed; marked with elevated thickened lines. + +Costula: Hymenoptera; a small ridge separating the externo-median +meta-thoracic area into two parts. + +Costulatus: less prominently ribbed than costate. + +Cotyla: the articular pan; the cup or socket of a ball and socket joint. + +Cotypes: are all the specimens before the describer when a species is +named, no single one being selected as the type: the type in such case +equals the sum of the cotypes: see paratype. + +Coxa -ae: the basal segment of the leg, by means of which it is +articulated to the body. + +Coxal cavity: the opening or space in which the Coxa articulates; in +Coleoptera the cavity is open when the epimera do not extend to the +sternum; closed or entire when the epimera reach the sternum or join +medially as in Rhynchophora; the cavities are separated when the +prosternum extends between them, confluent when it does not: see +acetabulum. + +Coxal glands: eversible glandular structures at base of legs; well +developed in some Thysanurans, modified variously in higher orders. + +Coxal stylets: short, leg-like, jointed appendages on the underside of +the abdominal segments in Thysanura. + +Crag: the neck: = cervix. + +Cranium: the head or skull except the neck; sometimes limited to the +fixed parts above the clypeo-frontal suture. + +Crassus: thick; tumid. + +Crateriform: like a shallow funnel or deep bowl. + +Creber: closely set. + +Cremaster: a stout spine, process or hooked area at the hind end of +pupae in Lepidoptera. + +Crenate: scalloped, with rounded teeth. + +Crenulate: with small scallops, evenly rounded and rather deeply +curved. + +Crepitation: a crackling sound or the production of such as by +discharge of vapor or "bombarding": a cracking or creaking. + +Crepuscular: active or flying at dusk. + +Crescentiform: like a lunule or crescent. + +Crescentric: lunulate. + +Crest: a prominent, longitudinal carina on the upper surface of any +part of the head or body. + +Crested: see cristate. + +Cretaceous: chalky white: the third, uppermost and latest of the three +great divisions of the mesozoic or secondary rocks. + +Cribrate: pierced with closely set, small holes. + +Cribriform: with perforations like those of a sieve. + +Crineous: dark-brown, with a slight admixture of yellow and gray. + +Crinite -us: with tufts of long thin hair: see lanuginose. + +Crispate -us: with a wrinkled or fluted margin. + +Crista: a ridge or crest. + +Cristate: with a prominent carina or crest on the upper surface::= +crested. + +Cristiform: in the form of a sharp ridge or crest. + +Cristula: a small crest. + +Cristulate: with little crescent-like ridges or crests. + +Croceous: saffron yellow; yellow with an admixture of red [pale +cadmium yellow]. + +Crocus: =croceous. + +Crook: the hook or recurved tip of the antenna in Hesperidae. + +Crop: the dilated portion of the alimentary canal behind the gullet +which serves to receive and hold the food previous to its slower +passage through the digestive tract: = ingluvies. + +Crotchets: the curved spines or hooks on the prolegs of caterpillars +and on the cremaster of pupae. + +Crown: the top of head in Lepidoptera; also used as = coronet or +corona. + +Cruciate: shaped like a cross; applied to wings when the inner +margins lie one over the other; or to incumbent wings that overlie only +at the apex: in Diptera, applied to bristles when they cross in +direction. + +Cruciato-complicatus: folded crosswise: incumbent wings when the +inner margins overlap; not well distinguished from cruciate. + +Crura: the legs or, more specifically, the thighs. + +Crura cerebri: two large cords that connect the supra- with the +sub-oesophageal ganglion. + +Crus: a leg or leg-like structure. + +Crustaceous: hard, like the shell of a crab. + +Crypto: hidden, concealed. + +Cryptocerata: a division of Heteroptera with small antennae concealed +in a groove under the bead: = adeloceratous: see gymnocerata. + +Cryptogastra: with the venter or belly covered or concealed. + +Cryptopentamera: feet 5-jointed, the 4th joint small and concealed. + +Cryptotetramera: feet 4-jointed, one of them small and concealed. + +Cryptothorax: a supposed thoracic ring between meso- and +meta-thorax. + +Crypts: minute secretory follicles or cavities: specifically, large +gland-like structures between the epithelial cells in chylific ventricle. + +Crystalline: transparent, like crystal. + +Crystalline cone: a conical structure below the cornea, imbedded in +pigment cells of the compound eye: also termed Crystalline lens. + +Ctenidium: a comb-like structure occurring on any part of an insect. + +Cubital: referring or belonging to the cubits. + +Cubital cell: the wing area between the cubits and anal vein; in the +plural, all the cells bounded anteriorly by the cubits or its branches +(Comst.); in Diptera (Schiner), = radial 3 (Comst.), = 3d posterior cell +(Loew); in Hymenoptera (Norton), = radial 3, 4 and 5 (Comst.). + +Cubital forks: the branching or points of separation of the branches of +the cubits. + +Cubital nerve or vein: see cubits. + +Cubitus: of Comstock, is the 5th in the series of longitudinal veins +extending from base, and usually two branched before reaching outer +margin: in Orthoptera; = the internomedian and ulnar: in Neuroptera, +a main longitudinal vein next behind the medius and before the anal: +the tibia of the anterior leg. + +Cuckoo spit: liquid in the form of bubbles produced by members of +the family Cercopidae and which often conceals the producer. + +Cucullate: hooded; somewhat hood-shaped. + +Cucullus: a hood: see capillitium. + +Cuilleron: see alula. + +Culicifuge: any preparation for driving away gnats or mosquitoes. + +Culmen: the longitudinal carina of a caterpillar. + +Cultellus: one of the blade-like lancets in piercing flies: += the mandibles of some authors. + +Cultrate -iform: shaped like a pruning knife. + +Cumulate: in groups or heaps. + +Cumulus: a group or heap; as of cells in a developing ovum. + +Cuneate, Cuneiform: wedge-shaped; elongate triangular. + +Cuneus: Hymenoptera; the small triangular area at the end of the +embolium of hemelytra: Odonata, the small triangle of the vertex +between the compound eyes. + +Cupreous: the metallic red of pure shining copper. + +Cupules: the sucker-like processes covering the under surface of the +tarsi in male Dytiscidce. + +Cupuliform: cup-shaped: like a little cup: = cyathiform. + +Cursoria: in Orthoptera, that series in which the legs are formed for +running (roaches, etc.). + +Cursorial: formed for running. + +Curvate: curved. + +Curvinervate: wings with the veins distinctly curved, like some +Psocidae. + +Cusp -is: a pointed process; sometimes at the margin of a wing. + +Cuspidate: prickly pointed; ending in a sharp point; with an +acuminated point ending in a bristle. + +Custodite -us: guarded: a body in an envelope. + +Cuticle: the outer skin or skin layer. + +Cuticula: = cuticle: specifically applied to the outer or chitinized layer: +see epidermis and hypodermis. + +Cyaneous: pure dark blue: indigo blue [French blue]. + +Cyanescent: with a deep bluish tinge or shading. + +Cyanogenic: applied to repugnatorial glands in myriapods and +sometimes in insects. + +Cyathiform: obconical and concave; cup-shaped: = cupuliform. + +Cyatotheca: the cover of the thorax in the pupa. + +Cycle: a round or circle, e.g. of development; a life cycle. + +Cyclorrhapha: that section of Diptera in which the adult escapes from +the hardened pupal case by pushing off a lid or covering: see +orthorrhapha. Cyclorrhaphous: circular seamed. + +Cydariform: globose, but truncated at two opposite sides. + +Cylindrical: in the form of a cylinder or tube; round, elongate, of +equal diameter throughout. + +Cymbiform: boat-shaped: a concave disc with elevated margin; +navicular. + +Cytoplasm: the protoplasm of a cell exclusive of nucleus; the cell +body. + + + + + + +D + +Dactylus: a finger or toe: = digitus: a tarsal joint after the first one, +when that is enlarged as in bees. + +Dagger mark: a marking in the form of a Greek Psi _. + +Dart: a sting, or its central part. + +Dash: a short disconnected streak or mark. + +Dasygastres: bees with pollen-carrying structures on the abdomen. + +Deaurate: of the color of gold; golden. + +Deciduous: that which may be cast off or shed. + +Declinate -us: a part somewhat bent, the apex downward. + +Decumbent -ous: sloping gradually downward. + +Decrepitans: crackling. + +Decumbent: bending down at tip from an upright base. + +Decurrent: closely attached to and running down another body. + +Decurved: bowed downward. + +Decussate: crossing at an angle: X-like: in cross pairs; or, when +bristles alternately cross each other, as in some Diptera. + +Deflected: bent downward: the wings, when the inner margins lap +and the outer edges decline toward the sides. + +Deflexed: abruptly bent downward. + +Deformed: twisted or set in an unusual form: specifically, in +Coleoptera applied to knotted or twisted antennae as in male Meloids. + +Dehiscence: the splitting of the pupal integument in the emergence of +the adult in Lepidoptera. + +Dehiscent: open or standing open: separating toward the tip. + +Dejectamenta: the excrement or excretion. + +Delamination: the splitting or division into layers. + +Deltoid: elongate triangular: resembling a Greek _ with apex +extended. + +Demarcation: the bounding, laying out or limiting. + +Dendritic: applied to the branched nerve cells in the mushroom bodies +of the pro-cerebrum. + +Dendroid: tree or shrub-like: branching like a tree or shrub. + +Dendrophagus: feeding on woody tissues. + +Dendrophilous: species that live in woody tissue, or on trees. + +Dens: a tooth or tooth-like process. + +Dense: thickly crowded together. + +Dentate: toothed: with acute teeth, the sides of which are equal and +the tip is above the middle of base. + +Dentate-serrate: toothed, with the dentations themselves serrated on +their edges. + +Dentate-sinuate: toothed and indented. + +Dentes: the teeth or pointed processes on the inner side of the +mandible: the second or middle part of the furcula in Collembola, +consisting of two parallel pieces from the distal end of the manubrium +and bearing at their apices the crones. + +Dentes caninae: see canine teeth. + +Denticle: a small tooth. + +Denticulated: set with little teeth or notches. + +Dentiform: formed or appearing like a tooth. + +Denudate: without covering; destitute of scales or hair. + +Denude: to free from covering; to rub so as to remove the surface +covering of scales, hair or other vestiture. + +Deorsum: downward. + +Dependent: hanging down. + +Deplanate -us: see complanate. + +Depressed: flattened down vertically; opposed to compressed. + +Depressor: applied to a muscle that has for its function the depression +of an organ or a part. + +Deratoptera: = Orthoptera. + +Dermal: relating to the skin or outer covering. + +Dermal glands: hypodermal unicellular glands which secrete wax, +setae, spines, etc. + +Dermaptera: see Dermatoptera. + +Dermatoptera: skin-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with +elytriform, abbreviated primaries beneath which the secondaries are +folded transversely and fan-like: mouth mandibulate, prothorax free; +abdomen forcipate; metamorphosis incomplete: the Forficulidae or +earwigs. + +Desectus: = truncatus. + +Desideratum -ata: some thing or things needed or desired. + +Destitutus: wanting; being without. + +Determinate: with well-defined outlines or distinct limits: fixed: +marked out. + +Detonans: exploding: a sudden noise or a puff like an explosion. + +Detritus: rubbed off; a surface partly denuded. + +Deuterotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are +male and female: see arrhenotoky and thelyotoky. + +Deutocerebral segment: =antennal segment; q.v. + +Deutocerebrum: the middle portion of the brain, formed by the +ganglion of the 2d primary segment; also termed antennal or olfactory +lobes from the parts it innervates. + +Deutoplasm: the yolk or food plasm of an ovum. + +Deutotergite: the secondary dorsal segment of the abdomen. + +Dextrad: extending or directed toward the right. + +Dextral: to the right of the median line. + +Dextro-caudad: extends obliquely between dextrad and caudad. + +Dextro-cephalad: extends obliquely between dextrad and cephalad. + +Di: as a prefix, = two. + +Diaphanous: semi-transparent; clear. + +Diaphragm: any thin dividing membrane; that thin membrane +separating the cavity containing the heart from the rest of the body. + +Diarthrosis: any articulation that permits of motion. + +Diastole: that regular expansion of the heart that draws the blood +inward: see systole. + +Dichaetae: a group of brachycerous Diptera with a proboscis +consisting of two parts: Muscids, etc. + +Dichoptic: Diptera; eyes separated by front: not contiguous: see +holoptic. + +Dichotomous: forked: dividing by pairs. + +Dichromatism: the possession of two color varieties. + +Dictyoptera: an ordinal term applied to the roaches: also more +generally, to the Orthoptera. {Scanner's comment: Roaches are now +classed as Dictyoptera, and Orthoptera are now classed as distinct +from Dictyoptera} + +Didactyle -us: two-toed: with two tarsi of equal length. + +Didymus: double: geminate. + +Difformis: irregular in form or outline: not comparable; anomalous. +Diffracted: bending in different directions. + +Diffuse: spreading out; without distinct edge or margin. + +Digestive tract: the alimentary canal as a whole: more specifically that +portion behind the crop, in which assimilation takes place. + +Digitate: finger-like, or divided into finger-like processes. + +Digitiform: formed, shaped like or having the function of a finger. + +Digitules: appendages on the feet of Coccidae; in Lecanium, four +knobbed hairs. + +Digitus: the terminal joint of the tarsus, bearing the claws: a small +appendage attached to the lacinia of the maxilla; rarely present and +probably tactile. + +Digoneutism: the power to produce two broods in one season. + +Dilatatus: Coleoptera a margin, when the sharp marginal edge +extends beyond its usual limit: the base when the transverse diameter +is much longer at one part. + +Dilated: widened, expanded. + +Dilation: an expansion or widening. + +Dilute: thinned out: applied to color means weak or pale. + +Dilution: much thinned out or diluted. + +Dimera: forms with two-jointed tarsi: specifically applied to some +groups of Homoptera. + +Dimerous: having only two tarsal joints. + +Dimidiate -us: halved; extending half way around; applied to elytra +when they cover only half the abdomen. + +Dimidius: of half length. + +Dimorphic: occurring in two well-marked forms. + +Dimorphism: a difference in form, color, etc, between individuals of +the same species, characterizing two distinct types: may be seasonal, +sexual or geographic. + +Dioecious: with distinct sexes. + +Dioptrate: an ocellate spot with the pupil divided by a transverse line. + +Dioptric: with a transversely divided ocellus. + +Diploglossata: an ordinal term proposed for Hemimeridae, because of +the supposed presence of a second labial segment. + +Diplogangliata: applied to the Arthropods. + +Diploptera: = diplopteryga; q.v. + +Diplopteryga: Hymenoptera; wasps in which the wings are +longitudinally folded when at rest. + +Dipneumones: having two lungs (certain spiders). + +Diptera: an ordinal term applied to insects having only one pair of +wings (anterior): thorax agglutinate; mouth haustellate; +transformations complete. + +Dipterocecidium: a gall formed by a dipterous insect. + +Dipterous: belonging to or having the characters of Diptera. + +Direct: applied to metamorphosis = incomplete. + +Directive coloration: directive marks or colors which tend to divert the +attention of an enemy from more vital parts. + +Disc: see disk. + +Discal: on or relating to the disc of any surface or structure. + +Discal area: of a wing applies especially to the more central portion, or +that area covered by the discal cell. + +Discal bristles: Diptera; are inserted on the middle of the abdominal +segments before the hind margin. + +Discal cell: Lepidoptera; the large or median cell extending from the +base of the wing toward the center: = radial cell (Comst.): in Diptera +(Will.) = 1st medial 2 (Comst.): Odonata; = discoidal areolets, q.v.: +Trichoptera, the cell between the forks of the radial sector, and +separated from the 2d apical cell by a cross-vein. + +Discal patch: in some male Hesperidae the oblique streak of +specialized black scales on the disc of the primaries. + +Discal vein: Lepidoptera; the cross-vein closing the discal or median +cell extends from radius 5 to media 1. + +Disciform: formed or shaped like a disc. + +Discocellular nervure or vein: Lepidoptera; = discal vein, q.v. + +Discoidal: relating to the disc, or middle = discal. + +Discoidal area: the middle area or field: Trichoptera; that area of the +tegmina between the posterior or anal and the anterior or costal areas += d. field. + +Discoidal areolets: Odonata; a varying number of rows of cells on the +outer side of the triangle between the short sector (M 4 of Comst.) and +the upper sector of the triangle (Cu 1 of Comst.) = post-triangular cells +:= discal cells. + +Discoidal cell: Hymenoptera (Norton) 1st medial 2, medial 3 and +medial 4 (Comst.). + +Discoidal field: see discoidal area. + +Discoidal nervule: Lepidoptera; = media 1 (Comst.). + +Discoidal triangle: Odonata - see triangle. + +Discoidal vein: Diptera (Schiner), = media 2 (Comst.) anterior +intercalary vein (Loew); Hymenopteran (Norton), = media 2 (Comst.), +beyond the junction with the medial cross-vein: Trichoptera; the first +and largest branch of the humeral vein. + +Discoideous: =discoidal. + +Discolored -orous: a different color from the surrounding, more or less +contrasting; not concolorous. + +Discota: insects in which development of the adults is from imaginal +discs: see adiscota. + +Discrete: distinctly separated. + +Discs: the abdominal motor processes of coleopterous larve. + +Discus: a disc; a somewhat flat circular part or area. + +Disjoined or Disjointed: see disjunctus. + +Disjunct: with head, thorax and abdomen separated by constrictions. + +Disjunctus: separated; standing apart. + +Disk: the central upper surface of any part; all the area within a +margin; the central area of a wing: in Trichoptera, the obliquely ridged +outer surface of hind femur in saltatoria. + +Dislocated: a stria, band or line interrupted in continuity, when the +tips of the interrupted parts are not in a right line with each other. + +Disperses: with scattered markings, punctures or other small +sculptures. + +Disposed: arranged or laid out. + +Dissepiment: a partition wall: applied to the forming septa separating +the coelom-sacs in the embryo; also the thin envelope about the +members in obtect pupae. + +Dissilient: bursting open elastically. + +Distad: toward the distal end. + +Distal: that part of a joint farthest from the body. + +Distant: remote from: standing considerably apart. + +Distichous: applied to antennae when lateral processes originate at +the apices of the joints and bend forward at acute angles to them. + +Distiproboscis: the outer third of the proboscis in Muscid flies, bearing +the labella. + +Distychus: bipartite: separated into two parts. + +Ditrocha: Hymenoptera; that series having the trochanter two-jointed. + +Diurnae: day fliers: applied to butterflies. + +Diurnal: such insects as are active or habitually fly by day only. + +Divaricable: able to spread apart or divaricate. + +Divaricate: straddling or spreading apart: when the wings are lapped +at base and diverge behind: tarsal claws when arising at opposite +sides of the joint and separating widely. + +Divergent: spreading out from a common base; in Coleoptera, tarsal +claws are divergent when they spread out only a little; divaricate +when they separate widely. + +Diverse: unequal: differing in size or shape: of various kinds. + +Diverticulum -la: an oft-shoot from a vessel or from the alimentary +canal usually blind or sac-like: applied to the caecal tubes or +pouches: any extensions or evaginations of the hypodermic. + +Dividens (vena): Trichoptera; 1st anal (Comst.). + +Dog-ear marks: in bees: small, subtriangular marks of light color, +just below the antennae (Cockerell). + +Dolabriform: hatchet-shaped: compressed, with a prominent dilated +keel and cylindrical base. + +Dolioloides: applied to obtect or coarctate pupae. + +Dominant: a character more constant and conspicuous than any +other: a type or series occurring in large numbers both as to genera, +species and individuals and in which differentiation is yet active. + +Dorsad: extending or directed toward the upper side. + +Dorsal: of or belonging to the upper surface: in Diptera, that face of +the laterally extended legs visible from above. + +Dorsal bristles: see dorso-central. + +Dorsal diaphragm: the wings of the heart, or the very thin membrane +upon which these muscles rest: = pericardial diaphragm, q.v. + +Dorsal gland orifices: in Diaspinae, oval orifices arranged in more or +less distinct rows on the surface of the pygidium, through which is +discharged the material of which the dorsal scale is formed. + +Dorsal glands: see last preceding title. + +Dorsal line: in caterpillars, extends longitudinally on the middle of the +back or dorsal. + +Dorsal scale: that part of the covering scale of the Diaspinae that lies +above the insect, as opposed to the ventral scale, which lies below. + +Dorsal space: in slug-caterpillars is the area between the sub-dorsal +ridges. + +Dorsal vessel: the heart; q.v. + +Dorsi-meson: the middle of the upper surface. + +Dorso-alar region: Diptera; between the transverse suture and the +scutellum on one side and the root of the wing and the dorso-central +region on the other. + +Dorso-central bristles: Diptera; two or four longitudinal rows on the +inner part of the dorsal. + +Dorso-central region: Diptera; bounded by two imaginary lines drawn +from the scutellar bridges forward, and coinciding with a space free +from bristles that exists on the outer side of the dorsal rows and is +often occupied by a dorsal thoracic stripe. + +Dorso-humeral region: Diptera; bounded by the anterior end of thorax +and transverse suture on two sides and by the dorsopleural suture +and dorsocentral region on the two others. + +Dorsolum: the mesoscutum. + +Dorsopleural suture: Diptera; the lateral suture between dorsal and +pleurum from the humeri through the base of the wing: separates the +mesonotum from the pleura. + +Dorso-ventral: in a line from the upper to the lower surface. + +Dorsulum: the mesonotum before the scutellum, with the wing +sockets: also, specifically, the meso-scutellum. + +Dorsum: the upper surface: in Coleoptera; often confined to +meso- and meta-thorax: Odonata; includes mesepisterna and meso- and +meta-thoracic terga: Diptera; upper surface of thorax, limited by the +dorsopleural sutures laterally, the scutellum posteriorly and the neck +anteriorly: Lepidoptera; the lower or inner margin of the wing. + +Draw-thread: the silk-producing gland. + +Drone: in Hymenoptera; the male bee. + +Duct: a channel, tube or canal for carrying a secretion from a gland to +the point of discharge. + +Ductus ejaculatorius: the single duct or tube formed by the union of +the vasa deferentia from each side, through which the seminal fluid is +ejected into the vagina. + +Dufour's gland: that gland, in Hymenoptera, that secretes the alkaline +portion of the poison carried by the sting. + +Duodenum: the chylific ventricle; also applied to the first section of +the digestive tract just behind entrance of malpighian tubules. + +Dupion: a cocoon spun by two silk-worms together; also the coarse +silk from such a cocoon. + +Duplicate -us: double. + +Duplicate-pectinate: having the branches of a bipectinated antenna +alternately long and short. + +Duple: double, or twice. + +Durus: hard. + +Dusky: somewhat darkened; pale fuscous. + + + + +E + +E: as prefix, is privative and means without. + +Ears: organs of hearing, as on the first tibiae or on the first abdominal +segment of some Trichoptera. + +Ebenine: black like ebony. + +Eburneous: ivory white. + +Ecalcaratus: without a spur. + +Ecaudate: without tails or tail-like processes: usually applied +to wings : = excaudate. + +Ecdysis: the process of casting the skin; moulting. + +Echinate: set with prickles. + +Ecology: the science of the relation of organisms to each other and to +their surroundings: = ethology. {Scanner's comment: Ethology +nowadays refers to studies in animal behaviour, +not directly to ecology.} + +Ectad: extending outwardly from within. + +Ectal: belonging or relating to the outer surface. + +Ectoblast: the outer wall of a cell; the ectoderm or epiblast. + +Ectoderm: the outer layer of skin: the outer layer of the blastoderm, +giving rise to the nervous system and to epithelial structures of the +body surface. + +Ectognathus: see ectotrophous. + +Ectoskeletal: referring to the outside or exoskeleton. + +Ectotrachea: the outer surface or layer of the trachea. + +Ectotrophous: with mouth parts free; not buried in the head: see +entrotrophus. + +Edematus: dull translucent white. + +Edentate -ulous: without teeth. + +Edentula: those having no teeth. + +Efferent: carrying outward or away from the centre. + +Effluvium: a foul or unpleasant smell or emanation. + +Effected: somewhat angularly bent outward. + +Egg: a simple cell, capable of fertilization, containing the germ, the +food-yolk necessary for its nutriment, and a covering membrane: a +single ovum or cell from an ovary: the first stage of the insect. + +Egg-burster: a projecting point on the head or other part of an +embryo, used in breaking the shell when hatching. + +Egg-calyx: the enlarged portion of the oviduct at the opening of the +ovarian tubes, into which the egg is received before its entrance into +the vagina. + +Egg-case: the case or covering prepared or secreted by an insect to +contain or hold together the egg-mass as a whole: see oötheca. + +Egg-guide: Orthoptera; two small pointed prolongations of the ventral +portion of the 8th abdominal segment, between upper and lower +valves, used in oviposition. + +Egg-pouch: see oötheca. + +Egg-pod: applied to the egg-mass of grasshoppers. + +Egg-tube: see ovarian tube. + +Ejaculatory duct: see ductus ejaculatorius. + +Elastic: a part which has a degree of flexibility throughout. + +Elate -us: see elevatus. + +Elater: the spring or forked tail of Podurids. + +Eleutherata: all forms with free, separated maxillae; later, and more +specifically, the Coleoptera. + +Elevate -us: a part higher than its surroundings. + +Elinguata: without a tongue: forms in which the maxillae are connate +with the labium: see synista. + +Ellipsoidal: see elliptical. + +Elliptical: oblong-oval, the ends equally rounded, together forming an +even ellipsoid. + +Elongata -ate: drawn out; lengthened; much longer than wide. + +Elutus: with scarcely distinct markings. + +Elytra: the anterior leathery or chitinous wings of beetles, serving as +coverings to the secondaries, commonly meeting in a straight line +down the middle of dorsum in repose: also applied to the tegmina in +Orthoptera. + +Elytral ligula: a tongue-like process on the inner face of the side +margin of elytra, to perfect the union with the ventral segments: e.g. +in Dytiscidae. + +Elytriform: shaped or appearing like an elytron. + +Elytrin: = chitin, q.v. + +Elytron: singular of elytra; q.v. + +Elytroptera: see Coleoptera. + +Emandibulata: that series of insects in which there are no functional +mandibles in any stage. + +Emandibulate: lacking functional mandibles; e.g. butterflies and +moths, and applied in any stage. + +Emarginate: notched: with an obtuse, rounded or quadrate section cut +from a margin. + +Embolium: Heteroptera; the narrow sclerite extending along the +anterior margin of the hemelytra, from base to cuneus or membrane: +the lobes on each side of the prothorax: the special enlargement at the +base of the primaries which fits into a cavity in which the wing is +moved. + +Embossed: ornamented with raised figures. + +Embryo: the young animal before leaving the body of the parent or +before emerging from the egg. + +Embryonic: found in, or relating to the embryo; in an undeveloped +state or condition. + +Emmet: an ant. + +Empodium: Diptera; the small process between the pulvilli: in +Coleoptera; the bifid pseudotarsi between the claws: used also as = +pulvillus; and see arolium, onychium, palmula, paronychium, +plantula, pseudonychium and pulvillus. + +Enarthrosis: an articulation like a ball and socket joint. + +Encephalon -um: the brain, or that part of the head containing it. + +Encircled: ringed; margined round about. + +Endemic: occurring normally where found: native, not introduced. + +Endocardium: the inner lining membrane of the heart. + +Endochorium: the layer of the allantois that lines the chorium; the +inner layer of the chorium. + +Endocranium: the inner surface of the cranium. + +Endoderm: the inner layer of the blastoderm in the embryo, giving +origin to the mid-intestine and other visceral organs: see entoderm. + +Endolabium: the inner or mouth surface of the labium: the +hypopharynx when that is well developed. + +Endomesoderm: the inner layer formed by an invagination of the +middle portion of the primitive band of the embryo, and from which +the endoderm and mesoderm are subsequently differentiated. + +Endophytic: living within plant or tree tissue, as borers or miners. + +Endoskeletal: relating or referring to the endoskeleton. + +Endoskeleton: applied to those chitinous processes extending inward +into the body cavity from the body wall and serving as attachments for +muscles. + +Endosternite: that part of the apodeme arising from the intersternal +membrane. + +Endothorax: the internal framework or processes of the thorax. + +Endotoky: is applied to that form of reproduction where the eggs are +developed within the body of the mother; see exotoky. + +Endotrachea: the inner surface or lining of the trachea: see intima. + +Enervis: applied to wings without veins of any kind. + +Engraved: see exsculptus. + +Ensiform: sword-shaped: two-edged, large at base and tapering to the +point: see anceps. + +Entad: extending inwardly from without. + +Ental: referring to the centre of the body cavity. + +Enteric: relating to the digestive canal or enteron. + +Enteron: the digestive canal as a whole; a general term. + +Entire: with an even unbroken margin: said of wings when they are +not divided or cut into. + +Entoderm: the innermost germ layer of the embryo, from which are +derived the epithelium of the alimentary canal and accessory +structures: = endoderm and hypoblast. + +Entognathous: see entotrophous. + +Entoloma: the inner margin of the wings. + +Entomogenous: growing in or on an insect: e.g. fungi. + +Entomography: the description of an insect or of its life history. + +Entomolin: = chitin, q.v. + +Entomologist: one who collects and studies insects. + +Entomology: that branch of Zoology that deals with insects and, +specifically, the Hexapods. + +Entomophagous: feeding upon insects: specifically applied to those +wasps that feed their young with larvae, etc. + +Entomophilous: insect-loving: applied to plants especially adapted for +pollination by insects. + +Entomophytous: referring to plants produced in or on an insect: see +Entomogenous. + +Entomosis: a disease caused by a parasitic insect. + +Entomotaxy: the preservation and preparation of insects for study. + +Entomotomy: that science which deals with internal structure of +insects. + +Entomotomist: a student of insect structure. + +Entosternum: the internal processes from the sternum. + +Entothorax: applied to the apodemes or processes extending inwardly +from the sternal sclerites: see apophysis. + +Entotrophous: with the mouth parts buried in the head:= +entognathous: see ectotrophous. + +Entozoa: those animals that live within the body of others. + +Environment: the sum of the influences surrounding or acting upon +an organism. + +Enzyme: a ferment secreted by a cell or a gland. + +Epalpate: having no palpi. + +Ephebic: referring to the winged, adult stage. + +Ephemerida: May-flies: an ordinal term used for insects with +net-veined wings, held vertically when at rest, not folded; mouth +mandibulate, not functionally developed: thorax loosely agglutinated; +abdomen with anal filaments: metamorphosis incomplete. + +Ephemeroptera: briefly winged: = ephemerida; q.v. + +Epiblast: the outer germ layer of the embryo. + +Epicranial: relating or pertaining to the epicranium. + +Epicranial lobe: in caterpillars, the lateral, superior convex lobe of the +head. + +Epicranial plate: in some larvae a plate-like structure forming the +epicranium. + +Epicranial suture: the line of junction of the two procephalic lobes. + +Epicranium: the upper part of the head from the front to the neck: +often used to include front, vertex and genae:= calva. + +Epideme: see articulatory epideme. + +Epiderma -is: the cellular layer of the skin, underlying and secreting +the cuticula: incorrectly applied to the outer skin or cuticle. + +Epidermata: abnormal excrescences or outgrowths from the skin. + +Epididymis: the convoluted efferent ducts, massed at the posterior +part of the testes. + +Epigastrium: the first entire ventral sclerite of the abdomen. + +Epigenesis: the doctrine of growth from an undifferentiated germ, as +opposed to preformation, which implies development from already +existing rudiments. + +Epigenetic: the period after the union of the male and female +elements, during which organs are forming. + +Epiglossa: = epipharynx; q.v. + +Epiglottis: = epipharynx; q.v. + +Epilabrum: a sclerite at each side of the labrum: specifically applied +in myriapods. + +Epilobe: of mentum in Carabidae, really corresponds to a partially +divided ligula: a lateral appendage of a bilobed mentum. + +Epimera -eron: the posterior lateral thoracic sclerites; usually small, +narrow or triangular. + +Epiopticon: the second ganglionic swelling of the optic tract: see +opticon. + +Epipharyngeal: belonging or relating to the epipharynx. + +Epipharyngeal sclerites: in bees; a pair of strap-like pieces extending +backward from the two sides of the base of epipharynx: see +hypopharyngeal sclerites. + +Epipharynx: an organ, probably of taste, attached to the inner surface +of the labium and supposed to correspond to the palate of higher +animals Epiglossa or epiglottis. + +Epiphysis: a lappet-like process covering an excavation on the fore +tibia of many Lepidoptera. + +Epipleural: the deflexed or inflexed portions of the elytra, immediately +beneath the edge: the inflexed portions of the pronotum are +sometimes called prothoracic epipleura: as generally used, the term is +incorrectly applied to the entire bent under margin of the elytra. + +Epipleural fold: the raised lower edge of the epipleura: see hypomera. + +Epiploön: see caul. + +Epipygium: the dorsal arch of the last abdominal segment. + +Episternites: the upper pair of corneous appendages forming the +ovipositor in grasshoppers. + +Episternum: the anterior and larger lateral thoracic sclerite between +the sternum and notum. + +Epistoma -is: the lower face between the mouth and eyes: that sclerite +immediately behind or above the labrum, whether it be clypeus or an +intermediate piece: in Diptera, that part of the face between the front +and the labrum; the oral margin and an indefinite space immediately +contiguous thereto and so = peristoma: in Odonata; = clypeus: = +hypostoma. + +Epithelium: the layer of cells which covers a surface or lines a cavity. + +Epizoa: insects that infest the body surface of animals. + +Epizoötic: living or parasitic on animals from the outside or on the +surface. + +Epomiae: the elevated margin of an oblique furrow in the propleurae +for the reception of the front femora; Hymenoptera. + +Epupillate: an ocellate spot included by a colored ring, but destitute of +a pupil or central spot. + +Equal: of the same length, size or shape: the superfices when they are +without inequalities. + +Equitant: laminated: folding one upon the other. + +Erect: standing upright; not necessarily perpendicular. + +Erectile: capable of being erected; applied to an appendage, a hair or +other process, or to any tissue which may be distended and made +rigid. + +Erecto-patent: the wings of Hesperids when at rest; primaries erect, +secondaries horizontal. + +Eremochaetus: Diptera in which there is a general absence of bristles. + +Ergatandrous: applied to ants with worker-like males. + +Ergatogynous: applied to ants with worker-like females. + +Ergatoid: sexually capable, wingless ants, resembling workers. + +Ericeticolous: living in poor, sandy or gravelly places. + +Eroded -sus: gnawed; a margin with irregular teeth and +emarginations. + +Eruca: broadly a larva: more specifically a caterpillar. + +Eruciform: like a caterpillar in form or appearance. + +Erucina: the caterpillar-like larvae of sawflies and the like. + +Erucivorous: a feeder on caterpillars; said of parasites. + +Erythrinus: red; nearly arterial blood-red: carmine, a little diluted. + +Erythrinus: deep brick-red, tending to blood-red [vermilion with a little +Indian red]. + +Escutcheon: the scutellum in Coleoptera. + +Essential character: see specific character. + +Ethology: see ecology. + +Eucephalous: with a well-developed head, bearing the normal +appendages: applied to certain dipterous larvae. + +Eucone: a compound eye in which the individual ocelli have +crystalline cones see acone. + +Euorthoptera: the Orthoptera excluding the Dermaptera. + +Euplexoptera: with beautifully folded wings: an ordinal term applied +to the ear-wigs. + +Eous or -eus: as a suffix, indicates the possession of the quality of the +stem word: e.g. membraneous, like a membrane in texture. + +Eutracheata: applied to articulates which, like the insects, have a +well-developed tracheal system. + +Evaginate: extruded by eversion; turned inside out when extruded. + +Evagination: an extrusion formed by eversion or turning inside out. + +Evanescent: disappearing; becoming gradually less. + +Eversible: capable of being turned inside out. + +Evident: easily seen or recognized. + +Ex: prefix = A and E as privatives: also means from or out of. + +Exarate -us: sulcated: sculptured. + +Exarticulate: without distinct joints. + +Exasperate -us: rough with irregular elevations. + +Excalcarate: without spurs. + +Excaudate: see ecaudate. + +Excavate: with a depression that is not the segment of a circle. + +Excentric: not in the centre; revolving or arranged about a point that +is not central. + +Excision: with a deep cut: a notch or other cut-out part. + +Excrementaceous -titious: made up of or resembling excrement. + +Excrescence: an outgrowth or elevation; usually abnormal. + +Excretion: the act of getting rid of waste products: any material or +substance produced by any secretory glands or structures and which +is voided or otherwise sent out from them. + +Excretory: those structures concerned in ridding the body of waste +products. + +Excurrent: attenuate, narrowly prolonged. + +Excurved: curved outwards. + +Ex larva: from or out of the larva: usually applied to specimens that +have been bred from collected larvae. + +Exochorion: that part of the chorion derived from the ectoderm: the +outer layer of the chorion. + +Exochorium: Heteroptera; a narrow marginal part of the hemelytra. + +Exoderm: the outer skin or crust. + +Exoloma: the apical margin of the wings. + +Exophytic: relating to the outside of plant tissue. + +Exoskeleton: the entire body wall, to the inner side of which muscles +are attached. + +Exotic: not a natives of the place where found: an introduced species: +also any species occurring in any country outside of the limits of the +country whose fauna is under consideration. + +Exotoky: is applied to that form of reproduction where the eggs are +developed outside of the body of the insect and without care by the +mother see endotoky. + +Ex ova: from or out of the egg: applied to specimens that have been +bred from the egg stage. + +Expanded: spread or flattened out: applied to Lepidoptera when set for +the cabinet. + +Expanse: the distance between the apices or other widest point of the +wings when fully spread. + +Expansio alarum: the wing stretch; see expanse. + +Expiratory: relating to the act of expiration, when the abdomen is +contracted and the air contained in the abdominal tracheae is +presumably forced out of them. + +Explanate: spread out and flattened; applied to a margin. + +Explicate: unfolded; open; without folds or plica. + +Exsculptate -tus: a surface with irregular, more or less longitudinal +depressions, as if carved. + +Exscutellate: having no scutel. + +Exserted: protruded; projecting beyond the body or over a given point. + +Exsertion: a protrusion: an extension of a line or other ornamentation +beyond its ordinary course. + +Extended: spread out: not lying one upon the other. + +Extense: extended: expanded. + +Extension plate: a structure at the base of the pulvillus whose +function it is to extend it. + +Extension sole: the pad-like pulvillus which may be extended by the +extension plate through the pressure plate. + +Extensor: that which extends or straightens out; applied to muscles. + +Extenuate: to make or to become weak, thin or slender. + +Exterior: the outside. + +Exterior margin: the outer margin; sometimes used for costal margin. + +External: belonging to or on the outside. + +External area: Hymenoptera; the upper of the three cells or areas of +the metanotum, between the median and lateral longitudinal carina, +first lateral basal area. + +External median area: Hymenoptera; the median of the three cells or +areas between the median and lateral longitudinal carinae: = second +lateral area. + +Externomedial vein: in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radius (Comst.); in +Orthoptera, = media (Comst.). + +Externo-median nerve: the humeral and discoidal veins together. + +Extra-ocular: remote from or beyond the eyes. + +Extremity: the point most remote from base. + +Extrorse -um: toward the outside. + +Extrude: to turn or force out. + +Exude: to ooze or flow slowly through minute openings. + +Exuvia -iae -ium: the cast skin of a larval insect: in Diaspinae the +larval skin when cast and incorporated in the scale. + +Exuviate: to cast the skin: to moult. + +Exuviation: the act of molting: the cast-off skin or exuvium. + +Eyes: the organs of sight, composed of numerous facets, situated, one +on each side of the head: the term is properly applied to compound +eyes only but is sometimes used to designate also the simple eyes or +ocelli. + + + + +F + +Face or Facies: the upper or outer surface of any part or appendage: +the front of the head between the compound eyes above the mouth to +the vertex; usually applied to insects in which the head is -vertical: +in bees extends between the eyes to the base of the antennae; in the +Hymenoptera generally the area between antenne and clypeus: in +flies the area between base of antennae, the oral margin, eyes and +cheeks. + +Facet: a small face or surface: one of the parts, areas or lens-like +divisions of the compound eye. + +Facial angle: the angle formed by the junction of the face and vertex. + +Facial bristles: Diptera; a series on either side of the middle portion of +the face, above the vibrissae, along the facialia. + +Facial carinae: applied to both the carinae of the frontal costa and the +accessory (lateral) carinae of the face; but usually restricted to the +accessory carinae in Orthoptera. + +Facial depression: = antennal fovea, q.v. + +Facialium -ia: Diptera; that portion of the face between the lower part +of the frontal fissure and the antennal fovea. + +Facial quadrangle: in bees; the quadrangle bounded laterally by the +eyes, above by a line between their summits and below by a similar +line between their lowest points. + +Facial ridges: Diptera; the elevated lateral borders of antennal grooves. + +Facial tubercle: Diptera; a median convexity below middle of face. + +Facies: the face: the general appearance or impression. + +Falcate: sickle-shaped; convexly curved: a wing when deeply +excavated below the apex so as to leave the latter acute and a little +curved. + +Falciform: curved like a sickle. + +False legs: = spurious legs; = prolegs; q.v. + +Family: a division of classification including a number of genera +agreeing in one or a set of characters and so closely related that they +are apparently descended from one stem: opinionative and indicated +by the termination idae. + +Farctus: fully filled. + +Farinaceous: mealy: applied to powdery looking wings and surfaces. + +Farinose: dotted with many single, flour-like spots: mealy. + +Fascia: a transverse band or broad line; it is common when it crosses +both wings or wing covers. + +Fasciate: banded transversely. + +Fascicle -ulus: a bundle of hair, threads or fibres. + +Fasciculate: bundled; clustered as in a bundle; tufted: a surface +when covered with bundles of long hair. + +Fastigiate: flat-topped and of equal height: also applied to elytra that +extend a little beyond the abdomen. + +Fastigium: Orthoptera; the extreme point or front of vertex. + +Fat-body: is the mass of oil or fat cells found, especially in larvae, +surrounding the alimentary canal and some other internal organs. + +Fatiscent: with cracks, crevices or openings. + +Fauna: the assemblage of animals inhabiting a region or country. + +Favose: with large deep holes, like the cells of a honeycomb. + +Favus: a cell like that of a honeycomb. + +Fecula: the excrement of insects. + +Fecundation: the making fertile; as an egg by a spermatozoön. + +Feeler: commonly applied to antennae; q.v. + +Feelers: tactile organs: the term is usually applied to the +antennae, but sometimes to the palpi, as mouth-feelers. + +Feet: the legs or organs of locomotion; one pair attached to each +thoracic segment; composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and +tarsus only; plural of foot; q.v. + +Female: designated by "O+" the astronomical sign for Venus: that +sex in which the ova are developed. {Scanner's comment: The sign +for Venus being an orthogonal cross or plus sign hanging vertically +below a circle.} + +Femina: the female, or belonging to that sex. + +Femorate -us: with abnormal or unusually developed femora or +thighs. + +Femoro-tibial: pertaining to both femur and tibia or to the articulation +between them. + +Femur -ora: the thigh: usually the stoutest segment of the leg, +articulated to the body through trochanter and coxa and bearing the +tibia at its distal end: in Coccidae and quite commonly, the femur +and trochanter are considered as one, for measuring purposes. + +Fenestra: a window; a transparent glassy spot or mark; a pellucid +mark in a vein: a small, pale, membranous area at the base of the +antenna in roaches. + +Fenestrate: with transparent or window-like naked spots as in the +wings of some Lepidoptera. + +Fenestrate membrane: of the compound eye is at the base of the +ommatidia, at their junction with the optic nerve; see retina. + +Ferreous -eus: the metallic gray of polished iron. + +Ferrugineous -ous, -eus, -osus: rusty red-brown [Dragon's blood, but +brighter]. + +Ferrugino-testaeeous: a rusty yellow brown: a mixture of rusty red +with dull yellow brown. + +Fertilization: takes place when a spermatozoön enters through the +micropyle of an ovum and unites with the cell nucleus: loosely +applied like copulation or to its completion. + +Festivus: variegated with bright colors. + +Festooned: arranged in loops as if hung from nails. + +Fibre: a thread-like structure of any tissue. + +Fibrilla: rod or sliver-like nerve elements, often grouped like a bundle +of short threads. + +Fibrin: a proteid compound making up a large part of the muscular +tissue: also found in blood and other body liquids. + +Fibrinogen: a proteid substance of the blood and other body fluids, +concerned in the production of fibrin. + +Fibroin: a chemical compound found in silk, cobwebs and the like. + +Fifth longitudinal vein: Diptera (Will.); = media 3 (Comst.). + +Filament: a thread: a long slender process of equal diameter +throughout: an elongated appendage. + +Filariasis: a disease caused by the presence of minute worms or +Filaria, transmitted by mosquitoes. {Scanner's comment: Nowadays +it is known that many kinds of filariasis are transmitted by other +species of flies, in particular Simuliidae and Tabanidae} + +Filate: Diptera; antennae that are simple, without lateral hair or +dilation: thread-like. + +Filator: the silk spinning structure of caterpillars. + +File: the diagonal ridged vein near the base of the tegmina in crickets, +used in stridulating: in general any structure wherever situated that +serves the same purpose. + +Filicornia: insects with thread-like antennae; e.g. in Coleopteran, the +Carabidae. + +Filiform: thread-like: slender and of equal diameter. + +Filippi's glands: a pair of secondary glands, opening into the silk +glands of caterpillars near their anterior end. + +Fillet: a transverse, raised structure between the antennae in +Lepidoptera. + +Filose: ending in a thread-like process. + +Fimbria: thick, ciliated hair at the termination of any part: fringes. + +Fimbriate: a margin or process when set with a fringe of hair closely +placed. + +Finger: of maxilla, is the digitus, q.v. + +First clypeus: see post clypeus. + +First inner apical nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.); is cubitus 1, from +media 4, to first anal (Comst.). + +First lateral suture: Odonata; starts from beneath base of front wing +behind humeral suture and meets it behind second coxa. + +First longitudinal vein: in Diptera; - radius 1 (Comst.). + +First submarginal cross-nervure: Hymenoptera; part of the media and +the radio-medial cross vein (Comst.). + +Fissate: divided or split: with fissures or cracks. + +Fissile -is: cleft or divided; as the wings in plume-moths: also used +for lamellate. + +Fissiparous: applied to that form of asexual generation in which the +parent divides; each part becoming a new individual. + +Fissure: a crevice: a narrow longitudinal opening: a slit. + +Fissus: cleft: longitudinally divided nearly to base. + +Fistula: a slender tube: specifically applied to the channel formed by +the union of the two parts of proboscis in Lepidoptera. + +Fistular: like a slender, cylindrical tube. + +Flabellate: with long flat processes folding like a fan. + +Flabelliform: fan-shaped. + +Flabellum: a fan: a leafed structure: the transparent lobe at the end of +the glossa in bees: also used as = flagellum; q.v. + +Flabs: the lobes at the tip of the dipterous mouth:= labella; q.v. + +Flaccid: feeble: limber: lax. + +Flagelliform: whip-like; applied to a process. + +Flagellum: that part of the antenna beyond the pedicel: a whip or +whip-like process: the tail-like process of a spermatozoön. + +Flammate -eus: flaming or fiery red [vermilion intensified]. + +Flange: a projecting rim or edge. + +Flank: the sides of the thorax: the pleura. + +Flaring: widening out like the mouth of a trumpet. + +Flavescent: somewhat yellow. + +Flavid: yellowed: sulphur yellow. + +Flavo-testaceous: light yellow-brown: almost luteous. + +Flavous -us: sulphur yellow [gamboge]. + +Flavo-vixens: green verging upon yellow [apple green + chrome yellow]. + +Flex: to bend: to curve back. + +Flexible: pliable; with elastic properties. + +Flexile -is: capable of being bent at an angle without breaking: +flexible. + +Flexuous -ose: almost zig-zag, without acute angles but more acute at +angles than undulating: differs from sinuate in being alternately bent +and nearly straight. + +Flexor: that which bends; applied to muscles. + +Flocculus -i: a hairy or bristly appendage on the posterior coxa of +some Hymenoptera. + +Floccus: a tuft of wool or wool-like hair. + +Flosculiferous: species that bear a flosculus. + +Flosculus: a small, tubular lunulate anal organ with a central style, in +certain Fulgorids. + +Fluviatile: inhabiting the margins of running streams. + +Fly-blows: eggs or young maggots of flesh flies: meat is fly-blown +when such eggs or larvae have been deposited on it. + +Flying-hairs: very long slender surface hairs set in punctures. + +Foetid glands: glandular structures from which a foul smelling liquid +may be ejected. + +Foliaceous: leaf-like, or resembling a leaf. + +Folioles: leaf-like processes from a margin or protuberance. + +Follicle: = cocoon, q.v.: a cellular sac or tube, as of a gland or ovary. + +Folliculate: enclosed in a case, cocoon or follicle. + +Food reservoir: Lepidoptera, a blind sac or diverticulum from the bind +part of oesophagus lying in abdomen dorsal to the stomach. + +Foot: the tarsus, q.v.; improperly used to = leg; but in the plural form +refers to legs rather than tarsi: see feet. + +Foot-shield: in caterpillars, the chitinous plate on outer side of +abdominal feet. + +Foot-stalk: of the maxilla, is the stipes. + +Foramen: an opening in the body wall for the passage of a vessel or +nerve: any opening at an apex: the opening of a cocoon. + +Foramen magnum; the opening on the posterior surface of the head to +give passage to those structures that extend from head to thorax +occipital foramen. + +Foramina: small openings in the body wall: in Orthoptera, the +auditory organs on the anterior tibiae. + +Forceps: hook or pincer-like processes terminating the abdomen, like +specialized appendages of ear-wigs: similar processes in the male, +used as clasping organs in copulation. + +Forcipate: bearing forceps or similar structures. + +Forcipiform: having the form of forceps or pincers. + +Fore: anterior. + +Foregut: extends from the mouth to the end of gizzard; its epithelium +being formed from the ectodermal invagination known as the +stomodaeum. + +Forehead: in Mallophaga, the head in front of the mandibles and +antennae. + +Fore-intestine: =foregut, q.v. + +Forficate: = forcipate, q.v. + +Forks: Trichoptera; forks of veins in apical part of wing, +numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. + + +Form: applied to representatives of a species which differ from the +normal or type, in some uniform character; it is seasonal if it occurs +at a period different from the type; dimorphic if there is an alternation +of generations or two color patterns occur; or sexual if the members of +one sex differ uniformly from those of the other. + +Formic: of, pertaining to or derived from ants. + +Formicary: an ant's nest or ant-hill. + +Fornicate: arched or vaulted: concave within, convex without. + +Fossa -ae: = fossula; q.v. + +Fossoria: burrowers: in Orthoptera, the mole crickets and allies; in +Hymenoptera, the digging wasps. + +Fossorial: formed for or with the habit of digging or burrowing. + +Fossula -ae: a deep groove or sinus with sharp edges: specifically +applied to grooves on the head or sides of prothorax in which the +antennae are concealed. + +Fossulate: a surface with oblong impressions. + +Fossulet: an elongated, shallow groove. + +Fourth longitudinal vein: Diptera (Will.), = media 2 (Comst.). + +Fovea, Foveola -ae: a shallow depression with well-marked sides: a pit. + +Foveate: with foveae or pit-like depressions. + +Foveolate: with shallow cavities like a honey-comb. + +Fractus: broken: also applied to a geniculate antenna. + +Fragile: easily breakable: thin and brittle. + +Frass: the excrement; usually the excreted pellets of caterpillars. + +Free: unrestricted in movement: not firmly joined with or united to +any other part: said of pupae when all the parts and appendages are +separately encased as in Coleopteran. + +Frenatae: that series of Lepidoptera in which a more or less +well-marked frenulum occurs. + +Frenate: having a frenulum. + +Frenulum: the spine, simple in males, compound in females, arising +from the base of secondaries in many Lepidoptera, whose function it is +to unite the wings in flight: in Cicada the triangular lateral piece on +the mesonotum which connects with the trochlea: the anal area of +secondaries and thus = tendo, q.v. + +Frenulum hook: in the males of frenate Lepidoptera, a hook or fold +into which the frenulum is fitted. + +Frenum: that which holds things together: a lunate or triangular +portion at the inner and hinder base of the wing in Odonata and +Trichoptera; see tendo. + +Fringe -es: an edging of hair, scales or other processes extending well +beyond the margin and usually of even length: in Lepidoptera, fringes +occur on the outer margins of all wings and consist of scales or hair +projecting beyond the wing membrane. + +Frog: the articular pan, - q.v. + +Frons: = front; q.v. + +Front: the anterior portion of head between base of antennae and +below ocelli: in Homoptera, the vertical median area of face. + +Frontal: referring to the front of head or anterior aspect of any part. + +Frontal costa: Orthoptera, a prominent vertical ridge of bead which +may be median or lateral: see median carina and lateral carina. + +Frontal fastigium: in Orthoptera, that process of the face extending +dorsad between the antennae and meeting or nearly meeting the +fastigium of the vertex in Tettigidae. + +Frontal fissure: Diptera; the impressed line extending from the frontal +lunule to the border of the mouth. + +Frontal lobes: in Psyllidae, two lobes or swellings more or less +completely divided by a suture in which an ocellus is situated. + +Frontal lunule: Diptera; an oval or crescentic space above the base of +antennae in Cyclorrhapha, bounded by the frontal suture. + +Frontal processes: Diptera; = antennal process, q.v. + +Frontal ridge: in Coleopteran; a sharp ridge on the dorsal margin of +the eye, extending forward. + +Frontal stripe: Diptera; the middle of the front when membranous or +discolored: = vitta frontalis. + +Frontal suture: Diptera; separates the frontal lunule from that part of +the head above it: in Coleopteran; = clypeal suture. + +Frontal tubercles: in certain Aphids, are raised structures upon which +the antennae are placed. + +Frontal triangle: Diptera; the triangular space in males, between the +eyes below, limited by a line drawn through base of antennae. + +Frontal vesicle: in Odonata; that elevated area on the vertex upon +which the ocelli are situated. + +Fronto-orbital bristles: in Diptera; are placed on each side of the front, +just below the vertical bristles. + +Fugitive: soon disappearing; not permanent. + +Fulcrant: the trochanter when continued along the femur, as in +Carabids. + +Fulcrum: the chitinous envelope at the base of mouth in Diptera and +Hymenoptera, covering the beginning of the oesophagus: any +structure that serves as a support to another.. + +Fulgidus: shining. + +Fuliginous -osus: sooty or smoky brown +[Van Dyke brown + a little black]. + +Fulvo-aeneous: brazen, with a touch of brownish yellow [brown pink]. + +Fulvous -us: tawny; light brown with much yellow; nearly orange +[pale cadmium yellow + Indian red]. + + +Fumate -us: smoky gray [gray]. + +Fumose: smoky. + +Function: the work or duty which a given part or organ normally +performs. + +Fungicolous: living in or on fungi. + +Funicle: the joints between the scape and club in Funiculate +antennae: a small cord: a slender stalk. + +Funiculate: whip-like: long, slender, composed of many flexible joints. + +Funicule: a small, cord-like structure; especially when sheathed. + +Funiculus: the main tendon of abdomen: in Hymenoptera a slender +ligament connecting the propodeum to petiole on its dorsal aspect. + +Furca: a fork: the anal appendage used for leaping in Thysanura; see +furcula: the forked ental processes of the sternum. + +Furcal orifice: see sternal into orifice. + +Furcate: forked; divided nto two approximately equal divisions. + +Furcula: a forked process: an osmaterium {Scanner's comment: +sic. See comment under "osmaterium".}: in Collembola the spring or +saltatory appendage borne by the fourth abdominal segment: in +Orthoptera, a pair of backwardly directed appendages which overlie in +a more or less forked position the base of the supra-anal plate. + +Furred: covered with dense hair resembling fur. + +Fuscescent: becoming brown; with a brown shading. + +Fusco-ferruginous: brownish rust red. + +Fuseo-piceous: pitch black with a brown tinge or admixture. + +Fuseo-rufous: red-brown, approaching liver brown. + +Fuseo-testaceous: dull reddish brown [brown ocher]. + +Fuscous -us: dark brown, approaching black; a plain mixture of +black and red [crimson lake + black]. + +Fused: run together: applied when two normally separated markings +become confluent and have a common outline. + +Fusiform: spindle-shaped: tapering gradually to each end. + +Fusulus: = spinneret, q.v. + + + + + + +G + +Gales: the outer lobe of the maxilla, usually two-jointed, often +hood-like, subject to great modifications in Hymenoptera and +Diptera, and forms the coiled tongue in Lepidoptera. + +Galeotheca: that part of the pupal case that covers the gales. + +Gall: an abnormal swelling or excrescence on a plant, produced by an +insect: = cecidium. + +Gallicolous: dwellers in galls, whether as producers or inquilines. + +Gallivorous: feeding upon galls or gall tissue. + +Gamogenesis: reproduction through fertilization: see agamogenesis. + +Ganglion -ia: a nerve centre composed of a cell mass and fibres: the +white disc-like bodies connected by a double cord, lying above the +ventral surface within the body and forming the centre of the nervous +system. + +Gasterotheca: that part of the pupa case that covers the abdomen. + +Gastric: of or belonging to the belly or to the stomach. + +Gastric caeca: = caecum; q.v. + +Gastro-coeli: a pair of usually transverse lateral pits near the base of +the second abdominal tergite in some Hymenoptera. + +Gastro-ileal folds: occur in some insects at the junction of the chylific +ventricle with the ileum and serve as a valve. + +Gastrula: that embryonic stage resembling a sac, with an outer layer +of epiblastic cells and an inner layer of hypoblastic cells. + +Gastrulation: the process of forming a gastrula. + +Gathering hairs: the soft, flattened, often hooked hairs on the tongue +of bees and other Hymenoptera; = hooked hairs. + +Gelatinous: of a jelly-like texture or consistency: viscid. + +Geminate: arranged in pairs composed of two similar parts: doubled. + +Gemmate -us: marked with metallic or bright colored spots. + +Gemmiparous: applied to that form of asexual reproduction where +new individuals arise as buds from the germ body of the parent. + +Gena -ae: the cheeks; includes that portion of the head on each side +below the eyes, and extends to the gular suture: in Odonata the area +between the eyes and clypeus and mouth parts: in Diptera the space +between the lower border of the eye and oral margin, merging into face +at front and limited by the occipital margin behind. + +Genal bristles: Diptera; are on the cheeks near lower corner of eye. + +Generalized: primitive: containing in combination characters that are +separated and specialized in other forms. + +Generation: used as the equivalent of brood; q.v. + +Genicular arc: Orthoptera; a curved dark marking on the posterior +knee-joint. + +Geniculate: knee jointed: abruptly bent in an obtuse angle. + +Geniculum: a little knee or bend. + +Genital armature: all the processes concerned in copulation. + +Genital hamule: a little hook or plate covering the anal cavity of the +male: the supra-anal or genital hook: in Lepidoptera, the uncut: in +Odonata, in the plural, one or two pairs of lateral processes of the +male genitalia on the ventral surface of the second abdominal +segment. + +Genital hook: = genital hamule. + +Genitalia: the external organs of generation with all appendages. + +Genital lobes: in Odonata, a pair of-backward and downwardly +directed processes from the 2d abdominal segment, between which +the vesicle of the penis lies. + +Genital papilla: in some Smynthurids, a tubercular elevation upon +which the genital aperture opens. + +Genital spike: the sheath of penis which, in male Diaspinae takes the +form of a long mucronate spike. + +Genital tuft: in Lepidoptera; an expansible tuft of fine hair believed to +be scent-producing. + +Genital valve: Odonata; a chitinous piece on each side of the +ovipositor, derived from the sternum of abdominal segment 9: +probably = outer pair of gonapophyses. + +Genoholotype: the species on which a genus is founded, whether +unique or one of a series, specifically named as generic type by the +author. + +Genolectotype: the one species of a series selected as the type of the +genus in which the describer of the genus placed it, subsequent to +the description. + +Genosyntype: one of a series of species upon which a genus is +founded, no one species being mentioned as type. + +Genus: knee; the joint between femur and tibia. + +Genus: an assemblage of species agreeing in some one character or +series of characters; usually considered as arbitrary and opinionative, +though some consider it a natural assemblage. + +Geometrid: larva which, when walking, alternately elevate and +straighten the middle of their body: opposed to rectigrade; q.v. + +Geodephagous: = adephagous; q.v. + +Geodromica: terrestrial Heteroptera in which the antennae are not +concealed. + +Geophilous: living on the ground: species that live on the surface or +come freely into contact with it. + +Germanium: an ovary: that portion of an ovarian tube containing the +cell elements. + +Germ-ball: reproductive cells in larvae from which, exceptionally, +young may develop as buds. + +Germ-band or Germinal band: that portion of a young embryo which +is to become the future insect, when it is in the form of a band or +strap and may or may not show the division into the future segments. + +Gerontogeic: belonging to the old world: see neogeic. + +Gibba: a rounded protuberance or prominence. + +Gibbous: hump-backed; protuberant: said of a macula when it +resembles a moon more than half full. + +Gibbus: when the whole surface forms a hump or obtuse cone. + +Gills: respiratory structures which function in water; distinguished as +true or blood gills where contained blood conveys the absorbed oxygen +from the gill to the tissues, and as tracheal gills when this conveyance +is by contained tracheae. + +Gilvus: = flavus; q.v. + +Ginglymus: a hinge joint that permits flexion in one plane. + +Gizzard: a pouch-like structure between the crop and chylific ventricle +furnished with chitinous teeth or plates, in which the food is prepared +for the digestive juices by grinding or merely sifting = cardia. + +Glaber-rous: smooth; free from all vestiture. + +Gland: a cellular sac which separates or secretes from the blood +specific portions to produce characteristic products - e.g. wax, +saliva, silk, etc. + +Gland-bearing prominence: in Diaspinae a prominence on the margin, +bear-ing a gland opening on the dorsal surface. + +Gland orifice: in Coccidae, the external opening through which a gland +pours its secretions. + +Gland spines: in Coccidae; spiny appendages, each of which is +supplied with a single gland whose opening is at the tip. + +Glandular: having the character or function of a gland: used as +descriptive of specialized hairs, spines or other processes. + +Glassy: transparent; glass-like in appearance. + +Glaucus: shining sea-green: whitish blue inclining to gray lavender. + +Globose: formed like a globe or sphere. + +Globulin; an albumenoid proteid compound formed in the blood of +insects. + +Glochis: a barbed point. + +Glomerate: congregated or massed together. + +Glossa: the inner lobe of second maxilla, corresponding to the lacing +of first maxilla: loosely used as a synonym for tongue: especially +applied to the coiled structure of the Lepidoptera; see also ligula. + +Glossarium: Diptera; the labrum-epipharynx; q.v. + +Glossata: a Fabrician term for Lepidoptera. + +Glossate: furnished with a spiral tongue. + +Glossotheca: that part of the pupa which covers the tongue. + +Glutinose -ous: slimy; viscid. + +Gnathal: relating or pertaining to the jaws. + +Gnathite: a jaw or jaw-like appendage; in the plural, the mouth parts. + +Gnathochilarium: a plate formed by the labial structures. + +Gnathopoda: the arthropods: the first pair of legs; especially applied +in crustaceans: mouth feet. + +Goffered: a surface with regular impressions, closely set, and +separated by narrow ridges: reticulated. + +Gonapophyses: three pairs of processes in the Orthoptera, one arising +from the eighth and two from the ninth abdominal segment op the +ventral surface. They appear to = the rhabdites composing the +ovipositor of other insects. + +Gonyodon: a tooth-like articulated process at the apex of the femur in +some Noctuidae. + +Gonytheca: articulating surface of femur to which the tibia is joined. + +Gorgeret: the barbed sting of the honey bee. + +Gracile: slender; graceful. + +Gradate -vim: one grade or step at a time: to arrange in a series: to +blend so as to merge one into the other - e.g. colors. + +Gradate veins: a transverse series of veins, each before or beyond the +next. + +Grammineus: grass-green [apple green]. + +Granose: like a string of beads; moniliform. + +Granulated: covered with small grains. + +Granule: a little grain or grain-like elevation. + +Granulose: roughened with granules or made up of distinct grains. + +Gregarious: living in societies or communities; but not social. + +Grège: raw silk, including the gummy outer layer, as spun by a +caterpillar. + +Grès: the gummy layer surrounding the silk thread spun by a +caterpillar. + +Gressorious -vial: with legs fitted for walking: in Lepidoptera; the +anterior legs aborted, the others fitted for walking. + +Griscent: ashen gray. + +Griseus: light gray; a mixture of white and black [gray]. + +Group: a division of classification used indefinitely for a series +of allied species, genera or larger assemblages. + +Grouped glands: see circumgenital glands. + +Grub: an insect larva: a term loosely applied, but more specifically to +larvae of Coleopteran and Hymenoptera. + +Guanin: a white amorphous compound which occurs in the +transparent areas of some wings, giving a milky tinge, and is also +found in the photogenic organs of Lampyridae: an excretory +substance, composition C5H5N5O (von Furth). + +Guest: applied to those insects that live in nests or dwelling places of +other species, not necessarily at the expense of the host. + +Gula: the throat: that sclerite forming the central portion of the head +beneath, extending from the submental to the posterior margin, and +laterally bounded by the genae. + +Gular peduncle: in Coleopteran = submental peduncle. + +Gular suture: the line of division between the gulag or throat and the +gene or cheeks. + +Gulf strip: see semitropical or gulf strip. + +Gullet: = oesophagus; q.v. + +Gulo-mental: includes the region covered by the gulag and mentum. + +Gustatory: elating to the sense of taste. + +Gutta: a light spot on a dark ground. + +Guttate: with light spots or drops on a dark ground. + +Gymnocerata: insects with freely movable, conspicuous antennae: see +cryptocerata. + +Gymnogastra: Hymenoptera; species in which the venter is visible: see +cryptogastra. + +Gymnoptera: species with membranous wings not covered with scales. + +Gynandromorphic: when an individual of one sex exhibits on one +lateral half the organic characters of the other, more or less +completely. + +Gyri-cerebrales: lobes of the oesophageal ganglion of the embryo, +connected with the primary lobe: = stalked bodies. + + + + +H + +Habena: a fascia on the thorax. + +Habit -us: the port or aspect: used to express a resemblance in +general appearance. + +Habitat; abbreviated Hab.: the region or place which an insect +inhabits or where it was taken. + +Haemoglobin: the coloring matter of blood which serves to carry +oxygen. + +Haemolymph: the watery blood or lymph-like nutritive fluid of the +lower invertebrates. + +Haemoxanthine: a dissolved albuminoid in the insect blood, which +has both a respiratory and nutritive function. + +Hair: a slender, flexible filament of equal diameter. + +Hairy: covered or clothed with hair. + +Halophilous: species living in salt marshes, or near the sea. + +Halterata: the Diptera. + +Halteres: the poisers or balancers: capitate movable filaments in +Diptera, situated one on each side of the thorax and representing +rudimentary hind wings. + +Halteriptera: the Diptera. + +Hamule -us: furnished with hooks, or bent like a hook. + +Hammock: the hammock-like covering of the caterpillars of certain +moths. Hamule: a little hook. + +Hamuli: Odonata; one or two pairs of hooked processes projecting +from the ventral surface of the 2d abdominal segment of the male; +usually termed genital hamules: in Hymenoptera; minute hooks on +the anterior margin of secondaries used to unite them in flight with +the inner margin of primaries: in tree crickets, hook-like processes of +the male genitalia. + +Hamus: Lepidoptera; a hook or loop attached to the under side of +costal margin of primaries near base, to receive the frenulum of male +moths. + +Harpago -ones: the inner basal lobes of the clasping organs of d +culicids also, more generally = harpes. + +Harpes: the lateral pieces of the male genitalia in Lepidoptera, used as +clasping organs: also applied to the corneous hooks often borne by +these lateral pieces, which are then termed valves; see clasper: in +culicids an articulated process, sometimes jointed, at the base of inner +side of side-piece, below and exterior to the harpagones. + +Hastate: halbert-shaped: excavated at base and sides but with +spreading lobes or angles. + +Hastiform: = hastate. + +Hatched: closely marked with numerous short, transverse lines. + +Hatching spines: = egg burster; q.v. + +Haustellate: formed for sucking: applied chiefly to mouth structures. + +Haustellum: a sucker: applied to that portion of the mouth of a +sucking insect through which liquid food is drawn into the gullet. + +Head: the first or anterior region of the insect body, articulated at its +base to the thorax, bearing the mouth structures and antennae. It is +now believed to be made up of seven primitive segments, named in +order: 1, the ocular or protocerebral; 2, the antenna or deutocerebral; +3, second antenna or tritocerebral; 4, mandibular; 5, superlingual; 6, +maxillary; 7, labial or 2d maxillary. + +Head vesicle: in Diptera, = ptilinum, q.v. + +Heart: the dorsal vessel or tubular structure divided into chambers, +lying just beneath the dorsal, which serves to propel the blood and +controls the circulation. + +Heautotype: = autotype; q.v. + +Helcodermatus: a surface with ulcer-like depressions: applied also to +the boring or tearing spines of pupae. + +Heliciform: in the form of a spiral snail shell: applied to the cases of +some Trichoptera. + +Helocerous: with clavate antennae. + +Helvolus: tawny or dully reddish yellow. + +Helvus: honey yellow [brown pink + chrome lemon]. + +Hemelytra: a modification of the anterior wings of Heteroptera, +coriaceous at base, membranous at tip, not meeting in a straight line +at the middle: more specifically applied to the corium; q.v.: also used +for the tegmina of Orthoptera. + +Hemi: as a prefix, means half. + +Hemimeroptera: an obsolete term for Hemiptera. + +Hemimetabolous: manifesting an incomplete metamorphosis, but with +a marked difference between the stages: specifically the Ephemerida, +Odonata and Perlidae. {Scanner's comment: nowadays applied to far +more orders, generally to those that undergo a marked +metamorphosis, but without a pupal stage.} + +Hemiptera: half-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects in which +the mouth parts consist of four lancets inclosed in a jointed beak or +rostrum; metamorphosis incomplete: the primaries may be of uniform +texture throughout (Homoptera) or may be thickened at base, +membranous at tip (Heteroptera). + +Hemispheric: like the half of a globe or sphere. + +Hepaticolor: liver-brown [dragon's blood]. + +Hepatic pouches: applied to caeca pouches; q.v. + +Herbivorous: feeding upon plant tissue: a leaf feeder. + +Heremetabola: with slight or incomplete metamorphosis, but with a +resting stage at the end of the nymph life; specifically the Cicadidae. + +Hermaphrodite: an individual in which the characters of both sexes +are combined. + +Hetero: as a prefix, unequal; different from. + +Heterocera: Lepidoptera in which the antenna are of any form other +than clubbed at tip: opposed to Rhopalocera. + +Heterochrome: of different color: applied to species in which there are +two color forms of one sex, one of which is like (homoeochrome), the +opposite sex, as in certain Odonata and Lepidoptera. + +Heterochrony: an irregular development in point of time, a later stage +becoming evident before one that is earlier in ordinary course. + +Heterogamy: applied to those cases in which two sexual or a sexual +and parthenogenetic generation alternate. + +Heterogeneous: a mixture of different forms; abnormal. + +Heterogeny: the alternation of sexual and parthenogenetic +generations. + +Heterogyna: the ants: referring to the different kinds of +females, - queens and workers, - as distinguished from males. + +Heteromera: Coleopteran in which the anterior and middle tarsi are +5-jointed and the posterior are 4-jointed. + +Heteromerous: having an unequal number of tarsal joints on the feet. + +Heterometabola: differing among themselves in metamorphosis; but +not manifesting abrupt stages. + +Heteromorphous: the metamorphosis complete, in abrupt stages, the +larva unlike the adult. + +Heteronomous: if two parts, compared with each other, are of different +quality: differing in development or function. + +Heteropalpi: palpi with a different number of joints in male and +female, as in some Trichoptera. + +Heteroptera: an ordinal term applied to that series of Hemiptera in +which the anterior wings differ in texture from the posterior, and the +different regions of primaries differ in texture. + +Heteropterous: with wings of different texture in different parts. + +Heterotypical: a genus, described from more than one species, these +differing in structure, + +Hexachaetous: Diptera in which the mouth structures have six +piercing setae. + +Hexanephric: with six kidneys, or structures serving as such. + +Hexapoda: tracheate arthropods with head, thorax and abdomen +distinct, and only six legs in the adult stage: the true insects. + +Hexapodal -ous: provided with six feet. + +Hians: gaping. + +Hibernaculum: a tent or sheath made out of a leaf or other material in +which a larva hides or hibernates. + +Hibernate: to pass the winter in a dormant condition. + +Hicks' bottles: {Scanner's comment: sic} flask-shaped pits +or depressions in the antennae of bees and ants: supposed +to be the organs of hearing. + +Hind angle: in primaries of Lepidoptera, is that point where inner and +outer margin meet: = anal angle of secondaries. + +Hind-body: the abdomen. + +Hind-gut: the intestinal canal from the end of chylific ventricle to the +Anus, including the malpighian tubules and anal glands. + +Hind-head: Mallophaga; that part of head behind mandibles and +antennae. + +Hind-intestine: = hind-gut. + +Hinge: of maxilla = cardo; q.v.: the point of articulation of a movable +joint. + +Hips: the coxa; q.v. + +Hirsute: clothed with long, strong hair; shaggy. + +Hispid: bristly: sparsely set with short, stiff hair. + +Histoblast: the morphological unit or cell characteristic of a particular +tissue. + +Histogenesis: the formation and development of tissue. + +Histolysis: the degeneration and dissolution of organic tissue. + +Hoary: covered with a fine, white, silvery pubescence: pruinose q.v. + +Holometabolous: having a complete transformation; with egg, larval, +pupal and adult stages distinctly separated. + +Holopneustic: having many pairs of open stigmata. + +Holoptic: Diptera in which the eyes of male are contiguous between +vertex and antennae: see dichoptic. + +Holosericeus: with short, dense, silky hair, giving a satiny lustre. + +Holotype: the unique type: = type; q.v. + +Homelytra: elytra of similar or equal substance. + +Homo: prefix = the same; similar. + +Homochronic heredity: inheritance at corresponding periods of life. + +Homochronous: changes in an organism which appear in the offspring +at the same age at which they did in the parent. + +Homodynamous: serially homologous: homology of the metameres. + +Homoeochromatism: applied when over a given region many +butterflies tend to vary similarly as regards color. + +Homoeochrome: of the same color: see heterochrome. + +Homoeomerous: all feet with an equal number of tarsal joints: = +isomerous. + +Homoeonomous: of the same substance or texture. + +Homoetype: = homotype; q.v. + +Homogeneous: of the same kind or nature: similar in texture or parts. + +Homogenous: similar in structure due to a community of descent. + +Homologous: implies that organs are identical in general structure +and origin, though they may have developed in different ways for +special purposes: see analogous. + +Homomorpha: insects in which the larvae resemble the adults. + +Homonymous: pertaining to homology of parts arranged on a +transverse axis similarly developed and of equal function. + +Homonym: a name similar to or like another already used for a +species in the same genus, or for a genus in the same kingdom: such +names are paid to be preoccupied. + +Homonymous: where the same name is applied to different +conceptions. + +Homophonous: words differently written but indistinguishable in +sound, applied to different conceptions. + +Homoplastic: implies that organs, similar in situation and purpose, +are not structurally the same, or have not the same origin. + +Homoptera: an ordinal term applied to those Hemiptera in which the +primaries are of the same consistence throughout. + +Homotenous: retaining the primitive form: applied to insects without +or with an incomplete metamorphosis. + +Homotype: is a specimen named by another than the author after +comparison with the type. + +Honey dew: a sweetish excretion produced by certain insects, notably +Aphids and Coccids, and exuding from the surface of some galls. + +Honey tubes: small tubes or tubercles on the abdomen of plant lice +and other insects through which a sweetish liquid or honey dew is +excreted siphonets; siphuncles; cornicles. + +Hood: of the maxilla is the galena; q.v.: in Tingitidae the elevated +portion of the prothorax, often covering the head. + +Hooked hairs: = gathering hairs; q.v. + +Horismology: see orismology. + +Horizontal: said of wings when held parallel to the horizon. + +Horn: a pointed chitinous process of the head: in the plural form +applied to the antennae; q.v. + +Host: the individual infested by or upon which a parasite grows: also +applied to the maker of a cell or other structure in which guest flies or +other insects take up their abode. + +Hudsonian zone: is that part of the boreal region comprising the +northern part of the great transcontinental coniferous forests. In the +eastern United States restricted to the cold summits of the highest +mountains, from northern New England to western North Carolina: in +the west it covers the higher slopes of the Rocky and Sierra-Cascade +systems. + +Humeral: relating to the shoulder or humerus. + +Humeral angle: in Lepidoptera, that angle of the wings at the base of +costa, near the point of attachment to the body: in Coleopteran, the +outer anterior angle of elytra: in Orthoptera, the obtusely rounded +angle formed by the deflection of the sides of the pronotum from the +dorsal. + +Humeral bristles: in Diptera, are situated on the humeral callus. + +Humeral callus: in Diptera, is a rounded callus forming the anterior +superior angle of the mesothorax. + +Humeral carina: in Coleoptera, an elevated ridge or keel on the outer +anterior angle of elytra. + +Humeral cross-vein: (Comst.); extends between the costa and +subcosta close to base. + +Humeralis: Coleopteran; when the elytral has an angulated projecting +margin at base. + +Humeral stripe: in Odonata, covers the humeral suture. + +Humeral suture: in Odonata, runs from just in front the base of the +fore-wing to the edge of the median coxa, separating the +mesepisternum from the mesepimeron. + +Humeral veins: in Lepidoptera, secondary veins on posterior wings of +Lasiocampids, developed to strengthen the humeral angle. + +Humerus: the shoulder: in Coleopteran; the basal exterior angle of +elytra: in Diptera, the anterior superior angles of the mesothorax: in +Orthoptera, the femur of the fore-leg: in Hymenoptera, applied to the +sub-costal vein in some groups. + +Humid: applied to regions in which the normal rainfall is sufficient to +produce ordinary farm crops without irrigation: see arid. + +Hyacinthine: the purple blue of the hyacinth [between mauve and +lilac]. + +Hyaline: vitreous: transparent or partially so. + +Hyaloplasm: the clear, semi-fluid material between the meshes of the +cell reticulum. + +Hybrid: the progeny from the mating of two species. + +Hydradephaga; -ous: applied to aquatic, predatory pentamerous +beetles with filiform antennae: see adephagous. + +Hydro: relating to water: a combining form used as a prefix. + +Hydrolysis: the chemical decomposition of a compound by water, +causing formation of a new compound. + +Hydrophilous: applied to species living in low, damp places. + +Hymen: a thin plane membrane serving as a partition. + +Hymenoptera: membrane-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects +with four membranous wings with few veins, the anterior usually +larger than the posterior; mouth mandibulate; head free; thorax +agglutinate, transformations complete. + +Hyoid: having the form of the Greek upsilon, Y + +Hypermetamorphosis: when an insect passes through more than the +normal number of stages; the interpolated stages coming usually +between the full-grown larva and adult. + +Hyperparasite: is a form that is parasitic upon another parasite. + +Hypertely: beyond the bounds of the useful: those forms whose +resemblance to other objects is closer than needful, or without +apparent object. + +Hypertrigonal space: = supra-triangular space; q.v. + +Hypertrophied: abnormally large or excessively developed. + +Hypnody: lethargy; a condition similar to or identical with hibernation. + +Hypertrophy: any abnormal enlargement or excessive development. + +Hypoblast: = entoderm. + +Hypocrateriform: salver-shaped. + +Hypodactyle: the so-called labium of Hemiptera. + +Hypoderm -is: the cellular layer which secretes the chitinous cuticula +and in this sense = epidermis: specifically applied to the lining +membrane of elytral and hemelytra. + +Hypodermatic: of or concerning the hypodermic. + +Hypodermic: under the skin. + +Hypoglottis: the under surface of the tongue = hypoglottis. + +Hypoglottis: a sclerite inserted between rectum and labium in many +Coleopteran. + +Hypognathous: having the mouth parts directed more or less vertically +ventrad. + +Hypographous: shaded; applied to a fascia that becomes gradually +darker. + +Hypomeron -a: in Coleopteran; the inflexed edge of the pronotum +(pronotal hypomera); and the raised lower margin of the epipleural +(elytral hypomera) (see epipleural) fold. + +Hypopharyngeal: relating to the hypopharynx. + +Hypopharyngeal sclerites: in bees, a pair of strap-like pieces along the +hypopharynx to the mentum: see also epipharyngeal sclerites. + +Hypopharynx: a sensitive and sensory structure on the upper surface +of labium that serves as an organ of taste, or true tongue. + +Hypopleura: in Diptera, the space over the middle and hind coxa, +between the metapleura and pteropleura: the side of the +metasternum: the mesepimeron of the mesothorax. + +Hypoptere: = tegula; q.v.. + +Hypopygium: the anus: more specifically the lower plate of the anal +opening: in Diptera, the male sexual organs and terminal segments of +abdomen = propygium. + +Hypostoma: in Diptera; that portion of the head included between +antennae, eyes and mouth: in Hemiptera: the lower part of face. + +Hypotenuses: in Odonata; the simple or broken cross-vein between +media 4, and cubitus 1, forming outer boundary of triangle. + +Hypotypes: includes specimens upon which supplementary +descriptions are based: = apotypes. + + + + +I + +Iceous or Icius: suffix; expresses a likeness or the possession of a +character see aceus. + +Icotypes: typical specimens which serve for purposes of identification, +but have not been used in literature. + +Idiotype: a specimen named by the author after comparison with the +type, but not also a topotype. + +Ignitus: fire-red [vermilion]. + +Ileo-colon: the anterior portion of the hind-gut, extending from the +mid-gut to the rectum, when not distinctly differentiated into ileum +and colon. + +Ileum: the small intestine; begins at end of chylific ventricle at the +point where malpighian tubules join, and extends to colon. + +Imaginal: pertaining to the adult or imago. + +Imaginal buds, cells, or discs: in forms with a complete +metamorphosis are those embryonic cells around and from which the +organs and appendages of the future imago develop. + +Imago: the adult or sexually developed insect. + +Imbricate: arranged or appearing like the scales on a fish or the +shingles on a roof. + +Immaculate: destitute of spots or marks. + +Immarginate: without an elevated rim or margin. + +Immersed -us: inserted, imbedded or hidden in. + +Imponderable: that which cannot be weighed. + +Impregnate-ed: to make or made fertile or pregnant: fertilized. + +Impressed -us: a surface with shallow depressed areas or markings. + +Impubis: without hair. + +Inaequalis: unequal. + +Inarticulate: not jointed or segmented. + +Inaurate -us: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow]. + +Ineanus: hoary. + +Inch: the English and American standard of length in insect +measurement: it is = 12 lines and = 25.4 mm.: usually expressed in +units and hundredths, as 1.01. + +Incised: notched or deeply cut into. + +Incision: any cut into a margin or through a surface: the marginal +slits or notches in Coccidae. + +Incisure: an impressed line marking the junction of two segments: an +incision. + +Inclinate -us: leaning or inclining. + +Inclusus: when one part is wholly or partially hidden in another. + +Inconspicuous: not attracting attention or quickly noticeable. + +Incrassated: thickened: rather suddenly swollen at some one point, +especially near tip. + +Incubate: to brood: to cause to develop; as an egg. + +Incumbent: lying one over another: wings when they cover the dorsal +horizontally. + +Incunabulum: = folliculus and cocoon; q.v. + +Incurved -ate: bowed or curved inwards. + +Independent: in Lepidoptera; that vein of the wings that arises from +the cross-vein closing the cell, and does not branch directly from any +vein reaching the base: it is v. 5 of the numerical series in both wings +and the media of Comstock. + +Indeterminate: not defined nor well marked; obscure: of no constant +form or shape. + +Indigote: a very deep indigo blue. + +Indirect: applied to metamorphosis = complete. + +Indumentum: a covering of hairs, scales or tufts. + +Indurated: hardened. + +Indusium: the case made by an insect larva: a membranous layer of +the embryo of Locustidae below the serosa. + +Inequal: a surface with irregular elevations and depressions. + +Inermis: unarmed: without spines or spurs. + +Infericornia: Hemiptera; in which the antenna appear to be inserted +well down on the sides of head; e.g. Lygaeidae. + +Inferior: beneath, below or behind: a term of position. + +Inferior appendage -es: in male Odonata the lower one or two of the +terminal abdominal parts used to clasp the female in copulation. + +Inferior wings: = hind wings or secondaries: q.v. + +Infero-posterior: below and behind: refers to location. + +Inflated: blown up; distended bladder-like. + +Inflected: bent inward at an angle. + +Inflexus: = inflected. + +Infra: below or beneath: opposed to supra. + +Infra-anal lobe: a thick, conical fleshy lobe, often ending in a chitinous +point, situated beneath the vent in caterpillars. + +Infra-cereal plates: in Orthoptera - generally inconspicuous paired +plates which underlie in part the cerci and in part the lateral portion +of the supra-anal plate. + +Infra-clypeus: = ante-clypeus and rhinarium: q.v.. + +Infracted: abruptly bent inward, as if broken. + +Infra-genital: below the genital opening or process. + +Infra-marginal: situated below or behind the marginal cell. + +Infra-median vein; in Orthoptera: = ulnar vein: q.v. + +Infra-ocular: applied to the region below and between the eyes. + +Infra-oesophageal: situated below oesophagus; see sub-oesophageal. + +Infra-stigmatal: situated below the stigmata or spiracles. + +Infringing: encroaching upon. + +Infumated: clouded. + +Infundibuliform: funnel-shaped. + +Infuseated: smoky gray-brown with a blackish tinge [Roman sepia]. + +Ingens: unusually large or disproportionate in size. + +Ingluvies: the crop; q.v. + +Inner lobe: of maxilla = lacinia: q.v. + +Inner margin: the line extending along the lower or interior edge of the +wing from the base to the hind or anal angle. + +Innervate: to supply with nerves. + +Innotatus: without markings. + +Inocular: inserted in the inner margin of and partially or wholly +surrounded by the eye. + +Inquiline: a species living in a gall or other structure prepared by a +different species, not as a parasite but as, a guest. + +Inquiline: living as guests in the homes of others; as in galls. + +Insect: a member of the class Insecta strictly limited. + +Insecta: broadly defined, contains all articulates that are also +tracheates and have the head free from the thorax; more strictly +limited to those forms that have only three pairs of thoracic legs in the +adult stage and a limited number of segments. + +Insectary: a place or building where insects are bred and studied. + +Insectivorous: feeding upon or devouring insects. + +Insectologist: a student of insects: = entomologist. + +Insectology: the science of insect study: = entomology. + +Insertion: the point or place where a part is inserted: a part that is +inserted: the act of inserting. + +Insertus: a part that has its base set into another. + +In situ: in its natural place or normal position. + +Instar: the period or stage between molts in the larva, numbered to +designate the various periods; e.g. the first instar is the stage +between the egg and first molt, etc.: see stadium. + +Institia: stria or furrows of equal width throughout. + +Instrumenta cibaria: mouth parts of a mandibulate insect as a whole. + +Instrumenta suctoria: mouth parts of a haustellate insect as a whole. + +Integer: entire: applied to a margin without incisions. + +Integument: the outer covering to the insect body. + +Inter: between; among. + +Inter-alar space: in Odonata; the terga of meson- and meta-thorax. + +Interantennal: between the basal segments of antennae. + +Inter-articular: the membranous tissue between joints or segments. + +Intercalary -ies: additional or inserted between others; as a vein: +plural; added or supplementary longitudinal wing reins: see under +specific headings; i.e. anterior, etc.: in Ephemerides, certain +longitudinal veins between the 8th (anal) and 9th (1st maxillary) and +not branches of either: in Diptera, the anterior intercalary (Loew) = the +discoidal, and the posterior intercalary = the cubitus 1 of Comstock: +applied to an evanescent sclerite in the embryo between antenna and +mandible; also termed premandibular. + +Intercostal: between veins or costae; usually in the narrow grooves +between veins in the costal region of a wing. + +Intercostula: those small, vein-like structures between the normal +veins, visible on a wing margin but lost toward the disc. + +Intercoxal process: in Coleopteran; a median protrusion of the basal +segment of abdomen between the hind coxae. + +Intermediate: lying between others in position or possessing +characters between two other forms. + +Intermediate field: of termini is = discoidal field q.v. + +Internal area: in Hymenoptera; the posterior of the three areas +between median and lateral longitudinal carina on the metanotum +third lateral area. + +Internal cell: in Hymenoptera (Pack.) 2d anal (Comst.). + +Internal triangle: in Odonata see triangle. + +Internal veins: in Lepidoptera, from one to three in number, run free +from base to outer margin near hind angle; never branched;1a to is +in the numerical series: = anal veins (Comst.). + +Interneural: between the nerves (or veins) of wings. + +Interno-mandibular: applied to one of the pairs of salivary glands in +bees, situated at the inner side of base of mandible. + +Internomedian: in Orthoptera; = cubitus (Comst.); q.v. + +Interocular: between the eyes. + +Interplical: lying between folds; specifically applied to the alternate +ridges and grooves in anal area of secondaries of Orthoptera. + +Interposed sectors: in Odonata; the shorter longitudinal veins +occurring in the wings of some species between the chief veins; = +supplementary sectors. Interrupted: broken in continuity, but with +the tips of the broken parts in a right line with each other. + +Intersegmental: = interarticular; q.v. + +Interspace: Coleopteran; the plane surface between elytral striae: +Lepidoptera spaces between wing veins not included in closed cells. + +Interspaceal: occurring in the interspaces between two wing veins or +two elytral striae. + +Interstice -tium: space between two lines, whether striate or punctate. + +Interstitial line: the elevated ridge between two striae or series of +punctures. + +Interval: the space or time between two structures, sculptures or +periods of development. + +Interventricular: the inner valve between the chambers of the heart. + +Interventricular valvule: of heart, lies in front of seluilunar valve. + +Intervenular: in thespace between two veins. + +Intestinal caecum: that point of the large intestine in front of the +junction with the small intestine. + +Intestine: that part of the alimentary canal through which the food +passes from the stomach, in which absorption is completed and the +excretions are formed for expulsion. + +Intima: the lining membrane of the trachea: see endotrachea. + +Intorted: turned or twisted inwardly. + +Intra-: within: between. + +Intra-alar bristles: in Diptera; a row of two or three between the +supra-alar and dorso-central groups. + +Intracellular: occurring within the cell or in a cell. + +Infra-humeral bristles: in Diptera calyptrata; occur immediately in +front of the thoracic suture, between the humeral callus and the +presutural depression. + +Infra-ocular: situated within the eye, actually or apparently. + +Intra-pulmonary: that method of respiration which does not involve +movements of the outer body wall and is confined to the respiratory +organs. + +Intrauterine: applied to development, when the young hatch within +the vagina of the mother. + +Intricate: irregular: confused; applied to markings and sculpture. + +Intromittent: used for throwing within. + +Intromittent organ: the penis; q.v. + +Introse -um: directed inward, toward the body. + +Intrusus: seemingly impressed with a sharp point. + +Intumescent: enlarged; swollen: expanded. + +Invaginate: when a tubular or vesicular part is turned inward or +retracted within the body wall. + +Invagination: a pouch or sac formed by an infolding or indrawing of +the outer surface. + +Investitus: unclothed: a surface without scales or hair. + +Involucrate: = involute. + +Involucrum alarum in Dermaptera a flap of the metanotum. + +Involute: spirally rolled inwardly. + +Involuti: butterflies whose larvae live in a folded leaf; Hesperidae. + +Iridescent: a surface which reflects the prismatic hues. + +Iridicolor: any color so broken up as to reflect the prismatic hues. + +Iris: the circle which, in an ocellate spot surrounds the pupil. + +Irised: with rainbow colors. + +Iris-pigment: = iris tapetum. + +Iris tapetum: the pigment layer of the compound eye just below the +crystalline cone. + +Irregular: unequal, curved, bent or otherwise twisted or modified +without order or symmetry, e.g. certain antennae. + +Irrorate: marked with minute points; freckled. + +Isabelline -us: pale yellow with some red and brown [chronic lemon +with a little carmine and roman sepia]. + +Ischia: = pleura; q.v. + +Iso-: equal. + +Isolate: to separate out from others; occurring alone. + +Isomers: that series of Coleoptera in which the tarsi have an equal +number of joints on all feet. + +Isomerous: with equal number of tarsal joints on all +feet := homoeomerous. + +Isomorphous: having the same form, appearance or construction. + +Isopalpi: that series of Trichoptera in which the palpi of both sexes +have the same number of joints. + +Isoptera: equal winged: an ordinal term for insects with four, similar, +net-veined wings; mouth mandibulate; thoracic rings similar, loosely +jointed metamorphosis incomplete: the Termitidae. {Scanner's note: In +modern nomenclature the Isoptera constitute the order of all termites; +the Termitidae are just one family within the Isoptera.} + +Isotypical: a genus described from more than one species, all of which +are congeneric. + +-itus: = -atus; q.v. + +-ius: suffix; having the power or ability to. + + + + +J + +Jabot: the crop; q.v. + +Janthine: violet colored. + +Jaw-capsule: contains the mouth structures in those dipterous larvae +in which the head is differentiated. + +Johnston's organ: a complex nervous structure in the basal joint of +dipterous antennae. + +Joint: a segment or part between two incisures: an articulation. + +Jubate -us: fringed with long pendent hairs. + +Juga: the lateral anterior lobes of the head of a Heteropteron; each +side of the tylo. + +Jugatae: that series of Lepidoptera in which there is a jugum instead +of a frenulum to unite the wings in flight. + +Jugular: of or pertaining to the throat. + +Jugular sclerite: small sclerite in the membrane connecting the head +with the thorax: see cervical sclerite. + +Jugulum: that sclerite just behind the sub-mentum; =gula: that cavity +of the posterior part of the head to which the neck is annexed: the +lateral and under parts of the prothorax. + +Jugum: in certain Lepidoptera and Trichoptera, a lobe or process at +the base of primaries, overlapping secondaries and holding the two +together in flight. + + + + + + +K + +Katabolic: the destructive change from animal tissue to waste product: +see anabolic. + +Keel: an elevated ridge or carina. + +Kermesinus: dark red, with much blue [purple lake]. + +Key: a tabular or other arrangement of species, genera or other +classification according to characters that serve to identify them. + +Kidney-shaped: like a kidney in outline; convex on one long side, +concave on the other, the ends evenly and somewhat obtusely +rounded: bean-shaped. + +Knee: the point of junction of femur and tibia. + + + + +L + +Labellum -a: the sensitive ridged tip of the mouth structures of certain +Diptera: a prolongation of the labium covering the base of rostrum in +Coleoptera and Hemiptera. + +Labial: referring, pertaining or belonging to the labium. + +Labial segment: the 7th segment of head = second maxillary segment. + +Labial suture: is between labium and mentum. + +Labiate: lip-like or having lip-like sutures. + +Labipalp: a labial palpus. + +Labis: the slender abdominal forceps in some Lepidoptera. + +Labium: the lower lip: a compound structure which forms the floor of +the mouth in mandibulate insects, behind the first maxilla and +opposed to the labium; formed by a fusion in embryonic life of +separate right and left maxilla-like halves: in some of its +developments referred to as the tongue. + +Labral suture: is between labrum and clypeus. + +Labro-frontal lobes: of brain, = trito-cerebrum; q.v. + +Labrum: the upper lip; covers the base of the mandible and forms the +roof of the mouth. + +Labrum-epipharynx: in the mouth of piercing Diptera is the central +unpaired lancet. + +Lac: a mixture of resin, wax and other substances produced by certain +scale insects as a protective covering. + +Lacer: a lappet; applied to a margin with irregular, broad and deep +emarginations, leaving lappet-like intervals. + +Lacerated: ragged; torn in appearance; see lacer. + +Lacinia: the inner lobe of first maxilla, articulated to the stipes, +bearing brushes of hair or spines: a blade: in Diptera, forms a flat +lancet-like piercing structure and is never jointed. + +Lacinia exteriores and interiores: in Apidae, the palpiger and +paraglossa often used for the gales and lacinia of maxilla. + +Laciniated: jagged; cut into irregular fragments. + +Lacte: milk-white. + +Lacteal: relating to milk; milky in appearance. + +Lactescent: secreting or yielding a milky fluid. + +Lacteous -eus: white, with a slight bluish tinge, like skim-milk. + +Lacunae: irregular impressions or cavities: specifically the non-walled +cavities of the body. + +Lacunose: pitted; the surface covered with small cavities. + +Laemodipodiform: like a laemodipod; similar to the larva of a walking +stick. + +Laete: bright. + +Laevis -igatus: smooth, shining and without elevations: said of a +surface. + +Lamella: a thin plate or leaf-like process. + +Lamellate: antennae with the club formed of closely opposed leaf-like +surfaces, the concealed surfaces set with sensory pits. + +Lamellicornia: those beetles in which the antennae terminate in a +lamellate or leaf-like club. + +Lamelliform: made up of or resembling leaves, blades or lamellae. + +Lamina -ae: a chitinous plate or plates. + +Lamina externa: the paraglossa. + +Lamina interna: the ligula. + +Lamina subgenitalis: the sub-genital plate; q.v.: in roaches the 7th +ventral plate of females and 9th ventral plate of males. + +Lamina supra-analis: = supra-anal plate. + +Laminate: formed of thin, flat layers or leaves. + +Laminato-carinate: with an elevated ridge or keel, formed of thin +plates. + +Laminiform: layer-like: having the appearance or made up of lamina. + +Lana: wool: the long hair on the abdomen of some Lepidoptera. + +Lanate -atus: woolly: covered with dense, fine, long hairs, so distinct +that they may be separated. + +Lanceolate: lance- or spear-shaped: oblong and tapering to the end. + +Lanceolate cell: in Hymenoptera (ort.); - 2d anal (Comst.). + +Lancet: indiscriminately applied to any piercing mouth structure. + +Lanuginose -us: with long, curled hair dispersed over the surface: see +crinitus. + +Lanugo: slender single hairs. + +Laparostict: that series of lamellicorn beetles in which the abdominal +spiracles are situated on the connecting membrane between the +dorsal and ventral rings. + +Lapidicolous: living under deeply imbedded stones. + +Larva: the second stage of insect development; comes from the egg or +ovum, grows, and according to its kind, changes to a pupa or +chrysalis or to an imago; bears various names in the different orders: +see nymph; caterpillar slug; maggot; grub. + +Larvarium: a tube or case made by a larva as a shelter or retreat. + +Larvatae: asked; applied to coarctate and obtect pupae. + +Larvina: a maggot: a dipterous larva without distinct head or legs. + +Larvule: applied to early stages of Ephemerid larvae when they appear +to have no developed respiratory, circulatory or nervous systems. + +Lashed: eyes that have a more or less complete fringe of stiff hairs or +bristles at the orbits. + +Lasureus: a very dark blue [French blue with some black]. + +Laterad: toward the side and away from the median line. + +Lateral: relating, pertaining or attached to the side. + +Lateral areas: in Hymenoptera; on the metanotum, the three spaces +between the median and lateral long carinae; the upper is the +external or first lateral basal area; the second is the external or central +lateral area; the third is the middle, internal, apical or third lateral +area. + +Lateral bristles: in Diptera; situated at or near the lateral margins of +the abdominal segments. + +Lateral carinae: in Orthoptera; on the head, extend downward from +the front margin of the eyes: on prothorax extend along each lateral +margin of the dorsum. + +Lateral foveolae: in Orthoptera: foveate depressions on the margins of +the vertex near the front border of the eye. + +Lateral line: in caterpillars is at the margin of the dorsum between +sub-dorsal and supra-stigmatal line. + +Lateral lobe: of the labium in Odonata, corresponds to the paraglossa +with palpiger and palpus (Gerstaecker) or, more probably, to the +palpus alone (Butler). + +Lateral lobes: the deflexed portions of pronotum that cover the sides of +pro-thorax in many Orthoptera: in certain Hymenoptera, lie on each +side of the parapsidal furrows of mesoscutum and = scapulae. + +Lateral longitudinal area: of Hymenoptera, extends between the +median and pleural carinae of metanotum. + +Lateral ridge: in slug caterpillars, extends longitudinally along the +lateral series of abdominal tubercles. + +Lateral scale: one of the lateral processes of the ovipositor in +Cynipidae, lying within and below the anal scale. + +Lateral space: in slug caterpillars is the area on each side of the body +between the subdorsal and lateral ridges. + +Lateral sutures: of the thorax in Odonata, are situated on the sides of +thorax, the first separating the metepisternum from the mesepimeron; +the second separating the metepisternum from the metepimeron; +the first more or less obsolete in the Anisoptera. + + +Lateral tubercle: lateral on thoracic and abdominal segments of +caterpillars: it is 3 of the abdomen, 2a of thorax: constant (Dyar). + +Latericeous: = lateritius: q.v. + +Lateritius: yellowish-red; yellowish brick color [pale clay yellow with a +little red]. + +Laterodorsal: the point of junction of dorsum and pleurum. + +Lateropharyngeal: applied to the 4th pair of salivary glands in bees; +situated on each side of the pharynx. + +Laterostigmatal: situated on the side, immediately above the spiracle. + +Lateroventral: the point of junction of sternum and pleurum. + +Latero-ventral metathoracic carina: in Odonata; forms the dividing +line between the metepimera and the metasternum. + +Latescent: becoming obscure or hidden. + +Latreille's segment: the first abdominal segment of those Hymenoptera +in which it is fused with the thorax:= median segment, propodeon, +propodeum. + +Latticed: = cancellate; q.v. + +Latus: the side: broad. + +Latuscula: the facets of the compound eye. + +Leathery: having the appearance or texture of leather. + +Lectotype: a co-type chosen, subsequently to the original description, +to take the place which in other cases a holotype occupies. + +Leg -s: the jointed appendages attached to the thoracic segments, +used in walking: the organs of locomotion other than wings: +unjointed organs of locomotion are pro-legs or false legs; q.v. + +Legion: a group of genera, subequal to a tribe. + +Legnum: the margin of a squama. + +Lemniscate: ribbon-like: in the form of an 8. + +Lenticular: round, doubly convex; like a lens or lentil. + +Lepidoptera: scale-winged: an order of insects with spirally coiled +haustellate mouth structures; head free; thorax agglutinate; +transformations complete four scale-covered wings. + +Lepidopteric acid: a green pigment obtained from the wing scales of +Lepidoptera; a derivative of uric acid: see Lepidotic acid. + +Lepidopteron: a butterfly or moth: one of the Lepidoptera. + +Lepidotic: set with minute scales. + +Lepidotic acid: a yellow pigment obtained from certain butterfly scales +a derivative of uric acid: see Lepidopteric acid. + +Lepis: a scale. + +Leprous: with loose, irregular scales. + +Leptiform: = compodeiform; q.v. + +Leptos: small, fine. + +Lethargic: torpid or inactive. + +Leucine: a white crystalline compound, the product of animal +decomposition, found in the malpighian tubes: as a color, cheesy +white. + +Leucocytes: pale, unicellular bodies, numerous in the insect blood. + +Levator: a muscle that raises an organ or a part. + +Levigate -us: with a smooth, somewhat shiny surface. + +Liber: free. + +Ligament: a band or sheet of tough, fibrous tissue between two parts +or segments. + +Ligneous -eus: wood brown [Vandyke brown]. + +Lignivorous: feeding upon wood or woody tissues. + +Ligula: the central sclerite of the labium, borne upon the mentum, +usually single, sometimes paired: often used as synonymous with +"glossa" and "tongue": corresponds to the united laciniae of right and +left maxillae: see also elytral ligula. + +Ligulate: strap-shaped; linear, much longer than broad. + +Lilacinous: lilac-colored [lilac]. + +Limaciform: having the form of a Limax or slug; said of larvae. + +Limb: the circumference: the area surrounding the disc. + +Limbate: when a disc is surrounded by a margin of different color. + +Limbus: the area along the outer and posterior margin of wing beyond +the closed cells; Homoptera, Cicada. + +Limpid: clear and transparent: applied to wings and ornamentation. + +Line: a narrow streak or stripe: as a term of measurement, +one-twelfth of an inch; commonly used by English and early +American authors. + +Linea: a line or narrow stripe. + +Linear: straight; in the form of a right line. + +Lineate: marked with lines or streaks: lined. + +Lineolet: a delicate fine line. + +Lingua: the tongue; applied in Hymenoptera, to the ligula: in +Lepidoptera and Diptera, to maxillary structures: has also been used +for the hypopharynx, and that use might be adopted: a median organ +of the hypopharynx in Apterygota. + +Lingua spiralis: the spiral tongue of Lepidoptera: see glossa. + +Linguiform: tongue-shaped: linear, with the extremities obtusely +rounded. + +Lingula: in Aleurodidae, a more or less slender tongue or strap-shaped +organ, attached cephalad within the vasiform orifice: a term proposed +by Leuckart for the ligula of the bees. + +Lipochromus: without color. + +Lipoptera: = Mallophaga; q.v. + +Literate: ornamented with characters like letters. + +Littoral: living along the sea-coast or in the shore debris: strictly, +between tide marks. + +Littoralia: Heteroptera that live in marshes. + +Litura: an indistinct spot, paler at its margin. + +Livid: yellowish gray with a violet tinge: greenish gray. + +Lobate -us: divided by deep, undulating and successive incisions. + +Lobe: any prominent rounded process or excrescence on a margin: +specifically, the rounded, tooth-like processes on the margin of the +pygidium of the Diaspinae: also applied to lateral expansions of the +abdominal segments. + +Lobes: of the maxilla; see galea (outer) and lacinia (inner): of the +mentum in Coleoptera, are the lateral expansions shielding the base +of the central organs. + +Lobes of pronotum: in Orthoptera; the spaces or areas formed by +three transverse impressions on the pronotum: that which borders +the head is the anterior lobe, the hindmost is the posterior lobe, those +intervening are the middle lobes. + +Lobiform: shaped like a lobe or rounded process. + +Lobulate: divided into, or with many small lobes or lobules. + +Lobule: in Coccidae, one of the two distinct parts of which a lobe is +sometimes composed. + +Lobulus: the partly separated portion of the wings of some flies and of +secondaries in some Hymenoptera: also used as = alula; q.v. + +Lobus: of maxilla = galea; q.v. + +Locomotion: organs of, are legs and wings. + +Longicorn -ia: having the antennae as long or longer than the body; +specifically the Cerambycid beetles. + +Longitudinal: in the direction of the long axis. + +Longitudinal veins: are those that extend lengthwise through the wing +either directly from base or as branches of one that does start there: +they are named or numbered, and differently in the different orders. + +Loop: applied to that structure at base of innerside of primaries into +which the frenulum of male moths is fitted: see retinaculum. + +Looper: applied to geometrid and other caterpillars in which some or +all the middle abdominal legs are wanting and which move by bringing +tail to thorax and forming a loop of the intervening segments. + +Lora: the chitinous bands connecting the submentum with the cardo +of maxilla (Comst.): the submentum: small cords upon which the +base of the proboscis is seated (Say): the anterior part of the genae at +the edge of the mouth: the corneous processes to which the muscles +flexing the mouth in certain Diptera are attached, and in that sense +the palpifer of the maxilla: in Homoptera, the small sclerite at side of +clypeus and front, extending laterally to the genae. + +Lorum: in bees: the angular piece upon which the sub-mentum rests. + +Lower austral zone: occupies southern part of United States from +Chesapeake Bay to the great interior valley of California. Is +interrupted by the continental divide in eastern Arizona and west New +Mexico and divided according to conditions of humidity into an +eastern or Austroriparian and western or lower Sonoran area. + +Lower field: in termini; see costal field. + +Lower fronto-orbital bristles: in Diptera: are on the lower part of front, +above the antennae, along the orbit. + +Lower margin: of tegmina (Thomas), is the costal or anterior margin of +other authors. + +Lower radial vein: in Lepidoptera (Holland) media 2 (Comst.). + +Lower sector of triangle: in Odonata - = cubitus 2 (Comst.). + +Lower Sonoran faunal area: comprises the most arid deserts of North +America, beginning west of lat. 98 degrees in Texas: sends narrow arms into +southern New Mexico, is interrupted by the Continental Divide; covers +a large part of w. and s. Ariz., s. w. Nev., s. w. Calif., a portion of +central Calif., and most of Lower Calif. These areas are irregular and +incapable of brief definition. + +Lubricate -ous: covered with a slippery mucus. + +Lucid: shining; applied to luminous insects. + +Luciferase: a substance in the nature of an enzyme, existing in the +luminous organs of light-giving beetles. + +Luciferine: a substance in the blood of luminous beetles which, when +brought into contact with luciferase, produces light. + +Luciferous: light giving. + +Lucifugous: fleeing the light: applied to nocturnal forms or those that +live in concealment. + +Lumen: the cavity of an organ: the inner surface of a tube: the hollow +portion of a gland or vesicular structure. + +Luminescence: applied to the light of fire-flies, as a substitute for +phosphorescence. + +Lumper: one who, in describing species or genera recognizes only +prominent or obvious characters to the exclusion of minor color or +variable characters of maculation or structure: see splitter. + +Lunaris or Lunate: crescent-shaped: formed like a new moon. + +Lunula: a small lunule or crescent. + +Lunulae: in Hymenoptera, crescent-shaped marks near the orbits. + +Lunulate: a line, when made up of a series of small lunules. + +Lunule: a lunate mark or crescent. + +Lurid -us: dirty brown with a bluish tinge [pale brown + a little French +blue]: also used to indicate an obscuring of bright colors. + +Luteo -testaceous: dark clay yellow. + +Luteous -eus: clay yellow [pale clay yellow]. + +Lutescent: becoming or appearing to be clay yellow. + +Lutose -us: apparently or really covered with dirt. + +Lymphatic: producing, carrying or relating to the lymph. + +Lyrate: lyre-shaped: cut into several transverse segments, and +gradually enlarging towards the extremity. + +Lyre: the upper wall or border of the spinning tube of caterpillars. + + + + + + +M + +Macrochaetae: the long bristles occurring singly on the body of +Diptera. + +Macropterous: long or large winged. + +Macrosomites: the primitive regions of primitive hand of the insect +embryo. + +Macula: a colored mark larger than a spot; of indeterminate figure. + +Maculate -ed: spotted or marked with figures of any shape, of a color +different from the ground. + +Maculation: the ornamentation or pattern of marking. + +Maculose: spotted; with many marks or spots. + +Maerianum: "that segment of the post-pectus situate one on each +side behind the acetabulum and parapleurum"; it supports the +posterior feet: see meriaeum. + +Magenta: pinkish red; an aniline product. + +Magis: more. + +Maggot: applied to the footless larvae of Diptera. + +Mala: a lobe: a ridged or grinding surface. + +Mala mandibularis: the grinding surface or area of a mandible. + +Mala maxillae: the globes of maxilla; outer or galea, inner or lacinia; +where only one is present, the term refers to that one. + +Malaxation: a kneading or softening; applied to the chewing and +squeezing by fossorial wasps of insects captured as food for their +larva. + +Male: that sex having organs for the production of spermatozoa: +designated by "?", the astronomical sign for Mars. +{Scanner's comment: The sign for Mars being an diagonal arrow +rising from a circle, and pointing upwards towards the right.} + + +Mallophaga: wool-eaters: an ordinal term applied to biting lice: +wingless: mandibulate; thoracic segments similar; no +metamorphosis: =Lipoptera. + +Malpighian tubules: long, slender tubules, varying in number, serving +as excretory organs, entering the alimentary canal at the point of +junction of chylific ventricle and ileum: said to be analogous with +kidneys: = biliary vessels. + +Mammilate: with nipple-like protuberances or processes. + +Mandible: the lateral upper jaws of a biting insect. + +Mandibular strobe: a broad deep groove on outer side of mandible in +some Coleoptera. + +Mandibular segment: the fourth or mandible bearing segment of head. + +Mandibulata: that series of insects in which the adults have +functional mandibles used for biting. + +Mandibulate: with jaws or mandibles. + +Manicate -us: fur-like: surface clothed with irregular depressed hair. + +Manitrunk: that part of trunk that bears the anterior legs: =prothorax. + +Manometabola: with a slight or gradual metamorphosis and without a +resting stage; e.g. the Orthoptera. + +Manubrium: in Coleoptera: that part of the mesosternum in Elateridae +which forms the process for fitting into the cavity of the prothorax: in +Collembola the basal part of the furculum. + +Manus: the hand: formerly applied to the anterior tarsus. + +Marbled: irregularly mottled, gray and white, like marble; = +marmoratus. + +Marcescent: shrivelling. + +Margaritaceous: shining, like mother of pearl = nacreous; q.v. + +Margin: that portion of a surface within the edge, bounded on the +inner side by the sub-margin and consisting of a more or less dilated +imaginary line. + +Marginal: of, belonging to, or near the margin. + +Marginal area: in Orthoptera; see mediastinal area. + +Marginal bristles: in Diptera; are inserted on the posterior margin of +the abdominal segment. + +Marginal cell: in Diptera (Williston):= subcostal (Shiner):= radial +(Comst.): in Hymenoptera:= radial and 2 (Comst.): in general that +cell beyond the stigma. + +Marginal field: in tegmina = costal field: q.v. + +Marginal nervure or vein: in Orthoptera, = costa (Comst.): in +Hymenoptera (Norton) = radius 3 (Comst.): in general, the vein +forming the marginal cell. + +Margined -ated: bounded by an elevated or attenuated margin: when +the margin is edged by a flat border. + +Marmorate -us: spots and lines irregularly disposed, as in marble: +marbled. Mask: in the nymphs of Odonata, the modified labium +which, when at rest, conceals the other mouth parts. + +Masticate: to chew. + +Masticatory: formed for chewing or grinding; applied to the mouth +parts and to the grinding structures in the gizzard. + +Mastigium -ia: telescopic anal organs in certain caterpillars, serving +to repel attacks of parasites. + +Matrix: the formative substance from which cells and other structures +are derived. + +Maxilla: without any qualifying adjective, the second pair of jaws in a +mandibulate insect; the most persistent when the mouth is modified, +and represented by some functional part in all insects in which the +mouth structures are useful: second maxillae, = the labium, or third +pair of jaws in a mandibulate insect. + +Maxillary: attached or belonging to the maxilla; e.g. palpi. + +Maxillary palpi: the first pair of palpi, borne on the maxilla. + +Maxillary pleurites: the lateral pieces, epimera and episterna of the +maxillary segment. + +Maxillary segment: the sixth segment of the head, bearing the +maxillae. + +Maxillary tendons: two slender rods in basal third of the +muscid proboscis the remnant of the palpifer, to which muscles for +flexing the proboscis are attached: see lora. + +Maxillary tentacle: in female Pronuba: a specialized process of +palpifer. + +Maxillulae: a pair of appendages in Thysanurids, between +mandibles and first maxillae. + +Maxime: very much or very large. + +Mealy: with a flour-like dusting: = farinose. + +Mecaptera: = Mecoptera, q.v. + +Meconium: the substance excreted by certain metabolic insects soon +after their emergence from the chrysalis or pupa. + +Mecoptera: long-winged: neuropterous insects with similar, large, +unfolded wings; mouth mandibulate, prolonged into a beak: head +free; thorax agglutinated; transformations complete: the scorpion +flies or Panorpidae. Medi-: prefix, = middle. + +Media: the fourth of the longitudinal veins extending from base +through approximately the middle of the wing, not more than four +branched, the branches numbered on margin from nearest apex, to 4 +nearest anal angle: in Orthoptera; it is the median or externomedian: +in Lepidoptera (Pack.), is cubitus (Comst.). + +Mediad: toward the median plane or middle. + +Mediafurca: a process extending internally from the meso-sternum, to +which the muscles are attached. + +Medial: referring to, or at the middle. + +Medial cells: (Comst.), are anteriorly bounded by the media or its +branches: in Hymenoptera (Mort.), includes median and cubital +(Comst.) + +Medial cross-vein: (Comst.), is between media 2 and 3. + +Median 1: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), = media 2 (Comst.). + +Median 2: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), = media 3 (Comst.). + +Median 4: in Lepidoptera ( Pack.), = cubitus 2 (Comst.). + +Median area: of wings in Orthoptera, lies between the radial and ulnar +veins, radius and media (Comst.): of meta-thorax of Hymenoptera, is +the middle of the dorsum, divided into three spaces or cells; 1st or basal +area, 2d or Lipper median or areola; 3d or apical or petiolar area. + +Median carina: Orthoptera; of head, is usually applied to a median +dorsal carina, but has been also used for that which extends down the +middle of front from the fastigium, and then = frontal costa: of +prothorax, extends along the middle of pronotum. + +Median cell: in Lepidoptera, is the closed area formed by a line +extending from the end of subcostal to the end of the median veins, = +radial (Comst.): in Hymenoptera, 1st median (Pack.), = medial (Comst.); + 2d median (Pack.), - medial 4 (Comst.); 3d median (Pack.), = medial 2 +(Comst.); 4th median (Pack.), = medial 1 (Comst.). + +Median cross-veins: in Odonata; are those which cross median space. + +Median foveola: in Orthoptera; the foveate depression of the vertex +between the eyes: = central foveola. + +Median forks: in Orthoptera, refers to the forks of the median vein. + +Median furrow: lies between radius and media: in some Heteroptera, +separates the embolium from the remainder of the corium. + +Median lines: on the primaries of many moths: the first or t.a. +crosses about one-third from base; the second or t.p. crosses beyond +the outer third and is usually sinuate. + +Median lobe: of labium in Odonata, is the partly divided glossa or +ligula; probably corresponds to united glossa and paraglossae (Butler). + +Median longitudinal carinae: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, +extend one on each side of the middle. + +Median nervules: in Lepidoptera (Holland)1st = cubitus 2 (Comst.): 2d +cubitus 1 (Comst.); 3d = media 3 (Comst.). + +Median notch: in Coccidae, a notch in the edge of the pygidium, at the +posterior extremity of the body. + +Median plate: in Hymenoptera := sessiliventres, is the dorsal plate +connecting the thorax and abdomen. + +Median sector: in Odonata, = media 3 (Comst.). + +Median segment: applied to the basal segment of the abdomen when it +forms part of the metathorax: see propodeum. + +Median shade or line: in Lepidoptera, crosses at or about middle of +wings. + +Median space: in Lepidoptera, is the area between the median +lines: in Odonata, the cubital cell (Comst.); the space at base +between submedian (radius) and postcosta (st anal); by Selys in 1896 +and later used in the sense of medial cell of Comst. + +Median vein: in Odonata and Lepidoptera, = radius (Comst.): in +Lepidoptera, it runs from base to about middle, nearly through centre, +and is four or five branched: in Hymenoptera, it is the 3d from costal +margin. + +Mediastinal: relating to the longitudinal median line or area. + +Mediastinal area: in Orthoptera, the area between median or +mediastinal vein and the costal or front margin: = marginal area. + +Mediastinal vein: in Orthoptera and Diptera, = suhcosta (Comst.): +also, in Diptera, = auxiliary vein (Meigen). + +Medio-eubital cross-vein: between media 4 and cubitus, connecting +the two series (Comst.). + +Medio-ventral line: in caterpillars, extends along middle of under side. + +Medipectus: the under side of meta-thorax: the mesosternum. + +Mediproboscis: the middle third of the flexed proboscis of muscid flies. + +Medi-thorax: =mesothorax; q.v. + + +Medius: middle. + + +Mega- Megalo-: large. + +Melanic: with a blackish suffusion. + +Melanism: an abnormal or unusual darkening: a suffusion with +blackish. + +Mellifera: honey-makers: applied to bees as a whole. + + +Melliferous: honey-producing, or producers of honey. + +Mellisugous: honey-sucking: a feeder on honey. + +Member: any one of the external appendages. + +Membranaceous: thin, skin-like, semi-transparent, like parchment: +of a thin, pliable texture. + +Membrana retinens: the stretched part of the membrane around the +rectum of butterfly larvae, used in the change to the chrysalis. + +Membrane -ana: any thin, transparent, flexible body tissue: +specifically the wing tissue between the veins: in Heteroptera, the thin +membranous tip of the hemelytra. + +Membranous or eous: composed of membrane or skin-like tissue. + +Membranule: the small opaque expansion at base of wings in +Odonata. + +Meniscoidal: with one side concave the other convex, like a round +segment from a hollow sphere. + +Menognatha: insects in which both young and adults feed by +mandibles; e.g. the Orthoptera: see menorhyncha and metagnatha. + +Menorhyncha: forms in which both young and adult take food by +suction e.g. Hemiptera: see metognatha and metagnatha. + +Mental suture: in Coleoptera, the line between mentum and gula. + +Mentigerous: bearing or having a mentum. + +Mentum: a labial sclerite bearing the movable parts; attached to and +sometimes fused with the sub-mentum; corresponds to the (united) +stipes of maxillae: in Coleoptera, what is usually called mentum is +really submentum: in Diptera, the term is applied to the posterior oral +margin: in Hymenoptera, is part of "tongue," the second joint bearing +the labial palpi, paraglossae and ligula. + +Merdivorous: feeding upon dung or excrement: see scatophagous. + +Meriaeum: the posterior inflected part of the metasternum in +Coleoptera. + +Meroistic: ovaries that secrete yolk or vitellaginous cells as well as ova. + +Mesad: extending or directed toward the median plane. + +Mesal: pertaining to, situated on or in the median plane of the body. + +Mesenchym: that portion of the mesoderm that produces the +connective tissues of the body. + +Mesenteron: the mid-gut, stomach or chylific ventricle: the middle +portion of the primitive intestinal canal, lined with entoderm. + +Mesepimeron: in Odonata: the sclerite between humeral and first +lateral suture. + +Mesepisterna: in Odonata,- the oblique lateral pieces of mesothorax, +meeting dorsally in a ridge. + +Mesially: at or to the middle. + +Mesinfraepisternum: a sclerite formed between propleuron, +mesepisternum, mesepimeron and second coxa. + +Meso: middle: as prefix, drops the o when stem begins with a vowel. + +Mesoblast: the middles germ layer of the embryos: = mesoderm. + +Mesoderm:= mesoblast: gives rise to muscular and circulatory +systems. + +Mesodont::= amphiodont: q.v. + +Mesomeros: the 2d to 5th abdominal segments in Lepidoptera. + +Meson: the middle plane of the body. + +Mesonotum: the primitively upper surface of the 2d or middle thoracic +ring. + +Mesophragma: an internal prolongation of the metapraescutum, +affording attachment to some of the wing muscles. + +Mesopleura: in Diptera, the space before the root of the wing between +the dorso- and sternopleural sutures: in Hymenoptera, the piece +below the insertion of the wings. + +Mesopleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted in the angle formed by +the dorso-pleural and meso-pleural sutures. + +Mesopleural suture: in Diptera, runs from the root of the wings +downward and separates the meso-pleura from the pteropleura. + +Mesopleuron: the lateral surface of the meta-thorax. + +Mesosternal cavity: in Elateridae, the opening into which the +prosternal spine or mucro is fitted. + +Mesosternal epimera: in Coleoptera; the narrow pieces separating the +meta-sternal from the meta-sternal episterna. + +Mesosternal episterna: Coleoptera; on each side of mesosternum +between anterior border and epimera; generally separated by a +distinct suture. + +Mesosternal lobes: in Orthoptera; = mesosternellum, q.v. + +Mesosternellum: in Orthoptera, two median lobes of the mesosternum, +one on each side of the deep median notch: in general, +the sternellum of the mesothorax. + +Mesosternum: the underside or breast of the meta-thorax. + +Mesostethidium: = meso-thorax: q.v. + +Mesostethium: the middle piece of the underside of meta-thorax, +between the middle and hind legs. + +Mesostigma: in Odonata, the spiracles of second thoracic segment. + +Mesosulcus: a central longitudinal furrow of mesosternum in +Hymenoptera. + +Mesotarsus: the tarsus of the middle leg. + +Mesothoracotheca: the pupal covering of the meso-thorax. + +Mesothorax: the second or middle thoracic ring; bears the middle legs +and the anterior wings. + +Mesotergum: = mesonotum; q.v. + +Meta-: posterior: used as a prefix to designate the third thoracic ring +and its parts. + +Metablastic: relating to the ecto- or meta-blast or ectoderm. + +Metabola: insects with a complete metamorphosis in which the larva +does not resemble the adult, and the pupa is quiescent. + +Metabolism: is transformation: the whole process or series of changes +of food into tissue and cell-substance and of these latter into waste +products the first of these changes being anabolic, the second +katabolic. + +Metabolous: undergoing metamorphosis or transformation. + +Metacoxal plate: in Coccinellidae, that portion of the first ventral +segment included above the ventral lines visible on that segment. + +Metagnatha: insects which feed with jaws when young and by suction, +with tubular mouths when mature; e.g. the Lepidoptera: see +menognatha and menorhyncha. + +Metagonia: the hind or anal angle of a wing. + +Metallic: having the appearance of metal: applied to a surface or color. + +Metaloma: the sutural or inner margin of primaries. + +Metamere: a segment, somite or athromere. + +Metameric: made up of segments or metameres. + +Metamerism: the arrangement in metameres. + +Metameros: in Lepidoptera. the 6th to 8th abdominal segments. + +Metamorphosis: is that series of changes through which an insect +passes in its growth from egg through larva and pupa to adult: it is +complete when the pupa is inactive and does not feed; incomplete +when there is no pupa or when the pupa is active and feeds. + +Metamorphosis dimidio: an incomplete transformation. + +Metamorphosis perfecta: a complete transformation. + +Metanotum: the primitively upper surface of the third or posterior +thoracic ring: in Diptera, the oval arched portion behind, beneath +the scutellum best developed in flies with long, slender abdomen: +e.g. Tipulidae. + +Metaphragma: the hindmost internal thoracic septum. + +Metapleura: in Diptera, a swollen space at the outside of the +metanotum, between it, the pteropleura and the hypopleura; in +Hymenoptera, the piece behind and below the insertion of the hind +wings. + +Metapleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted in the metapleura. + +Metapneustic: larva, chiefly dipterous, in which the spiracles are +confined to the posterior segment. + +Metapnystega: that circular area of metanotum behind the +postscutellum. + +Metapodeon: the abdomen behind the podeon or petiole in +Hymenoptera. + +Metasternal: relating or attached to the metasternum. + +Metasternal epimera: small sclerite separating the metasternal +episterna from the ventral segments. + +Metasternal episterna: sclerite situated on each side of the +Metasternum, immediately behind the mesosternum epimera. + +Metasternellum: the sternellum of the metathorax. + +Metasternum: the underside or breast of the metathorax. + +Meta-stethidium: = meta-thorax; q.v. + +Metastigma: in Odonata, the spiracles of third thoracic segment. + +Metastoma: in Orthoptera:= hypopharynx: q.v. + +Metatarsus: applied to basal joint of tarsus, where that differs greatly +in length or otherwise from the other joints: see sarothrum. + +Metatergum: = metanotum; q.v. + +Metathoracotheca: the pupal covering of the meta-thorax. + +Metathorax: the third thoracic ring or segment; bears the hind legs +and second pair of wings; variably distinct; sometimes closely united +with the mesothorax and sometimes appearing as a portion of the +abdomen. + +Metatype: is a specimen named by the author after comparison with +the type; according to some, it should be also a topotype. + +Metazona: in Orthoptera, the dorsal surface of the prothorax behind +the principal sulcus. + +Metepimeron: in Odonata, lies behind the second lateral suture and +extends ventrally to the sternum. + +Metepisternum: in Odonata, is the sclerite between the first and +second lateral thoracic sutures. + +Meter: the standard of length in the metric system = 39.37 inches: +see centimeter and millimeter. + +Meticulose -us: is a maculation in the form of a series of colored +flames. + +Metinfraepisternum: in Odonata; the sclerite just above base of 3d +coxa; below metepisternum and before metepimeron. + +Metochy: the relation borne to ants by the tolerated guests in +ant-hills; demanding nothing from and giving nothing to the ants; see +symphily and synecthry. + +Metopidium: the anterior declivous surface of prothorax in +Membracidae. + +Micans: shining: also a surface of which only parts are shining. + +Microchaetae: small bristles, as opposed to macrochaetae, in Diptera. + +Microergates: the dwarf workers among ants. + +Micron: the unit of microscopic measurement = 001 mm.: represented +by the symbol µ: the symbol µµ represents .001 of a micron. +{Scanner's note: the µµ notation would no longer be valid.} + +Micropterous: small winged. + +Micropterism: the tendency to produce small wings; applied to a line +of variation. + +Micropyles: minute openings in the egg, through which spermatozoa +enter. + +Microsomites: small secondary rings or somites of the macrosomites +in the embryo, which afterward become the body segments. + +Microthorax: a supposed thoracic ring between the head and +prothorax. + +Middle apical area: = internal area; q.v. + +Middle field: = discoidal field; q.v. + +Middle lobes: of pronotum in Orthoptera; see lobes. + +Middle pleural area: in Hymenoptera; the median of the three areas +between lateral and pleural carinae: = 2d pleural area. + +Mid-dorsal thoracic Carina: a ridge or elevated line at the meeting of +the mesepisterna in Odonata. + +Mid-gut: the chylific ventricle with the caecal glands, tubes or +pouches. + +Mid-intestine: = mid-gut. + +Migrants: applied to that brood of plant lice which flies from one to an +alternate food plant: any forms that fly from the place where they +were born for food or other purposes. + +MM.: = Millimeter: .001 meter = .039 of an inch: roughly 25 mm. are +counted to an inch in measuring insects. {Scanner's comment: modern +usage is lower case. So: mm.} + +Mimetic: when a species mimics or resembles another or some other +object in appearance; but not in structure and other characters. + +Mimicry: strictly, the resemblance of one animal to another not closely +related animal, living in the same locality; often loosely used to +denote also resemblance to plants and inanimate objects: Batesian +mimicry is where one of two similar species is distasteful (so-called +model), the other not distasteful (so-called mimic); + +Müllerian mimicry is where both species are distasteful. + +Mines: applied to galleries or burrows between upper and under +surface of leaf tissue, when made by larvae: they are linear, when they +are narrow and only a little winding; serpentine, when they are curved +or coiled, becoming gradually larger to a head-like end: trumpet-mines, +when they start small and enlarge rapidly at tip; blotch mines, +when they are irregular blotches tentiform, when the blotch mines +throw the leaf into a fold on one side. + +Miniate -us: of the color of red lead [vermilion with a slight admixture +of dragon's blood]. + +Mirror: in Cicada; see specular membrane. + +Mitosoma: the middle piece of a developing spermatozoon. + +Mobile: movable: having the power of motion. + +Model: see mimicry. + +Modioliform: globular, truncated at both ends; like the hub of a wheel. + +Mola or Molar: the ridged or roughened grinding surface of the +mandible: when the mandible is compound, the molar corresponds to +the subgalea of maxilla. + +Monarsenous: that kind of union where one male suffices for many +females. + +Moniliform: beaded like a necklace. + +Monochromatic: of one color throughout. + +Monodactyle: with a single movable claw which closes on the tip of the +other leg structures as in some parasitica. + +Monodomous: ants in which each colony has one nest only. + +Monoecious: when both sexual elements or glands exist in one +individual. + +Monogamous: a union where a female is fertilized by one male only. + +Monomeri: insects with one-jointed tarsi. + +Monomorphic: species of which only one sex (female) is known to +exist. + +Monophagous: insects feeding upon only one species or genus of +plants. + +Monothelious: a union where one female is fecundated by many +males. + +Monotrocha -ous: Hymenoptera in which the trochanters are single: +having legs in which the trochanter is one-jointed. + +Monotypical: a genus described from a single species, no other being +known; or described from a single specified species with which are +associated others believed to be identical in structure: see isotypical +and heterotypical. + +Moult: a period in the transformation when the larva changes from +one instar to another: the cast skin of a larva that has moulted. + +Mouth: the anterior opening into the alimentary canal, where the +feeding structures are situated and in which the food is prepared for +ingestion. + +Mouth-parts: a collective name including labrum, mandibles, +maxillae, labium and appendages = trophi. + +Mucoreus: mouldy: a surface covered with small, fringe-like processes. + +Mucro: a long, straight or curved process terminating in a point: the +pro-sternal process in Elateridae: the terminal spine or process of an +obtect pupa: "the median posterior point of the epigastrium when +differentiated by elevation." + +Mucronate: terminated in a sharp point. + +Mucrones: in Collembola the two small end pieces of the furcula, +proceeding from the dentes. + +Mullerian association: a group of species belonging to different genera, +often different families or even orders, having similar colors, +possessing more or less distasteful qualities and living in the same +locality. + +Muller's thread: the common terminal thread of all the ovarian tubes. + +Multangulate: with many angles. + +Multi-: many; used as a prefix, often without the i. + +Multiarticulate: with many joints or segments. + +Multilocular: with many large cells, spaces or cavities. + +Multipartite: divided into many parts. + +Multiplicate: with many longitudinal folds or lines of plication. + +Multispinose: with many spines. + +Mumia: the pupa. + +Munite -us: armed; provided with an armature. + +Muricate -us: armed with sharp, rigid points. + +Murinus: mouse colored [gray with some yellow]. + +Mushroom bodies: two stalked, mushroom-like bodies arising from +procerebral lobes; supposed to be the seat of insect intelligence. + +Muscle: the fleshy fibres of the insect body that serve to move the +appendages and other body organs. + +Mute: silent: without power to produce audible sound. + +Mutic -us: unarmed: lacking processes where such usually occur. + +Mutici: Acridiids without a posternal spines. + +Mutilate -us: cut off: mutilated: abbreviated: not complete. + +Mycetophagous: feeding upon fungi. + +Myiasis: disease or injury caused by the attack of dipterous larvae. + +Myoblast: a cell that produces muscular tissue. + +Myrmecology: that branch of entomology that deals with ants. + +Myrmecophilous: ant-loving: applied to insects that live in ant nests. + +Mystacine -us: bcarded: with a hairy fringe above mouth or on +clypeus. + +Mystax: in Diptera; a patch of hair or bristles above the mouth, on the +lower part of the hypostoma above the vibrissae. + +Mytiliform: shell-like; as the middle feet in some aquatic Hemiptera. + + + + + + +N + +Nacreous: pearly: resembling mother of pearl := margaritaceous. + +Nail: a tarsal claw: specifically the stout pointed claws in predatory +Heteroptera = unguis. + +Naked: not clothed: lacking vestiture: a pupa when not inclosed in a +cocoon or other covering. + +Nasal suture: =clypeal suture; q.v. + +Nasus: anterior termination of the face in certain Hymenoptera: the +clypeus or a modification of it: in Odonata, the upper portion of the +clypeus = supra-clypeus = postclypeus. + +Nasuti: that type of termite soldiers that have the head prolonged into +a point. + +Natatorial -ions: formed for swimming. + +Navicular: boat-shaped = cymbiform. + +Neanic: referring to the pupal stage. + +Nearctic: temperate and arctic North America, including Greenland. + +Nebula: a cloud: a vague, indefined, dusky shading. + +Nebulous -ose: cloudy: without definite form or outline. + +Neck: the slender connecting structure between head and thorax of +such insects as have the head free: any contraction of the head at its +juncture with the thorax. + +Necrophagous: living in or on carrion. + +Nectaries: honey-tubes, cornicles, siphuncles; q.v. + +Nematid: thread-like. + +Nematocera: = nemocera; q. A. + +Nematocerous: with long, thread-like antenna. + +Nemocera: Diptera with long, at least six-jointed antennae. + +Nemoglossata: bees with a thread-like tongue. + +Nemoricolous: living in open, sunny woods. + +Neogeic: belonging to the Western Hemisphere or New World: see +gerontogeic. + +Neolepidoptera: all haustellate Lepidoptera, except the generalized +Micropterygidae; mandibles not functionally present; pupa incomplete +or obtect: see paleolepidoptera and protolepidoptera. + +Neoteinic: applied to complemental females in Termites because, +though reproductive, they retain some juvenile characters. + +Neotropical: that part of the earth's surface embraced in the greater +part of Mexico, West Indies and South America. + +Neotype: a specimen identified with a species already described, and +selected as a standard of reference where the original type or co-types +are lost or destroyed. + +Nephridia: tubular structures functioning as kidneys in Annelids, +Mollusks, etc. and incorrectly used as = malpighian tubules; q.v. + +Nepionic: that stage of development immediately succeeding the +embryonic; proposed as a substitute for larval. + +Nerinaeum: a ventral thoracic sclerite between the metasternum and +posterior coxa in some Coleoptera. + +Nerve: a thread-like structure, composed of delicate filaments whose +function it is to transmit sensations or stimuli to or from a ganglion or +from or to any part of the body or its appendages. + +Nerves: sometimes used to = veins, in wing structures. + +Nervi: belonging or referring to the nerves. + +Nervulation: arrangement of the nerves: specifically applied to the +arrangement of the chitinous framework of wings and thus= venation; +q.v. Nervules or Nervures: the rod or vein-like structures supporting +the membranes of wings and = veins and veinlets; q.v. + +Nervuration: = nervulation and venation: q.v. + +Neural canal: an incomplete tunnel on the floor of meso- and +metathorax, formed by fusion of apodemes, serving for the reception +and protection of the ventral nerve cord and for the attachment of +muscles. + +Neural groove: is that furrow in the primitive layer of the embryo in +which the nerve cord is formed. + +Neuration: = venation; q.v. + +Neurilemma: the external sheath of a nerve fibre. + +Neuroblast: the large cell in the early embryo, from which the nervous +system develops. + +Neuromere: that part of a body segment pertaining to the nervous +system. + +Neuroptera: nerve-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with four +net-veined wings; mouth mandibulate: head free: thorax loosely +agglutinated; metamorphosis complete: in its older use, the term +applied to all net-veined insects irrespective of metamorphosis or +thoracic structure. + +Neuropteroidea: like the Neuroptera in the wide sense; applied to +those living insects included by Linnaeus in his Neuroptera; also to +those extinct forms which have a general resemblance to them. + +Neurospongium: a granular matrix in the periopticon of the insect eye. + +Neuter: the term applied to workers or undeveloped females in some +Hymenoptera: indicated by * or *, an imperfect form of Venus +sign.{Scanner's comment: I have no characters to represent the +symbols. One is like the normal female (Venus) sign, but with no +cross stroke on the downward stroke. The other is the symbol for +Mercury or of Hermaphroditus, like a Venus sign crowned with +crescent horns.} + +Nidificate: to nest: applied when eggs are placed in a prepared +receptaculum. + +Niger: black. + +Nigricans: black, tinged with gray. + +Nits: the eggs of sucking lice; specifically when attached to a hair: in +general, though rarely, applied in the singular to an egg. + +Nitidus: shining: applied to a highly polished, smooth surface. + +Niveous -eus: snowy white. + +Nocturnal: species that fly or are active at night. + +Nodal furrow: in Odonata; a transverse suture, beginning at a point +in costal margin corresponding to the nodus, and extending toward +inner margin. + +Nodal sector: in Odonata; = media 2 (Comst.): arises from upper +sector of arculus near nodus and extends to outer margin. + +Node: a knot or knob: in the plural refers to the small segment or +segment between thorax and main portion of abdomen in ants. + +Nodiform: in the form of a knot or knob. + +Nodicorn: with antennae that have the apex of each joint swollen. + +Nodose -us: knotted or with knots; a body with one or more knotted +parts a sculpture with almost isolated knots. + +Nodule: a little knot, lump or node. + +Nodulose -us -ate: with small nodes or nodules: a surface sculpture +of knots or links, connected by an undulating line. + +Nodus: in Odonata; a stout, oblique, short vein at the place where the +anterior margin of the wings is sometimes drawn in. + +Nopalry: a plantation of cacti for raising cochineal insects. + +Normal: of the usual form or type: not out of the ordinary. + +Notate: marked by spots: with a series of depressed marks as a +sculpture. + +Notched: indented, cut or nicked; usually a margin. + +Notocephalon: in some aquatic Hemiptera, that part of the head which +is apparent from a dorsal aspect. + +Notodont: with toothed backs: applied to a series of moths whose +larvae are more or less conspicuously humped on dorsal surface. + +Notopleural suture: = dorso-pleural suture; q.v. + +Nototheca: that part of the pupa covering upper surface of abdomen. + +Notum: the dorsal or upper part of a segment: = tergum. + +Nucha: the upper surface of the neck connecting head and thorax. + +Nucleate: with, or having a nucleus. + +Nucleolus: the small portion of matter in the nucleus most readily +affected by staining fluids. + +Nucleus: a well-defined, differentiated, round or oval body imbedded +in the cell contents. + +Nude -us: naked: a surface devoid of hair, scales or other vestiture. + +Nuditas: = nudity. + +Nudity: the state of being naked or bare of vestiture. + +Nurses: worker ants or worker bees which care for the eggs, larvae +and pupae, but do not forage, the latter function being taken up later, +when nursing is given up. + +Nutant: nodding; the tip bent toward the horizon. + +Nutritive chamber: an enlarged section of ovarian tube, filled with +granular nutritive material used in developing the egg cells. + +Nymph: the larval stage of insects with incomplete metamorphosis: +applies also to their pupal stage, and sometimes used as = pupa. + +Nympha inclusa: = coarctate pupa; q.v. + +Nymphipara: applied to insects that bear living young in an advanced +stage of development: see also pupipara. + + + + + + +O + +Ob-: as a prefix, means inversely. + +Obconic: conic, with the apex pointing downward. + +Obcordate: inversely heart-shaped, with the point applied to the base +of another object or part. + +Obese -us: unnaturally distended: usually applied to the abdomen. + +Oblate: flattened; applied to a spheroid of which the diameter is +shortened at two opposite ends. + +Oblique: any direction between perpendicular and horizontal. + +Oblique vein: in Odonata; an apparent cross-vein situated between M2 +and Rs, distal to the level of the nodus and inclined obliquely, from its +front end, backward and outward; in reality the basal part of Rs. + +Obliterate: nearly washed out; indistinct. + +Oblong: longer than broad. + +Obovate: inversely egg-shaped; the narrow end downward. + +Obpyriform: inversely pearshaped. + +Obscure: not readily seen: not well defined. + +Obsite-us: a surface covered with equal scales or other bodies. + +Obsolete: nearly or entirely lost: inconspicuous. + +Obtect: wrapped in a hard covering. + +Obtected: applied to pupae when they are covered with a chitinous +case which confines and conceals all appendages, though their +outlines may be marked on the surface: see free, and coarctate. + +Obtuse: not pointed: an angle greater than a right angle: opposed to +acute. Obtuse-angulate: two markings or margins meeting so as to +form an obtuse angle. + +Obtusilingues: short-tongued bees with the tip obtuse or bifid: see +acutilingues. + +Occipital foramen: the opening in the occiput, opposed to a similar +opening in the prothorax: = foramen magnum. + +Occipital margin: in Mallophaga, the posterior margin of the head. + +Occipito-orbital bristles: in Diptera; situated on posterior orbit of eye. + +Occiput: that part of the head behind the vertex: in Diptera, the whole +posterior surface of the head: in bees, the space between the vertex +and the neck. + +Occlusor: applied to muscles which close an opening; e.g. spiracles. + +Occult -us: hidden; concealed from superficial view. + +Ocellar bristles: in Diptera, are situated close to the ocelli, usually +directed forward: often absent. + +Ocellar ribband: a crescent-shaped, smooth thin belt across the eye +region in butterfly chrysalids. + +Ocellar triangle: a triangle, indicated by grooves or depressions, on +which the ocelli are situated; Diptera. + +Ocellate: eye-like in appearance: in Lepidoptera, spots on the wings, +bordered by a colored iris or ring, and usually with a pupil. + +Ocelli: plural of ocellus; q.v.; = stemmata. + +Ocelligerous: supplied with, or bearing ocelli. + +Ocellus: a simple eye, consisting of a single convex or bead-like lens, +which conveys an image to a retina. + +Ocelli occur in larvae and, singly or in small groups, in adults: the +compound eyes are made up of numerous ocelli. + +Ochraceous: yellow with a slight tinge of brown [pale cadmium yellow +and brown ochre]. + +Ochraeus -eus: = ochraceous. + +Ochro-leucus: dilute ochraceous. + +Ocular emargination: in Mallophaga, a lateral emargination of the +head in which the eye is received posteriorly. + +Ocular fleck: in Mallophaga, a small, intensely black spot of pigment +in the eyes. + +Ocular fringe: in Mallophaga, closely set small hair on posterior half of +ocular emargination, sometimes extending on temporal margin. + +Ocular lobes: of brain = procerebrum; q.v. + +Ocular sclerite: the first or protocerebral segment of the head. + +Ocular tubercles: in Aphids, are a group of prominent facets on the +hinder part of each eye. + +Oculi -us: the eyes: an eye: refers to the compound eyes. + +Oculocephalic: applied to that pair of imaginal buds destined to +produce the cephalic region in Hymenoptera. + +Odona: toothed: applied to Odonata by Fabricius because of the long +teeth on the maxilla and labium. + +Odonata: net-veined insects with mandibulate mouth; head free; +thorax agglutinate; wings similar, elongate, flat; metamorphosis +incomplete; copulatory organs of male near base of abdomen, +separate from the testes. {Scanner's comment: Dragon flies +and damselflies} + +Odonate: bearing toothed mouth parts, like those of dragon flies. + +Odoriferous: diffusing an odor; applied to glands or secreting organs. + +OEcology: see ecology. + +OEdagus: the penis. + +OEnocytes: large yellow cells arranged segmentally in clusters, in each +side of body cavity: associated with blood and fat bodies. + +OEsophageal bone: a plate below anterior part of oesophagus in +Psocidae. + +OEsophageal bulb: = sub-clypeal pump; q.v. + +OEsophageal diverticula: = food reservoirs (q.v.); but more generally +applied also to any sac-like structure connected with the gullet. + +OEsophageal lobes: form posterior portion of brain or tritocerebrum. + +Oesophageal valve: a funnel-like folding of the oesophagus, extending +into the chylific ventricle in some insects, and forming a valve that +controls the entrance of food into that organ: = cardiac valvule. + +Oesophagus: the gullet: that part of the alimentary canal between the +mouth and the crop. + +Olfactory: pertaining to the sense of smell: those lobes of the +deutocerebrum from which the nerves supplying the antennae arise. + +Oligonephria: applied to insects with few urinary (Malpighian) tubes. + +Oligoneura: having few wing veins: specifically applied in Diptera to +Cecidomyids. + +Olivaceous: with a tinge of olive-green, usually as a shading [olive +green]. + +Omaloptera: the pupiparous flies. + +Omia: the shoulders: the lateral anterior angles of an agglutinated +thorax, when they are distinct:= see umbone: in Coleoptera; a +corneous sclerite to which the muscles of the anterior coxa are +attached; also the lateral margin of the prothorax; also the lateral +margin of the scutellum in Carabids and Dytiscids. + +Ommateum: the compound eye. + +Ommatidium -ia: one of the elements of which the compound eye is +composed. + +Omnivorous: a general feeder upon animal or vegetable food, or both. + +Oncus -i: a welt: applied to welt-like ridges on caterpillars. + +Onisciform: shaped like a wood-louse, Oniscus sp.; applied to certain +Lycaenid and other caterpillars. + +Ontogenetic: relating to the development of the individual. + +Ontogeny: the development of the individual as distinguished from +that of the species: see phylogeny. + +Onyches: claws of tarsi. + +Onychium -ia: small processes between the tarsal claws in many +Diptera; see empodium: a more or less retractile process on the feet of +some beetles: in Hymenoptera, the apical tarsal joint bearing the +claws: see also arolium and pulvillus. + +Oöblast: the primitive germinal nucleus of an egg. + +Oögenesis: the process of egg-formation. + +Oölemma: the cell wall of an egg: see vitelline membrane. + +Oötheca: the covering or case over an egg mass, as in certain +Orthoptera: see egg case. + +Opacus: opaque; a surface without any lustre. + +Opalescent: with a bluish white lustre, as in opals. + +Opalinus: = opalescent; q.v. + +Opaque: without lustre: not transparent. + +Operaria: the workers in Hymenoptera. + +Operative: in working order or actually working. + +Opercula: two plates covering the vocal structure of Cicada, beneath. + +Operculum: a lid or covering: in Diptera, the chitinous envelope +covering the lower part of the muscid mouth; the labrum-epipharynx +of Dimmock: the scutes covering the meso-thoracic stigmata: in +Aleurodidae, the lid-like structure closing the vasiform orifice; q.v. + +Ophthalmic: relating to the eye. + +Ophthalmotheca: that part of the pupa that covers the eyes. + +Opisthogoneate: having the organs of generation at hind end of body. + +Opisthogonia: the anal angle of the secondaries. + +Opposite: placed over against, or opposed to. + +Optic: relating to the organs of vision. + +Optic ganglia: are at the sides of the procerebrum and innervate the +compound eyes. + +Optic lobes: the laterals lobes of the procerebrum in which are +centered the nerves supplying the organs of vision. + +Opticon: the first of a series of three ganglionic swellings in the optic +nerve: see epiopticon and periopticon. + +Optic segment: =procerebral segment; q. + +Optic tract: is the perceptive portion of the compound eye. + +Ora: a border: specifically in some Coleoptera, the lateral margin of +prothorax. + +Ora coleopterorum: the margin of the elytra. + +Orad: toward the mouth. + +Oral: pertaining to the mouth. + +Oral cavity: the mouth; = buccal cavity. + +Oral fossa: in Mallophaga, a furrow lying in front of the mandibles. + +Oral segment: that ring or segment which bears the mouth. + +Orbicular: round and flat, the diameters of the plane equal: in sonic +moths, a round or oval macula in the median cell. + +Orbit: an imaginary border around the eye: in Diptera the orbits are +divided into vertical or superior; frontal and facial or anterior; of the +cheek or inferior; occipital or posterior. + +Orbital sclerite: a narrow sclerite encircling some eyes. + +Order: one of the primary divisions of the Class Insecta, based largely +on wing structure and then usually ending in -ptera. + +Ordure: excrement; usually applied to such as is foul or offensive. + +Orichalceous: = aurichalceous; q.v. + +Oriental: in geographical zoology as used by Wallace, that part of the +earth's surface including Asia east of the Indus River, south of the +Himalayas and the Yangtse-kiang watershed, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java +and the Philippines. + +Orificium: the anal or genital opening. + +Original type: is the actual specimen from which a published +description is prepared. + +Orismologia -y: the defining of scientific or technical terms. + +Orthoptera: straight winged: an ordinal term applied to insects in +which the primaries are not used in flight, but cover the longitudinally +folded secondaries; mouth mandibulate; head set into prothorax, the +latter free; metamorphosis incomplete. + +Orthorrhapha: that section of Diptera in which the pupa escapes from +larval skin through a T-shaped opening on back: see cyclorrhapha. + +Orthorrhaphous: straight-seamed. + +Os: the mouth of insects, in general. + +Oscillation: a vibrating or swinging from side to side. + +Osculant: intermediate in character between two groups or series. + +Osmaterium -ia: fleshy, tubular, eversible processes producing a +penetrating odor, capable of being projected through a slit in the +prothoracic segment of certain Papilionid caterpillars, and from +openings elsewhere in the bodies of other forms. +{Scanner's comment: currently the only spelling I can find is +"osmeterium". This given spelling is almost certainly an error +on someone's part. Not only do the earliest books that I can +find spell it "osmeterium", but the Greek root is "osme".} + +Osmosis: the tendency of liquids to pass or diffuse through a +membrane or septum. + +Osselet: = ossicle; q.v. + +Ossicle: a small nodule of chitin resembling a bone. + +Ossicula: small corneous pieces that serve in the articulation of the +wings to the thorax. + +Ostia: the slit-like openings of the heart. + +Ostiolar canal: a marginal furrow leading from the ostiole. + +Ostiole: in Heteroptera, the openings at the sides of meso- and +metathorax, through which an odoriferous fluid is excreted. + +Ostium: singular of Ostia; q.v. + +-osus; an affix, signifying saturation, or the possession of the quality +expressed in the stem word. + +Otocyst: an auditory or ear-like vesicle. + +Otolith: a little ear-bone: granules or concretions found in an otocyst. + +Outer lobe: of maxilla = galea; q.v. + +Outer margin: the outer edge of wing, between apex and hind angle. + +Ovo, Ovum: the eggs; an egg. + +Ova glebata: eggs laid or concealed in lumps of dung. + +Ova imposita: eggs laid in the substance that is to serve as food for +the larva. + +Oval: egg-shaped, with both ends similar. + +Ova pilosa: eggs that are covered with hair: usually from the abdomen +of the female. + +Ovarian tube: a tubular structure in which are developed the cells +forming the future ova: a single one of the mass which, taken +together, form the ovaries. + +Ovaries: a mass of ovarian tubes, lying one on each side of the body +cavity of the female, in each of which tubes eggs or ova are developed: +the individual tubes of an ovary all converge to one oviduct. + +Ovariole: an ovarian tube: q.v. + +Ovary: singular of ovaries; q.v. + +Ovate: in outline, egg-shaped or oval. + +Oviduct: the tube through which the egg passes from ovarian tubes +into vagina: sometimes used in the sense of ovipositor: q.v. + +Oviform: egg-shaped. + +Oviparous: where reproduction is through eggs laid by the female. + +Oviposition: the act of depositing the eggs. + +Ovipositor: the tubular or valved structure by means of which the eggs +are placed; usually concealed; but sometimes extended far beyond the +end of the body. + +Oviscapt: = ovipositor; q.v. + +Ovivalvule: in Ephemeroptera; is an appendage of the female +reproductive organs. + +Ovoviviparous: when living young are born from eggs which are +hatched in the body of the parent. + + + + +P + +Pacific coast humid area: is that faunal area of the transition zone +comprising the western parts of Washington and Oregon between the +Coast Mountains and Cascade range: parts of northern California and +most of the coast region from near Cape Mendocino south to the +Santa Barbara Mountains. To the south and east it passes into the +arid transition and in places into the upper Sonoran. + +Pad: the pulvillus, or that part of it which is capable of extension and +retraction in some Coleoptera. + +Paddle: the flattened joints of posterior tarsi in aquatic Hemiptera. + +Paedogenesis: reproduction in the sexually immature or larval stage. + +Paedogenetic: reproducing in the sexually immature or larval stage. + +Pagina: the surface of a wing: P. superior, is the upper surface; +P. inferior, the lower surface: in Orthoptera, the external flattened +surface of the caudal femora. + +Pagiopoda: Heteroptera, in which the posterior coxae are not globose +and the articulation is a hinge joint: see trochalopoda. + +Pagiopodous: those Heteroptera which have the coxae of the hind legs +hinged and the femora grooved. + +Pala: the shovel-shaped tarsal joints in many aquatic Heteroptera. + +Palate: = hypopharynx; q.v. + +Paleace: chaff or chaffy: = paleaceous. + +Paleaceous: chaffy in appearance. + +Palearctic: relating to that part of the earth's surface including +Europe, Africa north of Sahara, and Asia as far south as the southern +edge of the Yang-tse-Kiang watershed and the Himalayas, and west to +the Indus River. + +Paleodictyoptera: an ordinal name suggested by Scudder for Paleozoic +insects which cannot be assigned to existing orders. + +Paleolepidoptera: haustellate Lepidoptera in which the mandibles are +distinct and the pupa is free: includes the Micropterygidae only: see +protolepidoptera and neolepidoptera. + +Pallescent: becoming pale or light in color or tint. + +Pallette: the disc-like structure composed of three tarsal joints, on the +anterior feet of male Dytiscidae. + +Pallid: pale or very pale. + +Pallide-flavens: pale or whitish yellow. + +Pallidus: of a pale, cadaverous hue [a very dilute brown pink]. + +Pallium: an erectile membrane partially closing the open cavity formed +by the walls of the sub-genital plate in Melanopli. + +Palma: the basal segment of the anterior tarsus when it is broadened +or specifically modified. + +Palmate: like the palm of the hand, with finger-like processes. + +Palmula: = pulvillus; q.v. + +Palp: a mouth feeler or palpus. + +Palpal: belonging, relating or attached to the palpi. + +Palparium: in some Coleoptera, and other insects, the membranous +support to which the labial palpi are attached, and which permits an +amount of extension not possible when they are fixed. + +Palpi: plural of palpus; q.v. + +Palpicorne: with long, slender, antenna-like palpi. + +Palpifer: any palpus-bearing part: specifically, a small sclerite hearing +the maxillary palpus and itself articulated to the stipes. + +Palpiferous or -gerous: bearing a palpus. + +Palpiger: that sclerite of the labium to which the labial palpus is +attached corresponds to the palpifer of the maxilla and has been used +in the same general sense. + +Palpigerous stipes: in Coleopterous larvae, = palpifer; q.v. + +Palpuli: the maxillary palpi in Lepidoptera, when visibly developed. + +Palpus: a mouth feeler: tactile, usually jointed structures borne by the +maxillae (maxillary palpi) and labium (labial palpi). + +Panduriform: violin shaped: oblong, with rounded ends, medially +constricted. + +Panorpatae: = Mecoptera; q.v. + +Pantherine: in color, almost like cervinus; q.v.: in maculation, like +those of a panther. + +Papilioform: formed like a butterfly wing. + +Papilionaceous: butterfly-like. + +Papilla: a minute, soft projection: specifically the modified ligula in +silk spinning caterpillars. + +Papillary: with nipple-like processes that have the tips rounded. + +Papillate -us: a surface with small elevations which are porous at tip. + +Papilliform: like a wart or pimple. + +Papillose -us: pimply; a surface covered with raised dots or pimples. + +Pappose: downy: made up or clothed with pappus. + +Pappas: a fine down. + +Para-: next to; near by; at the side of. + +Parabiosis: see symbiosis. + +Parabolic: elongately rounded. + +Paraclypeal piece: in lepidopterous pupa, occurs in some of the +generalized families on each side of the maxillary palpi. + +Paraclypeus: in caterpillars, a narrow sclerite bordering clypeus at +sides. + +Paraderm: the limiting membrane enclosing the pronymph of Muscidae. + +Paraglossa: a paired, labial structure, lying at each side of the ligula; +often connected with it; sometimes free and two-jointed: corresponds to +the galea of maxilla. + +Parallel: along the same line and nearly equidistant. + +Paranal: at the side of or next to the anus or anal structures. + +Paranal forks: two lateral, bristle-like structures in some caterpillars, +used to throw frass pellets to a distance. + +Paranal lobes: = podical plates; q.v. + +Paraphysis: the chitinized thickenings or lateral ingrowths, usually +situated at the base of the lobes in certain Diaspid genera. + +Parapleura: the sternal side pieces in beetles. + +Parapodia: the pro- or false legs: more specifically applied to the +jointed abdominal processes of the Symphyla. + +Parapsidae: the small sclerites on each side of the scutellum in +Chalcids, marked by the parapsidal grooves. + +Parapsidal furrows: longitudinal grooves on each side of the +mesoscutum of Proctytrypidae separating the parapsides from the +middle lobe. + +Parapsidal grooves: the grooves or furrows on each side of the Chalcid +scutellum, defining the parapsidae. + +Parapsides: lateral pieces of the meso-scutum, separated from the +mesal portion by the parapsidal furrows. + +Parapteron -era: small sclerites, articulated to the dorsal extremity of +the episternum, just below the wings; absent on prothorax = the +tegulae of Hymenoptera, and patagia of Lepidoptera: have been +homologized with the elytra of Coleoptera. + +Parasita: = parasitica: q.v. + +Parasite: a species that lives in or on another animal or insect, and +depends upon the tissue of the host for its food supply. + +Parasitic: living on or in some other animal or insect in such a way as +to derive all nourishment from the tissues of the host. + +Parasitica: the sucking lice: wingless; without metamorphosis; mouth +with piercing lancets; thoracic segments similar; habits epizoötic. + +Parasitism: a form of symbiosis in which one party lives upon or at the +expense of the other, makes no return and destroys its host: see +symbiosis; commensalism. + +Parastigma: = pterostigma; q.v. + +Parastigmatic glands: small, circular glands, which secrete a waxy +powder, sometimes present around the spiracles of Coccidae. + +Paratype: is every specimen of the series from which the type was +selected see type and cotype. + +Parse: sparse or sparsely. + +Parcidentate: with few teeth. + +Parenchymatous: composed of soft cellular and connective tissue. + +Parietes: walls: the perpendicular sides of elevated bodies. + +Paronychium-ia: one or more bristle-like appendages of onychia; q.v. + +Parthenogenetic: see asexual. + +Parthenogenesis: reproduction by direct growth of germs from +egg-cells without fertilization by the male element: as in +plant lice, gall wasps, etc. + +Particolored: partly of one, partly of another color: divided into two or +more color fields. + +Partite -us: divided; e.g. the eyes of Gyrinidae. + +Parum: not much. + +Patagium -ia: in Lepidoptera, those sclerites that cover the base of +primaries: often used as synonymous with tegula and squamula, q.v.: +assigned by some writers to the pro-, by others to the meso-thorax: +homologized with the paraptera of meso-thorax. + +Patella -ae: the modified joints of anterior tarsi in Dytiscidae; +plate-like, horny or spongy structures on the undersides of the tarsal joints: +the first coxal joint. + +Patellar: pertaining to the knee-joint or cap. + +Patellariae: in Dytiscids, the unequal, cup-like impressions on the +underside of the patella. + +Patens, Patentes: open; diverging; spreading apart. + +Patric: home or country of origin. + +Patulous-ose: open, spreading. + +Paunch: a crop-like accessory pouch in some Mallophaga: any +pouch-like appendage of the alimentary canal. + +Paurometabolous: metamorphosis in which the changes of form are +gradual and inconspicuous: e.g. Orthoptera and most Rhynchota. + +Pavillions: the sheds or cells sometimes built by ants as a shelter for +groups of plant lice. + +Paxilla: a small stake or peg: a bundle of spicular processes. + +Pearlaceous: having the appearance of pearl. + +Pecten: a comb: in Hymenoptera, rigid, incurred setae on the basal +parts of maxilla and labium: the rows of spines on the feet of +pollen-gathering bees: any series of bristles arranged like a comb: in +mosquito larvae the comb-like teeth on the breathing tube. + +Pectinate: comb-shaped: with even branches like the teeth of a comb. + +Pectinato-fimbriate: having pectinations that are fringed with hair. + +Pectoralis: relating to the breast. + +Pectoral plate: in Coleoptera, the sternum. + +Pectunculate: with a row of minute appendages like the teeth of a +comb: e.g. some maxillary structures. + +Pectus: the ventral portion of thorax: variably applied in Coleoptera, +for the entire meso- and meta-thorax: also the pro- and meso-sternum: +in Diptera, is the inferior surface of the thorax between the legs. + +Pedal line: in caterpillars: extends along the base of the feet. + +Pedal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal rings of caterpillars: on +the anterior side of leg-base and, correspondingly, on apodal +segments: is VII of the abdomen where it consists of three setae: VI of +the thorax where the setae are not numbered: constant (Dyar). + +Pedamina: the aborted fore-legs of Nymphalid butterflies. + +Pedate: foot-bearing, or having feet. + +Peddler: applied to the larvae of such Cassid beetles as carry their +excrement and cast skins on an anal fork. + +Pedes: the feet, or really, legs. + +Pedicellus or Pedicle: the third joint in a geniculate antenna: forming +the pivot between scape and funicle: in general, a stalk or stem. + +Pediculosis: a state of lousiness, or the abnormal condition caused by +the multiplication of lice on the body: sec phthiriasis. + +Pediculous: lousy: infested with lice. + +Pedigerous: feet bearing. + +Peduncle: a stalk or petiole: the basal joint of the antenna in +Homoptera: the smaller of the two stalks supporting the +mushroom body; q.v. + +Pedunculated: set on a stalk or peduncle: attached by a slender stalk +or neck. + +Pelagic: inhabiting the sea, far from land. + +Pellicles: the exuviae or cast larval skins of many insects: in Coccidae +more especially applied to the hardened larval skin attached to the +puparia of Diaspinae. + +Pellit: covered with long, drooping hairs, irregularly placed. + +Pellucid: colored, but transparent: sometimes applied +when there is no color. + +Pelotons: the balls of fine tracheae in larvae, developed to +supply the adult organism. + +Pelottae: =arolia: q.v. + +Peltate: shield- or target-shaped. + +Penal claspers: in Proctytripidae. lateral fringed processes of the male +genitalia. + +Penal sheath: the horny outer covering of the penis. + +Pencil: a little, elongated brush of hair: in Diptera, applied to a group +of sensory hairs on the flagellum of the antenna. + +Pendent: hanging down. + +Pendulous: drooping: hanging free, attached to one end only. + +Penes: open, slit-like structures of the seminal vesicles to the outer +surface in Euplectoptera. + +Penicillate: with a long, flexible brush or pencil of hair: often at the +end of a thin stalk. + +Penicilli: a pair of small style or cerci-like pieces on the tip of the 8th +dorsal segment of abdomen of various male Hymenoptera. + +Penicilliform: pencil-like or shaped. + +Penicillum: a pencil or brush of long hair attached at the end of a +stalk as long as the brush, and folded in a lateral groove in some +male moths. + +Penis: the flexible, membranous, intromittent organ of the male. + +Pennaceous: = pennate. + +Fermate: feathered or bearing feather-like processes. + +Penniform: feather-like in form. + +Pentagon -um: a five-sided figure with five equal or unequal angles. + +Pentamera: Coleoptera with 5-jointed tarsi. + +Pentamerous: species having five-jointed tarsi. + +Penultimate: next to the last. + +Peptone: a soluble proteid compound produced by the digestion of +albummenoid food substances. + +Per-: as a prefix, means very: extremely: through. + +Percipient: with the power of perceiving. + +Percurrent: running through the entire length. + +Pereion: the prothorax. + +Pereipoda: the second and third pair of thoracic legs of larvae, and the +2d pair in adults. + +Perfoliate: divided into leaf-like plates: applied to antennae with +disc-like expansions connected by a stalk passing nearly through +their centres: also to any part possessing a well-developed +leaf-like or plate-like expansion. + +Pergamenous: thin, partly transparent: resembling parchment. + +Peri-: round about. + +Periopticon: a complex nerve structure back of the basilar membrane +of the eye. + +Pericardial: around, or belonging to the heart. + +Pericardial cavity: the space between the diaphragm and dorsal body +wall, which contains the heart. + +Pericardial cells: specialized cells, which lie along both sides of the +heart, and whose function it is to purify the blood. + +Pericardial chamber: is the open space around the heart or dorsal +vessel. + +Pericardial diaphragm: a delicate membranous tissue attached +to the ventral surface of the heart and laterally to the body wall +:= dorsal diaphragm wings of the heart. + +Peri-intestinal: that part of the body cavity around the alimentary +canal. + +Peri-neural: situated around a nerve: the body cavity +immediately surrounding the nervous system. + +Periodical: recurring at regular intervals. + +Periopticon: third ganglionic swelling of optic tract: see opticon. + +Peripheral: referring to the outer margin. + +Peripheria: the entire outline of the body. + +Periphery: the circumference or outer margin. + +Peripneustic: larvae which have the spiracles absent on middle and +posterior thoracic rings, and present on all other body segments. + +Peripodal cavities: pouches in the embryo in which the rudiments of +the future legs and wings are developed. + +Peripodal membrane: the cell layer surrounding the peripodal cavities. +Peristaltic: that periodic motion of the alimentary canal by means of +which the food is forced toward the anal extremity. + +Peristethium: the meso-sternum. + +Peristoma -ium: the border of the mouth or oral margin in Diptera; +sometimes used as := epistoma: q.v. + +Peristome: a membranous tissue surrounding the mouth parts at +base, and forming the true ventral wall of the head. + +Peritoneal: applied to the membrane surrounding the viscera, trachea, +and other internal structures. + +Peritracheal: surrounding the trachea. + +Peritreme: the corneous selerite surrounding a spiracle. + +Peritrophic membrane: a funnel-like extension of the fore-gut, +extending back tube-like, through the chylific ventricle in some +insects. + +Perivisceral: the cavity containing the alimentary canal and its +appendages. + +Perlate: beaded: bearing relieved, rounded points in series. + +Perpendicular: upright: at right angles to horizontal. + +Persicinus: the red of peach blossoms. + +Persistent: remaining constantly; always present. + +Personate: gaping wide open; masked; disguised. + +Pes, Pedes: a foot feet. + +Petiolar area or Petiolarea: on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera, +the apical or hindmost of the three median cells 3d median area; +apical area. + +Petiolate: that series of Hymenoptera in which there is a slender +stalk between the thorax and abdomen: = apocrita. + +Petiolate: supported or placed on a stem or stalk; usually applied in +describing venation and the method of attachment of abdomen to +thorax. + +Petiole: a stem or stalk: specifically the slender segment between the +thorax and abdomen in many Hymenoptera, and some Diptera. + +Phaeism: applied to a duskiness of butterflies occurring in a limited +region. + +Phagocyte: a corpuscle or cell that devours or absorbs noxious +organisms and also absorbs the organs of the larval stage in the +developments to the adult condition. + +Phagocytosis: the destruction or devouring of bacteria or other +microorganisms by phagocytes. + +Phalaenae: a Linnean term embracing most of the heterocerous +Lepidoptera: more specifically applied to the Geometridae. + +Phalanx -ges: a joint or joints of the tarsus: a division of classification +of uncertain value: similar to tribe. + +Phalerated: beaded. + +Phallus: =penis: q.v. + +Pharyngeal pump: = sucking pump; q.v. + +Pharynx: the back part of the mouth and upper part of the throat: a +slight enlargement at the beginning of the oesophagus: in Diptera is +sometimes restricted to the space between the hypopharynx and sub-clypeal +pump, and is then = sub-clypeal tube. + +Phauloptera: an ordinal term for the scale insects (Laporte 1835). + +Phleboptera: = Hymenoptera; q.v. + +Phonetic: sound producing; applied to stridulating structures. + +Phosphorescent: shining or glowing in the dark, like phosphorus. + +Photogenic: a light producing structure; producing a +Phosphorescent glow. + +Phragma: a partition or dividing membrane: longitudinal, thin +partitions passing down from the dorsum of meso- and meta-thorax: +the partition formed by the inflexed hinder edge of prothorax. + +Phragmocyttares: social wasps in which the combs of the nest are +wholly or partly supported by the covering envelope: see stelocyttares: +poecilocyttares. + +Phthiriasis: a diseased condition of the skin caused by sucking lice. + +Phyllophagous: feeding upon leaf tissue. + +Phylogenetic: relating to tribal or stem development. + +Phylogeny: the development of a genus, family, tribe or class: see +ontogeny. + +Phyloptera: the super-ordinal term proposed to include all +the net-veined orders, the Orthoptera and Dermatoptera. + +Phylum: a stem or tribe: used in classification to indicate a series of +related organisms. + +Physopoda: bladder-footed: = Thysanoptera; q.v. + +Phytophaga: plant-eaters: beetles in which the 4th and 5th tarsal +joints are anchylosed and the 3d is lobed. + +Phytophagus: feeding upon plants. + +Phytophilous: plant loving: species that live on plants. + +Phytophthira: plant lice: some authors include also scale insects. + +Phytoscopic: characters of light or conditions of illumination that +affect colors of caterpillars. {Scanner's comment: This is a +puzzling term. I suspect it is a misspelling of "Photoscopic"} + +Piceous -eus: pitchy black. + +Picine: black, with a bluish oily lustre. + +Pick: a chitinous maxillary structure in Psocidae. + +Pieza: the combined biting and sucking mouth of the Hymenoptera. + +Piezata: the Fabrician term for Hymenoptera. + +Pigment: any coloring matter or material that gives a color +appearance. {Scanner's comment: sic} + +Pile: a hairy or fur-like covering: in Diptera, applied to thick, fine, +short, erect hair, giving a surface appearance like velvet. + +Pilifer or Piliger: a small sclerite at each side of the clypeus in +Lepidoptera, resembling a rudimentary mandible. + +Piliferous: with a covering of fine hair or pile. + +Pillared eye: in Ephemerids, that type which is placed on a cylindrical +stalk or process: = turbinate eye. + +Pilous or Pilose: clothed with down, or dense pile: with long, sparse +hair. + +Pilosity: a covering of fine, long hair. + +Pincers: the anal forceps. + +Pinna: a narrow wing; a feather. + +Pinnae: of posterior femur in jumping Orthoptera, are the oblique +ridges running to the median line and somewhat resembling a feather. + +Pinnate: feather-like; cleft, like the wings of Alucita: with markings +resembling a feather: with stiff hairs or thorny processes occupying +opposite sides of a thin shank. + +Pinnatifid: divided into feathers, as when wings are cleft nearly to the +base. + +Pistazinus: yellowish green, with a slight brownish tinge [pale +green with a little burnt sienna]. + +Plaga: a spot, stripe or streak of color; a longitudinal spot of irregular +form. + +Plaited: longitudinally folded or laid in pleats. + +Planate: with a flattened surface. + +Plane: level, flat; applied to a surface. + +Planipennia: applied to Neuroptera in which the wings are large and +laid flat on the body wnen at rest; Sialidae, Myrmeleonidae, etc. + +Planta -ae: the basal joint of the posterior tarsus in pollen gathering +Hymenoptera: the soles of the posterior tarsal joints: the anal clasping +legs of caterpillars. + +Plantigrade: species that walk on the entire foot, not on the claws +alone. + +Plantula: a lobe of the divided tarsal pulvillus; one of the soles +or climbing cushions of the foot: see arolium; pulviglus. + +Plaques: the small leathery hemelytra in some Naucorids. + +Plasma: the liquid portion of animal fluids and cells. + +Plasticity: the capacity for being formed, moulded or developed. + +Plate: any broad flattened piece or sclerite: = squame, in Coccidae. + +Platelet: a little plate or sclerite of chitin in a membrane. + +Plates: in Coccidae, the squames; q.v.: in male Homoptera, a pair of +pieces following the last full ventral segment; usually preceded by a +short piece, - the valve. + +Platyptera: flat and broad-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects +with four net-veined wings, secondaries longitudinally folded beneath +primaries; mouth mandibulate; prothorax free; transformations +complete: Psocidae, Termitidae, Perlidae and Mallophaga. +{Scanner's comment: These four groups are now placed in totally +separate orders, and not families as these names imply} + +Plecoptera or Plectoptera: plaited winged: an ordinal term applied to +net-veined insects in which the secondaries are longitudinally folded +beneath primaries; mouth mandibulate; body loosely jointed; +prothorax free; metamorphosis incomplete: the term Plecoptera was +used by Brauer for Perlidae; Plectoptera by Packard for the +Ephemerida: there has been some confusion since, and both have +been used in the Brauer sense. + +Pleon: = abdomen; q.v. + +Pleopoda: abdominal legs of larva: posterior legs of an adult. + +Plesiobiosis: see symbiosis. + +Plesiotype: any specimen identified with a described or named species +by a person other than the describer. + +Pleura: plural of pleuron or pleurum: the lateral sclerites between the +dorsal and sternal portion of the thorax: in general, the sides of the +body between the dorsum and sternum. + +Pleural areas: on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera, the three +spaces between the lateral and pleural carinae; the 1st or anterior = +spiracular area; the 2d or central = middle pleural; the 3d or +posterior = angular area. + +Pleural carinae: in Hymenoptera, extend along the exterior margin of +the metanotum. + +Pleural pieces: the lateral sclerites of the thorax; see pleura. + +Pleurites: the sclerites into which the pleurum is divided. + +Pleuron: the side of the thorax. + +Pleuropodia: embryonic or temporary bands formed by the modified +first pair of abdominal legs in many insects. + +Pleurostict: lamellicorn beetles in which the abdominal spiracles are +situated on the dorsal portion of the ventral sclerites. + +Pleurum: = pleuron; plural, pleura; q.v. + +Plexus: a knot: applied to a knot-like mass of nerves, or tracheae. + +Plica: a fold or wrinkle: a longitudinal plait of a wing. + +Plicate: plaited; folded like a fan. + +Plications: folding,; applied to the folds on the hind wings of +Orthoptera. + +Plicipenna: = Trichoptera; proposed by Latreille. + +Plumate: like a feather. + +Plumbeus: leaden or bluish gray [neutral]. + +Plumose: feathered; like a plume: antennae that have long ciliated +processes on each side of each joint: see cirrate. + +Plump: with full, rounded outlines; not obese. + +Plumules: specialized scales of the androconia of male Lepidoptera. + +Pluri: as a prefix, means many. + +Pluri-dentate: with many teeth. + +Pluri-setose: bearing several seta; as the head in some Carabids. + +Pluri-valve: with several valves or valve-like appendages. + +Pneumogastric: the ganglion supplying nerves for the tracheal and +digestive system: also used as = vagus: q.v. + +Pneustocera: breathing horns: the prolongations of the metathoracic +spiracles in Berytidae, etc. + +Pnystega: in Odonata, applied by Charpentier to a portion of +mesonotum. + +Pobrachial: a longitudinal vein of the Ephemerid wing just +behind praebrachial; usually simple: number 7 of some systems. + +Podeon: in Hymenoptera, the petiole: the true second abdominal +segment. + +Podex: the upper plate of the anal opening; = supra-anal or +sur-anal plate in caterpillars. + +Podical plates: the latero-ventral plates attached to the loth abdominal +segment of Orthoptera; the two pieces on each side of the vent, +thought by Huxley to be rudiments of an 11th abdominal ring; united +they form the tergite of a rudimentary ring: = anal valves: paranal +lobes. + +Pododunera: apterous insects with biting mouth structures. + +Podotheca: that part of pupa that covers the legs of future adult. + +Poecilocyttares: social wasps that build their combs around the +branch or other support covered by the envelope: see stelocyttares +and phragmocyttares. + +Poisers: = halteres and balancers; q.v. + +Poison glands: sometimes applied to the salivary glands of bugs and +biting flies; more usually to an abdominal gland connected with the +sting of female Hymenoptera. + +Policate: a tibia produced inwardly into a short, bent spine or thumb. + +Politus: smooth, shiny, polished. + +Pollen: a dusty or pruinose surface covering which is easily rubbed off; + used mostly in Diptera. + +Pollen-plate: a polished area margined by hair, on the outer face of the +tibia in bees. + +Pollex: a thumb: the stout fixed spur at inside of tip of tibia. + +Pollicatus: = policate; q.v. + +Polliniferous: formed for collecting pollen: pollen bearing. + +Pollinigerous: = polliniferous: q.v. + +Pollinose: covered with a yellow, pollen-like dust. + +Poly-: many, much. + +Polyandry: where a female mates with more than one male. + +Polychromatic: many colored. + +Polydomous: applied to ants when one colony has several nests. + +Polyembryony: the production of several embryos from a single egg, as +in some Chalcids. + +Polygamy: where a male mates with more than one female. + +Polygonal: with many angles. + +Polygoneutism: the power to preduce several broods in one season. + +Polymorpha: the claviform and serricorn Coleoptera, as a whole. + +Polymorphic-ous: occurring in several forms; differing in sex, +In season, in locality or without apparent reason: undergoing +Several changes, and in this sense applied to insects with +a complete metamorphosis. + +Polynephria: applied to insects with many urinary (Malpighian) tubes. + +Polyphagous: eating many kinds of food. + +Polyphyletic: derived or descended from several stems or sources. + +Polypodous: having many feet, and thus, specifically applied to the +Myriapoda, and to the larvae of Lepidoptera and saw-flies, in +contradistinction to footless and hexapodous larvae. + +Ponderable: that which may be weighed. + +Pone: behind (the middle). + +Ponticulus: = frenulum; q.v. + +Porcate: marked with raised longitudinal lines. + +Pore: any small, round opening on the surface. + +Poriferous: closely set with deep pittings or punctures. + +Porose -us: with little round openings on the surface. + +Porrect: stretched out forward: straightly prominent. + +Post-: behind or after. + +Post-alar callosities: rounded processes at the posterior +lateral margin of the dorsum, in Diptera. + +Post-alar callus: in Diptera, a rounded swelling between the root of the +wing and the scutellum. + +Post-alar membrane: the strip of membrane connecting the squamae +with the scutellum. + +Postal vein: in Hymenoptera, = costa (Comst.). + +Post-annellus: in Hymenoptera, the 4th joint of antenna and 2d of +flagellum. + +Post antennal organs: in Collembola, oblong or ellipsoidal organs +situated just caudad of the bases of the antenna. + +Post-brachial: = pobrachial; q.v. + +Post-cerebral: applied to that pair of salivary glands in bees, situated +close to the posterior wall of the head. + +Post-clypeus: in Odonata, the upper of the two parts into which the +clypeus is divided: in Psocidae, a peculiar inflated structure behind +the clypeus: in general, the posterior or upper part of clypeus when +any line of demarcation exists: = supra-clypeus; nasus: afternose; +paraclypeus: first clypeus; clypeus posterior. + +Post-costa: = sub-costa (Comst.): in Odonata, = 1st anal vein (Comst.): + in Trichoptera = anal. + +Post-costal space: Odonata; the cell or cells lying posterior to the +post-costa = anal cell (Comst.). + +Post-cubitals: = post-nodal spaces; q.v. + +Post-dorsulum: the middle piece of the meta-notum, between the +mesophragma and post-scutellum. + +Post-embryonic -otic: the stage after the insect has come out of the +egg. + +Post-epistoma: that part of the head behind the clypeus in +Hymenoptera: see also post-clypeus. + +Posterior: hinder or hindmost: opposed to anterior: in Diptera; applied +to that face of the legs which is not visible when viewed from the front, +the legs being laterally extended. + +Posterior angle: of thorax, in Coleoptera, is the lateral angle near base +of elytra: of the wings = hind angle; anal angle; q.v. + +Posterior cells: in Diptera (Will.): 1st radial 5 (Comst.): 2d = medial 1 +(Comst.): 3d = 2d medial 2 (Comst.) 4th = medial 3 (Comst.): 5th +cubitus 1 (Comst.). + +Posterior cephalic foramen: in Odonata, the opening of head +posteriorly through which the cavities of head and thorax +communicate. + +Posterior field: of tegmina, = anal field; q.v. + +Posterior intercalary: in Diptera, is one of the anal veins (Comst.). + +Posterior lateral margins: in Orthoptera, extend from base of +pronotum downward to the posterior angle of sides. + +Posterior lobe: of the pronotum in Orthoptera, see lobe: in Diptera, +that part of wing between axillary incision and base: = alar +appendage (Loew). Posterior margin: = inner margin; q.v. + +Posterior pereion: the meta-notum. + +Posterior pleon: the terminal segments of the abdomen. + +Posterior pleopoda: the anal clasping legs of caterpillars: see planta. + +Posterior stigmatal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segments of +caterpillars; varies in position from substigmatal to stigmatal posterior; +sometimes united to V: it is IV of the abdomen, II of the thorax +(Dyar). + +Posterior trapezoidal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal +segments of caterpillars; subdorsal, posterior, always present, +rarely united with I: it is II of the abdomen, +lb of the thorax (Dyar). + +Posterior veins: those separating the posterior cells. + +Posterior wings: = secondaries: q.v. + +Postero-dorsal: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of the +dorsal and posterior face. + +Postero-ventral: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of the +ventral and posterior face. + +Postfurca: an internal process of metasternum to which the muscles +of hind legs are attached. + +Post-gena: the sclerite below occiput and behind gena in some +Orthoptera. + +Post-gula: is situated at the extreme base of the underside of the head +in Dermaptera. + +Post-humeral bristles: in Diptera, are usually two, inserted above the +dorso-pleural suture between the humeral callus and root of wing, on +the bottom of the presutural depression. + +Postical vein: in Diptera, = 5th longitudinal (Meig.); += media 3 (Comst.). + +Posticus: hinder. + +Post-media: Ephemerida; an apparently distinct vein between media +and Cubitus (Comst.). + +Post-medial line: in Lepidoptera, = t.p. line: q.v. + +Post-median: Diptera; those leg bristles situated above or behind the +middle. Post-nodal cross-veins: in Odonata, the transverse veins +between costa and radius 1, and radius 1 and media 1, from nodus to stigma, +separating the post-nodal cells or spaces: = post-cubital cross-veins. + +Post-nodal costal spaces: in Odonata, the cells below costal margin +from nodus to stigma. + +Post-nodal radial spaces: in Odonata, the cells between radius 1 and +media 1, from nodus to outer margin. + +Post-nodal sector: in Odonata, a longitudinal vein lying between +media 1 and media 2 (Comst.): = ultra-nodal sector. + +Post-oral: behind the mouth; those segments bearing mouth +structures. + +Post-pectus: the under surface of the meta-thorax. + +Post-petiole: in Hymenoptera, that part of abdomen behind petiole. + +Post-retinal: the fibres arising from the facets of the compound eye +and extending into the ganglionic plate. + +Post-scutellum: the fourth and posterior sclerite of the dorsum of the +thoracic rings. + +Post-sutural: in Trichoptera, the little plate behind the scutellum of +mesothorax: = post-scutellum. + +Poststigmatal: that portion of the marginal cell beyond the stigma in +bees: = 2d radial 1 (Comst.). + +Post-stigmatal primary tubercle: on thoracic segment of caterpillars; +sub-primary, stigmatal, posterior; it is III of the thorax and not +present on abdomen (Dyar). + +Post-subterminal: following the s. t. line in Lepidoptera. + +Post-sutural bristles: in Diptera, dorsal bristles behind transverse +suture. + +Post-terga: applied to the posterior scutes of the segments of +Coleopterous larvae. + +Post-triangular cells: = discoidal areolets; q.v. + +Post-vertical cephalic bristles: in Diptera, are in the middle of upper +part or Occiput. + +Pouch: in Trichoptera, a depressed, usually longitudinal area in a +wing. + +Prae- or Pre-: anterior to; before. + +Praebrachial: a longitudinal vein in middle of an Ephemerid wing; +usually forked: no. 6 of some systems. + +Praecostal spur: a false vein in costal angle at base of secondaries. + +Prae-dorsum: = prophragma: q.v. + +Prae-labrum: in Diptera = clypeus: q.v. + +Praeocular: before the eyes. + +Praeputium: the external membranous covering of penis: +specifically a spherical muscular mass at base of penis +in some Orthoptera. + +Prae-scutellum: a sclerite, rarely present, between the +meso-scutum and meso-scutellum. + +Prae-scutum: the first of the four divisions of the notum of the +thoracic rings. + +Prae-subterminal: preceding the s.t. line in Lepidoptera. + +Prae-terga: the anterior thoracic scutes in coleopterous larvae. + +Prae-tornal: preceding the tornus (q.v.) in Lepidoptera. + +Prasinus: grass-green [apple green]. + +Pratinicolous: frequenting or living in grassy meadows or bogs. + +Pre-alar callus: a small swelling or projection before the root of wings, +just back of outer ends of transverse suture, in Diptera. + +Pre-anal: above or before the anal opening. + +Pre-anal plate or lamina: = supra-anal plate; q.v. + +Pre-antennal: anterior to or before the antenna. + +Pre-apical: before the apex. + +Pre-balancer: = pre-halter: q.v. + +Pre-basilar: before the base. + +Precocious stages: generally applied to all stages of development from +the fertilized egg to the pupa. + +Precurrent: continuous: entire: complete: said of a vein. + +Predaceous: applied to insects that live by preying upon other +organisms. + +Predatory: = predaceous: q.v. + +Pre-eruciform: before the caterpillar stage: specifically applied to the +early larvae of some Proctytrypidae. + +Preformation: the doctrine of growth or development from already +existing rudiments; opposed to epigenesis: q.v. + +Pre-furca: "the stem vein in front of a fork, that reaches back to where +itself forks from another vein"; Diptera. + +Pregenicular: in Orthoptera, that portion of femur proximad the knee. + +Pregenicular annulus: a more or less conspicuous color ring on the +caudal femora proximad the knee in Orthoptera. + +Pre-halter: a membranous scale in front of the true haltere of a fly. + +Prehension: structures fitted for grasping or holding. + +Pre-mandibular: situated in front of the mandible: applied to a +temporary segment of the embryo: = intercalary segment. + +Pre-media: Ephemeridae; an apparently distinct vein between radius +and media (Comst.). + +Premorse: as if bitten off: with a blunt or jagged termination. + +Prensor: the genital lateral clasping organ of male Lepidoptera: see +clasper. + +Pre-ocular: see prae-ocular. + +Pre-oral: in front of the mouth: the embryonic head segments before +those bearing the mouth parts. + +Prepuce: =praeputium; q.v. + +Pre-pupal: that stage in the larva just preceding the change to pupa. + +Pre-scutellar bristles: in Diptera, are in a transverse row in front of +the scutellum. + +Pre-scutellar callus: = post-alar callus: q.v. + +Pre-scutellar rows: in Diptera, short rows of small bristles in front of +the scutellum. + +Press: =filator; q.v. + +Pressure plate: a structure at base of pulvillus, which exerts a +pressure on the sole of the pad. + +Pre-sutural bristles: in Diptera, in a trigonate depression at outer +ends of transverse suture, near dorso-pleural suture. + +Pre-sutural inter-alar bristle: the single bristle of the interalar series, +situated before the transverse suture. + +Primaries: the anterior or fore-wings. + +Primitive: simple in character; of an early or ancient type. + +Principal sector: in Odonata, extends from its point of separation +From the median sector to the outer margin, at or just below +the apex:= media 1 (Comst.). + +Principal sulcus: in Orthoptera, a transverse impression of the +prothorax, at or behind the middle. + +Priodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids that have the +smallest mandibles: see teleodont, mesodont, amphiodont. + +Prismatic: formed like a prism: a play of colors similar to that +produced through a prism. + +Pro-: anterior: used as a prefix to designate the parts of the first +thoracic segment. + +Proboscidea: an ordinal term for the Coccidae. + +Proboscis: generally applied to any extended mouth structure; usually +applied to the extensile mouth of the Diptera; frequently to the beak of +Hemiptera; sometimes to the tongue of Lepidoptera; and rarely, to the +mouth of long-tongued bees. + +Procephalic: relating or belonging to the procephalon. + +Procephalic lobes: in the embryo, form part of the anterior, +overhanging portion of the head. + +Procephalon: that segment of the head in the embryo which is formed +by the coalescence of the first three primitive segments. + +Procerebral: that segment of the brain containing the median +protocerebrum and optic ganglia; also called optic segment. + +Procerebral lobes: the central portion of the cerebrum, made up of the +fused median lobes, giving rise to the mushroom bodies; q.v. + +Procerebrum: the anterior part of the brain, formed by the ganglion of +the first primary segment; also termed ocular lobe, froth part it +innervates. Process: a prolongation of the surface, margin, or an +appendage: any prominent portion of the body not otherwise +definable. + +Process of labrum: in bees = appendicle: q.v. + +Procidentia: the narrow projecting tip of 7th dorsal segment in +Nematinae. + +Proclinate: directed forward; applied to hair or bristles. + +Proctodaeum: the invagination of epiblast that produces the anus and +intestine as far forward as and including malpighian tubes. + +Proculiform or Poculiform: hollow, cylindrical, with a hemispherical +base, the sides at top straight goblet-shaped. + +Procumbent: trailing; prostrate; lying flat. + +Produced: drawn out; prolonged; extended from. + +Proeminent: said of the head when it is horizontal and does not form +an angle with the thorax. + +Profile: the outline as seen from the side. + +Profound, Profundus: deep. + +Prognathus: having the jaws directed forward. + +Progoneate: with the genital opening on an anterior body segment. + +Progonia: the anterior angle of the secondaries. + +Proleg: any process or appendage that serves the purpose of a leg: +specifically the fleshy unjointed abdominal legs of caterpillars and +certain saw-fly larvae: = abdominal feet: false legs. + +Proloma: the anterior margin of the secondaries. + +Prolonged: extended or lengthened beyond ordinary limits. + +Promeros: the first abdominal segment in Lepidoptera. + +Prominent: raised or produced beyond the level or margin: standing +out in relief by color or otherwise: conspicuous. + +Promuscidate: with proboscis or extended mouth structure. + +Promuscis: an extended mouth structure: has been applied to the long +tongue of bees and to the rostrate structure in Hemiptera. + +Pronotal carina: in Orthoptera, the main or median carina on +pronotum. + +Pronotum: the upper or dorsal surface of the prothorax. + +Pronucleus: the nucleus of male and female elements, spermatozoa +and ova, the union of which forms the nucleus of a fertilized ovum. + +Pronymph: is that stage in certain inctabolous insects in which the +larval tissues are completely broken down, and the imaginal tissues +are just beginning to build up. + +Proparaptera: the paraptera of the prothorax: the terms erroneously +applied in this connection. + +Propedes: = prolegs: q.v. + +Prophragma: the anterior dividing wall of meso-thorax, which is horny +and, at its upper edge, bears the connecting membrane between +pro- and mesothorax. + +Prop-leg: = pro-leg; q.v. + +Propleura: the lateral portions of prothorax. + +Propleural bristles: in Diptera, are situated immediately above the +front coxa: = prothoracic bristle; q.v. + +Propneustic: larval forms in which only the most anterior spiracles +occur. + +Propodeon: = propodeum. + +Propodeum: in Hymenoptera, that part of thorax just above insertion +of abdomen, and really the first abdominal segment: see median +segment. + +Propolis: a glue or resin-like product elaborated by bees to +serve as a cement in cases where wax is not sufficiently tenacious. + +Propulsatory: that which drives onward or forward. + +Propupa: a semi-pupa: q.v. + +Propygidium: the dorsal segment or tergite in front of the pygidilini, +sometimes left exposed in Coleoptera. + +Propygium: = Hypopygium: q.v. + +Proscutum: the scutum of the pronotum. + +Proscutellum: the scutellum of the pronotum. + +Prostemmatic: = ante-ocular; q.v. + +Prosternal: belonging to the prosternum. + +Prosternal grooves: occur laterally in some Coleoptera. e.g. Elateridae, +to receive the antennae. + +Prosternal epimera: the epimera of prothorax. + +Prosternal episterna: the episterna of prothorax. + +Prosternal lobe: in some Coleoptera, an anterior prolongation of the +prosternum which more or less conceals the mouth from below. + +Prosternal spine: the curved mucro in Elateridae which extends +backward into a meso-sternal cavity: the cone or tubercle between +fore-legs in some Orthoptera. + +Prosternal suture: that suture of pro-thorax which separates the +sternum front the pleural pieces. + +Prosternellum: the sternellum of the prothorax + +Prosternum: the fore-breast: the sclerite between the fore-legs. + +Prostheca: a mandibular sclerite set with hair, articulated to the +basalis - q.v. -and equal to the lacinia of the maxilla. + +Protamphibion: a name applied by P. Mayer to the hypothetical +common ancestor of the Perlina, Ephemerina and Odonata. + +Protandry: the appearance of males earlier in the season than females. + +Protarsus: the tarsus of the anterior leg. + +Proteiform: having many fortes or varieties: protean. + +Protergum: in Odonata, the upper surface of prothorax. + +Proterotypes: primary types, including all the material upon which the +original description is based. + +Prothoracic bristle: in Diptera, a strong bristle immediately above the +front coxa: see propleural bristles. + +Prothoracic glands: occur in Orthoptera, on the sides of prothorax in +certain Phasmid genera. + +Prothoracic shield: = cervical shield: q.v. + +Prothoracotheca: the pupal covering of prothorax. + +Pro-thorax: the first thoracic ring or segment: hears the anterior legs +but no wings: when free, as in Coleoptera. is usually referred to as +"thorax" merely. + +Protocerebral segment: = ocular seginent; q.v. + +Protocerebrum: the primitive anterior cerebral vesicle. + +Protocosta: the thickened costal margin of Lepidopterous wings. + +Protocranium: the posterior part of the epicranium: sometimes used +as Occiput. + +Protogonia: the apical angle of the primaries. + +Protograph: all original description by a figure or picture made from +the original type. + +Proto-lepidoptera: proposed for those forms (Eriocephalidae) in which +lacinia and mandibles are obvious and the spiral tongue is not +developed: see neolepidoptera and paleolepidoptera. + +Protolog: the original description by words. + +Protoloma: the anterior margin of primaries. + +Protomesal: applied to certain areolets in Hymenoptera, situated +between costal cells and apical margin. + +Prototergite: the foremost dorsal segment of abdomen. + +Preto-thorax: = prothorax: q.v. + +Prototype: a primitive form to which later forms can be traced. + +Protractor: that which extends or lengthens out: applied to muscles. + +Protuberance: any elevation above the surface. + +Protuberant: rising or produced above the surface or general level. + +Proventriculus: the posterior portion of crop: the gizzard. + +Proximad: toward the proximal end. + +Proximal: that part of an appendage nearest the body: see distal. + +Prozona: in Orthoptera, the upper or dorsal surface of prothorax in +front of the principal sulcus. + +Pruinose: hoary: as if covered with a fine frost or dust. + +Pruinous -us: deep blue with a reddish tinge, like a plum [French blue ++ purple lake]. + +Psammophilous: living in sandy places. + +Pselaphotheca: that part of the pupa which covers the palpi. + +Pseudidolum: = nymph: q.v. + +Pseudimago: = sub-imago; q.v. + +Pseud- or Pseudo-: as a prefix means false, spurious, or merely +resembling. Pseudo-cellula: = accessory cell: q.v. + +Pseudo-chrysalis: the semi-pupa. + +Pseudo-coel: a false hollow; a hollow which does not form a tube. + +Pseudo-cone: a soft, gelatinous cone in the compound eye of some +Insects, replacing the crystalline cone of others. + +Pseudo-elytra: the aborted anterior wings of Strepsiptera. + +Pseudogyna fundatrix: in Aphids, is the immediate issue of a +fecundated egg: a stem-mother. + +Pseudogyna gemmans: in Aphids. are wingless descendants of the +stem-mother (fundatrix) or of the winged migrants (migrans) which +reproduce asexually through a number of generations. + +Pseudogyna migrans: in Aphids, the winged descendants of the +stem-mother (fundatrix) through which the species is spread. + +Pseudogyna pupifera: in Aphids, the last generation of p. gemmans, +which produces the true sexes. + +Pseudogyna: a female that reproduces without impregnation. + +Pseudo-halteres: the rudimentary primaries of Stylops. + +Pseudo-neurium: a false vein formed by a chitinous thickening of a +wing fold. + +Pseudo-neuroptera: those net-winged insects with incomplete +metamorphosis: includes the present Ephemeroptera, Odonata, +Plecoptera, Isoptera and Corrodentia: = Archiptera. + +Pseudonychium -ia: = paronychia; q.v. + +Pseudo-nymph: = semipupa; q.v. + +Pseudopodia: = parapodia; q.v. + +Pseudoptera: an ordinal name for the scale insects (Amyot 1847) + +Pseudo-pupa: the inactive larval stage preceding the formation of the +true pupa in some insccts; e.g. Meloidae: = semi-pupa; q.v. + +Pseudo-pupillae: in Odonata, the black spots seen on the compound +eyes of the living insects. + +Pseudosessile: those petiolate Hymenoptera, in which the abdomen is +so close to the thorax as to seem sessile. + +Pseudo-trachea: the ringed and ridged grooves on the labella of +Diptera, by means of which they scrape their food. + +Pseudova: egg-like germ cells capable of development without +fertilization e.g. in certain plant lice. + +Pseudovary: the organ or mass of germ cells of an agamic insect. + +Pseudo-vitellus: a cellular organ in Aphididae, supposed to replace the +absent Malpighian tubules. + +Psocoptera: = Corrodentia; q.v. + +Psychogenesis: the origin and development of social and other +instincts and habits. + +Pterodicera: with wings and two antenna. + +Pterogostia: the wing veins. + +Pterogostia: referring to the wing structure. + +Pteropega: wing sockets or cavities into which the wings are inserted. + +Pteropleura: in Diptera, are situated below the base of the wings +behind the meso-pleural suture: = the posterior lateral plate of +mesothorax of Lowne; the episternum of meso-thorax of Hammond. + +Pteropleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted on the pteropleura. + +Pterostigma: a thickened, opaque spot on the costal margin of a wing, +near its middle or at end of the radius: = bathmis, and see stigma. + +Pterotheca: that part of the pupa that covers the wings. + +Pterothorax: the wing-hearing thoracic segments in Thysanoptera. + +Pterygium: a lateral expansion of the snout of some Coleoptera. + +Pterygodes: the patagia or tegtila: q.v. + +Pterygogenea: insects that are winged in the adult stage or believed to +be descended from winged ancestors: see apterogogenea. + +Pterygostium: a wing vein. + +Pterygote: wing bearing. + +Ptilinum: in Diptera cyclorrhapha, an inflatable organ capable of being +thrust out through a frontal suture just above the root of antenna. + +Ptilota: winged insects. + +Pubes or Pubescence: short, fine, soft, erect hair or down. + +Pubescent: downy: clothed with soft, short, fine, closely set hair. + +Pubis: the lateral region of the prothorax. + +Pulmonarium: the membranous connection of the plates or scutes of +the abdominal rings: = connexivum. + +Pulsatile: having the power of pulsating or moving in a rhythmic +manner: applied to special organs in the legs, which aid in circulating +the blood in these appendages. + +Pulverulent: powdery or dusty in appearance. + +Pulvilliform: having the appearance or structure of a pulvillus. + +Pulvillus -i: soft, pad-like structures between tarsal claws: the +cushions of short, stiff hair or other clothing on the underside of +tarsal joints; rarely fleshy lobes: see arolium. + +Pulvinatus: moderately convex. + +Punctate: set with impressed points or punctures. + +Punctiformis: shaped like a point or dot. + +Punctulatus: with small punctures. + +Puncture: an impression like that made by a needle. + +Punctured: marked with small, impressed dots. + +Puniceus: carmine red [carmine]. + +Pupa: the intermediate stage between larva and adult; loosely applied +for all orders, properly only for those with a complete metamorphosis: +a pupa is obtect, when inclosed in a rigid case on which the members +may or may not be outlined. It is liber, or free when the appendages +are separately encased and there is no covering over the whole: see +chrysalis. + +Puparium -ia: in Diptera, the thickened larval skin within which the +pupa is formed. + +Pupate, Pupation: to become a pupa: the act of becoming a pupa. + +Pupiferous: applied to that generation of plant lice which produces +sexed individuals. + +Pupigenous: =pupiparous; q.v. + +Pupigerous: forming a larval pupariuni: coarctate: said of dipterous +larva that contract to form an envelope for the inclosed pupa. + +Pupil: the central mark of an ocellate spot. + +Pupillate: spots or marks that have an eye-like centre. + +Pupipara: a series of Diptera, in which the females do not extrude the +young until they have reached the stage ready to pupate. + +Pupiparous: bringing forth young ready to pupate. + +Pupivorous: feeding upon pupa: especially applied to those +Hymenoptera that are parasitic upon insects in the pupal stage. + +Purpurascent: becoming purple in shade. + +Purpureous -eus: purple [mauve]. + +Pustular a colored point of moderate circumference. + +Pustulated hair: in Mallophaga those arising from unchitinized +spaces. + +Pygidium: the last dorsal segment of abdomen left exposed by the +elytra: in Forficulidw, the last dorsal segment: in Diaspincr, the +compound terminal segment. + +Pygofer: the last segment of the abdomen in certain Homoptera, +especially the lateral margins which appear in the ventral view; hence +sometimes used in the plural - pygofers. + +Pygophore: the large upper piece of the genitalia in Homoptera. + +Pygotheca: the parts containing the genitalia in Homoptera. + +Pyloric: referring to the posterior extremity of the chylific ventricle. + +Pyloric valve: the specialized posterior portion of crop where there is +no distinct gizzard. + +Pyloric valvule: a circular projection of the stomach behind which is +an enlargement of the intestine. + +Pylorus: the chylific ventricle. + +Pyriform: shaped like a pear. + + + + +Q + +Quadra -ri -ro: as a prefix, means four. + +Quadrate: square or nearly so. + +Quadrifarium: having four rows. + +Quadrilateral: four-sided: formed or bounded by four lines: in +Odonata, a space on the wings of Zygoptera bounded by the lower +sector of arculus, the sub-median vein, a cross-vein between these +two, and the lower part of arculus. + +Queen: the actively reproducing female among worker insects. + +Quiescent: not active: applied to the pupae in forms with complete +metamorphosis. + +Quiet: subdued: not conspicuous or contrasting in color or +maculation. + + + + +R + +Race: a variety of a species possessing constant characters which yet +are not specific; usually occurring in a different faunal region from the +type and may thus be geographical: nearly synonymous with +subspecies. + +Racemose: like a bunch of grapes: applied to ovaries when they form +bunches or sacs. + +Rachis: a ridge or keel dividing the spinning canal at base, in +caterpillars; the shank of an antennal joint into which the lateral +spines or other processes are inserted. + +Radial: pertaining to the radius or radial vein. + +Radial area: in Orthoptera; the space between the mediastinal ( +subcosta) and radial veins: see scapular area. + +Radial cells: the wing area between the radius and media; often +divided: in the plural (Comst.), are those cells anteriorly margined by +the radius or its branches. + +Radial cross vein: (Comst.), is that which divides cell, radius 1. + +Radial sector: in general, the lower of the two primary divisions of the +radius (Comst.): in Odonata, an indirect branch from the media, just +below and parallel with media 2. + +Radial vein: in Homoptera, the first important vein next the costa +between it and ulnar: in Orthoptera, = radius (Comst.): in Diptera, = +2d longitudinal vein (Meigen), = radius 2 (Comst.). + +Radiate veins: the longitudinal veins spreading fan-like in the anal +field of secondaries: = anal veins; q.v. + +Radiated: marked with lines proceeding from a common centre. + +Radicle or Radicula: that joint of the antenna that is articulated to the +head. + +Radio-medial cross vein: connects the radial and medial systems and +usually closes the radial cell (Comst.). + +Radius: (Comst.); the third of the longitudinal veins starting from +base and dividing into not more than five branches before reaching +the margin: the branches are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, +respectively, beginning at the costal margin and extending outward +and downward. + +Radix: base of wings, and their point of insertion; see pteropega. + +Rami -us: branches: a branch. + +Ramification: the branching out in every direction. + +Ramify: to branch out in every direction. + +Rammel-kammer: = copulation chamber; q.v. + +Ramose -ous: branched, or having long branches. + +Rapacious: predatory; capturing and eating prey. + +Raptatory: = raptorial; q.v. + +Raptoria: applied to that series of Orthoptera, in which the anterior +legs are fitted for grasping; Mantidae {Scanner's comment: No longer +Orthoptera, but Mantodea, a suborder of the Dictyoptera.} + +Raptorial: formed for seizing prey. + +Rare: seldom seen or found. + +Rasorial: formed for scratching; applied to leg structures. + +Ravenous: greedy; voracious; hungrily. + +Receptaculum seminis: a sac or pouch-like appendage at the junction +of the oviducts with the vagina; it is filled during copulation and the +eggs are fertilized from it as they are extruded. + +Reclinate: directed backward; e.g. the bristles in Diptera. + +Reclinatus: = reflexed; q.v. + +Reclivate: curved into a convex, then into a concave line. + +Recondite: the sting when concealed in the abdomen. + +Rectal cauda: the terminal, tubular process or tail terminating the +abdomen of some male Hemiptera. + +Rectal glands: appendages to or thickenings of the rectum secreting a +lubricating material. + +Rectal tracheal gills: lamelliform structures in the rectum of the +nymphs of some Odonata, supplied with trachea and tracheoles and +serving as respiratory organs. + +Rectangular: in the form of a right or rectangle. + +Rectangulate: forming or meeting in a right angle. + +Rectigrade: larvae which, having sixteen feet, walk with a rectilinear +body. + +Rectilinear: in the form of a straight line. + +Rectum: a chamber, variable in size and form, just within the anus, in +which the excretions are formed or molded for expulsion from the +body:= cloaca. + +Rectus: right or straight. + +Recumbent: lying down; reclining. + +Recurrent: running backward: applied to nerves it = stomatogastric. + +Recurrent nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.), is the medial cross vein +(Comst.), from the point of branching to the junction. + +Recurrent vein: in Hemerobiidae, the first branch of the subcosta +when it recurves toward the base of the wing. + +Recurved: bowed backward. + +Reductus: a zig-zag marking or corrugation. + +Reflected or Reflexed: angularly bent backward. + +Refracted: bent back as if broken. + +Region: a space or area adjoining a specified point: a part of the body +composed of a number of segments, as the head, the thorax, or the +abdomen. + +Rejuvenescence: a renewal of youth; bringing back to a condition of +youth. + +Remote: further removed than distant. + +Reniform: kidney-shaped: applied to a macula approximating that +shape, found at the end of median cell in many moths. + +Repand: wavy; with alternate segments of circles and intervening +angles. + +Replicate: wings folded back upon the base; like the secondaries in +Coleoptera. + +Replicatile: capable of being folded back. + +Repugnatorial: serving to repel: so offensive as to drive away: applied +to glands that secrete an offensive material. + +Reservoir: a case or cavity for the storage of any fluid or secretion. + +Resilient: elastic; having the property of springing back. + +Respiration: breathing or taking breath: union of oxygen with tissues +and liberation of carbon dioxide from same. + +Restricted: held back: confined to a limited area. + +Resupinate: upside down; horizontally reversed. + +Rete: the fatty mass of insects: also applied generally to any +structureless membrane or layer. + +Reticulate: like net-work. + +Reticulum: a net-work; as of a cell. + +Retina: that portion of the eye upon which the image is formed. + +Retinaculum: in Lepidoptera, the loop into which the frenulum of the +male is fitted; = hamus, q.v.: in Hymenoptera, horny, movable scales +serving to move the sting or to prevent its being darted out too far: in +Coleoptera, the middle, tooth-like process of the larval mandible. + +Retinal pigment: the pigment layer of the compound eye just above the +basilar or fenestrate membrane. + +Retinophora: = retinula; q.v. + +Retinula -ae: the retina of a single ocellus: the nerve fibres or cells +between pigment cells and retina of the compound eye. + +Retracted: drawn back; opposed to prominent. + +Retractile: capable of being drawn in or retracted. + +Retractor: used in drawing in or back; as a muscle. + +Retroarcuate: curved backwards. + +Retrocession: the going or moving backward. + +Retrose: (sinuate), pointing backwards; (serrate) inversely serrated. + +Retuse: ending in an obtuse sinus or broad, shallow notch, terminated +by an obtuse hollow. + +Reversed: turned in, an unusual or contrary direction, as upside down +or inside out: said of wings when they are deflexed, the margin of +secondaries projecting beyond those of primaries. + +Reviviscence: coming back to life; awakening from hibernation. + +Revolute: spirally rolled backward. + +Rhabdites: the blade-like elements of the sting and ovipositor: a rod +or bladelike process projecting from the epidermis. + +Rhabdom: the rod lying in the axis of the retinula, below the +crystalline cone of an eye. + +Rhabdomere: the rod-like distal portion of a retinular cell. + +Rhabdopoda: clasping organs of the 9th abdominal segment of male. + +Rhinarium: a nostril piece or portion of the nasus: q.v.: in Odonata, +the lower portion of clypeus = ante-clypeus; q.v. + +Rhipiptera: = Strepsiptera q.v. + +Rhomboidal: having the form of a rhomb. + +Rhombus: a quadrangular figure having its four sides equal and its +opposite lines parallel, with two opposite angles acute and two obtuse. + +Rhopalocera: that series of Lepidoptera in which the antenna are alike +in both sexes and form a club at tip. + +Rhodoptera: apterous insects with sucking mouth structures. + +Rhophoteira: an ordinal term for the fleas (Clairville). + +Rhynchophora: that section of Coleoptera, in which the head is +produced into a snout, at the end of which the mouth structures are +situated; gular sutures confluent: prosternal sutures wanting: the +weevils. + +Rhynchota: = Rhyngota: q.v. + +Rhynchus: of Fabricius, = promuscis: q.v. + +Rhyngota: insects in which the mouth parts are prolonged into a beak +or rostrum which serves as a protection to the piercing lancets: +Hemiptera in the broad sense. + +Rhythmical: occurring at regular intervals in the production of +opposite conditions. + +Rigid: inflexible: holding a direct course. + +Rima: a crack or longitudinal opening with sharp edges. + +Rimose: full of cracks. + +Ring: a circle or annulus, usually margining a discolored spot. + +Ringent: gaping. + +Riparian: along the river or along shore. + +Ripicolous: dwelling on river banks: riparian. + +Rorulentum: dusty: =pulverulent: q.v. + +Roseate-eous,-ens: rose colored: pale blood red [rose]. + +Rosette-shaped: in the form of a double rose: clustered round a +centre. + +Rostellum: a small beak; applied to the mouth parts of sucking lice: +also used in Hemiptera, as = rostrum; q.v. + +Rostral: pertaining or attached to a rostrum; specifically of +Hemiptera. + +Rostrate: the head, when it has a long protraction bearing the mouth +parts. + +Rostriform: produced like a beak or snout. + +Rostrum: a snout-like prolongation of the head: in Coleoptera, +applied to the rigid extension in the snout beetles: in Hemiptera, is the +jointed beak covering the piercing lancets; and this is the better use +of the term. + +Rotate: wheel-shaped. + +Rotator: used for turning; applied to muscles. + +Rotatory: an articulation that permits a rotating motion, e.g. a ball +and socket joint. + +Rotula: a small round segment sometimes present between the joints +of antenna; and palpi: = torquillus. + +Rotule: the trochantine. + +Rotundate: rounded: in the form of a circle or segment of a circle: +without angles: said of margins when they pass gradually into each +other and do not form an angle at their point of junction. + +Royal jelly: the food supplied to bee larva that develop into queens. + +Royal pairs or Royalties: the sexually active males and females of +social insects. + +Ruben: red, approaching carmine [alizar crimson]. + +Rubescent: reddish or becoming red. + +Rubiginose: a rusty red [dragon's blood, but brighter]. + +Rubinous: ruby red: like the eye of a house fly. + +Rudiment -any: the beginning of any structure or part before it has +developed. + +Rufescent: reddish. + +Rufous: brick-red [chronic yellow + dragon's blood]. + +Ruga, Rugulae: a wrinkle; small wrinkles. + +Rugose -ous: wrinkled: with irregular waved elevated lines. + +Rugulose -ous; minutely wrinkled. + +Runcinate: notched: cut into several transverse acute segments +which point backward. + +Ruptor ovi: = egg burster; q.v. + +Rutilous: a shining bronze red. + + + + + + +S + +Sabulose: sandy or gritty. + +Sac: in Coccidae, the separate cottony envelope secreted by many +species. + +Saccate: gibbous or inflated toward one end. + +Saccule: a little sac or pouch. + +Saccus: a lobe of ventral plate of 9th segment in female Lepidoptera. + +Saddle: the chitinous plate on the anal siphon of Culicid larvae. + +Sagitta: arrow-like spots on the wings of Lepidoptera and other +insects. + +Sagittae: the inner pair of forceps in male genitalia of aculeate +Hymenoptera: see stipites. + +Sagittal: equivalent to longitudinal. + +Sagittal plane: the longitudinal vertical plane which divides an animal +into right and left halves. + +Sagittate: shaped like an arrow head: elongate triangular. + +Salient: projecting; jutting out. + +Saliva: the secretion of the salivary glands that moistens and begins +the digestion of the food. + +Salivary glands: glands that open into the mouth or at the beginning +of the alimentary canal, secreting a digestive, irritant or viscid +material. + +Salivary receptacle: a small cavity above the opening of the salivary +duct, between labium and hypopharynx. + +Salivary pump: applied to the chitinous, cup-like structure at the base +of the labial stylets of piercing Diptera; e.g. mosquitoes. + +Saltatoria: that series of Orthoptera in which the posterior legs are +formed for jumping. + +Saltatorial or Saltatory: formed for jumping or leaping: a posterior +femur when much enlarged and dilated. + +Saltatory appendage: in Collembola = furcula; q.v. + +Sanguineous -eus: red like arterial blood [crimson lake]. + +Sanguinolent: bloody; in color or appearance. + +Sapphyrinus: sapphire blue [French blue]. + +Sarcolemma: the elastic covering of the striated muscular fibres. + +Sarothrum: the basal joint of posterior tarsus in pollen gatherers: see +metatarsus. + +Saturate: deeply or strongly marked; in a color, means intense. + +Saxicolous: species that frequent rocky or stony areas. + +Saws: the ovipositors of the saw flies or Tenthredinidae. + +Scaber: uneven, rough. + +Scabriculous: regularly and finely wrinkled. + +Scabrose -ous: rough like a file, with small raised points. + +Scalariform: ladder-like; applied to venation when the veinlets +between two longitudinal veins are regularly arranged like the rungs of +a ladder. + +Scale: a general term to distinguish Coccidae: specifically the +puparium of a Diaspid, comprising exuviae and excreted matter: the +waxy covering of a male Lecaniid: in Diptera = alula: q.v. + +Scales: broad flattened hairs, forming the wing vestiture of +Lepidoptera, and present in various other insects. + +Scalloped: an edge marked by segments of circles without intervening +angles. + +Scalpellus: a lancet-like piercing structure, as in some Diptera. + +Scalpriform: chisel-shaped. + +Scansorial: said of feet, when formed for climbing on hair. + +Scape: the long basal joint of a geniculate antenna in Coleoptera; +usually applied to the three basal joints, as in Hymenoptera. + +Scaphiform: boat-shaped. + +Scaphium: a ventral process of the 10th abdominal segment in male +Lepidoptera below the uncus. + +Scapula: in Lepidoptera the shoulder tippets, patagia or axillae; q.v.: +in Hymenoptera, the side pieces of the mesonotum; also, a trochanter +of the fore-leg; in Proctotrupidae the lateral lobes on each side of the +parapsidal furrow. + +Scapulae: in Hemiptera, the inferior lateral face of mesonotum. + +Scapular: the episternum; q.v.: applied to the scapula. + +Scapular area: in a wing, is that portion nearest the shoulder: in +Orthoptera, = radial area. + +Scapularia: a meso-episternum: see scapula. + +Scapular vein: in Orthoptera, = radius. + +Scapus: = scape. + +Scarabidoid: applied to that stage of a meloid larva in which it +resembles a white grub or Scarabid larva. + +Scarified: a surface with irregular depressions, as if clawed or +scratched. + +Scariose -ous: dry and scaly. + +Scatophagous: feeding upon dung or excrement:= merdivorous. + +Scent glands, or organs: glandular structures; sometimes eversible, +sometimes in the form of hair tufts or pencils for diffusing odors that +may be repellant or attractive; most frequently found in males as a +secondary sexual character. + +Scent pores: = ostioles; q.v. + +Sclerite: any piece of the body wall bounded by sutures. + +Scopa: a brush: a covering of short, stiff hair of equal length: in +Hymenoptera, the thick hair covering the posterior tibia of +pollen-gathering forms. + +Scopate: furnished with a scopa. + +Scopula: a small, dense tuft of hair: the bristles or stiff hairs covering +the inner side of basal joint on the tarsi of pollen-gathering +Hymenoptera. + +Scopulipedes: bees which have pollen gathering structures on the feet. + +Scraper: the hardened portion of the inner margin of the tegmina in +crickets used in producing the song. + +Scriptus: lettered or marked with characters resembling letters. + +Scrobes: grooves formed for the reception or concealment of an +appendage specifically, in Rhynchophora, grooves at the sides of the +rostrum to receive the scape of antenna 2: also applied to grooves on +the sides of mandibles: in Hymenoptera, the usually circular +impressions upon the frons, in which the scapes revolve: in +Orthoptera, the pits in which the antenna; are situate. + +Scrobiculated: having the surface covered with deep round pits. + +Scrotal membrane: the envelope covering the testes in some insects. + +Scrotiform: purse-shaped. + +Scrotum: = scrotal membrane; q, v. + +Sculpture: the markings or pattern of impression or elevation on an +elytra or other body surface. + +Sculptured: a surface, when marked with elevations or depressions or +both, arranged in some definite manner. + +Scutate-iform: shield or buckler-shaped. + +Scutcheon: = scutellum; q.v.: also used by some authors (Walker) for +the pronotum in Homoptera. + +Scutel: = scutellum: q.v. + +Scutellar angle: of elytra is next to the scutel when wing is expanded. + +Scutellar bridge: in Diptera, a small ridge on either side of the +Scutellum, connecting it with the mesonotum. + +Scutellar space: in Mantids, an area between antennae and clypeus. + +Scutellate: dish- or platter-shaped. + +Scutellum: the third dorsal sclerite of the meso- and meta-thorax: in +Coleoptera, the triangular piece between the elytra at base and +universally referred to as the scutellum: in Heteroptera, a similar +sclerite between base of hemelytra: in Diptera, a sub-hemispherical. +body posteriorly cut off by an impressed line from the dorsum of the +meso-thorax. + +Scutes: the chitinous shields or plates on the segments of larvae. + +Scutiform: = scutate; q.v. + +Scutum: the second dorsal sclerite of the meso- and meta-thorax. + +Seal-brown: a brilliant deep red-brown: almost like, but darker than +castaneous [between dragon's blood and Indian red]. + +Sebaceous: fatty or oily; applied to glands secreting such substances. + +Sebific: oily; sebaceous; somewhat sticky. + +Sebific duct: carries the excretions of the colleterial gland to the bursa +copulatrix. + +Second antennal segment: the third or tritocerebral segment of head. + +Secondaries: the hind wings; always attached to the meta-thorax. + +Secondary sexual characters: features possessed by one sex but not +the other, other than the differences of the reproductive organs +themselves; e.g. color, size, shape, etc. + +Second clypeus: see anteclypeus. + +Second costal cell: in Hymenoptera (Pack.); is the stigma. + +Second inner apical: in Hymenoptera (Nort.), = media 3 (Comst), to the +junction of medial cross-vein; also called sub-marginal nervure in +part. + +Second lateral thoracic suture: in Odonata, extends front base of +secondaries to the rear of the third coxa. + +Second longitudinal vein: in Diptera:= radius 2 + 3 (Comst). Second +maxilla: the labium: q.v. + +Second maxillary segment: the seventh or labial segment of head. + +Second median area: see median area; areola. + +Second submarginal nervure: Hymenoptera (Nort.), = radius 5 +(Comst.). + +Secretion: any matter produced by a gland: in Coccidae, specifically, +the waxy, fibrous, cottony or silky substances forming the "scales." + +Secretionary supplement: that part of a Diaspid scale extending +beyond or around the pellicles. + +Secretory: concerned in the process of secretion. + +Sectores coronis: the tearing or cutting structures used by the +Lepidoptera in working out of a cocoon. + +Sectors: longitudinal veins in Odonata, which strike the principal +veins at an angle, and usually reach the apex or hind margin: they +are radial, subnodal, principal, nodal, median, short, and upper and +lower of triangle: all of which see. + +Secund: pointing one way: unilateral. + +Securiform: triangular-compressed; like the blade of a hatchet. + +Sedentary: not active: settled or remaining in one place. + +Segment: a ring or division bounded by incisions or sutures: a +segment of an insect or of any articulate is a transverse portion +reaching entirely across the body, originally separated on the exterior +by incisions or sutures from the preceding and the succeeding +segments, having attached to it not more than one pair of ventral +appendages, containing internally not more than one pair of nerve +ganglia which supply nerves to the pair of appendages; = somite, +arthromere: fusion of segments frequently obscures, as in the head: +externally the walls of one segment may be composed of a number of +sclerites separated from each other by secondary sutures. + +Segmentate: made up of rings or segments. + +Segmentation of egg: the division of the originally single celled egg into +a number of coherent cells or blastomeres; = cleavage. + +Segregated: detached or scattered into groups. + +Segregation: a separation or placing apart. + +Sejunctus: separated. + +Sellate: saddle-shaped. + +Sematophore: a seminal packet, composed of the seminal fluid mixed +with the excretions of the accessory glands. + +Sembling: = assembling; q.v. + +Semen: the fluid secreted in the testes, containing the spermatozoa. + +Semi-: half. + +Semicircular: like the half of a circle. + +Semi-complete: in metamorphosis, = incomplete; q.v. + +Semicordate: half or partly heart-shaped. + +Semicoronate: partly surrounded by a margin of spines, hooks or the +like. + +Semicoronet: a margin of spines or hooks partly surrounding a +structure or process. + +Semi-cylindrical: like a groove or half a cylinder. + +Semi-hyaline: hyaline in part only: not altogether transparent. + +Semi-looper: a caterpillar in which one or two pairs only of the +abdominal legs are wanting and where in progression, only small +loops are formed: see looper. + +Semi-lunar: in the form of half a crescent. + +Semi-lunar valve: guards the auriculo-ventricular opening of the +heart. + +Seminal ducts: = vasa deferentia; q.v. + +Seminal vesicles: enlarged tube or pouch-like structures which serve +to store the seminal fluid of the male, and in which the later stages of +its development may take place. + +Seminiferous: semen-secreting. + +Semipupa: that stage of the larva just preceding pupation: more +specifically the interpolated stage between the active larva and the +true pupa, in hyper-metamorphosis. + +Semi-saggitate: like the longitudinal half of an arrow head. + +Semitropical or Gulf strip: is the southern part of the Austro-riparian +area extends from Texas to Southern Florida, covers a narrow strip in +So. Georgia and probably follows the coastal lowlands into South +Carolina. + +Sensim: gradually. + +Sensoria: the circular openings covered by membrane, on the antenna +or legs of plant lice. + +Sensory: relating to or having a sense function. + +Sensory pittings: deep pits or punctures through the surface, which +may or may not bear pegs, bristles or seta, and may be open or +covered by a membrane; serving as organs of perception for sounds or +smells. + +Septa, Septula: in Odonata, the triangular area of the mesonotum +before the insertion of the primaries: = calli axillary. + +Septum: an internal division of a body cavity. + +Sequence: the order in which things follow; e.g. species or genera. + +Seriatim: placed in longitudinal rows. + +Sericeous: silky: clothed with very dense minute hair which gives a +silky lustre. + +Sericterium -ies: the silk producing gland or glands in caterpillars: the +spinning structures. + +Series: a group of species, genera or families, arranged to show +agreement in a common character which is not of sufficient +importance to warrant the next higher division. + +Serific glands: are these which produce a thick, mucous-like secretion +which, on hardening, forms silk. + +Serosa: the outer membrane that envelops the forming embryo, the +amnion and the remainder of the egg. + +Serpentinous: a dirty, dark green [Hooker's green]. + +Serra: a saw or saw-like part. + +Serrate: saw-toothed, the teeth set toward one end. + +Serrato-dentate: toothed, the edges themselves saw-toothed. + +Serratulate: with little teeth or serrations. + +Serricornia: that series of Coleoptera in which the antenna are serrate +or saw-toothed. + +Serriferous: possessing a saw-like ovipositor in the female; the +saw-flies. + +Serrulate: with numerous little saw teeth. + +Serum: the fluid in which the blood corpuscles float or are suspended. + +Sesquialter or Sesquiocellus: a large ocellus including a smaller one. + +Sesquitertial: occupying a fourth part. + +Sessile: closely seated: the abdomen, when it is closely attached for +nearly or quite its full width to the thorax. + +Sessiliventres: Hymenoptera in which the abdomen is sessile. + +Seta -ae: a pointed bristle or long stiff hair: slender, hair-like +appendages. + +Setaceous: bristle-shaped: slender, gradually tapering to a tip. + +Setarious aristate: the dipterous antenna when the arista is simple. + +Setiferous: = setigercus; q.v. + +Setiform: in the form of a bristle or seta: when a slender short bristle +arises from a thicker basal joint. + +Setigenous: the hypodermal cells that give rise to setae. + +Setigerous: bearing setae or bristles; e.g. punctures. + +Setiparous: producing hair or sets. + +Setireme: the hairy, oar-like legs of aquatic insects. + +Setose -ous: bristly or set with bristles. + +Setula: a small stiff bristle or seta: in Diptera, the small thorn at the +end of the sub-costa. + +Setulose: clothed with fine seta or setulae. + +Sex: as a number, six: the physical difference between male and +female: usually indicated by the sign of Mars (?) for male, and Venus +(?) for female; workers or undeveloped females have the sign of Venus +without the cross line, or a combination of the two others. + +Sexuparae: that generation of plant lice which produces the true +sexes. + +Shade: a cloudy, ill-defined streak or band. + +Shagreened: a surface roughened with minute tooth-like projections. + +Shank: = tibia; q.v. + +Shard: a chitinous sheath or elytron. + +Sharp: with a pointed tip or thin edge; opposed to blunt. + +Sheath of penis: in Odonata, a median, hood-like piece between the +hamules, under which the penis is folded when not in use. + +Shin: = tibia; q.v. + +Short sector: in Odonata, = media 4 (Comst.). + +Shoulder: loosely applied to an obtuse angulation; more generally to +the humeral angle of fore wings or elytra: the anterior angles of +thorax in Lepidoptera; the angles of prothorax in Heteroptera: the +lateral angles of metazona of pronotum in Orthoptera. + +Sialisterium: a salivary gland. + +Side: the lateral margin of the body. + +Side piece: in genitalia of male Culicids the main lateral part of the +clasping organ or basal segment of clasp. + +Sides of thorax: in Odonata, includes the pleura of meso- and meta- +thorax, less the meso-episterna. + +Sienna: a brownish orange [brown ochre]. + +Sigmoid: shaped like the Greek letter sigma, or English S. + +Signate -us: = with marks or spots; see notate. + +Signature: a colored blotch of any size or shape. + +Silaceous: = ochraceous. + +Silk: the hardened salivary secretion of certain larvae, mainly of +Lepidoptera. similar material is produced by anal glands of some larva +in Neuroptera. + +Silk-glands: a pair of modified salivary glands in certain larva, mostly +of Lepidoptera that secrete a viscid fluid which, on contact with the +air, hardens into a silken fibre. + +Silvicolous: living in moist, shady woods. + +Simple, Simplex: without process, armature, or appendage of any +kind. + +Simple eyes: = ocelli; q.v. + +Sinciput: in Coleoptera; that part of the vertex between the eyes. + +Sinistrad: toward the left. + +Sinistral: extending to or at the left from the median line. + +Sinistro-caudad: extending obliquely from the left toward the tail. + +Sinistro-cephalad: extending obliquely from the left toward the head. + +Sinuate: cut into sinuses; applied to lines and margins with an in and +out curve. + +Sinuated: winding: with the edge scooped into sinuses. + +Sinuato-convex: sinuate and convex. + +Sinuato-lobate: sinuate and lobed. + +Sinuato-truncate: truncated, with the margin sinuate. + +Sinuous: undulating; curved in and out. + +Sinus: a curvilinear indentation more or less profound: an excavation +as if scooped out: a curved break in an otherwise straight margin. + +Siphon: a tube-like mouth organ in certain insects: the breathing +tube of a Culicid larva: any tubular external process or structure. + +Siphonaptera: an ordinal name for insects which are wingless: mouth +formed for piercing and sucking; saltatorial; transformations +complete: the fleas = Aphaniptera; q.v. + +Siphonata: = Homoptera or, more specifically, plant lice and leaf +hoppers. + +Siphonets: see honey tubes. + +Siphonophora: = Coccinellidae; the term is preoccupied in the +Coelenterates. + +Siphunculata: the sucking lice. + +Siphunculus: the suctorial organ of a louse, contained within the +tubule: in plant lice =honey tubes; q.v. + +Situ (in): in its natural place or position. + +Sixth longitudinal vein: in Diptera; = 1st anal vein (Comst.). + +Skeleton: the hard chitinous parts which externally (exoskeleton) or +internally (endoskeleton) form a protective covering, or serve as points +of attachment, to muscles and other soft organs. + +Skippers: a popular term for Hesperid butterflies: the dipterous larva +sometimes found in cheese and other provisions. + +Slaty: very dark blackish gray with a reddish tinge [neutral with a +little Indian red]. + +Slug: in general, any larva that has a slimy viscid appearance, and the +body closely applied to the food plant: more specifically, the larvae of +certain saw-flies and of some Coleoptera. + +S. M. interspace: sub-median interspace in the primaries of +Lepidoptera, includes the space between the median and sub-median +veins; (cubitus and 1st anal, Comst.). + +Smaltinus: a dull grayish blue. + +Smaragdinus: emerald green [pale green]. + +Smooth: a surface without elevations or indentations. + +Snout: the prolongation of the head in Rhynchophora at the end of +which the mouth parts are situated: see rostrum. + +Social: living in communities: more especially those species in which +undeveloped or worker forms occur and where the colony has a single +female head. + +Soldiers: in termites; forms sexually undeveloped, in which the +mandibles are pincer-like and the head is much enlarged: worker +majors in certain ants. + +Solid: applied to an organ usually jointed, when these joints form into +one mass; e.g. the capitulum of certain clavate antennae. + +Solitary-arius: occurring singly or in pairs; not in colonies. + +Somatic: relating to the body, or abdomen. + +Somatotheca: that part of pupa covering abdominal rings:= +gasterotheca. + +Somite: = arthromere. + +Sonifaction: the production of sound: = stridulation; q.v. + +Sonoran faunal areas: see upper and lower Sonoran. + +Sonorific: sound producing: applied to stridulating organs. + +Sordid: dirty; dull. + +Spadiceous: bay brown [dragon's blood + brown ochre]. + +Spado: the worker or neuter in bees and ants. + +Sparse: scattered: single hairs, scales or sculptures set well apart. + +Spatha: a median piece in male genitalia of aculeate Hymenoptera, +covering the bases of the sagitte. + +Spatula: the breast bone (q.v.) of cecidomyid larvae. + +Spatulate: rounded and broad at top, attenuate at base. + +Specialization: the adaptation of an organ to a definite purpose, or of +an organism to fit a determinate environment. + +Species: an aggregation of individuals alike in appearance and +structure, mating freely and producing young that themselves mate +freely and bear fertile offspring resembling each other and their +parents: a species includes all its varieties and races. + +Specific character: a feature common to all individuals of a species, by +means of which they may be distinguished from all other individuals +of other species: = essential character. + +Specular: mirror-like: transparent. + +Specular membrane: in male Cicada, the inner or posterior mirror-like +membrane of the sound-organ: = mirror. + +Speculum: a transparent area or spot on wings of some Lepidoptera; +the glassy areas at base of tegmina in male Orthoptera that serve as +sounding boards: a spot on the neck of some caterpillars. + +Sperm: the seminal fluid: in plural form is sometimes used as = +spermatozoa; q.v. + +Spermatheca: = spermatotheca; q.v. + +Spermatid: the final cells which are converted without further division +into spermatozoa: they arise by division of the second spermatocytes +(Wilson). + +Spermatocytes: the cells arising from the spermatogonia. The primary +spermatocyte arises by growth of one of the last generation of +spermatogonia. By its division are formed two secondary +spermatocytes, each of which give rise to two spermatids (Wilson). + +Spermatogenesis: the development of spermatozoa. + +Spermatogonia: the descendants of the primordial germ cells in the +male. Each ultimate spermatogonium typically gives rise to four +spermatozoa. + +Spermatophora: a sac or case containing spermatozoa. + +Spermatotheca: the sac or reservoir in the female, that receives the +sperm during coition: = spermatheca and receptaculum seminis. + +Spermatozoön-zoa: the male cell or cells which, by uniting with the +ova, fertilize them. + +Spherical: in the form of a sphere: a body in which all diameters are +equal. + +Spherule: a minute sphere or globule. + +Spicula: a slender needle-like process: e.g. the sting in bees: also +employed as = ovipositor: q.v. + +Spiculiform: like a slender, needle-like process. + +Spiculum: a small spicule or thin, pointed process. + +Spinate: produced into an acuminate spine. + +Spindle-shaped: cylindrical, elongate, thicker in the middle, tapering +to each end: fusiform. + +Spine: a sharp process: in Coccidae there are two, one each side of +each segment of the pygidium. + +Spiniferous: bearing, or clothed with spines. + +Spiniform: in the form or shape of a spine. + +Spinneret: the ligula in bombycid and some other larvae, modified for +silk spinning: any organ consisting of an internal tube, terminating in +a pore, spine or process, producing a silky or waxy fibre: in the +plural, the organs concerned in the emission of the silky or cottony +filaments of which the scales or sacs of Coccidae are produced: = +fusulus. + +Spinose -ous -ed: set with acute processes or spines. + +Spinous-radiate: beset with spines in a circle, either concatenate, +united at their bases, or setaceous, like bristles. + +Spinulae: spinous processes at the apex of the tibia: also called +spines, spurs or heels. + +Spinulate -ose: set with little spines or spinules. + +Spinules: little spines. + +Spira: the coiled ovipositor of Cynipidae. + +Spiracle -cula: a breathing pore: q.v.: in the plural the lateral +openings on the segments of the insect body through which air enters +the tracheae:= stigmata. + +Spiracular area: the anterior of the three areas between lateral and +pleural carinae on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera: =first +pleural area. + +Spiracular line: in caterpillars is that which includes the spiracles: = +stigmatal. + +Spiracular sulcus: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, is a grooved +linear channel extending from spiracle to apical margin. + +Spiral: rolled up like a watch spring, or twisted like a cork-screw. +{Scanner's comment: Nowadays it is more correct to regard the +corkscrew as helical and the watch spring as spiral.} + +Spiral fibre: the spiral thickening or folding of the chitinous lining of a +trachea, which gives to the latter its characteristic microscopic +appearance as well as its support and elasticity:= ctenidium. + +Spirignath: = spiritrompe. + +Spiritrompe: the spiral tongue in Lepidoptera. + +Splanchnic: applied to the outer embryonic layer of the rudiment of +the mid-intestine: or the inner layer of the mesoderm which, +becoming applied to the walls of the alimentary canal, develops into +the muscle fibres thereof. + +Splendens -ent: shining: with a metallic glitter. + +Splitter: one who splits or describes species or genera upon minute +characters which the "Lumper" (q.v.) deems insufficient to authorize +them. + +Spongioplasm: the net-like structure of protoplasm in a cell. + +Spongiose: a soft, elastic tissue resembling a sponge. + +Spoon: = bouton; q.v. + +Spring: in Collembola. = furcula: q.v. + +Spur: a short, stiff, generally blunt process and usually not +articulated at its base: in the plural refers to paired spiniform +processes at or near the end of tibia:. + +Spur formula: a numerical expression of their arrangement; as 2-3-4; + two spurs on fore tibia, 3 on middle, and 4 on posterior; in +Trichoptera. + + +Spurius: false: applied to aborted anterior legs in some diurnal +Lepidoptera. + +Spurious cell: in Diptera (Pack.), = 3d anal (Comst.). + +Spurious veins: certain folds or thickenings in the wing surface which +resemble a vein so nearly as to be readily mistaken and sufficiently +constant to be useful in classification. + +Squama: in Odonata, the sclerite that bears the palpus of both maxilla +and labium: the scale-like first abdominal segment of some ants: a +scale-like appendage covering the base of primaries in Lepidoptera, +and so = patagium; q.v.: a small scale above the halteres in Diptera: +in this order Packard uses squama for the lobed scale and restricts +alula to the lobe-like appendage: Osten-Sacken uses squama for the +posterior scale alone and antisquama for the anterior. + +Squames: the flattened, fimbriated or spine-like marginal processes of +the pygidium in Diaspinae, other than the lobes and true spines: = +"plates," of Comst.; or "scaly hairs" of Maskell. + +Squamiform: having a scale-like form. + +Squamose -ous: scaly or covered with scales. + +Squamula: a small corneous scale covering the base of primaries in +some insects: = tegula, q.v.: in Diptera, = alula. + +Squarrous: scurfy: clothed with rough scales differing in direction, +standing upright, or not parallel to the surface. + +Stadium -ia: the interval between the molts of larvae:= instar q.v.: +any one period in the development of an insect. + +Stage: refers to the period of development; e.g. larval, pupal, etc. + +Stalked bodies: = gyri cerebrales; q.v. + +Stellate: star-shaped; with four or five radiating lines. + +Stelocyttares: social wasps in which the comb layers of the nest are +supported by pillars and not connected with the envelope: see +poecilocyttares and phragmocyttares. + +Stemapoda: the modified filamentous anal legs of Cerura and other +Notodontid larvae. + +Stemmata: simple eyes or ocelli; q.v. + +Stem-mother: in plant lice; that form hatching from the winter egg, +which starts a series of agamic summer generations. + +Stenocephalous: with a narrow, elongate head. + +Stenorhynchan: narrow beaked or snouted. + +Stenothorax: a supposed ring between pro- and meso-thorax. + +Stercoral: relating or pertaining to excrement. + +Sterile: not capable of reproducing its kind. + +Sternal orifice: in Perlids; a peculiar slit on each side of the sternum, +extending inward and ending blindly := furcal orifice. + +Sternal spatula: = breast-bone; q.v. + +Sternauli: the short and often obsolete furrows on either side of the +mesosternum in Hymenoptera. + +Sternellum: the second sclerite of the ventral part of each thoracic +segment frequently divided into longitudinal parts which may be +widely separated. + +Sternite: the ventral piece in a ring or segment. + +Sternopleura: in Diptera, the lower part of the pleura, below the +sternopleural suture and above the front coxa. + +Sternopleural bristles: in Diptera, are situated on the sternopleura +below the sternopleural suture. + +Sternopleural suture: in Diptera, is below and nearly parallel with +dorso-pleural suture, separating the mesopleura from the +sternopleura. + +Sterno-rhabdite: a sternal rhabdite. + +Sternorhynchi: that series of Homoptera in which the beak or rostrum +apparently arises from the sternum between the anterior coxae; e.g. +plant lice, etc. + +Sternum -a: the breast: the middle portion of the under surface of +thorax, between the coxal cavities. + +Stethidium: the trunk: the entire thorax with all its appendages. + +Stigma: a spiracle or breathing pore: a dense, often discolored portion +of the costal margin of a wing, usually at the end of the radius; see +anastomosis: in Diptera, a colored wing spot near the tip of the +auxiliary vein: in Lepidoptera, the specialized patch of black scales on +the primaries of Hesperidae. + +Stigmata: the spiracles: also applied to the two spots, orbicular and +reniform, in the cell of the primaries of certain moths. + +Stigmatal line: in caterpillars, = spiracular; q.v. + +Stigmatiferous: applied to processes or structures bearing spiracles or +stigmata. + +Stimuli: the small acute spines on some larva, especially wood-borers + +Sting: the modified ovipositor in aculeate Hymenoptera. + +Stipes: the foot-stalk of the maxilla; articulated partly to the head, +partly to the cardo, and bearing the movable parts: modified into a +piercing structure in some Diptera and into a lever for flexing the +proboscis in others. + +Stipitate: supported on a stalk or pedicle. + +Stipites: the outer pair of forceps in male genitalia of aculeate +Hymenoptera see sagittae. + +S. T. line: sub-terminal line; crosses the primaries of many moths +just before the outer margin. + +S. T. space: the area between the t.p. line and s. t. line in moths. + +Stirps: a stock or stem: a division of classification similar to +super-family: not used at present. + +Stoma -ata: a breathing pore or pores:= stigma; q.v. + +Stomach: that portion of the alimentary canal, immediately following +the gizzard and preceding the ileum, into which most of the digestive +juices are poured = chylific ventricle. + +Stomatodaeum: that invagination of the ectoderm that forms the +mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, crop and gizzard. + +Stomatogastric: that system of nerves and ganglia, lying along the +dorsal and lateral surfaces of gullet and crop. + +Stomatotheca: that part of the pupa covering the mouth structures. + +Stramineous -eus: straw yellow [pale clay yellow]. + +Strangulate: constricted, as if by bands or cords. + +Stratified: arranged or made up in layers. + +Strepsiptera: twisted-wing: an ordinal term proposed for the parasitic +Stylopidae, now ranged as a family of Coleoptera = Rhipiptera. + +Stria: in Coleoptera, a longitudinal depressed line or furrow, +frequently punctured, extending from base to apex of elytra: in +Lepidoptera, a fine transverse line: in general, any longitudinal +impressed line. + +Striate -ed: marked with parallel, fine, impressed lines; or, in +Lepidoptera, with numerous fine transverse lines. + +Stridulate: to make a creaking noise by rubbing together two ridged or +roughened surfaces. + +Stridulation: a creaking sound produced by rubbing together two +striated or otherwise roughened surfaces: the act of stridulating or +the noise produced by it. + +Striga: a narrow, transverse line or slender streak, either surface or +impressed. {Scanner's note: the proper plural is strigae} + +Strigate: having striga: applied to a surface on which the striga are +impressed as in the elytra of some beetles, or to an ornamentation +composed of fine, short lines. {Scanner's note: sic; the proper plural is +strigae} + +Strigile -is: maculation that consists of parallel longitudinal lines: a +deep sinus near base of first joint of anterior tarsus. + +Strigillate -ation: = stridulate -anon; q.v. + +Strigose: clothed with rigid bristles that are thickest at base: rough, +with sharp bristles: = hispid. + +Strigula: a fine short transverse mark or line. + +Strigulated: with numerous strigulae. + +Striolate -us: with finely impressed parallel lines. + +Stripe: a longitudinal streak of color different from the ground. + +Style: in Aphids, the slender tubular process at the end of the +abdomen: in Coccids, a long spine-like appendage at the end of the +abdomen of the male; = genital spike: in Diptera, the ovipositor +(Loew); the single immovable organ immediately below the forceps in +male Tipulidae (O-S.) a thickened jointed arista at or near the tip of +the third antennal joint in the plural form applied to small, usually +pointed, exarticulate appendages, most frequently found on the +terminal segments of abdomen. + +Stylet: a small style or stiff process: one of the piercing mouth +structures in Diptera and Hemiptera. + +Styliform: in the shape of a stylus: terminating in a long slender point, +like the antenna in some Diptera. + +Stylopized: infested by a member of the Stylopidae. + +Stylotrachealis: with a long tube bearing a stigma, from the head case; +as the pupa of some Diptera. + +Stylus: a small, pointed, non-articulated process. + +Sub-: as a prefix, means that the main term is not entirely applicable, +but must be understood as modified in some way; e.g. sub-ovate, +may be either more or less than ovate and may be irregular in outline. + +Sub-aduncate: somewhat hooked or curved. + +Sub-anal plate: Orthoptera; = sub-genital lamina; q.v. + +Sub-apical lobe: of male genitalia in Culicids is the inner sub-apical +lobe of the side piece. + +Sub-apterous: almost wingless; with rudimentary wings only. + +Sub-clavate: somewhat thickened toward tip; but not quite +club-shaped. + +Sub-coriaceous: somewhat leathery. + +Sub-cortical: beneath the bark; as in larval borings, etc. + +Subcosta: (Comst.); that longitudinal vein extending parallel to the +costa and reaching the outer margin before the apex; not branched as +a rule of Packard, in Hymenoptera, = radius (Comst.). + +Subcostal cell: in Diptera (Schiner), = marginal cell (Loew), = radial 1 +(Comst.) in the plural (Comst.), all those cells anteriorly margined by +the subcosta first s.c. cell in Hymenoptera (Pack.), = radial and first +radial 1 (Comst.). + +Subcostal crossveins: in Odonata, are between subcosta and media on +the basal side of the first antecubital. + +Subcostal fold or furrow: lies between costa and radius. + +Subcostal nervule: Lepidoptera, on secondaries:= media 1 (Comst.): +s.c. 1 = radius 1 (Comst.); s.c. 2:= radius 2 (Comst.) s.c. 3 = radius +3 (Comst) s.c. 4 = radius 4 (Comst.) s.c. 5 = radius 5 (Comst.). + +Subcostal vein: in Diptera (Schiner), = 1st longitudinal vein (Meigen) +radius 1 (Comst.): in Lepidoptera, runs from base, parallel to costa, to +or beyond the middle, giving rise to branches which extend to the +outer margin and thus = radius (Comst.). + +Sub-cristate: with a moderately elevated ridge or keel on pronotum, in +Orthoptera. + +Subcutaneous: under the skin: applied to larvae that feed under the +skin of animals or within the substance of a leaf. + +Sub-dorsal: the space between the dorsum and the stigmata. + +Sub-dorsal line: in caterpillars is to the side of the dorsal and between +it and the lateral or, if there is an addorsal line, between that and the +lateral. + +Sub-dorsal ridge: in slug caterpillars, extends longitudinally along the +sub-dorsal row of abdominal tubercles. + +Sub-equal: similar, but not quite equal in size, form or other +characters. + +Sub-eroded: wing margins when somewhat, but irregularly, indented. + +Sub-falcate: when a wing is only a little excavated below the apex. + +Subfamily: a division of classification containing a group of closely +allied genera; different from other allied groups, yet not so as to make +a family series: opinionative, and ending in -inae. + +Sub-fossorial: legs used in digging: yet not greatly modified. + +Sub-frontal: close to the front; immediately behind the front margin. + +Sub-fulcrum: a sclerite between mentum and palpiger: rarely present. + +Sub-fusiform: somewhat spindle-shaped. + +Subgalea: a maxillary sclerite or segment, attached to the stipes, and +bearing the galea or outer lobe. + +Sub-geniculate: applied to antennae that are articulated from a short, +thick scope. + +Subgenital lamina or plates: plates underlying the genital organs in +Orthoptera. + +Subgenus: a division within a genus, based upon a character not +sufficient for generic separation; opinionative. + +Subglossa: in Odonata; a sclerite between the two halves of the +mentum (Graber): is really the true mentum. + +Sub-imago: sometimes applied as = nymph: that stage in Ephemerida +just after emergence from the pupa and before the final molt during +flight: that stage in the development of insects with free pupa when +the insect is fully colored but yet retains its pupal position. + +Sub-labrum: =epipharynx; q.v. + +Sublingual: beneath the tongue; applied to a pair of salivary glands in +bees. + +Submargin -al: an imaginary portion of a surface outside of the disk +and within the margin: a line is submarginal when it is well within +the margin but close to it. + +Submarginal area: of secondaries, lies between the costal margin and +the 1st strong vein. + +Submarginal cells: in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radial cells (Comst.): in +Diptera (Will.); = radial 3 (Comst.). + +Submarginal nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.); the irregular line of +veins extending on the whole parallel with the outer margin; +composed in part of media 1, 2, 3 and 4, the medial cross vein and +cubitus 1 (Comst.). + +Submedian cells: in Hymenoptera (Pack.); 1st = cubital + cubital 1 +(Comst.) 2d = medial 3 (Comst.); 3d = 2d medial 2 (Comst.). + +Submedian vein: in Odonata, =cubitus (Comst.); in Lepidoptera, = 1st +anal (Comst.), runs from base of primaries to the hind angle, close to +the inner margin and is v. 1 of the numerical series. + +Submental: pertaining to the sub-mentum. + +Submental peduncle: in Coleoptera, the prolonged portion of the gula +supporting the mentum. + +Submentum: the basal sclerite of the labium, by means of which it is +attached to the head. + +Subnodal sector: in Odonata, = radial sector (Comst.). + +Sub-nymph: applied to the resting or pupal stage of female Coccidae; +also to a supernumerary stage before the formation of the pupa, and +thus = pseudo-pupa. + +Sub-ocellate: an ocellate spot that is blind or without a pupil. + +Sub-ocular: beneath or below the eyes. + +Sub-oesophageal ganglion: situated in the head below the +oesophagus, formed by a union of the posterior three primitive head +ganglia. + +Sub-order: a division of an order higher than a family, based on a +character common to a large series of species; e.g. the Homoptera +and Heteroptera in the order of Hemiptera. + +Sub-pedunculate: in Coleoptera, when the constriction between +pro- and meso-thorax is so great as to give the appearance of +a narrow waist. + +Subreniform: a rounded spot or outline, below and sometimes +attached to the reniform spot in Catocala and some allied Noctuids. + +Sub-parallel: nearly parallel. + +Sub-primary sub-ventral tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal +segments of caterpillars; sub-ventral, posterior, not present in the +primitive first stage; it is VI of the abdomen, V of the thorax: +constant. + +Sub-sellate: nearly like or approaching the form of a saddle. + +Sub-servate: denticulate. + +Subspecies: a well-marked form of a species differing from the type in +some character of color or maculation which is recognizable but does +not prevent a fertile union: an indefinite and opinionative division. + +Subspiracular line: in caterpillars, margins the spiracles inferiorly. + +Substigmatal: that portion of the marginal cell below the stigma, in +bees: = 1st radial 1 (Comst.): applied to a line in caterpillars = +subspiracular. + +Sub-teres: nearly but not quite cylindrical. + +Subtile -is: slightly; feebly; small; pretty; graceful. + +Subtriangular space: = internal triangle: see triangle. + +Subtus: beneath; at the under surface. + +Subulate: awl-shaped: linear at base, attenuate at tip. + +Subulicornia: with awl-shaped antennae; applied to a combination of +Odonata and Ephemerida. + +Subuliform: formed like an awl: = subulate. + +Sub-ventral line: in caterpillars, extends along the sides just above the +base of the feet at lie edge between lateral and ventral. + +Sub-ventral ridge: in slug caterpillars extends longitudinally along the +sub-ventral series of abdominal tubercles. + +Sub-ventral space: in slug caterpillars is the area on each side, +between the lateral ridge and the lower edge of the body, and contains +the spiracles. + +Succincti: those chrysalids of butterflies which are held in place by a +silken cord passing around the body: see suspensi. + +Succineous: resembling amber in color or appearance. + +Sucking pump: in sucking insects, a thick-walled muscular +enlargement of the oesophagus that serves to draw up the liquid food += pharyngeal pump. + +Sucking spears: the mandibles and maxillae of Hemerobiid larvae, +used for puncturing prey and sucking its juices. + +Sucking stomach: a thin-walled muscular pouch connected with the +end of the oesophagus; serves as a food reservoir and is not commonly +present except in some Lepidoptera. + +Suctoria: an ordinal term proposed for fleas. + +Suctorial: adapted for sucking: see haustellate. + +Suctorial vesicles: bladder-like structures connected with the +oesophagus in mosquitoes supposed to assist in blood-sucking; but +this is disputed. + +Suffused: clouded or obscured by a darker color. + +Suffusion: a clouding, or a spreading of one shade over another. + +Sulca: grooves, furrows or channels: plural of sulcus. + +Sulcated: grooved; furrowed with broad, concave, parallel impressed +lines. + +Sulciform: resembling a sulcus. + +Sulcus: a furrow or groove: a groove-like excavation. + +Sulphureous -eus: bright, sulphur yellow [chrome lemon]. + +Superans: exceeding in size and length. + +Superciliary: placed above the eyes. + +Supercilium: an arched line over an ocellate spot. + +Super-family: a division of classification less than an order, including +a series of family groups more closely related to each other than to +similar groups within the order: opinionative and ending in oidea: +sometimes hardly different from suborder; but lower than suborder +when both terms are employed. + +Superficies: the upper surface. + +Supericornia: those Heteroptera having the antenna inserted on the +upper parts of the sides of the head; e.g. Coreidae: see infericornia. + +Superior wings: the primaries; q.v. + +Superlinguae: the lateral pair of organs of hypo-pharynx in +Thysanura. + +Superlingual segment: the fifth segment of head. + +Superne: denotes all those parts belonging to the upper surface. + +Supernumerary: additional or added cells, veins or other structures. + +Supernumerary segment: in Cecidomyidae, between the head and first +thoracic segment. + +Super-order: a group of allied orders, like the Linnaean Neuroptera. + +Superposed: placed one above the other, as the frontal tufts in some +moths. + +Supplementary sectors: interposed sectors; q.v. + +Suppression: the non-development of a part normally present. + +Supra-: over; above. + +Supra-alar bristles: in Diptera, are situated, one on the post-alar +callus, one on the alar frenum, the third on the edge of the supra-alar +depression. + +Supra-alar cavity: = supra-alar groove. + +Supra-alar depression: in Diptera = supra-alar groove. + +Supra-alar groove: in Hymenoptera, a groove or depression just above +the base of wings: in Diptera, a groove on the meso-thorax just above +the root of the wings. + +Supra-anal: situated above the anus. + +Supra-anal hook: in male of most Lepidoptera, a curved hook attached +to the plate covering the genital cavity: = uncus. + +Supra-anal plate: a triangular sclerite covering the anal cavity above; +present in many insects, sometimes in one sex only, often in both: +see anal operculum. + +Supra-cerebral: applied to that pair of salivary glands situated above +the brain in bees. + +Supra-clypeal mark: in bees; a patch of light color above the clypeus. + +Supra-clypeus: = post-clypeus; q.v.: = nasus. + +Supra-Oesophageal: situated above the oesophagus: applied to two +large ovoid ganglia so situated, and connected by a short, thick +commissure; - the brain. + +Supra-orbital: situated above the eye. + +Supra-spinal: above the spine or nerve cord: applied to a cord or band +of connective tissue lying above the central nervous system in adult +Lepidoptera also to a sinus or vessel acting as a ventral heart. + +Supra-spiracular line: in caterpillars, margins the spiracles superiorly. + +Supra-stigmatal line: = supra-spiracular lines. + +Supra-triangular cross-veins: in Odonata, cross the supra-triangular +space. + +Supra-triangular space: in Anisoptera, an area just above the triangle, +occupying nearly the same position as the quadrilateral of Zygoptera: +hyper-trigonal space. + +Suranal: = supra-anal. + +Suranal plate: the middle dorsal plate attached to the l0th abdominal +segment of the male grasshoppers, above the anal opening: a supra- +anal tergite of a caterpillar. + +Sursum: directed upwardly. + +Suspensi: the chrysalids of butterflies that are suspended by the tail +only: see succincti. + +Suspensoria: are those muscles or ligaments that hold the viscera and +other internal structures in place. + +Sustentors: the two posterior projections of a butterfly chrysalis. + +Suture: a seam or impressed line indicating the division of distinct +parts of body wall: the line of junction of elytra in Coleoptera. + +Suturiform: an articulation soldered together so that only a slight +impressed line is visible. + +Swarming: the concerted departure from a hive of a large number of +worker bees, accompanied by a queen; this forming the nucleus of a +new colony. + +Swimmerets: gill or plate-like structures in the aquatic larvae of some +Neuroptera, serving as oars or organs of locomotion. + +Swimming paddles: terminal appendages of mosquito pupae. + +Swoked: smoky, suffused with gray or blackish. + +Sylvan: species inhabiting forests or woodland areas. + +Symbiogenesis: the method of origin of social symbiotic relation +among ants and other insects. + +Symbiosis: a life relationship existing between different kinds of +animals or plants, or between animals and plants: true symbiosis is +where both parties to the relation benefit: see also parasitism, +commensalism. Among the ants social symbiosis exists in its most +highly developed form and distinctive terms have been proposed for +the various types of relations: + + Calobiosis, is that association in which one species, often only the +female, lives in the nest of and at the expense of another species, +either for a time, = temporary - or altogether, = permanent +calacobiosis. {Scanner's note: sic} + + Cleptobiosis, is where one species of ant lives in or near the nest of +another, preying upon its larvae or pupae or stealing the food supply. + + Dulosis, is that mingling of colonies which owes its origin to the +enslavement of one species by another. + + Hamabiosis, is that relation where two species of any insects, one of +which may be an ant, live side by side without obvious motive or +known advantage to one or both. + + Lestobiosis, is where the workers of one ant colony "hold up" those of +another species and rob them of the food they are carrying to the nest. + + Parabiosis, is where different species of ants form colonies with +inosculating galleries, and have their households strangely +intermingled, but not blended. + + Phylacobiosis, is the relation existing between ants and Termites, the +ants living in the doorways of the Termites and functioning as guards. + + Synclerobiosis, is an association of two species of ants that usually +inhabit independent colonies, for purposes that are not clearly +understood. + + Trophibiosis, is the relationship between ants on the one hand and +aphids, coccids and the like on the other; these species being sought +and attended by the ants for their own benefit: see myrmecophily. + + Xenobiosis, is where one species of ant lives as a guest +in the nest of another, maintaining its own household, and mingling +freely with the host species, the two living on terms of +mutual toleration. + +Symbiotic: species that live together in a state of symbiosis. + +Symmetrical: evenly developed on both sides. + +Symmetry: that regular arrangement of organs or parts which is +capable of division into similar halves or similar radii. + +Sympathetic nervous system: applied to the nerves and ganglia of the +alimentary canal and sonic other viscera which they innervate; = +vagus; visceral nervous system. + +Symphily: the relation borne to ants by the true guests which inhabit +their nests and are fed and tended: rendering in return some +substance or service desired by the ants: see metochy and synechtry. + +Symphyla: a group name for apterous species resembling myriapods +in appearance, with functional abdominal legs and the genital +openings on the last abdominal segment: regarded by some as +connecting forms between insects and myriapods, e.g. +Scolopendrella. + +Symphysis: where two sclerites are joined together by a soft +membrane, permitting a slight motion. + +Synaptera: originally wingless insects without metamorphosis; the +Thysanura. + +Synarthrosis: an articulation without motion. + +Syncerebrum: the compound brain of insects. + +Synchronous: happening at the same time. + +Synciput: that portion of the vertex lying between the eyes. + +Syncitium: masses of protoplasm with nuclei, found in ovarian tubes; +giving rise to ova, nutritive cells or both. + +Syndesis: that method of articulation where two parts are connected +by a membrane which permits of considerable motion between them. + +Synechtry: the relation borne to ants by insects inhabiting their nests +in spite of the efforts of the ants to destroy them: see symphily and +metochy. + +Synista or Synistata: those Neuropterous insects in which the mouth +structures are undeveloped, forming an imperfect tubular structure: +see elinguata. + +Synoecy: the relation that exists between ants and those guests that +are indifferent to and tolerated by them:= metochy, and see symphily +and synecthry. + +Synonym: a name applied to a species or genus that has been +previously named and described. + +Synonymous: words of different derivation applied to the same +conception. + +Synthlipsis: the basal constriction of the notocephalon in Notonectids. + +Syntype: = co-type; q.v. + +Syringe: in Hemiptera, a chamber into which the salivary ducts open +and by means of which the secretion is forced forward between the +seta or lancets. + +System: an order of arrangement. + +Systematic: in definite order, or arranged according to a system. + +Systole: that regular contraction of the heart that sends the blood +outward: see diastole. + + + + +T + +T. A. line: transverse anterior line; crosses the primaries of certain +moths one-third or less from the base: = antemedial line. + +Tactile: used for touching; an organ that has the sense of touch. + +Taenia: a broad longitudinal stripe. + +Taeniate -us: with broad longitudinal markings. + +Taenidium -ia: the band or chitinized fibre forming a part of the spiral +thread in the trachea of insects. + +Tail: an elongated terminal segment of the abdomen: the cauda in +plant lice: elongated processes on the secondaries, in some +Lepidoptera and Neuroptera. + +Tangential: set in or meeting at a tangent; applied to ornamentation +and processes. + +Tarsal: relating to the tarsi, or feet. + +Tarsal lobes: membranous appendages arising from the underside of +the tarsal joints in some Coleoptera. + +Tarsus -i: the foot; the jointed appendage attached at the apex of tibia. +bearing the claws and pulvilli. + +Taste cups: specialized pits or cups, with or without a peg or hair, +connected with ganglionated nerve cells: occur on the mouth +structure and evidence the sense of taste. + +Tawny: a brownish yellow, like the color of a tanned hide [pale +cadmium yellow + Indian red]. + +Taxonomical: systematic: relating to classification. + +Testate: covered; concealed: also used as = tectiform. + +Tectiform: roof-like, sloping from a median ridge, like the primaries of +Cicada. + +Tegmen: a covering: sometimes used for the anterior wings in +Orthoptera and Neuroptera. + +Tegmina: the thickened primaries serving as wing covers in +Orthoptera. + +Tegulae: small, more or less cup-like scales at the base of primaries in +many insects; specifically in Hymenoptera: in Lepidoptera, = the +patagia or shoulder tippets; but the homology is disputed; also +applied to the lappet-like pieces forming the collar: in Diptera, the +alulae, q.v.: the latter use is unfortunate and should be abandoned; +the first definition should limit the use of the term: see aileron. + +Tegument: a covering surface or skin. + +Teleodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids bearing the largest +mandibles: see mesodont, amphiodont, priodont. + +Telescopic: arranged so that one portion of an organ or process may +be drawn into another, like the joints of a telescope. + +Telson: a terminal tubercle bearing the anal opening: the anal +segment of the insect embryo. + +Telum: a spear, or spear-shaped process. + +Temple: the posterior part of the gena; behind, before or beneath the +eye. + +Tempora: the temples. + +Temporal margins: in Mallophaga, the lateral margins of the hind +head. + +Tenaculum: in Collembola, a small organ which holds the furcula in +position when at rest: = catch. + +Tenant hair: see tenent hair. + +Tendo: the anal area of secondaries when it forms a groove for the +abdomen: has also been called frenum and frenulum: in Trichoptera, +a small elliptical space at base of hind wings near base of anal veins +and behind the trochlea. + +Tendon: the slender, chitinous plates, bands, strap- or cup-shaped +pieces, to which muscles are attached for moving appendages: see +apodeme. + +Tenent hair: specialized hair adapted for clinging or clasping. + +Teneral: that state of the imago just after its exclusion from pupa or +nymph, in which neither coloring nor clothing is fully developed. + +Tensor: a muscle which stretches a membrane. + +Tentacle: a flexible sensory or tactile process; in some cases retractile: +usually prefixed by a descriptive term indicating the structure to +which it is attached. + +Tentacular -um: retractile processes on the larvae of Lepidoptera. + +Tentaculate: a margin when fringed with soft tactile processes. + +Tentiform: shaped like a tent: see mines. + +Tentoria: Diptera; two hollow, cylindrical struts which pass from the +ventral border of the occipital foramen to the cheeks. + +Tentorium: a chitinous frame-work within the head, upon which the +brain rests. + +Tenuis: thin, slender; long drawn out. + +Terebra: a borer or piercer: an ovipositor fitted for boring or cutting as +in saw-flies: a mandibular sclerite articulated to the basalis; forms +the point of the structure and = the galea of the maxilla. + +Terebrant: with an ovipositor fitted for piercing or boring. + +Terebrantia: Hymenoptera with sessile abdomen and valved +ovipositors: Thripids in which the ovipositor of female is borer-like. + +Teres, Terete: cylindric or nearly so. + +Tergal: belonging to the primitively upper surface: see dorsal. + +Tergal suture: the Y shaped dorsal suture on the head of many insect +larvae. + +Tergite: the primitively dorsal part of a segment, especially when that +part consists of a single sclerite; usually applied to the abdomen. + +Tergo-pleural: the upper and lateral portion of a segment. + +Tergo-rhabdites: the lower pair of corneous appendages forming the +ovipositor in grasshoppers: plates on the inner dorsal surface of the +abdominal wall. + +Tergum: the primitively upperor dorsal surface whether it consists of +one or more than one sclerite and specifically of the abdomen: in +Odonata and Orthoptera, applies to thorax as well. + +Termen: the outer margin of a wing, between apex and hind or anal +angle. + +Terminal: situated at the tip or extremity; opposed to basal. + +Terminal line: in Lepidoptera, runs along the outer margin of the +wings. + +Terminal space: the area between the s. t. line and terminal line in +certain Lepidoptera. + +Terminology: the technical nomenclature of any science. + +Termitarium: a nest, natural or artificial, or a colony of Termites. + +Terrestrial: living on or in the land; opposed to aquatic. + +Tessellated: checkered; more or less like a chess-board. {Scanner's +comment: More correctly, it means "tiled", covered with possibly +regularly shaped areas or pieces. They may or may not be square or +otherwise regular.} + +Test: the secretionary covering of Coccidae, and especially such as are +waxy, horny or glassy. + +Testaceous: dull yellow brown; tile colored [pale cadmium +yellow+burnt sienna]. + +Testes: the tubular structures in the male, in which the production of +spermatogonia, and often also of later stages in the development of the +sperm takes place. + +Testicular follicles: in the larva, are those structures which in the +adult form the tubes composing the testes; in the adult applied also to +the tubes forming the testes. + +Testudinate -us: resembling the shell of a tortoise. + +Tetra-: four: a combining form. + +Tetrachaetae: applied to those Diptera in which the mouth structures +consist of four longitudinal blades or piercing structures. + +Tetradactyle: with four fingers or finger-like processes. + +Tetragonal: having four sides or angles: quadrangular. + +Tetramera: applied to Coleoptera with four-jointed tarsi. + +Tetramerous: having four-jointed tarsi. + +Tetrapoda: applied to those butterflies in which the anterior legs are +atrophied in whole or in part. + +Tetraptera: a term proposed for all insects with four naked, +membranous reticulated wings. + +Thamnophilous: applied to species living in thickets or dense +shrubbery. + +Theca: a case or covering: specifically applied to the fleshy covering of +the fly-mouth; to the cases of the Trichopterous larvae; to the lower +piece of the male genitalia in Homoptera; and to the outer covering of +the pupa. + +Thelyotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are all +females see Arrhenotoly and Deuterotoky. + +Thigh: see femur. + +Thigmotactic: contact-loving: applied to species that tend to live close +together or in touch, one with the other. + +Third longitudinal vein: in Diptera (Will.):= radius 5 (Comst.). + +Third posterior cell: in Diptera, = 2d medial 2 (Comst.). + +Third submarginal cross-nervure: in Hymenoptera (North.):= radius 4 +(Comst.). + +Thoracic: belonging or attached to the thorax. + +Thoracic dorsal bristles: in Diptera, the specialized bristles on the +dorsum of the thorax. + +Thoracic feet: the jointed legs on the thoracic segments of larvae, as +distinguished from abdominal or pro-legs. + +Thoracico-abdominal: the first segment of the abdomen when united +with the thorax so as to form part of it: =propodeum. + +Thoracic pleural bristles: in Diptera, the specialized bristles situated +on the pleural region of the thorax. + +Thoracotheca: = cytotheca: q.v. + +Thorax: the second or intermediate region of the insect body, bearing +the true legs and wings: made up of three rings, named in order, pro-, +meso-, and meta-thorax: when the pro-thorax is free as in Coleoptera, +Orthoptera, and Hemiptera, the term thorax is commonly used in +descriptive work for that segment only: in Odonata, where the +prothorax is small and not fused with the larger and united meso- and +meta-thorax, the term thorax is commonly used for these latter two +united, excluding the prothorax. + +Thread-plate: an epithelial plate of the embryo from which the +terminal threads of the ovarian tubes originate. + +Thyridial cell: in Trichoptera: the cell formed by the first fork of +median vein; the cell behind Thyridium. + +Thyridiate: applied to a wing vein that at one point seems broken so +as to permit of a folding or bending; either to pack into a small +compass or to enfold the body. + +Thyridium -ii: small, whitish or almost transparent spots near the +anastomosis of the disc of the wings in some Neuroptera, or in the +recurrent veins in the cubital cellule in some Hymenoptera; also the +apical margin of the gastrocoeli, often alone visible: in Trichoptera, +specifically, a hyaline spot on second fork of median vein. + +Thyrsus: a cluster. + +Thysanoptera: fringe-winged: an ordinal term, applied to species with +four narrow, similar wings, lengthily fringed; mouth parts fitted for +puncturing and scraping; metamorphosis incomplete: the Thripids. + +Thysanura: fringe-tails; wingless, mandibulate insects without +metamorphosis; with anal appendages; body covered with scales; +thoracic segments similar. + +Tiarate -us: turban or tiara-like. + +Tibia -ae: the shank: that part of the leg articulated to the femur +basally and which bears the tarsus at the distal end. + +Tibial epiphysis: a movable process attached near the base of the +inner side of the anterior tibia in many Lepidoptera. + +Tibial membrane: in male Cicada, the drum-like vibratory membrane +that produces the sound. + +Tip: the extremity; the part furthest removed from the base. + +Titillator: a small process just below the penis in some Orthoptera. + +Tomentose: covered with fine hair, so matted together that particular +hairs cannot be separated. + +Tomentum: a form of pubescence composed of matted, woolly hair: in +Diptera applied to a covering of short, flattened, more or less +recumbent, scale-like hair which merges gradually into dust or pollen. + +Tongue: an indefinite term, applied usually to the coiled mouth +structure of Lepidoptera; the lapping organ of flies; the ligula of bees +and wasps and, sometimes also to the hypopharynx of other insects. + +Tooth: an acute angulation: a short pointed process from an +appendage or margin. + +Topomorph -ic: a geographic form, variety or subspecies of a widely +distributed species: developed by local environment. + +Topotype: is a specimen collected in the exact locality whence the +original type was obtained. + +Tornal: relating to or concerning the tornus. + +Tornus: in Lepidoptera, the junction of the termen and dorsum of +wing: = hind or anal angle; q.v. + +Torose: swelling into knots or protuberances. + +Torpid: lying motionless by reason of cold or other natural conditions +that unfavorably affect the organism. + +Torqueate: with a ring or collar. + +Torquillus: = rotula. + +Tortilis: twisted. + +Tortulose-us: hump-backed; a surface with a few large elevations: +beaded; moniliform. + +Tortuose -us: irregularly curved and bent; snake-like. + +Tortuous: = Tortuose. + +Torulus: the basal socket joint of the antenna upon which the organ is +articulated for movement in all directions. + +Totidem: in all parts; entirely. + +T.P. line: transverse posterior line; crossing the primaries of certain +Lepidoptera, two-thirds or more from base: = post medial line. + +Trabecula: rounded, lobular masses of the procerebrum, from which +arise the stalks bearing the mushroom bodies: a paired movable +appendage in front of the antennae in certain bird-lice. + +Trachea -ae: the spirally ringed breathing tube or tubes of insects. + +Tracheal gills: the flattened or hair-like processes in aquatic larvae +through which oxygen is absorbed from the water. + +Tracheary: relating to or composed of tracheae. + +Tracheate: supplied with trachea: a general term applied to all +articulates that breathe by means of spiracular openings into a +system of tubular structures that extend to all parts of the body. + +Tracheation: the arrangement or system of distribution of trachea. + +Tracheoles: the capillary trachea of the adult as they develop in +masses in the larva: very small, slender tracheae. + +Transection: a cut across, at right angles to the body: transverse +section. + +Transition zone: is the transcontinental belt in which the austral and +boreal elements overlap: it is divided into a humid or Alleghanian +area; a western arid area; and a Pacific Coast humid area: all of +which see. + +Transitory: lasting for a short time only. + +Translucent: semi-transparent; admitting the passage of light but not +of vision. + +Translucid: clear: transparent enough to be seen through. + +Transparent: so clear as not to obstruct vision. + +Transverse: when the longest diameter is across the body. + +Transverse incision: = transverse sulci. + +Transverse sulci: the transverse grooves of pronotum in many +Orthoptera. + +Transverse suture: in Diptera, a transverse groove extending inward +from the root of wing and obsolete in the middle of dorsum. + +Trapeziform: in the form or shape of a trapezium. + +Trapezium: a four-sided figure in which no two sides are parallel. +{Scanner's comment: sic This is presumably an error in editing the +original text. A trapezium has two sides parallel. Compare next item.} + +Trapezoid -al: a four-sided plane of which two sides are parallel and +two are not. + +Tri-: three; a combining form. + +Triangle: in Odonata: a small, triangular cell at the junction of cubitus +with cubitus 1: a similar cell adjoining it basally is the internal +triangle discoidal triangle: cardinal cell; q.v. + +Tri-articulate: composed of three joints or articles. + +Tribe: a term of classification less than a sub-family: opinionative and +ending in ini: but this is not universally adhered to. + +Tri-carinate: with three keels or carinae. + +Trichogen: a hair-forming hypodermal cell in caterpillars, etc. + +Trichoptera: hairy-winged: insects with hairy primaries with many +longitudinal veins and cells, covering the broader secondaries which +are usually folded lengthwise; mouth mandibulate but rudimentary: +head free; thorax agglutinate: metamorphosis complete. + +Trichostical bristles: in Diptera, a fan-like row, situated on the +meta-pleura: conspicuous in some families. + +Trichotomous: divided by threes. + +Trichroism: the condition when any given part exhibits three different +colors in different individuals of the same species: e.g. in +Lepidoptera, the hind wings of certain Heliconids. + +Tricuspidate: ending in three points: with three cusps or teeth. + +Tridactyle -ous: having three toes or claws. + +Trifid: cleft into three parts or ends. + +Trigonal: triangular: an area bounded by a triangle. + +Trigonate: three-cornered; approximately triangular. + +Trigoneutism: where three broods occur in one season. + +Trigonulum: in Odonata, = triangle. + +Trimera: that series of Coleoptera, in which there are only three tarsal +joints present. + +Trimerous: species which have the tarsi three-jointed. + +Trinomial: that method of nomenclature in which a varietal or +subspecific name follows the specific term without an intervening +mark or indications of its rank. + +Tripectinate: when an antenna has three branches or processes to +each joint. + +Triquetral: = triquetrous. + +Triquetrous: with three flat sides. + +Tri-regional: divided into three distinct parts or regions. + +Trito-cerebral segment: see second antennal segment. + +Trito-cerebrum: the posterior portion of the brain, formed by the +ganglion of the third primary segment; also termed labro-frontal lobe. + +Tri-undulate: with three waves or undulations. + +Triungulin: the first larval stage of a meloid beetle. + +Trivial: applied to a name, means specific as opposed to generic, or +popular as opposed to technical. + +Trivittate: with three stripes or vitta. + +Trochalopoda: Heteroptera in which the posterior coxae are nearly +globose and the articulation is a ball and socket joint: see pagiopoda. + +Trochanter: a sclerite, sometimes divided, between the coxa and femur +sometimes fused with the femur. + +Trochanterellus: see apophysis. + +Trochantine: the basal part of the trochanter when it is two-jointed: in +Coleoptera, a piece often present on the outer side of and sometimes +movable on the coxa; also the small sclerite connecting the coxa with +the sternum in Dytiscidae: in Neuroptera and Trichoptera the +posterior separated part of the coxa: in Orthoptera, a narrow +longitudinal sclerite between mandible and gena. + +Trochiformis: cylindro-conic. + +Trochlea: the thickened base of the hind wings in Cicada: in +Trichoptera a small elliptical space at base of hind wing behind origin +of median vein. + +Trochlearis: pulley-shaped; like a cylinder contracted medially. + +Trochus: that part of an articulated body inserted between the joints. + +Trophi: the mouth parts collectively, including the labrum: see buccal +appendages. + +Trophobiosis: see Symbiosis. + +Tropical: is that faunal region which covers the southern part of the +peninsula of Florida, the greater part of Central America, the lowlands +of southern Mexico south of the table land, and a narrow strip on +each side of Mexico which follows the coast northward into the United +States. + +Tropico-politan: occurring in all tropical regions. + +Trumpets: breathing tubes of mosquito pupae. + +Truncate: cut off squarely at tip. + +Truncature: the truncation or point squarely cut off. + +Truncus: the trunk or thorax. + +Trunk: the thorax as a whole: the body. + +Tryptic: acting like tripsin, the proteolytic ferment of the pancreatic +fluid. + +Tube: a slender, hollow, cylindrical body: specifically applied to the +anal siphon or respiratory tube of mosquito larvae. + +Tubercle: a little solid pimple or small chitinous button: really a ring, +which may or may not give rise to a seta. + +Tubercles: on the thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars are +anterior trapezoidal; posterior trapezoidal; lateral; posterior stigmatal; +anterior stigmatal; sub-primary subventral; pedal and adventral: all +of which see. + +Tubercula: an elevated triangular process at the anterior angle of the +thorax specifically in Hymenoptera. + +Tuberculate -ose: formed like a tubercle: a surface covered with +tubercles. + +Tubercule -ulum: a small tubercle. + +Tuberculiform: shaped like a pimple or tubercle. + +Tuberculose -ous: covered or set with tubercles. + +Tubulifera: Hymenoptera, in which the terminal segments of abdomen +are retracted, but may be extended, tube-like: Thysanoptera in which +there is no ovipositor and the terminal segments of abdomen are +tubular. + +Tubulous -ose: formed like a tube: fistulous. + +Tubulus: the slender, flexible abdominal segments forming the +ovipositor in Diptera. + +Tubus: a term used to designate the corneous base of a ligula: the +sheath of the tongue. + +Tumescence: a swelling or tumid enlargement: a puffed up area. + +Tumescent: a little swollen or puffed up. + +Tumid: swollen; enlarged; puffed up. + +Tunica intima: the inner layer of the silk glands: an inner lining or +membrane. + +Tunica propria: a layer of epithelial cells and connective tissue lining +the interior of the hind gut: the outer layer of the silk glands: a +covering or investing membrane. + +Tunicate: composed of concentric layers, enveloping one another: said +of antennae when each successive joint is buried in the preceding +funnel-shaped one. + +Turbinate: top-shaped; nearly conical: differs from pyriform in being +shorter and more suddenly attenuated at base: applied to an eye = +pillared eye; q.v. + +Turgid: swollen. + +Turritus: towering: a surface rising cone-like. + +Tylo: = tylus; q.v. + +Tylus: the anterior central lobe of the head in Hemiptera. + +Tympana: the ears in Orthoptera. + +Tympanal: applied to organs covered with a tympanum or stretched +membrane supposed to function as ears. + +Tympanic spiracle: in Diptera, the thoracic spiracle at base of wing. + +Tympanules: small openings covered by a membrane, having otoliths +and serving as ears. + +Tympanum: any membrane stretched like the head of a drum: +specifically applied to the membrane covering the auditory organs in +Orthoptera. + +Type: a unique or single specimen selected from a series and labelled +by the describer to represent his name and description: if male or +female be added to the label, the specimen typifies that sex, and in +case of an erroneous association the male type stands for the species +unless the author has specifically designated the other example as +representing the name: see also co-type; homotype; meta-type; +paratype; topotype. + +Typical: the normal or usual form of a species; agreeing with the type +form. + + + + +U + +Uliginous: muddy, or pertaining to mud. + +Ulnar: in Homoptera, a wing vein between the radial vein and claval +suture; = cubitus: in Orthoptera, = cubitus; q.v. + +Ulnar area: in Orthoptera, = median area; q.v. + +Ulona: the thick, fleshy mouth parts of Orthoptera. + +Ulonata: a Fabrician. term for Orthoptera, based on the character of +the mouth structures. + +Ultimate: last or final: that larval stage just before pupation. + +Ultramarine: an intense deep blue [cobalt blue]. + +Ultra-nodal sector: in Odonata, runs parallel with and between media +1 and 2, or principal and nodal sectors: = postnodal sector. + +Umbilicate: navel-shaped, or resembling a navel. + +Umbilicus: a navel, or navel-like depression. + +Umbonate: bossed; with an elevated knob in the centre. + +Umbone: an embossed, elevated knob situated on humeral angle of +elytra. + +Umbones: two movable spines on the sides of prothorax in some +Coleoptera. + +Umbrosa: shaded or clouded: a cloud or shade. + +Unarmed: without spurs, spines or armature of any kind. + +Unarticulate: not jointed nor segmented. + +Unci: thick, hooked processes, forming the borders of the anal +opening. + +Uncinnate: hooked at the end. + +Uncus: in Lepidoptera, Diptera, and elsewhere, the curved book +directed downward from a triangular dorsal plate in the male and +shielding the penis: the genital hamule. + +Undate: wavy or waved. + +Undulated: obtusely waved in segments of circles. + +Unequal: unlike in size, form, development or other characters. + +Ungues: the tarsal claws. + +Unguiculate: armed with a hook, nail or claw. + +Unguiculus: a small terminal claw or nail-like process. + +Unguis: one of the claws at the end of the tarsus: also applied to a +short process on the 6th antennal joint in some Aphids. + +Ungula: a hoof, claw or talon. + +Ungulate: shaped like a hoof. + +Uni-: one, a combining form. + +Unicolorous: of one color throughout. + +Unidentate: with one tooth only. + +Uniplicate: with a single fold or line of folding. + +Unique: one only: unlike any other. + +Unisexual: of one sex only: applied to Aphids and Cynipids where only +parthenogenic females are known. + +Upper austral zone: is divided into an eastern humid or Carolinian +area, and a western arid or upper Sonoran area, which pass +insensibly into each other near the 100th meridian: see Carolinian +and upper Sonoran. + +Upper field: in tegmina, = anal field; q.v. + +Upper margin: of tegmina (Thomas), corresponds to the posterior or +anal margin of most authors. + +Upper median area: see areola. + +Upper radial: in Lepidoptera, = media 1 (Comst.), and is vein 5, or the +independent, of the numerical series. + +Upper sector of triangle: in Odonata, = cubitus 1 (Comst.). + +Upper Sonoran faunal area: that arid part of upper austral west of +100th meridian; covers most of plains in eastern Montana and +Wyoming, s. w. South Dakota, west. Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma +and Texas, and east. Colorado and New Mexico; covers plains of +Columbia, Malheur and Harney in Oregon and Washington. In +California encircles Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys and forms a +narrow belt around Colorado and Mohave deserts. In Utah covers Salt +Lake and Sevier deserts. In Idaho the Snake plains. In Nevada and +Arizona irregular areas of suitable elevation. + +Uranidin: a yellow coloring matter in some Coleoptera and +Lepidoptera. + +Urceolate: pitcher-shaped; swelling in the middle. + +Ureter: the stalk connecting the malpighian tubules, when they form +large tufts, with the intestine. + +Uric acid: the characteristic nitrogenous excretion of the malpighian +or urinary tubules: composition, C5H4N4O3 (von Furth). + +Urinary vessels: = malpighian tubules; q.v.: has also been applied by +older authors, to anal glands. + +Urite: an abdominal segment and, specifically, its ventral portion. + +Uromere: any of the abdominal segments of an arthropod. + +Uropoda: any of the abdominal feet of arthropods. + +Uropygium: the ovipositor when it is a mere extension of the +abdominal segments. + +Urosome: the abdomen. + +Urosternite: the sternal or under piece of the uromeres. + +Urticating: nettling; applied to specialized hairs or processes on the +bodies of certain caterpillars, which cause a stinging or burning +sensation on the skin. + +Ustulatus: scorched: applied to a maculation that has the appearance +of having been burned in. + +Uterus: the vaginal portion of oviduct: the sometimes enlarged +portion of the vagina at junction of the oviducts: = calyx, q.v. + +Uterus masculinus: a pouch or sac into which the ductus +ejaculatorius opens in the Symphyla. + +Utriculi breviores: small vesicular sacs connected with the seminal +vesicles in crickets and some other insects. + +Utriculi majores: large vesicular sacs or tubular structures connected +with the seminal vesicles in crickets and some other insects. + +Utriculus: a little bag or hollow vesicle. + + + + + +V + +Vacuolate: with vacuoles or small cavities, empty or filled with a +watery fluid. + +Vagina: the tubular structure formed by the union of the oviducts in +the female, opening externally to admit the passage of the egg to the +ovipositor: receives the penis of the male in copulation and is +sometimes called oviduct: "every part, the office of which is to cover, +protect or defend the tongue": "the bivalve coriaceous sheath or cover +of the spicula": generally, a sheath. + +Vaginata: sheathed: an obsolete ordinal term for Coleoptera. + +Vaginate: inclosed in a bivalved sheath. + +Vagus: sympathetic nervous system; q.v. + +Valgate: enlarged at bottom: club-footed. + +Valve or Valvulae: the expanded plate-like galea of the maxilla in +many Hymenoptera. + +Valve: a small, transverse or triangular piece behind the last full +ventral segment, at base of plates in male Jassidae and allies. + +Valves: in Orthoptera, the corneous pieces of the ovipositor:= +corniculi in Lepidoptera, sometimes used to = harpes; q.v. + +Valvula = vagina in its application to Dipterous mouth parts. + +Valvulae: in Hymenoptera, branches of the genital forceps of male. + +Valvular: when two parts join so as to form a valve between them. + +Valvular process: in Odonata, a slender, unjointed process at the apex +of each genital valve. + +Valvule: any small, valve-like process. + +Variation: a departure in color or form, from the normal: the sum of +the departures from a mean type of any species: it is continuous +when there is no break between the extremes; discontinuous when +there are gaps without intermediate forms. + +Variety: any departure from the normal type of a species which, while +retaining the specific characters, is yet recognizably different because +of climatic, seasonal or other influences; may occur with the type form +or as a geographical race. + +Variola: a deep, rounded impression with defined edges. + +Variolate -ose: with large, rounded impressions like pock-marks. + +Vas deferens: = vasa deferentia, q.v. + +Vasa deferentia: tubes from the seminal vesicles or testes of each side, +which usually unite into a single ductus ejaculatorius; q.v. + +Vasa varicosa: the malpighian tubules. + +Vascular: relating to the blood-vessels or circulatory system. + +Vasiform orifice: in Aleurodidae, an ovate, triangular or semicircular +opening on the dorsum of the last abdominal segment. + +Veinlets: in Orthoptera, are the minute transverse ribs or ridges +between the longitudinal veins. + +Veins: the chitinous, rod-like structures supporting the wings, and +especially those extending longitudinally from base to the outer +margin nerves nervures; nervules. + +Velum: a membranous appendage of the spurs at the apex of anterior +tibia in bees a broad process at inner end of fore tibia. + +Velum penis: the thin membranous covering of the male intromittent +organ also applied to ether covering or shield-like structures of the +penis. + +Velutinous: velvety: clothed with dense, soft, short hair, like velvet. + +Vena: a vein. + +Vena dividens: that longitudinal vein of secondaries that marks the +beginning of the anal area: = anal 1 (Comst.). + +Vena plicata: on the wings of Dermaptera, the vein around which the +folding occurs. + +Vena spuria: = spurious vein: q.v. + +Venation: the system of chitinous frame-work supporting the wings: in +Lepidoptera, the veins are usually referred to by numbers which are +as follows: on primaries: 1 = anal; 2 = cubitus 2; 3 = cubitus 1: 4 = +media 3; 5 = media 2; 6 = media 1; 7 = radius 5; 8 = radius 4; 9 = +radius 3; 10 = radius 2; 11 = radius 1; 12 = subcosta: +on secondaries: 1, 1a, 1b = anal; 2 = Cubitus; 3 = cubitus 1; 4 = +media 3: 5 = media 2; 6 = media 1; 7 = radius 1; 8 = sub-costa. See +plate III for typical venations of all orders. + +Venter: the belly: under surface of abdomen as a whole and of each +ring. + +Ventose: inflated; puffed out. + +Ventrad: extending or directed toward the under side. + +Ventral: pertaining to the under surface of abdomen: in Diptera, that +face of the leg which is inferior when laterally extended. + +Ventral chain: refers to the series of ganglia of the nervous system. + +Ventral comb: in Trichoptera, a transverse row of fine teeth on venter. + +Ventral diaphragm: is a fine membrane covering the central nerve +cords and ganglia: also called ventral heart. + +Ventral heart: = ventral diaphragm, q.v. + +Ventral plate: a thickening of the blastoderm of an egg from which the +embryo, but not the amnion or serosa is formed. + +Ventral scale: in Diaspinae, the under part of the puparium, +interposed between the insect and the plant. + +Ventral tube: in Collembola, a tube or tubercle proceeding from the +ventral side of the first abdominal segment. + +Ventricose: with a big belly: distended; inflated. + +Ventriculus: the true stomach, = chylific ventricle; q.v. + +Ventri-meson: the middle line of the ventral surface of the body. + +Ventro-cephalad: toward the lower side and anteriorly. + +Ventro-dorsad: extending from belly to back. + +Venules: the branches of the main veins. + +Vermian: worm-like. + +Vermicular: worm-like, tortuous: resembling the tracks of a worm. + +Vermiculate: worm-like in form: a marking with wormlike tracings. + +Vermiform: worm-shaped. + +Vernal: appearing in spring. + +Vernantia: the molting or shedding of the skin. + +Verriculate: with thick-set tufts of parallel hairs. + +Verricule: a dense tuft of upright hairs. + +Verrucose: having little hard lumps or wart-like elevations. + +Versatile: moving freely in every direction. + +Versicolored: with several colors, indeterminately restricted. + +Vertex: the top of the head between the eyes, front and occiput: in +bees, that part of the head adjacent to and occupied by the ocelli: in +Notonectids, "the imaginary anterior margin of the notocephalon." + +Vertexal: occurring on or near the vertex, or directed toward it. + +Vertical cephalic bristles: in Diptera, are two pairs, inner and outer, +inserted more or less behind the upper and inner corner of the eye; +erect, or the inner pair convergent, the outer pair divergent. + +Vertical margin: in Diptera, the limit between front and occiput. + +Vertical triangle: in male Diptera, the small triangle upon which the +ocelli are situated; limited behind by vertex, in front by eyes. + +Verticil: one of the whorls of long fine sensitive hair arranged +symmetrically on the joints of the antennae in certain Diptera. + +Verticillate: placed in whorls: antennae in which the joints have a +circle of long, fine hair as in Cecidomyiids. + +Vesicant: blistering: able to produce a blister. + +Vesicle of penis: in Odonata, a sac with chitinous walls, attached to +the sternum behind the penis. + +Vesicles: little sacs, bladders or cysts: applied to extensible organs +producing odors or secretions, as in some beetles and caterpillars. + +Vesicular: bladder-like; beset with spherical prominences. + +Vesicula seminalis: see seminal vesicles. + +Vestibule: the space around the ovipositor formed by the projecting +margins of the surrounding segments: the space between the +occluding structure of the spiracle and the valve opening into the +trachea itself. + +Vestigial: small or degenerate: only a trace or remnant of a previously +functional organ. + +Vestiture: the surface clothing, whether of a hairy or scaly character. + +Vexhillum: in Hymenoptera, an expansion on the tip of tarsi of certain +fossorial groups. + +Vibrant: having a rapid motion to and fro. + +Vibratile: formed for vibratory motion: used to express the almost +continual movement of the antennae of some Hymenoptera, and the +wings of some Diptera. + +Vibrissae: curved bristles or hairs in some Diptera, situated between +the mystax and the antenna: whiskers. + +Villi: soft hairs or papillate processes: plural of villus, q.v. + +Villose -ous: soft-haired or clothed with soft, short hair. + +Villus: a short, hair-like or papillate process on the surface of certain +absorbent and sensory organs. + +Vinous: wine-color: a deep, transparent red-brown, like claret [purple +madder]. + +Violaceous: violet colored: a mixture of blue and red [violet carmine]. + +Virescent or Viridescent: greenish or becoming green. + +Viridis: green, like verdigris [French blue + chrome yellow + white]. + +Viscera: the internal organs of the body. + +Visceral: relating or attached to the viscera. + +Viscid: sticky: covered with a shiny, resinous or greasy matter. + +Viscous: thick, sticky or semi-fluid. + +Vis formatrix: the creative or formative force. + +Vitelligenous: producing the vitellus or yolk: said of certain cells in the +ovaries, believed to have that function. + +Vitelline -us: yellow, with a slight tinge of red, like yolk of an egg. + +Vitelline membrane: the delicate tissue surrounding the yolk of an +egg. + +Vitreous: glassy; transparent. + +Vitta: a longitudinal, colored line. + +Vitta frontalis: = frontal stripe: q.v. + +Vittate: striped. + +Viviparous: applied to insects which bear living young. + +Vocal cords: specialized organs on the thoracic spiracles of Diptera, by +means of which they produce a humming or singing sound. + +Volant: flying or capable of flight. + +Vulgar: common; not conspicuous: obscure in appearance and +abundant in number. + +Vultus: face: that part of head below front and between the eyes. + +Vulva: the orifice of the vagina in the female. + +Vulvar lamina: in Odonata, the posterior margin of sternum of +segment 8. + +Vulvar scale: = v. lamina. + + + + +W + +Wart: a spongy excrescence, more or less cylindric, with a nearly +truncated tip: the enlarged, common base of a group of seta: in +Trichoptera, a pitted elevation. + +Wax: a ductile substance excreted by bees and other insects from +glandular structures in various parts of the body, used in building +cells or in forming a protective covering. + +Wax-cutter: the pincer-like structure formed by the hind tibia and +metatarsus in social bees. + +Wax-glands: any glands in any part of the body which secrete a waxy +product in either a scale, string or powder: in Coccidae, the +circumgenital and parastigmatic glands; q.v. + +Wax-pincer: = wax cutter. + +Wax-scale: one of the scales secreted in the wax pocket or gland of a +worker bee. + +Whitlows: = paronychia; q.v. + +Whorl: a ring of long hair arranged around a centre, like the spokes +around the hub of a wheel. + +Wing, Wings: membranous reticulated organs of flight; one pair, the +primaries, attached to the meso-thorax; the other, the secondaries, +attached to the meta-thorax. + +Wing covers: those parts of the chitinous cuticle of larvae, nymphs or +pupae which cover the rudiments of the wings of the imago: the +forewings of an imago when they are thicker than the hind wings and +cover them when at rest: see elytra; tegmina. + +Wings of the heart: the series of diagonal and other muscular fibres +above the diaphragm in the pericardial cavity: see pericardial +diaphragm. + +Wing cells: areas inclosed by veins: reference should be had to the +figures illustrating venation and to the special terms applied to the +cells. + +Winglets: small, concavo-convex scales, generally fringed at tip, under +the base of the elytra in Dytiscidae. + +Wing-pads: undeveloped wings of pupa or nymph. + +Wing-scale: in Hymenoptera, = tegula; q.v. + +Workers: the undeveloped females in the social Hymenoptera; also +those sexually undeveloped Termites that are not soldiers. + + + + +X + +Xanthophyll: the yellow of autumn leaves; one of the substances +found in the blood of insects. + +Xenobiosis: see symbiosis. + +Xerophilous: applied to species living in dry places. + +Xylophaga: wood-eaters: applied in several orders. + +Xylophagous: feeding in or upon woody tissue. + +Xyphus: a spinous or triangular process of the meso-sternum in many +Hemiptera, and some other insects. + + + + +Y + +Yellow: used without modification is sulphur or lemon yellow. + +Yolk: the nutritive matter of an egg as distinguished from the living, +formative material; = deutoplasm. + + + + +Z + +Zona: a belt or zone; as of distribution. + +Zonite: = arthromere or somite; q.v. + +Zoönite or Zoönule: = zonite. + +Zygoptera: those Odonata, having the fore and hind wings subequal in +width, venation comprising a quadrilateral, not a triangle; nymphs +with caudal tracheal gills. + + + + + + +ADDENDA. + +Calacobiosis: see symbiosis. + +Cleptobiosis: see symbiosis. + +Dulosis: see symbiosis. + +Coxal file: in some aquatic Coleoptera a series of striations just above +the hind coxa of male and, perhaps, a stridulating organ. + +Coxal plates: plate-like expansions or dilations of the coxa: specifically +in aquatic Coleoptera on the posterior pair. + +Ecto-parasite: one that is attached to the external surface of the host. + +Ento-parasite: one that feeds within the body of the host. + +Embioptera: an ordinal term proposed for the Neuropterous family +Embidae. + +Hamabiosis: see symbiosis. + +Heliophobic: loving darkness: applied to species that shun the light, +like, e.g. Termites. + +Heliotactic: light loving: applied to species that live in the open and in +daylight. + +Lestobiosis: see symbiosis. + +Meron: in Neuroptera, a sclerite posterior to the coxa and below the +epimeron: corresponds to the trochantine in Lepidoptera. + +Metasternal wing: in some aquatic Coleoptera a leaf-like expansion +above the coxal plates. + +Myrmecophily: is the relation existing between ants and those guests +that seek their company primarily for their own individual advantage. + +Phylacobiosis: see symbiosis. + +Prosternal process: in aquatic Coleoptera a modification of the +prosternum used in the differentiation of species. + +Sub-clypeal pump: in some Diptera, the enlarged, more or less bulb- +like structure at the anterior entrance of the oesophagus. + +Sub-clypeal tube: in Diptera: see pharynx. + + + + + + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATES. + +PLATE 1. Structures of the External Body Wall. + +1. Harpalus caliginosas showing the underside, and the head from +above, to show the regions and the position of the sclerites. + + + +2. Thorax of a Dipteron to show location of bristles. + + + +3. Lateral view of a denuded Lepidopteron to show arrangement of +sclerites. + +4. Abdominal segment of a caterpillar to show the position of the +tubercles. + +5. Lateral view of a dragon fly to show the body sclerites. + +All the abbreviations used in this plate are readily understood. + + + +PLATE II. Structures of Head, Mouth, Thorax & Genitalia + +1. Head of wasp from front. + +2. Head of honey bee with mouth parts extended. + +3. Head of Locustid from front, to show regions. + +4. Head of a Lepidopteron from front. + +5. Head of a cricket from front. + +6. Labium of a cricket showing all usual parts. + +7. Maxilla of Harpalus caliginosus, with all sclerites marked. + +8. Mandible of Copris carolina with all sclerites defined. + +9. Thorax of a Hymenopteron from above. + +10. Genitalia of a male mosquito with all parts named. + +11. Genitalia of a male Noctuid from below: the parts separated out. + + + +PLATE III. Venation According to the Comstock System. + +1. Wing venation of a Noctuid. + +2. Wing venation of a Hepialid. + +3. Wing venation of a Locustid. + +4. Wing venation of a Hymenopteron. + +5. Wing venation of a Dipteron. + +6. Wing venation of an Odonat. + +7. Wing venation of a Cicada. + + + +Abbreviations are as follows: + +C. Costa, except in figure 1, where on the outer margin C occurs +instead of Cu. In the cells it means Costal. + +Sc. Subcosta, when it refers to a vein and subcostal in a cell. + +R. Radius, when it refers to a vein and radial when in a cell. + +M. Media, when it refers to a vein and median in a cell. + +Cu. Cubitus, when it refers to a vein and cubital in a cell. + +A. Anal veins or cells. + +c-v. cross-vein. + +m-cu. medio-cubital cross-vein. + +r-m. radio-medial cross-vein. + +m. median cross-vein. + +h. humeral cross-vein. + +st. stigma. + +ar. arculus. + +br. bridge. + +n. nodus. + +o. oblique vein. + +t. triangle. + +i. internal triangle. + +al. anal loop. + +Antn-c-sp. Antenodal costal spaces. + +Ptn-c-sp. Postnodal costal spaces. + +Ptn-r-sp. Postnodal radial spaces. + +All cells are named after the vein that bounds them anteriorly and are +numbered, if more than one, from base outwardly, as 2M3 = second +median 3, etc. + +In figure 1, M, in the outer margin between C1 and M2, should be M3: +the 3 was accidentally cut out by the engraver. + + + +Plate 1 + + +Plate 2 + +Plate 3 + +COLOR PLATE. + +Nomenclature of Windsor and Newton's Water Colors. + 1. Vermilion. + 2. Carmine. + 3. Crimson lake. + 4. Alizar crimson. + 5. Salmon. + 6. Rose. + 7. Purple madder. + 8. Mauve. + 9. French blue. +10. Purple lake. +11. Violet carmine. +12. Lilac. +13. Cobalt blue. +14. Lavender. +15. Blue gray. +16. Greenish gray. +17. Chrome lemon. +18. Gamboge. +19. Chrome orange. +20. Pale cadmium yellow. +21. Brown pink. +22. Pale clay yellow. +23. Hooker's green. +24. Prussian green. +25. Olive green. +26. Apple green. +27. Nile green. +28. Pale green. +20. Blue green. +30. Neutral. +31. Gray. +32. Ultra ash gray. +33. Indian red. +34. Dragon's blood. +35. Burnt sienna. +36. Brown ochre. +37. Cologne earth. +38. Roman sepia. +39. Van Dyke brown. +40. Pale brown. + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Explanation of Terms Used in Entomology, by +John. B. 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B. Smith + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Explanation of Terms Used in Entomology + +Author: John. B. Smith + +Release Date: September 23, 2007 [EBook #22748] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY *** + + + + +Produced by Jon Richfield + + + + + +</pre> + +<p align="center"><b><big><big>EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN +ENTOMOLOGY</big></big></b></p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><b>PREPARED BY JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D.</b></p> +<p align="center">Professor of Entomology in Rutgers College, +Etc.</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size= +"2">PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL +SOCIETY</font></b></p> +<p align="center">BROOKLYN, N. Y.</p> +<p align="center">1906</p> +<p align="center"> </p> +<p align="center">PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY</p> +<p align="center">LANCASTER, PA.</p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4">{</font><i><font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Scanner's note: This book is about a century +old at the time of scanning. I found it in the discard pile of a +local university library. I find the book to be of exceptional +historical interest in the insights it gives into the development +of early modern entomological science. It also is of practical +value as a source for terms that are obscure to modern users +because they are no longer current. Such works are extremely +difficult to rid of all errors, so treat any really suspicious +looking passages with reserve. I have avoided the use of +non-alphabetic symbols as far as I could, for example Greek +letters and male, female and hermaphroditic symbols, but if you +encounter difficulties, those might be the source. Also, the +colour table at the end is not really much good for anything +beyond general impressions; not only are the paper and ink old, +but between my scanner and your screen or printer, there is room +for too much misinterpretation of precise colour, for anyone to +take it seriously.</font></i> <b><font face="Bookman Old Style" +size="4">}</font></b></p> +<div style="margin-left: 2em"> +<p><b>FOREWORD.</b> <a href="#Toc720">*</a></p> +<p><b>EXPLANATORY.</b> <a href="#Toc721">*</a></p> +<p><b>A</b> <a href="#Toc722">*</a></p> +<p><b>B</b> <a href="#Toc723">*</a></p> +<p><b>C</b> <a href="#Toc724">*</a></p> +<p><b>D</b> <a href="#Toc725">*</a></p> +<p><b>E</b> <a href="#Toc726">*</a></p> +<p><b>F</b> <a href="#Toc727">*</a></p> +<p><b>G</b> <a href="#Toc728">*</a></p> +<p><b>H</b> <a href="#Toc729">*</a></p> +<p><b>I</b> <a href="#Toc730">*</a></p> +<p><b>J</b> <a href="#Toc731">*</a></p> +<p><b>K</b> <a href="#Toc732">*</a></p> +<p><b>L</b> <a href="#Toc733">*</a></p> +<p><b>M</b> <a href="#Toc734">*</a></p> +<p><b>N</b> <a href="#Toc735">*</a></p> +<p><b>O</b> <a href="#Toc736">*</a></p> +<p><b>P</b> <a href="#Toc737">*</a></p> +<p><b>Q</b> <a href="#Toc738">*</a></p> +<p><b>R</b> <a href="#Toc739">*</a></p> +<p><b>S</b> <a href="#Toc740">*</a></p> +<p><b>T</b> <a href="#Toc741">*</a></p> +<p><b>U</b> <a href="#Toc742">*</a></p> +<p><b>V</b> <a href="#Toc743">*</a></p> +<p><b>W</b> <a href="#Toc744">*</a></p> +<p><b>X</b> <a href="#Toc745">*</a></p> +<p><b>Y</b> <a href="#Toc746">*</a></p> +<p><b>Z</b> <a href="#Toc747">*</a></p> +<p><b>ADDENDA.</b> <a href="#Toc748">*</a></p> +<p><b>EXPLANATION OF PLATES.</b> <a href="#Toc749">*</a></p> +<p><font size="2">PLATE 1. Structures of the External Body +Wall.</font> <a href="#Toc750">*</a></p> +<p><font size="2">PLATE II. Structures of Head, Mouth, Thorax +& Genitalia</font> <a href="#Toc751">*</a></p> +<p><font size="2">PLATE III. Venation According to the Comstock +System.</font> <a href="#Toc752">*</a></p> +<p><font size="2">COLOR PLATE.</font> <a href="#Toc753">*</a></p> +</div> +<p><b><a name="Toc720" id="Toc720"><font face="Bookman Old Style" +size="4">FOREWORD.</font></a></b></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">When, some time since, in +consequence of continuing demands, the Brooklyn Entomological +Society resolved to publish a new edition of its Explanation of +Terms used in Entomology, and entrusted the writer and two +associates with the task of preparing the same, it was believed +that a little revision of definitions, the dropping of a few +obsolete terms and the addition of a few lately proposed, would +be all that was necessary. It was to be a light task to fill idle +time in summer, report to be made in fall. Two years have passed +since that time; the associates have dropped by the way; the +manuscript contains five times the number of terms in the +original "Explanation." and if it is published now, it is not +because I believe it to be complete; but because I do not believe +it can be made complete except as the result of criticism and +voluntary addition by specialists throughout the +country.</font></p> +<p>It is twenty-six years since the original list was published +and nothing can better illustrate the advances made than a +comparison between the old and the new Glossary. No one realizes +better than I the fact that as students have increased in each +order, each has followed an independent line of research, +absolutely without regard to the work done elsewhere. In +consequence, we have several terms for the same thing in many +cases and, in an equal number, several meanings to the same term. +As no one man can now-a-days cover the entire field of +Entomology, it goes without saying that I was compelled to rely +partly upon books and partly upon the good nature of +correspondents to make the work even approximately complete.</p> +<p>The first notable contribution came from Professor Justus W. +Folsom, of Urbana, Illinois, who sent me over 2000 cards of terms +collected by himself and his assistants, and these added +materially at the beginning of the work. A number of +correspondents were good enough to send in lists of terms in +Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Neuroptera, +and to refer me to literature where explanations of other special +terms could be found.</p> +<p>After the cards were so far advanced as to warrant a +preliminary manuscript, Dr. Philip P. Calvert of the University +of Pennsylvania. Mr. Nathan Banks of Washington, D. C., and Mr. +C. W. Johnson of the Boston Society of Natural History went +carefully over the entire work and by their criticisms and +additions contributed materially to such merit as it possesses. +To these gentlemen and to the many others not specifically +mentioned I give thanks for their assistance, and if there have +not been more co-workers it has been only because of the time +element that seems to demand the best that is ready, rather than +a delay to secure perfection.</p> +<p>It would be interesting to go at length into the history of +the correspondence to determine what sort of terms should or +should not be included and to bring out the hopeless divergencies +existing ; but all that is important here is to state briefly +what has been included and what omitted.</p> +<p>Common English terms even if descriptive, when used in their +ordinary dictionary sense, have not been included as a rule; but +this is subject to many exceptions. Latin terms and derivatives, +even if used in their usual sense have been generally included; +but compounds made up of adequately defined descriptive terms are +generally omitted. Adverbial or adjective forms have been omitted +whenever it has been considered safe, and so have terms prefixed +by sub-, supra- and the like, indicating degree or position. In +doubtful cases the terms have been included and defined. All +terms of venation are, so far as possible, reduced to the +Comstock system which is the only one that has been +satisfactorily worked out for all orders, and a series of figures +is added to explain this system so far as seems necessary. It has +not been considered feasible to determine the proper use of terms +applied differently in different orders or families; that is +scarcely within the scope of a work of this kind.</p> +<p>Terms used in embryological and histological study have been +included only so far as seemed necessary to an understanding of +the general works, and no attempt has been made to cover the +terms applied to musculature and other details of microscopic +structure : this has seemed rather to be outside of the scope of +the present essay.</p> +<p>All color terms are reduced so far as possible to terms of the +Windsor and Newton system of water colors which are standard in +the English-speaking world, and the color plate shows solid +blocks of those colors that seem necessary to explain all +modifications except metallics, blacks and whites. {<i>Scanner's +note: color plate may be excluded, partly because it is in poor +condition.</i>}</p> +<p>The figures illustrating body structures and other details +have been drawn under my supervision by Mr. John A. Grossbeck, +and are meant to be guides merely—else the glossary would +exceed its scope.</p> +<p>In the admission that the work is incomplete, no apology is +intended for its publication; it is merely a statement of fact to +encourage constructive rather than destructive criticism. It is +hoped that those who note errors or omissions will communicate +them to the writer so that when another edition is needed, as it +will be before many years are past, a standard work may be +possible.</p> +<p>JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D.</p> +<p>New Brunswick, N.J. April 1906</p> +<p><a name="Toc721" id="Toc721">EXPLANATORY.</a></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Definitions of general +application are as a rule given first, where more than one is +necessary ; next those of limited use, and finally the specific +meaning in each order in which there is any notable +difference.</font></p> +<p>Where a word has more than one ending, the difference is given +after a hyphen which represents the stem word: e. g., ametabola +-ous; the latter in place of ametabolous, which indicates the +possession of the characters peculiar to the ametabola. Where +there is an English and a Latin ending, the former is usually +given with the word and the other is added: e. g., aequilate -us, +instead of aequilatus, there being no difference in the +application. Usually the singular form of the word is first +given, and the plural ending is added ; e. g.,</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>antenna -ae,</p> +<p>cenchrus -ri,</p> +<p>desideratum -ata ;</p> +</div> +<p>but occasionally, when the plural is more commonly used, e. +g., epimera -eron, this is reversed and the singular ending is +added: when the two are different in form, e. g., foot and feet, +the words are given separately, and so when there is a difference +in the application, as in</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>uncus and unci.</p> +</div> +<p>In the definition of color terms the words in brackets [ ] +refer to the equivalent color as named on the plate, or the +combination needed to produce it.</p> +<p>The names in parentheses ( ) are those of the writers whose +definitions are used, or who have used the term in the sense +defined. In the terms of venation, these parentheses occur most +frequently.</p> +<p>Most of the signs and abbreviations are those in common +use</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>:= equal to, or the same as ;</p> +<p>q. v., which see ;</p> +<p>pl., plural ; abb., abbreviated.</p> +</div> +<p>The abbreviated names are:</p> +<div style="margin-left: 4em"> +<p>Comst., for Comstock ; Coq., for Coquillett;<br> +Meig., for Meigen ; Nort., for Norton:<br> +O. S., for Osten-Sacken: and Will. for Williston.</p> +</div> +<p><a name="Toc722" id="Toc722">A</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">A</font>: prefix, +is privative; wanting or without.</b></p> +<p><b>Ab</b>: off; away from.</p> +<p><b>Abbreviated</b>: cut short; not of usual length.</p> +<p><b>Abdomen</b>: the third or posterior division of the insect +body: consists normally of nine or ten apparent segments, but +actual number is a mooted question: bears no functional legs in +the adult stage.</p> +<p><b>Abdominal</b>: belonging or pertaining to the abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Abdominal feet</b>: see pro-legs.</p> +<p><b>Abdominal groove</b>: the concave lobe of the inner margin +of secondaries enveloping the abdomen beneath, in some +butterflies.</p> +<p><b>Abdominal pouch</b>: in female Parnassiids, a sac-like +ventral cavity, formed by material secreted during +copulation.</p> +<p><b>Abductor</b>: applied to muscles that open out or extend an +appendage or draw it away from the body: see adductor.</p> +<p><b>Abductor mandibulae</b>: the muscle that opens the +mandibles.</p> +<p><b>Aberrant</b>: unusual; out of the ordinary course.</p> +<p><b>Aberration</b>: a form that departs in some striking way +from the normal type; either single or occurring rarely, at +irregular intervals.</p> +<p><b>Abiogenesis</b>: spontaneous generation.</p> +<p><b>Abnormal</b>: outside the usual range or course; not +normal.</p> +<p><b>Aborted</b>: a structure developed so as to be unfit for +its normal function obsolete or atrophied.</p> +<p><b>Abraded</b>: scraped or rubbed.</p> +<p><b>Abrupt</b>: suddenly or without gradation.</p> +<p><b>Abscissus</b>: cut off squarely, with a straight +margin.</p> +<p><b>Absconditus</b>: hidden, concealed; retracted into +another.</p> +<p><b>Acalyptrata</b>: those muscid flies in which alulae are +absent or rudimentary.</p> +<p><b>Acanthus</b>: a spine, spur or prickle.</p> +<p><b>Acaudal -ate</b>: without a tail.</p> +<p><b>Accessory</b>: added, or in addition to.</p> +<p><b>Accessory carinae</b>: in Orthoptera the lateral carinae of +the face.</p> +<p><b>Accessory cell</b>: a cell not commonly present in the +group; in some orders of definite location as, e.g. in +Lepidoptera, usually a small cell at the end of the subcosta, +giving rise directly or indirectly to veins 7 to 10:= 1st radius +2 (Comst.); = areole.</p> +<p><b>Accessory glands</b>: any glands opening into the ducts of +the reproductive system.</p> +<p><b>Accessory sac</b>: a glandular structure of the female +reproductive system containing a sticky secretion.</p> +<p><b>Accessory subcostal vein</b>: the vein given off from the +subcosta and branching toward the apex of the wing in +Perlidae.</p> +<p><b>Aceous or aceus</b>: suffix; similar to, or of the nature +of.</p> +<p><b>Acephalous</b>: without a head.</p> +<p><b>Acerata</b>: arthropods without true antennae Arachnids and +Limulus</p> +<p><b>Acetabular caps</b>: Hemiptera; the coxal cavity.</p> +<p><b>Acetabuliform</b>: like a shallow saucer with more or less +incurved sides.</p> +<p><b>Acetabulum</b>: the cavity into which an appendage is +articulated; specifically the coxal cavity, - q.v.; also applied +to a cup-like cavity in the sucking mouth of maggots.</p> +<p><b>Achreioptera</b>: ordinal term proposed for the +coleopterous family Platypsyllidae.</p> +<p><b>Achromatic</b>: free from color; tissue that does not stain +readily.</p> +<p><b>Acicular</b>: needle-shaped; with a long, slender +point.</p> +<p><b>Aciculate</b>: a surface that appears as if scratched with +a needle.</p> +<p><b>Acidotheca</b>: the pupal sheath of the ovipositor.</p> +<p><b>Acini</b>: granulations, like those on a blackberry: the +terminal secreting tubes of glands.</p> +<p><b>Acinose -ous</b>: a surface set with acini.</p> +<p><b>Acone</b>: applied to compound eyes in which the individual +ocelli have no crystalline cone or lens; see eucone. +{<i>Scanner's note: this is no longer a valid usage for the word +"ocelli". Currently the term is. See "ocellus" and +"ommatidium".</i>}</p> +<p><b>Acoustic nerve</b>: connects the auditory pits or other +organs of hearing with special ganglia.</p> +<p><b>Acridophagus</b>: preying and feeding on grasshoppers.</p> +<p><b>Acrostichal bristles</b>: Diptera; two rows of bristles on +the middle of the dorsum; specifically, minute peculiar bristles +on the dorso-central region of Dolichopodidae.</p> +<p><b>Aculeata</b>: Hymenoptera; the stingers, including bees and +wasps.</p> +<p><b>Aculeate</b>: prickly; armed with short, sharp spines; +specifically, in Hymenoptera furnished with a sting which is a +modified ovipositor and connected with a poison sac.</p> +<p><b>Aculeus -ei</b>: a prickle; a small sharp point; +specifically, an ovipositor, especially when sting-like, as in +Hymenoptera; in male Tipulidae a slender, horny, often curved and +pointed piece, projected when the forceps is open.</p> +<p><b>Acuminate</b>: tapering to a long point.</p> +<p><b>Acupunctate</b>: a surface with fine punctures as if made +with a needle.</p> +<p><b>Acutangulate</b>: forming, or meeting in an acute +angle.</p> +<p><b>Acute</b>: pointed: terminating in or forming less than a +right angle.</p> +<p><b>Acutilingual</b>: with a sharp pointed tongue or mouth +structure, as in some bees.</p> +<p><b>Acutilingues</b>: bees with a short pointed tongue: see +obtusilingues.</p> +<p><b>Addorsal</b>: close to but not quite on the middle of the +dorsum.</p> +<p><b>Addorsal line</b>: in caterpillars, is longitudinal, a +little to one side of the dorsal and between it and the subdorsal +line.</p> +<p><b>Adductor</b>: applied to muscles that draw an appendage to +the body or bring parts into apposition: see abductor.</p> +<p><b>Adductor mandibulae</b>: the muscle that draws in or closes +the mandible.</p> +<p><b>Adeloceratous</b>: with concealed antennae: see +cryptocerata.</p> +<p><b>Adephagous</b>: belonging to the Adephaga: pentamerous, +predatory, terrestrial beetles with filiform antennae and +predatory habits: see hydradephagous.</p> +<p><b>Adherent</b>: attached or clinging to.</p> +<p><b>Adipose</b>: fat or fatty: see fat-body.</p> +<p><b>Adiscota</b>: insects that develop into adults without +forming imaginal discs; see discota.</p> +<p><b>Adminicula</b>: supports or props: the spinous processes on +the abdomen of boring and burrowing pupae.</p> +<p><b>Adnate</b>: adjoining; adhering or growing together: +closely connected.</p> +<p><b>Adpressed</b>: laid or pressed to; contiguous.</p> +<p><b>Adsperse -us</b>: with markings of closely crowded small +spots.</p> +<p><b>Adsternal</b>: situated next or close to the sternum.</p> +<p><b>Adult</b>: the stage when an insect is sexually mature and +ready to reproduce normally.</p> +<p><b>Aduncate -cus, -catus</b>: a part gradually bent through +its whole extent.</p> +<p><b>Adventitious</b>: occurring accidentally, out of the +ordinary course, without apparent reason.</p> +<p><b>Adventral line</b>: in caterpillars, extends along the +under side between the middle and the base of legs.</p> +<p><b>Adventral tubercle</b>: on the abdominal segments of +caterpillars on the inner base of the leg, and correspondingly on +the apodal segments; constant: is number VIII of the abdominal +series (Dyar).</p> +<p><b>Aeneous -eus</b>: shining bronze or brassy.</p> +<p><b>Aenescent</b>: becoming or appearing bronzed or brassy.</p> +<p><b>Aequale</b>: equal.</p> +<p><b>Aequilate-us</b>: of equal breadth throughout.</p> +<p><b>Aerial</b>: living in the air; applied to flying +insects.</p> +<p><b>Aeriductus</b>: a spiracle: the tracheal, gill-like +structures of aquatic larvae: more specifically the tail-like +extensions of rat-tailed maggots and some aquatic Hemiptera.</p> +<p><b>Aeroscepsin</b>: an indefinite sense of perception supposed +to be located in the antenna.</p> +<p><b>Aeroscepsy</b>: The faculty of observing atmospheric +changes: supposed to be located in the antenna.</p> +<p><b>Aerostats</b>: a pair of large air sacs at base of abdomen +in Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Aeruginose -us</b>: the color of verdigris [blue +green].</p> +<p><b>Aestival</b>: occurring in summer.</p> +<p><b>Aestivation</b>: applied to summer dormancy.</p> +<p><b>Afferent</b>: carrying inwardly or toward the centre.</p> +<p><b>Affinis</b>: related to: similar in structure or +development.</p> +<p><b>Afternose</b>: a triangular piece below antennae and above +clypeus: see postclypeus.</p> +<p><b>Agamic -ous</b>: reproducing without union with a male.</p> +<p><b>Agamogenesis</b>: reproduction without fertilization by a +male: see parthenogenesis; gamogenesis.</p> +<p><b>Agglomerate</b>: heaped or massed together.</p> +<p><b>Agglutinate</b>: stuck or glued together; welded into one +mass.</p> +<p><b>Aggregated</b>: crowded together as closely as +possible.</p> +<p><b>Agnathous</b>: without jaws; specifically applied to those +Neuropteroid series in which the mouth structures are +obsolescent.</p> +<p><b>Aileron</b>: the scale covering the base of primaries in +some insects; see tegulae in Diptera = alula and squama, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Air-sacs or vesicles</b>: pouch-like expansions of tracheal +tubes in heavy insects, capable of inflation and supposed to +lessen specific gravity.</p> +<p><b>Air-tube</b>: a respiratory siphon.</p> +<p><b>Ala -ae</b>: a wing or wings.</p> +<p><b>Alar appendage</b>: see alulet.</p> +<p><b>Alar frenum</b>: a small ligament crossing the supra-alar +groove toward the root of the wing: Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Alary</b>: relating to the wings: applied also to the wing +muscles of heart.</p> +<p><b>Alate -us</b>: winged; with lobes similar to wings in +appearance though not necessarily in function.</p> +<p><b>Albi, albus</b>: white.</p> +<p><b>Albicans</b>: formed or made of white.</p> +<p><b>Albidus</b>: white with dusky tinge.</p> +<p><b>Albinic</b>: of the character of an albino.</p> +<p><b>Albinism</b>: that condition in which there is an absence +of color or a whitening in a form usually colored.</p> +<p><b>Albino</b>: a colorless individual of a species that is +normally colored.</p> +<p><b>Albumen</b>: the white of egg or the substances in the +tissues which have the same characteristics.</p> +<p><b>Albumin</b>: the characteristic substance forming the white +of egg.</p> +<p><b>Albuminoid</b>: like or of the character of albumen.</p> +<p><b>Alimentary canal</b>: the digestive tract as a whole; +begins at the mouth and extends through the body to the anus.</p> +<p><b>Alitrunk</b>: that part of the thorax to which the wings +are attached: in many Hymenoptera, includes the 1st abdominal +segment.</p> +<p><b>Alizarine</b>: a transparent, orange red [alizar +crimson].</p> +<p><b>Alleghanian faunal area</b>: is that part of the transition +zone comprising the greater part of New England, s. e. Ontario, +New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, eastern +N. Dakota, n. e. S. Dakota, and the Alleghanies from Pennsylvania +to Georgia.</p> +<p><b>Alligate -us</b>: fastened or suspended by a thread; like +the chrysalis of Papilio, etc.</p> +<p><b>Alliogenesis</b>: when the development includes an +alternation of generations (q.v.), as in Cynipids.</p> +<p><b>Alluring glands</b>: glandular structures diffusing an odor +supposed to be attractive to the opposite sex.</p> +<p><b>Allux</b>: next to the last joint of tarsus; in +Rhynchophora.</p> +<p><b>Alpine zone</b>: = arctic zone, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Alternation of generations</b>: where a species that occurs +in both sexes periodically produces only parthenogenetic females; +the latter, in turn, producing the sexed form; occurs in +Cynipidae and some Homoptera: see heterogeny.</p> +<p><b>Altus</b>: above: applied to a part raised above the usual +level.</p> +<p><b>Alulae</b>: Diptera; a pair of membranous scales above the +halteres, behind the root of the wing, one above or before the +other; the anterior attached to the wing and moving with it, the +posterior fastened to the thorax and stationary; see calyptra; +squama; squamula; lobulus; axillary lobe; aileron; scale; +tegulae: Coleoptera; a membranous appendage of the elytra which +prevents dislocation.</p> +<p><b>Alulet</b>: Diptera: the lobe at basal posterior part of +wing; = alar appendage; posterior lobe: and has been used as = +alula.</p> +<p><b>Alutaceous</b>: rather pale leather brown [burnt sienna]: +covered with minute cracks, like the human skin.</p> +<p><b>Alveolate</b>: furnished with cells: deeply pitted.</p> +<p><b>Alveolus</b>: a cell, like that of a honeycomb.</p> +<p><b>Amber</b>: a transparent, clear, pale yellowish brown; of +the color of amber [a mixture of pale cadmium yellow and a little +burnt umber].</p> +<p><b>Ambient vein</b>: Diptera; the costal vein when it extends +beyond the apex and practically margins the wing.</p> +<p><b>Ambrosia</b>: bee-bread: the food cultures of certain +Scolytid beetles.</p> +<p><b>Ambulatoria</b>: that series of Orthoptera in which the +legs are fitted for walking only; Phasmids.</p> +<p><b>Ambulatorial</b>: fitted for walking or making progress on +the surface.</p> +<p><b>Ambulatorial setae</b>: specialized hairs or bristles, +situated on the ventral segments of the abdomen of some +Coleoptera. Ambulatory: moves by walking; formed for walking.</p> +<p><b>Ametabola -ous</b>: insects without obvious metamorphoses, +in which the larvae usually resemble the adult and the pupae are +active.</p> +<p><b>Ametabolion</b>: an insect that has no distinct +metamorphoses.</p> +<p><b>Amethystine -us</b>: bright blue with a reddish admixture; +clear like an amethyst [between mauve and lilac].</p> +<p><b>Amnion</b>: the inner of the two membranes enveloping the +embryo.</p> +<p><b>Amnion cavity</b>: a tube-like insinking from the ventral +plate of the embryo, extending cephalad.</p> +<p><b>Amnion fold</b>: the extensions of the amnion which close +the mouth of the amnion cavity in the embryo.</p> +<p><b>Amnios</b>: the first cast skin of the larva when a moult +occurs almost immediately after emergence from the egg.</p> +<p><b>Amoebiform</b>: having the appearance or properties of an +amoeba.</p> +<p><b>Amoeboid</b>: applied to movements similar to those of an +amoeba.</p> +<p><b>Amphibiotica</b>: those pseudoneuropterous insects whose +larvae are aquatic but whose imagos are aerial; stone-flies; +May-flies; dragon- flies.</p> +<p><b>Amphimixis</b>: the mingling of the germ plasm of two +individuals.</p> +<p><b>Amphiodont</b>: applied to those forms of male Lucanids +bearing mandibles of medium size, between teleodont and priodont; +=mesodont.</p> +<p><b>Amphipneustic</b>: applied to larvae which have the +spiracles confined to the anterior and terminal segments.</p> +<p><b>Ample</b>: broad; large; sufficient in size.</p> +<p><b>Amplected</b>: when the head is received into a concavity +of the prothorax; e.g. Hister.</p> +<p><b>Ampliate -us</b>: moderately dilated.</p> +<p><b>Amplificatus</b>: dilated; enlarged.</p> +<p><b>Ampulla</b>: Orthoptera; an extensile sac between head and +prothorax used by the young in escaping from oötheca, and +later, in molting: Heteroptera; a blister-like enlargement at the +middle of the anterior margin of the pro-thorax.</p> +<p><b>Ampulla-like</b>: flask-shaped; applied to a vascular sac +at base of antennae which aids in the blood circulation of head +and its appendages.</p> +<p><b>Amygdaliform</b>: almond-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Anabolic</b>: the constructive change from food material to +animal tissue: see katabolic.</p> +<p><b>Anal</b>: pertaining or attached to the last segment of the +abdomen; the point or angle of any wing or other appendage that +is near to or at any time reaches the tip of the abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Anal angle</b>: on the secondaries is that angle nearest +the end of the abdomen when the wings are expanded: the angle +between the inner and outer margin of any wing; = hind angle of +primaries.</p> +<p><b>Anal appendages</b>: generally; applied to the external +genital parts.</p> +<p><b>Anal area</b>: Orthoptera and Neuroptera; the hinder or +anal portion of a wing within the anal vein = axillary area.</p> +<p><b>Anal cells</b>: the spaces between the anal veins (Comst.): +in Diptera, anal cell (Will.), the space nearest the body, +inclosed by the 5th and 6th veins sometimes called the third +basal cell (Coq.) = 1st anal (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Anal field</b>: Orthoptera; that area on the tegmina +corresponding to the anal area of the secondaries.</p> +<p><b>Anal filaments</b>: see caudal setae.</p> +<p><b>Anal fork</b>: applied to the cerci of Coleopterous +larvae.</p> +<p><b>Anal foot</b>: applied to the tip of the body in larval +Chironomids, which is modified to serve as a hold-fast.</p> +<p><b>Anal furrow</b>: in wings, lies between the cubitus and 1st +anal vein.</p> +<p><b>Anal glands</b>: appendages of the alimentary canal, +opening into it near the posterior extremity, secreting either a +lubricant, a silk-gum, or some other specialized material.</p> +<p><b>Anal horns</b>: in Collembola, are small processes borne on +the last abdominal segment.</p> +<p><b>Anal lobes</b>: in Lecaniinae, a pair of small, triangular, +hinged processes forming a valve which covers the anal +orifice.</p> +<p><b>Anal loop</b>: Odonata; the loop formed by the angulations +of 1st anal vein.</p> +<p><b>Analogous</b>: similar in function; but differing in origin +and structure: e.g. the wings of birds and insects: see +homologous.</p> +<p><b>Anal operculum</b>: the dorsal arch of the 10th abdominal +segment; in caterpillars = supra-anal plate, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Anal organs</b>: Collembola; the two modified hairs arising +from a tubercle ventro-cephalad of the anus and usually curving +caudo-dorsad.</p> +<p><b>Anal orifice</b>: see anus.</p> +<p><b>Anal papilla</b>: Collembola; see anal tubercle.</p> +<p><b>Anal plate</b>: in caterpillars, the shield-like covering +of the dorsum of the last segment: in the embryonic larva the +11th tergite.</p> +<p><b>Anal ring</b>: a chitinous ring encircling the anus in many +Coccidae.</p> +<p><b>Anal scale</b>: one of the lateral processes of the +ovipositor in Cynipidae, lying outside and below the lateral +scale.</p> +<p><b>Anal siphon</b>: the anal breathing tube of Culicid +larvae.</p> +<p><b>Anal style</b>: a slender process on or within the terminal +segment of the abdomen in Homoptera.</p> +<p><b>Anal tubercle</b>: Collembola; the tubercle bearing the +anal organs: = anal papilla.</p> +<p><b>Anal tubercles</b>: a pair of prominent, rounded or conical +processes, situate one on each side of the anus in certain +Coccids.</p> +<p><b>Anal valves</b>: see podical plates.</p> +<p><b>Anal veins</b>: those longitudinal unbranched veins +extending from base to outer margin below the cubitus; the first +anal, also termed vena dividens, q.v., is the 6th of the series +starting from the base, and it may be followed by several others +which are numbered in order to the inner margin.</p> +<p><b>Anastomosing</b>: inosculating or running into each +other.</p> +<p><b>Anastomosis</b>: a running together; usually applied to +wing veins, often to markings; sometimes used like stigma, q.v.; +also in Neuroptera, a series of cross-veinlets nearly in one row; +a connecting series of veinlets.</p> +<p><b>Anceps</b>: two-edged; similar to ensiform, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Ancestral</b>: primitive; inherited from an earlier form or +ancestor.</p> +<p><b>Anchor process</b>: = breastbone, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Anchylosed</b>: grown together at a joint.</p> +<p><b>Ancipital</b>: with two opposite edges or angles.</p> +<p><b>Androconia</b>: specialized, usually small scales of +peculiar form, found localized on some male butterflies.</p> +<p><b>Androgynous</b>: uniting the characters of both sexes.</p> +<p><b>Aneurose</b>: a wing without veins except near costa.</p> +<p><b>Angle</b>: of tegmina, "is the longitudinal ridge formed +along the interno-median by the sudden flexure from the +horizontal to the vertical portion when closed."</p> +<p><b>Angular area</b>: Hym.; the posterior of the three areas on +the metanotum between the lateral and pleural carinae; = 3rd +pleural area.</p> +<p><b>Angulate</b>: forming an angle; when two margins meet in an +angle.</p> +<p><b>Angulose</b>: having angles.</p> +<p><b>Angulus</b>: forming an angle: = angulate.</p> +<p><b>Angustatus</b>: narrowed; narrowly drawn out.</p> +<p><b>Anisoptera</b>: that division of the Odonata in which the +hind wings are wider, especially at base, than the front +wings.</p> +<p><b>Annectent</b>: applied to connecting or intermediate +forms.</p> +<p><b>Annelet or annellus</b>: Hym.; small ring-joints between +scape and funicle.</p> +<p><b>Annulate</b>: ringed or marked with colored bands.</p> +<p><b>Annulet</b>: a small or narrow ring or annulus.</p> +<p><b>Annuliform</b>: in the form of rings or segments.</p> +<p><b>Annulus</b>: a ring encircling a joint, segment, spot or +mark; sometimes applied to the inner ring encircling the mouth +opening.</p> +<p><b>Annulus antennalis</b>: the ring sclerite of the head into +which the basal segment of the antennae is inserted; = antennal +sclerite.</p> +<p><b>Anomalous</b>: unusual; departing widely from the usual +type.</p> +<p><b>Anoplura</b>: wingless species without metamorphosis, +habits epizoötic, thoracic segments similarly developed: a +composite aggregation which includes both the biting and sucking +lice.</p> +<p><b>Ante</b>: before; used as a prefix.</p> +<p><b>Ante-alar sinus</b>: Odonata; a grooved area extending +transversely immediately in front of the base of each front +wing.</p> +<p><b>Ante-apical</b>: just before the apex.</p> +<p><b>Ante-clypeus</b>: Odonata; the lower of the two divisions +of the clypeus; the inferior half of the clypeus whenever there +is any apparent line of demarcation: = clypeus-anterior; +infra-clypeus; rhinarium; second clypeus.</p> +<p><b>Ante-coxal piece</b>: Coleoptera; that portion of the +metasternum lying in front of the posterior coxae, often passing +between them and meeting the abdomen of mandible, is the lateral +sclerite of the clypeus; - one on each side.</p> +<p><b>Ante-cubital</b>: see ante-nodal, cross veins and +spaces.</p> +<p><b>Ante-furca</b>: an internal forked process from the +prosternum, to which muscles are attached.</p> +<p><b>Ante-humeral</b>: relating to the space just before origin +of wings.</p> +<p><b>Ante-humeral stripe</b>: Odonata; a discolored stripe, +approximately parallel to, but to the inner side of the humeral +suture, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Antemedial line</b>: = t. a. line, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Antemedian</b>: Diptera; applied to leg-bristles situated +before the middle.</p> +<p><b>Antenna -ae</b>: two jointed, sensory organs, borne, one on +each side of the head, commonly termed horns or feelers.</p> +<p><b>Antenna-cleaner</b>: a fringed excavation on the interior +base of the 1st segment of the anterior tarsi of Hymenoptera +which, when covered by the movable process from the end of the +tibia, forms an opening through which the antennae may be drawn: +similar structures are on the fore tibiae of Carabid beetles: +tarsal claws are also used by various insects to clean +antennae.</p> +<p><b>Antennal appendage</b>: in Mallophaga, a projecting process +of the 1st or 3rd segment in the male.</p> +<p><b>Antennal formula</b>: in Coccidae; made by enumerating the +antennal joints in the order of their length, beginning with the +longest and bracketing together those of the same length.</p> +<p><b>Antennal fossa -w</b>: grooves or cavities in which +antennae are located or concealed: = a. grooves: antennary +fossa.</p> +<p><b>Antennal fovea</b>: Diptera; a groove or grooves in the +middle of the face as though for the lodgment of the antennae; +bounded on the sides by the facial ridges.</p> +<p><b>Antennal foveolae</b>: Orthoptera; the pits between frontal +costa and lateral carinae, in which the antennae are +inserted.</p> +<p><b>Antennal grooves</b>: see antennal fossa.</p> +<p><b>Antennal lobes</b>: of brain, see deuto-cerebrum.</p> +<p><b>Antennal organs</b>: in Collembola are sensory structures +on the distal segment.</p> +<p><b>Antennal process</b>: Diptera; the frontal protuberance +upon which the antennae are inserted.</p> +<p><b>Antennal sclerite</b>: see annulus antennalis.</p> +<p><b>Antennal segment</b>: the second or deutocerebral segment +of head.</p> +<p><b>Antennary fossa</b>: see antennal fossa.</p> +<p><b>Antennary furrow</b>: in Mallophaga, grooves on the under +side of the head in which the antennae lie.</p> +<p><b>Antenniferous</b>: bearing antennae.</p> +<p><b>Antenniform</b>: made up like, or having the appearance of +antennae.</p> +<p><b>Antennule</b>: a small antennae or feeler-like process.</p> +<p><b>Antenodal cells</b>: Odonata; in Agrionidae the cells +included between the short sector (M 4 Comst.) and the upper +sector of the triangle (Cu 1, Comst.), and between the +quadrilateral (or quadrangle) and the vein descending from the +nodus.</p> +<p><b>Antenodal cross veins</b>: Odonata; extend between costa +and subcosta, and between subcosta and media, from the base to +the nodus, forming the ante-nodal or ante-cubital cells: = +ante-cubital.</p> +<p><b>Antenodal costal spaces</b>: Odonata; the cells between +costa and subcosta, from the base to the nodus: = +ante-cubitals.</p> +<p><b>Anteocular</b>: the region just before the eye; +specifically applied in Collembola to a peculiar structure of +undefined function situated in front of the eyes: = +prostemmatic.</p> +<p><b>Antepectus</b>: the lower surface of the prothorax.</p> +<p><b>Antepenultimate</b>: the last but two.</p> +<p><b>Anterior</b>: in front; before; in Dip., that face of the +leg which is visible from the front when the leg is laterally +extended and bristles on that face are anterior.</p> +<p>Anterior branch of third vein, in Diptera (Will.), = radius 4 +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Anterior field</b>: Orthoptera; of tegmina, see costal +field.</p> +<p><b>Anterior intercalary vein</b>: Diptera; = media 2 (Comst.); +of Loew = discoidal vein.</p> +<p><b>Anterior lamina</b>: Odonata; the anterior sternal border +of abdominal segment 2, modified to form the front margin of the +genital pocket.</p> +<p><b>Anterior lobe</b>: Orthoptera; see lobes.</p> +<p><b>Anterior squama</b>: = antisquama; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Anterior stigmatal tubercle</b>: on thoracic and abdominal +segment of caterpillars; varies from substigmatal to stigmatal +anterior; sometimes united to IV: it is V of the abdominal +series, IV of the thorax (Dyar).</p> +<p><b>Anterior trapezoidal tubercle</b>: on thoracic and +abdominal segment of caterpillars addorsal, anterior, always +present, rarely united with II: it is I of the abdominal series, +la of the thorax (Dyar).</p> +<p><b>Antero</b>: to the front; anteriorly.</p> +<p><b>Antero-dorsal</b>: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the +meeting of anterior and dorsal face.</p> +<p><b>Antero-ventral</b>: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the +meeting of anterior and ventral face.</p> +<p><b>Anthobian</b>: feeding on flowers; applied to certain +lamellicorn Coleoptera in which the labium extends beyond the +mentum.</p> +<p><b>Anthophila</b>: Hymenoptera; species in which the basal +joint of the hind tarsus is dilated and pubescent; the bees.</p> +<p><b>Anthracine -us</b>: coal black; black with a bluish +tinge.</p> +<p><b>Anti</b>: over against; opposite; contrary: (prefix).</p> +<p><b>Anticus</b>: frontal; belonging to or directed toward the +front.</p> +<p><b>Antigeny</b>: opposition or antagonism of the sexes; +embracing all forms of secondary sexual diversity.</p> +<p><b>Antipodal costal spaces</b>: Odonata; the cells between +costa and subcosta, from the base to the modus; = +antecubitals.</p> +<p><b>Antisquama</b>: Diptera; the upper of the two which moves +with the wings; = antitegula; see also squama.</p> +<p><b>Antitegula</b>: see antisquama.</p> +<p><b>Antlia</b>: the spiral tongue or haustellum of +Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Antliata</b>: insects with a sucking mouth; originally +applied to Lepidoptera and Diptera, later and more specifically +to Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Antrorse -sum</b>: directed toward the front.</p> +<p><b>Anus</b>: the end of the digestive tract, through which the +food remnants are passed: the posterior part of the individual: +specifically, in Coccidae, a more or less circular opening on the +dorsal surface of the pygidium, varying in location as regards +the circumgenital gland orifices: = anal orifice.</p> +<p><b>Aorta</b>: the anterior, narrow part of the heart, opening +into the head.</p> +<p><b>Apex</b>: that part of any joint or segment opposite the +base by which it is attached; that point of a wing furthest +removed from base or at the end of the costal area.</p> +<p><b>Aphaniptera</b>: indistinctly winged; see Siphonaptera.</p> +<p><b>Aphideine</b>: see aphidilutein.</p> +<p><b>Aphidilutein</b>: a yellowish fluid found in plant lice, +changed to a rich violet by alkaline reagents.</p> +<p><b>Apical</b>: at, near or pertaining to the apex; usually of +a wing.</p> +<p><b>Apical area</b>: see petiolar area.</p> +<p><b>Apical areas</b>: apical cells in some Homoptera.</p> +<p><b>Apical cell</b>: a cell near or at the apex of a wing; in +Hymenoptera (Norton) = medial (Comst.); outer apical cell = 2d +medial 2 (Comst.); inner apical cell = medial 3 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Apical cells or cellules</b>: Trichoptera; the series of +cells along the outer margin of wing from pterostigma to +arculus.</p> +<p><b>Apically</b>: toward or directed toward the apex.</p> +<p><b>Apical sector</b>: one of the longitudinal veins in the +apical part of wing of Neuroptera.</p> +<p><b>Apical transverse carina</b>: Hymenoptera; crosses the +metanotum behind middle and separates the median from the +posterior cells or areas.</p> +<p><b>Apiculis</b>: an erect, fleshy short point.</p> +<p><b>Apiculate</b>: covered with fleshy, short points.</p> +<p><b>Apivorous</b>: devouring bees.</p> +<p><b>Apneustic</b>: without an open tracheal system; respiration +is through the skin or through tracheal gills.</p> +<p><b>Apocrita</b>: = petiolate, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Apodal</b>: with single, simple tubercles instead of feet, +in larvae; without feet = apodous.</p> +<p><b>Apode</b>: one that has no feet.</p> +<p><b>Apodema</b>: a conspicuous transverse band crossing the +thorax in front of the scutellum in male Coccidae.</p> +<p><b>Apodeme</b>: an inwardly directed process to which a muscle +is attached.</p> +<p><b>Apodous</b>: without feet; see apodal.</p> +<p><b>Apolar</b>: without differentiated poles; without apparent +radiating processes applied to cells.</p> +<p><b>Apophysis</b>: the lower of the two joints of trochanter in +ditrocha trochanterellus; the dorso-lateral metathoracic spines +in Hymenoptera; also used as synonymous with ento-thorax.</p> +<p><b>Apophystegal plates</b>: Orthoptera; flattened blade or +plate-like sclerites covering the gonapophyses.</p> +<p><b>Apotypes</b>: = hypotypes; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Appendage -es</b>: any part, piece or organ attached by a +joint to the body or to any other main structure.</p> +<p><b>Appendice -es</b>: any attached body or small process; an +appendix.</p> +<p><b>Appendicial</b>: supplementary: relating to appendices.</p> +<p><b>Appendicle</b>: a small appendix: in some bees, a small +sclerite at tip of labrum.</p> +<p><b>Appendiculate</b>: bearing appendages; said of antennae +where the joints have articulated appendages; of tarsal claws +that have membranous processes at base.</p> +<p><b>Appendiculate cell</b>: Hymenoptera; is on costa just +beyond 2d radius 1 and 2.</p> +<p><b>Appendigerous</b>: bearing appendages.</p> +<p><b>Appendix</b>: a supplementary or additional piece or part, +added to or attached to another: in Heteroptera; = cuneus, +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Appress -ed</b>: to press against; closely applied to.</p> +<p><b>Approximate</b>: near to; applies to antennae inserted +close together.</p> +<p><b>Aptera</b>: those that have no wings: an ordinal term +formerly employed for fleas, lice and other wingless forms now +distributed in other orders: later used for the simplest or +lowest insects, including the Thysanura and Collembola.</p> +<p><b>Apterodicera</b>: wingless, with two antennae.</p> +<p><b>Apterous</b>: without wings.</p> +<p><b>Apterygogenea</b>: those insects that are wingless in all +stages and presumed to be descended from ancestors which never +were winged: see pterygogenea.</p> +<p><b>Apterygota</b>: = apterygogenea; see pterygote.</p> +<p><b>Aquamarine -us</b>: sea green: pale green with predominant +blue and a little gray [nile green].</p> +<p><b>Aquatic</b>: living wholly in water.</p> +<p><b>Aquatilia</b>: cryptocerous Hemiptera of truly aquatic +habit.</p> +<p><b>Arachnoideous</b>: resembling or similar to a cobweb.</p> +<p><b>Araneiform</b>: spider-like in appearance.</p> +<p><b>Arboreal</b>: living in, on, or among trees.</p> +<p><b>Arborescent</b>: branching like the twigs of a tree.</p> +<p><b>Archaic</b>: ancient; no longer dominant; of the olden +time.</p> +<p><b>Archiptera</b>: those Neuroptera with incomplete +metamorphosis = Pseudo-neuroptera.</p> +<p><b>Arctic Zone</b>: is that part of the boreal region above +the limit of tree growth in the U. S. is restricted to the area +above timber line on the summits of high mountains: = alpine.</p> +<p><b>Arcuate</b>: curved like a bow: = arcuate.</p> +<p><b>Arcuato-emarginate</b>: with a bow-like or curved +excision.</p> +<p><b>Arculus</b>: Odonata; a small cross vein between radius and +cubitus near the base, leaving an elongate triangle between them: +Trichoptera; a point, often hyaline, on the forewing where the +cubitus (or post cubitus) runs into the margin: in Homoptera; a +cross-veinlet nearly reaching posterior margin at same point as +in Trichoptera: in other orders applied to a cross-vein in +similar position, apparently giving rise to the median.</p> +<p><b>Arcus</b>: a bow; part of a circle; but less than one +half.</p> +<p><b>Area mediastinal, scapularis and ulnaris</b>: the areas in +front of the mediastinal, the scapular, and the ulnar veins in +Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Areae or Areolae</b>: wing cells or spaces between +veins.</p> +<p><b>Arenicolous</b>: applied to species frequenting sandy +areas.</p> +<p><b>Arenose</b>: a surface that is sandy or gritty.</p> +<p><b>Areola</b>: a small cell on the wings of certain Hemiptera: +see also areae Hymenoptera; the central of three median areas on +the metanotum: = 2d median area; upper median area.</p> +<p><b>Areolate</b>: with small defined areas, like a network.</p> +<p><b>Areole</b>: Lepidoptera; see accessory cell, cell and +cellule.</p> +<p><b>Areolet</b>: one of the small spaces between veins of +net-veined insects.</p> +<p><b>Argentate</b>: shining, silvery white.</p> +<p><b>Argenteous</b>: silvery.</p> +<p><b>Argillaceous</b>: of the texture, appearance or color of +clay.</p> +<p><b>Arid</b>: Applied to regions in which the normal rainfall +is insufficient to produce ordinary farm crops without +irrigation, and in which desert conditions prevail: see +humid.</p> +<p><b>Arid transition area</b>: comprises the western part of the +Dakotas, northern Montana east of the Rockies, southern +Assiniboia, small areas in southern Manitoba and Alberta, the +higher parts of the Great Basin and the plateau region generally, +the eastern base of Cascade Sierras and local areas in Oregon and +California.</p> +<p><b>Arista</b>: a specialized bristle or process on antennae of +certain Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Aristate</b>: Diptera; that type of antennae that bears an +arista: = athericerous.</p> +<p><b>Aristiform</b>: of the form or appearance of an arista.</p> +<p><b>Armature</b>: applied to the spinous or chitinous processes +on the legs, body or wings; or the corneous parts of genitalic +structures.</p> +<p><b>Armatus</b>: set with spines, claws or other chitinous +processes.</p> +<p><b>Armillate</b>: with a ring or annulus of raised or +different tissue.</p> +<p><b>Arolium -ia</b>: cushion-like pads on the tarsi of many +insects: one of the lobes of the pulvillus; in Orthoptera, used +only for the terminal pad between the claws: see empodium; +pulvillus; palmula; plantula; onychium, paronychium, +pseudonychium.</p> +<p><b>Arquate</b>: see arcuate.</p> +<p><b>Arrhenotokous</b>: capable of producing male offspring +only, as in worker bees and some saw-flies.</p> +<p><b>Arrhenotoky</b>: parthenogenetic reproduction when the +progeny are all males: see thelyotoky and deuterotoky.</p> +<p><b>Arthrium</b>: Coleoptera; the minute, concealed tarsal +joint in pseudotetramera and trimera.</p> +<p><b>Arthroderm</b>: the outer skin or covering of +articulates.</p> +<p><b>Arthrodial</b>: an articulation that permits motion in any +direction.</p> +<p><b>Arthromere</b>: a body segment or ring: = somite.</p> +<p><b>Arthropleure</b>: the side piece of an arthromere.</p> +<p><b>Arthropods</b>: all those articulates having jointed +legs.</p> +<p><b>Article</b>: a joint or segment.</p> +<p><b>Articular pan</b>: the cup or dish-like depression forming +the socket into which an articulation is fitted.</p> +<p><b>Articulate</b>: that branch of the animal kingdom whose +members are made up of rings, segments or articulations.</p> +<p><b>Articulate</b>: divided into joints or segments.</p> +<p><b>Articulated apex</b>: see clasp filament.</p> +<p><b>Articulation</b>: the point or place where two parts or +segments are joined: also applied to an individual joint or +segment.</p> +<p><b>Articulatory epideme</b>: the partly chitinized membrane by +which the wings are attached to the thorax.</p> +<p><b>Artus</b>: the organs of locomotion generally.</p> +<p><b>Asexual</b>: applied where the reproductive organs are +incompletely developed and eggs or young are produced by +cell-budding: = parthenogenetic.</p> +<p><b>Ash-gray</b>: a mixture of black and white, with a faint +orange tinge: like ashes of anthracite coal.</p> +<p><b>Aspect</b>: indicates the direction to which a surface +faces or in which it is viewed; it may be dorsal, ventral, +caudal, cephalic or lateral.</p> +<p><b>Asperities</b>: surface roughenings or dot-like +elevations.</p> +<p><b>Aspersus</b>: rugged, with distinct elevated dots.</p> +<p><b>Assembling</b>: gathering together; applied when a virgin +female is exposed to attract such males as may be near, either to +secure a pairing or merely to obtain specimens; also called +sembling.</p> +<p><b>Assurgent</b>: down-curved at base, then upcurved to an +erect position.</p> +<p><b>Asymmetrical</b>: not alike on the two sides; not +symmetrical.</p> +<p><b>Asymmetry</b>: a state of unlikeness in lateral +development; absence of symmetry in form or in the development of +members.</p> +<p><b>Ater</b>: deep black; not shining.</p> +<p><b>Aterimus</b>: the deepest black.</p> +<p><b>Athericerous</b>: see aristate.</p> +<p><b>Atom -us</b>: a minute dot or point.</p> +<p><b>Atomarius</b>: with minute dots or points.</p> +<p><b>Atrachelia</b>: Coleoptera in which there is no visible +constriction between head and prothorax: Rhynchophora and some +Heteromera.</p> +<p><b>Atrium</b>: a chamber just within the spiracle and before +the occluding structure to the trachea.</p> +<p><b>Atrocoeruleus</b>: very deep, blackish, sky-blue.</p> +<p><b>Atrophied</b>: wasted away; unfit for use.</p> +<p><b>Atropurpureus</b>: dark purplish, nearly black [an +admixture of mauve and black].</p> +<p><b>Atrous</b>: jet black.</p> +<p><b>Atrovelutinus</b>: velvety black.</p> +<p><b>Atrovirens</b>: dark green, approaching blackish [prussian +green].</p> +<p><b>Attenuated</b>: drawn out; slender; tapering.</p> +<p><b>Attingent</b>: touching.</p> +<p><b>Atus</b>: suffix; denotes possession of a quality or +structure.</p> +<p><b>Atypic -ical</b>: off type; not of the usual form.</p> +<p><b>Auchenorhynchus</b>: with the beak issuing from the +inferior portion of head, as in Homoptera.</p> +<p><b>Auditory</b>: relating to the sense of hearing.</p> +<p><b>Auditory organs</b>: Orthoptera; specialized structures +covered by a tense membrane, on the anterior tibia or base of +abdomen; any structure that functions as an ear.</p> +<p><b>Aurantiacus</b>: orange colored; a mixture of yellow and +red [chrome orange].</p> +<p><b>Aurate</b>: with ears or ear-like expansions: also = +auratus.</p> +<p><b>Auratus</b>: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow].</p> +<p><b>Aurelia</b>: = chrysalis or pupa; specifically of +butterflies.</p> +<p><b>Aurelian</b>: a lepidopterist.</p> +<p><b>Aureolate</b>: with a diffused colored ring.</p> +<p><b>Aureole</b>: a ring of color which is usually diffuse +outwardly.</p> +<p><b>Aureous -eus</b>: gold-colored.</p> +<p><b>Aurichalceous</b>: brassy yellow.</p> +<p><b>Auricle -cula</b>: an appendage resembling a little ear; in +Odonata the tumescent area at the sides of the second abdominal +segment: in Andrenidae, a short membranous process placed +laterally on the ligula.</p> +<p><b>Auricular</b>: applied to the space or cavity surrounding +the dorsal vessel.</p> +<p><b>Auriculate</b>: with an ear-like appendage or, in antennae, +with the basal joint distended into a concave, plate-like ear +which envelops the rest of the structures.</p> +<p><b>Auriculo-ventricular</b>: the outer valves of the heart +between the auricular space and the chamber.</p> +<p><b>Auriculo-ventricular openings</b>: are the lateral openings +into the heart by means of which the blood is admitted into +it.</p> +<p><b>Auritus</b>: with two ear-like spots or appendages.</p> +<p><b>Auroral spot</b>: applied to the bright orange colored spot +at the apical area of Anthocharis.</p> +<p><b>Auroreous -eus</b>: red, like the aurora borealis [crimson +lake].</p> +<p><b>Austral</b>: is that faunal region which covers the whole +of the United States and Mexico except the boreal mountains and +tropical lowlands: divided into transition, upper, lower and gulf +strip: see boreal and tropical.</p> +<p><b>Austroriparian faunal area</b>: that part of lower austral +zone covering the greater part of the South Atlantic and Gulf +States. Begins near mouth of Chesapeake Bay, covers half or more +of Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, +all of Mississippi and Louisiana, east Texas, nearly all of +Indian Territory, more than half of Arkansas and parts of +Oklahoma, s. e. Kansas, so. Missouri, so. Illinois, s. w. corner +of Indiana and bottom lands of Kentucky and Tennessee.</p> +<p><b>Autotype</b>: any specimen identified by the describer as +an illustration of his species and compared with the type or +co-type.</p> +<p><b>Auxiliary</b>: additional, or supplementing.</p> +<p><b>Auxiliary vein</b>: in Diptera (Will.), = subcosta +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Axillae</b>: two small, subtriangular sclerites at the +lateral basal angles of the meso-scutellum in Proctytripidae.</p> +<p><b>Axillary</b>: placed in the crotch or angle of origin of +two bodies; arising from the angle of ramification.</p> +<p><b>Axillary area</b>: see anal area.</p> +<p><b>Axillary calli</b>: see calli axillary.</p> +<p><b>Axillary cell</b>: in Diptera (Will.), = 2d anal +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Axillary excision</b>: = a. incision, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Axillary incision</b>: Diptera; an incision on inner margin +of wing, near base, which separates the alula from the main +part.</p> +<p><b>Axillary lobe</b>: the sclerite covering the base of the +wing in Diptera; see also alula and posterior lobe.</p> +<p><b>Axillary vein</b>: one or two longitudinal veins toward the +inner margin from the anal vein (Ephemeridae); a group of several +(10-20) radiate veins that occupy the anal field in +Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Axis</b>: a small process at base of elytron, upon which it +turns.</p> +<p><b>Azure -eus</b>: clear sky-blue [cobalt blue].</p> +<p><b>Azygos</b>: unpaired; a structure without a fellow; +sometimes applied to an unpaired oviduct specifically the +enlarged portion of the vagina at the junction of the oviducts +and thus = uterus.</p> +<p><a name="Toc723" id="Toc723">B</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Baccate -us</font>: +berry-like: applied to bladder-like ovaries from the surface of +which the short ovarian tubes arise.</b></p> +<p><b>Back</b>: the dorsum or upper surface.</p> +<p><b>Baculiform</b>: rod or staff-like.</p> +<p><b>Badius</b>: liver-brown; clearer and lighter than castaneus +[dragon's blood].</p> +<p><b>Baenomere</b>: a leg-bearing (thoracic) segment.</p> +<p><b>Baenopoda</b>: the thoracic legs.</p> +<p><b>Baenosome</b>: the thorax.</p> +<p><b>Balancers</b>: see halteres.</p> +<p><b>Bald</b>: without hair or other surface vestiture: see +bare.</p> +<p><b>Band</b>: a transverse marking broader than a line.</p> +<p><b>Bar</b>: a short, straight band of equal width.</p> +<p><b>Barb</b>: a spine armed with teeth pointing backward.</p> +<p><b>Barbate</b>: furnished with barbs; hair with spines or +spurs directed backward.</p> +<p><b>Barbated</b>: bearded; in antennae with tufts or fascicles +of hair or short bristles on each side of each joint; = +brush-like: on the abdomen, with flat tufts at the sides or +tip.</p> +<p><b>Barbule</b>: a small barb, beard or filiform appendage.</p> +<p><b>Bare</b>: without clothing of any kind: see bald.</p> +<p><b>Basad</b>: in the direction of or toward the base.</p> +<p><b>Basal</b>: at or pertaining to the base or point of +attachment to or nearest the main body.</p> +<p><b>Basal area</b>: in wings: that space nearest the point +where they are attached to the body: on the metanotum of +Hymenoptera, the anterior of the three median cells or areas = +1st median area.</p> +<p><b>Basal cell</b>: Diptera; st (Will.), = radial 2 (Comst.); +2d (Will.), = media (Comst.); Trichoptera; one, two or three +cells enclosed by the branches that form-the post-costal or anal +vein: Odonata; an elongate cell between radius and cubitus, just +before the arculus.</p> +<p><b>Basalis</b>: the principal mandibular sclerite, when +sclerites are distinguishable, to which all other parts are +jointed; corresponds to the stipes in the maxilla.</p> +<p><b>Basal line</b>: in many Lepidoptera; a transverse line +extending half way across the primaries very close to base.</p> +<p><b>Basal lobe</b>: of culicid genitalia, see claspette.</p> +<p><b>Basal post-costal vein</b>: in Agrioninae, one of the +cubito-anal cross- veins.</p> +<p><b>Basal segment of clasp</b>: see side piece.</p> +<p><b>Basal space</b>: that area on the primaries of certain +Lepidoptera, between the base and t. a. line (q.v.).</p> +<p><b>Basal streak</b>: in Noctuid moths, extends from base, +through the submedian interspace to the t. a. line.</p> +<p><b>Basal transverse carina</b>: on the metanotum of +Hymenoptera, crosses before middle and separates the anterior +from the median areas.</p> +<p><b>Base</b>: that part of any appendage that is nearest the +body: on the thorax that portion nearest the abdomen; on the +abdomen that portion nearest the thorax.</p> +<p><b>Basement membrane</b>: that thin layer of tissue upon which +the epithelium rests.</p> +<p><b>Basilar</b>: of or pertaining to the base.</p> +<p><b>Basilar cross-vein</b>: Odonata; crosses the basilar +space.</p> +<p><b>Basilar membrane</b>: a thin membrane separating the cones +and rods from the optic tract.</p> +<p><b>Basilar space</b>: Odonata; that area at base of wings, +between media and cubitus.</p> +<p><b>Basi-proboscis</b>: basal third of the flexed proboscis of +muscid flies.</p> +<p><b>Batesian mimicry</b>: see mimicry.</p> +<p><b>Bathmis</b>: see pterostigma.</p> +<p><b>Bave</b>: the fluid silk as it is spun by caterpillars.</p> +<p><b>Beak</b>: any notable prolongation of the front of the +head: the snout in Rhynchophora: specifically, the jointed +structure covering the lancets in the hemipterous mouth.</p> +<p><b>Bearded</b>: fringed with hair: see barbated.</p> +<p><b>Belly</b>: venter; under side of abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Belonoid</b>: needle-like.</p> +<p><b>Bi</b>: prefix, means two.</p> +<p><b>Bi-alar</b>: two-winged; applied to Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Biarcuate</b>: twice curved.</p> +<p><b>Biareolate</b>: with two cells or areoles: see +bilocular.</p> +<p><b>Bicaudate</b>: having two tails or anal processes.</p> +<p><b>Bicolored</b>: with two colors that contrast to some +extent.</p> +<p><b>Bicornute</b>: with two horns or cephalic processes.</p> +<p><b>Bicuspidate</b>: ending in two points or cusps.</p> +<p><b>Bidactylate</b>: with two fingers or finger-like +processes.</p> +<p><b>Bidentate</b>: two-toothed.</p> +<p><b>Biemarginate</b>: twice emarginate; with two excisions.</p> +<p><b>Bifarious</b>: pointing in opposite directions.</p> +<p><b>Bifasciate</b>: with two bands or fascia.</p> +<p><b>Bifid</b>: divided into two parts; split; applied in +Coleoptera to tarsal claws which are divided so that the claws +lie side by side: see biparted.</p> +<p><b>Biflabellate</b>: antennae with fan-like process on two +sides.</p> +<p><b>Bifurcate</b>: divided, not over half its length, into two +dull points; forked.</p> +<p><b>Bifurcation</b>: a forking or division into two: the point +at which a forking occurs.</p> +<p><b>Biguttate</b>: with two drop-like spots.</p> +<p><b>Bijugum</b>: in two pairs.</p> +<p><b>Bilamellar</b>: divided into two lamina or plates.</p> +<p><b>Bilateral -eriter</b>: with two equal or symmetrical +sides.</p> +<p><b>Biliary vessels</b>: see malpighian tubules.</p> +<p><b>Bilineate -us</b>: with two lines.</p> +<p><b>Bilobate -ed</b>: divided into two lobes.</p> +<p><b>Binocular</b>: having two cells or compartments: see +biareolate.</p> +<p><b>Bimaculate</b>: with two spots or maculae.</p> +<p><b>Binate</b>: in pairs: consisting of a single pair.</p> +<p><b>Binotate</b>: with two rounded spots.</p> +<p><b>Binus</b>: paired: doubled.</p> +<p><b>Biogenesis</b>: the production of life from antecedent +life.</p> +<p><b>Biomorphotica</b>: those neuropterous insects in which the +pupa is active.</p> +<p><b>Bionomics</b>: the habits, breeding and adaptations of +living forms.</p> +<p><b>Biophore</b>: an ultimate constituent of germ plasm or +hereditary substance.</p> +<p><b>Bioplasm</b>: formative living matter.</p> +<p><b>Biparted</b>: profoundly divided into two parts: see +bifid.</p> +<p><b>Bipectinate</b>: antennae having comb-like teeth or +processes on Beach side of each joint.</p> +<p><b>Bipupillate</b>: an ocellate spot with two pupils, of the +same or different in color.</p> +<p><b>Biradiate</b>: consisting of, or with two rays or +spokes.</p> +<p><b>Biramose -ous</b>: having two branches or doubled +appendages.</p> +<p><b>Biseriately</b>: arranged in double rows or series.</p> +<p><b>Biserrate</b>: doubly saw-toothed; with a saw tooth on each +side of each antennal joint.</p> +<p><b>Bisetose -ous</b>: with two bristle-like or setaceous +appendages.</p> +<p><b>Bisinuate</b>: a margin or line with two sinuations or +incisions.</p> +<p><b>Bituberculate</b>: with two distinct tubercles.</p> +<p><b>Biuncinnate</b>: with two hooks.</p> +<p><b>Bivalve -ed</b>: applied to mouth parts consisting of two +parts or valves united to form a tube.</p> +<p><b>Bivittate</b>: with two longitudinal stripes or vittae.</p> +<p><b>Blade</b>: of maxilla, see lacinia.</p> +<p><b>Blastem</b>: a nucleated protoplasmic layer preceding the +blastoderm.</p> +<p><b>Blastoderm</b>: the germinal membrane from which the organs +of the embryo are formed.</p> +<p><b>Blastodermic cells</b>: are those forming the +blastoderm.</p> +<p><b>Blastogenic</b>: relating to or inherent in the germ or +blast.</p> +<p><b>Blastophore</b>: the primitive mouth of the embryo.</p> +<p><b>Blind</b>: without eyes: applied also to an ocellate spot +without a pupil.</p> +<p><b>Bloom</b>: a fine violet dusting similar to that on plums. +{<i>Scanner's note: See Pruinous</i>.}</p> +<p><b>Blotch</b>: a large irregular spot or mark: large whitish +membrane between abdomen and thorax in certain saw-flies.</p> +<p><b>Blunt</b>: not sharp; obtuse at the edge or tip.</p> +<p><b>Body</b>: the trunk: usually applied to the thorax only; +rarely to the abdomen alone; sometimes to thorax and abdomen +combined.</p> +<p><b>Bombifrons</b>: front of head with a blister-like +protuberance.</p> +<p><b>Bombous</b>: blister-like; spherically enlarged or +dilated.</p> +<p><b>Bombycinous</b>: a very pale yellow like fresh spun +silk.</p> +<p><b>Boreal</b>: from or belonging to the north: is that faunal +region that extends from the polar sea southward to near the +northern boundary of the United States and farther south occupies +a narrow strip along the Pacific Coast and the higher parts of +the Sierra-Cascade, Rocky and Alleghany Mountain ranges; divided +into Arctic, Hudsonian and Canadian: see austral and +tropical.</p> +<p><b>Borer</b>: applied to an insect or larva that burrows or +makes channels in woody or other vegetable tissue.</p> +<p><b>Botryoidal</b>: clustered like a bunch of grapes.</p> +<p><b>Bouclier</b>: the pronotum, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Bouton</b>: a button; the terminal lappet-like process at +the tip of the ligula in bees: = spoon.</p> +<p><b>Brachelytra</b>: with abbreviated wing covers or +elytra.</p> +<p><b>Brachia</b>: the arms: has been applied to raptorial +fore-legs.</p> +<p><b>Brachial</b>: relating to an arm; arm-like.</p> +<p><b>Brachial cells</b>: Hymenoptera; 1st (Nort.), = costal and +subcostal (Comst.) 2d (Nort.), = medial (Comst.); 3d (Nort.), = +cubital (Comst.); 4th (Nort.), = 2d anal (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Brachial veins</b>: of primaries in Hymenoptera, originate +at base, run parallel to inner edge toward anal angle; often +connected with the cubital cellules by means of recurrent +venules.</p> +<p><b>Brachium</b>: the fore tibia.</p> +<p><b>Brachycerous</b>: Diptera; with short, 3-jointed +antennae.</p> +<p><b>Brachypterous</b>: with short or abbreviated wings.</p> +<p><b>Brachyostomata</b>: brachycerous Diptera with short +proboscis.</p> +<p><b>Brain</b>: that ganglion of the nervous system which lies +in the head above the oesophagus; formed of the first three +primitive ganglia: see supra-oesophageal.</p> +<p><b>Branchiae</b>: air tubes or gill-like processes of aquatic +larva;.</p> +<p><b>Branchial</b>: relating to the gills or branchiae.</p> +<p><b>Branchiate</b>: supplied with gills or bronchia.</p> +<p><b>Brassy</b>: yellow, with the lustre of metallic brass.</p> +<p><b>Breast</b>: the under surface of thorax or sternum.</p> +<p><b>Breast-bone</b>: in Cecidomyid larvae; a horny, more or +less elongate process of the under side behind the mouth opening, +supposed to represent the labium = anchor process.</p> +<p><b>Breathing pores</b>: see spiracle.</p> +<p><b>Brevis</b>: short.</p> +<p><b>Brides</b>: Homoptera; two pieces on the face, one each +side of clypeus and lower part of front.</p> +<p><b>Bridge</b>: Odonata; a secondary longitudinal vein +connecting the radial sector (Comst.) with Mi + 2, apparently +forming a continuous part of the radial sector; it is the +proximal portion of the subnodal sector of de Selys and +Hagen.</p> +<p><b>Bridge cross veins</b>: Odonata; those cross veins, one or +more in number, extending between M1 + 2 and the bridge (in de +Selys between principal and subnodal sectors) proximal to the +oblique vein.</p> +<p><b>Brin</b>: the fluid silk thread from each salivary +gland.</p> +<p><b>Bristle</b>: a stiff hair, usually short and blunt.</p> +<p><b>Broken</b>: interrupted in continuity; as a line or +band.</p> +<p><b>Bronze</b>: the color of old brass.</p> +<p><b>Brood</b>: all the specimens that hatch at about one time, +from eggs laid by one series of parents and which normally mature +at about the same time.</p> +<p><b>Brunneus</b>: a pure reddish dark brown [indian red].</p> +<p><b>Brush-like</b>: antennae with the joints laterally produced +and tufted with short hair or bristles: see barbated.</p> +<p><b>Buccal</b>: relating to the mouth cavity; rarely to the +cheeks.</p> +<p><b>Buccal appendages</b>: the mouth parts excluding the +labrum: see trophi. Buccal cavity: the mouth: = oral cavity.</p> +<p><b>Buccal fissure</b>: the mouth slit or opening: the opening +on each side of the mentum.</p> +<p><b>Buccate</b>: blown up, distended; especially the +cheeks.</p> +<p><b>Bucculae</b>: little cheeks or distended areas.</p> +<p><b>Budding</b>: applied to that form of agamic reproduction +found in plant lice.</p> +<p><b>Bulla</b>: a blister or blister-like structure: the +shield-like sclerite that closes the opening to the trachea in +lamellicorn larvae: in Ephemerida a part of the costal area of +the fore wing toward the tip, which is slightly swollen forward +and furnished with more cross veins than elsewhere; practically +the stigma, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Bullate</b>: blistered.</p> +<p><b>Bullule</b>: a small blister.</p> +<p><b>Bursa</b>: a pouch or sac: a wing pouch in male caddice +flies and in connection with a stalked hair pencil.</p> +<p><b>Bursa copulatrix</b>: the copulatory pouch of the female in +some orders; a modification of the vagina.</p> +<p><a name="Toc724" id="Toc724">C</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Caducous-us</font>: +deciduous; easily detached or shed.</b></p> +<p><b>Caecal tubes or pouches</b>: sac, or blind tube-like +structures surrounding the chylific ventricle at its junction +with the crop, and secreting a digestive ferment.</p> +<p><b>Caecum</b>: a blind sac or tube-like structure serving as +one of the caecal tubes or pouches: see coecum.</p> +<p><b>Caelate</b>: a surface with plane elevations of varying +forms.</p> +<p><b>Caeruleus -eous</b>: light sky-blue [between lavender and +cobalt blue] = coeruleus.</p> +<p><b>Caerulescent</b>: with a tinge of sky-blue.</p> +<p><b>Caesius -eous</b>: a pale dull blue-gray [blue-gray].</p> +<p><b>Caespiticolous</b>: frequenting or living in grassy +pastures or lawns.</p> +<p><b>Calathiform</b>: shaped like a deep bowl.</p> +<p><b>Calcar -ium; pl. ia</b>: a movable spur or spine-like +process: specifically the spines at the apex of a tibia.</p> +<p><b>Calcarate -us</b>: with a movable spur or spine-like +process.</p> +<p><b>Caliciform</b>: shaped like a cup or calyx.</p> +<p><b>Calipers</b>: the anal forceps in Dermaptera.</p> +<p><b>Calli axillary</b>: Odonata; thickenings at the bases of +the wings; distinguished as anterior at the base of the costa, +and posterior at the base of radius + medius and cubitus: = +axillary calli.</p> +<p><b>Callosity</b>: a thick swollen lump, harder than its +surroundings: = callous: also a rather flattened elevation not +necessarily harder than the surrounding tissue.</p> +<p><b>Callous</b>: see callosity.</p> +<p><b>Callus</b>: a small callosity.</p> +<p><b>Caltrops spines</b>: the branched and otherwise specialized +irritating spines in Limacodid larvae.</p> +<p><b>Calva</b>: a skull-cap: = epicranium, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Calx</b>: the distal end of the tibia; the curving basal +portion of the first tarsal joint.</p> +<p><b>Calyculate</b>: applied to antennae, whose cup-shaped +joints are so arranged as to fit one into the other.</p> +<p><b>Calypter</b>: Diptera; the alula or squama when it covers +the haltere.</p> +<p><b>Calyptra</b>: a hood or cap; see alula.</p> +<p><b>Calyptrate</b>: those flies that have aluke or membranous +scales above the halteres.</p> +<p><b>Calyx</b>: the cap or crown of the mushroom bodies of the +procerebrum: see also egg-calyx.</p> +<p><b>Campanulate</b>: bell-shaped: more or less ventricose at +the base and a little recurved at the margin.</p> +<p><b>Campestral</b>: applied to species inhabiting open +fields.</p> +<p><b>Campodeiform</b>: applied to larval forms which, in their +early stages at least, resemble Campodea: = leptitorm.</p> +<p><b>Canadian zone</b>: is that part of the boreal region +comprising the southern part of the great transcontinental +coniferous forests of Canada, the northern parts of Maine, New +Hampshire and Michigan, and a strip along the Pacific Coast +reaching south to Cape Mendocino and the greater part of the high +mountains of the United States and Mexico. In the east covers +Green. Adirondack and Catskill Mountains and the higher mountains +of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, western North Carolina +and eastern Tennessee. In the Rockies extends continuously from +British Columbia to western Wyoming and in the Cascades from +British Columbia to southern Oregon with a narrow interruption +along the Columbia River.</p> +<p><b>Canaliculate</b>: channelled; longitudinally grooved, with +a deeper concave line in the middle.</p> +<p><b>Cancellate</b>: cross-barred: latticed: with longitudinal +lines decussate by transverse lines.</p> +<p><b>Canescent</b>: hoary, with more white than gray.</p> +<p><b>Canine teeth</b>: applied to the sharp and conical teeth of +mandibles in predatory species: = dentes caninae.</p> +<p><b>Cantharidin</b>: the substance that gives the meloid +beetles their blistering power composition, C10H12O4 (von +Furth).</p> +<p><b>Canthus</b>: the chitinous process more or less completely +dividing the eyes of some insects into an upper and lower +half.</p> +<p><b>Canus</b>: see canescent.</p> +<p><b>Capillaceous</b>: capilla or hair-like.</p> +<p><b>Capillaris</b>: a very slender, hair-like tube.</p> +<p><b>Capillary</b>: long and slender like a hair: antennae in +which the joints are long, slender and loosely articulated.</p> +<p><b>Capillate -us</b>: clothed with long slender hair; = +coryphatus.</p> +<p><b>Capillii</b>: hairs of the head that form a cap as in +certain Trichoptera and Tineid Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Capillitium</b>: the hood-like collar in some Noctuid +moths, e.g. Cucullia: see cucullus.</p> +<p><b>Capitate</b>: with a head: that type of clavate antenna in +which the club is abruptly enlarged at tip and forms a spherical +mass.</p> +<p><b>Capitulum</b>: a small head: the enlarged tip of an +antenna: the little knob at tip of halteres in Diptera: the +labella or lapping tip of the mouth of certain flies.</p> +<p><b>Capricorn beetle</b>: a Cerambycid or long horned +beetle.</p> +<p><b>Caprification</b>: is that method or process through which +the Smyrna figs are fertilized by Blastophaga throughthe medium +of wild, inedible or "caprifigs."</p> +<p><b>Capsular</b>: in the form of a capsule or little cup-like +container.</p> +<p><b>Caput</b>: the head with all its appendages.</p> +<p><b>Capylus</b>: a hump on the Tupper side of the segments of +many larva.</p> +<p><b>Carabidoid</b>: applied to the second stage of a meloid +larva, when it resembles that of a Carabid.</p> +<p><b>Carbonarius</b>: coal black.</p> +<p><b>Cardia</b>: the gizzard; q.v.: also applied to the +heart.</p> +<p><b>Cardiac</b>: belonging or relating to the heart.</p> +<p><b>Cardiac valvule</b>: see oesophageal valve.</p> +<p><b>Cardinal cell</b>: Odonata; see triangle.</p> +<p><b>Cardioblasts</b>: a string or row of cells in the embryo +giving rise to the heart or dorsal vessel.</p> +<p><b>Cardio-coelom</b>: that part of the coelom that forms the +pericardium.</p> +<p><b>Cardio-coelomic</b>: applied to the venous openings from +the heart to the body cavity.</p> +<p><b>Cardo, pl. Cardines</b>: the hinge or basal sclerite of the +maxilla by means of which it is jointed to the head.</p> +<p><b>Carina -ae</b>: an elevated ridge or keel, not necessarily +high or acute. Carinate: a surface having carinae.</p> +<p><b>Carinula -ae</b>: a little carina or keel-like ridge; +specifically, the longitudinal elevation on the middle of snout +in Rhynchophora.</p> +<p><b>Carinulate</b>: a surface with small and rather numerous +carinae.</p> +<p><b>Cariose -ous</b>: corroded; appearing as if worm-eaten.</p> +<p><b>Carminate -ed</b>: mixed or tinged with carmine.</p> +<p><b>Carneous -eus</b>: flesh-colored [salmon with a little +carmine].</p> +<p><b>Carnivorous</b>: a feeder upon flesh food.</p> +<p><b>Cariose -us</b>: of a soft, fleshy substance.</p> +<p><b>Carolinian faunal area</b>: that area of the upper austral +zone comprising the larger part of the Middle States (except the +mountains), s. e. So. Dakota, east. Nebraska, Kansas and part of +Oklahoma; nearly all of Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, +Maryland and Delaware; more than half of West Virginia, Kentucky, +Tennessee and New Jersey and large areas in Alabama, Georgia, the +Carolinas, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Michigan and South +Ontario: extends along Atlantic Coast from near mouth of +Chesapeake Bay to Southern Connecticut and sends narrow arms up +the valleys of the Hudson and Connecticut. A narrow arm follows +the east shore of Lake Michigan to Grand Traverse Bay.</p> +<p><b>Carpus</b>: the pterostigma of Odonata: the extremity of +the radius and cubitus of the primaries: that point in the wings +at which they are tratsversely folded.</p> +<p><b>Cartilaginous</b>: of the consistency of cartilage or +gristle.</p> +<p><b>Caruncle</b>: a soft, naked, fleshy excrescence or +protuberance.</p> +<p><b>Caryophylleous</b>: nut or clove brown [Indian red].</p> +<p><b>Castaneous</b>: chestnut brown; bright red-brown [dragon's +blood with a slight admixture of vermilion].</p> +<p><b>Castes</b>: the various forms or kinds of matured +individuals among social insects as workers, soldiers, queens, +etc.</p> +<p><b>Cataphracted</b>: invested with a hard callous skin, or +with scales closely united. Catch: in Collembola, = tenaculum, +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Catenate</b>: with longitudinal connected elevations like +links in a chain.</p> +<p><b>Catenulate</b>: like catenate; but the links are +smaller.</p> +<p><b>Caterpillar</b>: the term applied to the larvae of +Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Catervatum</b>: by heaps.</p> +<p><b>Caudal</b>: the tail: any process resembling a tail: the +pointed end of the abdomen in plant lice: any extension of the +anal segment or appendage terminating the abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Caudad</b>: toward the posterior end of the body, along the +median line.</p> +<p><b>Caudal</b>: pertaining to the posterior or anal +extremity.</p> +<p><b>Caudal setae</b>: long, thread-like processes at the end of +the abdomen in many europterous and some other insects; = anal +filaments.</p> +<p><b>Caudate</b>: with tail-like extensions or processes.</p> +<p><b>Caudo-cephalic</b>: in a line from the head to the +tail.</p> +<p><b>Caudo-dorsad</b>: directed upward and toward the tail.</p> +<p><b>Caudula -ae</b>: a little tail.</p> +<p><b>Caul</b>: the fatty mass of larvae from which the organs of +the future adult were supposed to develop: = epiploon.</p> +<p><b>Cauliculus</b>: the larger of the two stalks supporting the +calyx of the mushroom body.</p> +<p><b>Caulis</b>: the funicle of antenna: the corneous basal part +of jaws.</p> +<p><b>Cavate</b>: hollowed out; cave-like.</p> +<p><b>Cavernicolous</b>: cave-inhabiting.</p> +<p><b>Cavernous</b>: divided into small spaces or little +caverns.</p> +<p><b>Cavity -as</b>: a hollow space or opening.</p> +<p><b>Cecidium</b>: a gall.</p> +<p><b>Cell</b>: any space between or bounded by veins: in the +Comstock system the cells derive their names from the vein +forming the Tupper margin: e.g. all just below the radius are +radial cells; and they are numbered from the base outward, as +radial 1, 2, etc.: the living unit; protoplasm differentiated +into cytoplasm and nucleus, from which units all but the lowest +plants and animals are developed by division and consequent +increase into a multicellular condition: a compartment or +division of a nest or honey-comb.</p> +<p><b>Cellule</b>: a portion of a wing included between veins; +usually applied to a small area completely inclosed, rarely to +interspaces where no closed area is formed.</p> +<p><b>Cenchrus -rib</b>: minute, often white marks, or membranous +spaces on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Cenogonous</b>: producing young at one time oviparously, at +another viviparously as in plant-lice.</p> +<p><b>Centimeter</b>: abb. Cm.: = .01 meter = .394 inch; 2.54 Cm. += one inch.</p> +<p><b>Centrad</b>: toward the centre or interior.</p> +<p><b>Central foveola</b>: see median foveola.</p> +<p><b>Centrolecithal</b>: applied to eggs in which the food yolk +is central.</p> +<p><b>Centrosome</b>: a spherical body that appears outside the +nucleus of a cell.</p> +<p><b>Cephalad</b>: toward the head, along the central line of +the body.</p> +<p><b>Cephalic</b>: belonging or attached to the head; directed +toward the head.</p> +<p><b>Cephalic bristles</b>: Diptera; specialized bristles +occurring on the head.</p> +<p><b>Cephalic foramen</b>: the posterior or occipital foramen of +head through which the dorsal vessel, oesophagus, salivary ducts +and ventral nerve cords pass from head to prothorax.</p> +<p><b>Cephalization</b>: concentration toward the head.</p> +<p><b>Cephalomere</b>: one of the head segments of an +arthropod.</p> +<p><b>Cephalophragm</b>: a v-shaped partition which divides the +head of some Orthoptera, into an anterior and posterior +chamber.</p> +<p><b>Cephalon</b>: the head.</p> +<p><b>Cephalosome</b>: the head as one of the three regions.</p> +<p><b>Cephalotheca</b>: the head covering in the pupal stage.</p> +<p><b>Cephalotheca</b>: the united head and thorax of arachnids +and crustacea {<i>Scanner's note: nowadays this term is used +little if at all. It does not seem ever to have been popular. +Instead the terms cephalothorax or prosoma are widely used.</i>} +: that portion of an obtect pupa covering head and thorax: the +anterior segments of larva that have no obviously separated +head.</p> +<p><b>Cerago</b>: bee-bread.</p> +<p><b>Ceratheca or Ceratotheca</b>: that portion of the pupal +shell that envelops the antenna.</p> +<p><b>Cerci</b>: two lateral anal appendages; usually short, +jointed, antenna- like, developed from the eleventh abdominal +segment of the embryo; sometimes unjointed and specialized into +forceps or other processes.</p> +<p><b>Cercopoda</b>: jointed foot-like appendages of the last +abdominal segment; also applied like cerci.</p> +<p><b>Cercus</b>: see cerci.</p> +<p><b>Cerebellum</b>: has been applied to the sub-esophageal +ganglion.</p> +<p><b>Cerebrum</b>: the supra-oesophageal ganglion.</p> +<p><b>Cernuous</b>: bent: with the apex bent downward.</p> +<p><b>Cervical</b>: relating or belonging to the neck.</p> +<p><b>Cervical foramen</b>: in coleopterous larvae - occipital +foramen.</p> +<p><b>Cervical sclerites</b>: small ebitinous plates on the +membrane between head and thorax: see jugular sclerites.</p> +<p><b>Cervical shield</b>: the ebitinous plate on the prothorax +of caterpillars just behind the head: = prothorax shield.</p> +<p><b>Cerviculate</b>: with a long neck or neck-like portion.</p> +<p><b>Ceryinus</b>: reddish, deer-gray [pale cadmium yellow and +Indian red].</p> +<p><b>Cervix</b>: the upper part of the neck; = crag: in Diptera; +that part of the occiput lying over the junction of the head, +i.e. between the vertex and neck.</p> +<p><b>Cespitose</b>: matted together.</p> +<p><b>Chaetophorous</b>: applied to bristle-bearing flies.</p> +<p><b>Chaetotaxy</b>: the science dealing with the arrangement +and nomenclature of the bristles on the body of insects.</p> +<p><b>Chagrined</b>: see shagreened.</p> +<p><b>Chalastrogastra</b>: the saw-flies: a group of +Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Chalceous</b>: brassy in color or appearance.</p> +<p><b>Chalybeate</b>: steely in appearance.</p> +<p><b>Chalybeous</b>: metallic steel blue.</p> +<p><b>Channelled</b>: a surface, with deep grooves or +channels.</p> +<p><b>Chaperon</b>: =clypeus or clypeus anterior.</p> +<p><b>Chaplet</b>: a little crown; a circle of hooks or other +small processes terminating a member or appendage.</p> +<p><b>Character</b>: a quality of form, color or structure.</p> +<p><b>Cheek</b>: see gena.</p> +<p><b>Chela</b>: the terminal portion of a limb bearing a lateral +movable claw like that of a crab; specifically applied to the +feet in some Parasitica in which the opposable claw forms a +clasping structure.</p> +<p><b>Chelate</b>: bearing a cheat or claw; applied when claws +are capable of being drawn down or back upon the last tarsal +joint.</p> +<p><b>Chiasma</b>: an X-like crossing of nerve fibers.</p> +<p><b>Chirotype</b>: a specimen upon which a manuscript name is +based.</p> +<p><b>Chitin</b>: the material forming the hard parts of the +insect body; it is a secretion (or a metamorphosis?) of the +epidermis, differing from horn by its insolubility in boiling +liquor potassae: = elytra, entomolin.</p> +<p><b>Chitinogenous</b>: applied to that layer of epidermal cells +which secretes the chitin.</p> +<p><b>Chitinization</b>: the process of depositing or filling +with chitin.</p> +<p><b>Chitinized</b>: filled in with or hardened by chitin.</p> +<p><b>Chitinous</b>: composed of chitine {<i>Scanner's comment: +sic</i>} or like it in texture: as a color term is amber +yellow.</p> +<p><b>Chlorophane</b>: an oily, greenish yellow pigment found in +insects.</p> +<p><b>Chlorophyll</b>: the green coloring matter of plants; one +of the substances found in the blood of insects.</p> +<p><b>Chordotonal</b>: responsive to vibrations; applied to the +ear-like structures in Orthoptera,.</p> +<p><b>Chorion</b>: the shell or covering membrane of an insect +egg.</p> +<p><b>Chromatin</b>: the minute granules that make up the +chromoplasm of a cell nucleus.</p> +<p><b>Chromosome</b>: one of the segments into which the +chromoplasmic filaments of a cell nucleus breaks up just before +indirect division.</p> +<p><b>Chrysalis or -id</b>: applied specifically to the +intermedial stage between larva and adult in butterflies: see +pupa.</p> +<p><b>Chrysargyrus</b>: silvery gilt.</p> +<p><b>Chyle</b>: the food-mass after it has passed through the +guard and is mixed with the secretions of the salivary glands and +caecal structures, ready to be assimilated.</p> +<p><b>Chylific ventricle</b>: the true stomach in which the chyle +is prepared and digestion begins.</p> +<p><b>Cibarian</b>: referring to the mouth parts.</p> +<p><b>Cicatricose</b>: a surface having scars with elevated +margins like those of small-pox.</p> +<p><b>Cicatrix</b>: a scar: an elevated, rigid spot.</p> +<p><b>Cilia</b>: fringes; series of moderate or thin hair +arranged in tufts or single lines; thin scattered hair on a +surface or margin.</p> +<p><b>Ciliate</b>: fringed: set with even, parallel hairs or soft +bristles.</p> +<p><b>Cilium, pl. Cilia</b>: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Cimicine</b>: an oily fluid of disagreeable odor secreted +by certain Heteroptera and used as a means of defense.</p> +<p><b>Cimier</b>: the head crest in Pierid chrysalids.</p> +<p><b>Cinetus</b>: with a colored band:= cingulatus.</p> +<p><b>Cinereous</b>: ash-colored; gray tinged with blackish +[ultra ash gray]. Cinerescent: ashen in color or appearance.</p> +<p><b>Cingula -um</b>: a colored band or bands.</p> +<p><b>Circulate -us</b>: having a cingulum or collar: see also +cinetus.</p> +<p><b>Cinnabarine</b>: [vermilion red].</p> +<p><b>Cinnamomeous</b>: cinnamon brown [burnt sienna].</p> +<p><b>Cinema</b>: see Thysanura, of which this forms a group +including the bristle-tails, and for which it has been used as an +equivalent.</p> +<p><b>Circinal</b>: spirally rolled like a watch-spring or a +butterfly tongue.</p> +<p><b>Circiter</b>: about, or round-about.</p> +<p><b>Circular</b>: round like a circle.</p> +<p><b>Circumgenital glands</b>: small circular glands with an +excretory orifice at tip, disposed in groups about the genital +orifice in Diaspinae.</p> +<p><b>Circumoesophageal commissures</b>: those cords or nerve +fibres connecting the suboesophageal ganglion with the main trunk +of nervous system.</p> +<p><b>Circumsepted</b>: with a vein all around the wing.</p> +<p><b>Citrate</b>: antennae with very long, curled lateral +branches which may or may not be ciliated; see plumose.</p> +<p><b>Cirrose -us</b>: with somewhat dense curled hair.</p> +<p><b>Cirrus</b>: a curled lock of hair placed on a thin +stalk.</p> +<p><b>Citrine -us</b>: lemon yellow [chrome yellow].</p> +<p><b>Cladocerous</b>: with branched horns or antennae.</p> +<p><b>Clasper</b>: a chitinized process, free or attached to the +inner sides of harpes, valves or other lateral pieces, serving to +hold the female parts during copulation: = the harpers of some +authors.</p> +<p><b>Claspette</b>: in genitalia of male culicids, the inner +basal lobe of side piece; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Clasp-filament</b>: in male genitalia of culicids the +articulated appendage or terminal segment of side-piece or clasp; +sometimes bears an articulated point or apex and then = +articulated apex.</p> +<p><b>Class</b>: a division of the animal kingdom lower than a +sub-kingdom and higher than an order: e.g. the "Class +Insecta."</p> +<p><b>Classification</b>: is the systematic arrangement of +insects (or other animals or plants) in series showing their +relation or agreement in structure, life habits or other +characters forming the basis of the "classification."</p> +<p><b>Clathrate</b>: latticed or lattice-like in appearance.</p> +<p><b>Claustrum</b>: the structure uniting the wings in flight, +whether by hooks, by a thickening of the margin, or by a +jugum.</p> +<p><b>Clava</b>: a club; the enlarged apical joints of a clubbed +antenna: = clavola.</p> +<p><b>Claval suture</b>: Hemiptera; at the base of hemelytra, +separating the clavus.</p> +<p><b>Clavate</b>: clubbed: thickening gradually toward the +tip.</p> +<p><b>Clavate hairs</b>: in Collembola, = tenent hairs.</p> +<p><b>Clavicornia</b>: that series of beetles having the antennae +more or less distinctly enlarged or clubbed at tip.</p> +<p><b>Clavicular lobe</b>: Homoptera; that portion of hind wing +behind anal veins.</p> +<p><b>Claviform</b>: club-like in form; specifically, in Noctuid +moths an elongate spot or mark extending from the t. a. line +through the submedian interspace, toward and sometimes to the +t.p. line.</p> +<p><b>Clavola</b>: see clava.</p> +<p><b>Clavus</b>: the club of an antenna lava and clavola: in +Heteroptera, the oblong sclerite at the base of the inferior +margin of the hemelytra: the knob at the end of the stigmal or +radial veins in certain Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Claws</b>: the claw or hook-like structures at the end of +the foot or tarsus.</p> +<p><b>Cleavage</b>: see segmentation of egg.</p> +<p><b>Cleft</b>: split: partly divided, longitudinally: in +Coleopteran applied to claws so divided that the parts lie one +above the other.</p> +<p><b>Clintheriform</b>: shaped like a plate. Cloaca: see +rectum.</p> +<p><b>Clubbed</b>: see clavate.</p> +<p><b>Clypeal suture</b>: marks the division between clypeus and +epicranium.</p> +<p><b>Clypeate</b>: shield-like in form.</p> +<p><b>Clypeate constriction</b>: applied when a surface is drawn +in from the sides so as to produce a shield or saddle-like +form.</p> +<p><b>Clypeo-frontal suture</b>: = clypeal suture.</p> +<p><b>Clypeus</b>: that portion of the head before or below the +front, to which the labrum is attached anteriorly; in Diptera +often visible below the margin of the mouth in front, as a more +or less visor-shaped piece:= epistoma.</p> +<p><b>Clypeus-anterior</b>: see ante-clypeus.</p> +<p><b>Clypeus posterior</b>: see post-clypeus.</p> +<p><b>Coactus</b>: condensed; of a short stout form.</p> +<p><b>Coadapted</b>: formed so as to work together to one end; as +the mandible and maxilla in Chrysopids, etc.</p> +<p><b>Coadunate</b>: joined together at base; two or more joined +together; said of elytra when permanently united at the +suture.</p> +<p><b>Coagulate</b>: to congeal; to change from a fluid to a +jelly.</p> +<p><b>Coagulum</b>: a clotted mass, as of blood.</p> +<p><b>Coalescent</b>: united or grown together.</p> +<p><b>Coarctate</b>: contracted: compacted: applied to that form +of pupa in which all the members of the future adult are +concealed by a thickened, usually cylindric case or covering, +which is often the hardened skin of the larva: beginning with a +narrow base, then dilated and thickened.</p> +<p><b>Cocardes</b>: retractile vesicular bodies on each side of +the thorax in certain Malachidae.</p> +<p><b>Coccineous</b>: cochineal red; dark red [carmine].</p> +<p><b>Cochleiformis</b>: formed like a snail shell.</p> +<p><b>Cochleate</b>: spirally twisted like a screw or a univalve +shell.</p> +<p><b>Cocoon</b>: a covering, composed partly or wholly of silk +or other viscid fibre, spun or constructed by many larvae as a +protection to the pupa.</p> +<p><b>Cocoon-breaker</b>: structures or processes of the pupa, +often on the head, by means of which it works its way out of the +cocoon.</p> +<p><b>Coecal</b>: ending blindly, or in a closed tube or +pouch.</p> +<p><b>Coecum</b>: a blind sac or tube: applied to a series of +appendages opening into the alimentary canal at the junction of +the gizzard and chylific ventricle: see caecum; the two are used +interchangeably.</p> +<p><b>Coeloblast</b>: the endoderm in the narrower sense.</p> +<p><b>Coelom</b>: the body cavity.</p> +<p><b>Coelomic cavity</b>: the space between the viscera and the +body wall.</p> +<p><b>Coelom-sac</b>: the cavity containing the viscera: in +embryology one of a pair of closed sacs, arising in the mesoderm +of each segment of the embryo and giving rise to more or less of +the coelom of the adult.</p> +<p><b>Coenogonous</b>: oviparous at one season of the year, +ovoviviparous at another, as in Aphididae.</p> +<p><b>Coeruleus -eous</b>: sky-blue: see caeruleus.</p> +<p><b>Coincident</b>: when two wing veins run together or lie, +one in continuation of the other so as to appear like one.</p> +<p><b>Coleoptera</b>: sheath-winged: an order with the primaries +coriaceous, used as a cover only, meeting in a straight line +dorsally; mouth mandibulate; pro-thorax free; transformation +complete: the beetles: the term has also been applied to the two +elytra together.</p> +<p><b>Collar</b>: in general any structure between the head and +thorax: specifically, in Hymenoptera, the neck; in Diptera, may +mean the neck, the sclerites attached to the thorax, the thorax +itself, or its processes (ante furca): in Coleoptera, is the +narrowed thorax; in Lepidoptera, applied to the sclerites +attached to the thorax and which shield the neck.</p> +<p><b>Collembola</b>: an ordinal term applied to species which +are apterous; have no metamorphoses; have variably developed +abdominal saltatorial appendages and a peculiar ventral tube at +base: the spring-tails.</p> +<p><b>Colleterial gland</b>: see Colleterium.</p> +<p><b>Colleterium</b>: a glandular structure accessory to the +oviduct, secreting the viscid material used in cementing the eggs +together.</p> +<p><b>Collophore</b>: the sucker-like organ extended from the +underside of the abdomen in Collembola.</p> +<p><b>Collum</b>: the neck or collar: the slender connection +between head and thorax in Hymenoptera and Diptera; in +Coleoptera, the posterior, narrow part of the head or even the +thorax: loosely used.</p> +<p><b>Colon</b>: the large intestine; that usually enlarged +portion of the alimentary canal before the rectum.</p> +<p><b>Columella</b>: a little rod, pillar or central axis.</p> +<p><b>Columnar</b>: cylindric, but tapering toward one end.</p> +<p><b>Comate -us</b>: only the upper part of head, or vertex, +covered with hair. Commensal: one who eats at another's table: +applied to species that feed on the surplus supply of another, +without destroying the owner of the supply.</p> +<p><b>Commensalism</b>: applied to this manner of living and +eating together.</p> +<p><b>Comminute</b>: to grind up fine: to reduce to minute +particles.</p> +<p><b>Commissure</b>: the nerves connecting two ganglia: the +point of meeting or union of two bodies: a bridge connecting two +bodies or structures; e.g. tracheal tubes.</p> +<p><b>Common</b>: of frequent occurrence: occurring on two +adjacent parts: a band or fascia is common when it crosses both +primaries and secondaries.</p> +<p><b>Communal</b>: applied to life or dwelling in colonies like +ants and bees.</p> +<p><b>Comose</b>: ending in a tuft or brush.</p> +<p><b>Complanate</b>: compressed: flattened above and below: = +deplanate.</p> +<p><b>Complemental</b>: applied to sexed forms in the Termitidae, +capable of reproduction, but which do not reach the winged stage; +the females are less fertile than the forms that become winged +and several may be used in one nest to replace a lost queen or +mature female.</p> +<p><b>Complicant</b>: when one elytron extends over the other and +partially covers it.</p> +<p><b>Complicate</b>: longitudinally laid in folds: intricate as +opposed to simple.</p> +<p><b>Component</b>: one part of a combined whole.</p> +<p><b>Compound</b>: made up of many similar or dissimilar +parts.</p> +<p><b>Compressed</b>: flattened laterally.</p> +<p><b>Concatenate</b>: linked together in a chain-like +series.</p> +<p><b>Concave</b>: hollowed out; the interior of a sphere as +opposed to the outer or convex surface: concave veins are those +that occupy the bottoms of troughs or grooves on the upper +surface of a wing; see convex veins.</p> +<p><b>Concavo-convex</b>: hollowed out or concave on one surface, +rounded or convex on the other; like a small segment of a hollow +sphere.</p> +<p><b>Concentrated</b>: gathered together at one point; +intensified or strengthened by evaporation.</p> +<p><b>Conchate</b>: applied to the shell-like inflation of the +auricle in the cephalic tibia of Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Concinne</b>: neat; fine.</p> +<p><b>Concolorous</b>: of the same general color.</p> +<p><b>Concretion</b>: a massing together of parts or +particles.</p> +<p><b>Concurrent</b>: applied to a vein which arises separately, +runs into another and does-not again separate.</p> +<p><b>Conduplicate</b>: doubled or folded together.</p> +<p><b>Condyle</b>: a process which articulates the base of the +mandible to the head: in general any process by means of which an +appendage is articulated into a pan or cavity.</p> +<p><b>Confertim</b>: closely clustered or crowded.</p> +<p><b>Conflect</b>: crowded; clustered; opposed to sparse.</p> +<p><b>Confluent</b>: running together; as of two macula when +united in one outline.</p> +<p><b>Confused</b>: a marking with indefinite outlines: a running +together as of lines and spots without definite pattern.</p> +<p><b>Congener</b>: a species belonging to the same genus.</p> +<p><b>Congeneric</b>: applied to a species agreeing in all +characters of generic value with others compared with it.</p> +<p><b>Congested</b>: heaped together; crowded: distended.</p> +<p><b>Conglobate</b>: gathered together in a ball or sphere.</p> +<p><b>Conglobate gland</b>: a glandular appendage of male sexual +organs in Orthoptera, opening upon one of the external +structures.</p> +<p><b>Conglomerate</b>: congregated; massed together.</p> +<p><b>Conic -al</b>: cylindrical, with a flat base, tapering to a +point.</p> +<p><b>Conico-acuminate</b>: in the form of a long, pointed +cone.</p> +<p><b>Coniferous</b>: a surface which bears cone-like +processes.</p> +<p><b>Conjugate</b>: to bring together in pairs: consisting of a +single pair. Conjugation: the union of pairs; usually applied to +the merging of the male and female elements.</p> +<p><b>Conjunctiva</b>: the membrane uniting the abdominal +sclerites.</p> +<p><b>Conjunctivus</b>: a mandibular sclerite between the molar +and basalis.</p> +<p><b>Conjunctura</b>: the articulation of a wing to the +thorax.</p> +<p><b>Connate</b>: united at base, or along the whole length.</p> +<p><b>Connexivum</b>: the prominent abdominal margin of Het., at +junction of dorsal and ventral plates: also used like +pulmonarium, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Connivent</b>: converging: approaching together: wings so +folded in repose that they unite perfectly at their corresponding +margins.</p> +<p><b>Consperse</b>: irregularly dotted or sprinkled.</p> +<p><b>Conspicuous</b>: striking: easily seen at a glance.</p> +<p><b>Conspurcatus</b>: confusedly sprinkled with discolored or +dark spots.</p> +<p><b>Constituent</b>: a part or element of a whole.</p> +<p><b>Constricted</b>: drawn in: narrowed medially and dilated +toward the extremities.</p> +<p><b>Contiguous</b>: so near together as to touch.</p> +<p><b>Contorted</b>: twisted: obliquely incumbent upon each +other.</p> +<p><b>Contour</b>: the outline or periphery.</p> +<p><b>Contract -ed</b>: to draw or drawn together: to reduce, or +reduced in size by contraction.</p> +<p><b>Contractile</b>: that which may be drawn together or +contracted or which has the power of contracting.</p> +<p><b>Contrasting</b>: appearing in sharp relief or contrast; as +one color or marking against another.</p> +<p><b>Converging</b>: approaching each other toward the tip.</p> +<p><b>Convergence</b>: the approaching or drawing together at +tips.</p> +<p><b>Convex</b>: the outer curved surface of a segment of a +sphere; opposed to concave: convex veins are those which occupy +the summits of ridges on the upper surface of - wing; see concave +veins.</p> +<p><b>Convolute</b>: rolled or twisted spirally: also applied to +wings when they are wrapped around the body.</p> +<p><b>Coprophagus</b>: feeding on excrement or on decaying +vegetable matter of an excrementitious character.</p> +<p><b>Copula, Copulation</b>: the act of sexual union.</p> +<p><b>Copulate</b>: to unite in sexual intercourse.</p> +<p><b>Copulation chamber</b>: a chamber or cell excavated by +certain Scolytid beetles in their burrows, in which copulation +takes place: = rammel-kammer.</p> +<p><b>Coralline</b>: a pale pinkish red [salmon].</p> +<p><b>Corbel</b>: an ovate area at the distal end of the tibia in +Coleoptera, surrounded by a fringe of minute bristles; when the +articular cavity is on the side, above the tip, the corbel is +closed; when the cavity is at the extreme tip, the corbel is +open.</p> +<p><b>Corbicula -um</b>: a concave, smooth space, edged by a +fringe of hairs arising from the margins of the posterior tibiae +in bees, forming the pollen basket its function is to hold the +collected pollen in place.</p> +<p><b>Corbiculate</b>: having corbicula.</p> +<p><b>Cordate</b>: heart-shaped; triangular, with the corners of +the base rounded: not necessarily emarginate at the middle of +base.</p> +<p><b>Cordiform</b>: = cordate.</p> +<p><b>Coriaceo-reticulate</b>: with impressed reticulations +giving a leather-like appearance.</p> +<p><b>Coriaceous</b>: leather-like: thick, tough and somewhat +rigid.</p> +<p><b>Coriarious</b>: leather-like in sculpture or texture.</p> +<p><b>Corium</b>: the elongate middle section of the hemelytra +which extends from base to membrane below the embolium.</p> +<p><b>Cornea</b>: the outer surface of the compound eye as a +whole, and of each individual facet.</p> +<p><b>Corneal lenses</b>: are the individual lens-like structures +of which the cornea of the compound eye is composed.</p> +<p><b>Corneous</b>: of a horny or chitinous substance; resembling +horn in texture.</p> +<p><b>Cornicles</b>: the honey tubes in plant-lice: = +corniculus.</p> +<p><b>Corniculi</b>: the little horny tips or pieces of the +ovipositor in Orthoptera; see valves.</p> +<p><b>Corniculus -i</b>: = cornicles; honey-tubes; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Corniform</b>: like the horn of an ox: a long, mucronate or +pointed process.</p> +<p><b>Cornute -us</b>: having horns or horn-like processes.</p> +<p><b>Corona</b>: a crown or crown-like processes.</p> +<p><b>Coronate</b>: with a crown-like tip or termination.</p> +<p><b>Coronet</b>: a small crown or corona.</p> +<p><b>Coronula</b>: a circle or semicircle of spines at the apex +of the tibia.</p> +<p><b>Corpus</b>: the body as a whole.</p> +<p><b>Corpus adiposum</b>: the mass of fat tissue often found in +larvae.</p> +<p><b>Corpuscle</b>: a small cell; usually applied to blood +cells.</p> +<p><b>Correlate</b>: to bring together into relation or +correspondence.</p> +<p><b>Correlated</b>: derived from the same ancestral form: said +of two or more features or qualities which bear a direct or an +inverse relation to each other, but without implying a relation +of cause and effect.</p> +<p><b>Correlative</b>: of a correlated nature; see +correlated.</p> +<p><b>Corrode</b>: to eat away gradually, as by rust or +decay.</p> +<p><b>Corrodentia</b>: an ordinal term meaning gnawers: +net-veined or wingless: mandibulate, mouth formed for gnawing; +transformation incomplete; thorax incompletely agglutinated: = +Psocoptera: includes Termitidae, Psocidae and Mallophaga. +{<i>Scanner's comment: These four groups are now placed in +totally separate orders, and not families as these names +imply</i>}</p> +<p><b>Corrugated</b>: wrinkled; with alternate ridges and +channels.</p> +<p><b>Corselet</b>: the thorax in Coleoptera.</p> +<p><b>Cortical</b>: relating to the cortex or outer skin.</p> +<p><b>Corticinus</b>: bark-like in sculpture, texture or color +[vandyke brown].</p> +<p><b>Corvinus</b>: crow-black; deep, shining black with a +greenish lustre.</p> +<p><b>Coryphatus</b>: = capillatus.</p> +<p><b>Corysterium</b>: an abdominal glandular structure in +certain females, secreting a glutinous covering for the eggs.</p> +<p><b>Cosmopolitan</b>: species that occur throughout most of the +world.</p> +<p><b>Cosmotropical</b>: species that occur throughout the +tropics.</p> +<p><b>Costa</b>: any elevated ridge that is rounded at its crest: +the thickened anterior margin of any wing, but usually the +primaries: in Comstock, the vein extending along the anterior +margin of the wing from base to the point of junction with +subcosta.</p> +<p><b>Costal area</b>: the area behind costal vein; see also, +costal field.</p> +<p><b>Costal cell</b>: the area inclosed between the costal and +subcostal veins: in the plural, Comstock, are all the cells +anteriorly margined by the costa; in Hymenoptera (Norton), +includes the 1st, 2d and subcostal; of Packard, the 3d costal = +2d radial 1, and radial 2: in Diptera (Will.), it is the 2d +costal.</p> +<p><b>Costal field</b>: Orthoptera; that region of the tegmina +adjacent to the anterior margin or costa: = anterior field.</p> +<p><b>Costal fold</b>: in the males of some Hesperidae, a +membranous flap that may be opened to expose the androconia.</p> +<p><b>Costal margin</b>: the anterior margin of a wing whether it +is really costate or not.</p> +<p><b>Costal membrane</b>: Hymenoptera; the surface of wing in +front of costal vein.</p> +<p><b>Costal vein</b>: Lepidoptera; runs close to and parallel +with the costal margin, extending from base to the margin before +the apex; always simple and often absent in the secondaries; is +vein 12 of the numerical series on primaries; vein 8 on +secondaries: = subcosta (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Costate</b>: ribbed; marked with elevated thickened +lines.</p> +<p><b>Costula</b>: Hymenoptera; a small ridge separating the +externo-median meta-thoracic area into two parts.</p> +<p><b>Costulatus</b>: less prominently ribbed than costate.</p> +<p><b>Cotyla</b>: the articular pan; the cup or socket of a ball +and socket joint.</p> +<p><b>Cotypes</b>: are all the specimens before the describer +when a species is named, no single one being selected as the +type: the type in such case equals the sum of the cotypes: see +paratype.</p> +<p><b>Coxa -ae</b>: the basal segment of the leg, by means of +which it is articulated to the body.</p> +<p><b>Coxal cavity</b>: the opening or space in which the Coxa +articulates; in Coleoptera the cavity is open when the epimera do +not extend to the sternum; closed or entire when the epimera +reach the sternum or join medially as in Rhynchophora; the +cavities are separated when the prosternum extends between them, +confluent when it does not: see acetabulum.</p> +<p><b>Coxal glands</b>: eversible glandular structures at base of +legs; well developed in some Thysanurans, modified variously in +higher orders.</p> +<p><b>Coxal stylets</b>: short, leg-like, jointed appendages on +the underside of the abdominal segments in Thysanura.</p> +<p><b>Crag</b>: the neck: = cervix.</p> +<p><b>Cranium</b>: the head or skull except the neck; sometimes +limited to the fixed parts above the clypeo-frontal suture.</p> +<p><b>Crassus</b>: thick; tumid.</p> +<p><b>Crateriform</b>: like a shallow funnel or deep bowl.</p> +<p><b>Creber</b>: closely set.</p> +<p><b>Cremaster</b>: a stout spine, process or hooked area at the +hind end of pupae in Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Crenate</b>: scalloped, with rounded teeth.</p> +<p><b>Crenulate</b>: with small scallops, evenly rounded and +rather deeply curved.</p> +<p><b>Crepitation</b>: a crackling sound or the production of +such as by discharge of vapor or "bombarding": a cracking or +creaking.</p> +<p><b>Crepuscular</b>: active or flying at dusk.</p> +<p><b>Crescentiform</b>: like a lunule or crescent.</p> +<p><b>Crescentric</b>: lunulate.</p> +<p><b>Crest</b>: a prominent, longitudinal carina on the upper +surface of any part of the head or body.</p> +<p><b>Crested</b>: see cristate.</p> +<p><b>Cretaceous</b>: chalky white: the third, uppermost and +latest of the three great divisions of the mesozoic or secondary +rocks.</p> +<p><b>Cribrate</b>: pierced with closely set, small holes.</p> +<p><b>Cribriform</b>: with perforations like those of a +sieve.</p> +<p><b>Crineous</b>: dark-brown, with a slight admixture of yellow +and gray.</p> +<p><b>Crinite -us</b>: with tufts of long thin hair: see +lanuginose.</p> +<p><b>Crispate -us</b>: with a wrinkled or fluted margin.</p> +<p><b>Crista</b>: a ridge or crest.</p> +<p><b>Cristate</b>: with a prominent carina or crest on the upper +surface::= crested.</p> +<p><b>Cristiform</b>: in the form of a sharp ridge or crest.</p> +<p><b>Cristula</b>: a small crest.</p> +<p><b>Cristulate</b>: with little crescent-like ridges or +crests.</p> +<p><b>Croceous</b>: saffron yellow; yellow with an admixture of +red [pale cadmium yellow].</p> +<p><b>Crocus</b>: =croceous.</p> +<p><b>Crook</b>: the hook or recurved tip of the antenna in +Hesperidae.</p> +<p><b>Crop</b>: the dilated portion of the alimentary canal +behind the gullet which serves to receive and hold the food +previous to its slower passage through the digestive tract: = +ingluvies.</p> +<p><b>Crotchets</b>: the curved spines or hooks on the prolegs of +caterpillars and on the cremaster of pupae.</p> +<p><b>Crown</b>: the top of head in Lepidoptera; also used as = +coronet or corona.</p> +<p><b>Cruciate</b>: shaped like a cross; applied to wings when +the inner margins lie one over the other; or to incumbent wings +that overlie only at the apex: in Diptera, applied to bristles +when they cross in direction.</p> +<p><b>Cruciato-complicatus</b>: folded crosswise: incumbent wings +when the inner margins overlap; not well distinguished from +cruciate.</p> +<p><b>Crura</b>: the legs or, more specifically, the thighs.</p> +<p><b>Crura cerebri</b>: two large cords that connect the supra- +with the sub-oesophageal ganglion.</p> +<p><b>Crus</b>: a leg or leg-like structure.</p> +<p><b>Crustaceous</b>: hard, like the shell of a crab.</p> +<p><b>Crypto</b>: hidden, concealed.</p> +<p><b>Cryptocerata</b>: a division of Heteroptera with small +antennae concealed in a groove under the bead: = adeloceratous: +see gymnocerata.</p> +<p><b>Cryptogastra</b>: with the venter or belly covered or +concealed.</p> +<p><b>Cryptopentamera</b>: feet 5-jointed, the 4th joint small +and concealed.</p> +<p><b>Cryptotetramera</b>: feet 4-jointed, one of them small and +concealed.</p> +<p><b>Cryptothorax</b>: a supposed thoracic ring between meso- +and meta-thorax.</p> +<p><b>Crypts</b>: minute secretory follicles or cavities: +specifically, large gland- like structures between the epithelial +cells in chylific ventricle.</p> +<p><b>Crystalline</b>: transparent, like crystal.</p> +<p><b>Crystalline cone</b>: a conical structure below the cornea, +imbedded in pigment cells of the compound eye: also termed +Crystalline lens.</p> +<p><b>Ctenidium</b>: a comb-like structure occurring on any part +of an insect.</p> +<p><b>Cubital</b>: referring or belonging to the cubits.</p> +<p><b>Cubital cell</b>: the wing area between the cubits and anal +vein; in the plural, all the cells bounded anteriorly by the +cubits or its branches (Comst.); in Diptera (Schiner), = radial 3 +(Comst.), = 3d posterior cell (Loew); in Hymenoptera (Norton), = +radial 3, 4 and 5 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Cubital forks</b>: the branching or points of separation of +the branches of the cubits.</p> +<p><b>Cubital nerve or vein</b>: see cubits.</p> +<p><b>Cubitus</b>: of Comstock, is the 5th in the series of +longitudinal veins extending from base, and usually two branched +before reaching outer margin: in Orthoptera; = the internomedian +and ulnar: in Neuroptera, a main longitudinal vein next behind +the medius and before the anal: the tibia of the anterior +leg.</p> +<p><b>Cuckoo spit</b>: liquid in the form of bubbles produced by +members of the family Cercopidae and which often conceals the +producer.</p> +<p><b>Cucullate</b>: hooded; somewhat hood-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Cucullus</b>: a hood: see capillitium.</p> +<p><b>Cuilleron</b>: see alula.</p> +<p><b>Culicifuge</b>: any preparation for driving away gnats or +mosquitoes.</p> +<p><b>Culmen</b>: the longitudinal carina of a caterpillar.</p> +<p><b>Cultellus</b>: one of the blade-like lancets in piercing +flies: = the mandibles of some authors.</p> +<p><b>Cultrate -iform</b>: shaped like a pruning knife.</p> +<p><b>Cumulate</b>: in groups or heaps.</p> +<p><b>Cumulus</b>: a group or heap; as of cells in a developing +ovum.</p> +<p><b>Cuneate, Cuneiform</b>: wedge-shaped; elongate +triangular.</p> +<p><b>Cuneus</b>: Hymenoptera; the small triangular area at the +end of the embolium of hemelytra: Odonata, the small triangle of +the vertex between the compound eyes.</p> +<p><b>Cupreous</b>: the metallic red of pure shining copper.</p> +<p><b>Cupules</b>: the sucker-like processes covering the under +surface of the tarsi in male Dytiscidce.</p> +<p><b>Cupuliform</b>: cup-shaped: like a little cup: = +cyathiform.</p> +<p><b>Cursoria</b>: in Orthoptera, that series in which the legs +are formed for running (roaches, etc.).</p> +<p><b>Cursorial</b>: formed for running.</p> +<p><b>Curvate</b>: curved.</p> +<p><b>Curvinervate</b>: wings with the veins distinctly curved, +like some Psocidae.</p> +<p><b>Cusp -is</b>: a pointed process; sometimes at the margin of +a wing.</p> +<p><b>Cuspidate</b>: prickly pointed; ending in a sharp point; +with an acuminated point ending in a bristle.</p> +<p><b>Custodite -us</b>: guarded: a body in an envelope.</p> +<p><b>Cuticle</b>: the outer skin or skin layer.</p> +<p><b>Cuticula</b>: = cuticle: specifically applied to the outer +or chitinized layer: see epidermis and hypodermis.</p> +<p><b>Cyaneous</b>: pure dark blue: indigo blue [French +blue].</p> +<p><b>Cyanescent</b>: with a deep bluish tinge or shading.</p> +<p><b>Cyanogenic</b>: applied to repugnatorial glands in +myriapods and sometimes in insects.</p> +<p><b>Cyathiform</b>: obconical and concave; cup-shaped: = +cupuliform.</p> +<p><b>Cyatotheca</b>: the cover of the thorax in the pupa.</p> +<p><b>Cycle</b>: a round or circle, e.g. of development; a life +cycle.</p> +<p><b>Cyclorrhapha</b>: that section of Diptera in which the +adult escapes from the hardened pupal case by pushing off a lid +or covering: see orthorrhapha. Cyclorrhaphous: circular +seamed.</p> +<p><b>Cydariform</b>: globose, but truncated at two opposite +sides.</p> +<p><b>Cylindrical</b>: in the form of a cylinder or tube; round, +elongate, of equal diameter throughout.</p> +<p><b>Cymbiform</b>: boat-shaped: a concave disc with elevated +margin; navicular.</p> +<p><b>Cytoplasm</b>: the protoplasm of a cell exclusive of +nucleus; the cell body.</p> +<p><a name="Toc725" id="Toc725">D</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Dactylus</font>: a +finger or toe: = digitus: a tarsal joint after the first one, +when that is enlarged as in bees.</b></p> +<p><b>Dagger mark</b>: a marking in the form of a Greek Psi +<font face="Symbol" size="2">Y</font> <font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="2">.</font></p> +<p><b>Dart</b>: a sting, or its central part.</p> +<p><b>Dash</b>: a short disconnected streak or mark.</p> +<p><b>Dasygastres</b>: bees with pollen-carrying structures on +the abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Deaurate</b>: of the color of gold; golden.</p> +<p><b>Deciduous</b>: that which may be cast off or shed.</p> +<p><b>Declinate -us</b>: a part somewhat bent, the apex +downward.</p> +<p><b>Decumbent -ous</b>: sloping gradually downward.</p> +<p><b>Decrepitans</b>: crackling.</p> +<p><b>Decumbent</b>: bending down at tip from an upright +base.</p> +<p><b>Decurrent</b>: closely attached to and running down another +body.</p> +<p><b>Decurved</b>: bowed downward.</p> +<p><b>Decussate</b>: crossing at an angle: X-like: in cross +pairs; or, when bristles alternately cross each other, as in some +Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Deflected</b>: bent downward: the wings, when the inner +margins lap and the outer edges decline toward the sides.</p> +<p><b>Deflexed</b>: abruptly bent downward.</p> +<p><b>Deformed</b>: twisted or set in an unusual form: +specifically, in Coleoptera applied to knotted or twisted +antennae as in male Meloids.</p> +<p><b>Dehiscence</b>: the splitting of the pupal integument in +the emergence of the adult in Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Dehiscent</b>: open or standing open: separating toward the +tip.</p> +<p><b>Dejectamenta</b>: the excrement or excretion.</p> +<p><b>Delamination</b>: the splitting or division into +layers.</p> +<p><b>Deltoid</b>: elongate triangular: resembling a Greek +<font face="Symbol" size="2">D</font> <font face= +"Bookman Old Style" size="2">with apex extended.</font></p> +<p><b>Demarcation</b>: the bounding, laying out or limiting.</p> +<p><b>Dendritic</b>: applied to the branched nerve cells in the +mushroom bodies of the pro-cerebrum.</p> +<p><b>Dendroid</b>: tree or shrub-like: branching like a tree or +shrub.</p> +<p><b>Dendrophagus</b>: feeding on woody tissues.</p> +<p><b>Dendrophilous</b>: species that live in woody tissue, or on +trees.</p> +<p><b>Dens</b>: a tooth or tooth-like process.</p> +<p><b>Dense</b>: thickly crowded together.</p> +<p><b>Dentate</b>: toothed: with acute teeth, the sides of which +are equal and the tip is above the middle of base.</p> +<p><b>Dentate-serrate</b>: toothed, with the dentations +themselves serrated on their edges.</p> +<p><b>Dentate-sinuate</b>: toothed and indented.</p> +<p><b>Dentes</b>: the teeth or pointed processes on the inner +side of the mandible: the second or middle part of the furcula in +Collembola, consisting of two parallel pieces from the distal end +of the manubrium and bearing at their apices the crones.</p> +<p><b>Dentes caninae</b>: see canine teeth.</p> +<p><b>Denticle</b>: a small tooth.</p> +<p><b>Denticulated</b>: set with little teeth or notches.</p> +<p><b>Dentiform</b>: formed or appearing like a tooth.</p> +<p><b>Denudate</b>: without covering; destitute of scales or +hair.</p> +<p><b>Denude</b>: to free from covering; to rub so as to remove +the surface covering of scales, hair or other vestiture.</p> +<p><b>Deorsum</b>: downward.</p> +<p><b>Dependent</b>: hanging down.</p> +<p><b>Deplanate -us</b>: see complanate.</p> +<p><b>Depressed</b>: flattened down vertically; opposed to +compressed.</p> +<p><b>Depressor</b>: applied to a muscle that has for its +function the depression of an organ or a part.</p> +<p><b>Deratoptera</b>: = Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Dermal</b>: relating to the skin or outer covering.</p> +<p><b>Dermal glands</b>: hypodermal unicellular glands which +secrete wax, setae, spines, etc.</p> +<p><b>Dermaptera</b>: see Dermatoptera.</p> +<p><b>Dermatoptera</b>: skin-winged: an ordinal term applied to +insects with elytriform, abbreviated primaries beneath which the +secondaries are folded transversely and fan-like: mouth +mandibulate, prothorax free; abdomen forcipate; metamorphosis +incomplete: the Forficulidae or earwigs.</p> +<p><b>Desectus</b>: = truncatus.</p> +<p><b>Desideratum -ata</b>: some thing or things needed or +desired.</p> +<p><b>Destitutus</b>: wanting; being without.</p> +<p><b>Determinate</b>: with well-defined outlines or distinct +limits: fixed: marked out.</p> +<p><b>Detonans</b>: exploding: a sudden noise or a puff like an +explosion.</p> +<p><b>Detritus</b>: rubbed off; a surface partly denuded.</p> +<p><b>Deuterotoky</b>: parthenogenetic reproduction when the +progeny are male and female: see arrhenotoky and thelyotoky.</p> +<p><b>Deutocerebral segment</b>: =antennal segment; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Deutocerebrum</b>: the middle portion of the brain, formed +by the ganglion of the 2d primary segment; also termed antennal +or olfactory lobes from the parts it innervates.</p> +<p><b>Deutoplasm</b>: the yolk or food plasm of an ovum.</p> +<p><b>Deutotergite</b>: the secondary dorsal segment of the +abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Dextrad</b>: extending or directed toward the right.</p> +<p><b>Dextral</b>: to the right of the median line.</p> +<p><b>Dextro-caudad</b>: extends obliquely between dextrad and +caudad.</p> +<p><b>Dextro-cephalad</b>: extends obliquely between dextrad and +cephalad.</p> +<p><b>Di</b>: as a prefix, = two.</p> +<p><b>Diaphanous</b>: semi-transparent; clear.</p> +<p><b>Diaphragm</b>: any thin dividing membrane; that thin +membrane separating the cavity containing the heart from the rest +of the body.</p> +<p><b>Diarthrosis</b>: any articulation that permits of +motion.</p> +<p><b>Diastole</b>: that regular expansion of the heart that +draws the blood inward: see systole.</p> +<p><b>Dichaetae</b>: a group of brachycerous Diptera with a +proboscis consisting of two parts: Muscids, etc.</p> +<p><b>Dichoptic</b>: Diptera; eyes separated by front: not +contiguous: see holoptic.</p> +<p><b>Dichotomous</b>: forked: dividing by pairs.</p> +<p><b>Dichromatism</b>: the possession of two color +varieties.</p> +<p><b>Dictyoptera</b>: an ordinal term applied to the roaches: +also more generally to the Orthoptera. {<i>Scanner's comment: +Roaches are now classed as Dictyoptera, and Orthoptera are now +distinct from Dictyoptera</i> }</p> +<p><b>Didactyle -us</b>: two-toed: with two tarsi of equal +length.</p> +<p><b>Didymus</b>: double: geminate.</p> +<p><b>Difformis</b>: irregular in form or outline: not +comparable; anomalous. Diffracted: bending in different +directions.</p> +<p><b>Diffuse</b>: spreading out; without distinct edge or +margin.</p> +<p><b>Digestive tract</b>: the alimentary canal as a whole: more +specifically that portion behind the crop, in which assimilation +takes place.</p> +<p><b>Digitate</b>: finger-like, or divided into finger-like +processes.</p> +<p><b>Digitiform</b>: formed, shaped like or having the function +of a finger.</p> +<p><b>Digitules</b>: appendages on the feet of Coccidae; in +Lecanium, four knobbed hairs.</p> +<p><b>Digitus</b>: the terminal joint of the tarsus, bearing the +claws: a small appendage attached to the lacinia of the maxilla; +rarely present and probably tactile.</p> +<p><b>Digoneutism</b>: the power to produce two broods in one +season.</p> +<p><b>Dilatatus</b>: Coleoptera a margin, when the sharp marginal +edge extends beyond its usual limit: the base when the transverse +diameter is much longer at one part.</p> +<p><b>Dilated</b>: widened, expanded.</p> +<p><b>Dilation</b>: an expansion or widening.</p> +<p><b>Dilute</b>: thinned out: applied to color means weak or +pale.</p> +<p><b>Dilution</b>: much thinned out or diluted.</p> +<p><b>Dimera</b>: forms with two-jointed tarsi: specifically +applied to some groups of Homoptera.</p> +<p><b>Dimerous</b>: having only two tarsal joints.</p> +<p><b>Dimidiate -us</b>: halved; extending half way around; +applied to elytra when they cover only half the abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Dimidius</b>: of half length.</p> +<p><b>Dimorphic</b>: occurring in two well-marked forms.</p> +<p><b>Dimorphism</b>: a difference in form, color, etc, between +individuals of the same species, characterizing two distinct +types: may be seasonal, sexual or geographic.</p> +<p><b>Dioecious</b>: with distinct sexes.</p> +<p><b>Dioptrate</b>: an ocellate spot with the pupil divided by a +transverse line.</p> +<p><b>Dioptric</b>: with a transversely divided ocellus.</p> +<p><b>Diploglossata</b>: an ordinal term proposed for +Hemimeridae, because of the supposed presence of a second labial +segment.</p> +<p><b>Diplogangliata</b>: applied to the Arthropods.</p> +<p><b>Diploptera</b>: = diplopteryga; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Diplopteryga</b>: Hymenoptera; wasps in which the wings are +longitudinally folded when at rest.</p> +<p><b>Dipneumones</b>: having two lungs (certain spiders).</p> +<p><b>Diptera</b>: an ordinal term applied to insects having only +one pair of wings (anterior): thorax agglutinate; mouth +haustellate; transformations complete.</p> +<p><b>Dipterocecidium</b>: a gall formed by a dipterous +insect.</p> +<p><b>Dipterous</b>: belonging to or having the characters of +Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Direct</b>: applied to metamorphosis = incomplete.</p> +<p><b>Directive coloration</b>: directive marks or colors which +tend to divert the attention of an enemy from more vital +parts.</p> +<p><b>Disc</b>: see disk.</p> +<p><b>Discal</b>: on or relating to the disc of any surface or +structure.</p> +<p><b>Discal area</b>: of a wing applies especially to the more +central portion, or that area covered by the discal cell.</p> +<p><b>Discal bristles</b>: Diptera; are inserted on the middle of +the abdominal segments before the hind margin.</p> +<p><b>Discal cell</b>: Lepidoptera; the large or median cell +extending from the base of the wing toward the center: = radial +cell (Comst.): in Diptera (Will.) = 1st medial 2 (Comst.): +Odonata; = discoidal areolets, q.v.: Trichoptera, the cell +between the forks of the radial sector, and separated from the 2d +apical cell by a cross-vein.</p> +<p><b>Discal patch</b>: in some male Hesperidae the oblique +streak of specialized black scales on the disc of the +primaries.</p> +<p><b>Discal vein</b>: Lepidoptera; the cross-vein closing the +discal or median cell extends from radius 5 to media 1.</p> +<p><b>Disciform</b>: formed or shaped like a disc.</p> +<p><b>Discocellular nervure or vein</b>: Lepidoptera; = discal +vein, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Discoidal</b>: relating to the disc, or middle = +discal.</p> +<p><b>Discoidal area</b>: the middle area or field: Trichoptera; +that area of the tegmina between the posterior or anal and the +anterior or costal areas = d. field.</p> +<p><b>Discoidal areolets</b>: Odonata; a varying number of rows +of cells on the outer side of the triangle between the short +sector (M 4 of Comst.) and the upper sector of the triangle (Cu 1 +of Comst.) = post-triangular cells := discal cells.</p> +<p><b>Discoidal cell</b>: Hymenoptera (Norton) 1st medial 2, +medial 3 and medial 4 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Discoidal field</b>: see discoidal area.</p> +<p><b>Discoidal nervule</b>: Lepidoptera; = media 1 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Discoidal triangle</b>: Odonata - see triangle.</p> +<p><b>Discoidal vein</b>: Diptera (Schiner), = media 2 (Comst.) +anterior intercalary vein (Loew); Hymenopteran (Norton), = media +2 (Comst.), beyond the junction with the medial cross-vein: +Trichoptera; the first and largest branch of the humeral +vein.</p> +<p><b>Discoideous</b>: =discoidal.</p> +<p><b>Discolored -orous</b>: a different color from the +surrounding, more or less contrasting; not concolorous.</p> +<p><b>Discota</b>: insects in which development of the adults is +from imaginal discs: see adiscota.</p> +<p><b>Discrete</b>: distinctly separated.</p> +<p><b>Discs</b>: the abdominal motor processes of coleopterous +larve.</p> +<p><b>Discus</b>: a disc; a somewhat flat circular part or +area.</p> +<p><b>Disjoined or Disjointed</b>: see disjunctus.</p> +<p><b>Disjunct</b>: with head, thorax and abdomen separated by +constrictions.</p> +<p><b>Disjunctus</b>: separated; standing apart.</p> +<p><b>Disk</b>: the central upper surface of any part; all the +area within a margin; the central area of a wing: in Trichoptera, +the obliquely ridged outer surface of hind femur in +saltatoria.</p> +<p><b>Dislocated</b>: a stria, band or line interrupted in +continuity, when the tips of the interrupted parts are not in a +right line with each other.</p> +<p><b>Disperses</b>: with scattered markings, punctures or other +small sculptures.</p> +<p><b>Disposed</b>: arranged or laid out.</p> +<p><b>Dissepiment</b>: a partition wall: applied to the forming +septa separating the coelom-sacs in the embryo; also the thin +envelope about the members in obtect pupae.</p> +<p><b>Dissilient</b>: bursting open elastically.</p> +<p><b>Distad</b>: toward the distal end.</p> +<p><b>Distal</b>: that part of a joint farthest from the +body.</p> +<p><b>Distant</b>: remote from: standing considerably apart.</p> +<p><b>Distichous</b>: applied to antennae when lateral processes +originate at the apices of the joints and bend forward at acute +angles to them.</p> +<p><b>Distiproboscis</b>: the outer third of the proboscis in +Muscid flies, bearing the labella.</p> +<p><b>Distychus</b>: bipartite: separated into two parts.</p> +<p><b>Ditrocha</b>: Hymenoptera; that series having the +trochanter two-jointed.</p> +<p><b>Diurnae</b>: day fliers: applied to butterflies.</p> +<p><b>Diurnal</b>: such insects as are active or habitually fly +by day only.</p> +<p><b>Divaricable</b>: able to spread apart or divaricate.</p> +<p><b>Divaricate</b>: straddling or spreading apart: when the +wings are lapped at base and diverge behind: tarsal claws when +arising at opposite sides of the joint and separating widely.</p> +<p><b>Divergent</b>: spreading out from a common base; in +Coleoptera, tarsal claws are divergent when they spread out only +a little; divaricate when they separate widely.</p> +<p><b>Diverse</b>: unequal: differing in size or shape: of +various kinds.</p> +<p><b>Diverticulum -la</b>: an oft-shoot from a vessel or from +the alimentary canal usually blind or sac-like: applied to the +caecal tubes or pouches: any extensions or evaginations of the +hypodermic.</p> +<p><b>Dividens (vena)</b>: Trichoptera; 1st anal (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Dog-ear marks</b>: in bees: small, subtriangular marks of +light color, just below the antennae (Cockerell).</p> +<p><b>Dolabriform</b>: hatchet-shaped: compressed, with a +prominent dilated keel and cylindrical base.</p> +<p><b>Dolioloides</b>: applied to obtect or coarctate pupae.</p> +<p><b>Dominant</b>: a character more constant and conspicuous +than any other: a type or series occurring in large numbers both +as to genera, species and individuals and in which +differentiation is yet active.</p> +<p><b>Dorsad</b>: extending or directed toward the upper +side.</p> +<p><b>Dorsal</b>: of or belonging to the upper surface: in +Diptera, that face of the laterally extended legs visible from +above.</p> +<p><b>Dorsal bristles</b>: see dorso-central.</p> +<p><b>Dorsal diaphragm</b>: the wings of the heart, or the very +thin membrane upon which these muscles rest: = pericardial +diaphragm, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Dorsal gland orifices</b>: in Diaspinae, oval orifices +arranged in more or less distinct rows on the surface of the +pygidium, through which is discharged the material of which the +dorsal scale is formed.</p> +<p><b>Dorsal glands</b>: see last preceding title.</p> +<p><b>Dorsal line</b>: in caterpillars, extends longitudinally on +the middle of the back or dorsal.</p> +<p><b>Dorsal scale</b>: that part of the covering scale of the +Diaspinae that lies above the insect, as opposed to the ventral +scale, which lies below.</p> +<p><b>Dorsal space</b>: in slug-caterpillars is the area between +the sub-dorsal ridges.</p> +<p><b>Dorsal vessel</b>: the heart; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Dorsi-meson</b>: the middle of the upper surface.</p> +<p><b>Dorso-alar region</b>: Diptera; between the transverse +suture and the scutellum on one side and the root of the wing and +the dorso-central region on the other.</p> +<p><b>Dorso-central bristles</b>: Diptera; two or four +longitudinal rows on the inner part of the dorsal.</p> +<p><b>Dorso-central region</b>: Diptera; bounded by two imaginary +lines drawn from the scutellar bridges forward, and coinciding +with a space free from bristles that exists on the outer side of +the dorsal rows and is often occupied by a dorsal thoracic +stripe.</p> +<p><b>Dorso-humeral region</b>: Diptera; bounded by the anterior +end of thorax and transverse suture on two sides and by the +dorsopleural suture and dorsocentral region on the two +others.</p> +<p><b>Dorsolum</b>: the mesoscutum.</p> +<p><b>Dorsopleural suture</b>: Diptera; the lateral suture +between dorsal and pleurum from the humeri through the base of +the wing: separates the mesonotum from the pleura.</p> +<p><b>Dorso-ventral</b>: in a line from the upper to the lower +surface.</p> +<p><b>Dorsulum</b>: the mesonotum before the scutellum, with the +wing sockets: also, specifically, the meso-scutellum.</p> +<p><b>Dorsum</b>: the upper surface: in Coleoptera; often +confined to meso- and meta-thorax: Odonata; includes mesepisterna +and meso- and meta-thoracic terga: Diptera; upper surface of +thorax, limited by the dorsopleural sutures laterally, the +scutellum posteriorly and the neck anteriorly: Lepidoptera; the +lower or inner margin of the wing.</p> +<p><b>Draw-thread</b>: the silk-producing gland.</p> +<p><b>Drone</b>: in Hymenoptera; the male bee.</p> +<p><b>Duct</b>: a channel, tube or canal for carrying a secretion +from a gland to the point of discharge.</p> +<p><b>Ductus ejaculatorius</b>: the single duct or tube formed by +the union of the vasa deferentia from each side, through which +the seminal fluid is ejected into the vagina.</p> +<p><b>Dufour's gland</b>: that gland, in Hymenoptera, that +secretes the alkaline portion of the poison carried by the +sting.</p> +<p><b>Duodenum</b>: the chylific ventricle; also applied to the +first section of the digestive tract just behind entrance of +malpighian tubules.</p> +<p><b>Dupion</b>: a cocoon spun by two silk-worms together; also +the coarse silk from such a cocoon.</p> +<p><b>Duplicate -us</b>: double.</p> +<p><b>Duplicate-pectinate</b>: having the branches of a +bipectinated antenna alternately long and short.</p> +<p><b>Duple</b>: double, or twice.</p> +<p><b>Durus</b>: hard.</p> +<p><b>Dusky</b>: somewhat darkened; pale fuscous.</p> +<p><a name="Toc726" id="Toc726">E</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">E</font>: as +prefix, is privative and means without.</b></p> +<p><b>Ears</b>: organs of hearing, as on the first tibiae or on +the first abdominal segment of some Trichoptera.</p> +<p><b>Ebenine</b>: black like ebony.</p> +<p><b>Eburneous</b>: ivory white.</p> +<p><b>Ecalcaratus</b>: without a spur.</p> +<p><b>Ecaudate</b>: without tails or tail-like processes: usually +applied to wings : = excaudate.</p> +<p><b>Ecdysis</b>: the process of casting the skin; moulting.</p> +<p><b>Echinate</b>: set with prickles.</p> +<p><b>Ecology</b>: the science of the relation of organisms to +each other and to their surroundings: = ethology. {<i>Scanner's +comment: Ethology nowadays refers to studies in animal behaviour, +not directly to ecology</i>.}</p> +<p><b>Ectad</b>: extending outwardly from within.</p> +<p><b>Ectal</b>: belonging or relating to the outer surface.</p> +<p><b>Ectoblast</b>: the outer wall of a cell; the ectoderm or +epiblast.</p> +<p><b>Ectoderm</b>: the outer layer of skin: the outer layer of +the blastoderm, giving rise to the nervous system and to +epithelial structures of the body surface.</p> +<p><b>Ectognathus</b>: see ectotrophous.</p> +<p><b>Ectoskeletal</b>: referring to the outside or +exoskeleton.</p> +<p><b>Ectotrachea</b>: the outer surface or layer of the +trachea.</p> +<p><b>Ectotrophous</b>: with mouth parts free; not buried in the +head: see entrotrophus.</p> +<p><b>Edematus</b>: dull translucent white.</p> +<p><b>Edentate -ulous</b>: without teeth.</p> +<p><b>Edentula</b>: those having no teeth.</p> +<p><b>Efferent</b>: carrying outward or away from the centre.</p> +<p><b>Effluvium</b>: a foul or unpleasant smell or emanation.</p> +<p><b>Effected</b>: somewhat angularly bent outward.</p> +<p><b>Egg</b>: a simple cell, capable of fertilization, +containing the germ, the food-yolk necessary for its nutriment, +and a covering membrane: a single ovum or cell from an ovary: the +first stage of the insect.</p> +<p><b>Egg-burster</b>: a projecting point on the head or other +part of an embryo, used in breaking the shell when hatching.</p> +<p><b>Egg-calyx</b>: the enlarged portion of the oviduct at the +opening of the ovarian tubes, into which the egg is received +before its entrance into the vagina.</p> +<p><b>Egg-case</b>: the case or covering prepared or secreted by +an insect to contain or hold together the egg-mass as a whole: +see oötheca.</p> +<p><b>Egg-guide</b>: Orthoptera; two small pointed prolongations +of the ventral portion of the 8th abdominal segment, between +upper and lower valves, used in oviposition.</p> +<p><b>Egg-pouch</b>: see oötheca.</p> +<p><b>Egg-pod</b>: applied to the egg-mass of grasshoppers.</p> +<p><b>Egg-tube</b>: see ovarian tube.</p> +<p><b>Ejaculatory duct</b>: see ductus ejaculatorius.</p> +<p><b>Elastic</b>: a part which has a degree of flexibility +throughout.</p> +<p><b>Elate -us</b>: see elevatus.</p> +<p><b>Elater</b>: the spring or forked tail of Podurids.</p> +<p><b>Eleutherata</b>: all forms with free, separated maxillae; +later, and more specifically, the Coleoptera.</p> +<p><b>Elevate -us</b>: a part higher than its surroundings.</p> +<p><b>Elinguata</b>: without a tongue: forms in which the +maxillae are connate with the labium: see synista.</p> +<p><b>Ellipsoidal</b>: see elliptical.</p> +<p><b>Elliptical</b>: oblong-oval, the ends equally rounded, +together forming an even ellipsoid.</p> +<p><b>Elongata -ate</b>: drawn out; lengthened; much longer than +wide.</p> +<p><b>Elutus</b>: with scarcely distinct markings.</p> +<p><b>Elytra</b>: the anterior leathery or chitinous wings of +beetles, serving as coverings to the secondaries, commonly +meeting in a straight line down the middle of dorsum in repose: +also applied to the tegmina in Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Elytral ligula</b>: a tongue-like process on the inner face +of the side margin of elytra, to perfect the union with the +ventral segments: e.g. in Dytiscidae.</p> +<p><b>Elytriform</b>: shaped or appearing like an elytron.</p> +<p><b>Elytrin</b>: = chitin, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Elytron</b>: singular of elytra; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Elytroptera</b>: see Coleoptera.</p> +<p><b>Emandibulata</b>: that series of insects in which there are +no functional mandibles in any stage.</p> +<p><b>Emandibulate</b>: lacking functional mandibles; e.g. +butterflies and moths, and applied in any stage.</p> +<p><b>Emarginate</b>: notched: with an obtuse, rounded or +quadrate section cut from a margin.</p> +<p><b>Embolium</b>: Heteroptera; the narrow sclerite extending +along the anterior margin of the hemelytra, from base to cuneus +or membrane: the lobes on each side of the prothorax: the special +enlargement at the base of the primaries which fits into a cavity +in which the wing is moved.</p> +<p><b>Embossed</b>: ornamented with raised figures.</p> +<p><b>Embryo</b>: the young animal before leaving the body of the +parent or before emerging from the egg.</p> +<p><b>Embryonic</b>: found in, or relating to the embryo; in an +undeveloped state or condition.</p> +<p><b>Emmet</b>: an ant.</p> +<p><b>Empodium</b>: Diptera; the small process between the +pulvilli: in Coleoptera; the bifid pseudotarsi between the claws: +used also as = pulvillus; and see arolium, onychium, palmula, +paronychium, plantula, pseudonychium and pulvillus.</p> +<p><b>Enarthrosis</b>: an articulation like a ball and socket +joint.</p> +<p><b>Encephalon -um</b>: the brain, or that part of the head +containing it.</p> +<p><b>Encircled</b>: ringed; margined round about.</p> +<p><b>Endemic</b>: occurring normally where found: native, not +introduced.</p> +<p><b>Endocardium</b>: the inner lining membrane of the +heart.</p> +<p><b>Endochorium</b>: the layer of the allantois that lines the +chorium; the inner layer of the chorium.</p> +<p><b>Endocranium</b>: the inner surface of the cranium.</p> +<p><b>Endoderm</b>: the inner layer of the blastoderm in the +embryo, giving origin to the mid-intestine and other visceral +organs: see entoderm.</p> +<p><b>Endolabium</b>: the inner or mouth surface of the labium: +the hypopharynx when that is well developed.</p> +<p><b>Endomesoderm</b>: the inner layer formed by an invagination +of the middle portion of the primitive band of the embryo, and +from which the endoderm and mesoderm are subsequently +differentiated.</p> +<p><b>Endophytic</b>: living within plant or tree tissue, as +borers or miners.</p> +<p><b>Endoskeletal</b>: relating or referring to the +endoskeleton.</p> +<p><b>Endoskeleton</b>: applied to those chitinous processes +extending inward into the body cavity from the body wall and +serving as attachments for muscles.</p> +<p><b>Endosternite</b>: that part of the apodeme arising from the +intersternal membrane.</p> +<p><b>Endothorax</b>: the internal framework or processes of the +thorax.</p> +<p><b>Endotoky</b>: is applied to that form of reproduction where +the eggs are developed within the body of the mother; see +exotoky.</p> +<p><b>Endotrachea</b>: the inner surface or lining of the +trachea: see intima.</p> +<p><b>Enervis</b>: applied to wings without veins of any +kind.</p> +<p><b>Engraved</b>: see exsculptus.</p> +<p><b>Ensiform</b>: sword-shaped: two-edged, large at base and +tapering to the point: see anceps.</p> +<p><b>Entad</b>: extending inwardly from without.</p> +<p><b>Ental</b>: referring to the centre of the body cavity.</p> +<p><b>Enteric</b>: relating to the digestive canal or +enteron.</p> +<p><b>Enteron</b>: the digestive canal as a whole; a general +term.</p> +<p><b>Entire</b>: with an even unbroken margin: said of wings +when they are not divided or cut into.</p> +<p><b>Entoderm</b>: the innermost germ layer of the embryo, from +which are derived the epithelium of the alimentary canal and +accessory structures: = endoderm and hypoblast.</p> +<p><b>Entognathous</b>: see entotrophous.</p> +<p><b>Entoloma</b>: the inner margin of the wings.</p> +<p><b>Entomogenous</b>: growing in or on an insect: e.g. +fungi.</p> +<p><b>Entomography</b>: the description of an insect or of its +life history.</p> +<p><b>Entomolin</b>: = chitin, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Entomologist</b>: one who collects and studies insects.</p> +<p><b>Entomology</b>: that branch of Zoology that deals with +insects and, specifically, the Hexapods.</p> +<p><b>Entomophagous</b>: feeding upon insects: specifically +applied to those wasps that feed their young with larvae, +etc.</p> +<p><b>Entomophilous</b>: insect-loving: applied to plants +especially adapted for pollination by insects.</p> +<p><b>Entomophytous</b>: referring to plants produced in or on an +insect: see Entomogenous</p> +<p><b>Entomosis</b>: a disease caused by a parasitic insect.</p> +<p><b>Entomotaxy</b>: the preservation and preparation of insects +for study.</p> +<p><b>Entomotomy</b>: that science which deals with internal +structure of insects.</p> +<p><b>Entomotomist</b>: a student of insect structure.</p> +<p><b>Entosternum</b>: the internal processes from the +sternum.</p> +<p><b>Entothorax</b>: applied to the apodemes or processes +extending inwardly from the sternal sclerites: see apophysis.</p> +<p><b>Entotrophous</b>: with the mouth parts buried in the head:= +entognathous: see ectotrophous.</p> +<p><b>Entozoa</b>: those animals that live within the body of +others.</p> +<p><b>Environment</b>: the sum of the influences surrounding or +acting upon an organism.</p> +<p><b>Enzyme</b>: a ferment secreted by a cell or a gland.</p> +<p><b>Epalpate</b>: having no palpi.</p> +<p><b>Ephebic</b>: referring to the winged, adult stage.</p> +<p><b>Ephemerida</b>: May-flies: an ordinal term used for insects +with net- veined wings, held vertically when at rest, not folded; +mouth mandibulate, not functionally developed: thorax loosely +agglutinated; abdomen with anal filaments: metamorphosis +incomplete.</p> +<p><b>Ephemeroptera</b>: briefly winged: = ephemerida; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Epiblast</b>: the outer germ layer of the embryo.</p> +<p><b>Epicranial</b>: relating or pertaining to the +epicranium.</p> +<p><b>Epicranial lobe</b>: in caterpillars, the lateral, superior +convex lobe of the head.</p> +<p><b>Epicranial plate</b>: in some larvae a plate-like structure +forming the epicranium.</p> +<p><b>Epicranial suture</b>: the line of junction of the two +procephalic lobes.</p> +<p><b>Epicranium</b>: the upper part of the head from the front +to the neck: often used to include front, vertex and genae:= +calva.</p> +<p><b>Epideme</b>: see articulatory epideme.</p> +<p><b>Epiderma -is</b>: the cellular layer of the skin, +underlying and secreting the cuticula: incorrectly applied to the +outer skin or cuticle.</p> +<p><b>Epidermata</b>: abnormal excrescences or outgrowths from +the skin.</p> +<p><b>Epididymis</b>: the convoluted efferent ducts, massed at +the posterior part of the testes.</p> +<p><b>Epigastrium</b>: the first entire ventral sclerite of the +abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Epigenesis</b>: the doctrine of growth from an +undifferentiated germ, as opposed to preformation, which implies +development from already existing rudiments.</p> +<p><b>Epigenetic</b>: the period after the union of the male and +female elements, during which organs are forming.</p> +<p><b>Epiglossa</b>: = epipharynx; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Epiglottis</b>: = epipharynx; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Epilabrum</b>: a sclerite at each side of the labrum: +specifically applied in myriapods.</p> +<p><b>Epilobe</b>: of mentum in Carabidae, really corresponds to +a partially divided ligula: a lateral appendage of a bilobed +mentum.</p> +<p><b>Epimera -eron</b>: the posterior lateral thoracic +sclerites; usually small, narrow or triangular.</p> +<p><b>Epiopticon</b>: the second ganglionic swelling of the optic +tract: see opticon.</p> +<p><b>Epipharyngeal</b>: belonging or relating to the +epipharynx.</p> +<p><b>Epipharyngeal sclerites</b>: in bees; a pair of strap-like +pieces extending backward from the two sides of the base of +epipharynx: see hypopharyngeal sclerites.</p> +<p><b>Epipharynx</b>: an organ, probably of taste, attached to +the inner surface of the labium and supposed to correspond to the +palate of higher animals Epiglossa or epiglottis.</p> +<p><b>Epiphysis</b>: a lappet-like process covering an excavation +on the fore tibia of many Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Epipleural</b>: the deflexed or inflexed portions of the +elytra, immediately beneath the edge: the inflexed portions of +the pronotum are sometimes called prothoracic epipleura: as +generally used, the term is incorrectly applied to the entire +bent under margin of the elytra.</p> +<p><b>Epipleural fold</b>: the raised lower edge of the +epipleura: see hypomera.</p> +<p><b>Epiploön</b>: see caul.</p> +<p><b>Epipygium</b>: the dorsal arch of the last abdominal +segment.</p> +<p><b>Episternites</b>: the upper pair of corneous appendages +forming the ovipositor in grasshoppers.</p> +<p><b>Episternum</b>: the anterior and larger lateral thoracic +sclerite between the sternum and notum.</p> +<p><b>Epistoma -is</b>: the lower face between the mouth and +eyes: that sclerite immediately behind or above the labrum, +whether it be clypeus or an intermediate piece: in Diptera, that +part of the face between the front and the labrum; the oral +margin and an indefinite space immediately contiguous thereto and +so = peristoma: in Odonata; = clypeus: = hypostoma.</p> +<p><b>Epithelium</b>: the layer of cells which covers a surface +or lines a cavity.</p> +<p><b>Epizoa</b>: insects that infest the body surface of +animals.</p> +<p><b>Epizoötic</b>: living or parasitic on animals from the +outside or on the surface.</p> +<p><b>Epomiae</b>: the elevated margin of an oblique furrow in +the propleurae for the reception of the front femora; +Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Epupillate</b>: an ocellate spot included by a colored +ring, but destitute of a pupil or central spot.</p> +<p><b>Equal</b>: of the same length, size or shape: the +superfices when they are without inequalities.</p> +<p><b>Equitant</b>: laminated: folding one upon the other.</p> +<p><b>Erect</b>: standing upright; not necessarily +perpendicular.</p> +<p><b>Erectile</b>: capable of being erected; applied to an +appendage, a hair or other process, or to any tissue which may be +distended and made rigid.</p> +<p><b>Erecto-patent</b>: the wings of Hesperids when at rest; +primaries erect, secondaries horizontal.</p> +<p><b>Eremochaetus</b>: Diptera in which there is a general +absence of bristles.</p> +<p><b>Ergatandrous</b>: applied to ants with worker-like +males.</p> +<p><b>Ergatogynous</b>: applied to ants with worker-like +females.</p> +<p><b>Ergatoid</b>: sexually capable, wingless ants, resembling +workers.</p> +<p><b>Ericeticolous</b>: living in poor, sandy or gravelly +places.</p> +<p><b>Eroded -sus</b>: gnawed; a margin with irregular teeth and +emarginations.</p> +<p><b>Eruca</b>: broadly a larva: more specifically a +caterpillar.</p> +<p><b>Eruciform</b>: like a caterpillar in form or +appearance.</p> +<p><b>Erucina</b>: the caterpillar-like larvae of sawflies and +the like.</p> +<p><b>Erucivorous</b>: a feeder on caterpillars; said of +parasites.</p> +<p><b>Erythrinus</b>: red; nearly arterial blood-red: carmine, a +little diluted.</p> +<p><b>Erythrinus</b>: deep brick-red, tending to blood-red +[vermilion with a little Indian red].</p> +<p><b>Escutcheon</b>: the scutellum in Coleoptera.</p> +<p><b>Essential character</b>: see specific character.</p> +<p><b>Ethology</b>: see ecology.</p> +<p><b>Eucephalous</b>: with a well-developed head, bearing the +normal appendages: applied to certain dipterous larvae.</p> +<p><b>Eucone</b>: a compound eye in which the individual ocelli +have crystalline cones see acone.</p> +<p><b>Euorthoptera</b>: the Orthoptera excluding the +Dermaptera.</p> +<p><b>Euplexoptera</b>: with beautifully folded wings: an ordinal +term applied to the ear-wigs.</p> +<p><b>Eous or -eus</b>: as a suffix, indicates the possession of +the quality of the stem word: e.g. membraneous, like a membrane +in texture.</p> +<p><b>Eutracheata</b>: applied to articulates which, like the +insects, have a well-developed tracheal system.</p> +<p><b>Evaginate</b>: extruded by eversion; turned inside out when +extruded.</p> +<p><b>Evagination</b>: an extrusion formed by eversion or turning +inside out.</p> +<p><b>Evanescent</b>: disappearing; becoming gradually less.</p> +<p><b>Eversible</b>: capable of being turned inside out.</p> +<p><b>Evident</b>: easily seen or recognized.</p> +<p><b>Ex</b>: prefix = A and E as privatives: also means from or +out of.</p> +<p><b>Exarate -us</b>: sulcated: sculptured.</p> +<p><b>Exarticulate</b>: without distinct joints.</p> +<p><b>Exasperate -us</b>: rough with irregular elevations.</p> +<p><b>Excalcarate</b>: without spurs.</p> +<p><b>Excaudate</b>: see ecaudate.</p> +<p><b>Excavate</b>: with a depression that is not the segment of +a circle.</p> +<p><b>Excentric</b>: not in the centre; revolving or arranged +about a point that is not central.</p> +<p><b>Excision</b>: with a deep cut: a notch or other cut-out +part.</p> +<p><b>Excrementaceous -titious</b>: made up of or resembling +excrement.</p> +<p><b>Excrescence</b>: an outgrowth or elevation; usually +abnormal.</p> +<p><b>Excretion</b>: the act of getting rid of waste products: +any material or substance produced by any secretory glands or +structures and which is voided or otherwise sent out from +them.</p> +<p><b>Excretory</b>: those structures concerned in ridding the +body of waste products.</p> +<p><b>Excurrent</b>: attenuate, narrowly prolonged.</p> +<p><b>Excurved</b>: curved outwards.</p> +<p><b>Ex larva</b>: from or out of the larva: usually applied to +specimens that have been bred from collected larvae.</p> +<p><b>Exochorion</b>: that part of the chorion derived from the +ectoderm: the outer layer of the chorion.</p> +<p><b>Exochorium</b>: Heteroptera; a narrow marginal part of the +hemelytra.</p> +<p><b>Exoderm</b>: the outer skin or crust.</p> +<p><b>Exoloma</b>: the apical margin of the wings.</p> +<p><b>Exophytic</b>: relating to the outside of plant tissue.</p> +<p><b>Exoskeleton</b>: the entire body wall, to the inner side of +which muscles are attached.</p> +<p><b>Exotic</b>: not a natives of the place where found: an +introduced species: also any species occurring in any country +outside of the limits of the country whose fauna is under +consideration.</p> +<p><b>Exotoky</b>: is applied to that form of reproduction where +the eggs are developed outside of the body of the insect and +without care by the mother see endotoky.</p> +<p><b>Ex ova</b>: from or out of the egg: applied to specimens +that have been bred from the egg stage.</p> +<p><b>Expanded</b>: spread or flattened out: applied to +Lepidoptera when set for the cabinet.</p> +<p><b>Expanse</b>: the distance between the apices or other +widest point of the wings when fully spread.</p> +<p><b>Expansio alarum</b>: the wing stretch; see expanse.</p> +<p><b>Expiratory</b>: relating to the act of expiration, when the +abdomen is contracted and the air contained in the abdominal +tracheae is presumably forced out of them.</p> +<p><b>Explanate</b>: spread out and flattened; applied to a +margin.</p> +<p><b>Explicate</b>: unfolded; open; without folds or plica.</p> +<p><b>Exsculptate -tus</b>: a surface with irregular, more or +less longitudinal depressions, as if carved.</p> +<p><b>Exscutellate</b>: having no scutel.</p> +<p><b>Exserted</b>: protruded; projecting beyond the body or over +a given point.</p> +<p><b>Exsertion</b>: a protrusion: an extension of a line or +other ornamentation beyond its ordinary course.</p> +<p><b>Extended</b>: spread out: not lying one upon the other.</p> +<p><b>Extense</b>: extended: expanded.</p> +<p><b>Extension plate</b>: a structure at the base of the +pulvillus whose function it is to extend it.</p> +<p><b>Extension sole</b>: the pad-like pulvillus which may be +extended by the extension plate through the pressure plate.</p> +<p><b>Extensor</b>: that which extends or straightens out; +applied to muscles.</p> +<p><b>Extenuate</b>: to make or to become weak, thin or +slender.</p> +<p><b>Exterior</b>: the outside.</p> +<p><b>Exterior margin</b>: the outer margin; sometimes used for +costal margin.</p> +<p><b>External</b>: belonging to or on the outside.</p> +<p><b>External area</b>: Hymenoptera; the upper of the three +cells or areas of the metanotum, between the median and lateral +longitudinal carina, first lateral basal area.</p> +<p><b>External median area</b>: Hymenoptera; the median of the +three cells or areas between the median and lateral longitudinal +carinae: = second lateral area.</p> +<p><b>Externomedial vein</b>: in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radius +(Comst.); in Orthoptera, = media (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Externo-median nerve</b>: the humeral and discoidal veins +together.</p> +<p><b>Extra-ocular</b>: remote from or beyond the eyes.</p> +<p><b>Extremity</b>: the point most remote from base.</p> +<p><b>Extrorse -um</b>: toward the outside.</p> +<p><b>Extrude</b>: to turn or force out.</p> +<p><b>Exude</b>: to ooze or flow slowly through minute +openings.</p> +<p><b>Exuvia -iae -ium</b>: the cast skin of a larval insect: in +Diaspinae the larval skin when cast and incorporated in the +scale.</p> +<p><b>Exuviate</b>: to cast the skin: to moult.</p> +<p><b>Exuviation</b>: the act of molting: the cast-off skin or +exuvium.</p> +<p><b>Eyes</b>: the organs of sight, composed of numerous facets, +situated, one on each side of the head: the term is properly +applied to compound eyes only but is sometimes used to designate +also the simple eyes or ocelli.</p> +<p><a name="Toc727" id="Toc727">F</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Face or +Facies</font>: the upper or outer surface of any part or +appendage: the front of the head between the compound eyes above +the mouth to the vertex; usually applied to insects in which the +head is -vertical: in bees extends between the eyes to the base +of the antennae; in the Hymenoptera generally the area between +antenne and clypeus: in flies the area between base of antennae, +the oral margin, eyes and cheeks.</b></p> +<p><b>Facet</b>: a small face or surface: one of the parts, areas +or lens-like divisions of the compound eye.</p> +<p><b>Facial angle</b>: the angle formed by the junction of the +face and vertex.</p> +<p><b>Facial bristles</b>: Diptera; a series on either side of +the middle portion of the face, above the vibrissae, along the +facialia.</p> +<p><b>Facial carinae</b>: applied to both the carinae of the +frontal costa and the accessory (lateral) carinae of the face; +but usually restricted to the accessory carinae in +Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Facial depression</b>: = antennal fovea, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Facialium -ia</b>: Diptera; that portion of the face +between the lower part of the frontal fissure and the antennal +fovea.</p> +<p><b>Facial quadrangle</b>: in bees; the quadrangle bounded +laterally by the eyes, above by a line between their summits and +below by a similar line between their lowest points.</p> +<p><b>Facial ridges</b>: Diptera; the elevated lateral borders of +antennal grooves.</p> +<p><b>Facial tubercle</b>: Diptera; a median convexity below +middle of face.</p> +<p><b>Facies</b>: the face: the general appearance or +impression.</p> +<p><b>Falcate</b>: sickle-shaped; convexly curved: a wing when +deeply excavated below the apex so as to leave the latter acute +and a little curved.</p> +<p><b>Falciform</b>: curved like a sickle.</p> +<p><b>False legs</b>: = spurious legs; = prolegs; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Family</b>: a division of classification including a number +of genera agreeing in one or a set of characters and so closely +related that they are apparently descended from one stem: +opinionative and indicated by the termination idae.</p> +<p><b>Farctus</b>: fully filled.</p> +<p><b>Farinaceous</b>: mealy: applied to powdery looking wings +and surfaces.</p> +<p><b>Farinose</b>: dotted with many single, flour-like spots: +mealy.</p> +<p><b>Fascia</b>: a transverse band or broad line; it is common +when it crosses both wings or wing covers.</p> +<p><b>Fasciate</b>: banded transversely.</p> +<p><b>Fascicle -ulus</b>: a bundle of hair, threads or +fibres.</p> +<p><b>Fasciculate</b>: bundled; clustered as in a bundle; tufted: +a surface when covered with bundles of long hair.</p> +<p><b>Fastigiate</b>: flat-topped and of equal height: also +applied to elytra that extend a little beyond the abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Fastigium</b>: Orthoptera; the extreme point or front of +vertex.</p> +<p><b>Fat-body</b>: is the mass of oil or fat cells found, +especially in larvae, surrounding the alimentary canal and some +other internal organs.</p> +<p><b>Fatiscent</b>: with cracks, crevices or openings.</p> +<p><b>Fauna</b>: the assemblage of animals inhabiting a region or +country.</p> +<p><b>Favose</b>: with large deep holes, like the cells of a +honeycomb.</p> +<p><b>Favus</b>: a cell like that of a honeycomb.</p> +<p><b>Fecula</b>: the excrement of insects.</p> +<p><b>Fecundation</b>: the making fertile; as an egg by a +spermatozoön.</p> +<p><b>Feeler</b>: commonly applied to antennae; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Feelers</b>: tactile organs: the term is usually applied to +the antennae but sometimes to the palpi, as mouth-feelers.</p> +<p><b>Feet</b>: the legs or organs of locomotion; one pair +attached to each thoracic segment; composed of coxa, trochanter, +femur, tibia and tarsus only; plural of foot; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Female</b>: designated by "O+" the astronomical sign for +Venus: that sex in which the ova are developed. {<i>Scanner's +comment: The sign for Venus being an orthogonal cross or plus +sign hanging vertically below a circle.</i>}</p> +<p><b>Femina</b>: the female, or belonging to that sex.</p> +<p><b>Femorate -us</b>: with abnormal or unusually developed +femora or thighs.</p> +<p><b>Femoro-tibial</b>: pertaining to both femur and tibia or to +the articulation between them.</p> +<p><b>Femur -ora</b>: the thigh: usually the stoutest segment of +the leg, articulated to the body through trochanter and coxa and +bearing the tibia at its distal end: in Coccidae and quite +commonly, the femur and trochanter are considered as one, for +measuring purposes.</p> +<p><b>Fenestra</b>: a window; a transparent glassy spot or mark; +a pellucid mark in a vein: a small, pale, membranous area at the +base of the antenna in roaches.</p> +<p><b>Fenestrate</b>: with transparent or window-like naked spots +as in the wings of some Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Fenestrate membrane</b>: of the compound eye is at the base +of the ommatidia, at their junction with the optic nerve; see +retina.</p> +<p><b>Ferreous -eus</b>: the metallic gray of polished iron.</p> +<p><b>Ferrugineous -ous, -eus, -osus</b>: rusty red-brown +[Dragon's blood, but brighter].</p> +<p><b>Ferrugino-testaeeous</b>: a rusty yellow brown: a mixture +of rusty red with dull yellow brown.</p> +<p><b>Fertilization</b>: takes place when a spermatozoön +enters through the micropyle of an ovum and unites with the cell +nucleus: loosely applied like copulation or to its +completion.</p> +<p><b>Festivus</b>: variegated with bright colors.</p> +<p><b>Festooned</b>: arranged in loops as if hung from nails.</p> +<p><b>Fibre</b>: a thread-like structure of any tissue.</p> +<p><b>Fibrilla</b>: rod or sliver-like nerve elements, often +grouped like a bundle of short threads.</p> +<p><b>Fibrin</b>: a proteid compound making up a large part of +the muscular tissue: also found in blood and other body +liquids.</p> +<p><b>Fibrinogen</b>: a proteid substance of the blood and other +body fluids, concerned in the production of fibrin.</p> +<p><b>Fibroin</b>: a chemical compound found in silk, cobwebs and +the like.</p> +<p><b>Fifth longitudinal vein</b>: Diptera (Will.); = media 3 +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Filament</b>: a thread: a long slender process of equal +diameter throughout: an elongated appendage.</p> +<p><b>Filariasis</b>: a disease caused by the presence of minute +worms or Filaria, transmitted by mosquitoes. {<i>Scanner's +comment: Nowadays it is known that many kinds of filariasis are +transmitted by other species of flies, in particular Simuliidae +and Tabanidae</i>}</p> +<p><b>Filate</b>: Diptera; antennae that are simple, without +lateral hair or dilation: thread-like.</p> +<p><b>Filator</b>: the silk spinning structure of +caterpillars.</p> +<p><b>File</b>: the diagonal ridged vein near the base of the +tegmina in crickets, used in stridulating: in general any +structure wherever situated that serves the same purpose.</p> +<p><b>Filicornia</b>: insects with thread-like antennae; e.g. in +Coleopteran, the Carabidae.</p> +<p><b>Filiform</b>: thread-like: slender and of equal +diameter.</p> +<p><b>Filippi's glands</b>: a pair of secondary glands, opening +into the silk glands of caterpillars near their anterior end.</p> +<p><b>Fillet</b>: a transverse, raised structure between the +antennae in Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Filose</b>: ending in a thread-like process.</p> +<p><b>Fimbria</b>: thick, ciliated hair at the termination of any +part: fringes.</p> +<p><b>Fimbriate</b>: a margin or process when set with a fringe +of hair closely placed.</p> +<p><b>Finger</b>: of maxilla, is the digitus, q.v.</p> +<p><b>First clypeus</b>: see post clypeus.</p> +<p><b>First inner apical nervure</b>: in Hymenoptera (Nort.); is +cubitus 1, from media 4, to first anal (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>First lateral suture</b>: Odonata; starts from beneath base +of front wing behind humeral suture and meets it behind second +coxa.</p> +<p><b>First longitudinal vein</b>: in Diptera; - radius 1 +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>First submarginal cross-nervure</b>: Hymenoptera; part of +the media and the radio-medial cross vein (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Fissate</b>: divided or split: with fissures or cracks.</p> +<p><b>Fissile -is</b>: cleft or divided; as the wings in +plume-moths: also used for lamellate.</p> +<p><b>Fissiparous</b>: applied to that form of asexual generation +in which the parent divides; each part becoming a new +individual.</p> +<p><b>Fissure</b>: a crevice: a narrow longitudinal opening: a +slit.</p> +<p><b>Fissus</b>: cleft: longitudinally divided nearly to +base.</p> +<p><b>Fistula</b>: a slender tube: specifically applied to the +channel formed by the union of the two parts of proboscis in +Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Fistular</b>: like a slender, cylindrical tube.</p> +<p><b>Flabellate</b>: with long flat processes folding like a +fan.</p> +<p><b>Flabelliform</b>: fan-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Flabellum</b>: a fan: a leafed structure: the transparent +lobe at the end of the glossa in bees: also used as = flagellum; +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Flabs</b>: the lobes at the tip of the dipterous mouth:= +labella; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Flaccid</b>: feeble: limber: lax.</p> +<p><b>Flagelliform</b>: whip-like; applied to a process.</p> +<p><b>Flagellum</b>: that part of the antenna beyond the pedicel: +a whip or whip-like process: the tail-like process of a +spermatozoön.</p> +<p><b>Flammate -eus</b>: flaming or fiery red [vermilion +intensified].</p> +<p><b>Flange</b>: a projecting rim or edge.</p> +<p><b>Flank</b>: the sides of the thorax: the pleura.</p> +<p><b>Flaring</b>: widening out like the mouth of a trumpet.</p> +<p><b>Flavescent</b>: somewhat yellow.</p> +<p><b>Flavid</b>: yellowed: sulphur yellow.</p> +<p><b>Flavo-testaceous</b>: light yellow-brown: almost +luteous.</p> +<p><b>Flavous -us</b>: sulphur yellow [gamboge].</p> +<p><b>Flavo-vixens</b>: green verging upon yellow [apple green + +chrome yellow].</p> +<p><b>Flex</b>: to bend: to curve back.</p> +<p><b>Flexible</b>: pliable; with elastic properties.</p> +<p><b>Flexile -is</b>: capable of being bent at an angle without +breaking: flexible.</p> +<p><b>Flexuous -ose</b>: almost zig-zag, without acute angles but +more acute at angles than undulating: differs from sinuate in +being alternately bent and nearly straight.</p> +<p><b>Flexor</b>: that which bends; applied to muscles.</p> +<p><b>Flocculus -i</b>: a hairy or bristly appendage on the +posterior coxa of some Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Floccus</b>: a tuft of wool or wool-like hair.</p> +<p><b>Flosculiferous</b>: species that bear a flosculus.</p> +<p><b>Flosculus</b>: a small, tubular lunulate anal organ with a +central style, in certain Fulgorids.</p> +<p><b>Fluviatile</b>: inhabiting the margins of running +streams.</p> +<p><b>Fly-blows</b>: eggs or young maggots of flesh flies: meat +is fly-blown when such eggs or larvae have been deposited on +it.</p> +<p><b>Flying-hairs</b>: very long slender surface hairs set in +punctures.</p> +<p><b>Foetid glands</b>: glandular structures from which a foul +smelling liquid may be ejected.</p> +<p><b>Foliaceous</b>: leaf-like, or resembling a leaf.</p> +<p><b>Folioles</b>: leaf-like processes from a margin or +protuberance.</p> +<p><b>Follicle</b>: = cocoon, q.v.: a cellular sac or tube, as of +a gland or ovary.</p> +<p><b>Folliculate</b>: enclosed in a case, cocoon or +follicle.</p> +<p><b>Food reservoir</b>: Lepidoptera, a blind sac or +diverticulum from the bind part of oesophagus lying in abdomen +dorsal to the stomach.</p> +<p><b>Foot</b>: the tarsus, q.v.; improperly used to = leg; but +in the plural form refers to legs rather than tarsi: see +feet.</p> +<p><b>Foot-shield</b>: in caterpillars, the chitinous plate on +outer side of abdominal feet.</p> +<p><b>Foot-stalk</b>: of the maxilla, is the stipes.</p> +<p><b>Foramen</b>: an opening in the body wall for the passage of +a vessel or nerve: any opening at an apex: the opening of a +cocoon.</p> +<p>Foramen magnum; the opening on the posterior surface of the +head to give passage to those structures that extend from head to +thorax occipital foramen.</p> +<p><b>Foramina</b>: small openings in the body wall: in +Orthoptera,; the auditory organs on the anterior tibiae.</p> +<p><b>Forceps</b>: hook or pincer-like processes terminating the +abdomen, like specialized appendages of ear-wigs: similar +processes in the male, used as clasping organs in copulation.</p> +<p><b>Forcipate</b>: bearing forceps or similar structures.</p> +<p><b>Forcipiform</b>: having the form of forceps or pincers.</p> +<p><b>Fore</b>: anterior.</p> +<p><b>Foregut</b>: extends from the mouth to the end of gizzard; +its epithelium being formed from the ectodermal invagination +known as the stomodaeum.</p> +<p><b>Forehead</b>: in Mallophaga, the head in front of the +mandibles and antennae.</p> +<p><b>Fore-intestine</b>: =foregut, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Forficate</b>: = forcipate, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Forks</b>: Trichoptera; forks of veins in apical part of +wing, numbered 1, 2, 3, etc.</p> +<p><b>Form</b>: applied to representatives of a species which +differ from the normal or type, in some uniform character; it is +seasonal if it occurs at a period different from the type; +dimorphic if there is an alternation of generations or two color +patterns occur; or sexual if the members of one sex differ +uniformly from those of the other.</p> +<p><b>Formic</b>: of, pertaining to or derived from ants.</p> +<p><b>Formicary</b>: an ant's nest or ant-hill.</p> +<p><b>Fornicate</b>: arched or vaulted: concave within, convex +without.</p> +<p><b>Fossa -ae</b>: = fossula; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Fossoria</b>: burrowers: in Orthoptera, the mole crickets +and allies; in Hymenoptera, the digging wasps.</p> +<p><b>Fossorial</b>: formed for or with the habit of digging or +burrowing.</p> +<p><b>Fossula -ae</b>: a deep groove or sinus with sharp edges: +specifically applied to grooves on the head or sides of prothorax +in which the antennae are concealed.</p> +<p><b>Fossulate</b>: a surface with oblong impressions.</p> +<p><b>Fossulet</b>: an elongated, shallow groove.</p> +<p><b>Fourth longitudinal vein</b>: Diptera (Will.), = media 2 +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Fovea, Foveola -ae</b>: a shallow depression with +well-marked sides: a pit.</p> +<p><b>Foveate</b>: with foveae or pit-like depressions.</p> +<p><b>Foveolate</b>: with shallow cavities like a honey-comb.</p> +<p><b>Fractus</b>: broken: also applied to a geniculate +antenna.</p> +<p><b>Fragile</b>: easily breakable: thin and brittle.</p> +<p><b>Frass</b>: the excrement; usually the excreted pellets of +caterpillars.</p> +<p><b>Free</b>: unrestricted in movement: not firmly joined with +or united to any other part: said of pupae when all the parts and +appendages are separately encased as in Coleopteran.</p> +<p><b>Frenatae</b>: that series of Lepidoptera in which a more or +less well- marked frenulum occurs.</p> +<p><b>Frenate</b>: having a frenulum.</p> +<p><b>Frenulum</b>: the spine, simple in males, compound in +females, arising from the base of secondaries in many +Lepidoptera, whose function it is to unite the wings in flight: +in Cicada the triangular lateral piece on the mesonotum which +connects with the trochlea: the anal area of secondaries and thus += tendo, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Frenulum hook</b>: in the males of frenate Lepidoptera, a +hook or fold into which the frenulum is fitted.</p> +<p><b>Frenum</b>: that which holds things together: a lunate or +triangular portion at the inner and hinder base of the wing in +Odonata and Trichoptera; see tendo.</p> +<p><b>Fringe -es</b>: an edging of hair, scales or other +processes extending well beyond the margin and usually of even +length: in Lepidoptera, fringes occur on the outer margins of all +wings and consist of scales or hair projecting beyond the wing +membrane.</p> +<p><b>Frog</b>: the articular pan, - q.v.</p> +<p><b>Frons</b>: = front; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Front</b>: the anterior portion of head between base of +antennae and below ocelli: in Homoptera, the vertical median area +of face.</p> +<p><b>Frontal</b>: referring to the front of head or anterior +aspect of any part.</p> +<p><b>Frontal costa</b>: Orthoptera, a prominent vertical ridge +of bead which may be median or lateral: see median carina and +lateral carina.</p> +<p><b>Frontal fastigium</b>: in Orthoptera, that process of the +face extending dorsad between the antennae and meeting or nearly +meeting the fastigium of the vertex in Tettigidae.</p> +<p><b>Frontal fissure</b>: Diptera; the impressed line extending +from the frontal lunule to the border of the mouth.</p> +<p><b>Frontal lobes</b>: in Psyllidae, two lobes or swellings +more or less completely divided by a suture in which an ocellus +is situated.</p> +<p><b>Frontal lunule</b>: Diptera; an oval or crescentic space +above the base of antennae in Cyclorrhapha, bounded by the +frontal suture.</p> +<p><b>Frontal processes</b>: Diptera; = antennal process, +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Frontal ridge</b>: in Coleopteran; a sharp ridge on the +dorsal margin of the eye, extending forward.</p> +<p><b>Frontal stripe</b>: Diptera; the middle of the front when +membranous or discolored: = vitta frontalis.</p> +<p><b>Frontal suture</b>: Diptera; separates the frontal lunule +from that part of the head above it: in Coleopteran; = clypeal +suture.</p> +<p><b>Frontal tubercles</b>: in certain Aphids, are raised +structures upon which the antennae are placed.</p> +<p><b>Frontal triangle</b>: Diptera; the triangular space in +males, between the eyes below, limited by a line drawn through +base of antennae.</p> +<p><b>Frontal vesicle</b>: in Odonata; that elevated area on the +vertex upon which the ocelli are situated.</p> +<p><b>Fronto-orbital bristles</b>: in Diptera; are placed on each +side of the front, just below the vertical bristles.</p> +<p><b>Fugitive</b>: soon disappearing; not permanent.</p> +<p><b>Fulcrant</b>: the trochanter when continued along the +femur, as in Carabids.</p> +<p><b>Fulcrum</b>: the chitinous envelope at the base of mouth in +Diptera and Hymenoptera, covering the beginning of the +oesophagus: any structure that serves as a support to +another..</p> +<p><b>Fulgidus</b>: shining.</p> +<p><b>Fuliginous -osus</b>: sooty or smoky brown [Van Dyke brown ++ a little black].</p> +<p><b>Fulvo-aeneous</b>: brazen, with a touch of brownish yellow +[brown pink].</p> +<p><b>Fulvous -us</b>: tawny; light brown with much yellow; +nearly orange [pale cadmium yellow + Indian red].</p> +<p><b>Fumate -us</b>: smoky gray [gray].</p> +<p><b>Fumose</b>: smoky.</p> +<p><b>Function</b>: the work or duty which a given part or organ +normally performs.</p> +<p><b>Fungicolous</b>: living in or on fungi.</p> +<p><b>Funicle</b>: the joints between the scape and club in +Funiculate antennae: a small cord: a slender stalk.</p> +<p><b>Funiculate</b>: whip-like: long, slender, composed of many +flexible joints.</p> +<p><b>Funicule</b>: a small, cord-like structure; especially when +sheathed.</p> +<p><b>Funiculus</b>: the main tendon of abdomen: in Hymenoptera a +slender ligament connecting the propodeum to petiole on its +dorsal aspect.</p> +<p><b>Furca</b>: a fork: the anal appendage used for leaping in +Thysanura; see furcula: the forked ental processes of the +sternum.</p> +<p><b>Furcal orifice</b>: see sternal into orifice.</p> +<p><b>Furcate</b>: forked; divided nto two approximately equal +divisions.</p> +<p><b>Furcula</b>: a forked process: an osmaterium {<i>Scanner's +comment: sic. See comment under "osmaterium".</i>}: in Collembola +the spring or saltatory appendage borne by the fourth abdominal +segment: in Orthoptera, a pair of backwardly directed appendages +which overlie in a more or less forked position the base of the +supra-anal plate.</p> +<p><b>Furred</b>: covered with dense hair resembling fur.</p> +<p><b>Fuscescent</b>: becoming brown; with a brown shading.</p> +<p><b>Fusco-ferruginous</b>: brownish rust red.</p> +<p><b>Fuseo-piceous</b>: pitch black with a brown tinge or +admixture.</p> +<p><b>Fuseo-rufous</b>: red-brown, approaching liver brown.</p> +<p><b>Fuseo-testaceous</b>: dull reddish brown [brown ocher].</p> +<p><b>Fuscous -us</b>: dark brown, approaching black; a plain +mixture of black and red [crimson lake + black].</p> +<p><b>Fused</b>: run together: applied when two normally +separated markings become confluent and have a common +outline.</p> +<p><b>Fusiform</b>: spindle-shaped: tapering gradually to each +end.</p> +<p><b>Fusulus</b>: = spinneret, q.v.</p> +<p><a name="Toc728" id="Toc728">G</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Gales</font>: the +outer lobe of the maxilla, usually two-jointed, often hood-like, +subject to great modifications in Hymenoptera and Diptera, and +forms the coiled tongue in Lepidoptera.</b></p> +<p><b>Galeotheca</b>: that part of the pupal case that covers the +gales. Gall: an abnormal swelling or excrescence on a plant, +produced by an insect: = cecidium.</p> +<p><b>Gallicolous</b>: dwellers in galls, whether as producers or +inquilines.</p> +<p><b>Gallivorous</b>: feeding upon galls or gall tissue.</p> +<p><b>Gamogenesis</b>: reproduction through fertilization: see +agamogenesis.</p> +<p><b>Ganglion -ia</b>: a nerve centre composed of a cell mass +and fibres: the white disc-like bodies connected by a double +cord, lying above the ventral surface within the body and forming +the centre of the nervous system.</p> +<p><b>Gasterotheca</b>: that part of the pupa case that covers +the abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Gastric</b>: of or belonging to the belly or to the +stomach.</p> +<p><b>Gastric caeca</b>: = caecum; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Gastro-coeli</b>: a pair of usually transverse lateral pits +near the base of the second abdominal tergite in some +Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Gastro-ileal folds</b>: occur in some insects at the +junction of the chylific ventricle with the ileum and serve as a +valve.</p> +<p><b>Gastrula</b>: that embryonic stage resembling a sac, with +an outer layer of epiblastic cells and an inner layer of +hypoblastic cells.</p> +<p><b>Gastrulation</b>: the process of forming a gastrula.</p> +<p><b>Gathering hairs</b>: the soft, flattened, often hooked +hairs on the tongue of bees and other Hymenoptera; = hooked +hairs.</p> +<p><b>Gelatinous</b>: of a jelly-like texture or consistency: +viscid.</p> +<p><b>Geminate</b>: arranged in pairs composed of two similar +parts: doubled.</p> +<p><b>Gemmate -us</b>: marked with metallic or bright colored +spots.</p> +<p><b>Gemmiparous</b>: applied to that form of asexual +reproduction where new individuals arise as buds from the germ +body of the parent.</p> +<p><b>Gena -ae</b>: the cheeks; includes that portion of the head +on each side below the eyes, and extends to the gular suture: in +Odonata the area between the eyes and clypeus and mouth parts: in +Diptera the space between the lower border of the eye and oral +margin, merging into face at front and limited by the occipital +margin behind.</p> +<p><b>Genal bristles</b>: Diptera; are on the cheeks near lower +corner of eye.</p> +<p><b>Generalized</b>: primitive: containing in combination +characters that are separated and specialized in other forms.</p> +<p><b>Generation</b>: used as the equivalent of brood; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Genicular arc</b>: Orthoptera; a curved dark marking on the +posterior knee-joint.</p> +<p><b>Geniculate</b>: knee jointed: abruptly bent in an obtuse +angle.</p> +<p><b>Geniculum</b>: a little knee or bend.</p> +<p><b>Genital armature</b>: all the processes concerned in +copulation.</p> +<p><b>Genital hamule</b>: a little hook or plate covering the +anal cavity of the male: the supra-anal or genital hook: in +Lepidoptera, the uncut: in Odonata, in the plural, one or two +pairs of lateral processes of the male genitalia on the ventral +surface of the second abdominal segment.</p> +<p><b>Genital hook</b>: = genital hamule.</p> +<p><b>Genitalia</b>: the external organs of generation with all +appendages.</p> +<p><b>Genital lobes</b>: in Odonata, a pair of-backward and +downwardly directed processes from the 2d abdominal segment, +between which the vesicle of the penis lies.</p> +<p><b>Genital papilla</b>: in some Smynthurids, a tubercular +elevation upon which the genital aperture opens.</p> +<p><b>Genital spike</b>: the sheath of penis which, in male +Diaspinae takes the form of a long mucronate spike.</p> +<p><b>Genital tuft</b>: in Lepidoptera; an expansible tuft of +fine hair believed to be scent-producing.</p> +<p><b>Genital valve</b>: Odonata; a chitinous piece on each side +of the ovipositor, derived from the sternum of abdominal segment +9: probably = outer pair of gonapophyses.</p> +<p><b>Genoholotype</b>: the species on which a genus is founded, +whether unique or one of a series, specifically named as generic +type by the author.</p> +<p><b>Genolectotype</b>: the one species of a series selected as +the type of the genus in which the describer of the genus placed +it, subsequent to the description.</p> +<p><b>Genosyntype</b>: one of a series of species upon which a +genus is founded, no one species being mentioned as type.</p> +<p><b>Genus</b>: knee; the joint between femur and tibia.</p> +<p><b>Genus</b>: an assemblage of species agreeing in some one +character or series of characters; usually considered as +arbitrary and opinionative, though some consider it a natural +assemblage.</p> +<p><b>Geometrid</b>: larva which, when walking, alternately +elevate and straighten the middle of their body: opposed to +rectigrade; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Geodephagous</b>: = adephagous; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Geodromica</b>: terrestrial Heteroptera in which the +antennae are not concealed.</p> +<p><b>Geophilous</b>: living on the ground: species that live on +the surface or come freely into contact with it.</p> +<p><b>Germanium</b>: an ovary: that portion of an ovarian tube +containing the cell elements.</p> +<p><b>Germ-ball</b>: reproductive cells in larvae from which, +exceptionally, young may develop as buds.</p> +<p><b>Germ-band or Germinal band</b>: that portion of a young +embryo which is to become the future insect, when it is in the +form of a band or strap and may or may not show the division into +the future segments.</p> +<p><b>Gerontogeic</b>: belonging to the old world: see +neogeic.</p> +<p><b>Gibba</b>: a rounded protuberance or prominence.</p> +<p><b>Gibbous</b>: hump-backed; protuberant: said of a macula +when it resembles a moon more than half full.</p> +<p><b>Gibbus</b>: when the whole surface forms a hump or obtuse +cone.</p> +<p><b>Gills</b>: respiratory structures which function in water; +distinguished as true or blood gills where contained blood +conveys the absorbed oxygen from the gill to the tissues, and as +tracheal gills when this conveyance is by contained tracheae.</p> +<p><b>Gilvus</b>: = flavus; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Ginglymus</b>: a hinge joint that permits flexion in one +plane.</p> +<p><b>Gizzard</b>: a pouch-like structure between the crop and +chylific ventricle furnished with chitinous teeth or plates, in +which the food is prepared for the digestive juices by grinding +or merely sifting = cardia.</p> +<p><b>Glaber-rous</b>: smooth; free from all vestiture.</p> +<p><b>Gland</b>: a cellular sac which separates or secretes from +the blood specific portions to produce characteristic products - +e.g. wax, saliva, silk, etc.</p> +<p><b>Gland-bearing prominence</b>: in Diaspinae a prominence on +the margin, bear-ing a gland opening on the dorsal surface.</p> +<p><b>Gland orifice</b>: in Coccidae, the external opening +through which a gland pours its secretions.</p> +<p><b>Gland spines</b>: in Coccidae; spiny appendages, each of +which is supplied with a single gland whose opening is at the +tip.</p> +<p><b>Glandular</b>: having the character or function of a gland: +used as descriptive of specialized hairs, spines or other +processes.</p> +<p><b>Glassy</b>: transparent; glass-like in appearance.</p> +<p><b>Glaucus</b>: shining sea-green: whitish blue inclining to +gray lavender.</p> +<p><b>Globose</b>: formed like a globe or sphere.</p> +<p>Globulin; an albumenoid proteid compound formed in the blood +of insects.</p> +<p><b>Glochis</b>: a barbed point.</p> +<p><b>Glomerate</b>: congregated or massed together.</p> +<p><b>Glossa</b>: the inner lobe of second maxilla, corresponding +to the lacing of first maxilla: loosely used as a synonym for +tongue: especially applied to the coiled structure of the +Lepidoptera; see also ligula.</p> +<p><b>Glossarium</b>: Diptera; the labrum-epipharynx; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Glossata</b>: a Fabrician term for Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Glossate</b>: furnished with a spiral tongue.</p> +<p><b>Glossotheca</b>: that part of the pupa which covers the +tongue.</p> +<p><b>Glutinose -ous</b>: slimy; viscid.</p> +<p><b>Gnathal</b>: relating or pertaining to the jaws.</p> +<p><b>Gnathite</b>: a jaw or jaw-like appendage; in the plural, +the mouth parts.</p> +<p><b>Gnathochilarium</b>: a plate formed by the labial +structures.</p> +<p><b>Gnathopoda</b>: the arthropods: the first pair of legs; +especially applied in crustaceans: mouth feet.</p> +<p><b>Goffered</b>: a surface with regular impressions, closely +set, and separated by narrow ridges: reticulated.</p> +<p><b>Gonapophyses</b>: three pairs of processes in the +Orthoptera, one arising from the eighth and two from the ninth +abdominal segment op the ventral surface. They appear to = the +rhabdites composing the ovipositor of other insects.</p> +<p><b>Gonyodon</b>: a tooth-like articulated process at the apex +of the femur in some Noctuidae.</p> +<p><b>Gonytheca</b>: articulating surface of femur to which the +tibia is joined.</p> +<p><b>Gorgeret</b>: the barbed sting of the honey bee.</p> +<p><b>Gracile</b>: slender; graceful.</p> +<p><b>Gradate -vim</b>: one grade or step at a time: to arrange +in a series: to blend so as to merge one into the other - e.g. +colors.</p> +<p><b>Gradate veins</b>: a transverse series of veins, each +before or beyond the next.</p> +<p><b>Grammineus</b>: grass-green [apple green].</p> +<p><b>Granose</b>: like a string of beads; moniliform.</p> +<p><b>Granulated</b>: covered with small grains.</p> +<p><b>Granule</b>: a little grain or grain-like elevation.</p> +<p><b>Granulose</b>: roughened with granules or made up of +distinct grains.</p> +<p><b>Gregarious</b>: living in societies or communities; but not +social.</p> +<p><b>Grège</b>: raw silk, including the gummy outer +layer, as spun by a caterpillar.</p> +<p><b>Grès</b>: the gummy layer surrounding the silk +thread spun by a caterpillar.</p> +<p><b>Gressorious -vial</b>: with legs fitted for walking: in +Lepidoptera; the anterior legs aborted, the others fitted for +walking.</p> +<p><b>Griscent</b>: ashen gray.</p> +<p><b>Griseus</b>: light gray; a mixture of white and black +[gray].</p> +<p><b>Group</b>: a division of classification used indefinitely +for a series of allied species, genera or larger assemblages.</p> +<p><b>Grouped glands</b>: see circumgenital glands.</p> +<p><b>Grub</b>: an insect larva: a term loosely applied, but more +specifically to larvae of Coleopteran and Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Guanin</b>: a white amorphous compound which occurs in the +transparent areas of some wings, giving a milky tinge, and is +also found in the photogenic organs of Lampyridae: an excretory +substance, composition C5H5N5O (von Furth).</p> +<p><b>Guest</b>: applied to those insects that live in nests or +dwelling places of other species, not necessarily at the expense +of the host.</p> +<p><b>Gula</b>: the throat: that sclerite forming the central +portion of the head beneath, extending from the submental to the +posterior margin, and laterally bounded by the genae.</p> +<p><b>Gular peduncle</b>: in Coleopteran = submental +peduncle.</p> +<p><b>Gular suture</b>: the line of division between the gulag or +throat and the gene or cheeks.</p> +<p><b>Gulf strip</b>: see semitropical or gulf strip.</p> +<p><b>Gullet</b>: = oesophagus; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Gulo-mental</b>: includes the region covered by the gulag +and mentum.</p> +<p><b>Gustatory</b>: elating to the sense of taste.</p> +<p><b>Gutta</b>: a light spot on a dark ground.</p> +<p><b>Guttate</b>: with light spots or drops on a dark +ground.</p> +<p><b>Gymnocerata</b>: insects with freely movable, conspicuous +antennae: see cryptocerata.</p> +<p><b>Gymnogastra</b>: Hymenoptera; species in which the venter +is visible: see cryptogastra.</p> +<p><b>Gymnoptera</b>: species with membranous wings not covered +with scales.</p> +<p><b>Gynandromorphic</b>: when an individual of one sex exhibits +on one lateral half the organic characters of the other, more or +less completely.</p> +<p><b>Gyri-cerebrales</b>: lobes of the oesophageal ganglion of +the embryo, connected with the primary lobe: = stalked +bodies.</p> +<p><a name="Toc729" id="Toc729">H</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Habena</font>: a +fascia on the thorax.</b></p> +<p><b>Habit -us</b>: the port or aspect: used to express a +resemblance in general appearance.</p> +<p><b>Habitat; abbreviated Hab.</b>: the region or place which an +insect inhabits or where it was taken.</p> +<p><b>Haemoglobin</b>: the coloring matter of blood which serves +to carry oxygen.</p> +<p><b>Haemolymph</b>: the watery blood or lymph-like nutritive +fluid of the lower invertebrates.</p> +<p><b>Haemoxanthine</b>: a dissolved albuminoid in the insect +blood, which has both a respiratory and nutritive function.</p> +<p><b>Hair</b>: a slender, flexible filament of equal +diameter.</p> +<p><b>Hairy</b>: covered or clothed with hair.</p> +<p><b>Halophilous</b>: species living in salt marshes, or near +the sea.</p> +<p><b>Halterata</b>: the Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Halteres</b>: the poisers or balancers: capitate movable +filaments in Diptera, situated one on each side of the thorax and +representing rudimentary hind wings.</p> +<p><b>Halteriptera</b>: the Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Hamule -us</b>: furnished with hooks, or bent like a +hook.</p> +<p><b>Hammock</b>: the hammock-like covering of the caterpillars +of certain moths. Hamule: a little hook.</p> +<p><b>Hamuli</b>: Odonata; one or two pairs of hooked processes +projecting from the ventral surface of the 2d abdominal segment +of the male; usually termed genital hamules: in Hymenoptera; +minute hooks on the anterior margin of secondaries used to unite +them in flight with the inner margin of primaries: in tree +crickets, hook-like processes of the male genitalia.</p> +<p><b>Hamus</b>: Lepidoptera; a hook or loop attached to the +under side of costal margin of primaries near base, to receive +the frenulum of male moths.</p> +<p><b>Harpago -ones</b>: the inner basal lobes of the clasping +organs of d culicids also, more generally = harpes.</p> +<p><b>Harpes</b>: the lateral pieces of the male genitalia in +Lepidoptera, used as clasping organs: also applied to the +corneous hooks often borne by these lateral pieces, which are +then termed valves; see clasper: in culicids an articulated +process, sometimes jointed, at the base of inner side of +side-piece, below and exterior to the harpagones.</p> +<p><b>Hastate</b>: halbert-shaped: excavated at base and sides +but with spreading lobes or angles.</p> +<p><b>Hastiform</b>: = hastate.</p> +<p><b>Hatched</b>: closely marked with numerous short, transverse +lines.</p> +<p><b>Hatching spines</b>: = egg burster; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Haustellate</b>: formed for sucking: applied chiefly to +mouth structures.</p> +<p><b>Haustellum</b>: a sucker: applied to that portion of the +mouth of a sucking insect through which liquid food is drawn into +the gullet.</p> +<p><b>Head</b>: the first or anterior region of the insect body, +articulated at its base to the thorax, bearing the mouth +structures and antennae. It is now believed to be made up of +seven primitive segments, named in order: 1, the ocular or +protocerebral; 2, the antenna or deutocerebral; 3, second antenna +or tritocerebral; 4, mandibular; 5, superlingual; 6, maxillary; +7, labial or 2d maxillary.</p> +<p><b>Head vesicle</b>: in Diptera, = ptilinum, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Heart</b>: the dorsal vessel or tubular structure divided +into chambers, lying just beneath the dorsal, which serves to +propel the blood and controls the circulation.</p> +<p><b>Heautotype</b>: = autotype; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Helcodermatus</b>: a surface with ulcer-like depressions: +applied also to the boring or tearing spines of pupae.</p> +<p><b>Heliciform</b>: in the form of a spiral snail shell: +applied to the cases of some Trichoptera.</p> +<p><b>Helocerous</b>: with clavate antennae.</p> +<p><b>Helvolus</b>: tawny or dully reddish yellow.</p> +<p><b>Helvus</b>: honey yellow [brown pink + chrome lemon].</p> +<p><b>Hemelytra</b>: a modification of the anterior wings of +Heteroptera, coriaceous at base, membranous at tip, not meeting +in a straight line at the middle: more specifically applied to +the corium; q.v.: also used for the tegmina of Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Hemi</b>: as a prefix, means half.</p> +<p><b>Hemimeroptera</b>: an obsolete term for Hemiptera.</p> +<p><b>Hemimetabolous</b>: manifesting an incomplete +metamorphosis, but with a marked difference between the stages: +specifically the Ephemerida, Odonata and Perlidae. {<i>Scanner's +comment: nowadays applied to far more orders, generally to those +that undergo a marked metamorphosis, but without a pupal +stage.</i>}</p> +<p><b>Hemiptera</b>: half-winged: an ordinal term applied to +insects in which the mouth parts consist of four lancets inclosed +in a jointed beak or rostrum; metamorphosis incomplete: the +primaries may be of uniform texture throughout (Homoptera) or may +be thickened at base, membranous at tip (Heteroptera).</p> +<p><b>Hemispheric</b>: like the half of a globe or sphere.</p> +<p><b>Hepaticolor</b>: liver-brown [dragon's blood].</p> +<p><b>Hepatic pouches</b>: applied to caeca pouches; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Herbivorous</b>: feeding upon plant tissue: a leaf +feeder.</p> +<p><b>Heremetabola</b>: with slight or incomplete metamorphosis, +but with a resting stage at the end of the nymph life; +specifically the Cicadidae.</p> +<p><b>Hermaphrodite</b>: an individual in which the characters of +both sexes are combined.</p> +<p><b>Hetero</b>: as a prefix, unequal; different from.</p> +<p><b>Heterocera</b>: Lepidoptera in which the antenna are of any +form other than clubbed at tip: opposed to Rhopalocera.</p> +<p><b>Heterochrome</b>: of different color: applied to species in +which there are two color forms of one sex, one of which is like +(homoeochrome), the opposite sex, as in certain Odonata and +Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Heterochrony</b>: an irregular development in point of +time, a later stage becoming evident before one that is earlier +in ordinary course.</p> +<p><b>Heterogamy</b>: applied to those cases in which two sexual +or a sexual and parthenogenetic generation alternate.</p> +<p><b>Heterogeneous</b>: a mixture of different forms; +abnormal.</p> +<p><b>Heterogeny</b>: the alternation of sexual and +parthenogenetic generations.</p> +<p><b>Heterogyna</b>: the ants: referring to the different kinds +of females, - queens and workers, - as distinguished from +males.</p> +<p><b>Heteromera</b>: Coleopteran in which the anterior and +middle tarsi are 5- jointed and the posterior are 4-jointed.</p> +<p><b>Heteromerous</b>: having an unequal number of tarsal joints +on the feet.</p> +<p><b>Heterometabola</b>: differing among themselves in +metamorphosis; but not manifesting abrupt stages.</p> +<p><b>Heteromorphous</b>: the metamorphosis complete, in abrupt +stages, the larva unlike the adult.</p> +<p><b>Heteronomous</b>: if two parts, compared with each other, +are of different quality: differing in development or +function.</p> +<p><b>Heteropalpi</b>: palpi with a different number of joints in +male and female, as in some Trichoptera.</p> +<p><b>Heteroptera</b>: an ordinal term applied to that series of +Hemiptera in which the anterior wings differ in texture from the +posterior, and the different regions of primaries differ in +texture.</p> +<p><b>Heteropterous</b>: with wings of different texture in +different parts.</p> +<p><b>Heterotypical</b>: a genus, described from more than one +species, these differing in structure,</p> +<p><b>Hexachaetous</b>: Diptera in which the mouth structures +have six piercing setae.</p> +<p><b>Hexanephric</b>: with six kidneys, or structures serving as +such.</p> +<p><b>Hexapoda</b>: tracheate arthropods with head, thorax and +abdomen distinct, and only six legs in the adult stage: the true +insects.</p> +<p><b>Hexapodal -ous</b>: provided with six feet.</p> +<p><b>Hians</b>: gaping.</p> +<p><b>Hibernaculum</b>: a tent or sheath made out of a leaf or +other material in which a larva hides or hibernates.</p> +<p><b>Hibernate</b>: to pass the winter in a dormant +condition.</p> +<p><b>Hicks' bottles</b>: {<i>Scanner's comment: sic</i>} +flask-shaped pits or depressions in the antennae of bees and +ants: supposed to be the organs of hearing.</p> +<p><b>Hind angle</b>: in primaries of Lepidoptera, is that point +where inner and outer margin meet: = anal angle of +secondaries.</p> +<p><b>Hind-body</b>: the abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Hind-gut</b>: the intestinal canal from the end of chylific +ventricle to the Anus, including the malpighian tubules and anal +glands.</p> +<p><b>Hind-head</b>: Mallophaga; that part of head behind +mandibles and antennae.</p> +<p><b>Hind-intestine</b>: = hind-gut.</p> +<p><b>Hinge</b>: of maxilla = cardo; q.v.: the point of +articulation of a movable joint.</p> +<p><b>Hips</b>: the coxa; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Hirsute</b>: clothed with long, strong hair; shaggy.</p> +<p><b>Hispid</b>: bristly: sparsely set with short, stiff +hair.</p> +<p><b>Histoblast</b>: the morphological unit or cell +characteristic of a particular tissue.</p> +<p><b>Histogenesis</b>: the formation and development of +tissue.</p> +<p><b>Histolysis</b>: the degeneration and dissolution of organic +tissue.</p> +<p><b>Hoary</b>: covered with a fine, white, silvery pubescence: +pruinose q.v.</p> +<p><b>Holometabolous</b>: having a complete transformation; with +egg, larval, pupal and adult stages distinctly separated.</p> +<p><b>Holopneustic</b>: having many pairs of open stigmata.</p> +<p><b>Holoptic</b>: Diptera in which the eyes of male are +contiguous between vertex and antennae: see dichoptic.</p> +<p><b>Holosericeus</b>: with short, dense, silky hair, giving a +satiny lustre.</p> +<p><b>Holotype</b>: the unique type: = type; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Homelytra</b>: elytra of similar or equal substance.</p> +<p><b>Homo</b>: prefix = the same; similar.</p> +<p><b>Homochronic heredity</b>: inheritance at corresponding +periods of life.</p> +<p><b>Homochronous</b>: changes in an organism which appear in +the offspring at the same age at which they did in the +parent.</p> +<p><b>Homodynamous</b>: serially homologous: homology of the +metameres.</p> +<p><b>Homoeochromatism</b>: applied when over a given region many +butterflies tend to vary similarly as regards color.</p> +<p><b>Homoeochrome</b>: of the same color: see heterochrome.</p> +<p><b>Homoeomerous</b>: all feet with an equal number of tarsal +joints: = isomerous.</p> +<p><b>Homoeonomous</b>: of the same substance or texture.</p> +<p><b>Homoetype</b>: = homotype; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Homogeneous</b>: of the same kind or nature: similar in +texture or parts.</p> +<p><b>Homogenous</b>: similar in structure due to a community of +descent.</p> +<p><b>Homologous</b>: implies that organs are identical in +general structure and origin, though they may have developed in +different ways for special purposes: see analogous.</p> +<p><b>Homomorpha</b>: insects in which the larvae resemble the +adults.</p> +<p><b>Homonymous</b>: pertaining to homology of parts arranged on +a transverse axis similarly developed and of equal function.</p> +<p><b>Homonym</b>: a name similar to or like another already used +for a species in the same genus, or for a genus in the same +kingdom: such names are paid to be preoccupied.</p> +<p><b>Homonymous</b>: where the same name is applied to different +conceptions.</p> +<p><b>Homophonous</b>: words differently written but +indistinguishable in sound, applied to different conceptions.</p> +<p><b>Homoplastic</b>: implies that organs, similar in situation +and purpose, are not structurally the same, or have not the same +origin.</p> +<p><b>Homoptera</b>: an ordinal term applied to those Hemiptera +in which the primaries are of the same consistence +throughout.</p> +<p><b>Homotenous</b>: retaining the primitive form: applied to +insects without or with an incomplete metamorphosis.</p> +<p><b>Homotype</b>: is a specimen named by another than the +author after comparison with the type.</p> +<p><b>Honey dew</b>: a sweetish excretion produced by certain +insects, notably Aphids and Coccids, and exuding from the surface +of some galls.</p> +<p><b>Honey tubes</b>: small tubes or tubercles on the abdomen of +plant lice and other insects through which a sweetish liquid or +honey dew is excreted siphonets; siphuncles; cornicles.</p> +<p><b>Hood</b>: of the maxilla is the galena; q.v.: in Tingitidae +the elevated portion of the prothorax, often covering the +head.</p> +<p><b>Hooked hairs</b>: = gathering hairs; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Horismology</b>: see orismology.</p> +<p><b>Horizontal</b>: said of wings when held parallel to the +horizon.</p> +<p><b>Horn</b>: a pointed chitinous process of the head: in the +plural form applied to the antennae; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Host</b>: the individual infested by or upon which a +parasite grows: also applied to the maker of a cell or other +structure in which guest flies or other insects take up their +abode.</p> +<p><b>Hudsonian zone</b>: is that part of the boreal region +comprising the northern part of the great transcontinental +coniferous forests. In the eastern United States restricted to +the cold summits of the highest mountains, from northern New +England to western North Carolina: in the west it covers the +higher slopes of the Rocky and Sierra-Cascade systems.</p> +<p><b>Humeral</b>: relating to the shoulder or humerus.</p> +<p><b>Humeral angle</b>: in Lepidoptera, that angle of the wings +at the base of costa, near the point of attachment to the body: +in Coleopteran, the outer anterior angle of elytra: in +Orthoptera, the obtusely rounded angle formed by the deflection +of the sides of the pronotum from the dorsal.</p> +<p><b>Humeral bristles</b>: in Diptera, are situated on the +humeral callus.</p> +<p><b>Humeral callus</b>: in Diptera, is a rounded callus forming +the anterior superior angle of the mesothorax.</p> +<p><b>Humeral carina</b>: in Coleoptera, an elevated ridge or +keel on the outer anterior angle of elytra.</p> +<p><b>Humeral cross-vein</b>: (Comst.); extends between the costa +and subcosta close to base.</p> +<p><b>Humeralis</b>: Coleopteran; when the elytral has an +angulated projecting margin at base.</p> +<p><b>Humeral stripe</b>: in Odonata, covers the humeral +suture.</p> +<p><b>Humeral suture</b>: in Odonata, runs from just in front the +base of the fore-wing to the edge of the median coxa, separating +the mesepisternum from the mesepimeron.</p> +<p><b>Humeral veins</b>: in Lepidoptera, secondary veins on +posterior wings of Lasiocampids, developed to strengthen the +humeral angle.</p> +<p><b>Humerus</b>: the shoulder: in Coleopteran; the basal +exterior angle of elytra: in Diptera, the anterior superior +angles of the mesothorax: in Orthoptera, the femur of the +fore-leg: in Hymenoptera, applied to the subcostal vein in some +groups.</p> +<p><b>Humid</b>: applied to regions in which the normal rainfall +is sufficient to produce ordinary farm crops without irrigation: +see arid.</p> +<p><b>Hyacinthine</b>: the purple blue of the hyacinth [between +mauve and lilac].</p> +<p><b>Hyaline</b>: vitreous: transparent or partially so.</p> +<p><b>Hyaloplasm</b>: the clear, semi-fluid material between the +meshes of the cell reticulum.</p> +<p><b>Hybrid</b>: the progeny from the mating of two species.</p> +<p><b>Hydradephaga; -ous</b>: applied to aquatic, predatory +pentamerous beetles with filiform antennae: see adephagous.</p> +<p><b>Hydro</b>: relating to water: a combining form used as a +prefix.</p> +<p><b>Hydrolysis</b>: the chemical decomposition of a compound by +water, causing formation of a new compound.</p> +<p><b>Hydrophilous</b>: applied to species living in low, damp +places.</p> +<p><b>Hymen</b>: a thin plane membrane serving as a +partition.</p> +<p><b>Hymenoptera</b>: membrane-winged: an ordinal term applied +to insects with four membranous wings with few veins, the +anterior usually larger than the posterior; mouth mandibulate; +head free; thorax agglutinate, transformations complete.</p> +<p><b>Hyoid</b>: having the form of the Greek upsilon, Y</p> +<p><b>Hypermetamorphosis</b>: when an insect passes through more +than the normal number of stages; the interpolated stages coming +usually between the full-grown larva and adult.</p> +<p><b>Hyperparasite</b>: is a form that is parasitic upon another +parasite.</p> +<p><b>Hypertely</b>: beyond the bounds of the useful: those forms +whose resemblance to other objects is closer than needful, or +without apparent object.</p> +<p><b>Hypertrigonal space</b>: = supra-triangular space; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Hypertrophied</b>: abnormally large or excessively +developed.</p> +<p><b>Hypnody</b>: lethargy; a condition similar to or identical +with hibernation.</p> +<p><b>Hypertrophy</b>: any abnormal enlargement or excessive +development.</p> +<p><b>Hypoblast</b>: = entoderm.</p> +<p><b>Hypocrateriform</b>: salver-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Hypodactyle</b>: the so-called labium of Hemiptera.</p> +<p><b>Hypoderm -is</b>: the cellular layer which secretes the +chitinous cuticula and in this sense = epidermis: specifically +applied to the lining membrane of elytral and hemelytra.</p> +<p><b>Hypodermatic</b>: of or concerning the hypodermic.</p> +<p><b>Hypodermic</b>: under the skin.</p> +<p><b>Hypoglottis</b>: the under surface of the tongue = +hypoglottis.</p> +<p><b>Hypoglottis</b>: a sclerite inserted between rectum and +labium in many Coleopteran.</p> +<p><b>Hypognathous</b>: having the mouth parts directed more or +less vertically ventrad.</p> +<p><b>Hypographous</b>: shaded; applied to a fascia that becomes +gradually darker.</p> +<p><b>Hypomeron -a</b>: in Coleopteran; the inflexed edge of the +pronotum (pronotal hypomera); and the raised lower margin of the +epipleural (elytral hypomera) (see epipleural) fold.</p> +<p><b>Hypopharyngeal</b>: relating to the hypopharynx.</p> +<p><b>Hypopharyngeal sclerites</b>: in bees, a pair of strap-like +pieces along the hypopharynx to the mentum: see also +epipharyngeal sclerites.</p> +<p><b>Hypopharynx</b>: a sensitive and sensory structure on the +upper surface of labium that serves as an organ of taste, or true +tongue.</p> +<p><b>Hypopleura</b>: in Diptera, the space over the middle and +hind coxa, between the metapleura and pteropleura: the side of +the metasternum: the mesepimeron of the mesothorax.</p> +<p><b>Hypoptere</b>: = tegula; q.v..</p> +<p><b>Hypopygium</b>: the anus: more specifically the lower plate +of the anal opening: in Diptera, the male sexual organs and +terminal segments of abdomen = propygium.</p> +<p><b>Hypostoma</b>: in Diptera; that portion of the head +included between antennae, eyes and mouth: in Hemiptera: the +lower part of face.</p> +<p><b>Hypotenuses</b>: in Odonata; the simple or broken +cross-vein between media 4, and cubitus 1, forming outer boundary +of triangle.</p> +<p><b>Hypotypes</b>: includes specimens upon which supplementary +descriptions are based: = apotypes.</p> +<p><a name="Toc730" id="Toc730">I</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Iceous or +Icius</font>: suffix; expresses a likeness or the possession of a +character see aceus.</b></p> +<p><b>Icotypes</b>: typical specimens which serve for purposes of +identification, but have not been used in literature.</p> +<p><b>Idiotype</b>: a specimen named by the author after +comparison with the type, but not also a topotype.</p> +<p><b>Ignitus</b>: fire-red [vermilion].</p> +<p><b>Ileo-colon</b>: the anterior portion of the hind-gut, +extending from the mid-gut to the rectum, when not distinctly +differentiated into ileum and colon.</p> +<p><b>Ileum</b>: the small intestine; begins at end of chylific +ventricle at the point where malpighian tubules join, and extends +to colon.</p> +<p><b>Imaginal</b>: pertaining to the adult or imago.</p> +<p><b>Imaginal buds, cells, or discs</b>: in forms with a +complete metamorphosis are those embryonic cells around and from +which the organs and appendages of the future imago develop.</p> +<p><b>Imago</b>: the adult or sexually developed insect.</p> +<p><b>Imbricate</b>: arranged or appearing like the scales on a +fish or the shingles on a roof.</p> +<p><b>Immaculate</b>: destitute of spots or marks.</p> +<p><b>Immarginate</b>: without an elevated rim or margin.</p> +<p><b>Immersed -us</b>: inserted, imbedded or hidden in.</p> +<p><b>Imponderable</b>: that which cannot be weighed.</p> +<p><b>Impregnate-ed</b>: to make or made fertile or pregnant: +fertilized.</p> +<p><b>Impressed -us</b>: a surface with shallow depressed areas +or markings.</p> +<p><b>Impubis</b>: without hair.</p> +<p><b>Inaequalis</b>: unequal.</p> +<p><b>Inarticulate</b>: not jointed or segmented.</p> +<p><b>Inaurate -us</b>: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow].</p> +<p><b>Ineanus</b>: hoary.</p> +<p><b>Inch</b>: the English and American standard of length in +insect measurement: it is = 12 lines and = 25.4 mm.: usually +expressed in units and hundredths, as 1.01.</p> +<p><b>Incised</b>: notched or deeply cut into.</p> +<p><b>Incision</b>: any cut into a margin or through a surface: +the marginal slits or notches in Coccidae.</p> +<p><b>Incisure</b>: an impressed line marking the junction of two +segments: an incision.</p> +<p><b>Inclinate -us</b>: leaning or inclining.</p> +<p><b>Inclusus</b>: when one part is wholly or partially hidden +in another.</p> +<p><b>Inconspicuous</b>: not attracting attention or quickly +noticeable.</p> +<p><b>Incrassated</b>: thickened: rather suddenly swollen at some +one point, especially near tip.</p> +<p><b>Incubate</b>: to brood: to cause to develop; as an egg.</p> +<p><b>Incumbent</b>: lying one over another: wings when they +cover the dorsal horizontally.</p> +<p><b>Incunabulum</b>: = folliculus and cocoon; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Incurved -ate</b>: bowed or curved inwards.</p> +<p><b>Independent</b>: in Lepidoptera; that vein of the wings +that arises from the cross-vein closing the cell, and does not +branch directly from any vein reaching the base: it is v. 5 of +the numerical series in both wings and the media of Comstock.</p> +<p><b>Indeterminate</b>: not defined nor well marked; obscure: of +no constant form or shape.</p> +<p><b>Indigote</b>: a very deep indigo blue.</p> +<p><b>Indirect</b>: applied to metamorphosis = complete.</p> +<p><b>Indumentum</b>: a covering of hairs, scales or tufts.</p> +<p><b>Indurated</b>: hardened.</p> +<p><b>Indusium</b>: the case made by an insect larva: a +membranous layer of the embryo of Locustidae below the +serosa.</p> +<p><b>Inequal</b>: a surface with irregular elevations and +depressions.</p> +<p><b>Inermis</b>: unarmed: without spines or spurs.</p> +<p><b>Infericornia</b>: Hemiptera; in which the antenna appear to +be inserted well down on the sides of head; e.g. Lygaeidae.</p> +<p><b>Inferior</b>: beneath, below or behind: a term of +position.</p> +<p><b>Inferior appendage -es</b>: in male Odonata the lower one +or two of the terminal abdominal parts used to clasp the female +in copulation.</p> +<p><b>Inferior wings</b>: = hind wings or secondaries: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Infero-posterior</b>: below and behind: refers to +location.</p> +<p><b>Inflated</b>: blown up; distended bladder-like.</p> +<p><b>Inflected</b>: bent inward at an angle.</p> +<p><b>Inflexus</b>: = inflected.</p> +<p><b>Infra</b>: below or beneath: opposed to supra.</p> +<p><b>Infra-anal lobe</b>: a thick, conical fleshy lobe, often +ending in a chitinous point, situated beneath the vent in +caterpillars.</p> +<p><b>Infra-cereal plates</b>: in Orthoptera - generally +inconspicuous paired plates which underlie in part the cerci and +in part the lateral portion of the supra-anal plate.</p> +<p><b>Infra-clypeus</b>: = ante-clypeus and rhinarium: q.v..</p> +<p><b>Infracted</b>: abruptly bent inward, as if broken.</p> +<p><b>Infra-genital</b>: below the genital opening or +process.</p> +<p><b>Infra-marginal</b>: situated below or behind the marginal +cell.</p> +<p><b>Infra-median vein; in Orthoptera</b>: = ulnar vein: +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Infra-ocular</b>: applied to the region below and between +the eyes.</p> +<p><b>Infra-oesophageal</b>: situated below oesophagus; see +sub-oesophageal.</p> +<p><b>Infra-stigmatal</b>: situated below the stigmata or +spiracles.</p> +<p><b>Infringing</b>: encroaching upon.</p> +<p><b>Infumated</b>: clouded.</p> +<p><b>Infundibuliform</b>: funnel-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Infuseated</b>: smoky gray-brown, with a blackish tinge +[Roman sepia].</p> +<p><b>Ingens</b>: unusually large or disproportionate in +size.</p> +<p><b>Ingluvies</b>: the crop; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Inner lobe</b>: of maxilla = lacinia: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Inner margin</b>: the line extending along the lower or +interior edge of the wing from the base to the hind or anal +angle.</p> +<p><b>Innervate</b>: to supply with nerves.</p> +<p><b>Innotatus</b>: without markings.</p> +<p><b>Inocular</b>: inserted in the inner margin of and partially +or wholly surrounded by the eye.</p> +<p><b>Inquiline</b>: a species living in a gall or other +structure prepared by a different species, not as a parasite but +as, a guest.</p> +<p><b>Inquiline</b>: living as guests in the homes of others; as +in galls.</p> +<p><b>Insect</b>: a member of the class Insecta strictly +limited.</p> +<p><b>Insecta</b>: broadly defined, contains all articulates that +are also tracheates and have the head free from the thorax; more +strictly limited to those forms that have only three pairs of +thoracic legs in the adult stage and a limited number of +segments.</p> +<p><b>Insectary</b>: a place or building where insects are bred +and studied.</p> +<p><b>Insectivorous</b>: feeding upon or devouring insects.</p> +<p><b>Insectologist</b>: a student of insects: = +entomologist.</p> +<p><b>Insectology</b>: the science of insect study: = +entomology.</p> +<p><b>Insertion</b>: the point or place where a part is inserted: +a part that is inserted: the act of inserting.</p> +<p><b>Insertus</b>: a part that has its base set into +another.</p> +<p><b>In situ</b>: in its natural place or normal position.</p> +<p><b>Instar</b>: the period or stage between molts in the larva, +numbered to designate the various periods; e.g. the first instar +is the stage between the egg and first molt, etc.: see +stadium.</p> +<p><b>Institia</b>: stria or furrows of equal width +throughout.</p> +<p><b>Instrumenta cibaria</b>: mouth parts of a mandibulate +insect as a whole.</p> +<p><b>Instrumenta suctoria</b>: mouth parts of a haustellate +insect as a whole.</p> +<p><b>Integer</b>: entire: applied to a margin without +incisions.</p> +<p><b>Integument</b>: the outer covering to the insect body.</p> +<p><b>Inter</b>: between; among.</p> +<p><b>Inter-alar space</b>: in Odonata; the terga of meson- and +meta-thorax.</p> +<p><b>Interantennal</b>: between the basal segments of +antennae.</p> +<p><b>Inter-articular</b>: the membranous tissue between joints +or segments.</p> +<p><b>Intercalary -ies</b>: additional or inserted between +others; as a vein: plural; added or supplementary longitudinal +wing reins: see under specific headings; i.e. anterior, etc.: in +Ephemerides, certain longitudinal veins between the 8th (anal) +and 9th (1st maxillary) and not branches of either: in Diptera, +the anterior intercalary (Loew) = the discoidal, and the +posterior intercalary = the cubitus 1 of Comstock: applied to an +evanescent sclerite in the embryo between antenna and mandible; +also termed premandibular.</p> +<p><b>Intercostal</b>: between veins or costae; usually in the +narrow grooves between veins in the costal region of a wing.</p> +<p><b>Intercostula</b>: those small, vein-like structures between +the normal veins, visible on a wing margin but lost toward the +disc.</p> +<p><b>Intercoxal process</b>: in Coleopteran; a median protrusion +of the basal segment of abdomen between the hind coxae.</p> +<p><b>Intermediate</b>: lying between others in position or +possessing characters between two other forms.</p> +<p><b>Intermediate field</b>: of termini is = discoidal field +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Internal area</b>: in Hymenoptera; the posterior of the +three areas between median and lateral longitudinal carina on the +metanotum third lateral area.</p> +<p><b>Internal cell</b>: in Hymenoptera (Pack.) 2d anal +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Internal triangle</b>: in Odonata see triangle.</p> +<p><b>Internal veins</b>: in Lepidoptera, from one to three in +number, run free from base to outer margin near hind angle; never +branched;1a to is in the numerical series: = anal veins +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Interneural</b>: between the nerves (or veins) of +wings.</p> +<p><b>Interno-mandibular</b>: applied to one of the pairs of +salivary glands in bees, situated at the inner side of base of +mandible.</p> +<p><b>Internomedian</b>: in Orthoptera; = cubitus (Comst.); +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Interocular</b>: between the eyes.</p> +<p><b>Interplical</b>: lying between folds; specifically applied +to the alternate ridges and grooves in anal area of secondaries +of Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Interposed sectors</b>: in Odonata; the shorter +longitudinal veins occurring in the wings of some species between +the chief veins; = supplementary sectors. Interrupted: broken in +continuity, but with the tips of the broken parts in a right line +with each other.</p> +<p><b>Intersegmental</b>: = interarticular; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Interspace</b>: Coleopteran; the plane surface between +elytral striae: Lepidoptera spaces between wing veins not +included in closed cells.</p> +<p><b>Interspaceal</b>: occurring in the interspaces between two +wing veins or two elytral striae.</p> +<p><b>Interstice -tium</b>: space between two lines, whether +striate or punctate.</p> +<p><b>Interstitial line</b>: the elevated ridge between two +striae or series of punctures.</p> +<p><b>Interval</b>: the space or time between two structures, +sculptures or periods of development.</p> +<p><b>Interventricular</b>: the inner valve between the chambers +of the heart.</p> +<p><b>Interventricular valvule</b>: of heart, lies in front of +seluilunar valve.</p> +<p><b>Intervenular</b>: in thespace between two veins.</p> +<p><b>Intestinal caecum</b>: that point of the large intestine in +front of the junction with the small intestine.</p> +<p><b>Intestine</b>: that part of the alimentary canal through +which the food passes from the stomach, in which absorption is +completed and the excretions are formed for expulsion.</p> +<p><b>Intima</b>: the lining membrane of the trachea: see +endotrachea.</p> +<p><b>Intorted</b>: turned or twisted inwardly.</p> +<p><b>Intra-</b>: within: between.</p> +<p><b>Intra-alar bristles</b>: in Diptera; a row of two or three +between the supra-alar and dorso-central groups.</p> +<p><b>Intracellular</b>: occurring within the cell or in a +cell.</p> +<p><b>Infra-humeral bristles</b>: in Diptera calyptrata; occur +immediately in front of the thoracic suture, between the humeral +callus and the presutural depression.</p> +<p><b>Infra-ocular</b>: situated within the eye, actually or +apparently.</p> +<p><b>Intra-pulmonary</b>: that method of respiration which does +not involve movements of the outer body wall and is confined to +the respiratory organs.</p> +<p><b>Intrauterine</b>: applied to development, when the young +hatch within the vagina of the mother.</p> +<p><b>Intricate</b>: irregular: confused; applied to markings and +sculpture.</p> +<p><b>Intromittent</b>: used for throwing within.</p> +<p><b>Intromittent organ</b>: the penis; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Introse -um</b>: directed inward, toward the body.</p> +<p><b>Intrusus</b>: seemingly impressed with a sharp point.</p> +<p><b>Intumescent</b>: enlarged; swollen: expanded.</p> +<p><b>Invaginate</b>: when a tubular or vesicular part is turned +inward or retracted within the body wall.</p> +<p><b>Invagination</b>: a pouch or sac formed by an infolding or +indrawing of the outer surface.</p> +<p><b>Investitus</b>: unclothed: a surface without scales or +hair.</p> +<p><b>Involucrate</b>: = involute.</p> +<p>Involucrum alarum in Dermaptera a flap of the metanotum.</p> +<p><b>Involute</b>: spirally rolled inwardly.</p> +<p><b>Involuti</b>: butterflies whose larvae live in a folded +leaf; Hesperidae.</p> +<p><b>Iridescent</b>: a surface which reflects the prismatic +hues.</p> +<p><b>Iridicolor</b>: any color so broken up as to reflect the +prismatic hues.</p> +<p><b>Iris</b>: the circle which, in an ocellate spot surrounds +the pupil.</p> +<p><b>Irised</b>: with rainbow colors.</p> +<p><b>Iris-pigment</b>: = iris tapetum.</p> +<p><b>Iris tapetum</b>: the pigment layer of the compound eye +just below the crystalline cone.</p> +<p><b>Irregular</b>: unequal, curved, bent or otherwise twisted +or modified without order or symmetry, e.g. certain antennae.</p> +<p><b>Irrorate</b>: marked with minute points; freckled.</p> +<p><b>Isabelline -us</b>: pale yellow with some red and brown +[chronic lemon with a little carmine and roman sepia].</p> +<p><b>Ischia</b>: = pleura; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Iso-</b>: equal.</p> +<p><b>Isolate</b>: to separate out from others; occurring +alone.</p> +<p><b>Isomers</b>: that series of Coleoptera in which the tarsi +have an equal number of joints on all feet.</p> +<p><b>Isomerous</b>: with equal number of tarsal joints on all +feet := homoeomerous.</p> +<p><b>Isomorphous</b>: having the same form, appearance or +construction.</p> +<p><b>Isopalpi</b>: that series of Trichoptera in which the palpi +of both sexes have the same number of joints.</p> +<p><b>Isoptera</b>: equal winged: an ordinal term for insects +with four, similar, net-veined wings; mouth mandibulate; thoracic +rings similar, loosely jointed metamorphosis incomplete: the +Termitidae. {<i>Scanner's note: In modern nomenclature the +Isoptera constitute the order of all termites; the Termitidae are +just one family within the Isoptera.</i>}</p> +<p><b>Isotypical</b>: a genus described from more than one +species, all of which are congeneric.</p> +<p><b>-itus</b>: = -atus; q.v.</p> +<p><b>-ius</b>: suffix; having the power or ability to.</p> +<p><a name="Toc731" id="Toc731">J</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Jabot</font>: the +crop; q.v.</b></p> +<p><b>Janthine</b>: violet colored.</p> +<p><b>Jaw-capsule</b>: contains the mouth structures in those +dipterous larvae in which the head is differentiated.</p> +<p><b>Johnston's organ</b>: a complex nervous structure in the +basal joint of dipterous antennae.</p> +<p><b>Joint</b>: a segment or part between two incisures: an +articulation.</p> +<p><b>Jubate -us</b>: fringed with long pendent hairs.</p> +<p><b>Juga</b>: the lateral anterior lobes of the head of a +Heteropteron; each side of the tylo.</p> +<p><b>Jugatae</b>: that series of Lepidoptera in which there is a +jugum instead of a frenulum to unite the wings in flight.</p> +<p><b>Jugular</b>: of or pertaining to the throat.</p> +<p><b>Jugular sclerite</b>: small sclerite in the membrane +connecting the head with the thorax: see cervical sclerite.</p> +<p><b>Jugulum</b>: that sclerite just behind the sub-mentum; +=gula: that cavity of the posterior part of the head to which the +neck is annexed: the lateral and under parts of the +prothorax.</p> +<p><b>Jugum</b>: in certain Lepidoptera and Trichoptera, a lobe +or process at the base of primaries, overlapping secondaries and +holding the two together in flight.</p> +<p><a name="Toc732" id="Toc732">K</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Katabolic</font>: +the destructive change from animal tissue to waste product: see +anabolic.</b></p> +<p><b>Keel</b>: an elevated ridge or carina.</p> +<p><b>Kermesinus</b>: dark red, with much blue [purple lake].</p> +<p><b>Key</b>: a tabular or other arrangement of species, genera +or other classification according to characters that serve to +identify them.</p> +<p><b>Kidney-shaped</b>: like a kidney in outline; convex on one +long side, concave on the other, the ends evenly and somewhat +obtusely rounded: bean-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Knee</b>: the point of junction of femur and tibia.</p> +<p><a name="Toc733" id="Toc733">L</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Labellum -a</font>: +the sensitive ridged tip of the mouth structures of certain +Diptera: a prolongation of the labium covering the base of +rostrum in Coleoptera and Hemiptera.</b></p> +<p><b>Labial</b>: referring, pertaining or belonging to the +labium.</p> +<p><b>Labial segment</b>: the 7th segment of head = second +maxillary segment.</p> +<p><b>Labial suture</b>: is between labium and mentum.</p> +<p><b>Labiate</b>: lip-like or having lip-like sutures.</p> +<p><b>Labipalp</b>: a labial palpus.</p> +<p><b>Labis</b>: the slender abdominal forceps in some +Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Labium</b>: the lower lip: a compound structure which forms +the floor of the mouth in mandibulate insects, behind the first +maxilla and opposed to the labium; formed by a fusion in +embryonic life of separate right and left maxilla-like halves: in +some of its developments referred to as the tongue.</p> +<p><b>Labral suture</b>: is between labrum and clypeus.</p> +<p><b>Labro-frontal lobes</b>: of brain, = trito-cerebrum; +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Labrum</b>: the upper lip; covers the base of the mandible +and forms the roof of the mouth.</p> +<p><b>Labrum-epipharynx</b>: in the mouth of piercing Diptera is +the central unpaired lancet.</p> +<p><b>Lac</b>: a mixture of resin, wax and other substances +produced by certain scale insects as a protective covering.</p> +<p><b>Lacer</b>: a lappet; applied to a margin with irregular, +broad and deep emarginations, leaving lappet-like intervals.</p> +<p><b>Lacerated</b>: ragged; torn in appearance; see lacer.</p> +<p><b>Lacinia</b>: the inner lobe of first maxilla, articulated +to the stipes, bearing brushes of hair or spines: a blade: in +Diptera, forms a flat lancet-like piercing structure and is never +jointed.</p> +<p><b>Lacinia exteriores and interiores</b>: in Apidae, the +palpiger and paraglossa often used for the gales and lacinia of +maxilla.</p> +<p><b>Laciniated</b>: jagged; cut into irregular fragments.</p> +<p><b>Lacte</b>: milk-white.</p> +<p><b>Lacteal</b>: relating to milk; milky in appearance.</p> +<p><b>Lactescent</b>: secreting or yielding a milky fluid.</p> +<p><b>Lacteous -eus</b>: white, with a slight bluish tinge, like +skim-milk.</p> +<p><b>Lacunae</b>: irregular impressions or cavities: +specifically the non-walled cavities of the body.</p> +<p><b>Lacunose</b>: pitted; the surface covered with small +cavities.</p> +<p><b>Laemodipodiform</b>: like a laemodipod; similar to the +larva of a walking stick.</p> +<p><b>Laete</b>: bright.</p> +<p><b>Laevis -igatus</b>: smooth, shining and without elevations: +said of a surface.</p> +<p><b>Lamella</b>: a thin plate or leaf-like process.</p> +<p><b>Lamellate</b>: antennae with the club formed of closely +opposed leaf-like surfaces, the concealed surfaces set with +sensory pits.</p> +<p><b>Lamellicornia</b>: those beetles in which the antennae +terminate in a lamellate or leaf-like club.</p> +<p><b>Lamelliform</b>: made up of or resembling leaves, blades or +lamellae.</p> +<p><b>Lamina -ae</b>: a chitinous plate or plates.</p> +<p><b>Lamina externa</b>: the paraglossa.</p> +<p><b>Lamina interna</b>: the ligula.</p> +<p><b>Lamina subgenitalis</b>: the sub-genital plate; q.v.: in +roaches the 7th ventral plate of females and 9th ventral plate of +males.</p> +<p><b>Lamina supra-analis</b>: = supra-anal plate.</p> +<p><b>Laminate</b>: formed of thin, flat layers or leaves.</p> +<p><b>Laminato-carinate</b>: with an elevated ridge or keel, +formed of thin plates.</p> +<p><b>Laminiform</b>: layer-like: having the appearance or made +up of lamina.</p> +<p><b>Lana</b>: wool: the long hair on the abdomen of some +Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Lanate -atus</b>: woolly: covered with dense, fine, long +hairs, so distinct that they may be separated.</p> +<p><b>Lanceolate</b>: lance- or spear-shaped: oblong and tapering +to the end.</p> +<p><b>Lanceolate cell</b>: in Hymenoptera (ort.); - 2d anal +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Lancet</b>: indiscriminately applied to any piercing mouth +structure.</p> +<p><b>Lanuginose -us</b>: with long, curled hair dispersed over +the surface: see crinitus.</p> +<p><b>Lanugo</b>: slender single hairs.</p> +<p><b>Laparostict</b>: that series of lamellicorn beetles in +which the abdominal spiracles are situated on the connecting +membrane between the dorsal and ventral rings.</p> +<p><b>Lapidicolous</b>: living under deeply imbedded stones.</p> +<p><b>Larva</b>: the second stage of insect development; comes +from the egg or ovum, grows, and according to its kind, changes +to a pupa or chrysalis or to an imago; bears various names in the +different orders: see nymph; caterpillar slug; maggot; grub.</p> +<p><b>Larvarium</b>: a tube or case made by a larva as a shelter +or retreat.</p> +<p><b>Larvatae</b>: asked; applied to coarctate and obtect +pupae.</p> +<p><b>Larvina</b>: a maggot: a dipterous larva without distinct +head or legs.</p> +<p><b>Larvule</b>: applied to early stages of Ephemerid larvae +when they appear to have no developed respiratory, circulatory or +nervous systems.</p> +<p><b>Lashed</b>: eyes that have a more or less complete fringe +of stiff hairs or bristles at the orbits.</p> +<p><b>Lasureus</b>: a very dark blue [French blue with some +black].</p> +<p><b>Laterad</b>: toward the side and away from the median +line.</p> +<p><b>Lateral</b>: relating, pertaining or attached to the +side.</p> +<p><b>Lateral areas</b>: in Hymenoptera; on the metanotum, the +three spaces between the median and lateral long carinae; the +upper is the external or first lateral basal area; the second is +the external or central lateral area; the third is the middle, +internal, apical or third lateral area.</p> +<p><b>Lateral bristles</b>: in Diptera; situated at or near the +lateral margins of the abdominal segments.</p> +<p><b>Lateral carinae</b>: in Orthoptera; on the head, extend +downward from the front margin of the eyes: on prothorax extend +along each lateral margin of the dorsum.</p> +<p><b>Lateral foveolae</b>: in Orthoptera: foveate depressions on +the margins of the vertex near the front border of the eye.</p> +<p><b>Lateral line</b>: in caterpillars is at the margin of the +dorsum between sub-dorsal and supra-stigmatal line.</p> +<p><b>Lateral lobe</b>: of the labium in Odonata, corresponds to +the paraglossa with palpiger and palpus (Gerstaecker) or, more +probably, to the palpus alone (Butler).</p> +<p><b>Lateral lobes</b>: the deflexed portions of pronotum that +cover the sides of pro-thorax in many Orthoptera: in certain +Hymenoptera, lie on each side of the parapsidal furrows of +mesoscutum and = scapulae.</p> +<p><b>Lateral longitudinal area</b>: of Hymenoptera, extends +between the median and pleural carinae of metanotum.</p> +<p><b>Lateral ridge</b>: in slug caterpillars, extends +longitudinally along the lateral series of abdominal +tubercles.</p> +<p><b>Lateral scale</b>: one of the lateral processes of the +ovipositor in Cynipidae, lying within and below the anal +scale.</p> +<p><b>Lateral space</b>: in slug caterpillars is the area on each +side of the body between the subdorsal and lateral ridges.</p> +<p><b>Lateral sutures</b>: of the thorax in Odonata, are situated +on the sides of thorax, the first separating the metepisternum +from the mesepimeron; the second separating the metepisternum +from the metepimeron; the first more or less obsolete in the +Anisoptera.</p> +<p><b>Lateral tubercle</b>: lateral on thoracic and abdominal +segments of caterpillars: it is 3 of the abdomen, 2a of thorax: +constant (Dyar).</p> +<p><b>Latericeous</b>: = lateritius: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Lateritius</b>: yellowish-red; yellowish brick color [pale +clay yellow with a little red].</p> +<p><b>Laterodorsal</b>: the point of junction of dorsum and +pleurum.</p> +<p><b>Lateropharyngeal</b>: applied to the 4th pair of salivary +glands in bees; situated on each side of the pharynx.</p> +<p><b>Laterostigmatal</b>: situated on the side, immediately +above the spiracle.</p> +<p><b>Lateroventral</b>: the point of junction of sternum and +pleurum.</p> +<p><b>Latero-ventral metathoracic carina</b>: in Odonata; forms +the dividing line between the metepimera and the metasternum.</p> +<p><b>Latescent</b>: becoming obscure or hidden.</p> +<p><b>Latreille's segment</b>: the first abdominal segment of +those Hymenoptera in which it is fused with the thorax:= median +segment, propodeon, propodeum.</p> +<p><b>Latticed</b>: = cancellate; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Latus</b>: the side: broad.</p> +<p><b>Latuscula</b>: the facets of the compound eye.</p> +<p><b>Leathery</b>: having the appearance or texture of +leather.</p> +<p><b>Lectotype</b>: a co-type chosen, subsequently to the +original description, to take the place which in other cases a +holotype occupies.</p> +<p><b>Leg -s</b>: the jointed appendages attached to the thoracic +segments, used in walking: the organs of locomotion other than +wings: unjointed organs of locomotion are pro-legs or false legs; +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Legion</b>: a group of genera, subequal to a tribe.</p> +<p><b>Legnum</b>: the margin of a squama.</p> +<p><b>Lemniscate</b>: ribbon-like: in the form of an 8.</p> +<p><b>Lenticular</b>: round, doubly convex; like a lens or +lentil.</p> +<p><b>Lepidoptera</b>: scale-winged: an order of insects with +spirally coiled haustellate mouth structures; head free; thorax +agglutinate; transformations complete four scale-covered +wings.</p> +<p><b>Lepidopteric acid</b>: a green pigment obtained from the +wing scales of Lepidoptera; a derivative of uric acid: see +Lepidotic acid.</p> +<p><b>Lepidopteron</b>: a butterfly or moth: one of the +Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Lepidotic</b>: set with minute scales.</p> +<p><b>Lepidotic acid</b>: a yellow pigment obtained from certain +butterfly scales a derivative of uric acid: see Lepidopteric +acid.</p> +<p><b>Lepis</b>: a scale.</p> +<p><b>Leprous</b>: with loose, irregular scales.</p> +<p><b>Leptiform</b>: = compodeiform; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Leptos</b>: small, fine.</p> +<p><b>Lethargic</b>: torpid or inactive.</p> +<p><b>Leucine</b>: a white crystalline compound, the product of +animal decomposition, found in the malpighian tubes: as a color, +cheesy white.</p> +<p><b>Leucocytes</b>: pale, unicellular bodies, numerous in the +insect blood.</p> +<p><b>Levator</b>: a muscle that raises an organ or a part.</p> +<p><b>Levigate -us</b>: with a smooth, somewhat shiny +surface.</p> +<p><b>Liber</b>: free.</p> +<p><b>Ligament</b>: a band or sheet of tough, fibrous tissue +between two parts or segments.</p> +<p><b>Ligneous -eus</b>: wood brown [Vandyke brown].</p> +<p><b>Lignivorous</b>: feeding upon wood or woody tissues.</p> +<p><b>Ligula</b>: the central sclerite of the labium, borne upon +the mentum, usually single, sometimes paired: often used as +synonymous with "glossa" and "tongue": corresponds to the united +laciniae of right and left maxillae: see also elytral ligula.</p> +<p><b>Ligulate</b>: strap-shaped; linear, much longer than +broad.</p> +<p><b>Lilacinous</b>: lilac-colored [lilac].</p> +<p><b>Limaciform</b>: having the form of a Limax or slug; said of +larvae.</p> +<p><b>Limb</b>: the circumference: the area surrounding the +disc.</p> +<p><b>Limbate</b>: when a disc is surrounded by a margin of +different color.</p> +<p><b>Limbus</b>: the area along the outer and posterior margin +of wing beyond the closed cells; Homoptera, Cicada.</p> +<p><b>Limpid</b>: clear and transparent: applied to wings and +ornamentation.</p> +<p><b>Line</b>: a narrow streak or stripe: as a term of +measurement, one- twelfth of an inch; commonly used by English +and early American authors.</p> +<p><b>Linea</b>: a line or narrow stripe.</p> +<p><b>Linear</b>: straight; in the form of a right line.</p> +<p><b>Lineate</b>: marked with lines or streaks: lined.</p> +<p><b>Lineolet</b>: a delicate fine line.</p> +<p><b>Lingua</b>: the tongue; applied in Hymenoptera, to the +ligula: in Lepidoptera and Diptera, to maxillary structures: has +also been used for the hypopharynx, and that use might be +adopted: a median organ of the hypopharynx in Apterygota.</p> +<p><b>Lingua spiralis</b>: the spiral tongue of Lepidoptera: see +glossa.</p> +<p><b>Linguiform</b>: tongue-shaped: linear, with the extremities +obtusely rounded.</p> +<p><b>Lingula</b>: in Aleurodidae, a more or less slender tongue +or strap-shaped organ, attached cephalad within the vasiform +orifice: a term proposed by Leuckart for the ligula of the +bees.</p> +<p><b>Lipochromus</b>: without color.</p> +<p><b>Lipoptera</b>: = Mallophaga; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Literate</b>: ornamented with characters like letters.</p> +<p><b>Littoral</b>: living along the sea-coast or in the shore +debris: strictly, between tide marks.</p> +<p><b>Littoralia</b>: Heteroptera that live in marshes.</p> +<p><b>Litura</b>: an indistinct spot, paler at its margin.</p> +<p><b>Livid</b>: yellowish gray with a violet tinge: greenish +gray.</p> +<p><b>Lobate -us</b>: divided by deep, undulating and successive +incisions.</p> +<p><b>Lobe</b>: any prominent rounded process or excrescence on a +margin: specifically, the rounded, tooth-like processes on the +margin of the pygidium of the Diaspinae: also applied to lateral +expansions of the abdominal segments.</p> +<p><b>Lobes</b>: of the maxilla; see galea (outer) and lacinia +(inner): of the mentum in Coleoptera, are the lateral expansions +shielding the base of the central organs.</p> +<p><b>Lobes of pronotum</b>: in Orthoptera; the spaces or areas +formed by three transverse impressions on the pronotum: that +which borders the head is the anterior lobe, the hindmost is the +posterior lobe, those intervening are the middle lobes.</p> +<p><b>Lobiform</b>: shaped like a lobe or rounded process.</p> +<p><b>Lobulate</b>: divided into, or with many small lobes or +lobules.</p> +<p><b>Lobule</b>: in Coccidae, one of the two distinct parts of +which a lobe is sometimes composed.</p> +<p><b>Lobulus</b>: the partly separated portion of the wings of +some flies and of secondaries in some Hymenoptera: also used as = +alula; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Lobus</b>: of maxilla = galea; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Locomotion</b>: organs of, are legs and wings.</p> +<p><b>Longicorn -ia</b>: having the antennae as long or longer +than the body; specifically the Cerambycid beetles.</p> +<p><b>Longitudinal</b>: in the direction of the long axis.</p> +<p><b>Longitudinal veins</b>: are those that extend lengthwise +through the wing either directly from base or as branches of one +that does start there: they are named or numbered, and +differently in the different orders.</p> +<p><b>Loop</b>: applied to that structure at base of innerside of +primaries into which the frenulum of male moths is fitted: see +retinaculum.</p> +<p><b>Looper</b>: applied to geometrid and other caterpillars in +which some or all the middle abdominal legs are wanting and which +move by bringing tail to thorax and forming a loop of the +intervening segments.</p> +<p><b>Lora</b>: the chitinous bands connecting the submentum with +the cardo of maxilla (Comst.): the submentum: small cords upon +which the base of the proboscis is seated (Say): the anterior +part of the genae at the edge of the mouth: the corneous +processes to which the muscles flexing the mouth in certain +Diptera are attached, and in that sense the palpifer of the +maxilla: in Homoptera, the small sclerite at side of clypeus and +front, extending laterally to the genae.</p> +<p><b>Lorum</b>: in bees: the angular piece upon which the +sub-mentum rests.</p> +<p><b>Lower austral zone</b>: occupies southern part of United +States from Chesapeake Bay to the great interior valley of +California. Is interrupted by the continental divide in eastern +Arizona and west New Mexico and divided according to conditions +of humidity into an eastern or Austroriparian and western or +lower Sonoran area.</p> +<p><b>Lower field</b>: in termini; see costal field.</p> +<p><b>Lower fronto-orbital bristles</b>: in Diptera: are on the +lower part of front, above the antennae, along the orbit.</p> +<p><b>Lower margin</b>: of tegmina (Thomas), is the costal or +anterior margin of other authors.</p> +<p><b>Lower radial vein</b>: in Lepidoptera (Holland) media 2 +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Lower sector of triangle</b>: in Odonata - = cubitus 2 +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Lower Sonoran faunal area</b>: comprises the most arid +deserts of North America, beginning west of lat. 98 degrees in +Texas: sends narrow arms into southern New Mexico, is interrupted +by the Continental Divide; covers a large part of w. and s. +Ariz., s. w. Nev., s. w. Calif., a portion of central Calif., and +most of Lower Calif. These areas are irregular and incapable of +brief definition.</p> +<p><b>Lubricate -ous</b>: covered with a slippery mucus.</p> +<p><b>Lucid</b>: shining; applied to luminous insects.</p> +<p><b>Luciferase</b>: a substance in the nature of an enzyme, +existing in the luminous organs of light-giving beetles.</p> +<p><b>Luciferine</b>: a substance in the blood of luminous +beetles which, when brought into contact with luciferase, +produces light.</p> +<p><b>Luciferous</b>: light giving.</p> +<p><b>Lucifugous</b>: fleeing the light: applied to nocturnal +forms or those that live in concealment.</p> +<p><b>Lumen</b>: the cavity of an organ: the inner surface of a +tube: the hollow portion of a gland or vesicular structure.</p> +<p><b>Luminescence</b>: applied to the light of fire-flies, as a +substitute for phosphorescence.</p> +<p><b>Lumper</b>: one who, in describing species or genera +recognizes only prominent or obvious characters to the exclusion +of minor color or variable characters of maculation or structure: +see splitter.</p> +<p><b>Lunaris or Lunate</b>: crescent-shaped: formed like a new +moon.</p> +<p><b>Lunula</b>: a small lunule or crescent.</p> +<p><b>Lunulae</b>: in Hymenoptera, crescent-shaped marks near the +orbits.</p> +<p><b>Lunulate</b>: a line, when made up of a series of small +lunules.</p> +<p><b>Lunule</b>: a lunate mark or crescent.</p> +<p><b>Lurid -us</b>: dirty brown with a bluish tinge [pale brown ++ a little French blue]: also used to indicate an obscuring of +bright colors.</p> +<p><b>Luteo -testaceous</b>: dark clay yellow.</p> +<p><b>Luteous -eus</b>: clay yellow [pale clay yellow].</p> +<p><b>Lutescent</b>: becoming or appearing to be clay yellow.</p> +<p><b>Lutose -us</b>: apparently or really covered with dirt.</p> +<p><b>Lymphatic</b>: producing, carrying or relating to the +lymph.</p> +<p><b>Lyrate</b>: lyre-shaped: cut into several transverse +segments, and gradually enlarging towards the extremity.</p> +<p><b>Lyre</b>: the upper wall or border of the spinning tube of +caterpillars.</p> +<p><a name="Toc734" id="Toc734">M</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size= +"2">Macrochaetae</font>: the long bristles occurring singly on +the body of Diptera.</b></p> +<p><b>Macropterous</b>: long or large winged.</p> +<p><b>Macrosomites</b>: the primitive regions of primitive hand +of the insect embryo.</p> +<p><b>Macula</b>: a colored mark larger than a spot; of +indeterminate figure.</p> +<p><b>Maculate -ed</b>: spotted or marked with figures of any +shape, of a color different from the ground.</p> +<p><b>Maculation</b>: the ornamentation or pattern of +marking.</p> +<p><b>Maculose</b>: spotted; with many marks or spots.</p> +<p><b>Maerianum</b>: "that segment of the post-pectus situate one +on each side behind the acetabulum and parapleurum; it supports +the posterior feet": see meriaeum.</p> +<p><b>Magenta</b>: pinkish red; an aniline product.</p> +<p><b>Magis</b>: more.</p> +<p><b>Maggot</b>: applied to the footless larvae of Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Mala</b>: a lobe: a ridged or grinding surface.</p> +<p><b>Mala mandibularis</b>: the grinding surface or area of a +mandible.</p> +<p><b>Mala maxillae</b>: the globes of maxilla; outer or galea, +inner or lacinia; where only one is present, the term refers to +that one.</p> +<p><b>Malaxation</b>: a kneading or softening; applied to the +chewing and squeezing by fossorial wasps of insects captured as +food for their larva.</p> +<p><b>Male</b>: that sex having organs for the production of +spermatozoa: designated by "?", the astronomical sign for Mars. +{<i>Scanner's comment: The sign for Mars being an diagonal arrow +rising from a circle, and pointing upwards towards the +right.</i>}</p> +<p><b>Mallophaga</b>: wool-eaters: an ordinal term applied to +biting lice: wingless: mandibulate; thoracic segments similar; no +metamorphosis: =Lipoptera.</p> +<p><b>Malpighian tubules</b>: long, slender tubules, varying in +number, serving as excretory organs, entering the alimentary +canal at the point of junction of chylific ventricle and ileum: +said to be analogous with kidneys: = biliary vessels.</p> +<p><b>Mammilate</b>: with nipple-like protuberances or +processes.</p> +<p><b>Mandible</b>: the lateral upper jaws of a biting +insect.</p> +<p><b>Mandibular strobe</b>: a broad deep groove on outer side of +mandible in some Coleoptera.</p> +<p><b>Mandibular segment</b>: the fourth or mandible bearing +segment of head.</p> +<p><b>Mandibulata</b>: that series of insects in which the adults +have functional mandibles used for biting.</p> +<p><b>Mandibulate</b>: with jaws or mandibles.</p> +<p><b>Manicate -us</b>: fur-like: surface clothed with irregular +depressed hair.</p> +<p><b>Manitrunk</b>: that part of trunk that bears the anterior +legs: =prothorax.</p> +<p><b>Manometabola</b>: with a slight or gradual metamorphosis +and without a resting stage; e.g. the Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Manubrium</b>: in Coleoptera: that part of the mesosternum +in Elateridae which forms the process for fitting into the cavity +of the prothorax: in Collembola the basal part of the +furculum.</p> +<p><b>Manus</b>: the hand: formerly applied to the anterior +tarsus.</p> +<p><b>Marbled</b>: irregularly mottled, gray and white, like +marble; = marmoratus.</p> +<p><b>Marcescent</b>: shrivelling.</p> +<p><b>Margaritaceous</b>: shining, like mother of pearl = +nacreous; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Margin</b>: that portion of a surface within the edge, +bounded on the inner side by the sub-margin and consisting of a +more or less dilated imaginary line.</p> +<p><b>Marginal</b>: of, belonging to, or near the margin.</p> +<p><b>Marginal area</b>: in Orthoptera; see mediastinal area.</p> +<p><b>Marginal bristles</b>: in Diptera; are inserted on the +posterior margin of the abdominal segment.</p> +<p><b>Marginal cell</b>: in Diptera (Williston):= subcostal +(Shiner):= radial (Comst.): in Hymenoptera:= radial and 2 +(Comst.): in general that cell beyond the stigma.</p> +<p><b>Marginal field</b>: in tegmina = costal field: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Marginal nervure or vein</b>: in Orthoptera, = costa +(Comst.): in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radius 3 (Comst.): in +general, the vein forming the marginal cell.</p> +<p><b>Margined -ated</b>: bounded by an elevated or attenuated +margin: when the margin is edged by a flat border.</p> +<p><b>Marmorate -us</b>: spots and lines irregularly disposed, as +in marble: marbled. Mask: in the nymphs of Odonata, the modified +labium which, when at rest, conceals the other mouth parts.</p> +<p><b>Masticate</b>: to chew.</p> +<p><b>Masticatory</b>: formed for chewing or grinding; applied to +the mouth parts and to the grinding structures in the +gizzard.</p> +<p><b>Mastigium -ia</b>: telescopic anal organs in certain +caterpillars, serving to repel attacks of parasites.</p> +<p><b>Matrix</b>: the formative substance from which cells and +other structures are derived.</p> +<p><b>Maxilla</b>: without any qualifying adjective, the second +pair of jaws in a mandibulate insect; the most persistent when +the mouth is modified, and represented by some functional part in +all insects in which the mouth structures are useful: second +maxillae, = the labium, or third pair of jaws in a mandibulate +insect.</p> +<p><b>Maxillary</b>: attached or belonging to the maxilla; e.g. +palpi.</p> +<p><b>Maxillary palpi</b>: the first pair of palpi, borne on the +maxilla.</p> +<p><b>Maxillary pleurites</b>: the lateral pieces, epimera and +episterna of the maxillary segment.</p> +<p><b>Maxillary segment</b>: the sixth segment of the head, +bearing the maxillae.</p> +<p><b>Maxillary tendons</b>: two slender rods in basal third of +the muscid proboscis the remnant of the palpifer, to which +muscles for flexing the proboscis are attached: see lora.</p> +<p><b>Maxillary tentacle</b>: in female Pronuba: a specialized +process of palpifer.</p> +<p><b>Maxillulae</b>: a pair of appendages in Thysanurids, +between mandibles and first maxillae.</p> +<p><b>Maxime</b>: very much or very large.</p> +<p><b>Mealy</b>: with a flour-like dusting: = farinose.</p> +<p><b>Mecaptera</b>: = Mecoptera, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Meconium</b>: the substance excreted by certain metabolic +insects soon after their emergence from the chrysalis or +pupa.</p> +<p><b>Mecoptera</b>: long-winged: neuropterous insects with +similar, large, unfolded wings; mouth mandibulate, prolonged into +a beak: head free; thorax agglutinated; transformations complete: +the scorpion flies or Panorpidae. Medi-: prefix, = middle.</p> +<p><b>Media</b>: the fourth of the longitudinal veins extending +from base through approximately the middle of the wing, not more +than four branched, the branches numbered on margin from nearest +apex, to 4 nearest anal angle: in Orthoptera; it is the median or +externomedian: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), is cubitus (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Mediad</b>: toward the median plane or middle.</p> +<p><b>Mediafurca</b>: a process extending internally from the +meso-sternum, to which the muscles are attached.</p> +<p><b>Medial</b>: referring to, or at the middle.</p> +<p><b>Medial cells</b>: (Comst.), are anteriorly bounded by the +media or its branches: in Hymenoptera (Mort.), includes median +and cubital (Comst.)</p> +<p><b>Medial cross-vein</b>: (Comst.), is between media 2 and +3.</p> +<p><b>Median 1</b>: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), = media 2 +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Median 2</b>: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), = media 3 +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Median 4</b>: in Lepidoptera ( Pack.), = cubitus 2 +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Median area</b>: of wings in Orthoptera, lies between the +radial and ulnar veins, radius and media (Comst.): of meta-thorax +of Hymenoptera, is the middle of the dorsum, divided into three +spaces or cells; 1st or basal area, 2d or Lipper median or +areola; 3d or apical or petiolar area.</p> +<p><b>Median carina</b>: Orthoptera; of head, is usually applied +to a median dorsal carina, but has been also used for that which +extends down the middle of front from the fastigium, and then = +frontal costa: of prothorax, extends along the middle of +pronotum.</p> +<p><b>Median cell</b>: in Lepidoptera, is the closed area formed +by a line extending from the end of subcostal to the end of the +median veins, = radial (Comst.): in Hymenoptera, 1st median +(Pack.), = medial (Comst.); 2d median (Pack.), - medial 4 +(Comst.); 3d median (Pack.), = medial 2 (Comst.); 4th median +(Pack.), = medial 1 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Median cross-veins</b>: in Odonata; are those which cross +median space.</p> +<p><b>Median foveola</b>: in Orthoptera; the foveate depression +of the vertex between the eyes: = central foveola.</p> +<p><b>Median forks</b>: in Orthoptera, refers to the forks of the +median vein.</p> +<p><b>Median furrow</b>: lies between radius and media: in some +Heteroptera, separates the embolium from the remainder of the +corium.</p> +<p><b>Median lines</b>: on the primaries of many moths: the first +or t.a. crosses about one-third from base; the second or t.p. +crosses beyond the outer third and is usually sinuate.</p> +<p><b>Median lobe</b>: of labium in Odonata, is the partly +divided glossa or ligula; probably corresponds to united glossa +and paraglossae (Butler).</p> +<p><b>Median longitudinal carinae</b>: on the metanotum of +Hymenoptera, extend one on each side of the middle.</p> +<p><b>Median nervules</b>: in Lepidoptera (Holland)1st = cubitus +2 (Comst.): 2d cubitus 1 (Comst.); 3d = media 3 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Median notch</b>: in Coccidae, a notch in the edge of the +pygidium, at the posterior extremity of the body.</p> +<p><b>Median plate</b>: in Hymenoptera := sessiliventres, is the +dorsal plate connecting the thorax and abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Median sector</b>: in Odonata, = media 3 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Median segment</b>: applied to the basal segment of the +abdomen when it forms part of the metathorax: see propodeum.</p> +<p><b>Median shade or line</b>: in Lepidoptera, crosses at or +about middle of wings.</p> +<p><b>Median space</b>: in Lepidoptera, is the area between the +median lines: in Odonata, the cubital cell (Comst.); the space at +base between submedian (radius) and postcosta (st anal); by Selys +in 1896 and later used in the sense of medial cell of Comst.</p> +<p><b>Median vein</b>: in Odonata and Lepidoptera, = radius +(Comst.): in Lepidoptera, it runs from base to about middle, +nearly through centre, and is four or five branched: in +Hymenoptera, it is the 3d from costal margin.</p> +<p><b>Mediastinal</b>: relating to the longitudinal median line +or area.</p> +<p><b>Mediastinal area</b>: in Orthoptera, the area between +median or mediastinal vein and the costal or front margin: = +marginal area.</p> +<p><b>Mediastinal vein</b>: in Orthoptera and Diptera, = suhcosta +(Comst.): also, in Diptera, = auxiliary vein (Meigen).</p> +<p><b>Medio-eubital cross-vein</b>: between media 4 and cubitus, +connecting the two series (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Medio-ventral line</b>: in caterpillars, extends along +middle of under side.</p> +<p><b>Medipectus</b>: the under side of meta-thorax: the +mesosternum.</p> +<p><b>Mediproboscis</b>: the middle third of the flexed proboscis +of muscid flies.</p> +<p><b>Medi-thorax</b>: =mesothorax; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Medius</b>: middle.</p> +<p><b>Mega- Megalo-</b>: large.</p> +<p><b>Melanic</b>: with a blackish suffusion.</p> +<p><b>Melanism</b>: an abnormal or unusual darkening: a suffusion +with blackish.</p> +<p><b>Mellifera</b>: honey-makers: applied to bees as a +whole.</p> +<p><b>Melliferous</b>: honey-producing, or producers of +honey.</p> +<p><b>Mellisugous</b>: honey-sucking: a feeder on honey.</p> +<p><b>Member</b>: any one of the external appendages.</p> +<p><b>Membranaceous</b>: thin, skin-like, semi-transparent, like +parchment: of a thin, pliable texture.</p> +<p><b>Membrana retinens</b>: the stretched part of the membrane +around the rectum of butterfly larvae, used in the change to the +chrysalis.</p> +<p><b>Membrane -ana</b>: any thin, transparent, flexible body +tissue: specifically the wing tissue between the veins: in +Heteroptera, the thin membranous tip of the hemelytra.</p> +<p><b>Membranous or eous</b>: composed of membrane or skin-like +tissue.</p> +<p><b>Membranule</b>: the small opaque expansion at base of wings +in Odonata.</p> +<p><b>Meniscoidal</b>: with one side concave the other convex, +like a round segment from a hollow sphere.</p> +<p><b>Menognatha</b>: insects in which both young and adults feed +by mandibles; e.g. the Orthoptera: see menorhyncha and +metagnatha.</p> +<p><b>Menorhyncha</b>: forms in which both young and adult take +food by suction e.g. Hemiptera: see metognatha and +metagnatha.</p> +<p><b>Mental suture</b>: in Coleoptera, the line between mentum +and gula.</p> +<p><b>Mentigerous</b>: bearing or having a mentum.</p> +<p><b>Mentum</b>: a labial sclerite bearing the movable parts; +attached to and sometimes fused with the sub-mentum; corresponds +to the (united) stipes of maxillae: in Coleoptera, what is +usually called mentum is really submentum: in Diptera, the term +is applied to the posterior oral margin: in Hymenoptera, is part +of "tongue," the second joint bearing the labial palpi, +paraglossae and ligula.</p> +<p><b>Merdivorous</b>: feeding upon dung or excrement: see +scatophagous.</p> +<p><b>Meriaeum</b>: the posterior inflected part of the +metasternum in Coleoptera.</p> +<p><b>Meroistic</b>: ovaries that secrete yolk or vitellaginous +cells as well as ova.</p> +<p><b>Mesad</b>: extending or directed toward the median +plane.</p> +<p><b>Mesal</b>: pertaining to, situated on or in the median +plane of the body.</p> +<p><b>Mesenchym</b>: that portion of the mesoderm that produces +the connective tissues of the body.</p> +<p><b>Mesenteron</b>: the mid-gut, stomach or chylific ventricle: +the middle portion of the primitive intestinal canal, lined with +entoderm.</p> +<p><b>Mesepimeron</b>: in Odonata: the sclerite between humeral +and first lateral suture.</p> +<p><b>Mesepisterna</b>: in Odonata,- the oblique lateral pieces +of mesothorax, meeting dorsally in a ridge.</p> +<p><b>Mesially</b>: at or to the middle.</p> +<p><b>Mesinfraepisternum</b>: a sclerite formed between +propleuron, mesepisternum, mesepimeron and second coxa.</p> +<p><b>Meso</b>: middle: as prefix, drops the o when stem begins +with a vowel.</p> +<p><b>Mesoblast</b>: the middles germ layer of the embryos: = +mesoderm.</p> +<p><b>Mesoderm</b>:= mesoblast: gives rise to muscular and +circulatory systems.</p> +<p><b>Mesodont</b>::= amphiodont: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Mesomeros</b>: the 2d to 5th abdominal segments in +Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Meson</b>: the middle plane of the body.</p> +<p><b>Mesonotum</b>: the primitively upper surface of the 2d or +middle thoracic ring.</p> +<p><b>Mesophragma</b>: an internal prolongation of the +metapraescutum, affording attachment to some of the wing +muscles.</p> +<p><b>Mesopleura</b>: in Diptera, the space before the root of +the wing between the dorso- and sternopleural sutures: in +Hymenoptera, the piece below the insertion of the wings.</p> +<p><b>Mesopleural bristles</b>: in Diptera, are inserted in the +angle formed by the dorso-pleural and meso-pleural sutures.</p> +<p><b>Mesopleural suture</b>: in Diptera, runs from the root of +the wings downward and separates the meso-pleura from the +pteropleura.</p> +<p><b>Mesopleuron</b>: the lateral surface of the +meta-thorax.</p> +<p><b>Mesosternal cavity</b>: in Elateridae, the opening into +which the prosternal spine or mucro is fitted.</p> +<p><b>Mesosternal epimera</b>: in Coleoptera; the narrow pieces +separating the meta-sternal from the meta-sternal episterna.</p> +<p><b>Mesosternal episterna</b>: Coleoptera; on each side of +mesosternum between anterior border and epimera; generally +separated by a distinct suture.</p> +<p><b>Mesosternal lobes</b>: in Orthoptera; = mesosternellum, +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Mesosternellum</b>: in Orthoptera, two median lobes of the +mesosternum, one on each side of the deep median notch: in +general, the sternellum of the mesothorax.</p> +<p><b>Mesosternum</b>: the underside or breast of the +meta-thorax.</p> +<p><b>Mesostethidium</b>: = meso-thorax: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Mesostethium</b>: the middle piece of the underside of +meta-thorax, between the middle and hind legs.</p> +<p><b>Mesostigma</b>: in Odonata, the spiracles of second +thoracic segment.</p> +<p><b>Mesosulcus</b>: a central longitudinal furrow of +mesosternum in Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Mesotarsus</b>: the tarsus of the middle leg.</p> +<p><b>Mesothoracotheca</b>: the pupal covering of the +meso-thorax.</p> +<p><b>Mesothorax</b>: the second or middle thoracic ring; bears +the middle legs and the anterior wings.</p> +<p><b>Mesotergum</b>: = mesonotum; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Meta-</b>: posterior: used as a prefix to designate the +third thoracic ring and its parts.</p> +<p><b>Metablastic</b>: relating to the ecto- or meta-blast or +ectoderm.</p> +<p><b>Metabola</b>: insects with a complete metamorphosis in +which the larva does not resemble the adult, and the pupa is +quiescent.</p> +<p><b>Metabolism</b>: is transformation: the whole process or +series of changes of food into tissue and cell-substance and of +these latter into waste products the first of these changes being +anabolic, the second katabolic.</p> +<p><b>Metabolous</b>: undergoing metamorphosis or +transformation.</p> +<p><b>Metacoxal plate</b>: in Coccinellidae, that portion of the +first ventral segment included above the ventral lines visible on +that segment.</p> +<p><b>Metagnatha</b>: insects which feed with jaws when young and +by suction, with tubular mouths when mature; e.g. the +Lepidoptera: see menognatha and menorhyncha.</p> +<p><b>Metagonia</b>: the hind or anal angle of a wing.</p> +<p><b>Metallic</b>: having the appearance of metal: applied to a +surface or color.</p> +<p><b>Metaloma</b>: the sutural or inner margin of primaries.</p> +<p><b>Metamere</b>: a segment, somite or athromere.</p> +<p><b>Metameric</b>: made up of segments or metameres.</p> +<p><b>Metamerism</b>: the arrangement in metameres.</p> +<p><b>Metameros</b>: in Lepidoptera. the 6th to 8th abdominal +segments.</p> +<p><b>Metamorphosis</b>: is that series of changes through which +an insect passes in its growth from egg through larva and pupa to +adult: it is complete when the pupa is inactive and does not +feed; incomplete when there is no pupa or when the pupa is active +and feeds.</p> +<p><b>Metamorphosis dimidio</b>: an incomplete +transformation.</p> +<p><b>Metamorphosis perfecta</b>: a complete transformation.</p> +<p><b>Metanotum</b>: the primitively upper surface of the third +or posterior thoracic ring: in Diptera, the oval arched portion +behind, beneath the scutellum best developed in flies with long, +slender abdomen: e.g. Tipulidae.</p> +<p><b>Metaphragma</b>: the hindmost internal thoracic septum.</p> +<p><b>Metapleura</b>: in Diptera, a swollen space at the outside +of the metanotum, between it, the pteropleura and the hypopleura; +in Hymenoptera, the piece behind and below the insertion of the +hind wings.</p> +<p><b>Metapleural bristles</b>: in Diptera, are inserted in the +metapleura.</p> +<p><b>Metapneustic</b>: larva, chiefly dipterous, in which the +spiracles are confined to the posterior segment.</p> +<p><b>Metapnystega</b>: that circular area of metanotum behind +the postscutellum.</p> +<p><b>Metapodeon</b>: the abdomen behind the podeon or petiole in +Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Metasternal</b>: relating or attached to the +metasternum.</p> +<p><b>Metasternal epimera</b>: small sclerite separating the +metasternal episterna from the ventral segments.</p> +<p><b>Metasternal episterna</b>: sclerite situated on each side +of the metasternum, immediately behind the mesosternum +epimera.</p> +<p><b>Metasternellum</b>: the sternellum of the metathorax.</p> +<p><b>Metasternum</b>: the underside or breast of the +metathorax.</p> +<p><b>Meta-stethidium</b>: = meta-thorax; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Metastigma</b>: in Odonata, the spiracles of third thoracic +segment.</p> +<p><b>Metastoma</b>: in Orthoptera:= hypopharynx: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Metatarsus</b>: applied to basal joint of tarsus, where +that differs greatly in length or otherwise from the other +joints: see sarothrum.</p> +<p><b>Metatergum</b>: = metanotum; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Metathoracotheca</b>: the pupal covering of the +meta-thorax.</p> +<p><b>Metathorax</b>: the third thoracic ring or segment; bears +the hind legs and second pair of wings; variably distinct; +sometimes closely united with the mesothorax and sometimes +appearing as a portion of the abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Metatype</b>: is a specimen named by the author after +comparison with the type; according to some, it should be also a +topotype.</p> +<p><b>Metazona</b>: in Orthoptera, the dorsal surface of the +prothorax behind the principal sulcus.</p> +<p><b>Metepimeron</b>: in Odonata, lies behind the second lateral +suture and extends ventrally to the sternum.</p> +<p><b>Metepisternum</b>: in Odonata, is the sclerite between the +first and second lateral thoracic sutures.</p> +<p><b>Meter</b>: the standard of length in the metric system = +39.37 inches: see centimeter and millimeter.</p> +<p><b>Meticulose -us</b>: is a maculation in the form of a series +of colored flames.</p> +<p><b>Metinfraepisternum</b>: in Odonata; the sclerite just above +base of 3d coxa; below metepisternum and before metepimeron.</p> +<p><b>Metochy</b>: the relation borne to ants by the tolerated +guests in ant- hills; demanding nothing from and giving nothing +to the ants; see symphily and synecthry.</p> +<p><b>Metopidium</b>: the anterior declivous surface of prothorax +in Membracidae.</p> +<p><b>Micans</b>: shining: also a surface of which only parts are +shining.</p> +<p><b>Microchaetae</b>: small bristles, as opposed to +macrochaetae, in Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Microergates</b>: the dwarf workers among ants.</p> +<p><b>Micron</b>: the unit of microscopic measurement = 001 mm.: +represented by the symbol µ: the symbol µµ +represents .001 of a micron. {<i>Scanner's note: the +µµ notation would no longer be valid.</i>}</p> +<p><b>Micropterous</b>: small winged.</p> +<p><b>Micropterism</b>: the tendency to produce small wings; +applied to a line of variation.</p> +<p><b>Micropyles</b>: minute openings in the egg, through which +spermatozoa enter.</p> +<p><b>Microsomites</b>: small secondary rings or somites of the +macrosomites in the embryo, which afterward become the body +segments.</p> +<p><b>Microthorax</b>: a supposed thoracic ring between the head +and prothorax.</p> +<p><b>Middle apical area</b>: = internal area; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Middle field</b>: = discoidal field; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Middle lobes</b>: of pronotum in Orthoptera; see lobes.</p> +<p><b>Middle pleural area</b>: in Hymenoptera; the median of the +three areas between lateral and pleural carinae: = 2d pleural +area.</p> +<p><b>Mid-dorsal thoracic Carina</b>: a ridge or elevated line at +the meeting of the mesepisterna in Odonata.</p> +<p><b>Mid-gut</b>: the chylific ventricle with the caecal glands, +tubes or pouches.</p> +<p><b>Mid-intestine</b>: = mid-gut.</p> +<p><b>Migrants</b>: applied to that brood of plant lice which +flies from one to an alternate food plant: any forms that fly +from the place where they were born for food or other +purposes.</p> +<p><b>MM.</b>: = Millimeter: .001 meter = .039 of an inch: +roughly 25 mm. are counted to an inch in measuring insects. +{<i>Scanner's comment: modern usage is lower case. So: +mm.</i>}</p> +<p><b>Mimetic</b>: when a species mimics or resembles another or +some other object in appearance; but not in structure and other +characters.</p> +<p><b>Mimicry</b>: strictly, the resemblance of one animal to +another not closely related animal, living in the same locality; +often loosely used to denote also resemblance to plants and +inanimate objects: Batesian mimicry is where one of two similar +species is distasteful (so-called model), the other not +distasteful (so-called mimic);</p> +<p>Müllerian mimicry is where both species are +distasteful.</p> +<p><b>Mines</b>: applied to galleries or burrows between upper +and under surface of leaf tissue, when made by larvae: they are +linear, when they are narrow and only a little winding; +serpentine, when they are curved or coiled, becoming gradually +larger to a head-like end: trumpet- mines, when they start small +and enlarge rapidly at tip; blotch mines, when they are irregular +blotches tentiform, when the blotch mines throw the leaf into a +fold on one side.</p> +<p><b>Miniate -us</b>: of the color of red lead [vermilion with a +slight admixture of dragon's blood].</p> +<p><b>Mirror</b>: in Cicada; see specular membrane.</p> +<p><b>Mitosoma</b>: the middle piece of a developing +spermatozoon.</p> +<p><b>Mobile</b>: movable: having the power of motion.</p> +<p><b>Model</b>: see mimicry.</p> +<p><b>Modioliform</b>: globular, truncated at both ends; like the +hub of a wheel.</p> +<p><b>Mola or Molar</b>: the ridged or roughened grinding surface +of the mandible: when the mandible is compound, the molar +corresponds to the subgalea of maxilla.</p> +<p><b>Monarsenous</b>: that kind of union where one male suffices +for many females.</p> +<p><b>Moniliform</b>: beaded like a necklace.</p> +<p><b>Monochromatic</b>: of one color throughout.</p> +<p><b>Monodactyle</b>: with a single movable claw which closes on +the tip of the other leg structures as in some parasitica.</p> +<p><b>Monodomous</b>: ants in which each colony has one nest +only.</p> +<p><b>Monoecious</b>: when both sexual elements or glands exist +in one individual.</p> +<p><b>Monogamous</b>: a union where a female is fertilized by one +male only.</p> +<p><b>Monomeri</b>: insects with one-jointed tarsi.</p> +<p><b>Monomorphic</b>: species of which only one sex (female) is +known to exist.</p> +<p><b>Monophagous</b>: insects feeding upon only one species or +genus of plants.</p> +<p><b>Monothelious</b>: a union where one female is fecundated by +many males.</p> +<p><b>Monotrocha -ous</b>: Hymenoptera in which the trochanters +are single: having legs in which the trochanter is +one-jointed.</p> +<p><b>Monotypical</b>: a genus described from a single species, +no other being known; or described from a single specified +species with which are associated others believed to be identical +in structure: see isotypical and heterotypical.</p> +<p><b>Moult</b>: a period in the transformation when the larva +changes from one instar to another: the cast skin of a larva that +has moulted.</p> +<p><b>Mouth</b>: the anterior opening into the alimentary canal, +where the feeding structures are situated and in which the food +is prepared for ingestion.</p> +<p><b>Mouth-parts</b>: a collective name including labrum, +mandibles, maxillae, labium and appendages = trophi.</p> +<p><b>Mucoreus</b>: mouldy: a surface covered with small, +fringe-like processes.</p> +<p><b>Mucro</b>: a long, straight or curved process terminating +in a point: the pro-sternal process in Elateridae: the terminal +spine or process of an obtect pupa: "the median posterior point +of the epigastrium when differentiated by elevation."</p> +<p><b>Mucronate</b>: terminated in a sharp point.</p> +<p><b>Mucrones</b>: in Collembola the two small end pieces of the +furcula, proceeding from the dentes.</p> +<p><b>Mullerian association</b>: a group of species belonging to +different genera, often different families or even orders, having +similar colors, possessing more or less distasteful qualities and +living in the same locality.</p> +<p><b>Muller's thread</b>: the common terminal thread of all the +ovarian tubes.</p> +<p><b>Multangulate</b>: with many angles.</p> +<p><b>Multi-</b>: many; used as a prefix, often without the +i.</p> +<p><b>Multiarticulate</b>: with many joints or segments.</p> +<p><b>Multilocular</b>: with many large cells, spaces or +cavities.</p> +<p><b>Multipartite</b>: divided into many parts.</p> +<p><b>Multiplicate</b>: with many longitudinal folds or lines of +plication.</p> +<p><b>Multispinose</b>: with many spines.</p> +<p><b>Mumia</b>: the pupa.</p> +<p><b>Munite -us</b>: armed; provided with an armature.</p> +<p><b>Muricate -us</b>: armed with sharp, rigid points.</p> +<p><b>Murinus</b>: mouse colored [gray with some yellow].</p> +<p><b>Mushroom bodies</b>: two stalked, mushroom-like bodies +arising from procerebral lobes; supposed to be the seat of insect +intelligence.</p> +<p><b>Muscle</b>: the fleshy fibres of the insect body that serve +to move the appendages and other body organs.</p> +<p><b>Mute</b>: silent: without power to produce audible +sound.</p> +<p><b>Mutic -us</b>: unarmed: lacking processes where such +usually occur.</p> +<p><b>Mutici</b>: Acridiids without a posternal spines.</p> +<p><b>Mutilate -us</b>: cut off: mutilated: abbreviated: not +complete.</p> +<p><b>Mycetophagous</b>: feeding upon fungi.</p> +<p><b>Myiasis</b>: disease or injury caused by the attack of +dipterous larvae.</p> +<p><b>Myoblast</b>: a cell that produces muscular tissue.</p> +<p><b>Myrmecology</b>: that branch of entomology that deals with +ants.</p> +<p><b>Myrmecophilous</b>: ant-loving: applied to insects that +live in ant nests.</p> +<p><b>Mystacine -us</b>: bcarded: with a hairy fringe above mouth +or on clypeus.</p> +<p><b>Mystax</b>: in Diptera; a patch of hair or bristles above +the mouth, on the lower part of the hypostoma above the +vibrissae.</p> +<p><b>Mytiliform</b>: shell-like; as the middle feet in some +aquatic Hemiptera.</p> +<p><a name="Toc735" id="Toc735">N</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Nacreous</font>: +pearly: resembling mother of pearl := margaritaceous.</b></p> +<p><b>Nail</b>: a tarsal claw: specifically the stout pointed +claws in predatory Heteroptera = unguis.</p> +<p><b>Naked</b>: not clothed: lacking vestiture: a pupa when not +inclosed in a cocoon or other covering.</p> +<p><b>Nasal suture</b>: =clypeal suture; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Nasus</b>: anterior termination of the face in certain +Hymenoptera: the clypeus or a modification of it: in Odonata, the +upper portion of the clypeus = supra-clypeus = postclypeus.</p> +<p><b>Nasuti</b>: that type of termite soldiers that have the +head prolonged into a point.</p> +<p><b>Natatorial -ions</b>: formed for swimming.</p> +<p><b>Navicular</b>: boat-shaped = cymbiform.</p> +<p><b>Neanic</b>: referring to the pupal stage.</p> +<p><b>Nearctic</b>: temperate and arctic North America, including +Greenland.</p> +<p><b>Nebula</b>: a cloud: a vague, indefined, dusky shading.</p> +<p><b>Nebulous -ose</b>: cloudy: without definite form or +outline.</p> +<p><b>Neck</b>: the slender connecting structure between head and +thorax of such insects as have the head free: any contraction of +the head at its juncture with the thorax.</p> +<p><b>Necrophagous</b>: living in or on carrion.</p> +<p><b>Nectaries</b>: honey-tubes, cornicles, siphuncles; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Nematid</b>: thread-like.</p> +<p><b>Nematocera</b>: = nemocera; q. A.</p> +<p><b>Nematocerous</b>: with long, thread-like antenna.</p> +<p><b>Nemocera</b>: Diptera with long, at least six-jointed +antennae.</p> +<p><b>Nemoglossata</b>: bees with a thread-like tongue.</p> +<p><b>Nemoricolous</b>: living in open, sunny woods.</p> +<p><b>Neogeic</b>: belonging to the Western Hemisphere or New +World: see gerontogeic.</p> +<p><b>Neolepidoptera</b>: all haustellate Lepidoptera, except the +generalized Micropterygidae; mandibles not functionally present; +pupa incomplete or obtect: see paleolepidoptera and +protolepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Neoteinic</b>: applied to complemental females in Termites +because, though reproductive, they retain some juvenile +characters.</p> +<p><b>Neotropical</b>: that part of the earth's surface embraced +in the greater part of Mexico, West Indies and South America.</p> +<p><b>Neotype</b>: a specimen identified with a species already +described, and selected as a standard of reference where the +original type or co-types are lost or destroyed.</p> +<p><b>Nephridia</b>: tubular structures functioning as kidneys in +Annelids, Mollusks, etc. and incorrectly used as = malpighian +tubules; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Nepionic</b>: that stage of development immediately +succeeding the embryonic; proposed as a substitute for +larval.</p> +<p><b>Nerinaeum</b>: a ventral thoracic sclerite between the +metasternum and posterior coxa in some Coleoptera.</p> +<p><b>Nerve</b>: a thread-like structure, composed of delicate +filaments whose function it is to transmit sensations or stimuli +to or from a ganglion or from or to any part of the body or its +appendages.</p> +<p><b>Nerves</b>: sometimes used to = veins, in wing +structures.</p> +<p><b>Nervi</b>: belonging or referring to the nerves.</p> +<p><b>Nervulation</b>: arrangement of the nerves: specifically +applied to the arrangement of the chitinous framework of wings +and thus= venation; q.v. Nervules or Nervures: the rod or +vein-like structures supporting the membranes of wings and = +veins and veinlets; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Nervuration</b>: = nervulation and venation: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Neural canal</b>: an incomplete tunnel on the floor of +meso- and metathorax, formed by fusion of apodemes, serving for +the reception and protection of the ventral nerve cord and for +the attachment of muscles.</p> +<p><b>Neural groove</b>: is that furrow in the primitive layer of +the embryo in which the nerve cord is formed.</p> +<p><b>Neuration</b>: = venation; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Neurilemma</b>: the external sheath of a nerve fibre.</p> +<p><b>Neuroblast</b>: the large cell in the early embryo, from +which the nervous system develops.</p> +<p><b>Neuromere</b>: that part of a body segment pertaining to +the nervous system.</p> +<p><b>Neuroptera</b>: nerve-winged: an ordinal term applied to +insects with four net-veined wings; mouth mandibulate: head free: +thorax loosely agglutinated; metamorphosis complete: in its older +use, the term applied to all net-veined insects irrespective of +metamorphosis or thoracic structure.</p> +<p><b>Neuropteroidea</b>: like the Neuroptera in the wide sense; +applied to those living insects included by Linnaeus in his +Neuroptera; also to those extinct forms which have a general +resemblance to them.</p> +<p><b>Neurospongium</b>: a granular matrix in the periopticon of +the insect eye.</p> +<p><b>Neuter</b>: the term applied to workers or undeveloped +females in some Hymenoptera: indicated by * or *, an imperfect +form of Venus sign.{<i>Scanner's comment: I have no characters to +represent the symbols. One is like the normal female (Venus) +sign, but with no cross stroke on the downward stroke. The other +is the symbol for Mercury or of Hermaphroditus, like a Venus sign +crowned with crescent horns.</i>}</p> +<p><b>Nidificate</b>: to nest: applied when eggs are placed in a +prepared receptaculum.</p> +<p><b>Niger</b>: black.</p> +<p><b>Nigricans</b>: black, tinged with gray.</p> +<p><b>Nits</b>: the eggs of sucking lice; specifically when +attached to a hair: in general, though rarely, applied in the +singular to an egg.</p> +<p><b>Nitidus</b>: shining: applied to a highly polished, smooth +surface.</p> +<p><b>Niveous -eus</b>: snowy white.</p> +<p><b>Nocturnal</b>: species that fly or are active at night.</p> +<p><b>Nodal furrow</b>: in Odonata; a transverse suture, +beginning at a point in costal margin corresponding to the nodus, +and extending toward inner margin.</p> +<p><b>Nodal sector</b>: in Odonata; = media 2 (Comst.): arises +from upper sector of arculus near nodus and extends to outer +margin.</p> +<p><b>Node</b>: a knot or knob: in the plural refers to the small +segment or segment between thorax and main portion of abdomen in +ants.</p> +<p><b>Nodiform</b>: in the form of a knot or knob.</p> +<p><b>Nodicorn</b>: with antennae that have the apex of each +joint swollen.</p> +<p><b>Nodose -us</b>: knotted or with knots; a body with one or +more knotted parts a sculpture with almost isolated knots.</p> +<p><b>Nodule</b>: a little knot, lump or node.</p> +<p><b>Nodulose -us -ate</b>: with small nodes or nodules: a +surface sculpture of knots or links, connected by an undulating +line.</p> +<p><b>Nodus</b>: in Odonata; a stout, oblique, short vein at the +place where the anterior margin of the wings is sometimes drawn +in.</p> +<p><b>Nopalry</b>: a plantation of cacti for raising cochineal +insects.</p> +<p><b>Normal</b>: of the usual form or type: not out of the +ordinary.</p> +<p><b>Notate</b>: marked by spots: with a series of depressed +marks as a sculpture.</p> +<p><b>Notched</b>: indented, cut or nicked; usually a margin.</p> +<p><b>Notocephalon</b>: in some aquatic Hemiptera, that part of +the head which is apparent from a dorsal aspect.</p> +<p><b>Notodont</b>: with toothed backs: applied to a series of +moths whose larvae are more or less conspicuously humped on +dorsal surface.</p> +<p><b>Notopleural suture</b>: = dorso-pleural suture; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Nototheca</b>: that part of the pupa covering upper surface +of abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Notum</b>: the dorsal or upper part of a segment: = +tergum.</p> +<p><b>Nucha</b>: the upper surface of the neck connecting head +and thorax.</p> +<p><b>Nucleate</b>: with, or having a nucleus.</p> +<p><b>Nucleolus</b>: the small portion of matter in the nucleus +most readily affected by staining fluids.</p> +<p><b>Nucleus</b>: a well-defined, differentiated, round or oval +body imbedded in the cell contents.</p> +<p><b>Nude -us</b>: naked: a surface devoid of hair, scales or +other vestiture.</p> +<p><b>Nuditas</b>: = nudity.</p> +<p><b>Nudity</b>: the state of being naked or bare of +vestiture.</p> +<p><b>Nurses</b>: worker ants or worker bees which care for the +eggs, larvae and pupae, but do not forage, the latter function +being taken up later, when nursing is given up.</p> +<p><b>Nutant</b>: nodding; the tip bent toward the horizon.</p> +<p><b>Nutritive chamber</b>: an enlarged section of ovarian tube, +filled with granular nutritive material used in developing the +egg cells.</p> +<p><b>Nymph</b>: the larval stage of insects with incomplete +metamorphosis: applies also to their pupal stage, and sometimes +used as = pupa.</p> +<p><b>Nympha inclusa</b>: = coarctate pupa; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Nymphipara</b>: applied to insects that bear living young +in an advanced stage of development: see also pupipara.</p> +<p><a name="Toc736" id="Toc736">O</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Ob-</font>: as a +prefix, means inversely.</b></p> +<p><b>Obconic</b>: conic, with the apex pointing downward.</p> +<p><b>Obcordate</b>: inversely heart-shaped, with the point +applied to the base of another object or part.</p> +<p><b>Obese -us</b>: unnaturally distended: usually applied to +the abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Oblate</b>: flattened; applied to a spheroid of which the +diameter is shortened at two opposite ends.</p> +<p><b>Oblique</b>: any direction between perpendicular and +horizontal.</p> +<p><b>Oblique vein</b>: in Odonata; an apparent cross-vein +situated between M2 and Rs, distal to the level of the nodus and +inclined obliquely, from its front end, backward and outward; in +reality the basal part of Rs.</p> +<p><b>Obliterate</b>: nearly washed out; indistinct.</p> +<p><b>Oblong</b>: longer than broad.</p> +<p><b>Obovate</b>: inversely egg-shaped; the narrow end +downward.</p> +<p><b>Obpyriform</b>: inversely pearshaped.</p> +<p><b>Obscure</b>: not readily seen: not well defined.</p> +<p><b>Obsite-us</b>: a surface covered with equal scales or other +bodies.</p> +<p><b>Obsolete</b>: nearly or entirely lost: inconspicuous.</p> +<p><b>Obtect</b>: wrapped in a hard covering.</p> +<p><b>Obtected</b>: applied to pupae when they are covered with a +chitinous case which confines and conceals all appendages, though +their outlines may be marked on the surface: see free, and +coarctate.</p> +<p><b>Obtuse</b>: not pointed: an angle greater than a right +angle: opposed to acute. Obtuse-angulate: two markings or margins +meeting so as to form an obtuse angle.</p> +<p><b>Obtusilingues</b>: short-tongued bees with the tip obtuse +or bifid: see acutilingues.</p> +<p><b>Occipital foramen</b>: the opening in the occiput, opposed +to a similar opening in the prothorax: = foramen magnum.</p> +<p><b>Occipital margin</b>: in Mallophaga, the posterior margin +of the head.</p> +<p><b>Occipito-orbital bristles</b>: in Diptera; situated on +posterior orbit of eye.</p> +<p><b>Occiput</b>: that part of the head behind the vertex: in +Diptera, the whole posterior surface of the head: in bees, the +space between the vertex and the neck.</p> +<p><b>Occlusor</b>: applied to muscles which close an opening; +e.g. spiracles.</p> +<p><b>Occult -us</b>: hidden; concealed from superficial +view.</p> +<p><b>Ocellar bristles</b>: in Diptera, are situated close to the +ocelli, usually directed forward: often absent.</p> +<p><b>Ocellar ribband</b>: a crescent-shaped, smooth thin belt +across the eye region in butterfly chrysalids.</p> +<p><b>Ocellar triangle</b>: a triangle, indicated by grooves or +depressions, on which the ocelli are situated; Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Ocellate</b>: eye-like in appearance: in Lepidoptera, spots +on the wings, bordered by a colored iris or ring, and usually +with a pupil.</p> +<p><b>Ocelli</b>: plural of ocellus; q.v.; = stemmata.</p> +<p><b>Ocelligerous</b>: supplied with, or bearing ocelli.</p> +<p><b>Ocellus</b>: a simple eye, consisting of a single convex or +bead-like lens, which conveys an image to a retina.</p> +<p><b>Ocelli occur in larvae and, singly or in small groups, in +adults</b>: the compound eyes are made up of numerous ocelli.</p> +<p><b>Ochraceous</b>: yellow with a slight tinge of brown [pale +cadmium yellow and brown ochre].</p> +<p><b>Ochraeus -eus</b>: = ochraceous.</p> +<p><b>Ochro-leucus</b>: dilute ochraceous.</p> +<p><b>Ocular emargination</b>: in Mallophaga, a lateral +emargination of the head in which the eye is received +posteriorly.</p> +<p><b>Ocular fleck</b>: in Mallophaga, a small, intensely black +spot of pigment in the eyes.</p> +<p><b>Ocular fringe</b>: in Mallophaga, closely set small hair on +posterior half of ocular emargination, sometimes extending on +temporal margin.</p> +<p><b>Ocular lobes</b>: of brain = procerebrum; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Ocular sclerite</b>: the first or protocerebral segment of +the head.</p> +<p><b>Ocular tubercles</b>: in Aphids, are a group of prominent +facets on the hinder part of each eye.</p> +<p><b>Oculi -us</b>: the eyes: an eye: refers to the compound +eyes.</p> +<p><b>Oculocephalic</b>: applied to that pair of imaginal buds +destined to produce the cephalic region in Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Odona</b>: toothed: applied to Odonata by Fabricius because +of the long teeth on the maxilla and labium.</p> +<p><b>Odonata</b>: net-veined insects with mandibulate mouth; +head free; thorax agglutinate; wings similar, elongate, flat; +metamorphosis incomplete; copulatory organs of male near base of +abdomen, separate from the testes. {<i>Scanner's comment: +Dragonflies and damselflies</i>}</p> +<p><b>Odonate</b>: bearing toothed mouth parts, like those of +dragon flies.</p> +<p><b>Odoriferous</b>: diffusing an odor; applied to glands or +secreting organs.</p> +<p><b>OEcology</b>: see ecology.</p> +<p><b>OEdagus</b>: the penis.</p> +<p><b>OEnocytes</b>: large yellow cells arranged segmentally in +clusters, in each side of body cavity: associated with blood and +fat bodies.</p> +<p><b>OEsophageal bone</b>: a plate below anterior part of +oesophagus in Psocidae.</p> +<p><b>OEsophageal bulb</b>: = sub-clypeal pump; q.v.</p> +<p><b>OEsophageal diverticula</b>: = food reservoirs (q.v.); but +more generally applied also to any sac-like structure connected +with the gullet.</p> +<p><b>OEsophageal lobes</b>: form posterior portion of brain or +tritocerebrum.</p> +<p><b>Oesophageal valve</b>: a funnel-like folding of the +oesophagus, extending into the chylific ventricle in some +insects, and forming a valve that controls the entrance of food +into that organ: = cardiac valvule.</p> +<p><b>Oesophagus</b>: the gullet: that part of the alimentary +canal between the mouth and the crop.</p> +<p><b>Olfactory</b>: pertaining to the sense of smell: those +lobes of the deutocerebrum from which the nerves supplying the +antennae arise.</p> +<p><b>Oligonephria</b>: applied to insects with few urinary +(Malpighian) tubes.</p> +<p><b>Oligoneura</b>: having few wing veins: specifically applied +in Diptera to Cecidomyids.</p> +<p><b>Olivaceous</b>: with a tinge of olive-green, usually as a +shading [olive green].</p> +<p><b>Omaloptera</b>: the pupiparous flies.</p> +<p><b>Omia</b>: the shoulders: the lateral anterior angles of an +agglutinated thorax, when they are distinct:= see umbone: in +Coleoptera; a corneous sclerite to which the muscles of the +anterior coxa are attached; also the lateral margin of the +prothorax; also the lateral margin of the scutellum in Carabids +and Dytiscids.</p> +<p><b>Ommateum</b>: the compound eye.</p> +<p><b>Ommatidium -ia</b>: one of the elements of which the +compound eye is composed.</p> +<p><b>Omnivorous</b>: a general feeder upon animal or vegetable +food, or both.</p> +<p><b>Oncus -i</b>: a welt: applied to welt-like ridges on +caterpillars.</p> +<p><b>Onisciform</b>: shaped like a wood-louse, Oniscus sp.; +applied to certain Lycaenid and other caterpillars.</p> +<p><b>Ontogenetic</b>: relating to the development of the +individual.</p> +<p><b>Ontogeny</b>: the development of the individual as +distinguished from that of the species: see phylogeny.</p> +<p><b>Onyches</b>: claws of tarsi.</p> +<p><b>Onychium -ia</b>: small processes between the tarsal claws +in many Diptera; see empodium: a more or less retractile process +on the feet of some beetles: in Hymenoptera, the apical tarsal +joint bearing the claws: see also arolium and pulvillus.</p> +<p><b>Oöblast</b>: the primitive germinal nucleus of an +egg.</p> +<p><b>Oögenesis</b>: the process of egg-formation.</p> +<p><b>Oölemma</b>: the cell wall of an egg: see vitelline +membrane.</p> +<p><b>Oötheca</b>: the covering or case over an egg mass, as +in certain Orthoptera: see egg case.</p> +<p><b>Opacus</b>: opaque; a surface without any lustre.</p> +<p><b>Opalescent</b>: with a bluish white lustre, as in +opals.</p> +<p><b>Opalinus</b>: = opalescent; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Opaque</b>: without lustre: not transparent.</p> +<p><b>Operaria</b>: the workers in Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Operative</b>: in working order or actually working.</p> +<p><b>Opercula</b>: two plates covering the vocal structure of +Cicada, beneath.</p> +<p><b>Operculum</b>: a lid or covering: in Diptera, the chitinous +envelope covering the lower part of the muscid mouth; the +labrum-epipharynx of Dimmock: the scutes covering the +meso-thoracic stigmata: in Aleurodidae, the lid-like structure +closing the vasiform orifice; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Ophthalmic</b>: relating to the eye.</p> +<p><b>Ophthalmotheca</b>: that part of the pupa that covers the +eyes.</p> +<p><b>Opisthogoneate</b>: having the organs of generation at hind +end of body.</p> +<p><b>Opisthogonia</b>: the anal angle of the secondaries.</p> +<p><b>Opposite</b>: placed over against, or opposed to.</p> +<p><b>Optic</b>: relating to the organs of vision.</p> +<p><b>Optic ganglia</b>: are at the sides of the procerebrum and +innervate the compound eyes.</p> +<p><b>Optic lobes</b>: the laterals lobes of the procerebrum in +which are centered the nerves supplying the organs of vision.</p> +<p><b>Opticon</b>: the first of a series of three ganglionic +swellings in the optic nerve: see epiopticon and periopticon.</p> +<p><b>Optic segment</b>: =procerebral segment; q.</p> +<p><b>Optic tract</b>: is the perceptive portion of the compound +eye.</p> +<p><b>Ora</b>: a border: specifically in some Coleoptera, the +lateral margin of prothorax.</p> +<p><b>Ora coleopterorum</b>: the margin of the elytra.</p> +<p><b>Orad</b>: toward the mouth.</p> +<p><b>Oral</b>: pertaining to the mouth.</p> +<p><b>Oral cavity</b>: the mouth; = buccal cavity.</p> +<p><b>Oral fossa</b>: in Mallophaga, a furrow lying in front of +the mandibles.</p> +<p><b>Oral segment</b>: that ring or segment which bears the +mouth.</p> +<p><b>Orbicular</b>: round and flat, the diameters of the plane +equal: in sonic moths, a round or oval macula in the median +cell.</p> +<p><b>Orbit</b>: an imaginary border around the eye: in Diptera +the orbits are divided into vertical or superior; frontal and +facial or anterior; of the cheek or inferior; occipital or +posterior.</p> +<p><b>Orbital sclerite</b>: a narrow sclerite encircling some +eyes.</p> +<p><b>Order</b>: one of the primary divisions of the Class +Insecta, based largely on wing structure and then usually ending +in -ptera.</p> +<p><b>Ordure</b>: excrement; usually applied to such as is foul +or offensive.</p> +<p><b>Orichalceous</b>: = aurichalceous; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Oriental</b>: in geographical zoology as used by Wallace, +that part of the earth's surface including Asia east of the Indus +River, south of the Himalayas and the Yangtse-kiang watershed, +Ceylon, Sumatra, Java and the Philippines.</p> +<p><b>Orificium</b>: the anal or genital opening.</p> +<p><b>Original type</b>: is the actual specimen from which a +published description is prepared.</p> +<p><b>Orismologia -y</b>: the defining of scientific or technical +terms.</p> +<p><b>Orthoptera</b>: straight winged: an ordinal term applied to +insects in which the primaries are not used in flight, but cover +the longitudinally folded secondaries; mouth mandibulate; head +set into prothorax, the latter free; metamorphosis +incomplete.</p> +<p><b>Orthorrhapha</b>: that section of Diptera in which the pupa +escapes from larval skin through a T-shaped opening on back: see +cyclorrhapha.</p> +<p><b>Orthorrhaphous</b>: straight-seamed.</p> +<p><b>Os</b>: the mouth of insects, in general.</p> +<p><b>Oscillation</b>: a vibrating or swinging from side to +side.</p> +<p><b>Osculant</b>: intermediate in character between two groups +or series.</p> +<p><b>Osmaterium -ia</b>: fleshy, tubular, eversible processes +producing a penetrating odor, capable of being projected through +a slit in the prothoracic segment of certain Papilionid +caterpillars, and from openings elsewhere in the bodies of other +forms. {<i>Scanner's comment: currently the only spelling I can +find is "osmeterium". This given spelling is almost certainly an +error on someone's part. Not only do the earliest books that I +can find spell it "osmeterium", but the Greek root is +"osme"</i>.}</p> +<p><b>Osmosis</b>: the tendency of liquids to pass or diffuse +through a membrane or septum.</p> +<p><b>Osselet</b>: = ossicle; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Ossicle</b>: a small nodule of chitin resembling a +bone.</p> +<p><b>Ossicula</b>: small corneous pieces that serve in the +articulation of the wings to the thorax.</p> +<p><b>Ostia</b>: the slit-like openings of the heart.</p> +<p><b>Ostiolar canal</b>: a marginal furrow leading from the +ostiole.</p> +<p><b>Ostiole</b>: in Heteroptera, the openings at the sides of +meso- and meta- thorax, through which an odoriferous fluid is +excreted.</p> +<p><b>Ostium</b>: singular of Ostia; q.v.</p> +<p>-osus; an affix, signifying saturation, or the possession of +the quality expressed in the stem word.</p> +<p><b>Otocyst</b>: an auditory or ear-like vesicle.</p> +<p><b>Otolith</b>: a little ear-bone: granules or concretions +found in an otocyst.</p> +<p><b>Outer lobe</b>: of maxilla = galea; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Outer margin</b>: the outer edge of wing, between apex and +hind angle.</p> +<p><b>Ovo, Ovum</b>: the eggs; an egg.</p> +<p><b>Ova glebata</b>: eggs laid or concealed in lumps of +dung.</p> +<p><b>Ova imposita</b>: eggs laid in the substance that is to +serve as food for the larva.</p> +<p><b>Oval</b>: egg-shaped, with both ends similar.</p> +<p><b>Ova pilosa</b>: eggs that are covered with hair: usually +from the abdomen of the female.</p> +<p><b>Ovarian tube</b>: a tubular structure in which are +developed the cells forming the future ova: a single one of the +mass which, taken together, form the ovaries.</p> +<p><b>Ovaries</b>: a mass of ovarian tubes, lying one on each +side of the body cavity of the female, in each of which tubes +eggs or ova are developed: the individual tubes of an ovary all +converge to one oviduct.</p> +<p><b>Ovariole</b>: an ovarian tube: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Ovary</b>: singular of ovaries; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Ovate</b>: in outline, egg-shaped or oval.</p> +<p><b>Oviduct</b>: the tube through which the egg passes from +ovarian tubes into vagina: sometimes used in the sense of +ovipositor: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Oviform</b>: egg-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Oviparous</b>: where reproduction is through eggs laid by +the female.</p> +<p><b>Oviposition</b>: the act of depositing the eggs.</p> +<p><b>Ovipositor</b>: the tubular or valved structure by means of +which the eggs are placed; usually concealed; but sometimes +extended far beyond the end of the body.</p> +<p><b>Oviscapt</b>: = ovipositor; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Ovivalvule</b>: in Ephemeroptera; is an appendage of the +female reproductive organs.</p> +<p><b>Ovoviviparous</b>: when living young are born from eggs +which are hatched in the body of the parent.</p> +<p><a name="Toc737" id="Toc737">P</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Pacific coast humid +area</font>: is that faunal area of the transition zone +comprising the western parts of Washington and Oregon between the +Coast Mountains and Cascade range: parts of northern California +and most of the coast region from near Cape Mendocino south to +the Santa Barbara Mountains. To the south and east it passes into +the arid transition and in places into the upper Sonoran.</b></p> +<p><b>Pad</b>: the pulvillus, or that part of it which is capable +of extension and retraction in some Coleoptera.</p> +<p><b>Paddle</b>: the flattened joints of posterior tarsi in +aquatic Hemiptera.</p> +<p><b>Paedogenesis</b>: reproduction in the sexually immature or +larval stage.</p> +<p><b>Paedogenetic</b>: reproducing in the sexually immature or +larval stage.</p> +<p><b>Pagina</b>: the surface of a wing: P. superior, is the +upper surface; P. inferior, the lower surface: in Orthoptera, the +external flattened surface of the caudal femora.</p> +<p><b>Pagiopoda</b>: Heteroptera, in which the posterior coxae +are not globose and the articulation is a hinge joint: see +trochalopoda.</p> +<p><b>Pagiopodous</b>: those Heteroptera which have the coxae of +the hind legs hinged and the femora grooved.</p> +<p><b>Pala</b>: the shovel-shaped tarsal joints in many aquatic +Heteroptera.</p> +<p><b>Palate</b>: = hypopharynx; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Paleace</b>: chaff or chaffy: = paleaceous.</p> +<p><b>Paleaceous</b>: chaffy in appearance.</p> +<p><b>Palearctic</b>: relating to that part of the earth's +surface including Europe, Africa north of Sahara, and Asia as far +south as the southern edge of the Yang-tse-Kiang watershed and +the Himalayas, and west to the Indus River.</p> +<p><b>Paleodictyoptera</b>: an ordinal name suggested by Scudder +for Paleozoic insects which cannot be assigned to existing +orders.</p> +<p><b>Paleolepidoptera</b>: haustellate Lepidoptera in which the +mandibles are distinct and the pupa is free: includes the +Micropterygidae only: see protolepidoptera and +neolepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Pallescent</b>: becoming pale or light in color or +tint.</p> +<p><b>Pallette</b>: the disc-like structure composed of three +tarsal joints, on the anterior feet of male Dytiscidae.</p> +<p><b>Pallid</b>: pale or very pale.</p> +<p><b>Pallide-flavens</b>: pale or whitish yellow.</p> +<p><b>Pallidus</b>: of a pale, cadaverous hue [a very dilute +brown pink].</p> +<p><b>Pallium</b>: an erectile membrane partially closing the +open cavity formed by the walls of the sub-genital plate in +Melanopli.</p> +<p><b>Palma</b>: the basal segment of the anterior tarsus when it +is broadened or specifically modified.</p> +<p><b>Palmate</b>: like the palm of the hand, with finger-like +processes.</p> +<p><b>Palmula</b>: = pulvillus; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Palp</b>: a mouth feeler or palpus.</p> +<p><b>Palpal</b>: belonging, relating or attached to the +palpi.</p> +<p><b>Palparium</b>: in some Coleoptera, and other insects, the +membranous support to which the labial palpi are attached, and +which permits an amount of extension not possible when they are +fixed.</p> +<p><b>Palpi</b>: plural of palpus; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Palpicorne</b>: with long, slender, antenna-like palpi.</p> +<p><b>Palpifer</b>: any palpus-bearing part: specifically, a +small sclerite hearing the maxillary palpus and itself +articulated to the stipes.</p> +<p><b>Palpiferous or -gerous</b>: bearing a palpus.</p> +<p><b>Palpiger</b>: that sclerite of the labium to which the +labial palpus is attached corresponds to the palpifer of the +maxilla and has been used in the same general sense.</p> +<p><b>Palpigerous stipes</b>: in Coleopterous larvae, = palpifer; +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Palpuli</b>: the maxillary palpi in Lepidoptera, when +visibly developed.</p> +<p><b>Palpus</b>: a mouth feeler: tactile, usually jointed +structures borne by the maxillae (maxillary palpi) and labium +(labial palpi).</p> +<p><b>Panduriform</b>: violin shaped: oblong, with rounded ends, +medially constricted.</p> +<p><b>Panorpatae</b>: = Mecoptera; q.v. Pantherine: in color, +almost like cervinus; q.v.: in maculation, like those of a +panther. Papilioform: formed like a butterfly wing.</p> +<p><b>Papilionaceous</b>: butterfly-like.</p> +<p><b>Papilla</b>: a minute, soft projection: specifically the +modified ligula in silk spinning caterpillars.</p> +<p><b>Papillary</b>: with nipple-like processes that have the +tips rounded.</p> +<p><b>Papillate -us</b>: a surface with small elevations which +are porous at tip.</p> +<p><b>Papilliform</b>: like a wart or pimple.</p> +<p><b>Papillose -us</b>: pimply; a surface covered with raised +dots or pimples.</p> +<p><b>Pappose</b>: downy: made up or clothed with pappus.</p> +<p><b>Pappas</b>: a fine down.</p> +<p><b>Para-</b>: next to; near by; at the side of.</p> +<p><b>Parabiosis</b>: see symbiosis.</p> +<p><b>Parabolic</b>: elongately rounded.</p> +<p><b>Paraclypeal piece</b>: in lepidopterous pupa, occurs in +some of the generalized families on each side of the maxillary +palpi.</p> +<p><b>Paraclypeus</b>: in caterpillars, a narrow sclerite +bordering clypeus at sides.</p> +<p><b>Paraderm</b>: the limiting membrane enclosing the pronymph +of Muscidae.</p> +<p><b>Paraglossa</b>: a paired, labial structure, lying at each +side of the ligula; often connected with it; sometimes free and +two-jointed: corresponds to the galea of maxilla.</p> +<p><b>Parallel</b>: along the same line and nearly +equidistant.</p> +<p><b>Paranal</b>: at the side of or next to the anus or anal +structures.</p> +<p><b>Paranal forks</b>: two lateral, bristle-like structures in +some caterpillars, used to throw frass pellets to a distance.</p> +<p><b>Paranal lobes</b>: = podical plates; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Paraphysis</b>: the chitinized thickenings or lateral +ingrowths, usually situated at the base of the lobes in certain +Diaspid genera.</p> +<p><b>Parapleura</b>: the sternal side pieces in beetles.</p> +<p><b>Parapodia</b>: the pro- or false legs: more specifically +applied to the jointed abdominal processes of the Symphyla.</p> +<p><b>Parapsidae</b>: the small sclerites on each side of the +scutellum in Chalcids, marked by the parapsidal grooves.</p> +<p><b>Parapsidal furrows</b>: longitudinal grooves on each side +of the mesoscutum of Proctytrypidae separating the parapsides +from the middle lobe.</p> +<p><b>Parapsidal grooves</b>: the grooves or furrows on each side +of the Chalcid scutellum, defining the parapsidae.</p> +<p><b>Parapsides</b>: lateral pieces of the meso-scutum, +separated from the mesal portion by the parapsidal furrows.</p> +<p><b>Parapteron -era</b>: small sclerites, articulated to the +dorsal extremity of the episternum, just below the wings; absent +on prothorax = the tegulae of Hymenoptera, and patagia of +Lepidoptera: have been homologized with the elytra of +Coleoptera.</p> +<p><b>Parasita</b>: = parasitica: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Parasite</b>: a species that lives in or on another animal +or insect, and depends upon the tissue of the host for its food +supply.</p> +<p><b>Parasitic</b>: living on or in some other animal or insect +in such a way as to derive all nourishment from the tissues of +the host.</p> +<p><b>Parasitica</b>: the sucking lice: wingless; without +metamorphosis; mouth with piercing lancets; thoracic segments +similar; habits epizoötic.</p> +<p><b>Parasitism</b>: a form of symbiosis in which one party +lives upon or at the expense of the other, makes no return and +destroys its host: see symbiosis; commensalism.</p> +<p><b>Parastigma</b>: = pterostigma; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Parastigmatic glands</b>: small, circular glands, which +secrete a waxy powder, sometimes present around the spiracles of +Coccidae.</p> +<p><b>Paratype</b>: is every specimen of the series from which +the type was selected see type and cotype.</p> +<p><b>Parse</b>: sparse or sparsely.</p> +<p><b>Parcidentate</b>: with few teeth.</p> +<p><b>Parenchymatous</b>: composed of soft cellular and +connective tissue.</p> +<p><b>Parietes</b>: walls: the perpendicular sides of elevated +bodies.</p> +<p><b>Paronychium-ia</b>: one or more bristle-like appendages of +onychia; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Parthenogenetic</b>: see asexual.</p> +<p><b>Parthenogenesis</b>: reproduction by direct growth of germs +from egg-cells without fertilization by the male element: as in +plant lice, gall wasps, etc.</p> +<p><b>Particolored</b>: partly of one, partly of another color: +divided into two or more color fields.</p> +<p><b>Partite -us</b>: divided; e.g. the eyes of Gyrinidae. +Parum: not much.</p> +<p><b>Patagium -ia</b>: in Lepidoptera, those sclerites that +cover the base of primaries: often used as synonymous with tegula +and squamula, q.v.: assigned by some writers to the pro-, by +others to the meso-thorax: homologized with the paraptera of +meso-thorax.</p> +<p><b>Patella -ae</b>: the modified joints of anterior tarsi in +Dytiscidae; plate- like, horny or spongy structures on the +undersides of the tarsal joints: the first coxal joint.</p> +<p><b>Patellar</b>: pertaining to the knee-joint or cap.</p> +<p><b>Patellariae</b>: in Dytiscids, the unequal, cup-like +impressions on the underside of the patella.</p> +<p><b>Patens, Patentes</b>: open; diverging; spreading apart.</p> +<p><b>Patric</b>: home or country of origin.</p> +<p><b>Patulous-ose</b>: open, spreading.</p> +<p><b>Paunch</b>: a crop-like accessory pouch in some Mallophaga: +any pouch- like appendage of the alimentary canal.</p> +<p><b>Paurometabolous</b>: metamorphosis in which the changes of +form are gradual and inconspicuous: e.g. Orthoptera and most +Rhynchota.</p> +<p><b>Pavillions</b>: the sheds or cells sometimes built by ants +as a shelter for groups of plant lice.</p> +<p><b>Paxilla</b>: a small stake or peg: a bundle of spicular +processes.</p> +<p><b>Pearlaceous</b>: having the appearance of pearl.</p> +<p><b>Pecten</b>: a comb: in Hymenoptera, rigid, incurred setae +on the basal parts of maxilla and labium: the rows of spines on +the feet of pollen- gathering bees: any series of bristles +arranged like a comb: in mosquito larvae the comb-like teeth on +the breathing tube.</p> +<p><b>Pectinate</b>: comb-shaped: with even branches like the +teeth of a comb.</p> +<p><b>Pectinato-fimbriate</b>: having pectinations that are +fringed with hair.</p> +<p><b>Pectoralis</b>: relating to the breast.</p> +<p><b>Pectoral plate</b>: in Coleoptera, the sternum.</p> +<p><b>Pectunculate</b>: with a row of minute appendages like the +teeth of a comb: e.g. some maxillary structures.</p> +<p><b>Pectus</b>: the ventral portion of thorax: variably applied +in Coleoptera, for the entire meso- and meta-thorax: also the +pro- and meso-sternum: in Diptera, is the inferior surface of the +thorax between the legs.</p> +<p><b>Pedal line</b>: in caterpillars: extends along the base of +the feet.</p> +<p><b>Pedal tubercle</b>: on the thoracic and abdominal rings of +caterpillars: on the anterior side of leg-base and, +correspondingly, on apodal segments: is VII of the abdomen where +it consists of three setae: VI of the thorax where the setae are +not numbered: constant (Dyar).</p> +<p><b>Pedamina</b>: the aborted fore-legs of Nymphalid +butterflies.</p> +<p><b>Pedate</b>: foot-bearing, or having feet.</p> +<p><b>Peddler</b>: applied to the larvae of such Cassid beetles +as carry their excrement and cast skins on an anal fork.</p> +<p><b>Pedes</b>: the feet, or really, legs.</p> +<p><b>Pedicellus or Pedicle</b>: the third joint in a geniculate +antenna: forming the pivot between scape and funicle: in general, +a stalk or stem.</p> +<p><b>Pediculosis</b>: a state of lousiness, or the abnormal +condition caused by the multiplication of lice on the body: sec +phthiriasis.</p> +<p><b>Pediculous</b>: lousy: infested with lice.</p> +<p><b>Pedigerous</b>: feet bearing.</p> +<p><b>Peduncle</b>: a stalk or petiole: the basal joint of the +antenna in Homoptera: the smaller of the two stalks supporting +the mushroom body; q.v. Pedunculated: set on a stalk or peduncle: +attached by a slender stalk or neck.</p> +<p><b>Pelagic</b>: inhabiting the sea, far from land.</p> +<p><b>Pellicles</b>: the exuviae or cast larval skins of many +insects: in Coccidae more especially applied to the hardened +larval skin attached to the puparia of Diaspinae.</p> +<p><b>Pellit</b>: covered with long, drooping hairs, irregularly +placed.</p> +<p><b>Pellucid</b>: colored, but transparent: sometimes applied +when there is no color.</p> +<p><b>Pelotons</b>: the balls of fine tracheae in larvae, +developed to supply the adult organism.</p> +<p><b>Pelottae</b>: =arolia: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Peltate</b>: shield- or target-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Penal claspers</b>: in Proctytripidae. lateral fringed +processes of the male genitalia.</p> +<p><b>Penal sheath</b>: the horny outer covering of the +penis.</p> +<p><b>Pencil</b>: a little, elongated brush of hair: in Diptera, +applied to a group of sensory hairs on the flagellum of the +antenna.</p> +<p><b>Pendent</b>: hanging down.</p> +<p><b>Pendulous</b>: drooping: hanging free, attached to one end +only.</p> +<p><b>Penes</b>: open, slit-like structures of the seminal +vesicles to the outer surface in Euplectoptera.</p> +<p><b>Penicillate</b>: with a long, flexible brush or pencil of +hair: often at the end of a thin stalk.</p> +<p><b>Penicilli</b>: a pair of small style or cerci-like pieces +on the tip of the 8th dorsal segment of abdomen of various male +Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Penicilliform</b>: pencil-like or shaped.</p> +<p><b>Penicillum</b>: a pencil or brush of long hair attached at +the end of a stalk as long as the brush, and folded in a lateral +groove in some male moths.</p> +<p><b>Penis</b>: the flexible, membranous, intromittent organ of +the male.</p> +<p><b>Pennaceous</b>: = pennate.</p> +<p><b>Fermate</b>: feathered or bearing feather-like +processes.</p> +<p><b>Penniform</b>: feather-like in form.</p> +<p><b>Pentagon -um</b>: a five-sided figure with five equal or +unequal angles.</p> +<p><b>Pentamera</b>: Coleoptera with 5-jointed tarsi. +Pentamerous: species having five-jointed tarsi.</p> +<p><b>Penultimate</b>: next to the last.</p> +<p><b>Peptone</b>: a soluble proteid compound produced by the +digestion of albummenoid food substances.</p> +<p><b>Per-</b>: as a prefix, means very: extremely: through.</p> +<p><b>Percipient</b>: with the power of perceiving.</p> +<p><b>Percurrent</b>: running through the entire length.</p> +<p><b>Pereion</b>: the prothorax.</p> +<p><b>Pereipoda</b>: the second and third pair of thoracic legs +of larvae, and the 2d pair in adults.</p> +<p><b>Perfoliate</b>: divided into leaf-like plates: applied to +antennae with disc-like expansions connected by a stalk passing +nearly through their centres: also to any part possessing a +well-developed leaf-like or plate-like expansion.</p> +<p><b>Pergamenous</b>: thin, partly transparent: resembling +parchment.</p> +<p><b>Peri-</b>: round about. Periopticon: a complex nerve +structure back of the basilar membrane of the eye.</p> +<p><b>Pericardial</b>: around, or belonging to the heart.</p> +<p><b>Pericardial cavity</b>: the space between the diaphragm and +dorsal body wall, which contains the heart.</p> +<p><b>Pericardial cells</b>: specialized cells, which lie along +both sides of the heart, and whose function it is to purify the +blood.</p> +<p><b>Pericardial chamber</b>: is the open space around the heart +or dorsal vessel.</p> +<p><b>Pericardial diaphragm</b>: a delicate membranous tissue +attached to the ventral surface of the heart and laterally to the +body wall := dorsal diaphragm wings of the heart.</p> +<p><b>Peri-intestinal</b>: that part of the body cavity around +the alimentary canal.</p> +<p><b>Peri-neural</b>: situated around a nerve: the body cavity +immediately surrounding the nervous system.</p> +<p><b>Periodical</b>: recurring at regular intervals.</p> +<p><b>Periopticon</b>: third ganglionic swelling of optic tract: +see opticon.</p> +<p><b>Peripheral</b>: referring to the outer margin.</p> +<p><b>Peripheria</b>: the entire outline of the body.</p> +<p><b>Periphery</b>: the circumference or outer margin.</p> +<p><b>Peripneustic</b>: larvae which have the spiracles absent on +middle and posterior thoracic rings, and present on all other +body segments.</p> +<p><b>Peripodal cavities</b>: pouches in the embryo in which the +rudiments of the future legs and wings are developed.</p> +<p><b>Peripodal membrane</b>: the cell layer surrounding the +peripodal cavities. Peristaltic: that periodic motion of the +alimentary canal by means of which the food is forced toward the +anal extremity.</p> +<p><b>Peristethium</b>: the meso-sternum.</p> +<p><b>Peristoma -ium</b>: the border of the mouth or oral margin +in Diptera; sometimes used as := epistoma: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Peristome</b>: a membranous tissue surrounding the mouth +parts at base, and forming the true ventral wall of the head.</p> +<p><b>Peritoneal</b>: applied to the membrane surrounding the +viscera, trachea, and other internal structures.</p> +<p><b>Peritracheal</b>: surrounding the trachea.</p> +<p><b>Peritreme</b>: the corneous selerite surrounding a +spiracle.</p> +<p><b>Peritrophic membrane</b>: a funnel-like extension of the +fore-gut, extending back tube-like, through the chylific +ventricle in some insects.</p> +<p><b>Perivisceral</b>: the cavity containing the alimentary +canal and its appendages.</p> +<p><b>Perlate</b>: beaded: bearing relieved, rounded points in +series.</p> +<p><b>Perpendicular</b>: upright: at right angles to +horizontal.</p> +<p><b>Persicinus</b>: the red of peach blossoms.</p> +<p><b>Persistent</b>: remaining constantly; always present.</p> +<p><b>Personate</b>: gaping wide open; masked; disguised.</p> +<p><b>Pes, Pedes</b>: a foot feet.</p> +<p><b>Petiolar area or Petiolarea</b>: on the metanotum of some +Hymenoptera, the apical or hindmost of the three median cells 3d +median area; apical area.</p> +<p><b>Petiolate</b>: that series of Hymenoptera in which there is +a slender stalk between the thorax and abdomen: = apocrita.</p> +<p><b>Petiolate</b>: supported or placed on a stem or stalk; +usually applied in describing venation and the method of +attachment of abdomen to thorax.</p> +<p><b>Petiole</b>: a stem or stalk: specifically the slender +segment between the thorax and abdomen in many Hymenoptera, and +some Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Phaeism</b>: applied to a duskiness of butterflies +occurring in a limited region.</p> +<p><b>Phagocyte</b>: a corpuscle or cell that devours or absorbs +noxious organisms and also absorbs the organs of the larval stage +in the developments to the adult condition.</p> +<p><b>Phagocytosis</b>: the destruction or devouring of bacteria +or other microorganisms by phagocytes.</p> +<p><b>Phalaenae</b>: a Linnean term embracing most of the +heterocerous Lepidoptera: more specifically applied to the +Geometridae.</p> +<p><b>Phalanx -ges</b>: a joint or joints of the tarsus: a +division of classification of uncertain value: similar to +tribe.</p> +<p><b>Phalerated</b>: beaded.</p> +<p><b>Phallus</b>: =penis: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pharyngeal pump</b>: = sucking pump; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pharynx</b>: the back part of the mouth and upper part of +the throat: a slight enlargement at the beginning of the +oesophagus: in Diptera is sometimes restricted to the space +between the hypopharynx and sub-clypeal pump, and is then = +sub-clypeal tube.</p> +<p><b>Phauloptera</b>: an ordinal term for the scale insects +(Laporte 1835).</p> +<p><b>Phleboptera</b>: = Hymenoptera; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Phonetic</b>: sound producing; applied to stridulating +structures.</p> +<p><b>Phosphorescent</b>: shining or glowing in the dark, like +phosphorus.</p> +<p><b>Photogenic</b>: a light producing structure; producing a +Phosphorescent glow.</p> +<p><b>Phragma</b>: a partition or dividing membrane: +longitudinal, thin partitions passing down from the dorsum of +meso- and meta-thorax: the partition formed by the inflexed +hinder edge of prothorax.</p> +<p><b>Phragmocyttares</b>: social wasps in which the combs of the +nest are wholly or partly supported by the covering envelope: see +stelocyttares: poecilocyttares.</p> +<p><b>Phthiriasis</b>: a diseased condition of the skin caused by +sucking lice.</p> +<p><b>Phyllophagous</b>: feeding upon leaf tissue.</p> +<p><b>Phylogenetic</b>: relating to tribal or stem +development.</p> +<p><b>Phylogeny</b>: the development of a genus, family, tribe or +class: see ontogeny.</p> +<p><b>Phyloptera</b>: the super-ordinal term proposed to include +all the net-veined orders, the Orthoptera and Dermatoptera.</p> +<p><b>Phylum</b>: a stem or tribe: used in classification to +indicate a series of related organisms.</p> +<p><b>Physopoda</b>: bladder-footed: = Thysanoptera; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Phytophaga</b>: plant-eaters: beetles in which the 4th and +5th tarsal joints are anchylosed and the 3d is lobed.</p> +<p><b>Phytophagus</b>: feeding upon plants.</p> +<p><b>Phytophilous</b>: plant loving: species that live on +plants.</p> +<p><b>Phytophthira</b>: plant lice: some authors include also +scale insects.</p> +<p><b>Phytoscopic</b>: characters of light or conditions of +illumination that affect colors of caterpillars. {<i>Scanner's +comment: This is a puzzling term. I suspect it is a misspelling +of "Photoscopic"</i>}</p> +<p><b>Piceous -eus</b>: pitchy black.</p> +<p><b>Picine</b>: black, with a bluish oily lustre.</p> +<p><b>Pick</b>: a chitinous maxillary structure in Psocidae.</p> +<p><b>Pieza</b>: the combined biting and sucking mouth of the +Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Piezata</b>: the Fabrician term for Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Pigment</b>: any coloring matter or material that gives a +color appearance. {<i>Scanner's comment: sic</i>}</p> +<p><b>Pile</b>: a hairy or fur-like covering: in Diptera, applied +to thick, fine, short, erect hair, giving a surface appearance +like velvet.</p> +<p><b>Pilifer or Piliger</b>: a small sclerite at each side of +the clypeus in Lepidoptera, resembling a rudimentary +mandible.</p> +<p><b>Piliferous</b>: with a covering of fine hair or pile.</p> +<p><b>Pillared eye</b>: in Ephemerids, that type which is placed +on a cylindrical stalk or process: = turbinate eye.</p> +<p><b>Pilous or Pilose</b>: clothed with down, or dense pile: +with long, sparse hair.</p> +<p><b>Pilosity</b>: a covering of fine, long hair.</p> +<p><b>Pincers</b>: the anal forceps.</p> +<p><b>Pinna</b>: a narrow wing; a feather.</p> +<p><b>Pinnae</b>: of posterior femur in jumping Orthoptera, are +the oblique ridges running to the median line and somewhat +resembling a feather.</p> +<p><b>Pinnate</b>: feather-like; cleft, like the wings of +Alucita: with markings resembling a feather: with stiff hairs or +thorny processes occupying opposite sides of a thin shank.</p> +<p><b>Pinnatifid</b>: divided into feathers, as when wings are +cleft nearly to the base.</p> +<p><b>Pistazinus</b>: yellowish green, with a slight brownish +tinge [pale green with a little burnt sienna].</p> +<p><b>Plaga</b>: a spot, stripe or streak of color; a +longitudinal spot of irregular form.</p> +<p><b>Plaited</b>: longitudinally folded or laid in pleats.</p> +<p><b>Planate</b>: with a flattened surface.</p> +<p><b>Plane</b>: level, flat; applied to a surface.</p> +<p><b>Planipennia</b>: applied to Neuroptera in which the wings +are large and laid flat on the body wnen at rest; Sialidae, +Myrmeleonidae, etc.</p> +<p><b>Planta -ae</b>: the basal joint of the posterior tarsus in +pollen gathering Hymenoptera: the soles of the posterior tarsal +joints: the anal clasping legs of caterpillars.</p> +<p><b>Plantigrade</b>: species that walk on the entire foot, not +on the claws alone.</p> +<p><b>Plantula</b>: a lobe of the divided tarsal pulvillus; one +of the soles or climbing cushions of the foot: see arolium; +pulviglus.</p> +<p><b>Plaques</b>: the small leathery hemelytra in some +Naucorids.</p> +<p><b>Plasma</b>: the liquid portion of animal fluids and +cells.</p> +<p><b>Plasticity</b>: the capacity for being formed, moulded or +developed.</p> +<p><b>Plate</b>: any broad flattened piece or sclerite: = squame, +in Coccidae.</p> +<p><b>Platelet</b>: a little plate or sclerite of chitin in a +membrane.</p> +<p><b>Plates</b>: in Coccidae, the squames; q.v.: in male +Homoptera, a pair of pieces following the last full ventral +segment; usually preceded by a short piece, - the valve.</p> +<p><b>Platyptera</b>: flat and broad-winged: an ordinal term +applied to insects with four net-veined wings, secondaries +longitudinally folded beneath primaries; mouth mandibulate; +prothorax free; transformations complete: Psocidae, Termitidae, +Perlidae and Mallophaga. {<i>Scanner's comment: These four groups +are now placed in totally separate orders, and not families as +these names imply</i>}</p> +<p><b>Plecoptera or Plectoptera</b>: plaited winged: an ordinal +term applied to net-veined insects in which the secondaries are +longitudinally folded beneath primaries; mouth mandibulate; body +loosely jointed; prothorax free; metamorphosis incomplete: the +term Plecoptera was used by Brauer for Perlidae; Plectoptera by +Packard for the Ephemerida: there has been some confusion since, +and both have been used in the Brauer sense.</p> +<p><b>Pleon</b>: = abdomen; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pleopoda</b>: abdominal legs of larva: posterior legs of an +adult.</p> +<p><b>Plesiobiosis</b>: see symbiosis.</p> +<p><b>Plesiotype</b>: any specimen identified with a described or +named species by a person other than the describer.</p> +<p><b>Pleura</b>: plural of pleuron or pleurum: the lateral +sclerites between the dorsal and sternal portion of the thorax: +in general, the sides of the body between the dorsum and +sternum.</p> +<p><b>Pleural areas</b>: on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera, +the three spaces between the lateral and pleural carinae; the 1st +or anterior = spiracular area; the 2d or central = middle +pleural; the 3d or posterior = angular area.</p> +<p><b>Pleural carinae</b>: in Hymenoptera, extend along the +exterior margin of the metanotum.</p> +<p><b>Pleural pieces</b>: the lateral sclerites of the thorax; +see pleura.</p> +<p><b>Pleurites</b>: the sclerites into which the pleurum is +divided.</p> +<p><b>Pleuron</b>: the side of the thorax.</p> +<p><b>Pleuropodia</b>: embryonic or temporary bands formed by the +modified first pair of abdominal legs in many insects.</p> +<p><b>Pleurostict</b>: lamellicorn beetles in which the abdominal +spiracles are situated on the dorsal portion of the ventral +sclerites.</p> +<p><b>Pleurum</b>: = pleuron; plural, pleura; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Plexus</b>: a knot: applied to a knot-like mass of nerves, +or tracheae.</p> +<p><b>Plica</b>: a fold or wrinkle: a longitudinal plait of a +wing.</p> +<p><b>Plicate</b>: plaited; folded like a fan.</p> +<p><b>Plications</b>: folding,; applied to the folds on the hind +wings of Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Plicipenna</b>: = Trichoptera; proposed by Latreille.</p> +<p><b>Plumate</b>: like a feather.</p> +<p><b>Plumbeus</b>: leaden or bluish gray [neutral].</p> +<p><b>Plumose</b>: feathered; like a plume: antennae that have +long ciliated processes on each side of each joint: see +cirrate.</p> +<p><b>Plump</b>: with full, rounded outlines; not obese.</p> +<p><b>Plumules</b>: specialized scales of the androconia of male +Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Pluri</b>: as a prefix, means many.</p> +<p><b>Pluri-dentate</b>: with many teeth.</p> +<p><b>Pluri-setose</b>: bearing several seta; as the head in some +Carabids.</p> +<p><b>Pluri-valve</b>: with several valves or valve-like +appendages.</p> +<p><b>Pneumogastric</b>: the ganglion supplying nerves for the +tracheal and digestive system: also used as = vagus: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pneustocera</b>: breathing horns: the prolongations of the +metathoracic spiracles in Berytidae, etc.</p> +<p><b>Pnystega</b>: in Odonata, applied by Charpentier to a +portion of mesonotum</p> +<p><b>Pobrachial</b>: a longitudinal vein of the Ephemerid wing +just behind praebrachial; usually simple: number 7 of some +systems.</p> +<p><b>Podeon</b>: in Hymenoptera, the petiole: the true second +abdominal segment.</p> +<p><b>Podex</b>: the upper plate of the anal opening; = +supra-anal or sur-anal plate in caterpillars.</p> +<p><b>Podical plates</b>: the latero-ventral plates attached to +the loth abdominal segment of Orthoptera; the two pieces on each +side of the vent, thought by Huxley to be rudiments of an 11th +abdominal ring; united they form the tergite of a rudimentary +ring: = anal valves: paranal lobes.</p> +<p><b>Pododunera</b>: apterous insects with biting mouth +structures.</p> +<p><b>Podotheca</b>: that part of pupa that covers the legs of +future adult.</p> +<p><b>Poecilocyttares</b>: social wasps that build their combs +around the branch or other support covered by the envelope: see +stelocyttares and phragmocyttares.</p> +<p><b>Poisers</b>: = halteres and balancers; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Poison glands</b>: sometimes applied to the salivary glands +of bugs and biting flies; more usually to an abdominal gland +connected with the sting of female Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Policate</b>: a tibia produced inwardly into a short, bent +spine or thumb.</p> +<p><b>Politus</b>: smooth, shiny, polished.</p> +<p><b>Pollen</b>: a dusty or pruinose surface covering which is +easily rubbed off; used mostly in Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Pollen-plate</b>: a polished area margined by hair, on the +outer face of the tibia in bees.</p> +<p><b>Pollex</b>: a thumb: the stout fixed spur at inside of tip +of tibia.</p> +<p><b>Pollicatus</b>: = policate; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Polliniferous</b>: formed for collecting pollen: pollen +bearing.</p> +<p><b>Pollinigerous</b>: = polliniferous: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pollinose</b>: covered with a yellow, pollen-like dust.</p> +<p><b>Poly-</b>: many, much.</p> +<p><b>Polyandry</b>: where a female mates with more than one +male.</p> +<p><b>Polychromatic</b>: many colored.</p> +<p><b>Polydomous</b>: applied to ants when one colony has several +nests.</p> +<p><b>Polyembryony</b>: the production of several embryos from a +single egg, as in some Chalcids.</p> +<p><b>Polygamy</b>: where a male mates with more than one +female.</p> +<p><b>Polygonal</b>: with many angles.</p> +<p><b>Polygoneutism</b>: the power to preduce several broods in +one season.</p> +<p><b>Polymorpha</b>: the claviform and serricorn Coleoptera, as +a whole.</p> +<p><b>Polymorphic-ous</b>: occurring in several forms; differing +in sex, In season, in locality or without apparent reason: +undergoing Several changes, and in this sense applied to insects +with a complete metamorphosis.</p> +<p><b>Polynephria</b>: applied to insects with many urinary +(Malpighian) tubes.</p> +<p><b>Polyphagous</b>: eating many kinds of food.</p> +<p><b>Polyphyletic</b>: derived or descended from several stems +or sources.</p> +<p><b>Polypodous</b>: having many feet, and thus, specifically +applied to the Myriapoda, and to the larvae of Lepidoptera and +saw-flies, in contradistinction to footless and hexapodous +larvae.</p> +<p><b>Ponderable</b>: that which may be weighed.</p> +<p><b>Pone</b>: behind (the middle).</p> +<p><b>Ponticulus</b>: = frenulum; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Porcate</b>: marked with raised longitudinal lines.</p> +<p><b>Pore</b>: any small, round opening on the surface.</p> +<p><b>Poriferous</b>: closely set with deep pittings or +punctures.</p> +<p><b>Porose -us</b>: with little round openings on the +surface.</p> +<p><b>Porrect</b>: stretched out forward: straightly +prominent.</p> +<p><b>Post-</b>: behind or after.</p> +<p><b>Post-alar callosities</b>: rounded processes at the +posterior lateral margin of the dorsum, in Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Post-alar callus</b>: in Diptera, a rounded swelling +between the root of the wing and the scutellum.</p> +<p><b>Post-alar membrane</b>: the strip of membrane connecting +the squamae with the scutellum.</p> +<p><b>Postal vein</b>: in Hymenoptera, = costa (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Post-annellus</b>: in Hymenoptera, the 4th joint of antenna +and 2d of flagellum.</p> +<p><b>Post antennal organs</b>: in Collembola, oblong or +ellipsoidal organs situated just caudad of the bases of the +antenna.</p> +<p><b>Post-brachial</b>: = pobrachial; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Post-cerebral</b>: applied to that pair of salivary glands +in bees, situated close to the posterior wall of the head.</p> +<p><b>Post-clypeus</b>: in Odonata, the upper of the two parts +into which the clypeus is divided: in Psocidae, a peculiar +inflated structure behind the clypeus: in general, the posterior +or upper part of clypeus when any line of demarcation exists: = +supra-clypeus; nasus: afternose; paraclypeus: first clypeus; +clypeus posterior.</p> +<p><b>Post-costa</b>: = subcosta (Comst.): in Odonata, = 1st anal +vein (Comst.): in Trichoptera = anal.</p> +<p><b>Post-costal space</b>: Odonata; the cell or cells lying +posterior to the post- costa = anal cell (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Post-cubitals</b>: = post-nodal spaces; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Post-dorsulum</b>: the middle piece of the meta-notum, +between the mesophragma and post-scutellum.</p> +<p><b>Post-embryonic -otic</b>: the stage after the insect has +come out of the egg.</p> +<p><b>Post-epistoma</b>: that part of the head behind the clypeus +in Hymenoptera: see also post-clypeus.</p> +<p><b>Posterior</b>: hinder or hindmost: opposed to anterior: in +Diptera; applied to that face of the legs which is not visible +when viewed from the front, the legs being laterally +extended.</p> +<p><b>Posterior angle</b>: of thorax, in Coleoptera, is the +lateral angle near base of elytra: of the wings = hind angle; +anal angle; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Posterior cells</b>: in Diptera (Will.): 1st radial 5 +(Comst.): 2d = medial 1 (Comst.): 3d = 2d medial 2 (Comst.) 4th = +medial 3 (Comst.): 5th cubitus 1 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Posterior cephalic foramen</b>: in Odonata, the opening of +head posteriorly through which the cavities of head and thorax +communicate.</p> +<p><b>Posterior field</b>: of tegmina, = anal field; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Posterior intercalary</b>: in Diptera, is one of the anal +veins (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Posterior lateral margins</b>: in Orthoptera, extend from +base of pronotum downward to the posterior angle of sides.</p> +<p><b>Posterior lobe</b>: of the pronotum in Orthoptera, see +lobe: in Diptera, that part of wing between axillary incision and +base: = alar appendage (Loew). Posterior margin: = inner margin; +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Posterior pereion</b>: the meta-notum.</p> +<p><b>Posterior pleon</b>: the terminal segments of the +abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Posterior pleopoda</b>: the anal clasping legs of +caterpillars: see planta.</p> +<p><b>Posterior stigmatal tubercle</b>: on thoracic and abdominal +segments of caterpillars; varies in position from substigmatal to +stigmatal posterior; sometimes united to V: it is IV of the +abdomen, II of the thorax (Dyar).</p> +<p><b>Posterior trapezoidal tubercle</b>: on the thoracic and +abdominal segments of caterpillars; subdorsal, posterior, always +present, rarely united with I: it is II of the abdomen, lb of the +thorax (Dyar).</p> +<p><b>Posterior veins</b>: those separating the posterior +cells.</p> +<p><b>Posterior wings</b>: = secondaries: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Postero-dorsal</b>: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the +meeting of the dorsal and posterior face.</p> +<p><b>Postero-ventral</b>: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at +the meeting of the ventral and posterior face.</p> +<p><b>Postfurca</b>: an internal process of metasternum to which +the muscles of hind legs are attached.</p> +<p><b>Post-gena</b>: the sclerite below occiput and behind gena +in some Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Post-gula</b>: is situated at the extreme base of the +underside of the head in Dermaptera.</p> +<p><b>Post-humeral bristles</b>: in Diptera, are usually two, +inserted above the dorso-pleural suture between the humeral +callus and root of wing, on the bottom of the presutural +depression.</p> +<p><b>Postical vein</b>: in Diptera, = 5th longitudinal (Meig.); += media 3 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Posticus</b>: hinder.</p> +<p><b>Post-media</b>: Ephemerida; an apparently distinct vein +between media and Cubitus (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Post-medial line</b>: in Lepidoptera, = t.p. line: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Post-median</b>: Diptera; those leg bristles situated above +or behind the middle. Post-nodal cross-veins: in Odonata, the +transverse veins between costa and radius 1, and radius 1 and +media 1, from nodus to stigma, separating the post-nodal cells or +spaces: = post-cubital cross-veins.</p> +<p><b>Post-nodal costal spaces</b>: in Odonata, the cells below +costal margin from nodus to stigma.</p> +<p><b>Post-nodal radial spaces</b>: in Odonata, the cells between +radius 1 and media 1, from nodus to outer margin.</p> +<p><b>Post-nodal sector</b>: in Odonata, a longitudinal vein +lying between media 1 and media 2 (Comst.): = ultra-nodal +sector.</p> +<p><b>Post-oral</b>: behind the mouth; those segments bearing +mouth structures.</p> +<p><b>Post-pectus</b>: the under surface of the meta-thorax.</p> +<p><b>Post-petiole</b>: in Hymenoptera, that part of abdomen +behind petiole. Post-retinal: the fibres arising from the facets +of the compound eye and extending into the ganglionic plate.</p> +<p><b>Post-scutellum</b>: the fourth and posterior sclerite of +the dorsum of the thoracic rings.</p> +<p><b>Post-sutural</b>: in Trichoptera, the little plate behind +the scutellum of mesothorax: = post-scutellum.</p> +<p><b>Poststigmatal</b>: that portion of the marginal cell beyond +the stigma in bees: = 2d radial 1 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Post-stigmatal primary tubercle</b>: on thoracic segment of +caterpillars; sub-primary, stigmatal, posterior; it is III of the +thorax and not present on abdomen (Dyar).</p> +<p><b>Post-subterminal</b>: following the s. t. line in +Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Post-sutural bristles</b>: in Diptera, dorsal bristles +behind transverse suture.</p> +<p><b>Post-terga</b>: applied to the posterior scutes of the +segments of Coleopterous larvae.</p> +<p><b>Post-triangular cells</b>: = discoidal areolets; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Post-vertical cephalic bristles</b>: in Diptera, are in the +middle of upper part or Occiput.</p> +<p><b>Pouch</b>: in Trichoptera, a depressed, usually +longitudinal area in a wing.</p> +<p><b>Prae- or Pre-</b>: anterior to; before.</p> +<p><b>Praebrachial</b>: a longitudinal vein in middle of an +Ephemerid wing; usually forked: no. 6 of some systems.</p> +<p><b>Praecostal spur</b>: a false vein in costal angle at base +of secondaries.</p> +<p><b>Prae-dorsum</b>: = prophragma: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Prae-labrum</b>: in Diptera = clypeus: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Praeocular</b>: before the eyes.</p> +<p><b>Praeputium</b>: the external membranous covering of penis: +specifically a spherical muscular mass at base of penis in some +Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Prae-scutellum</b>: a sclerite, rarely present, between the +meso-scutum and meso-scutellum.</p> +<p><b>Prae-scutum</b>: the first of the four divisions of the +notum of the thoracic rings.</p> +<p><b>Prae-subterminal</b>: preceding the s.t. line in +Lepidoptera. Prae-terga: the anterior thoracic scutes in +coleopterous larvae.</p> +<p><b>Prae-tornal</b>: preceding the tornus (q.v.) in +Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Prasinus</b>: grass-green [apple green].</p> +<p><b>Pratinicolous</b>: frequenting or living in grassy meadows +or bogs.</p> +<p><b>Pre-alar callus</b>: a small swelling or projection before +the root of wings, just back of outer ends of transverse suture, +in Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Pre-anal</b>: above or before the anal opening.</p> +<p><b>Pre-anal plate or lamina</b>: = supra-anal plate; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pre-antennal</b>: anterior to or before the antenna.</p> +<p><b>Pre-apical</b>: before the apex.</p> +<p><b>Pre-balancer</b>: = pre-halter: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pre-basilar</b>: before the base.</p> +<p><b>Precocious stages</b>: generally applied to all stages of +development from the fertilized egg to the pupa.</p> +<p><b>Precurrent</b>: continuous: entire: complete: said of a +vein.</p> +<p><b>Predaceous</b>: applied to insects that live by preying +upon other organisms.</p> +<p><b>Predatory</b>: = predaceous: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pre-eruciform</b>: before the caterpillar stage: +specifically applied to the early larvae of some +Proctytrypidae.</p> +<p><b>Preformation</b>: the doctrine of growth or development +from already existing rudiments; opposed to epigenesis: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pre-furca</b>: "the stem vein in front of a fork, that +reaches back to where itself forks from another vein"; +Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Pregenicular</b>: in Orthoptera, that portion of femur +proximad the knee.</p> +<p><b>Pregenicular annulus</b>: a more or less conspicuous color +ring on the caudal femora proximad the knee in Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Pre-halter</b>: a membranous scale in front of the true +haltere of a fly.</p> +<p><b>Prehension</b>: structures fitted for grasping or +holding.</p> +<p><b>Pre-mandibular</b>: situated in front of the mandible: +applied to a temporary segment of the embryo: = intercalary +segment.</p> +<p><b>Pre-media</b>: Ephemeridae; an apparently distinct vein +between radius and media (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Premorse</b>: as if bitten off: with a blunt or jagged +termination.</p> +<p><b>Prensor</b>: the genital lateral clasping organ of male +Lepidoptera: see clasper.</p> +<p><b>Pre-ocular</b>: see prae-ocular.</p> +<p><b>Pre-oral</b>: in front of the mouth: the embryonic head +segments before those bearing the mouth parts.</p> +<p><b>Prepuce</b>: =praeputium; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pre-pupal</b>: that stage in the larva just preceding the +change to pupa.</p> +<p><b>Pre-scutellar bristles</b>: in Diptera, are in a transverse +row in front of the scutellum.</p> +<p><b>Pre-scutellar callus</b>: = post-alar callus: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pre-scutellar rows</b>: in Diptera, short rows of small +bristles in front of the scutellum.</p> +<p><b>Press</b>: =filator; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pressure plate</b>: a structure at base of pulvillus, which +exerts a pressure on the sole of the pad.</p> +<p><b>Pre-sutural bristles</b>: in Diptera, in a trigonate +depression at outer ends of transverse suture, near dorso-pleural +suture.</p> +<p><b>Pre-sutural inter-alar bristle</b>: the single bristle of +the interalar series, situated before the transverse suture.</p> +<p><b>Primaries</b>: the anterior or fore-wings.</p> +<p><b>Primitive</b>: simple in character; of an early or ancient +type.</p> +<p><b>Principal sector</b>: in Odonata, extends from its point of +separation From the median sector to the outer margin, at or just +below the apex:= media 1 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Principal sulcus</b>: in Orthoptera, a transverse +impression of the prothorax, at or behind the middle.</p> +<p><b>Priodont</b>: applied to those forms of male Lucanids that +have the smallest mandibles: see teleodont, mesodont, +amphiodont.</p> +<p><b>Prismatic</b>: formed like a prism: a play of colors +similar to that produced through a prism.</p> +<p><b>Pro-</b>: anterior: used as a prefix to designate the parts +of the first thoracic segment.</p> +<p><b>Proboscidea</b>: an ordinal term for the Coccidae.</p> +<p><b>Proboscis</b>: generally applied to any extended mouth +structure; usually applied to the extensile mouth of the Diptera; +frequently to the beak of Hemiptera; sometimes to the tongue of +Lepidoptera; and rarely, to the mouth of long-tongued bees.</p> +<p><b>Procephalic</b>: relating or belonging to the +procephalon.</p> +<p><b>Procephalic lobes</b>: in the embryo, form part of the +anterior, overhanging portion of the head.</p> +<p><b>Procephalon</b>: that segment of the head in the embryo +which is formed by the coalescence of the first three primitive +segments.</p> +<p><b>Procerebral</b>: that segment of the brain containing the +median protocerebrum and optic ganglia; also called optic +segment.</p> +<p><b>Procerebral lobes</b>: the central portion of the cerebrum, +made up of the fused median lobes, giving rise to the mushroom +bodies; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Procerebrum</b>: the anterior part of the brain, formed by +the ganglion of the first primary segment; also termed ocular +lobe, froth part it innervates. Process: a prolongation of the +surface, margin, or an appendage: any prominent portion of the +body not otherwise definable.</p> +<p><b>Process of labrum</b>: in bees = appendicle: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Procidentia</b>: the narrow projecting tip of 7th dorsal +segment in Nematinae.</p> +<p><b>Proclinate</b>: directed forward; applied to hair or +bristles.</p> +<p><b>Proctodaeum</b>: the invagination of epiblast that produces +the anus and intestine as far forward as and including malpighian +tubes.</p> +<p><b>Proculiform or Poculiform</b>: hollow, cylindrical, with a +hemispherical base, the sides at top straight goblet-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Procumbent</b>: trailing; prostrate; lying flat.</p> +<p><b>Produced</b>: drawn out; prolonged; extended from.</p> +<p><b>Proeminent</b>: said of the head when it is horizontal and +does not form an angle with the thorax.</p> +<p><b>Profile</b>: the outline as seen from the side.</p> +<p><b>Profound, Profundus</b>: deep.</p> +<p><b>Prognathus</b>: having the jaws directed forward.</p> +<p><b>Progoneate</b>: with the genital opening on an anterior +body segment.</p> +<p><b>Progonia</b>: the anterior angle of the secondaries.</p> +<p><b>Proleg</b>: any process or appendage that serves the +purpose of a leg: specifically the fleshy unjointed abdominal +legs of caterpillars and certain saw-fly larvae: = abdominal +feet: false legs.</p> +<p><b>Proloma</b>: the anterior margin of the secondaries.</p> +<p><b>Prolonged</b>: extended or lengthened beyond ordinary +limits.</p> +<p><b>Promeros</b>: the first abdominal segment in +Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Prominent</b>: raised or produced beyond the level or +margin: standing out in relief by color or otherwise: +conspicuous.</p> +<p><b>Promuscidate</b>: with proboscis or extended mouth +structure.</p> +<p><b>Promuscis</b>: an extended mouth structure: has been +applied to the long tongue of bees and to the rostrate structure +in Hemiptera.</p> +<p><b>Pronotal carina</b>: in Orthoptera, the main or median +carina on pronotum.</p> +<p><b>Pronotum</b>: the upper or dorsal surface of the +prothorax.</p> +<p><b>Pronucleus</b>: the nucleus of male and female elements, +spermatozoa and ova, the union of which forms the nucleus of a +fertilized ovum.</p> +<p><b>Pronymph</b>: is that stage in certain inctabolous insects +in which the larval tissues are completely broken down, and the +imaginal tissues are just beginning to build up.</p> +<p><b>Proparaptera</b>: the paraptera of the prothorax: the terms +erroneously applied in this connection.</p> +<p><b>Propedes</b>: = prolegs: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Prophragma</b>: the anterior dividing wall of meso-thorax, +which is horny and, at its upper edge, bears the connecting +membrane between pro- and mesothorax.</p> +<p><b>Prop-leg</b>: = pro-leg; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Propleura</b>: the lateral portions of prothorax.</p> +<p><b>Propleural bristles</b>: in Diptera, are situated +immediately above the front coxa: = prothoracic bristle; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Propneustic</b>: larval forms in which only the most +anterior spiracles occur.</p> +<p><b>Propodeon</b>: = propodeum.</p> +<p><b>Propodeum</b>: in Hymenoptera, that part of thorax just +above insertion of abdomen, and really the first abdominal +segment: see median segment.</p> +<p><b>Propolis</b>: a glue or resin-like product elaborated by +bees to serve as a cement in cases where wax is not sufficiently +tenacious.</p> +<p><b>Propulsatory</b>: that which drives onward or forward.</p> +<p><b>Propupa</b>: a semi-pupa: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Propygidium</b>: the dorsal segment or tergite in front of +the pygidilini, sometimes left exposed in Coleoptera.</p> +<p><b>Propygium</b>: = Hypopygium: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Proscutum</b>: the scutum of the pronotum.</p> +<p><b>Proscutellum</b>: the scutellum of the pronotum.</p> +<p><b>Prostemmatic</b>: = ante-ocular; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Prosternal</b>: belonging to the prosternum.</p> +<p><b>Prosternal grooves</b>: occur laterally in some Coleoptera. +e.g. Elateridae, to receive the antennae.</p> +<p><b>Prosternal epimera</b>: the epimera of prothorax.</p> +<p><b>Prosternal episterna</b>: the episterna of prothorax.</p> +<p><b>Prosternal lobe</b>: in some Coleoptera, an anterior +prolongation of the prosternum which more or less conceals the +mouth from below.</p> +<p><b>Prosternal spine</b>: the curved mucro in Elateridae which +extends backward into a meso-sternal cavity: the cone or tubercle +between fore-legs in some Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Prosternal suture</b>: that suture of pro-thorax which +separates the sternum front the pleural pieces.</p> +<p><b>Prosternellum</b>: the sternellum of the prothorax</p> +<p><b>Prosternum</b>: the fore-breast: the sclerite between the +fore-legs.</p> +<p><b>Prostheca</b>: a mandibular sclerite set with hair, +articulated to the basalis - q.v. -and equal to the lacinia of +the maxilla.</p> +<p><b>Protamphibion</b>: a name applied by P. Mayer to the +hypothetical common ancestor of the Perlina, Ephemerina and +Odonata.</p> +<p><b>Protandry</b>: the appearance of males earlier in the +season than females.</p> +<p><b>Protarsus</b>: the tarsus of the anterior leg.</p> +<p><b>Proteiform</b>: having many fortes or varieties: +protean.</p> +<p><b>Protergum</b>: in Odonata, the upper surface of +prothorax.</p> +<p><b>Proterotypes</b>: primary types, including all the material +upon which the original description is based.</p> +<p><b>Prothoracic bristle</b>: in Diptera, a strong bristle +immediately above the front coxa: see propleural bristles.</p> +<p><b>Prothoracic glands</b>: occur in Orthoptera, on the sides +of prothorax in certain Phasmid genera.</p> +<p><b>Prothoracic shield</b>: = cervical shield: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Prothoracotheca</b>: the pupal covering of prothorax.</p> +<p><b>Pro-thorax</b>: the first thoracic ring or segment: hears +the anterior legs but no wings: when free, as in Coleoptera. is +usually referred to as "thorax" merely.</p> +<p><b>Protocerebral segment</b>: = ocular seginent; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Protocerebrum</b>: the primitive anterior cerebral +vesicle.</p> +<p><b>Protocosta</b>: the thickened costal margin of +Lepidopterous wings.</p> +<p><b>Protocranium</b>: the posterior part of the epicranium: +sometimes used as Occiput.</p> +<p><b>Protogonia</b>: the apical angle of the primaries.</p> +<p><b>Protograph</b>: all original description by a figure or +picture made from the original type.</p> +<p><b>Proto-lepidoptera</b>: proposed for those forms +(Eriocephalidae) in which lacinia and mandibles are obvious and +the spiral tongue is not developed: see neolepidoptera and +paleolepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Protolog</b>: the original description by words.</p> +<p><b>Protoloma</b>: the anterior margin of primaries.</p> +<p><b>Protomesal</b>: applied to certain areolets in Hymenoptera, +situated between costal cells and apical margin.</p> +<p><b>Prototergite</b>: the foremost dorsal segment of +abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Preto-thorax</b>: = prothorax: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Prototype</b>: a primitive form to which later forms can be +traced.</p> +<p><b>Protractor</b>: that which extends or lengthens out: +applied to muscles.</p> +<p><b>Protuberance</b>: any elevation above the surface.</p> +<p><b>Protuberant</b>: rising or produced above the surface or +general level.</p> +<p><b>Proventriculus</b>: the posterior portion of crop: the +gizzard.</p> +<p><b>Proximad</b>: toward the proximal end.</p> +<p><b>Proximal</b>: that part of an appendage nearest the body: +see distal.</p> +<p><b>Prozona</b>: in Orthoptera, the upper or dorsal surface of +prothorax in front of the principal sulcus.</p> +<p><b>Pruinose</b>: hoary: as if covered with a fine frost or +dust.</p> +<p><b>Pruinous -us</b>: deep blue with a reddish tinge, like a +plum [French blue + purple lake].</p> +<p><b>Psammophilous</b>: living in sandy places.</p> +<p><b>Pselaphotheca</b>: that part of the pupa which covers the +palpi.</p> +<p><b>Pseudidolum</b>: = nymph: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pseudimago</b>: = sub-imago; q.v. Pseud- or Pseudo-: as a +prefix means false, spurious, or merely resembling. +Pseudo-cellula: = accessory cell: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pseudo-chrysalis</b>: the semi-pupa.</p> +<p><b>Pseudo-coel</b>: a false hollow; a hollow which does not +form a tube.</p> +<p><b>Pseudo-cone</b>: a soft, gelatinous cone in the compound +eye of some insects, replacing the crystalline cone of +others.</p> +<p><b>Pseudo-elytra</b>: the aborted anterior wings of +Strepsiptera.</p> +<p><b>Pseudogyna fundatrix</b>: in Aphids, is the immediate issue +of a fecundated egg: a stem-mother.</p> +<p><b>Pseudogyna gemmans</b>: in Aphids. are wingless descendants +of the stem-mother (fundatrix) or of the winged migrants +(migrans) which reproduce asexually through a number of +generations.</p> +<p><b>Pseudogyna migrans</b>: in Aphids, the winged descendants +of the stem- mother (fundatrix) through which the species is +spread.</p> +<p><b>Pseudogyna pupifera</b>: in Aphids, the last generation of +p. gemmans, which produces the true sexes.</p> +<p><b>Pseudogyna</b>: a female that reproduces without +impregnation.</p> +<p><b>Pseudo-halteres</b>: the rudimentary primaries of +Stylops.</p> +<p><b>Pseudo-neurium</b>: a false vein formed by a chitinous +thickening of a wing fold.</p> +<p><b>Pseudo-neuroptera</b>: those net-winged insects with +incomplete metamorphosis: includes the present Ephemeroptera, +Odonata, Plecoptera, Isoptera and Corrodentia: = Archiptera.</p> +<p><b>Pseudonychium -ia</b>: = paronychia; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pseudo-nymph</b>: = semipupa; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pseudopodia</b>: = parapodia; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pseudoptera</b>: an ordinal name for the scale insects +(Amyot 1847)</p> +<p><b>Pseudo-pupa</b>: the inactive larval stage preceding the +formation of the true pupa in some insccts; e.g. Meloidae: = +semi-pupa; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pseudo-pupillae</b>: in Odonata, the black spots seen on +the compound eyes of the living insects.</p> +<p><b>Pseudosessile</b>: those petiolate Hymenoptera, in which +the abdomen is so close to the thorax as to seem sessile.</p> +<p><b>Pseudo-trachea</b>: the ringed and ridged grooves on the +labella of Diptera, by means of which they scrape their food.</p> +<p><b>Pseudova</b>: egg-like germ cells capable of development +without fertilization e.g. in certain plant lice.</p> +<p><b>Pseudovary</b>: the organ or mass of germ cells of an +agamic insect.</p> +<p><b>Pseudo-vitellus</b>: a cellular organ in Aphididae, +supposed to replace the absent Malpighian tubules.</p> +<p><b>Psocoptera</b>: = Corrodentia; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Psychogenesis</b>: the origin and development of social and +other instincts and habits. Pterodicera: with wings and two +antenna.</p> +<p><b>Pterogostia</b>: the wing veins.</p> +<p><b>Pterogostia</b>: referring to the wing structure. +Pteropega: wing sockets or cavities into which the wings are +inserted.</p> +<p><b>Pteropleura</b>: in Diptera, are situated below the base of +the wings behind the meso-pleural suture: = the posterior lateral +plate of meso- thorax of Lowne; the episternum of meso-thorax of +Hammond.</p> +<p><b>Pteropleural bristles</b>: in Diptera, are inserted on the +pteropleura.</p> +<p><b>Pterostigma</b>: a thickened, opaque spot on the costal +margin of a wing, near its middle or at end of the radius: = +bathmis, and see stigma.</p> +<p><b>Pterotheca</b>: that part of the pupa that covers the +wings.</p> +<p><b>Pterothorax</b>: the wing-hearing thoracic segments in +Thysanoptera.</p> +<p><b>Pterygium</b>: a lateral expansion of the snout of some +Coleoptera.</p> +<p><b>Pterygodes</b>: the patagia or tegtila: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pterygogenea</b>: insects that are winged in the adult +stage or believed to be descended from winged ancestors: see +apterogogenea.</p> +<p><b>Pterygostium</b>: a wing vein.</p> +<p><b>Pterygote</b>: wing bearing.</p> +<p><b>Ptilinum</b>: in Diptera cyclorrhapha, an inflatable organ +capable of being thrust out through a frontal suture just above +the root of antenna.</p> +<p><b>Ptilota</b>: winged insects.</p> +<p><b>Pubes or Pubescence</b>: short, fine, soft, erect hair or +down.</p> +<p><b>Pubescent</b>: downy: clothed with soft, short, fine, +closely set hair.</p> +<p><b>Pubis</b>: the lateral region of the prothorax.</p> +<p><b>Pulmonarium</b>: the membranous connection of the plates or +scutes of the abdominal rings: = connexivum.</p> +<p><b>Pulsatile</b>: having the power of pulsating or moving in a +rhythmic manner: applied to special organs in the legs, which aid +in circulating the blood in these appendages.</p> +<p><b>Pulverulent</b>: powdery or dusty in appearance.</p> +<p><b>Pulvilliform</b>: having the appearance or structure of a +pulvillus.</p> +<p><b>Pulvillus -i</b>: soft, pad-like structures between tarsal +claws: the cushions of short, stiff hair or other clothing on the +underside of tarsal joints; rarely fleshy lobes: see arolium.</p> +<p><b>Pulvinatus</b>: moderately convex.</p> +<p><b>Punctate</b>: set with impressed points or punctures.</p> +<p><b>Punctiformis</b>: shaped like a point or dot.</p> +<p><b>Punctulatus</b>: with small punctures.</p> +<p><b>Puncture</b>: an impression like that made by a needle.</p> +<p><b>Punctured</b>: marked with small, impressed dots.</p> +<p><b>Puniceus</b>: carmine red [carmine].</p> +<p><b>Pupa</b>: the intermediate stage between larva and adult; +loosely applied for all orders, properly only for those with a +complete metamorphosis: a pupa is obtect, when inclosed in a +rigid case on which the members may or may not be outlined. It is +liber, or free when the appendages are separately encased and +there is no covering over the whole: see chrysalis.</p> +<p><b>Puparium -ia</b>: in Diptera, the thickened larval skin +within which the pupa is formed.</p> +<p><b>Pupate, Pupation</b>: to become a pupa: the act of becoming +a pupa.</p> +<p><b>Pupiferous</b>: applied to that generation of plant lice +which produces sexed individuals.</p> +<p><b>Pupigenous</b>: =pupiparous; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Pupigerous</b>: forming a larval pupariuni: coarctate: said +of dipterous larva that contract to form an envelope for the +inclosed pupa.</p> +<p><b>Pupil</b>: the central mark of an ocellate spot.</p> +<p><b>Pupillate</b>: spots or marks that have an eye-like +centre.</p> +<p><b>Pupipara</b>: a series of Diptera, in which the females do +not extrude the young until they have reached the stage ready to +pupate.</p> +<p><b>Pupiparous</b>: bringing forth young ready to pupate.</p> +<p><b>Pupivorous</b>: feeding upon pupa: especially applied to +those Hymenoptera that are parasitic upon insects in the pupal +stage.</p> +<p><b>Purpurascent</b>: becoming purple in shade.</p> +<p><b>Purpureous -eus</b>: purple [mauve].</p> +<p>Pustular a colored point of moderate circumference.</p> +<p><b>Pustulated hair</b>: in Mallophaga those arising from +unchitinized spaces.</p> +<p><b>Pygidium</b>: the last dorsal segment of abdomen left +exposed by the elytra: in Forficulidw, the last dorsal segment: +in Diaspincr, the compound terminal segment.</p> +<p><b>Pygofer</b>: the last segment of the abdomen in certain +Homoptera, especially the lateral margins which appear in the +ventral view; hence sometimes used in the plural - pygofers.</p> +<p><b>Pygophore</b>: the large upper piece of the genitalia in +Homoptera.</p> +<p><b>Pygotheca</b>: the parts containing the genitalia in +Homoptera.</p> +<p><b>Pyloric</b>: referring to the posterior extremity of the +chylific ventricle.</p> +<p><b>Pyloric valve</b>: the specialized posterior portion of +crop where there is no distinct gizzard.</p> +<p><b>Pyloric valvule</b>: a circular projection of the stomach +behind which is an enlargement of the intestine.</p> +<p><b>Pylorus</b>: the chylific ventricle.</p> +<p><b>Pyriform</b>: shaped like a pear.</p> +<p><a name="Toc738" id="Toc738">Q</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Quadra -ri +-ro</font>: as a prefix, means four.</b></p> +<p><b>Quadrate</b>: square or nearly so.</p> +<p><b>Quadrifarium</b>: having four rows.</p> +<p><b>Quadrilateral</b>: four-sided: formed or bounded by four +lines: in Odonata, a space on the wings of Zygoptera bounded by +the lower sector of arculus, the sub-median vein, a cross-vein +between these two, and the lower part of arculus.</p> +<p><b>Queen</b>: the actively reproducing female among worker +insects.</p> +<p><b>Quiescent</b>: not active: applied to the pupae in forms +with complete metamorphosis.</p> +<p><b>Quiet</b>: subdued: not conspicuous or contrasting in color +or maculation.</p> +<p><a name="Toc739" id="Toc739">R</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Race</font>: a +variety of a species possessing constant characters which yet are +not specific; usually occurring in a different faunal region from +the type and may thus be geographical: nearly synonymous with +subspecies.</b></p> +<p><b>Racemose</b>: like a bunch of grapes: applied to ovaries +when they form bunches or sacs.</p> +<p><b>Rachis</b>: a ridge or keel dividing the spinning canal at +base, in caterpillars; the shank of an antennal joint into which +the lateral spines or other processes are inserted.</p> +<p><b>Radial</b>: pertaining to the radius or radial vein.</p> +<p><b>Radial area</b>: in Orthoptera; the space between the +mediastinal (subcosta) and radial veins: see scapular area.</p> +<p><b>Radial cells</b>: the wing area between the radius and +media; often divided: in the plural (Comst.), are those cells +anteriorly margined by the radius or its branches.</p> +<p><b>Radial cross vein</b>: (Comst.), is that which divides +cell, radius 1.</p> +<p><b>Radial sector</b>: in general, the lower of the two primary +divisions of the radius (Comst.): in Odonata, an indirect branch +from the media, just below and parallel with media 2.</p> +<p><b>Radial vein</b>: in Homoptera, the first important vein +next the costa between it and ulnar: in Orthoptera, = radius +(Comst.): in Diptera, = 2d longitudinal vein (Meigen), = radius 2 +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Radiate veins</b>: the longitudinal veins spreading +fan-like in the anal field of secondaries: = anal veins; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Radiated</b>: marked with lines proceeding from a common +centre.</p> +<p><b>Radicle or Radicula</b>: that joint of the antenna that is +articulated to the head.</p> +<p><b>Radio-medial cross vein</b>: connects the radial and medial +systems and usually closes the radial cell (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Radius</b>: (Comst.); the third of the longitudinal veins +starting from base and dividing into not more than five branches +before reaching the margin: the branches are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, +and 5, respectively, beginning at the costal margin and extending +outward and downward.</p> +<p><b>Radix</b>: base of wings, and their point of insertion; see +pteropega.</p> +<p><b>Rami -us</b>: branches: a branch.</p> +<p><b>Ramification</b>: the branching out in every direction.</p> +<p><b>Ramify</b>: to branch out in every direction.</p> +<p><b>Rammel-kammer</b>: = copulation chamber; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Ramose -ous</b>: branched, or having long branches.</p> +<p><b>Rapacious</b>: predatory; capturing and eating prey.</p> +<p><b>Raptatory</b>: = raptorial; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Raptoria</b>: applied to that series of Orthoptera, in +which the anterior legs are fitted for grasping; Mantidae +{<i>Scanner's comment: No longer Orthoptera, but Mantodea, a +suborder of the Dictyoptera.</i>}</p> +<p><b>Raptorial</b>: formed for seizing prey.</p> +<p><b>Rare</b>: seldom seen or found.</p> +<p><b>Rasorial</b>: formed for scratching; applied to leg +structures.</p> +<p><b>Ravenous</b>: greedy; voracious; hungrily.</p> +<p><b>Receptaculum seminis</b>: a sac or pouch-like appendage at +the junction of the oviducts with the vagina; it is filled during +copulation and the eggs are fertilized from it as they are +extruded.</p> +<p><b>Reclinate</b>: directed backward; e.g. the bristles in +Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Reclinatus</b>: = reflexed; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Reclivate</b>: curved into a convex, then into a concave +line.</p> +<p><b>Recondite</b>: the sting when concealed in the abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Rectal cauda</b>: the terminal, tubular process or tail +terminating the abdomen of some male Hemiptera.</p> +<p><b>Rectal glands</b>: appendages to or thickenings of the +rectum secreting a lubricating material.</p> +<p><b>Rectal tracheal gills</b>: lamelliform structures in the +rectum of the nymphs of some Odonata, supplied with trachea and +tracheoles and serving as respiratory organs.</p> +<p><b>Rectangular</b>: in the form of a right or rectangle.</p> +<p><b>Rectangulate</b>: forming or meeting in a right angle.</p> +<p><b>Rectigrade</b>: larvae which, having sixteen feet, walk +with a rectilinear body.</p> +<p><b>Rectilinear</b>: in the form of a straight line.</p> +<p><b>Rectum</b>: a chamber, variable in size and form, just +within the anus, in which the excretions are formed or molded for +expulsion from the body:= cloaca.</p> +<p><b>Rectus</b>: right or straight.</p> +<p><b>Recumbent</b>: lying down; reclining.</p> +<p><b>Recurrent</b>: running backward: applied to nerves it = +stomatogastric.</p> +<p><b>Recurrent nervure</b>: in Hymenoptera (Nort.), is the +medial cross vein (Comst.), from the point of branching to the +junction.</p> +<p><b>Recurrent vein</b>: in Hemerobiidae, the first branch of +the subcosta when it recurves toward the base of the wing.</p> +<p><b>Recurved</b>: bowed backward.</p> +<p><b>Reductus</b>: a zig-zag marking or corrugation.</p> +<p><b>Reflected or Reflexed</b>: angularly bent backward.</p> +<p><b>Refracted</b>: bent back as if broken.</p> +<p><b>Region</b>: a space or area adjoining a specified point: a +part of the body composed of a number of segments, as the head, +the thorax, or the abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Rejuvenescence</b>: a renewal of youth; bringing back to a +condition of youth.</p> +<p><b>Remote</b>: further removed than distant.</p> +<p><b>Reniform</b>: kidney-shaped: applied to a macula +approximating that shape, found at the end of median cell in many +moths.</p> +<p><b>Repand</b>: wavy; with alternate segments of circles and +intervening angles.</p> +<p><b>Replicate</b>: wings folded back upon the base; like the +secondaries in Coleoptera.</p> +<p><b>Replicatile</b>: capable of being folded back.</p> +<p><b>Repugnatorial</b>: serving to repel: so offensive as to +drive away: applied to glands that secrete an offensive +material.</p> +<p><b>Reservoir</b>: a case or cavity for the storage of any +fluid or secretion.</p> +<p><b>Resilient</b>: elastic; having the property of springing +back.</p> +<p><b>Respiration</b>: breathing or taking breath: union of +oxygen with tissues and liberation of carbon dioxide from +same.</p> +<p><b>Restricted</b>: held back: confined to a limited area.</p> +<p><b>Resupinate</b>: upside down; horizontally reversed.</p> +<p><b>Rete</b>: the fatty mass of insects: also applied generally +to any structureless membrane or layer.</p> +<p><b>Reticulate</b>: like net-work.</p> +<p><b>Reticulum</b>: a net-work; as of a cell.</p> +<p><b>Retina</b>: that portion of the eye upon which the image is +formed.</p> +<p><b>Retinaculum</b>: in Lepidoptera, the loop into which the +frenulum of the male is fitted; = hamus, q.v.: in Hymenoptera, +horny, movable scales serving to move the sting or to prevent its +being darted out too far: in Coleoptera, the middle, tooth-like +process of the larval mandible.</p> +<p><b>Retinal pigment</b>: the pigment layer of the compound eye +just above the basilar or fenestrate membrane.</p> +<p><b>Retinophora</b>: = retinula; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Retinula -ae</b>: the retina of a single ocellus: the nerve +fibres or cells between pigment cells and retina of the compound +eye.</p> +<p><b>Retracted</b>: drawn back; opposed to prominent.</p> +<p><b>Retractile</b>: capable of being drawn in or retracted.</p> +<p><b>Retractor</b>: used in drawing in or back; as a muscle.</p> +<p><b>Retroarcuate</b>: curved backwards.</p> +<p><b>Retrocession</b>: the going or moving backward.</p> +<p><b>Retrose</b>: (sinuate), pointing backwards; (serrate) +inversely serrated.</p> +<p><b>Retuse</b>: ending in an obtuse sinus or broad, shallow +notch, terminated by an obtuse hollow.</p> +<p><b>Reversed</b>: turned in, an unusual or contrary direction, +as upside down or inside out: said of wings when they are +deflexed, the margin of secondaries projecting beyond those of +primaries.</p> +<p><b>Reviviscence</b>: coming back to life; awakening from +hibernation.</p> +<p><b>Revolute</b>: spirally rolled backward.</p> +<p><b>Rhabdites</b>: the blade-like elements of the sting and +ovipositor: a rod or bladelike process projecting from the +epidermis.</p> +<p><b>Rhabdom</b>: the rod lying in the axis of the retinula, +below the crystalline cone of an eye.</p> +<p><b>Rhabdomere</b>: the rod-like distal portion of a retinular +cell.</p> +<p><b>Rhabdopoda</b>: clasping organs of the 9th abdominal +segment of male.</p> +<p><b>Rhinarium</b>: a nostril piece or portion of the nasus: +q.v.: in Odonata, the lower portion of clypeus = ante-clypeus; +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Rhipiptera</b>: = Strepsiptera q.v.</p> +<p><b>Rhomboidal</b>: having the form of a rhomb.</p> +<p><b>Rhombus</b>: a quadrangular figure having its four sides +equal and its opposite lines parallel, with two opposite angles +acute and two obtuse.</p> +<p><b>Rhopalocera</b>: that series of Lepidoptera in which the +antenna are alike in both sexes and form a club at tip.</p> +<p><b>Rhodoptera</b>: apterous insects with sucking mouth +structures.</p> +<p><b>Rhophoteira</b>: an ordinal term for the fleas +(Clairville).</p> +<p><b>Rhynchophora</b>: that section of Coleoptera, in which the +head is produced into a snout, at the end of which the mouth +structures are situated; gular sutures confluent: prosternal +sutures wanting: the weevils.</p> +<p><b>Rhynchota</b>: = Rhyngota: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Rhynchus</b>: of Fabricius, = promuscis: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Rhyngota</b>: insects in which the mouth parts are +prolonged into a beak or rostrum which serves as a protection to +the piercing lancets: Hemiptera in the broad sense.</p> +<p><b>Rhythmical</b>: occurring at regular intervals in the +production of opposite conditions.</p> +<p><b>Rigid</b>: inflexible: holding a direct course.</p> +<p><b>Rima</b>: a crack or longitudinal opening with sharp +edges.</p> +<p><b>Rimose</b>: full of cracks.</p> +<p><b>Ring</b>: a circle or annulus, usually margining a +discolored spot.</p> +<p><b>Ringent</b>: gaping.</p> +<p><b>Riparian</b>: along the river or along shore.</p> +<p><b>Ripicolous</b>: dwelling on river banks: riparian.</p> +<p><b>Rorulentum</b>: dusty: =pulverulent: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Roseate-eous,-ens</b>: rose colored: pale blood red +[rose].</p> +<p><b>Rosette-shaped</b>: in the form of a double rose: clustered +round a centre.</p> +<p><b>Rostellum</b>: a small beak; applied to the mouth parts of +sucking lice: also used in Hemiptera, as = rostrum; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Rostral</b>: pertaining or attached to a rostrum; +specifically of Hemiptera.</p> +<p><b>Rostrate</b>: the head, when it has a long protraction +bearing the mouth parts.</p> +<p><b>Rostriform</b>: produced like a beak or snout.</p> +<p><b>Rostrum</b>: a snout-like prolongation of the head: in +Coleoptera, applied to the rigid extension in the snout beetles: +in Hemiptera, is the jointed beak covering the piercing lancets; +and this is the better use of the term.</p> +<p><b>Rotate</b>: wheel-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Rotator</b>: used for turning; applied to muscles.</p> +<p><b>Rotatory</b>: an articulation that permits a rotating +motion, e.g. a ball and socket joint.</p> +<p><b>Rotula</b>: a small round segment sometimes present between +the joints of antenna; and palpi: = torquillus.</p> +<p><b>Rotule</b>: the trochantine.</p> +<p><b>Rotundate</b>: rounded: in the form of a circle or segment +of a circle: without angles: said of margins when they pass +gradually into each other and do not form an angle at their point +of junction.</p> +<p><b>Royal jelly</b>: the food supplied to bee larva that +develop into queens.</p> +<p><b>Royal pairs or Royalties</b>: the sexually active males and +females of social insects.</p> +<p><b>Ruben</b>: red, approaching carmine [alizar crimson].</p> +<p><b>Rubescent</b>: reddish or becoming red.</p> +<p><b>Rubiginose</b>: a rusty red [dragon's blood, but +brighter].</p> +<p><b>Rubinous</b>: ruby red: like the eye of a house fly.</p> +<p><b>Rudiment -any</b>: the beginning of any structure or part +before it has developed.</p> +<p><b>Rufescent</b>: reddish.</p> +<p><b>Rufous</b>: brick-red [chronic yellow + dragon's +blood].</p> +<p><b>Ruga, Rugulae</b>: a wrinkle; small wrinkles.</p> +<p><b>Rugose -ous</b>: wrinkled: with irregular waved elevated +lines.</p> +<p>Rugulose -ous; minutely wrinkled.</p> +<p><b>Runcinate</b>: notched: cut into several transverse acute +segments which point backward.</p> +<p><b>Ruptor ovi</b>: = egg burster; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Rutilous</b>: a shining bronze red.</p> +<p><a name="Toc740" id="Toc740">S</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Sabulose</font>: +sandy or gritty.</b></p> +<p><b>Sac</b>: in Coccidae, the separate cottony envelope +secreted by many species.</p> +<p><b>Saccate</b>: gibbous or inflated toward one end.</p> +<p><b>Saccule</b>: a little sac or pouch.</p> +<p><b>Saccus</b>: a lobe of ventral plate of 9th segment in +female Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Saddle</b>: the chitinous plate on the anal siphon of +Culicid larvae.</p> +<p><b>Sagitta</b>: arrow-like spots on the wings of Lepidoptera +and other insects.</p> +<p><b>Sagittae</b>: the inner pair of forceps in male genitalia +of aculeate Hymenoptera: see stipites.</p> +<p><b>Sagittal</b>: equivalent to longitudinal.</p> +<p><b>Sagittal plane</b>: the longitudinal vertical plane which +divides an animal into right and left halves.</p> +<p><b>Sagittate</b>: shaped like an arrow head: elongate +triangular.</p> +<p><b>Salient</b>: projecting; jutting out.</p> +<p><b>Saliva</b>: the secretion of the salivary glands that +moistens and begins the digestion of the food.</p> +<p><b>Salivary glands</b>: glands that open into the mouth or at +the beginning of the alimentary canal, secreting a digestive, +irritant or viscid material.</p> +<p><b>Salivary receptacle</b>: a small cavity above the opening +of the salivary duct, between labium and hypopharynx.</p> +<p><b>Salivary pump</b>: applied to the chitinous, cup-like +structure at the base of the labial stylets of piercing Diptera; +e.g. mosquitoes.</p> +<p><b>Saltatoria</b>: that series of Orthoptera in which the +posterior legs are formed for jumping.</p> +<p><b>Saltatorial or Saltatory</b>: formed for jumping or +leaping: a posterior femur when much enlarged and dilated.</p> +<p><b>Saltatory appendage</b>: in Collembola = furcula; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Sanguineous -eus</b>: red like arterial blood [crimson +lake].</p> +<p><b>Sanguinolent</b>: bloody; in color or appearance.</p> +<p><b>Sapphyrinus</b>: sapphire blue [French blue].</p> +<p><b>Sarcolemma</b>: the elastic covering of the striated +muscular fibres.</p> +<p><b>Sarothrum</b>: the basal joint of posterior tarsus in +pollen gatherers: see metatarsus.</p> +<p><b>Saturate</b>: deeply or strongly marked; in a color, means +intense.</p> +<p><b>Saxicolous</b>: species that frequent rocky or stony +areas.</p> +<p><b>Saws</b>: the ovipositors of the saw flies or +Tenthredinidae.</p> +<p><b>Scaber</b>: uneven, rough.</p> +<p><b>Scabriculous</b>: regularly and finely wrinkled.</p> +<p><b>Scabrose -ous</b>: rough like a file, with small raised +points.</p> +<p><b>Scalariform</b>: ladder-like; applied to venation when the +veinlets between two longitudinal veins are regularly arranged +like the rungs of a ladder.</p> +<p><b>Scale</b>: a general term to distinguish Coccidae: +specifically the puparium of a Diaspid, comprising exuviae and +excreted matter: the waxy covering of a male Lecaniid: in Diptera += alula: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Scales</b>: broad flattened hairs, forming the wing +vestiture of Lepidoptera, and present in various other +insects.</p> +<p><b>Scalloped</b>: an edge marked by segments of circles +without intervening angles.</p> +<p><b>Scalpellus</b>: a lancet-like piercing structure, as in +some Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Scalpriform</b>: chisel-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Scansorial</b>: said of feet, when formed for climbing on +hair.</p> +<p><b>Scape</b>: the long basal joint of a geniculate antenna in +Coleoptera; usually applied to the three basal joints, as in +Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Scaphiform</b>: boat-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Scaphium</b>: a ventral process of the 10th abdominal +segment in male Lepidoptera below the uncus.</p> +<p><b>Scapula</b>: in Lepidoptera the shoulder tippets, patagia +or axillae; q.v.: in Hymenoptera, the side pieces of the +mesonotum; also, a trochanter of the fore-leg; in Proctotrupidae +the lateral lobes on each side of the parapsidal furrow.</p> +<p><b>Scapulae</b>: in Hemiptera, the inferior lateral face of +mesonotum.</p> +<p><b>Scapular</b>: the episternum; q.v.: applied to the +scapula.</p> +<p><b>Scapular area</b>: in a wing, is that portion nearest the +shoulder: in Orthoptera, = radial area.</p> +<p><b>Scapularia</b>: a meso-episternum: see scapula.</p> +<p><b>Scapular vein</b>: in Orthoptera, = radius.</p> +<p><b>Scapus</b>: = scape.</p> +<p><b>Scarabidoid</b>: applied to that stage of a meloid larva in +which it resembles a white grub or Scarabid larva.</p> +<p><b>Scarified</b>: a surface with irregular depressions, as if +clawed or scratched.</p> +<p><b>Scariose -ous</b>: dry and scaly.</p> +<p><b>Scatophagous</b>: feeding upon dung or excrement:= +merdivorous.</p> +<p><b>Scent glands, or organs</b>: glandular structures; +sometimes eversible, sometimes in the form of hair tufts or +pencils for diffusing odors that may be repellant or attractive; +most frequently found in males as a secondary sexual +character.</p> +<p><b>Scent pores</b>: = ostioles; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Sclerite</b>: any piece of the body wall bounded by +sutures.</p> +<p><b>Scopa</b>: a brush: a covering of short, stiff hair of +equal length: in Hymenoptera, the thick hair covering the +posterior tibia of pollen- gathering forms.</p> +<p><b>Scopate</b>: furnished with a scopa.</p> +<p><b>Scopula</b>: a small, dense tuft of hair: the bristles or +stiff hairs covering the inner side of basal joint on the tarsi +of pollen-gathering Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Scopulipedes</b>: bees which have pollen gathering +structures on the feet.</p> +<p><b>Scraper</b>: the hardened portion of the inner margin of +the tegmina in crickets used in producing the song.</p> +<p><b>Scriptus</b>: lettered or marked with characters resembling +letters.</p> +<p><b>Scrobes</b>: grooves formed for the reception or +concealment of an appendage specifically, in Rhynchophora, +grooves at the sides of the rostrum to receive the scape of +antenna 2: also applied to grooves on the sides of mandibles: in +Hymenoptera, the usually circular impressions upon the frons, in +which the scapes revolve: in Orthoptera, the pits in which the +antenna; are situate.</p> +<p><b>Scrobiculated</b>: having the surface covered with deep +round pits.</p> +<p><b>Scrotal membrane</b>: the envelope covering the testes in +some insects.</p> +<p><b>Scrotiform</b>: purse-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Scrotum</b>: = scrotal membrane; q, v.</p> +<p><b>Sculpture</b>: the markings or pattern of impression or +elevation on an elytra or other body surface.</p> +<p><b>Sculptured</b>: a surface, when marked with elevations or +depressions or both, arranged in some definite manner.</p> +<p><b>Scutate-iform</b>: shield or buckler-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Scutcheon</b>: = scutellum; q.v.: also used by some authors +(Walker) for the pronotum in Homoptera.</p> +<p><b>Scutel</b>: = scutellum: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Scutellar angle</b>: of elytra is next to the scutel when +wing is expanded.</p> +<p><b>Scutellar bridge</b>: in Diptera, a small ridge on either +side of the scutellum, connecting it with the mesonotum.</p> +<p><b>Scutellar space</b>: in Mantids, an area between antennae +and clypeus.</p> +<p><b>Scutellate</b>: dish- or platter-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Scutellum</b>: the third dorsal sclerite of the meso- and +meta-thorax: in Coleoptera, the triangular piece between the +elytra at base and universally referred to as the scutellum: in +Heteroptera, a similar sclerite between base of hemelytra: in +Diptera, a sub-hemispherical. body posteriorly cut off by an +impressed line from the dorsum of the meso-thorax.</p> +<p><b>Scutes</b>: the chitinous shields or plates on the segments +of larvae.</p> +<p><b>Scutiform</b>: = scutate; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Scutum</b>: the second dorsal sclerite of the meso- and +meta-thorax.</p> +<p><b>Seal-brown</b>: a brilliant deep red-brown: almost like, +but darker than castaneous [between dragon's blood and Indian +red].</p> +<p><b>Sebaceous</b>: fatty or oily; applied to glands secreting +such substances.</p> +<p><b>Sebific</b>: oily; sebaceous; somewhat sticky.</p> +<p><b>Sebific duct</b>: carries the excretions of the colleterial +gland to the bursa copulatrix.</p> +<p><b>Second antennal segment</b>: the third or tritocerebral +segment of head.</p> +<p><b>Secondaries</b>: the hind wings; always attached to the +meta-thorax.</p> +<p><b>Secondary sexual characters</b>: features possessed by one +sex but not the other, other than the differences of the +reproductive organs themselves; e.g. color, size, shape, etc.</p> +<p><b>Second clypeus</b>: see anteclypeus.</p> +<p><b>Second costal cell</b>: in Hymenoptera (Pack.); is the +stigma.</p> +<p><b>Second inner apical</b>: in Hymenoptera (Nort.), = media 3 +(Comst), to the junction of medial cross-vein; also called +sub-marginal nervure in part.</p> +<p><b>Second lateral thoracic suture</b>: in Odonata, extends +front base of secondaries to the rear of the third coxa.</p> +<p><b>Second longitudinal vein</b>: in Diptera:= radius 2 + 3 +(Comst). Second maxilla: the labium: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Second maxillary segment</b>: the seventh or labial segment +of head.</p> +<p><b>Second median area</b>: see median area; areola.</p> +<p><b>Second submarginal nervure</b>: Hymenoptera (Nort.), = +radius 5 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Secretion</b>: any matter produced by a gland: in Coccidae, +specifically, the waxy, fibrous, cottony or silky substances +forming the "scales."</p> +<p><b>Secretionary supplement</b>: that part of a Diaspid scale +extending beyond or around the pellicles.</p> +<p><b>Secretory</b>: concerned in the process of secretion.</p> +<p><b>Sectores coronis</b>: the tearing or cutting structures +used by the Lepidoptera in working out of a cocoon.</p> +<p><b>Sectors</b>: longitudinal veins in Odonata, which strike +the principal veins at an angle, and usually reach the apex or +hind margin: they are radial, subnodal, principal, nodal, median, +short, and upper and lower of triangle: all of which see.</p> +<p><b>Secund</b>: pointing one way: unilateral.</p> +<p><b>Securiform</b>: triangular-compressed; like the blade of a +hatchet.</p> +<p><b>Sedentary</b>: not active: settled or remaining in one +place.</p> +<p><b>Segment</b>: a ring or division bounded by incisions or +sutures: a segment of an insect or of any articulate is a +transverse portion reaching entirely across the body, originally +separated on the exterior by incisions or sutures from the +preceding and the succeeding segments, having attached to it not +more than one pair of ventral appendages, containing internally +not more than one pair of nerve ganglia which supply nerves to +the pair of appendages; = somite, arthromere: fusion of segments +frequently obscures, as in the head: externally the walls of one +segment may be composed of a number of sclerites separated from +each other by secondary sutures.</p> +<p><b>Segmentate</b>: made up of rings or segments.</p> +<p><b>Segmentation of egg</b>: the division of the originally +single celled egg into a number of coherent cells or blastomeres; += cleavage.</p> +<p><b>Segregated</b>: detached or scattered into groups.</p> +<p><b>Segregation</b>: a separation or placing apart.</p> +<p><b>Sejunctus</b>: separated.</p> +<p><b>Sellate</b>: saddle-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Sematophore</b>: a seminal packet, composed of the seminal +fluid mixed with the excretions of the accessory glands.</p> +<p><b>Sembling</b>: = assembling; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Semen</b>: the fluid secreted in the testes, containing the +spermatozoa.</p> +<p><b>Semi-</b>: half.</p> +<p><b>Semicircular</b>: like the half of a circle.</p> +<p><b>Semi-complete</b>: in metamorphosis, = incomplete; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Semicordate</b>: half or partly heart-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Semicoronate</b>: partly surrounded by a margin of spines, +hooks or the like.</p> +<p><b>Semicoronet</b>: a margin of spines or hooks partly +surrounding a structure or process.</p> +<p><b>Semi-cylindrical</b>: like a groove or half a cylinder.</p> +<p><b>Semi-hyaline</b>: hyaline in part only: not altogether +transparent.</p> +<p><b>Semi-looper</b>: a caterpillar in which one or two pairs +only of the abdominal legs are wanting and where in progression, +only small loops are formed: see looper.</p> +<p><b>Semi-lunar</b>: in the form of half a crescent.</p> +<p><b>Semi-lunar valve</b>: guards the auriculo-ventricular +opening of the heart.</p> +<p><b>Seminal ducts</b>: = vasa deferentia; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Seminal vesicles</b>: enlarged tube or pouch-like +structures which serve to store the seminal fluid of the male, +and in which the later stages of its development may take +place.</p> +<p><b>Seminiferous</b>: semen-secreting.</p> +<p><b>Semipupa</b>: that stage of the larva just preceding +pupation: more specifically the interpolated stage between the +active larva and the true pupa, in hyper-metamorphosis.</p> +<p><b>Semi-saggitate</b>: like the longitudinal half of an arrow +head.</p> +<p><b>Semitropical or Gulf strip</b>: is the southern part of the +Austro-riparian area extends from Texas to Southern Florida, +covers a narrow strip in So. Georgia and probably follows the +coastal lowlands into South Carolina.</p> +<p><b>Sensim</b>: gradually.</p> +<p><b>Sensoria</b>: the circular openings covered by membrane, on +the antenna or legs of plant lice.</p> +<p><b>Sensory</b>: relating to or having a sense function.</p> +<p><b>Sensory pittings</b>: deep pits or punctures through the +surface, which may or may not bear pegs, bristles or seta, and +may be open or covered by a membrane; serving as organs of +perception for sounds or smells.</p> +<p><b>Septa, Septula</b>: in Odonata, the triangular area of the +mesonotum before the insertion of the primaries: = calli +axillary.</p> +<p><b>Septum</b>: an internal division of a body cavity.</p> +<p><b>Sequence</b>: the order in which things follow; e.g. +species or genera.</p> +<p><b>Seriatim</b>: placed in longitudinal rows.</p> +<p><b>Sericeous</b>: silky: clothed with very dense minute hair +which gives a silky lustre.</p> +<p><b>Sericterium -ies</b>: the silk producing gland or glands in +caterpillars: the spinning structures.</p> +<p><b>Series</b>: a group of species, genera or families, +arranged to show agreement in a common character which is not of +sufficient importance to warrant the next higher division.</p> +<p><b>Serific glands</b>: are these which produce a thick, +mucous-like secretion which, on hardening, forms silk.</p> +<p><b>Serosa</b>: the outer membrane that envelops the forming +embryo, the amnion and the remainder of the egg.</p> +<p><b>Serpentinous</b>: a dirty, dark green [Hooker's green].</p> +<p><b>Serra</b>: a saw or saw-like part.</p> +<p><b>Serrate</b>: saw-toothed, the teeth set toward one end.</p> +<p><b>Serrato-dentate</b>: toothed, the edges themselves +saw-toothed.</p> +<p><b>Serratulate</b>: with little teeth or serrations.</p> +<p><b>Serricornia</b>: that series of Coleoptera in which the +antenna are serrate or saw-toothed.</p> +<p><b>Serriferous</b>: possessing a saw-like ovipositor in the +female; the saw- flies.</p> +<p><b>Serrulate</b>: with numerous little saw teeth.</p> +<p><b>Serum</b>: the fluid in which the blood corpuscles float or +are suspended.</p> +<p><b>Sesquialter or Sesquiocellus</b>: a large ocellus including +a smaller one.</p> +<p><b>Sesquitertial</b>: occupying a fourth part.</p> +<p><b>Sessile</b>: closely seated: the abdomen, when it is +closely attached for nearly or quite its full width to the +thorax.</p> +<p><b>Sessiliventres</b>: Hymenoptera in which the abdomen is +sessile.</p> +<p><b>Seta -ae</b>: a pointed bristle or long stiff hair: +slender, hair-like appendages.</p> +<p><b>Setaceous</b>: bristle-shaped: slender, gradually tapering +to a tip.</p> +<p><b>Setarious aristate</b>: the dipterous antenna when the +arista is simple.</p> +<p><b>Setiferous</b>: = setigercus; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Setiform</b>: in the form of a bristle or seta: when a +slender short bristle arises from a thicker basal joint.</p> +<p><b>Setigenous</b>: the hypodermal cells that give rise to +setae.</p> +<p><b>Setigerous</b>: bearing setae or bristles; e.g. +punctures.</p> +<p><b>Setiparous</b>: producing hair or sets.</p> +<p><b>Setireme</b>: the hairy, oar-like legs of aquatic +insects.</p> +<p><b>Setose -ous</b>: bristly or set with bristles.</p> +<p><b>Setula</b>: a small stiff bristle or seta: in Diptera, the +small thorn at the end of the subcosta.</p> +<p><b>Setulose</b>: clothed with fine seta or setulae.</p> +<p><b>Sex</b>: as a number, six: the physical difference between +male and female: usually indicated by the sign of Mars (?) for +male, and Venus (?) for female; workers or undeveloped females +have the sign of Venus without the cross line, or a combination +of the two others.</p> +<p><b>Sexuparae</b>: that generation of plant lice which produces +the true sexes.</p> +<p><b>Shade</b>: a cloudy, ill-defined streak or band.</p> +<p><b>Shagreened</b>: a surface roughened with minute tooth-like +projections.</p> +<p><b>Shank</b>: = tibia; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Shard</b>: a chitinous sheath or elytron.</p> +<p><b>Sharp</b>: with a pointed tip or thin edge; opposed to +blunt.</p> +<p><b>Sheath of penis</b>: in Odonata, a median, hood-like piece +between the hamules, under which the penis is folded when not in +use.</p> +<p><b>Shin</b>: = tibia; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Short sector</b>: in Odonata, = media 4 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Shoulder</b>: loosely applied to an obtuse angulation; more +generally to the humeral angle of fore wings or elytra: the +anterior angles of thorax in Lepidoptera; the angles of prothorax +in Heteroptera: the lateral angles of metazona of pronotum in +Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Sialisterium</b>: a salivary gland.</p> +<p><b>Side</b>: the lateral margin of the body.</p> +<p><b>Side piece</b>: in genitalia of male Culicids the main +lateral part of the clasping organ or basal segment of clasp.</p> +<p><b>Sides of thorax</b>: in Odonata, includes the pleura of +meso- and meta- thorax, less the meso-episterna.</p> +<p><b>Sienna</b>: a brownish orange [brown ochre].</p> +<p><b>Sigmoid</b>: shaped like the Greek letter sigma, or English +S.</p> +<p><b>Signate -us</b>: = with marks or spots; see notate.</p> +<p><b>Signature</b>: a colored blotch of any size or shape.</p> +<p><b>Silaceous</b>: = ochraceous.</p> +<p><b>Silk</b>: the hardened salivary secretion of certain +larvae, mainly of Lepidoptera. similar material is produced by +anal glands of some larva in Neuroptera.</p> +<p><b>Silk-glands</b>: a pair of modified salivary glands in +certain larva, mostly of Lepidoptera that secrete a viscid fluid +which, on contact with the air, hardens into a silken fibre.</p> +<p><b>Silvicolous</b>: living in moist, shady woods.</p> +<p><b>Simple, Simplex</b>: without process, armature, or +appendage of any kind.</p> +<p><b>Simple eyes</b>: = ocelli; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Sinciput</b>: in Coleoptera; that part of the vertex +between the eyes.</p> +<p><b>Sinistrad</b>: toward the left.</p> +<p><b>Sinistral</b>: extending to or at the left from the median +line.</p> +<p><b>Sinistro-caudad</b>: extending obliquely from the left +toward the tail.</p> +<p><b>Sinistro-cephalad</b>: extending obliquely from the left +toward the head.</p> +<p><b>Sinuate</b>: cut into sinuses; applied to lines and margins +with an in and out curve.</p> +<p><b>Sinuated</b>: winding: with the edge scooped into +sinuses.</p> +<p><b>Sinuato-convex</b>: sinuate and convex.</p> +<p><b>Sinuato-lobate</b>: sinuate and lobed.</p> +<p><b>Sinuato-truncate</b>: truncated, with the margin +sinuate.</p> +<p><b>Sinuous</b>: undulating; curved in and out.</p> +<p><b>Sinus</b>: a curvilinear indentation more or less profound: +an excavation as if scooped out: a curved break in an otherwise +straight margin.</p> +<p><b>Siphon</b>: a tube-like mouth organ in certain insects: the +breathing tube of a Culicid larva: any tubular external process +or structure.</p> +<p><b>Siphonaptera</b>: an ordinal name for insects which are +wingless: mouth formed for piercing and sucking; saltatorial; +transformations complete: the fleas = Aphaniptera; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Siphonata</b>: = Homoptera or, more specifically, plant +lice and leaf hoppers.</p> +<p><b>Siphonets</b>: see honey tubes.</p> +<p><b>Siphonophora</b>: = Coccinellidae; the term is preoccupied +in the Coelenterates.</p> +<p><b>Siphunculata</b>: the sucking lice.</p> +<p><b>Siphunculus</b>: the suctorial organ of a louse, contained +within the tubule: in plant lice =honey tubes; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Situ (in)</b>: in its natural place or position.</p> +<p><b>Sixth longitudinal vein</b>: in Diptera; = 1st anal vein +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Skeleton</b>: the hard chitinous parts which externally +(exoskeleton) or internally (endoskeleton) form a protective +covering, or serve as points of attachment, to muscles and other +soft organs.</p> +<p><b>Skippers</b>: a popular term for Hesperid butterflies: the +dipterous larva sometimes found in cheese and other +provisions.</p> +<p><b>Slaty</b>: very dark blackish gray with a reddish tinge +[neutral with a little Indian red].</p> +<p><b>Slug</b>: in general, any larva that has a slimy viscid +appearance, and the body closely applied to the food plant: more +specifically, the larvae of certain saw-flies and of some +Coleoptera.</p> +<p><b>S. M. interspace</b>: sub-median interspace in the +primaries of Lepidoptera, includes the space between the median +and sub-median veins; (cubitus and 1st anal, Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Smaltinus</b>: a dull grayish blue.</p> +<p><b>Smaragdinus</b>: emerald green [pale green].</p> +<p><b>Smooth</b>: a surface without elevations or +indentations.</p> +<p><b>Snout</b>: the prolongation of the head in Rhynchophora at +the end of which the mouth parts are situated: see rostrum.</p> +<p><b>Social</b>: living in communities: more especially those +species in which undeveloped or worker forms occur and where the +colony has a single female head.</p> +<p><b>Soldiers</b>: in termites; forms sexually undeveloped, in +which the mandibles are pincer-like and the head is much +enlarged: worker majors in certain ants.</p> +<p><b>Solid</b>: applied to an organ usually jointed, when these +joints form into one mass; e.g. the capitulum of certain clavate +antennae.</p> +<p><b>Solitary-arius</b>: occurring singly or in pairs; not in +colonies.</p> +<p><b>Somatic</b>: relating to the body, or abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Somatotheca</b>: that part of pupa covering abdominal +rings:= gasterotheca.</p> +<p><b>Somite</b>: = arthromere.</p> +<p><b>Sonifaction</b>: the production of sound: = stridulation; +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Sonoran faunal areas</b>: see upper and lower Sonoran.</p> +<p><b>Sonorific</b>: sound producing: applied to stridulating +organs.</p> +<p><b>Sordid</b>: dirty; dull.</p> +<p><b>Spadiceous</b>: bay brown [dragon's blood + brown +ochre].</p> +<p><b>Spado</b>: the worker or neuter in bees and ants.</p> +<p><b>Sparse</b>: scattered: single hairs, scales or sculptures +set well apart.</p> +<p><b>Spatha</b>: a median piece in male genitalia of aculeate +Hymenoptera, covering the bases of the sagitte.</p> +<p><b>Spatula</b>: the breast bone (q.v.) of cecidomyid +larvae.</p> +<p><b>Spatulate</b>: rounded and broad at top, attenuate at +base.</p> +<p><b>Specialization</b>: the adaptation of an organ to a +definite purpose, or of an organism to fit a determinate +environment.</p> +<p><b>Species</b>: an aggregation of individuals alike in +appearance and structure, mating freely and producing young that +themselves mate freely and bear fertile offspring resembling each +other and their parents: a species includes all its varieties and +races.</p> +<p><b>Specific character</b>: a feature common to all individuals +of a species, by means of which they may be distinguished from +all other individuals of other species: = essential +character.</p> +<p><b>Specular</b>: mirror-like: transparent.</p> +<p><b>Specular membrane</b>: in male Cicada, the inner or +posterior mirror-like membrane of the sound-organ: = mirror.</p> +<p><b>Speculum</b>: a transparent area or spot on wings of some +Lepidoptera; the glassy areas at base of tegmina in male +Orthoptera that serve as sounding boards: a spot on the neck of +some caterpillars.</p> +<p><b>Sperm</b>: the seminal fluid: in plural form is sometimes +used as = spermatozoa; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Spermatheca</b>: = spermatotheca; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Spermatid</b>: the final cells which are converted without +further division into spermatozoa: they arise by division of the +second spermatocytes (Wilson).</p> +<p><b>Spermatocytes</b>: the cells arising from the +spermatogonia. The primary spermatocyte arises by growth of one +of the last generation of spermatogonia. By its division are +formed two secondary spermatocytes, each of which give rise to +two spermatids (Wilson).</p> +<p><b>Spermatogenesis</b>: the development of spermatozoa.</p> +<p><b>Spermatogonia</b>: the descendants of the primordial germ +cells in the male. Each ultimate spermatogonium typically gives +rise to four spermatozoa.</p> +<p><b>Spermatophora</b>: a sac or case containing +spermatozoa.</p> +<p><b>Spermatotheca</b>: the sac or reservoir in the female, that +receives the sperm during coition: = spermatheca and receptaculum +seminis.</p> +<p><b>Spermatozoön-zoa</b>: the male cell or cells which, by +uniting with the ova, fertilize them.</p> +<p><b>Spherical</b>: in the form of a sphere: a body in which all +diameters are equal.</p> +<p><b>Spherule</b>: a minute sphere or globule.</p> +<p><b>Spicula</b>: a slender needle-like process: e.g. the sting +in bees: also employed as = ovipositor: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Spiculiform</b>: like a slender, needle-like process.</p> +<p><b>Spiculum</b>: a small spicule or thin, pointed process.</p> +<p><b>Spinate</b>: produced into an acuminate spine.</p> +<p><b>Spindle-shaped</b>: cylindrical, elongate, thicker in the +middle, tapering to each end: fusiform.</p> +<p><b>Spine</b>: a sharp process: in Coccidae there are two, one +each side of each segment of the pygidium.</p> +<p><b>Spiniferous</b>: bearing, or clothed with spines.</p> +<p><b>Spiniform</b>: in the form or shape of a spine.</p> +<p><b>Spinneret</b>: the ligula in bombycid and some other +larvae, modified for silk spinning: any organ consisting of an +internal tube, terminating in a pore, spine or process, producing +a silky or waxy fibre: in the plural, the organs concerned in the +emission of the silky or cottony filaments of which the scales or +sacs of Coccidae are produced: = fusulus.</p> +<p><b>Spinose -ous -ed</b>: set with acute processes or +spines.</p> +<p><b>Spinous-radiate</b>: beset with spines in a circle, either +concatenate, united at their bases, or setaceous, like +bristles.</p> +<p><b>Spinulae</b>: spinous processes at the apex of the tibia: +also called spines, spurs or heels.</p> +<p><b>Spinulate -ose</b>: set with little spines or spinules.</p> +<p><b>Spinules</b>: little spines.</p> +<p><b>Spira</b>: the coiled ovipositor of Cynipidae.</p> +<p><b>Spiracle -cula</b>: a breathing pore: q.v.: in the plural +the lateral openings on the segments of the insect body through +which air enters the tracheae:= stigmata.</p> +<p><b>Spiracular area</b>: the anterior of the three areas +between lateral and pleural carinae on the metanotum of some +Hymenoptera: =first pleural area.</p> +<p><b>Spiracular line</b>: in caterpillars is that which includes +the spiracles: = stigmatal.</p> +<p><b>Spiracular sulcus</b>: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, is +a grooved linear channel extending from spiracle to apical +margin.</p> +<p><b>Spiral</b>: rolled up like a watch spring, or twisted like +a cork-screw. {<i>Scanner's comment: Nowadays it is more correct +to regard the corkscrew as helical and the watch spring as +spiral</i>.}</p> +<p><b>Spiral fibre</b>: the spiral thickening or folding of the +chitinous lining of a trachea, which gives to the latter its +characteristic microscopic appearance as well as its support and +elasticity:= ctenidium.</p> +<p><b>Spirignath</b>: = spiritrompe.</p> +<p><b>Spiritrompe</b>: the spiral tongue in Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Splanchnic</b>: applied to the outer embryonic layer of the +rudiment of the mid-intestine: or the inner layer of the mesoderm +which, becoming applied to the walls of the alimentary canal, +develops into the muscle fibres thereof.</p> +<p><b>Splendens -ent</b>: shining: with a metallic glitter.</p> +<p><b>Splitter</b>: one who splits or describes species or genera +upon minute characters which the "Lumper" (q.v.) deems +insufficient to authorize them.</p> +<p><b>Spongioplasm</b>: the net-like structure of protoplasm in a +cell.</p> +<p><b>Spongiose</b>: a soft, elastic tissue resembling a +sponge.</p> +<p><b>Spoon</b>: = bouton; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Spring</b>: in Collembola. = furcula: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Spur</b>: a short, stiff, generally blunt process and +usually not articulated at its base: in the plural refers to +paired spiniform processes at or near the end of tibia:.</p> +<p><b>Spur formula</b>: a numerical expression of their +arrangement; as 2-3-4; two spurs on fore tibia, 3 on middle, and +4 on posterior; in Trichoptera.</p> +<p><b>Spurius</b>: false: applied to aborted anterior legs in +some diurnal Lepidoptera. Spurious cell: in Diptera (Pack.), = 3d +anal (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Spurious veins</b>: certain folds or thickenings in the +wing surface which resemble a vein so nearly as to be readily +mistaken and sufficiently constant to be useful in +classification.</p> +<p><b>Squama</b>: in Odonata, the sclerite that bears the palpus +of both maxilla and labium: the scale-like first abdominal +segment of some ants: a scale-like appendage covering the base of +primaries in Lepidoptera, and so = patagium; q.v.: a small scale +above the halteres in Diptera: in this order Packard uses squama +for the lobed scale and restricts alula to the lobe-like +appendage: Osten-Sacken uses squama for the posterior scale alone +and antisquama for the anterior.</p> +<p><b>Squames</b>: the flattened, fimbriated or spine-like +marginal processes of the pygidium in Diaspinae, other than the +lobes and true spines: = "plates," of Comst.; or "scaly hairs" of +Maskell.</p> +<p><b>Squamiform</b>: having a scale-like form.</p> +<p><b>Squamose -ous</b>: scaly or covered with scales.</p> +<p><b>Squamula</b>: a small corneous scale covering the base of +primaries in some insects: = tegula, q.v.: in Diptera, = +alula.</p> +<p><b>Squarrous</b>: scurfy: clothed with rough scales differing +in direction, standing upright, or not parallel to the +surface.</p> +<p><b>Stadium -ia</b>: the interval between the molts of larvae:= +instar q.v.: any one period in the development of an insect.</p> +<p><b>Stage</b>: refers to the period of development; e.g. +larval, pupal, etc.</p> +<p><b>Stalked bodies</b>: = gyri cerebrales; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Stellate</b>: star-shaped; with four or five radiating +lines.</p> +<p><b>Stelocyttares</b>: social wasps in which the comb layers of +the nest are supported by pillars and not connected with the +envelope: see poecilocyttares and phragmocyttares.</p> +<p><b>Stemapoda</b>: the modified filamentous anal legs of Cerura +and other Notodontid larvae.</p> +<p><b>Stemmata</b>: simple eyes or ocelli; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Stem-mother</b>: in plant lice; that form hatching from the +winter egg, which starts a series of agamic summer +generations.</p> +<p><b>Stenocephalous</b>: with a narrow, elongate head.</p> +<p><b>Stenorhynchan</b>: narrow beaked or snouted.</p> +<p><b>Stenothorax</b>: a supposed ring between pro- and +meso-thorax.</p> +<p><b>Stercoral</b>: relating or pertaining to excrement.</p> +<p><b>Sterile</b>: not capable of reproducing its kind.</p> +<p><b>Sternal orifice</b>: in Perlids; a peculiar slit on each +side of the sternum, extending inward and ending blindly := +furcal orifice.</p> +<p><b>Sternal spatula</b>: = breast-bone; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Sternauli</b>: the short and often obsolete furrows on +either side of the mesosternum in Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Sternellum</b>: the second sclerite of the ventral part of +each thoracic segment frequently divided into longitudinal parts +which may be widely separated.</p> +<p><b>Sternite</b>: the ventral piece in a ring or segment.</p> +<p><b>Sternopleura</b>: in Diptera, the lower part of the pleura, +below the sternopleural suture and above the front coxa.</p> +<p><b>Sternopleural bristles</b>: in Diptera, are situated on the +sternopleura below the sternopleural suture.</p> +<p><b>Sternopleural suture</b>: in Diptera, is below and nearly +parallel with dorso-pleural suture, separating the mesopleura +from the sternopleura.</p> +<p><b>Sterno-rhabdite</b>: a sternal rhabdite.</p> +<p><b>Sternorhynchi</b>: that series of Homoptera in which the +beak or rostrum apparently arises from the sternum between the +anterior coxae; e.g. plant lice, etc.</p> +<p><b>Sternum -a</b>: the breast: the middle portion of the under +surface of thorax, between the coxal cavities.</p> +<p><b>Stethidium</b>: the trunk: the entire thorax with all its +appendages.</p> +<p><b>Stigma</b>: a spiracle or breathing pore: a dense, often +discolored portion of the costal margin of a wing, usually at the +end of the radius; see anastomosis: in Diptera, a colored wing +spot near the tip of the auxiliary vein: in Lepidoptera, the +specialized patch of black scales on the primaries of +Hesperidae.</p> +<p><b>Stigmata</b>: the spiracles: also applied to the two spots, +orbicular and reniform, in the cell of the primaries of certain +moths.</p> +<p><b>Stigmatal line</b>: in caterpillars, = spiracular; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Stigmatiferous</b>: applied to processes or structures +bearing spiracles or stigmata.</p> +<p><b>Stimuli</b>: the small acute spines on some larva, +especially wood-borers</p> +<p><b>Sting</b>: the modified ovipositor in aculeate +Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Stipes</b>: the foot-stalk of the maxilla; articulated +partly to the head, partly to the cardo, and bearing the movable +parts: modified into a piercing structure in some Diptera and +into a lever for flexing the proboscis in others.</p> +<p><b>Stipitate</b>: supported on a stalk or pedicle.</p> +<p><b>Stipites</b>: the outer pair of forceps in male genitalia +of aculeate Hymenoptera see sagittae.</p> +<p><b>S. T. line</b>: sub-terminal line; crosses the primaries of +many moths just before the outer margin.</p> +<p><b>S. T. space</b>: the area between the t.p. line and s. t. +line in moths.</p> +<p><b>Stirps</b>: a stock or stem: a division of classification +similar to super-family: not used at present.</p> +<p><b>Stoma -ata</b>: a breathing pore or pores:= stigma; +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Stomach</b>: that portion of the alimentary canal, +immediately following the gizzard and preceding the ileum, into +which most of the digestive juices are poured = chylific +ventricle.</p> +<p><b>Stomatodaeum</b>: that invagination of the ectoderm that +forms the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, crop and gizzard.</p> +<p><b>Stomatogastric</b>: that system of nerves and ganglia, +lying along the dorsal and lateral surfaces of gullet and +crop.</p> +<p><b>Stomatotheca</b>: that part of the pupa covering the mouth +structures.</p> +<p><b>Stramineous -eus</b>: straw yellow [pale clay yellow].</p> +<p><b>Strangulate</b>: constricted, as if by bands or cords.</p> +<p><b>Stratified</b>: arranged or made up in layers.</p> +<p><b>Strepsiptera</b>: twisted-wing: an ordinal term proposed +for the parasitic Stylopidae, now ranged as a family of +Coleoptera = Rhipiptera.</p> +<p><b>Stria</b>: in Coleoptera, a longitudinal depressed line or +furrow, frequently punctured, extending from base to apex of +elytra: in Lepidoptera, a fine transverse line: in general, any +longitudinal impressed line.</p> +<p><b>Striate -ed</b>: marked with parallel, fine, impressed +lines; or, in Lepidoptera, with numerous fine transverse +lines.</p> +<p><b>Stridulate</b>: to make a creaking noise by rubbing +together two ridged or roughened surfaces.</p> +<p><b>Stridulation</b>: a creaking sound produced by rubbing +together two striated or otherwise roughened surfaces: the act of +stridulating or the noise produced by it.</p> +<p><b>Striga</b>: a narrow, transverse line or slender streak, +either surface or impressed. {<i>Scanner's note: the proper +plural is strigae</i>}</p> +<p><b>Strigate</b>: having striga: applied to a surface on which +the striga are impressed as in the elytra of some beetles, or to +an ornamentation composed of fine, short lines. {<i>Scanner's +note: sic; the proper plural is strigae</i>}</p> +<p><b>Strigile -is</b>: maculation that consists of parallel +longitudinal lines: a deep sinus near base of first joint of +anterior tarsus.</p> +<p><b>Strigillate -ation</b>: = stridulate -anon; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Strigose</b>: clothed with rigid bristles that are thickest +at base: rough, with sharp bristles: = hispid.</p> +<p><b>Strigula</b>: a fine short transverse mark or line.</p> +<p><b>Strigulated</b>: with numerous strigulae.</p> +<p><b>Striolate -us</b>: with finely impressed parallel +lines.</p> +<p><b>Stripe</b>: a longitudinal streak of color different from +the ground.</p> +<p><b>Style</b>: in Aphids, the slender tubular process at the +end of the abdomen: in Coccids, a long spine-like appendage at +the end of the abdomen of the male; = genital spike: in Diptera, +the ovipositor (Loew); the single immovable organ immediately +below the forceps in male Tipulidae (O-S.) a thickened jointed +arista at or near the tip of the third antennal joint in the +plural form applied to small, usually pointed, exarticulate +appendages, most frequently found on the terminal segments of +abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Stylet</b>: a small style or stiff process: one of the +piercing mouth structures in Diptera and Hemiptera.</p> +<p><b>Styliform</b>: in the shape of a stylus: terminating in a +long slender point, like the antenna in some Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Stylopized</b>: infested by a member of the Stylopidae.</p> +<p><b>Stylotrachealis</b>: with a long tube bearing a stigma, +from the head case; as the pupa of some Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Stylus</b>: a small, pointed, non-articulated process.</p> +<p><b>Sub-</b>: as a prefix, means that the main term is not +entirely applicable, but must be understood as modified in some +way; e.g. sub-ovate, may be either more or less than ovate and +may be irregular in outline.</p> +<p><b>Sub-aduncate</b>: somewhat hooked or curved.</p> +<p><b>Sub-anal plate</b>: Orthoptera; = sub-genital lamina; +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Sub-apical lobe</b>: of male genitalia in Culicids is the +inner sub-apical lobe of the side piece.</p> +<p><b>Sub-apterous</b>: almost wingless; with rudimentary wings +only.</p> +<p><b>Sub-clavate</b>: somewhat thickened toward tip; but not +quite club- shaped.</p> +<p><b>Sub-coriaceous</b>: somewhat leathery.</p> +<p><b>Sub-cortical</b>: beneath the bark; as in larval borings, +etc.</p> +<p><b>Subcosta</b>: (Comst.); that longitudinal vein extending +parallel to the costa and reaching the outer margin before the +apex; not branched as a rule of Packard, in Hymenoptera, = radius +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Subcostal cell</b>: in Diptera (Schiner), = marginal cell +(Loew), = radial 1 (Comst.) in the plural (Comst.), all those +cells anteriorly margined by the subcosta first s.c. cell in +Hymenoptera (Pack.), = radial and first radial 1 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Subcostal crossveins</b>: in Odonata, are between subcosta +and media on the basal side of the first antecubital.</p> +<p><b>Subcostal fold or furrow</b>: lies between costa and +radius.</p> +<p><b>Subcostal nervule</b>: Lepidoptera, on secondaries:= media +1 (Comst.): s.c. 1 = radius 1 (Comst.); s.c. 2:= radius 2 +(Comst.) s.c. 3 = radius 3 (Comst) s.c. 4 = radius 4 (Comst.) +s.c. 5 = radius 5 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Subcostal vein</b>: in Diptera (Schiner), = 1st +longitudinal vein (Meigen) radius 1 (Comst.): in Lepidoptera, +runs from base, parallel to costa, to or beyond the middle, +giving rise to branches which extend to the outer margin and thus += radius (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Sub-cristate</b>: with a moderately elevated ridge or keel +on pronotum, in Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Subcutaneous</b>: under the skin: applied to larvae that +feed under the skin of animals or within the substance of a +leaf.</p> +<p><b>Sub-dorsal</b>: the space between the dorsum and the +stigmata.</p> +<p><b>Sub-dorsal line</b>: in caterpillars is to the side of the +dorsal and between it and the lateral or, if there is an addorsal +line, between that and the lateral.</p> +<p><b>Sub-dorsal ridge</b>: in slug caterpillars, extends +longitudinally along the sub-dorsal row of abdominal +tubercles.</p> +<p><b>Sub-equal</b>: similar, but not quite equal in size, form +or other characters.</p> +<p><b>Sub-eroded</b>: wing margins when somewhat, but +irregularly, indented.</p> +<p><b>Sub-falcate</b>: when a wing is only a little excavated +below the apex.</p> +<p><b>Subfamily</b>: a division of classification containing a +group of closely allied genera; different from other allied +groups, yet not so as to make a family series: opinionative, and +ending in -inae.</p> +<p><b>Sub-fossorial</b>: legs used in digging: yet not greatly +modified.</p> +<p><b>Sub-frontal</b>: close to the front; immediately behind the +front margin.</p> +<p><b>Sub-fulcrum</b>: a sclerite between mentum and palpiger: +rarely present.</p> +<p><b>Sub-fusiform</b>: somewhat spindle-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Subgalea</b>: a maxillary sclerite or segment, attached to +the stipes, and bearing the galea or outer lobe.</p> +<p><b>Sub-geniculate</b>: applied to antennae that are +articulated from a short, thick scope.</p> +<p><b>Subgenital lamina or plates</b>: plates underlying the +genital organs in Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Subgenus</b>: a division within a genus, based upon a +character not sufficient for generic separation; +opinionative.</p> +<p><b>Subglossa</b>: in Odonata; a sclerite between the two +halves of the mentum (Graber): is really the true mentum.</p> +<p><b>Sub-imago</b>: sometimes applied as = nymph: that stage in +Ephemerida just after emergence from the pupa and before the +final molt during flight: that stage in the development of +insects with free pupa when the insect is fully colored but yet +retains its pupal position.</p> +<p><b>Sub-labrum</b>: =epipharynx; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Sublingual</b>: beneath the tongue; applied to a pair of +salivary glands in bees.</p> +<p><b>Submargin -al</b>: an imaginary portion of a surface +outside of the disk and within the margin: a line is submarginal +when it is well within the margin but close to it.</p> +<p><b>Submarginal area</b>: of secondaries, lies between the +costal margin and the 1st strong vein.</p> +<p><b>Submarginal cells</b>: in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radial +cells (Comst.): in Diptera (Will.); = radial 3 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Submarginal nervure</b>: in Hymenoptera (Nort.); the +irregular line of veins extending on the whole parallel with the +outer margin; composed in part of media 1, 2, 3 and 4, the medial +cross vein and cubitus 1 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Submedian cells</b>: in Hymenoptera (Pack.); 1st = cubital ++ cubital 1 (Comst.) 2d = medial 3 (Comst.); 3d = 2d medial 2 +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Submedian vein</b>: in Odonata, =cubitus (Comst.); in +Lepidoptera, = 1st anal (Comst.), runs from base of primaries to +the hind angle, close to the inner margin and is v. 1 of the +numerical series.</p> +<p><b>Submental</b>: pertaining to the submentum.</p> +<p><b>Submental peduncle</b>: in Coleoptera, the prolonged +portion of the gula supporting the mentum.</p> +<p><b>Submentum</b>: the basal sclerite of the labium, by means +of which it is attached to the head.</p> +<p><b>Subnodal sector</b>: in Odonata, = radial sector +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Sub-nymph</b>: applied to the resting or pupal stage of +female Coccidae; also to a supernumerary stage before the +formation of the pupa, and thus = pseudo-pupa.</p> +<p><b>Sub-ocellate</b>: an ocellate spot that is blind or without +a pupil.</p> +<p><b>Sub-ocular</b>: beneath or below the eyes.</p> +<p><b>Sub-oesophageal ganglion</b>: situated in the head below +the oesophagus, formed by a union of the posterior three +primitive head ganglia.</p> +<p><b>Suborder</b>: a division of an order higher than a family, +based on a character common to a large series of species; e.g. +the Homoptera and Heteroptera in the order of Hemiptera.</p> +<p><b>Sub-pedunculate</b>: in Coleoptera, when the constriction +between pro- and meso-thorax is so great as to give the +appearance of a narrow waist.</p> +<p><b>Subreniform</b>: a rounded spot or outline, below and +sometimes attached to the reniform spot in Catocala and some +allied Noctuids.</p> +<p><b>Sub-parallel</b>: nearly parallel.</p> +<p><b>Sub-primary sub-ventral tubercle</b>: on the thoracic and +abdominal segments of caterpillars; sub-ventral, posterior, not +present in the primitive first stage; it is VI of the abdomen, V +of the thorax: constant.</p> +<p><b>Sub-sellate</b>: nearly like or approaching the form of a +saddle.</p> +<p><b>Sub-servate</b>: denticulate.</p> +<p><b>Subspecies</b>: a well-marked form of a species differing +from the type in some character of color or maculation which is +recognizable but does not prevent a fertile union: an indefinite +and opinionative division.</p> +<p><b>Subspiracular line</b>: in caterpillars, margins the +spiracles inferiorly.</p> +<p><b>Substigmatal</b>: that portion of the marginal cell below +the stigma, in bees: = 1st radial 1 (Comst.): applied to a line +in caterpillars = subspiracular.</p> +<p><b>Sub-teres</b>: nearly but not quite cylindrical.</p> +<p><b>Subtile -is</b>: slightly; feebly; small; pretty; +graceful.</p> +<p><b>Subtriangular space</b>: = internal triangle: see +triangle.</p> +<p><b>Subtus</b>: beneath; at the under surface.</p> +<p><b>Subulate</b>: awl-shaped: linear at base, attenuate at +tip.</p> +<p><b>Subulicornia</b>: with awl-shaped antennae; applied to a +combination of Odonata and Ephemerida.</p> +<p><b>Subuliform</b>: formed like an awl: = subulate.</p> +<p><b>Sub-ventral line</b>: in caterpillars, extends along the +sides just above the base of the feet at lie edge between lateral +and ventral.</p> +<p><b>Sub-ventral ridge</b>: in slug caterpillars extends +longitudinally along the sub-ventral series of abdominal +tubercles.</p> +<p><b>Sub-ventral space</b>: in slug caterpillars is the area on +each side, between the lateral ridge and the lower edge of the +body, and contains the spiracles.</p> +<p><b>Succincti</b>: those chrysalids of butterflies which are +held in place by a silken cord passing around the body: see +suspensi.</p> +<p><b>Succineous</b>: resembling amber in color or +appearance.</p> +<p><b>Sucking pump</b>: in sucking insects, a thick-walled +muscular enlargement of the oesophagus that serves to draw up the +liquid food = pharyngeal pump.</p> +<p><b>Sucking spears</b>: the mandibles and maxillae of +Hemerobiid larvae, used for puncturing prey and sucking its +juices.</p> +<p><b>Sucking stomach</b>: a thin-walled muscular pouch connected +with the end of the oesophagus; serves as a food reservoir and is +not commonly present except in some Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Suctoria</b>: an ordinal term proposed for fleas.</p> +<p><b>Suctorial</b>: adapted for sucking: see haustellate.</p> +<p><b>Suctorial vesicles</b>: bladder-like structures connected +with the oesophagus in mosquitoes supposed to assist in +blood-sucking; but this is disputed.</p> +<p><b>Suffused</b>: clouded or obscured by a darker color.</p> +<p><b>Suffusion</b>: a clouding, or a spreading of one shade over +another.</p> +<p><b>Sulca</b>: grooves, furrows or channels: plural of +sulcus.</p> +<p><b>Sulcated</b>: grooved; furrowed with broad, concave, +parallel impressed lines.</p> +<p><b>Sulciform</b>: resembling a sulcus.</p> +<p><b>Sulcus</b>: a furrow or groove: a groove-like +excavation.</p> +<p><b>Sulphureous -eus</b>: bright, sulphur yellow [chrome +lemon].</p> +<p><b>Superans</b>: exceeding in size and length.</p> +<p><b>Superciliary</b>: placed above the eyes.</p> +<p><b>Supercilium</b>: an arched line over an ocellate spot.</p> +<p><b>Super-family</b>: a division of classification less than an +order, including a series of family groups more closely related +to each other than to similar groups within the order: +opinionative and ending in oidea: sometimes hardly different from +suborder; but lower than suborder when both terms are +employed.</p> +<p><b>Superficies</b>: the upper surface.</p> +<p><b>Supericornia</b>: those Heteroptera having the antenna +inserted on the upper parts of the sides of the head; e.g. +Coreidae: see infericornia.</p> +<p><b>Superior wings</b>: the primaries; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Superlinguae</b>: the lateral pair of organs of +hypo-pharynx in Thysanura.</p> +<p><b>Superlingual segment</b>: the fifth segment of head.</p> +<p><b>Superne</b>: denotes all those parts belonging to the upper +surface.</p> +<p><b>Supernumerary</b>: additional or added cells, veins or +other structures.</p> +<p><b>Supernumerary segment</b>: in Cecidomyidae, between the +head and first thoracic segment.</p> +<p><b>Super-order</b>: a group of allied orders, like the +Linnaean Neuroptera.</p> +<p><b>Superposed</b>: placed one above the other, as the frontal +tufts in some moths.</p> +<p><b>Supplementary sectors</b>: interposed sectors; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Suppression</b>: the non-development of a part normally +present.</p> +<p><b>Supra-</b>: over; above.</p> +<p><b>Supra-alar bristles</b>: in Diptera, are situated, one on +the post-alar callus, one on the alar frenum, the third on the +edge of the supra-alar depression.</p> +<p><b>Supra-alar cavity</b>: = supra-alar groove.</p> +<p><b>Supra-alar depression</b>: in Diptera = supra-alar +groove.</p> +<p><b>Supra-alar groove</b>: in Hymenoptera, a groove or +depression just above the base of wings: in Diptera, a groove on +the meso-thorax just above the root of the wings.</p> +<p><b>Supra-anal</b>: situated above the anus.</p> +<p><b>Supra-anal hook</b>: in male of most Lepidoptera, a curved +hook attached to the plate covering the genital cavity: = +uncus.</p> +<p><b>Supra-anal plate</b>: a triangular sclerite covering the +anal cavity above; present in many insects, sometimes in one sex +only, often in both: see anal operculum.</p> +<p><b>Supra-cerebral</b>: applied to that pair of salivary glands +situated above the brain in bees.</p> +<p><b>Supra-clypeal mark</b>: in bees; a patch of light color +above the clypeus.</p> +<p><b>Supra-clypeus</b>: = post-clypeus; q.v.: = nasus.</p> +<p><b>Supra-Oesophageal</b>: situated above the oesophagus: +applied to two large ovoid ganglia so situated, and connected by +a short, thick commissure; - the brain.</p> +<p><b>Supra-orbital</b>: situated above the eye.</p> +<p><b>Supra-spinal</b>: above the spine or nerve cord: applied to +a cord or band of connective tissue lying above the central +nervous system in adult Lepidoptera also to a sinus or vessel +acting as a ventral heart.</p> +<p><b>Supra-spiracular line</b>: in caterpillars, margins the +spiracles superiorly.</p> +<p><b>Supra-stigmatal line</b>: = supra-spiracular lines.</p> +<p><b>Supra-triangular cross-veins</b>: in Odonata, cross the +supra-triangular space.</p> +<p><b>Supra-triangular space</b>: in Anisoptera, an area just +above the triangle, occupying nearly the same position as the +quadrilateral of Zygoptera: hyper-trigonal space.</p> +<p><b>Suranal</b>: = supra-anal.</p> +<p><b>Suranal plate</b>: the middle dorsal plate attached to the +l0th abdominal segment of the male grasshoppers, above the anal +opening: a supra- anal tergite of a caterpillar.</p> +<p><b>Sursum</b>: directed upwardly.</p> +<p><b>Suspensi</b>: the chrysalids of butterflies that are +suspended by the tail only: see succincti.</p> +<p><b>Suspensoria</b>: are those muscles or ligaments that hold +the viscera and other internal structures in place.</p> +<p><b>Sustentors</b>: the two posterior projections of a +butterfly chrysalis.</p> +<p><b>Suture</b>: a seam or impressed line indicating the +division of distinct parts of body wall: the line of junction of +elytra in Coleoptera.</p> +<p><b>Suturiform</b>: an articulation soldered together so that +only a slight impressed line is visible.</p> +<p><b>Swarming</b>: the concerted departure from a hive of a +large number of worker bees, accompanied by a queen; this forming +the nucleus of a new colony.</p> +<p><b>Swimmerets</b>: gill or plate-like structures in the +aquatic larvae of some Neuroptera, serving as oars or organs of +locomotion.</p> +<p><b>Swimming paddles</b>: terminal appendages of mosquito +pupae.</p> +<p><b>Swoked</b>: smoky, suffused with gray or blackish.</p> +<p><b>Sylvan</b>: species inhabiting forests or woodland +areas.</p> +<p><b>Symbiogenesis</b>: the method of origin of social symbiotic +relation among ants and other insects.</p> +<p>Symbiosis: a life relationship existing between different +kinds of animals or plants, or between animals and plants: true +symbiosis is where both parties to the relation benefit: see also +parasitism, commensalism. Among the ants social symbiosis exists +in its most highly developed form and distinctive terms have been +proposed for the various types of relations:</p> +<p>Calobiosis, is that association in which one species, often +only the female, lives in the nest of and at the expense of +another species, either for a time, = temporary - or altogether, += permanent calacobiosis. {<i>Scanner's note: sic}</i></p> +<p>Cleptobiosis, is where one species of ant lives in or near the +nest of another, preying upon its larvae or pupae or stealing the +food supply.</p> +<p>Dulosis, is that mingling of colonies which owes its origin to +the enslavement of one species by another.</p> +<p>Hamabiosis, is that relation where two species of any insects, +one of which may be an ant, live side by side without obvious +motive or known advantage to one or both.</p> +<p>Lestobiosis, is where the workers of one ant colony "hold up" +those of another species and rob them of the food they are +carrying to the nest.</p> +<p>Parabiosis, is where different species of ants form colonies +with inosculating galleries, and have their households strangely +intermingled, but not blended.</p> +<p>Phylacobiosis, is the relation existing between ants and +Termites, the ants living in the doorways of the Termites and +functioning as guards.</p> +<p>Synclerobiosis, is an association of two species of ants that +usually inhabit independent colonies, for purposes that are not +clearly understood.</p> +<p>Trophibiosis, is the relationship between ants on the one hand +and aphids, coccids and the like on the other; these species +being sought and attended by the ants for their own benefit: see +myrmecophily.</p> +<p>Xenobiosis, is where one species of ant lives as a guest in +the nest of another, maintaining its own household, and mingling +freely with the host species, the two living on terms of mutual +toleration.</p> +<p><b>Symbiotic</b>: species that live together in a state of +symbiosis.</p> +<p><b>Symmetrical</b>: evenly developed on both sides.</p> +<p><b>Symmetry</b>: that regular arrangement of organs or parts +which is capable of division into similar halves or similar +radii.</p> +<p><b>Sympathetic nervous system</b>: applied to the nerves and +ganglia of the alimentary canal and sonic other viscera which +they innervate; = vagus; visceral nervous system.</p> +<p><b>Symphily</b>: the relation borne to ants by the true guests +which inhabit their nests and are fed and tended: rendering in +return some substance or service desired by the ants: see metochy +and synechtry.</p> +<p><b>Symphyla</b>: a group name for apterous species resembling +myriapods in appearance, with functional abdominal legs and the +genital openings on the last abdominal segment: regarded by some +as connecting forms between insects and myriapods, e.g. +Scolopendrella.</p> +<p><b>Symphysis</b>: where two sclerites are joined together by a +soft membrane, permitting a slight motion.</p> +<p><b>Synaptera</b>: originally wingless insects without +metamorphosis; the Thysanura.</p> +<p><b>Synarthrosis</b>: an articulation without motion.</p> +<p><b>Syncerebrum</b>: the compound brain of insects.</p> +<p><b>Synchronous</b>: happening at the same time.</p> +<p><b>Synciput</b>: that portion of the vertex lying between the +eyes.</p> +<p><b>Syncitium</b>: masses of protoplasm with nuclei, found in +ovarian tubes; giving rise to ova, nutritive cells or both.</p> +<p><b>Syndesis</b>: that method of articulation where two parts +are connected by a membrane which permits of considerable motion +between them.</p> +<p><b>Synechtry</b>: the relation borne to ants by insects +inhabiting their nests in spite of the efforts of the ants to +destroy them: see symphily and metochy.</p> +<p><b>Synista or Synistata</b>: those Neuropterous insects in +which the mouth structures are undeveloped, forming an imperfect +tubular structure: see elinguata.</p> +<p><b>Synoecy</b>: the relation that exists between ants and +those guests that are indifferent to and tolerated by them:= +metochy, and see symphily and synecthry.</p> +<p><b>Synonym</b>: a name applied to a species or genus that has +been previously named and described.</p> +<p><b>Synonymous</b>: words of different derivation applied to +the same conception.</p> +<p><b>Synthlipsis</b>: the basal constriction of the notocephalon +in Notonectids.</p> +<p><b>Syntype</b>: = co-type; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Syringe</b>: in Hemiptera, a chamber into which the +salivary ducts open and by means of which the secretion is forced +forward between the seta or lancets.</p> +<p><b>System</b>: an order of arrangement.</p> +<p><b>Systematic</b>: in definite order, or arranged according to +a system.</p> +<p><b>Systole</b>: that regular contraction of the heart that +sends the blood outward: see diastole.</p> +<p><a name="Toc741" id="Toc741">T</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">T. A. line</font>: +transverse anterior line; crosses the primaries of certain moths +one-third or less from the base: = antemedial line.</b></p> +<p><b>Tactile</b>: used for touching; an organ that has the sense +of touch.</p> +<p><b>Taenia</b>: a broad longitudinal stripe.</p> +<p><b>Taeniate -us</b>: with broad longitudinal markings.</p> +<p><b>Taenidium -ia</b>: the band or chitinized fibre forming a +part of the spiral thread in the trachea of insects.</p> +<p><b>Tail</b>: an elongated terminal segment of the abdomen: the +cauda in plant lice: elongated processes on the secondaries, in +some Lepidoptera and Neuroptera.</p> +<p><b>Tangential</b>: set in or meeting at a tangent; applied to +ornamentation and processes.</p> +<p><b>Tarsal</b>: relating to the tarsi, or feet.</p> +<p><b>Tarsal lobes</b>: membranous appendages arising from the +underside of the tarsal joints in some Coleoptera.</p> +<p><b>Tarsus -i</b>: the foot; the jointed appendage attached at +the apex of tibia. bearing the claws and pulvilli.</p> +<p><b>Taste cups</b>: specialized pits or cups, with or without a +peg or hair, connected with ganglionated nerve cells: occur on +the mouth structure and evidence the sense of taste.</p> +<p><b>Tawny</b>: a brownish yellow, like the color of a tanned +hide [pale cadmium yellow + Indian red].</p> +<p><b>Taxonomical</b>: systematic: relating to +classification.</p> +<p><b>Testate</b>: covered; concealed: also used as = +tectiform.</p> +<p><b>Tectiform</b>: roof-like, sloping from a median ridge, like +the primaries of Cicada.</p> +<p><b>Tegmen</b>: a covering: sometimes used for the anterior +wings in Orthoptera and Neuroptera.</p> +<p><b>Tegmina</b>: the thickened primaries serving as wing covers +in Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Tegulae</b>: small, more or less cup-like scales at the +base of primaries in many insects; specifically in Hymenoptera: +in Lepidoptera, = the patagia or shoulder tippets; but the +homology is disputed; also applied to the lappet-like pieces +forming the collar: in Diptera, the alulae, q.v.: the latter use +is unfortunate and should be abandoned; the first definition +should limit the use of the term: see aileron.</p> +<p><b>Tegument</b>: a covering surface or skin.</p> +<p><b>Teleodont</b>: applied to those forms of male Lucanids +bearing the largest mandibles: see mesodont, amphiodont, +priodont.</p> +<p><b>Telescopic</b>: arranged so that one portion of an organ or +process may be drawn into another, like the joints of a +telescope.</p> +<p><b>Telson</b>: a terminal tubercle bearing the anal opening: +the anal segment of the insect embryo.</p> +<p><b>Telum</b>: a spear, or spear-shaped process.</p> +<p><b>Temple</b>: the posterior part of the gena; behind, before +or beneath the eye.</p> +<p><b>Tempora</b>: the temples.</p> +<p><b>Temporal margins</b>: in Mallophaga, the lateral margins of +the hind head.</p> +<p><b>Tenaculum</b>: in Collembola, a small organ which holds the +furcula in position when at rest: = catch.</p> +<p><b>Tenant hair</b>: see tenent hair.</p> +<p><b>Tendo</b>: the anal area of secondaries when it forms a +groove for the abdomen: has also been called frenum and frenulum: +in Trichoptera, a small elliptical space at base of hind wings +near base of anal veins and behind the trochlea.</p> +<p><b>Tendon</b>: the slender, chitinous plates, bands, strap- or +cup-shaped pieces, to which muscles are attached for moving +appendages: see apodeme.</p> +<p><b>Tenent hair</b>: specialized hair adapted for clinging or +clasping.</p> +<p><b>Teneral</b>: that state of the imago just after its +exclusion from pupa or nymph, in which neither coloring nor +clothing is fully developed.</p> +<p><b>Tensor</b>: a muscle which stretches a membrane.</p> +<p><b>Tentacle</b>: a flexible sensory or tactile process; in +some cases retractile: usually prefixed by a descriptive term +indicating the structure to which it is attached.</p> +<p><b>Tentacular -um</b>: retractile processes on the larvae of +Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Tentaculate</b>: a margin when fringed with soft tactile +processes.</p> +<p><b>Tentiform</b>: shaped like a tent: see mines.</p> +<p><b>Tentoria</b>: Diptera; two hollow, cylindrical struts which +pass from the ventral border of the occipital foramen to the +cheeks.</p> +<p><b>Tentorium</b>: a chitinous frame-work within the head, upon +which the brain rests.</p> +<p><b>Tenuis</b>: thin, slender; long drawn out.</p> +<p><b>Terebra</b>: a borer or piercer: an ovipositor fitted for +boring or cutting as in saw-flies: a mandibular sclerite +articulated to the basalis; forms the point of the structure and += the galea of the maxilla.</p> +<p><b>Terebrant</b>: with an ovipositor fitted for piercing or +boring.</p> +<p><b>Terebrantia</b>: Hymenoptera with sessile abdomen and +valved ovipositors: Thripids in which the ovipositor of female is +borer-like.</p> +<p><b>Teres, Terete</b>: cylindric or nearly so.</p> +<p><b>Tergal</b>: belonging to the primitively upper surface: see +dorsal.</p> +<p><b>Tergal suture</b>: the Y shaped dorsal suture on the head +of many insect larvae.</p> +<p><b>Tergite</b>: the primitively dorsal part of a segment, +especially when that part consists of a single sclerite; usually +applied to the abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Tergo-pleural</b>: the upper and lateral portion of a +segment.</p> +<p><b>Tergo-rhabdites</b>: the lower pair of corneous appendages +forming the ovipositor in grasshoppers: plates on the inner +dorsal surface of the abdominal wall.</p> +<p><b>Tergum</b>: the primitively upperor dorsal surface whether +it consists of one or more than one sclerite and specifically of +the abdomen: in Odonata and Orthoptera, applies to thorax as +well.</p> +<p><b>Termen</b>: the outer margin of a wing, between apex and +hind or anal angle.</p> +<p><b>Terminal</b>: situated at the tip or extremity; opposed to +basal.</p> +<p><b>Terminal line</b>: in Lepidoptera, runs along the outer +margin of the wings.</p> +<p><b>Terminal space</b>: the area between the s. t. line and +terminal line in certain Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Terminology</b>: the technical nomenclature of any +science.</p> +<p><b>Termitarium</b>: a nest, natural or artificial, or a colony +of Termites.</p> +<p><b>Terrestrial</b>: living on or in the land; opposed to +aquatic.</p> +<p><b>Tessellated</b>: checkered; more or less like a +chess-board. {<i>Scanner's comment: More correctly, it means +"tiled", covered with possibly regularly shaped areas or pieces. +They may or may not be square or otherwise regular</i>.}</p> +<p><b>Test</b>: the secretionary covering of Coccidae, and +especially such as are waxy, horny or glassy.</p> +<p><b>Testaceous</b>: dull yellow brown; tile colored [pale +cadmium yellow+burnt sienna].</p> +<p><b>Testes</b>: the tubular structures in the male, in which +the production of spermatogonia, and often also of later stages +in the development of the sperm takes place.</p> +<p><b>Testicular follicles</b>: in the larva, are those +structures which in the adult form the tubes composing the +testes; in the adult applied also to the tubes forming the +testes.</p> +<p><b>Testudinate -us</b>: resembling the shell of a +tortoise.</p> +<p><b>Tetra-</b>: four: a combining form.</p> +<p><b>Tetrachaetae</b>: applied to those Diptera in which the +mouth structures consist of four longitudinal blades or piercing +structures.</p> +<p><b>Tetradactyle</b>: with four fingers or finger-like +processes.</p> +<p><b>Tetragonal</b>: having four sides or angles: +quadrangular.</p> +<p><b>Tetramera</b>: applied to Coleoptera with four-jointed +tarsi.</p> +<p><b>Tetramerous</b>: having four-jointed tarsi.</p> +<p><b>Tetrapoda</b>: applied to those butterflies in which the +anterior legs are atrophied in whole or in part.</p> +<p><b>Tetraptera</b>: a term proposed for all insects with four +naked, membranous reticulated wings.</p> +<p><b>Thamnophilous</b>: applied to species living in thickets or +dense shrubbery.</p> +<p><b>Theca</b>: a case or covering: specifically applied to the +fleshy covering of the fly-mouth; to the cases of the +Trichopterous larvae; to the lower piece of the male genitalia in +Homoptera; and to the outer covering of the pupa.</p> +<p><b>Thelyotoky</b>: parthenogenetic reproduction when the +progeny are all females see Arrhenotoly and Deuterotoky.</p> +<p><b>Thigh</b>: see femur.</p> +<p><b>Thigmotactic</b>: contact-loving: applied to species that +tend to live close together or in touch, one with the other.</p> +<p><b>Third longitudinal vein</b>: in Diptera (Will.):= radius 5 +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Third posterior cell</b>: in Diptera, = 2d medial 2 +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Third submarginal cross-nervure</b>: in Hymenoptera +(North.):= radius 4 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Thoracic</b>: belonging or attached to the thorax.</p> +<p><b>Thoracic dorsal bristles</b>: in Diptera, the specialized +bristles on the dorsum of the thorax.</p> +<p><b>Thoracic feet</b>: the jointed legs on the thoracic +segments of larvae, as distinguished from abdominal or +pro-legs.</p> +<p><b>Thoracico-abdominal</b>: the first segment of the abdomen +when united with the thorax so as to form part of it: +=propodeum.</p> +<p><b>Thoracic pleural bristles</b>: in Diptera, the specialized +bristles situated on the pleural region of the thorax.</p> +<p><b>Thoracotheca</b>: = cytotheca: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Thorax</b>: the second or intermediate region of the insect +body, bearing the true legs and wings: made up of three rings, +named in order, pro-, meso-, and meta-thorax: when the pro-thorax +is free as in Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and Hemiptera, the term +thorax is commonly used in descriptive work for that segment +only: in Odonata, where the prothorax is small and not fused with +the larger and united meso- and meta-thorax, the term thorax is +commonly used for these latter two united, excluding the +prothorax.</p> +<p><b>Thread-plate</b>: an epithelial plate of the embryo from +which the terminal threads of the ovarian tubes originate.</p> +<p><b>Thyridial cell</b>: in Trichoptera: the cell formed by the +first fork of median vein; the cell behind Thyridium.</p> +<p><b>Thyridiate</b>: applied to a wing vein that at one point +seems broken so as to permit of a folding or bending; either to +pack into a small compass or to enfold the body.</p> +<p><b>Thyridium -ii</b>: small, whitish or almost transparent +spots near the anastomosis of the disc of the wings in some +Neuroptera, or in the recurrent veins in the cubital cellule in +some Hymenoptera; also the apical margin of the gastrocoeli, +often alone visible: in Trichoptera, specifically, a hyaline spot +on second fork of median vein.</p> +<p><b>Thyrsus</b>: a cluster.</p> +<p><b>Thysanoptera</b>: fringe-winged: an ordinal term, applied +to species with four narrow, similar wings, lengthily fringed; +mouth parts fitted for puncturing and scraping; metamorphosis +incomplete: the Thripids.</p> +<p><b>Thysanura</b>: fringe-tails; wingless, mandibulate insects +without metamorphosis; with anal appendages; body covered with +scales; thoracic segments similar.</p> +<p><b>Tiarate -us</b>: turban or tiara-like.</p> +<p><b>Tibia -ae</b>: the shank: that part of the leg articulated +to the femur basally and which bears the tarsus at the distal +end.</p> +<p><b>Tibial epiphysis</b>: a movable process attached near the +base of the inner side of the anterior tibia in many +Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Tibial membrane</b>: in male Cicada, the drum-like +vibratory membrane that produces the sound.</p> +<p><b>Tip</b>: the extremity; the part furthest removed from the +base.</p> +<p><b>Titillator</b>: a small process just below the penis in +some Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Tomentose</b>: covered with fine hair, so matted together +that particular hairs cannot be separated.</p> +<p><b>Tomentum</b>: a form of pubescence composed of matted, +woolly hair: in Diptera applied to a covering of short, +flattened, more or less recumbent, scale-like hair which merges +gradually into dust or pollen.</p> +<p><b>Tongue</b>: an indefinite term, applied usually to the +coiled mouth structure of Lepidoptera; the lapping organ of +flies; the ligula of bees and wasps and, sometimes also to the +hypopharynx of other insects.</p> +<p><b>Tooth</b>: an acute angulation: a short pointed process +from an appendage or margin.</p> +<p><b>Topomorph -ic</b>: a geographic form, variety or subspecies +of a widely distributed species: developed by local +environment.</p> +<p><b>Topotype</b>: is a specimen collected in the exact locality +whence the original type was obtained.</p> +<p><b>Tornal</b>: relating to or concerning the tornus.</p> +<p><b>Tornus</b>: in Lepidoptera, the junction of the termen and +dorsum of wing: = hind or anal angle; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Torose</b>: swelling into knots or protuberances.</p> +<p><b>Torpid</b>: lying motionless by reason of cold or other +natural conditions that unfavorably affect the organism.</p> +<p><b>Torqueate</b>: with a ring or collar.</p> +<p><b>Torquillus</b>: = rotula.</p> +<p><b>Tortilis</b>: twisted.</p> +<p><b>Tortulose-us</b>: hump-backed; a surface with a few large +elevations: beaded; moniliform.</p> +<p><b>Tortuose -us</b>: irregularly curved and bent; +snake-like.</p> +<p><b>Tortuous</b>: = Tortuose.</p> +<p><b>Torulus</b>: the basal socket joint of the antenna upon +which the organ is articulated for movement in all +directions.</p> +<p><b>Totidem</b>: in all parts; entirely.</p> +<p><b>T.P. line</b>: transverse posterior line; crossing the +primaries of certain Lepidoptera, two-thirds or more from base: = +post medial line.</p> +<p><b>Trabecula</b>: rounded, lobular masses of the procerebrum, +from which arise the stalks bearing the mushroom bodies: a paired +movable appendage in front of the antennae in certain +bird-lice.</p> +<p><b>Trachea -ae</b>: the spirally ringed breathing tube or +tubes of insects.</p> +<p><b>Tracheal gills</b>: the flattened or hair-like processes in +aquatic larvae through which oxygen is absorbed from the +water.</p> +<p><b>Tracheary</b>: relating to or composed of tracheae.</p> +<p><b>Tracheate</b>: supplied with trachea: a general term +applied to all articulates that breathe by means of spiracular +openings into a system of tubular structures that extend to all +parts of the body.</p> +<p><b>Tracheation</b>: the arrangement or system of distribution +of trachea.</p> +<p><b>Tracheoles</b>: the capillary trachea of the adult as they +develop in masses in the larva: very small, slender tracheae.</p> +<p><b>Transection</b>: a cut across, at right angles to the body: +transverse section.</p> +<p><b>Transition zone</b>: is the transcontinental belt in which +the austral and boreal elements overlap: it is divided into a +humid or Alleghanian area; a western arid area; and a Pacific +Coast humid area: all of which see.</p> +<p><b>Transitory</b>: lasting for a short time only.</p> +<p><b>Translucent</b>: semi-transparent; admitting the passage of +light but not of vision.</p> +<p><b>Translucid</b>: clear: transparent enough to be seen +through.</p> +<p><b>Transparent</b>: so clear as not to obstruct vision.</p> +<p><b>Transverse</b>: when the longest diameter is across the +body.</p> +<p><b>Transverse incision</b>: = transverse sulci.</p> +<p><b>Transverse sulci</b>: the transverse grooves of pronotum in +many Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Transverse suture</b>: in Diptera, a transverse groove +extending inward from the root of wing and obsolete in the middle +of dorsum.</p> +<p><b>Trapeziform</b>: in the form or shape of a trapezium.</p> +<p><b>Trapezium</b>: a four-sided figure in which no two sides +are parallel. {<i>Scanner's comment: sic This is presumably an +error in editing the original text. A trapezium has two sides +parallel. Compare next item</i>.}</p> +<p><b>Trapezoid -al</b>: a four-sided plane of which two sides +are parallel and two are not.</p> +<p><b>Tri-</b>: three; a combining form.</p> +<p><b>Triangle</b>: in Odonata: a small, triangular cell at the +junction of cubitus with cubitus 1: a similar cell adjoining it +basally is the internal triangle discoidal triangle: cardinal +cell; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Tri-articulate</b>: composed of three joints or +articles.</p> +<p><b>Tribe</b>: a term of classification less than a subfamily: +opinionative and ending in ini: but this is not universally +adhered to.</p> +<p><b>Tri-carinate</b>: with three keels or carinae.</p> +<p><b>Trichogen</b>: a hair-forming hypodermal cell in +caterpillars, etc.</p> +<p><b>Trichoptera</b>: hairy-winged: insects with hairy primaries +with many longitudinal veins and cells, covering the broader +secondaries which are usually folded lengthwise; mouth +mandibulate but rudimentary: head free; thorax agglutinate: +metamorphosis complete.</p> +<p><b>Trichostical bristles</b>: in Diptera, a fan-like row, +situated on the meta- pleura: conspicuous in some families.</p> +<p><b>Trichotomous</b>: divided by threes.</p> +<p><b>Trichroism</b>: the condition when any given part exhibits +three different colors in different individuals of the same +species: e.g. in Lepidoptera, the hind wings of certain +Heliconids.</p> +<p><b>Tricuspidate</b>: ending in three points: with three cusps +or teeth.</p> +<p><b>Tridactyle -ous</b>: having three toes or claws.</p> +<p><b>Trifid</b>: cleft into three parts or ends.</p> +<p><b>Trigonal</b>: triangular: an area bounded by a +triangle.</p> +<p><b>Trigonate</b>: three-cornered; approximately +triangular.</p> +<p><b>Trigoneutism</b>: where three broods occur in one +season.</p> +<p><b>Trigonulum</b>: in Odonata, = triangle.</p> +<p><b>Trimera</b>: that series of Coleoptera, in which there are +only three tarsal joints present.</p> +<p><b>Trimerous</b>: species which have the tarsi +three-jointed.</p> +<p><b>Trinomial</b>: that method of nomenclature in which a +varietal or subspecific name follows the specific term without an +intervening mark or indications of its rank.</p> +<p><b>Tripectinate</b>: when an antenna has three branches or +processes to each joint.</p> +<p><b>Triquetral</b>: = triquetrous.</p> +<p><b>Triquetrous</b>: with three flat sides.</p> +<p><b>Tri-regional</b>: divided into three distinct parts or +regions.</p> +<p><b>Trito-cerebral segment</b>: see second antennal +segment.</p> +<p><b>Trito-cerebrum</b>: the posterior portion of the brain, +formed by the ganglion of the third primary segment; also termed +labro-frontal lobe.</p> +<p><b>Tri-undulate</b>: with three waves or undulations.</p> +<p><b>Triungulin</b>: the first larval stage of a meloid +beetle.</p> +<p><b>Trivial</b>: applied to a name, means specific as opposed +to generic, or popular as opposed to technical.</p> +<p><b>Trivittate</b>: with three stripes or vitta.</p> +<p><b>Trochalopoda</b>: Heteroptera in which the posterior coxae +are nearly globose and the articulation is a ball and socket +joint: see pagiopoda.</p> +<p><b>Trochanter</b>: a sclerite, sometimes divided, between the +coxa and femur sometimes fused with the femur.</p> +<p><b>Trochanterellus</b>: see apophysis.</p> +<p><b>Trochantine</b>: the basal part of the trochanter when it +is two-jointed: in Coleoptera, a piece often present on the outer +side of and sometimes movable on the coxa; also the small +sclerite connecting the coxa with the sternum in Dytiscidae: in +Neuroptera and Trichoptera the posterior separated part of the +coxa: in Orthoptera, a narrow longitudinal sclerite between +mandible and gena.</p> +<p><b>Trochiformis</b>: cylindro-conic.</p> +<p><b>Trochlea</b>: the thickened base of the hind wings in +Cicada: in Trichoptera a small elliptical space at base of hind +wing behind origin of median vein.</p> +<p><b>Trochlearis</b>: pulley-shaped; like a cylinder contracted +medially.</p> +<p><b>Trochus</b>: that part of an articulated body inserted +between the joints.</p> +<p><b>Trophi</b>: the mouth parts collectively, including the +labrum: see buccal appendages.</p> +<p><b>Trophobiosis</b>: see Symbiosis.</p> +<p><b>Tropical</b>: is that faunal region which covers the +southern part of the peninsula of Florida, the greater part of +Central America, the lowlands of southern Mexico south of the +table land, and a narrow strip on each side of Mexico which +follows the coast northward into the United States.</p> +<p><b>Tropico-politan</b>: occurring in all tropical regions.</p> +<p><b>Trumpets</b>: breathing tubes of mosquito pupae.</p> +<p><b>Truncate</b>: cut off squarely at tip.</p> +<p><b>Truncature</b>: the truncation or point squarely cut +off.</p> +<p><b>Truncus</b>: the trunk or thorax.</p> +<p><b>Trunk</b>: the thorax as a whole: the body.</p> +<p><b>Tryptic</b>: acting like tripsin, the proteolytic ferment +of the pancreatic fluid.</p> +<p><b>Tube</b>: a slender, hollow, cylindrical body: specifically +applied to the anal siphon or respiratory tube of mosquito +larvae.</p> +<p><b>Tubercle</b>: a little solid pimple or small chitinous +button: really a ring, which may or may not give rise to a +seta.</p> +<p><b>Tubercles</b>: on the thoracic and abdominal segments of +caterpillars are anterior trapezoidal; posterior trapezoidal; +lateral; posterior stigmatal; anterior stigmatal; sub-primary +subventral; pedal and adventral: all of which see.</p> +<p><b>Tubercula</b>: an elevated triangular process at the +anterior angle of the thorax specifically in Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Tuberculate -ose</b>: formed like a tubercle: a surface +covered with tubercles.</p> +<p><b>Tubercule -ulum</b>: a small tubercle.</p> +<p><b>Tuberculiform</b>: shaped like a pimple or tubercle.</p> +<p><b>Tuberculose -ous</b>: covered or set with tubercles.</p> +<p><b>Tubulifera</b>: Hymenoptera, in which the terminal segments +of abdomen are retracted, but may be extended, tube-like: +Thysanoptera in which there is no ovipositor and the terminal +segments of abdomen are tubular.</p> +<p><b>Tubulous -ose</b>: formed like a tube: fistulous.</p> +<p><b>Tubulus</b>: the slender, flexible abdominal segments +forming the ovipositor in Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Tubus</b>: a term used to designate the corneous base of a +ligula: the sheath of the tongue.</p> +<p><b>Tumescence</b>: a swelling or tumid enlargement: a puffed +up area.</p> +<p><b>Tumescent</b>: a little swollen or puffed up.</p> +<p><b>Tumid</b>: swollen; enlarged; puffed up.</p> +<p><b>Tunica intima</b>: the inner layer of the silk glands: an +inner lining or membrane.</p> +<p><b>Tunica propria</b>: a layer of epithelial cells and +connective tissue lining the interior of the hind gut: the outer +layer of the silk glands: a covering or investing membrane.</p> +<p><b>Tunicate</b>: composed of concentric layers, enveloping one +another: said of antennae when each successive joint is buried in +the preceding funnel-shaped one.</p> +<p><b>Turbinate</b>: top-shaped; nearly conical: differs from +pyriform in being shorter and more suddenly attenuated at base: +applied to an eye = pillared eye; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Turgid</b>: swollen.</p> +<p><b>Turritus</b>: towering: a surface rising cone-like.</p> +<p><b>Tylo</b>: = tylus; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Tylus</b>: the anterior central lobe of the head in +Hemiptera.</p> +<p><b>Tympana</b>: the ears in Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Tympanal</b>: applied to organs covered with a tympanum or +stretched membrane supposed to function as ears.</p> +<p><b>Tympanic spiracle</b>: in Diptera, the thoracic spiracle at +base of wing.</p> +<p><b>Tympanules</b>: small openings covered by a membrane, +having otoliths and serving as ears.</p> +<p><b>Tympanum</b>: any membrane stretched like the head of a +drum: specifically applied to the membrane covering the auditory +organs in Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Type</b>: a unique or single specimen selected from a +series and labelled by the describer to represent his name and +description: if male or female be added to the label, the +specimen typifies that sex, and in case of an erroneous +association the male type stands for the species unless the +author has specifically designated the other example as +representing the name: see also co-type; homotype; meta-type; +paratype; topotype.</p> +<p><b>Typical</b>: the normal or usual form of a species; +agreeing with the type form.</p> +<p><a name="Toc742" id="Toc742">U</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Uliginous</font>: +muddy, or pertaining to mud.</b></p> +<p><b>Ulnar</b>: in Homoptera, a wing vein between the radial +vein and claval suture; = cubitus: in Orthoptera, = cubitus; +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Ulnar area</b>: in Orthoptera, = median area; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Ulona</b>: the thick, fleshy mouth parts of Orthoptera.</p> +<p><b>Ulonata</b>: a Fabrician. term for Orthoptera, based on the +character of the mouth structures.</p> +<p><b>Ultimate</b>: last or final: that larval stage just before +pupation.</p> +<p><b>Ultramarine</b>: an intense deep blue [cobalt blue].</p> +<p><b>Ultra-nodal sector</b>: in Odonata, runs parallel with and +between media 1 and 2, or principal and nodal sectors: = +postnodal sector.</p> +<p><b>Umbilicate</b>: navel-shaped, or resembling a navel.</p> +<p><b>Umbilicus</b>: a navel, or navel-like depression.</p> +<p><b>Umbonate</b>: bossed; with an elevated knob in the +centre.</p> +<p><b>Umbone</b>: an embossed, elevated knob situated on humeral +angle of elytra.</p> +<p><b>Umbones</b>: two movable spines on the sides of prothorax +in some Coleoptera.</p> +<p><b>Umbrosa</b>: shaded or clouded: a cloud or shade.</p> +<p><b>Unarmed</b>: without spurs, spines or armature of any +kind.</p> +<p><b>Unarticulate</b>: not jointed nor segmented.</p> +<p><b>Unci</b>: thick, hooked processes, forming the borders of +the anal opening.</p> +<p><b>Uncinnate</b>: hooked at the end.</p> +<p><b>Uncus</b>: in Lepidoptera, Diptera, and elsewhere, the +curved book directed downward from a triangular dorsal plate in +the male and shielding the penis: the genital hamule.</p> +<p><b>Undate</b>: wavy or waved.</p> +<p><b>Undulated</b>: obtusely waved in segments of circles.</p> +<p><b>Unequal</b>: unlike in size, form, development or other +characters.</p> +<p><b>Ungues</b>: the tarsal claws.</p> +<p><b>Unguiculate</b>: armed with a hook, nail or claw.</p> +<p><b>Unguiculus</b>: a small terminal claw or nail-like +process.</p> +<p><b>Unguis</b>: one of the claws at the end of the tarsus: also +applied to a short process on the 6th antennal joint in some +Aphids.</p> +<p><b>Ungula</b>: a hoof, claw or talon.</p> +<p><b>Ungulate</b>: shaped like a hoof.</p> +<p><b>Uni-</b>: one, a combining form.</p> +<p><b>Unicolorous</b>: of one color throughout.</p> +<p><b>Unidentate</b>: with one tooth only.</p> +<p><b>Uniplicate</b>: with a single fold or line of folding.</p> +<p><b>Unique</b>: one only: unlike any other.</p> +<p><b>Unisexual</b>: of one sex only: applied to Aphids and +Cynipids where only parthenogenic females are known.</p> +<p><b>Upper austral zone</b>: is divided into an eastern humid or +Carolinian area, and a western arid or upper Sonoran area, which +pass insensibly into each other near the 100th meridian: see +Carolinian and upper Sonoran.</p> +<p><b>Upper field</b>: in tegmina, = anal field; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Upper margin</b>: of tegmina (Thomas), corresponds to the +posterior or anal margin of most authors.</p> +<p><b>Upper median area</b>: see areola.</p> +<p><b>Upper radial</b>: in Lepidoptera, = media 1 (Comst.), and +is vein 5, or the independent, of the numerical series.</p> +<p><b>Upper sector of triangle</b>: in Odonata, = cubitus 1 +(Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Upper Sonoran faunal area</b>: that arid part of upper +austral west of 100th meridian; covers most of plains in eastern +Montana and Wyoming, s. w. South Dakota, west. Nebraska, Kansas, +Oklahoma and Texas, and east. Colorado and New Mexico; covers +plains of Columbia, Malheur and Harney in Oregon and Washington. +In California encircles Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys and +forms a narrow belt around Colorado and Mohave deserts. In Utah +covers Salt Lake and Sevier deserts. In Idaho the Snake plains. +In Nevada and Arizona irregular areas of suitable elevation.</p> +<p><b>Uranidin</b>: a yellow coloring matter in some Coleoptera +and Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Urceolate</b>: pitcher-shaped; swelling in the middle.</p> +<p><b>Ureter</b>: the stalk connecting the malpighian tubules, +when they form large tufts, with the intestine.</p> +<p><b>Uric acid</b>: the characteristic nitrogenous excretion of +the malpighian or urinary tubules: composition, C5H4N4O3 (von +Furth).</p> +<p><b>Urinary vessels</b>: = malpighian tubules; q.v.: has also +been applied by older authors, to anal glands.</p> +<p><b>Urite</b>: an abdominal segment and, specifically, its +ventral portion.</p> +<p><b>Uromere</b>: any of the abdominal segments of an +arthropod.</p> +<p><b>Uropoda</b>: any of the abdominal feet of arthropods.</p> +<p><b>Uropygium</b>: the ovipositor when it is a mere extension +of the abdominal segments.</p> +<p><b>Urosome</b>: the abdomen.</p> +<p><b>Urosternite</b>: the sternal or under piece of the +uromeres.</p> +<p><b>Urticating</b>: nettling; applied to specialized hairs or +processes on the bodies of certain caterpillars, which cause a +stinging or burning sensation on the skin.</p> +<p><b>Ustulatus</b>: scorched: applied to a maculation that has +the appearance of having been burned in.</p> +<p><b>Uterus</b>: the vaginal portion of oviduct: the sometimes +enlarged portion of the vagina at junction of the oviducts: = +calyx, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Uterus masculinus</b>: a pouch or sac into which the ductus +ejaculatorius opens in the Symphyla.</p> +<p><b>Utriculi breviores</b>: small vesicular sacs connected with +the seminal vesicles in crickets and some other insects.</p> +<p><b>Utriculi majores</b>: large vesicular sacs or tubular +structures connected with the seminal vesicles in crickets and +some other insects.</p> +<p><b>Utriculus</b>: a little bag or hollow vesicle.</p> +<p><b><a name="Toc743" id="Toc743"><font face="Bookman Old Style" +size="4">V</font></a></b></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Vacuolate</font>: +with vacuoles or small cavities, empty or filled with a watery +fluid.</b></p> +<p><b>Vagina</b>: the tubular structure formed by the union of +the oviducts in the female, opening externally to admit the +passage of the egg to the ovipositor: receives the penis of the +male in copulation and is sometimes called oviduct: "every part, +the office of which is to cover, protect or defend the tongue": +"the bivalve coriaceous sheath or cover of the spicula": +generally, a sheath.</p> +<p><b>Vaginata</b>: sheathed: an obsolete ordinal term for +Coleoptera.</p> +<p><b>Vaginate</b>: inclosed in a bivalved sheath.</p> +<p><b>Vagus</b>: sympathetic nervous system; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Valgate</b>: enlarged at bottom: club-footed.</p> +<p><b>Valve or Valvulae</b>: the expanded plate-like galea of the +maxilla in many Hymenoptera.</p> +<p><b>Valve</b>: a small, transverse or triangular piece behind +the last full ventral segment, at base of plates in male Jassidae +and allies.</p> +<p><b>Valves</b>: in Orthoptera, the corneous pieces of the +ovipositor:= corniculi in Lepidoptera, sometimes used to = +harpes; q.v.</p> +<p>Valvula = vagina in its application to Dipterous mouth +parts.</p> +<p><b>Valvulae</b>: in Hymenoptera, branches of the genital +forceps of male.</p> +<p><b>Valvular</b>: when two parts join so as to form a valve +between them.</p> +<p><b>Valvular process</b>: in Odonata, a slender, unjointed +process at the apex of each genital valve.</p> +<p><b>Valvule</b>: any small, valve-like process.</p> +<p><b>Variation</b>: a departure in color or form, from the +normal: the sum of the departures from a mean type of any +species: it is continuous when there is no break between the +extremes; discontinuous when there are gaps without intermediate +forms.</p> +<p><b>Variety</b>: any departure from the normal type of a +species which, while retaining the specific characters, is yet +recognizably different because of climatic, seasonal or other +influences; may occur with the type form or as a geographical +race.</p> +<p><b>Variola</b>: a deep, rounded impression with defined +edges.</p> +<p><b>Variolate -ose</b>: with large, rounded impressions like +pock-marks.</p> +<p><b>Vas deferens</b>: = vasa deferentia, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Vasa deferentia</b>: tubes from the seminal vesicles or +testes of each side, which usually unite into a single ductus +ejaculatorius; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Vasa varicosa</b>: the malpighian tubules.</p> +<p><b>Vascular</b>: relating to the blood-vessels or circulatory +system.</p> +<p><b>Vasiform orifice</b>: in Aleurodidae, an ovate, triangular +or semicircular opening on the dorsum of the last abdominal +segment.</p> +<p><b>Veinlets</b>: in Orthoptera, are the minute transverse ribs +or ridges between the longitudinal veins.</p> +<p><b>Veins</b>: the chitinous, rod-like structures supporting +the wings, and especially those extending longitudinally from +base to the outer margin nerves nervures; nervules.</p> +<p><b>Velum</b>: a membranous appendage of the spurs at the apex +of anterior tibia in bees a broad process at inner end of fore +tibia.</p> +<p><b>Velum penis</b>: the thin membranous covering of the male +intromittent organ also applied to ether covering or shield-like +structures of the penis.</p> +<p><b>Velutinous</b>: velvety: clothed with dense, soft, short +hair, like velvet.</p> +<p><b>Vena</b>: a vein.</p> +<p><b>Vena dividens</b>: that longitudinal vein of secondaries +that marks the beginning of the anal area: = anal 1 (Comst.).</p> +<p><b>Vena plicata</b>: on the wings of Dermaptera, the vein +around which the folding occurs.</p> +<p><b>Vena spuria</b>: = spurious vein: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Venation</b>: the system of chitinous frame-work supporting +the wings: in Lepidoptera, the veins are usually referred to by +numbers which are as follows: on primaries: 1 = anal; 2 = cubitus +2; 3 = cubitus 1: 4 = media 3; 5 = media 2; 6 = media 1; 7 = +radius 5; 8 = radius 4; 9 = radius 3; 10 = radius 2; 11 = radius +1; 12 = subcosta: on secondaries: 1, 1a, 1b = anal; 2 = Cubitus; +3 = cubitus 1; 4 = media 3: 5 = media 2; 6 = media 1; 7 = radius +1; 8 = subcosta. See plate III for typical venations of all +orders.</p> +<p><b>Venter</b>: the belly: under surface of abdomen as a whole +and of each ring.</p> +<p><b>Ventose</b>: inflated; puffed out.</p> +<p><b>Ventrad</b>: extending or directed toward the under +side.</p> +<p><b>Ventral</b>: pertaining to the under surface of abdomen: in +Diptera, that face of the leg which is inferior when laterally +extended.</p> +<p><b>Ventral chain</b>: refers to the series of ganglia of the +nervous system.</p> +<p><b>Ventral comb</b>: in Trichoptera, a transverse row of fine +teeth on venter.</p> +<p><b>Ventral diaphragm</b>: is a fine membrane covering the +central nerve cords and ganglia: also called ventral heart.</p> +<p><b>Ventral heart</b>: = ventral diaphragm, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Ventral plate</b>: a thickening of the blastoderm of an egg +from which the embryo, but not the amnion or serosa is +formed.</p> +<p><b>Ventral scale</b>: in Diaspinae, the under part of the +puparium, interposed between the insect and the plant.</p> +<p><b>Ventral tube</b>: in Collembola, a tube or tubercle +proceeding from the ventral side of the first abdominal +segment.</p> +<p><b>Ventricose</b>: with a big belly: distended; inflated.</p> +<p><b>Ventriculus</b>: the true stomach, = chylific ventricle; +q.v.</p> +<p><b>Ventri-meson</b>: the middle line of the ventral surface of +the body.</p> +<p><b>Ventro-cephalad</b>: toward the lower side and +anteriorly.</p> +<p><b>Ventro-dorsad</b>: extending from belly to back.</p> +<p><b>Venules</b>: the branches of the main veins.</p> +<p><b>Vermian</b>: worm-like.</p> +<p><b>Vermicular</b>: worm-like, tortuous: resembling the tracks +of a worm.</p> +<p><b>Vermiculate</b>: worm-like in form: a marking with wormlike +tracings.</p> +<p><b>Vermiform</b>: worm-shaped.</p> +<p><b>Vernal</b>: appearing in spring.</p> +<p><b>Vernantia</b>: the molting or shedding of the skin.</p> +<p><b>Verriculate</b>: with thick-set tufts of parallel +hairs.</p> +<p><b>Verricule</b>: a dense tuft of upright hairs.</p> +<p><b>Verrucose</b>: having little hard lumps or wart-like +elevations.</p> +<p><b>Versatile</b>: moving freely in every direction.</p> +<p><b>Versicolored</b>: with several colors, indeterminately +restricted.</p> +<p><b>Vertex</b>: the top of the head between the eyes, front and +occiput: in bees, that part of the head adjacent to and occupied +by the ocelli: in Notonectids, "the imaginary anterior margin of +the notocephalon."</p> +<p><b>Vertexal</b>: occurring on or near the vertex, or directed +toward it.</p> +<p><b>Vertical cephalic bristles</b>: in Diptera, are two pairs, +inner and outer, inserted more or less behind the upper and inner +corner of the eye; erect, or the inner pair convergent, the outer +pair divergent.</p> +<p><b>Vertical margin</b>: in Diptera, the limit between front +and occiput.</p> +<p><b>Vertical triangle</b>: in male Diptera, the small triangle +upon which the ocelli are situated; limited behind by vertex, in +front by eyes.</p> +<p><b>Verticil</b>: one of the whorls of long fine sensitive hair +arranged symmetrically on the joints of the antennae in certain +Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Verticillate</b>: placed in whorls: antennae in which the +joints have a circle of long, fine hair as in Cecidomyiids.</p> +<p><b>Vesicant</b>: blistering: able to produce a blister.</p> +<p><b>Vesicle of penis</b>: in Odonata, a sac with chitinous +walls, attached to the sternum behind the penis.</p> +<p><b>Vesicles</b>: little sacs, bladders or cysts: applied to +extensible organs producing odors or secretions, as in some +beetles and caterpillars.</p> +<p><b>Vesicular</b>: bladder-like; beset with spherical +prominences.</p> +<p><b>Vesicula seminalis</b>: see seminal vesicles.</p> +<p><b>Vestibule</b>: the space around the ovipositor formed by +the projecting margins of the surrounding segments: the space +between the occluding structure of the spiracle and the valve +opening into the trachea itself.</p> +<p><b>Vestigial</b>: small or degenerate: only a trace or remnant +of a previously functional organ.</p> +<p><b>Vestiture</b>: the surface clothing, whether of a hairy or +scaly character.</p> +<p><b>Vexhillum</b>: in Hymenoptera, an expansion on the tip of +tarsi of certain fossorial groups.</p> +<p><b>Vibrant</b>: having a rapid motion to and fro.</p> +<p><b>Vibratile</b>: formed for vibratory motion: used to express +the almost continual movement of the antennae of some +Hymenoptera, and the wings of some Diptera.</p> +<p><b>Vibrissae</b>: curved bristles or hairs in some Diptera, +situated between the mystax and the antenna: whiskers.</p> +<p><b>Villi</b>: soft hairs or papillate processes: plural of +villus, q.v.</p> +<p><b>Villose -ous</b>: soft-haired or clothed with soft, short +hair.</p> +<p><b>Villus</b>: a short, hair-like or papillate process on the +surface of certain absorbent and sensory organs.</p> +<p><b>Vinous</b>: wine-color: a deep, transparent red-brown. like +claret [purple madder].</p> +<p><b>Violaceous</b>: violet colored: a mixture of blue and red +[violet carmine].</p> +<p><b>Virescent or Viridescent</b>: greenish or becoming +green.</p> +<p><b>Viridis</b>: green, like verdigris [French blue + chrome +yellow + white].</p> +<p><b>Viscera</b>: the internal organs of the body.</p> +<p><b>Visceral</b>: relating or attached to the viscera.</p> +<p><b>Viscid</b>: sticky: covered with a shiny, resinous or +greasy matter.</p> +<p><b>Viscous</b>: thick, sticky or semi-fluid.</p> +<p><b>Vis formatrix</b>: the creative or formative force.</p> +<p><b>Vitelligenous</b>: producing the vitellus or yolk: said of +certain cells in the ovaries, believed to have that function.</p> +<p><b>Vitelline -us</b>: yellow, with a slight tinge of red, like +yolk of an egg.</p> +<p><b>Vitelline membrane</b>: the delicate tissue surrounding the +yolk of an egg.</p> +<p><b>Vitreous</b>: glassy; transparent.</p> +<p><b>Vitta</b>: a longitudinal, colored line.</p> +<p><b>Vitta frontalis</b>: = frontal stripe: q.v.</p> +<p><b>Vittate</b>: striped.</p> +<p><b>Viviparous</b>: applied to insects which bear living +young.</p> +<p><b>Vocal cords</b>: specialized organs on the thoracic +spiracles of Diptera, by means of which they produce a humming or +singing sound.</p> +<p><b>Volant</b>: flying or capable of flight.</p> +<p><b>Vulgar</b>: common; not conspicuous: obscure in appearance +and abundant in number.</p> +<p><b>Vultus</b>: face: that part of head below front and between +the eyes.</p> +<p><b>Vulva</b>: the orifice of the vagina in the female.</p> +<p><b>Vulvar lamina</b>: in Odonata, the posterior margin of +sternum of segment 8.</p> +<p><b>Vulvar scale</b>: = v. lamina.</p> +<p><a name="Toc744" id="Toc744">W</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Wart</font>: a +spongy excrescence, more or less cylindric, with a nearly +truncated tip: the enlarged, common base of a group of seta: in +Trichoptera, a pitted elevation.</b></p> +<p><b>Wax</b>: a ductile substance excreted by bees and other +insects from glandular structures in various parts of the body, +used in building cells or in forming a protective covering.</p> +<p><b>Wax-cutter</b>: the pincer-like structure formed by the +hind tibia and metatarsus in social bees.</p> +<p><b>Wax-glands</b>: any glands in any part of the body which +secrete a waxy product in either a scale, string or powder: in +Coccidae, the circumgenital and parastigmatic glands; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Wax-pincer</b>: = wax cutter.</p> +<p><b>Wax-scale</b>: one of the scales secreted in the wax pocket +or gland of a worker bee.</p> +<p><b>Whitlows</b>: = paronychia; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Whorl</b>: a ring of long hair arranged around a centre, +like the spokes around the hub of a wheel.</p> +<p><b>Wing, Wings</b>: membranous reticulated organs of flight; +one pair, the primaries, attached to the meso-thorax; the other, +the secondaries, attached to the meta-thorax.</p> +<p><b>Wing covers</b>: those parts of the chitinous cuticle of +larvae, nymphs or pupae which cover the rudiments of the wings of +the imago: the forewings of an imago when they are thicker than +the hind wings and cover them when at rest: see elytra; +tegmina.</p> +<p><b>Wings of the heart</b>: the series of diagonal and other +muscular fibres above the diaphragm in the pericardial cavity: +see pericardial diaphragm.</p> +<p><b>Wing cells</b>: areas inclosed by veins: reference should +be had to the figures illustrating venation and to the special +terms applied to the cells.</p> +<p><b>Winglets</b>: small, concavo-convex scales, generally +fringed at tip, under the base of the elytra in Dytiscidae.</p> +<p><b>Wing-pads</b>: undeveloped wings of pupa or nymph.</p> +<p><b>Wing-scale</b>: in Hymenoptera, = tegula; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Workers</b>: the undeveloped females in the social +Hymenoptera; also those sexually undeveloped Termites that are +not soldiers.</p> +<p><a name="Toc745" id="Toc745">X</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Xanthophyll</font>: +the yellow of autumn leaves; one of the substances found in the +blood of insects.</b></p> +<p><b>Xenobiosis</b>: see symbiosis.</p> +<p><b>Xerophilous</b>: applied to species living in dry +places.</p> +<p><b>Xylophaga</b>: wood-eaters: applied in several orders.</p> +<p><b>Xylophagous</b>: feeding in or upon woody tissue.</p> +<p><b>Xyphus</b>: a spinous or triangular process of the +meso-sternum in many Hemiptera, and some other insects.</p> +<p><a name="Toc746" id="Toc746">Y</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Yellow</font>: used +without modification is sulphur or lemon yellow.</b></p> +<p><b>Yolk</b>: the nutritive matter of an egg as distinguished +from the living, formative material; = deutoplasm.</p> +<p><a name="Toc747" id="Toc747">Z</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="2">Zona</font>: a belt +or zone; as of distribution.</b></p> +<p><b>Zonite</b>: = arthromere or somite; q.v.</p> +<p><b>Zoönite or Zoönule</b>: = zonite.</p> +<p><b>Zygoptera</b>: those Odonata, having the fore and hind +wings subequal in width, venation comprising a quadrilateral, not +a triangle; nymphs with caudal tracheal gills.</p> +<p><a name="Toc748" id="Toc748">ADDENDA.</a></p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size= +"2">Calacobiosis</font>: see symbiosis.</b></p> +<p><b>Cleptobiosis</b>: see symbiosis.</p> +<p><b>Dulosis</b>: see symbiosis.</p> +<p><b>Coxal file</b>: in some aquatic Coleoptera a series of +striations just above the hind coxa of male and, perhaps, a +stridulating organ.</p> +<p><b>Coxal plates</b>: plate-like expansions or dilations of the +coxa: specifically in aquatic Coleoptera on the posterior +pair.</p> +<p><b>Ecto-parasite</b>: one that is attached to the external +surface of the host.</p> +<p><b>Ento-parasite</b>: one that feeds within the body of the +host.</p> +<p><b>Embioptera</b>: an ordinal term proposed for the +Neuropterous family Embidae.</p> +<p><b>Hamabiosis</b>: see symbiosis.</p> +<p><b>Heliophobic</b>: loving darkness: applied to species that +shun the light, like, e.g. Termites.</p> +<p><b>Heliotactic</b>: light loving: applied to species that live +in the open and in daylight.</p> +<p><b>Lestobiosis</b>: see symbiosis.</p> +<p><b>Meron</b>: in Neuroptera, a sclerite posterior to the coxa +and below the epimeron: corresponds to the trochantine in +Lepidoptera.</p> +<p><b>Metasternal wing</b>: in some aquatic Coleoptera a +leaf-like expansion above the coxal plates.</p> +<p><b>Myrmecophily</b>: is the relation existing between ants and +those guests that seek their company primarily for their own +individual advantage.</p> +<p><b>Phylacobiosis</b>: see symbiosis.</p> +<p><b>Prosternal process</b>: in aquatic Coleoptera a +modification of the prosternum used in the differentiation of +species.</p> +<p><b>Sub-clypeal pump</b>: in some Diptera, the enlarged, more +or less bulb- like structure at the anterior entrance of the +oesophagus.</p> +<p><b>Sub-clypeal tube</b>: in Diptera: see pharynx.</p> +<p><b><a name="Toc749" id="Toc749"><font face="Bookman Old Style" +size="4">EXPLANATION OF PLATES.</font></a></b></p> +<p><a name="Toc750" id="Toc750">PLATE 1. <font face= +"Bookman Old Style">Structures of the External Body +Wall</font><font face="Bookman Old Style" size= +"4">.</font></a></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">1. Harpalus caliginosas showing +the underside, and the head from above, to show the regions and +the position of the sclerites.</font></p> +<p>2. Thorax of a Dipteron to show location of bristles.</p> +<p>3. Lateral view of a denuded Lepidopteron to show arrangement +of sclerites.</p> +<p>4. Abdominal segment of a caterpillar to show the position of +the tubercles.</p> +<p>5. Lateral view of a dragon fly to show the body +sclerites.</p> +<p>All the abbreviations used in this plate are readily +understood.</p> +<p><b><a name="Toc751" id="Toc751"><font face="Bookman Old Style" +size="4">PLATE II. <font face="Bookman Old Style">Structures of +Head, Mouth, Thorax & Genitalia</font></font></a></b></p> +<p>1. Head of wasp from front.</p> +<p>2. Head of honey bee with mouth parts extended.</p> +<p>3. Head of Locustid from front, to show regions.</p> +<p>4. Head of a Lepidopteron from front.</p> +<p>5. Head of a cricket from front.</p> +<p>6. Labium of a cricket showing all usual parts.</p> +<p>7. Maxilla of Harpalus caliginosus, with all sclerites +marked.</p> +<p>8. Mandible of Copris carolina with all sclerites defined.</p> +<p>9. Thorax of a Hymenopteron from above.</p> +<p>10. Genitalia of a male mosquito with all parts named.</p> +<p>11. Genitalia of a male Noctuid from below : the parts +separated out.</p> +<p><b><a name="Toc752" id="Toc752"><font face="Bookman Old Style" +size="4">PLATE III. <font face="Bookman Old Style">Venation +According to the Comstock System.</font></font></a></b></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">1. Wing venation of a +Noctuid.</font></p> +<p>2. Wing venation of a Hepialid.</p> +<p>3. Wing venation of a Locustid.</p> +<p>4. Wing venation of a Hymenopteron.</p> +<p>5. Wing venation of a Dipteron.</p> +<p>6. Wing venation of an Odonat.</p> +<p>7. Wing venation of a Cicada.</p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="4">Abbreviations are +as follows:</font></b></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">C. Costa, except in figure 1, +where on the outer margin C occurs instead of Cu. In the cells it +means Costal.</font></p> +<p>Sc. Subcosta, when it refers to a vein and subcostal in a +cell.</p> +<p>R. Radius, when it refers to a vein and radial when in a +cell.</p> +<p>M. Media, when it refers to a vein and median in a cell.</p> +<p>Cu. Cubitus, when it refers to a vein and cubital in a +cell.</p> +<p>A. Anal veins or cells.</p> +<p>c-v. cross-vein.</p> +<p>m-cu. medio-cubital cross-vein.</p> +<p>r-m. radio-medial cross-vein.</p> +<p>m. median cross-vein.</p> +<p>h. humeral cross-vein.</p> +<p>st. stigma.</p> +<p>ar. arculus.</p> +<p>br. bridge.</p> +<p>n. nodus.</p> +<p>o. oblique vein.</p> +<p>t. triangle.</p> +<p>i. internal triangle.</p> +<p>al. anal loop.</p> +<p>Antn-c-sp. Antenodal costal spaces.</p> +<p>Ptn-c-sp. Postnodal costal spaces.</p> +<p>Ptn-r-sp. Postnodal radial spaces.</p> +<p>All cells are named after the vein that bounds them anteriorly +and are numbered, if more than one, from base outwardly, as 2M3 = +second median 3, etc.</p> +<p>In Plate 3, figure 1, M, in the outer margin between C1 and +M2, should be M3: the 3 was accidentally cut out by the +engraver.</p> +<p><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="5">Plate +1</font></b></p> +<p><img src="images/Image16.gif" width="370" height="752" alt= +"Image16"></p> +<p><img src="images/Image17.gif" width="555" height="555" alt= +"Image17"></p> +<p><img src="images/Image18.gif" width="555" height="555" alt= +"Image18"></p> +<p><img src="images/Image19.gif" width="553" height="553" alt= +"Image19"></p> +<p><img src="images/Image20.gif" width="553" height="553" alt= +"Image20"></p> +<p><img src="images/Image6.gif" width="549" height="402" alt= +"Image6"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="5">Plate +2</font></b></p> +<p><img src="images/Image21.gif" width="476" height="625" alt= +"Image21"></p> +<p><img src="images/Image8.gif" width="555" height="526" alt= +"Image8"><img src="images/Image12.gif" width="424" height="422" +alt="Image12"></p> +<p><img src="images/Image11.gif" width="393" height="540" alt= +"Image11"></p> +<p><img src="images/Image9.gif" width="433" height="558" alt= +"Image9"></p> +<p><img src="images/Image10.gif" width="400" height="684" alt= +"Image10"></p> +<p><img src="images/Image14.gif" width="430" height="431" alt= +"Image14"></p> +<p><img src="images/Image13.gif" width="505" height="507" alt= +"Image13"></p> +<p><img src="images/Image15.gif" width="550" height="552" alt= +"Image15"></p> +<p><img src="images/Image85.gif" width="552" height="837" alt= +"Image85"><b><font face="Bookman Old Style" size="5">Plate +3</font></b></p> +<p><b><a name="Toc753" id="Toc753"><font face="Bookman Old Style" +size="4">COLOR PLATE.</font></a></b></p> +<p><font face="Bookman Old Style">Nomenclature of Windsor and +Newton's Water Colors.</font></p> +<table border cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2" width="557" +summary=""> +<tr> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">1. +Vermilion.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">2. +Carmine.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">3. Crimson +lake.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">4. Alizar +crimson.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">5. +Salmon.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">6. +Rose.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">7. Purple +madder.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">8. +Mauve.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">9. French +blue.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">10. Purple +lake.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">11. Violet +carmine.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">12. +Lilac.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">13. Cobalt +blue.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">14. +Lavender.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">15. Blue +gray.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">16. Greenish +gray.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">17. Chrome +lemon.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">18. +Gamboge.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">19. Chrome +orange.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">20. Pale cadmium +yellow.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">21. Brown +pink.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">22. Pale clay +yellow.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">23. Hooker's +green.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">24. Prussian +green.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">25. Olive +green.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">26. Apple +green.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">27. Nile +green.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">28. Pale +green.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">20. Blue +green.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">30. +Neutral.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">31. +Gray.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">32. Ultra ash +gray.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">33. Indian +red.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">34. Dragon's +blood.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">35. Burnt +sienna.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">36. Brown +ochre.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">37. Cologne +earth.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">38. Roman +sepia.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="23%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">39. Van Dyke +brown.</font></p> +</td> +<td width="27%" valign="top" height="16"> +<p align="center"><font face="Bookman Old Style">40. Pale +brown.</font></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><img src="images/Image23.gif" width="549" height="727" alt= +"Image23"></p> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Explanation of Terms Used in Entomology, by +John. B. 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B. Smith + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Explanation of Terms Used in Entomology + +Author: John. B. Smith + +Release Date: September 23, 2007 [EBook #22748] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY *** + + + + +Produced by Jon Richfield + + + + + + +EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY + +PREPARED BY JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D. +Professor of Entomology in Rutgers College, &c. + +PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY +BROOKLYN, N. Y. +1906 + +PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY +LANCASTER, PA. + +{Scanner's note: This book is about a century old at the time of +scanning. I found it in the discard pile of a local university library. I +find the book to be of exceptional historical interest in the insights it +gives into the development of early modern entomological science. It +also is of practical value as a source for terms that are obscure to +modern users because they are no longer current. + +I have edited the text as well as I could and I think it is by now very +usable, but do treat any really suspicious looking passages with +reserve. I have avoided the use of non-alphabetic symbols as far as I +could, for example Greek letters and male, female and hermaphroditic +symbols, but if you encounter difficulties you might find the +problem there. Also, the colour table at the end is not really much +good for anything beyond general impressions; not only are the paper +and ink old, but between my scanner and your screen or printer, there +is room for too much misinterpretation of precise colour, for anyone to +take it seriously. + +In any case, enjoy. The book is a valuable product of serious workers +in an age of exploration.} + + + +FOREWORD. + +When, some time since, in consequence of continuing demands, the +Brooklyn Entomological Society resolved to publish a new edition of +its Explanation of Terms used in Entomology, and entrusted the +writer and two associates with the task of preparing the same, it was +believed that a little revision of definitions, the dropping of a few +obsolete terms and the addition of a few lately proposed, would be all +that was necessary. It was to be a light task to fill idle time in +summer, report to be made in fall. Two years have passed since that +time; the associates have dropped by the way; the manuscript +contains five times the number of terms in the original "Explanation." +and if it is published now, it is not because I believe it to be complete; +but because I do not believe it can be made complete except as the +result of criticism and voluntary addition by specialists throughout +the country. + +It is twenty-six years since the original list was published and nothing +can better illustrate the advances made than a comparison between +the old and the new Glossary. No one realizes better than I the fact +that as students have increased in each order, each has followed an +independent line of research, absolutely without regard to the work +done elsewhere. In consequence, we have several terms for the same +thing in many cases and, in an equal number, several meanings to the +same term. As no one man can now-a-days cover the entire field of +Entomology, it goes without saying that I was compelled to rely partly +upon books and partly upon the good nature of correspondents to +make the work even approximately complete. + +The first notable contribution came from Professor Justus W. Folsom, +of Urbana, Illinois, who sent me over 2000 cards of terms collected by +himself and his assistants, and these added materially at the +beginning of the work. A number of correspondents were good enough +to send in lists of terms in Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, +Hemiptera and Neuroptera, and to refer me to literature where +explanations of other special terms could be found. + +After the cards were so far advanced as to warrant a preliminary +manuscript, Dr. Philip P. Calvert of the University of Pennsylvania. +Mr. Nathan Banks of Washington, D.C., and Mr. C. W. Johnson of +the Boston Society of Natural History went carefully over the entire +work and by their criticisms and additions contributed materially to +such merit as it possesses. To these gentlemen and to the many +others not specifically mentioned I give thanks for their assistance, +and if there have not been more co-workers it has been only because +of the time element that seems to demand the best that is ready, +rather than a delay to secure perfection. + +It would be interesting to go at length into the history of the +correspondence to determine what sort of terms should or should not +be included and to bring out the hopeless divergencies existing; but +all that is important here is to state briefly what has been included +and what omitted. + +Common English terms even if descriptive, when used in their +ordinary dictionary sense, have not been included as a rule; but this +is subject to many exceptions. Latin terms and derivatives, even if +used in their usual sense have been generally included; but +compounds made up of adequately defined descriptive terms are +generally omitted. Adverbial or adjective forms have been omitted +whenever it has been considered safe, and so have terms prefixed by +sub-, supra- and the like, indicating degree or position. In doubtful +cases the terms have been included and defined. All terms of venation +are, so far as possible, reduced to the Comstock system which is the +only one that has been satisfactorily worked out for all orders, and a +series of figures is added to explain this system so far as seems +necessary. It has not been considered feasible to determine the proper +use of terms applied differently in different orders or families; that is +scarcely within the scope of a work of this kind. + +Terms used in embryological and histological study have been +included only so far as seemed necessary to an understanding of the +general works, and no attempt has been made to cover the terms +applied to musculature and other details of microscopic structure: +this has seemed rather to be outside of the scope of the present essay. + +All color terms are reduced so far as possible to terms of the +Windsor and Newton system of water colors which are standard in the +English-speaking world, and the color plate shows solid blocks of +those colors that seem necessary to explain all modifications except +metallics, blacks and whites. {Scanner's note: color plate may be +excluded, partly because it is in poor condition.} + +The figures illustrating body structures and other details have been +drawn under my supervision by Mr. John A. Grossbeck, and are +meant to be guides merely - else the glossary would exceed its scope. + +In the admission that the work is incomplete, no apology is intended +for its publication; it is merely a statement of fact to encourage +constructive rather than destructive criticism. It is hoped that those +who note errors or omissions will communicate them to the writer so +that when another edition is needed, as it will be before many years +are past, a standard work may be possible. + + + +JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D. + +New Brunswick, N.J. April 1906 + + + + +EXPLANATORY. + +Definitions of general application are as a rule given first, where +more than one is necessary; next those of limited use, and finally +the specific meaning in each order in which there is any notable +difference. + +Where a word has more than one ending, the difference is given after a +hyphen which represents the stem word: e.g. ametabola -ous; the +latter in place of ametabolous, which indicates the possession of the +characters peculiar to the ametabola. Where there is an English and a +Latin ending, the former is usually given with the word and the other +is added: e.g. aequilate -us, instead of aequilatus, there being no +difference in the application. Usually the singular form of the word +is first given, and the plural ending is added; e.g. + + antenna -ae, + + cenchrus -ri, + + desideratum -ata; + +but occasionally, when the plural is more commonly used, e.g. +epimera -eron, this is reversed and the singular ending is added: when +the two are different in form, e.g. foot and feet, the words are given +separately, and so when there is a difference in the application, as in + + uncus and unci. + +In the definition of color terms the words in brackets [ ] refer to the +equivalent color as named on the plate, or the combination needed to +produce it. + +The names in parentheses ( ) are those of the writers whose definitions +are used, or who have used the term in the sense defined. In the +terms of venation, these parentheses occur most frequently. + +Most of the signs and abbreviations are those in common use + + := equal to, or the same as; + + q.v. which see; + + pl. plural; + + abb. abbreviated. + +The abbreviated names are: Comst. for Comstock; Coq. for +Coquillett; Meig. for Meigen; Nort. for Norton: O. S. for +Osten-Sacken: and Will. for Williston. + + +A + +A: prefix, is privative; wanting or without. + +Ab: off; away from. + +Abbreviated: cut short; not of usual length. + +Abdomen: the third or posterior division of the insect body: consists +normally of nine or ten apparent segments, but actual number is a +mooted question: bears no functional legs in the adult stage. + +Abdominal: belonging or pertaining to the abdomen. + +Abdominal feet: see pro-legs. + +Abdominal groove: the concave lobe of the inner margin of secondaries +enveloping the abdomen beneath, in some butterflies. + +Abdominal pouch: in female Parnassiids, a sac-like ventral cavity, +formed by material secreted during copulation. + +Abductor: applied to muscles that open out or extend an appendage or +draw it away from the body: see adductor. + +Abductor mandibulae: the muscle that opens the mandibles. + +Aberrant: unusual; out of the ordinary course. + +Aberration: a form that departs in some striking way from the normal +type; either single or occurring rarely, at irregular intervals. + +Abiogenesis: spontaneous generation. + +Abnormal: outside the usual range or course; not normal. + +Aborted: a structure developed so as to be unfit for its normal function +obsolete or atrophied. + +Abraded: scraped or rubbed. + +Abrupt: suddenly or without gradation. + +Abscissus: cut off squarely, with a straight margin. + +Absconditus: hidden, concealed; retracted into another. + +Acalyptrata: those muscid flies in which alulae are absent or +rudimentary. + +Acanthus: a spine, spur or prickle. + +Acaudal -ate: without a tail. + +Accessory: added, or in addition to. + +Accessory carinae: in Orthoptera the lateral carinae of the face. + +Accessory cell: a cell not commonly present in the group; in some +orders of definite location as, e.g. in Lepidoptera, usually a small cell +at the end of the subcosta, giving rise directly or indirectly to veins 7 +to 10:= 1st radius 2 (Comst.); = areole. + +Accessory glands: any glands opening into the ducts of the +reproductive system. + +Accessory sac: a glandular structure of the female reproductive +system containing a sticky secretion. + +Accessory subcostal vein: the vein given off from the subcosta and +branching toward the apex of the wing in Perlidae. + +Aceous or aceus: suffix; similar to, or of the nature of. + +Acephalous: without a head. + +Acerata: arthropods without true antennae Arachnids and Limulus + +Acetabular caps: Hemiptera; the coxal cavity. + +Acetabuliform: like a shallow saucer with more or less incurved sides. + +Acetabulum: the cavity into which an appendage is articulated; +specifically the coxal cavity, - q.v.; also applied to a +cup-like cavity in the sucking mouth of maggots. + +Achreioptera: ordinal term proposed for the coleopterous family +Platypsyllidae. + +Achromatic: free from color; tissue that does not stain readily. + +Acicular: needle-shaped; with a long, slender point. + +Aciculate: a surface that appears as if scratched with a needle. + +Acidotheca: the pupal sheath of the ovipositor. + +Acini: granulations, like those on a blackberry: the terminal secreting +tubes of glands. + +Acinose -ous: a surface set with acini. + +Acone: applied to compound eyes in which the individual ocelli have +no crystalline cone or lens; see eucone. {Scanner's note: this is no +longer a valid usage for the word "ocelli". Currently the term is. See +"ocellus" and "ommatidium".} + +Acoustic nerve: connects the auditory pits or other organs of hearing +with special ganglia. + +Acridophagus: preying and feeding on grasshoppers. + +Acrostichal bristles: Diptera; two rows of bristles on the middle of the +dorsum; specifically, minute peculiar bristles on the dorso-central +region of Dolichopodidae. + +Aculeata: Hymenoptera; the stingers, including bees and wasps. + +Aculeate: prickly; armed with short, sharp spines; specifically, in +Hymenoptera furnished with a sting which is a modified ovipositor +and connected with a poison sac. + +Aculeus -ei: a prickle; a small sharp point; specifically, an ovipositor, +especially when sting-like, as in Hymenoptera; in male Tipulidae a +slender, horny, often curved and pointed piece, projected when the +forceps is open. + +Acuminate: tapering to a long point. + +Acupunctate: a surface with fine punctures as if made with a needle. + +Acutangulate: forming, or meeting in an acute angle. + +Acute: pointed: terminating in or forming less than a right angle. + +Acutilingual: with a sharp pointed tongue or mouth structure, as in +some bees. + +Acutilingues: bees with a short pointed tongue: see obtusilingues. + +Addorsal: close to but not quite on the middle of the dorsum. + +Addorsal line: in caterpillars, is longitudinal, a little to one +side of the dorsal and between it and the subdorsal line. + +Adductor: applied to muscles that draw an appendage to the body +or bring parts into apposition: see abductor. + +Adductor mandibulae: the muscle that draws in or closes +the mandible. + +Adeloceratous: with concealed antennae: see cryptocerata. + +Adephagous: belonging to the Adephaga: pentamerous, predatory, +terrestrial beetles with filiform antennae and predatory habits: see +hydradephagous. + +Adherent: attached or clinging to. + +Adipose: fat or fatty: see fat-body. + +Adiscota: insects that develop into adults without forming imaginal +discs; see discota. + +Adminicula: supports or props: the spinous processes on the +abdomen of boring and burrowing pupae. + +Adnate: adjoining; adhering or growing together: closely connected. + +Adpressed: laid or pressed to; contiguous. + +Adsperse -us: with markings of closely crowded small spots. + +Adsternal: situated next or close to the sternum. + +Adult: the stage when an insect is sexually mature and ready to +reproduce normally. + +Aduncate -cus, -catus: a part gradually bent through its whole extent. + +Adventitious: occurring accidentally, out of the ordinary course, +without apparent reason. + +Adventral line: in caterpillars, extends along the under side between +the middle and the base of legs. + +Adventral tubercle: on the abdominal segments of caterpillars on the +inner base of the leg, and correspondingly on the apodal segments; +constant: is number VIII of the abdominal series (Dyar). + +Aeneous -eus: shining bronze or brassy. + +Aenescent: becoming or appearing bronzed or brassy. + +Aequale: equal. + +Aequilate-us: of equal breadth throughout. + +Aerial: living in the air; applied to flying insects. + +Aeriductus: a spiracle: the tracheal, gill-like structures of aquatic +larvae: more specifically the tail-like extensions of rat-tailed maggots +and some aquatic Hemiptera. + +Aeroscepsin: an indefinite sense of perception supposed to be located +in the antenna. + +Aeroscepsy: The faculty of observing atmospheric changes: supposed +to be located in the antenna. + +Aerostats: a pair of large air sacs at base of abdomen in Diptera. + +Aeruginose -us: the color of verdigris [blue green]. + +Aestival: occurring in summer. + +Aestivation: applied to summer dormancy. + +Afferent: carrying inwardly or toward the centre. + +Affinis: related to: similar in structure or development. + +Afternose: a triangular piece below antennae and above clypeus: see +postclypeus. + +Agamic -ous: reproducing without union with a male. + +Agamogenesis: reproduction without fertilization by a male: see +parthenogenesis; gamogenesis. + +Agglomerate: heaped or massed together. + +Agglutinate: stuck or glued together; welded into one mass. + +Aggregated: crowded together as closely as possible. + +Agnathous: without jaws; specifically applied to those Neuropteroid +series in which the mouth structures are obsolescent. + +Aileron: the scale covering the base of primaries in some insects; see +tegulae in Diptera = alula and squama, q.v. + +Air-sacs or vesicles: pouch-like expansions of tracheal tubes in heavy +insects, capable of inflation and supposed to lessen specific gravity. + +Air-tube: a respiratory siphon. + +Ala -ae: a wing or wings. + +Alar appendage: see alulet. + +Alar frenum: a small ligament crossing the supra-alar groove toward +the root of the wing: Hymenoptera. + +Alary: relating to the wings: applied also to the wing muscles of heart. + +Alate -us: winged; with lobes similar to wings in appearance though +not necessarily in function. + +Albi, albus: white. + +Albicans: formed or made of white. + +Albidus: white with dusky tinge. + +Albinic: of the character of an albino. + +Albinism: that condition in which there is an absence of color or a +whitening in a form usually colored. + +Albino: a colorless individual of a species that is normally colored. + +Albumen: the white of egg or the substances in the tissues which have +the same characteristics. + +Albumin: the characteristic substance forming the white of egg. + +Albuminoid: like or of the character of albumen. + +Alimentary canal: the digestive tract as a whole; begins at the mouth +and extends through the body to the anus. + +Alitrunk: that part of the thorax to which the wings are attached: in +many Hymenoptera, includes the 1st abdominal segment. + +Alizarine: a transparent, orange red [alizar crimson]. + +Alleghanian faunal area: is that part of the transition zone comprising +the greater part of New England, s. e. Ontario, New York, +Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, eastern N. Dakota, n. +e. S. Dakota, and the Alleghanies from Pennsylvania to Georgia. + +Alligate -us: fastened or suspended by a thread; +like the chrysalis of Papilio, etc. + +Alliogenesis: when the development includes an alternation of +generations (q.v.), as in Cynipids. + +Alluring glands: glandular structures diffusing an odor supposed to be +attractive to the opposite sex. + +Allux: next to the last joint of tarsus; in Rhynchophora. + +Alpine zone: = arctic zone, q.v. + +Alternation of generations: where a species that occurs in both sexes +periodically produces only parthenogenetic females; the latter, in +turn, producing the sexed form; occurs in Cynipidae and some +Homoptera: see heterogeny. + +Altus: above: applied to a part raised above the usual level. + +Alulae: Diptera; a pair of membranous scales above the halteres, +behind the root of the wing, one above or before the other; the +anterior attached to the wing and moving with it, the posterior +fastened to the thorax and stationary; see calyptra; squama; +squamula; lobulus; axillary lobe; aileron; scale; tegulae: Coleoptera; +a membranous appendage of the elytra which prevents dislocation. + +Alulet: Diptera: the lobe at basal posterior part of wing; = alar +appendage; posterior lobe: and has been used as = alula. + +Alutaceous: rather pale leather brown [burnt sienna]: covered with +minute cracks, like the human skin. + +Alveolate: furnished with cells: deeply pitted. + +Alveolus: a cell, like that of a honeycomb. + +Amber: a transparent, clear, pale yellowish brown; of the color of +amber [a mixture of pale cadmium yellow and a little burnt umber]. + +Ambient vein: Diptera; the costal vein when it extends beyond the +apex and practically margins the wing. + +Ambrosia: bee-bread: the food cultures of certain Scolytid beetles. + +Ambulatoria: that series of Orthoptera in which the legs are fitted for +walking only; Phasmids. + +Ambulatorial: fitted for walking or making progress on the surface. + +Ambulatorial setae: specialized hairs or bristles, situated on the +ventral segments of the abdomen of some Coleoptera. + +Ambulatory: moves by walking; formed for walking. + +Ametabola -ous: insects without obvious metamorphoses, in which +the larvae usually resemble the adult and the pupae are active. + +Ametabolion: an insect that has no distinct metamorphoses. + +Amethystine -us: bright blue with a reddish admixture; clear like an +amethyst [between mauve and lilac]. + +Amnion: the inner of the two membranes enveloping the embryo. + +Amnion cavity: a tube-like insinking from the ventral plate of the +embryo, extending cephalad. + +Amnion fold: the extensions of the amnion which close the mouth of +the amnion cavity in the embryo. + +Amnios: the first cast skin of the larva when a moult occurs almost +immediately after emergence from the egg. + +Amoebiform: having the appearance or properties of an amoeba. + +Amoeboid: applied to movements similar to those of an amoeba. + +Amphibiotica: those pseudoneuropterous insects whose larvae are +aquatic but whose imagos are aerial; stone-flies; May-flies; +dragonflies. + +Amphimixis: the mingling of the germ plasm of two individuals. + +Amphiodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids bearing +mandibles of medium size, between teleodont and priodont; +=mesodont. + +Amphipneustic: applied to larvae which have the spiracles confined to +the anterior and terminal segments. + +Ample: broad; large; sufficient in size. + +Amplected: when the head is received into a concavity +of the prothorax; e.g. Hister. + +Ampliate -us: moderately dilated. + +Amplificatus: dilated; enlarged. + +Ampulla: Orthoptera; an extensile sac between head and prothorax +used by the young in escaping from ooetheca, and later, in molting: +Heteroptera; a blister-like enlargement at the middle of the anterior +margin of the pro-thorax. + +Ampulla-like: flask-shaped; applied to a vascular sac at base of +antennae which aids in the blood circulation of head and its +appendages. + +Amygdaliform: almond-shaped. + +Anabolic: the constructive change from food material to animal tissue: +see katabolic. + +Anal: pertaining or attached to the last segment of the abdomen; the +point or angle of any wing or other appendage that is near to or at any +time reaches the tip of the abdomen. + +Anal angle: on the secondaries is that angle nearest the end of the +abdomen when the wings are expanded: the angle between the inner +and outer margin of any wing; = hind angle of primaries. + +Anal appendages: generally; applied to the external genital parts. + +Anal area: Orthoptera and Neuroptera; the hinder or anal portion of a +wing within the anal vein = axillary area. + +Anal cells: the spaces between the anal veins (Comst.): in Diptera, +anal cell (Will.), the space nearest the body, inclosed by the 5th and +6th veins sometimes called the third basal cell (Coq.) = 1st anal +(Comst.). + +Anal field: Orthoptera; that area on the tegmina corresponding to the +anal area of the secondaries. + +Anal filaments: see caudal setae. + +Anal fork: applied to the cerci of Coleopterous larvae. + +Anal foot: applied to the tip of the body in larval Chironomids, which +is modified to serve as a hold-fast. + +Anal furrow: in wings, lies between the cubitus and 1st anal vein. + +Anal glands: appendages of the alimentary canal, opening into it near +the posterior extremity, secreting either a lubricant, a silk-gum, or +some other specialized material. + +Anal horns: in Collembola, are small processes borne on the last +abdominal segment. + +Anal lobes: in Lecaniinae, a pair of small, triangular, hinged processes +forming a valve which covers the anal orifice. + +Anal loop: Odonata; the loop formed by the angulations of 1st anal +vein. + +Analogous: similar in function; but differing in origin and structure: +e.g. the wings of birds and insects: see homologous. + +Anal operculum: the dorsal arch of the 10th abdominal segment; in +caterpillars = supra-anal plate, q.v. + +Anal organs: Collembola; the two modified hairs arising +from a tubercle ventro-cephalad of the anus and +usually curving caudo-dorsad. + +Anal orifice: see anus. + +Anal papilla: Collembola; see anal tubercle. + +Anal plate: in caterpillars, the shield-like covering of the dorsum of the +last segment: in the embryonic larva the 11th tergite. + +Anal ring: a chitinous ring encircling the anus in many Coccidae. + +Anal scale: one of the lateral processes of the ovipositor in Cynipidae, +lying outside and below the lateral scale. + +Anal siphon: the anal breathing tube of Culicid larvae. + +Anal style: a slender process on or within the terminal segment of the +abdomen in Homoptera. + +Anal tubercle: Collembola; the tubercle bearing the anal organs: = +anal papilla. + +Anal tubercles: a pair of prominent, rounded or conical processes, +situate one on each side of the anus in certain Coccids. + +Anal valves: see podical plates. + +Anal veins: those longitudinal unbranched veins extending from base +to outer margin below the cubitus; the first anal, also termed vena +dividens, q.v., is the 6th of the series starting from the base, and it +may be followed by several others which are numbered in order to the +inner margin. + +Anastomosing: inosculating or running into each other. + +Anastomosis: a running together; usually applied to wing veins, often +to markings; sometimes used like stigma, q.v.; also in Neuroptera, a +series of cross-veinlets nearly in one row; a connecting series of +veinlets. + +Anceps: two-edged; similar to ensiform, q.v. + +Ancestral: primitive; inherited from an earlier form or ancestor. + +Anchor process: = breastbone, q.v. + +Anchylosed: grown together at a joint. + +Ancipital: with two opposite edges or angles. + +Androconia: specialized, usually small scales of peculiar form, +found localized on some male butterflies. + +Androgynous: uniting the characters of both sexes. + +Aneurose: a wing without veins except near costa. + +Angle: of tegmina, "is the longitudinal ridge formed along the +interno-median by the sudden flexure from the horizontal +to the vertical portion when closed." + +Angular area: Hym.; the posterior of the three areas on the +metanotum between the lateral and pleural +carinae; = 3rd pleural area. + +Angulate: forming an angle; when two margins meet in an angle. + +Angulose: having angles. + +Angulus: forming an angle: = angulate. + +Angustatus: narrowed; narrowly drawn out. + +Anisoptera: that division of the Odonata in which the hind wings are +wider, especially at base, than the front wings. + +Annectent: applied to connecting or intermediate forms. + +Annelet or annellus: Hym.; small ring-joints between scape and +funicle. + +Annulate: ringed or marked with colored bands. + +Annulet: a small or narrow ring or annulus. + +Annuliform: in the form of rings or segments. + +Annulus: a ring encircling a joint, segment, spot or mark; sometimes +applied to the inner ring encircling the mouth opening. + +Annulus antennalis: the ring sclerite of the head into which the basal +segment of the antennae is inserted; = antennal sclerite. + +Anomalous: unusual; departing widely from the usual type. + +Anoplura: wingless species without metamorphosis, habits epizooetic, +thoracic segments similarly developed: a composite aggregation which +includes both the biting and sucking lice. + +Ante: before; used as a prefix. + +Ante-alar sinus: Odonata; a grooved area extending transversely +immediately in front of the base of each front wing. + +Ante-apical: just before the apex. + +Ante-clypeus: Odonata; the lower of the two divisions of the +clypeus; the inferior half of the clypeus whenever there is any +apparent line of demarcation: = clypeus-anterior; infra-clypeus; +rhinarium; second clypeus. + +Ante-coxal piece: Coleoptera; that portion of the metasternum lying +in front of the posterior coxae, often passing between them and +meeting the abdomen of mandible, is the lateral sclerite of the +clypeus; - one on each side. + +Ante-cubital: see ante-nodal, cross veins and spaces. + +Ante-furca: an internal forked process from the prosternum, to which +muscles are attached. + +Ante-humeral: relating to the space just before origin of wings. + +Ante-humeral stripe: Odonata; a discolored stripe, approximately +parallel to, but to the inner side of the humeral suture, q.v. + +Antemedial line: = t. a. line, q.v. + +Antemedian: Diptera; applied to leg-bristles situated before the +middle. + +Antenna -ae: two jointed, sensory organs, borne, one on each side of +the head, commonly termed horns or feelers. + +Antenna-cleaner: a fringed excavation on the interior base of the 1st +segment of the anterior tarsi of Hymenoptera which, when covered by +the movable process from the end of the tibia, forms an opening +through which the antennae may be drawn: similar structures are on +the fore tibiae of Carabid beetles: tarsal claws are also used by +various insects to clean antennae. + +Antennal appendage: in Mallophaga, a projecting process of the 1st or +3rd segment in the male. + +Antennal formula: in Coccidae; made by enumerating the antennal +joints in the order of their length, beginning with the longest and +bracketing together those of the same length. + +Antennal fossa -w: grooves or cavities in which antennae are located +or concealed: = a. grooves: antennary fossa. + +Antennal fovea: Diptera; a groove or grooves in the middle of the face +as though for the lodgment of the antennae; bounded on the sides by +the facial ridges. + +Antennal foveolae: Orthoptera; the pits between frontal costa and +lateral carinae, in which the antennae are inserted. + +Antennal grooves: see antennal fossa. + +Antennal lobes: of brain, see deuto-cerebrum. + +Antennal organs: in Collembola are sensory structures on the distal +segment. + +Antennal process: Diptera; the frontal protuberance upon which the +antennae are inserted. + +Antennal sclerite: see annulus antennalis. + +Antennal segment: the second or deutocerebral segment of head. + +Antennary fossa: see antennal fossa. + +Antennary furrow: in Mallophaga, grooves on the under side of the +head in which the antennae lie. + +Antenniferous: bearing antennae. + +Antenniform: made up like, or having the appearance of antennae. + +Antennule: a small antennae or feeler-like process. + +Antenodal cells: Odonata; in Agrionidae the cells included between the +short sector (M 4 Comst.) and the upper sector of the triangle (Cu 1, +Comst.), and between the quadrilateral (or quadrangle) and the vein +descending from the nodus. + +Antenodal cross veins: Odonata; extend between costa and sub-costa, +and between sub-costa and media, from the base to the nodus, +forming the ante-nodal or ante-cubital cells: = ante-cubital. + +Antenodal costal spaces: Odonata; the cells between costa and +subcosta, from the base to the nodus: = ante-cubitals. + +Anteocular: the region just before the eye; specifically applied in +Collembola to a peculiar structure of undefined function situated in +front of the eyes: = prostemmatic. + +Antepectus: the lower surface of the prothorax. + +Antepenultimate: the last but two. + +Anterior: in front; before; in Dip., that face of the leg which is visible +from the front when the leg is laterally extended and bristles on that +face are anterior. + +Anterior branch of third vein, in Diptera (Will.), = radius 4 (Comst.). + +Anterior field: Orthoptera; of tegmina, see costal field. + +Anterior intercalary vein: Diptera; = media 2 (Comst.); of Loew = +discoidal vein. + +Anterior lamina: Odonata; the anterior sternal border of abdominal +segment 2, modified to form the front margin of the genital pocket. + +Anterior lobe: Orthoptera; see lobes. + +Anterior squama: = antisquama; q.v. + +Anterior stigmatal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segment of +caterpillars; varies from substigmatal to stigmatal anterior; +sometimes united to IV: it is V of the abdominal series, IV of the +thorax (Dyar). + +Anterior trapezoidal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segment of +caterpillars addorsal, anterior, always present, rarely united with II: it +is I of the abdominal series, la of the thorax (Dyar). + +Antero: to the front; anteriorly. + +Antero-dorsal: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of +anterior and dorsal face. + +Antero-ventral: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of +anterior and ventral face. + +Anthobian: feeding on flowers; applied to certain lamellicorn +Coleoptera in which the labium extends beyond the mentum. + +Anthophila: Hymenoptera; species in which the basal joint of the hind +tarsus is dilated and pubescent; the bees. + +Anthracine -us: coal black; black with a bluish tinge. + +Anti: over against; opposite; contrary: (prefix). + +Anticus: frontal; belonging to or directed toward the front. + +Antigeny: opposition or antagonism of the sexes; embracing all forms +of secondary sexual diversity. + +Antipodal costal spaces: Odonata; the cells between costa and +subcosta, from the base to the modus; = antecubitals. + +Antisquama: Diptera; the upper of the two which moves with the +wings; = antitegula; see also squama. + +Antitegula: see antisquama. + +Antlia: the spiral tongue or haustellum of Lepidoptera. + +Antliata: insects with a sucking mouth; originally applied to +Lepidoptera and Diptera, later and more specifically to Diptera. + +Antrorse -sum: directed toward the front. + +Anus: the end of the digestive tract, through which the food remnants +are passed: the posterior part of the individual: specifically, in +Coccidae, a more or less circular opening on the dorsal surface of the +pygidium, varying in location as regards the circumgenital gland +orifices: = anal orifice. + +Aorta: the anterior, narrow part of the heart, opening into the head. + +Apex: that part of any joint or segment opposite the base by which it is +attached; that point of a wing furthest removed from base or at the +end of the costal area. + +Aphaniptera: indistinctly winged; see Siphonaptera. + +Aphideine: see aphidilutein. + +Aphidilutein: a yellowish fluid found in plant lice, changed to a rich +violet by alkaline reagents. + +Apical: at, near or pertaining to the apex; usually of a wing. + +Apical area: see petiolar area. + +Apical areas: apical cells in some Homoptera. + +Apical cell: a cell near or at the apex of a wing; in Hymenoptera +(Norton) = medial (Comst.); outer apical cell = 2d medial 2 (Comst.); +inner apical cell = medial 3 (Comst.). + +Apical cells or cellules: Trichoptera; the series of cells along the outer +margin of wing from pterostigma to arculus. + +Apically: toward or directed toward the apex. + +Apical sector: one of the longitudinal veins in the apical part of wing of +Neuroptera. + +Apical transverse carina: Hymenoptera; crosses the metanotum +behind middle and separates the median from the posterior cells or +areas. + +Apiculis: an erect, fleshy short point. + +Apiculate: covered with fleshy, short points. + +Apivorous: devouring bees. + +Apneustic: without an open tracheal system; respiration is through +the skin or through tracheal gills. + +Apocrita: = petiolate, q.v. + +Apodal: with single, simple tubercles instead of feet, in larvae; +without feet = apodous. + +Apode: one that has no feet. + +Apodema: a conspicuous transverse band crossing the thorax in front +of the scutellum in male Coccidae. + +Apodeme: an inwardly directed process to which a muscle is attached. + +Apodous: without feet; see apodal. + +Apolar: without differentiated poles; without apparent radiating +processes applied to cells. + +Apophysis: the lower of the two joints of trochanter in ditrocha +trochanterellus; the dorso-lateral metathoracic spines in +Hymenoptera; also used as synonymous with ento-thorax. + +Apophystegal plates: Orthoptera; flattened blade or plate-like sclerites +covering the gonapophyses. + +Apotypes: = hypotypes; q.v. + +Appendage -es: any part, piece or organ attached by a joint to the +body or to any other main structure. + +Appendice -es: any attached body or small process; an appendix. + +Appendicial: supplementary: relating to appendices. + +Appendicle: a small appendix: in some bees, a small sclerite at tip of +labrum. + +Appendiculate: bearing appendages; said of antennae where the +joints have articulated appendages; of tarsal claws that have +membranous processes at base. + +Appendiculate cell: Hymenoptera; is on costa just beyond 2d radius 1 +and 2. + +Appendigerous: bearing appendages. + +Appendix: a supplementary or additional piece or part, added to or +attached to another: in Heteroptera; = cuneus, q.v. + +Appress -ed: to press against; closely applied to. + +Approximate: near to; applies to antennae inserted close together. + +Aptera: those that have no wings: an ordinal term formerly employed +for fleas, lice and other wingless forms now distributed in other orders: + later used for the simplest or lowest insects, including the Thysanura +and Collembola. + +Apterodicera: wingless, with two antennae. + +Apterous: without wings. + +Apterygogenea: those insects that are wingless in all stages and +presumed to be descended from ancestors which never were winged: +see pterygogenea. + +Apterygota: = apterygogenea; see pterygote. + +Aquamarine -us: sea green: pale green with predominant blue and a +little gray [nile green]. + +Aquatic: living wholly in water. + +Aquatilia: cryptocerous Hemiptera of truly aquatic habit. + +Arachnoideous: resembling or similar to a cobweb. + +Araneiform: spider-like in appearance. + +Arboreal: living in, on, or among trees. + +Arborescent: branching like the twigs of a tree. + +Archaic: ancient; no longer dominant; of the olden time. + +Archiptera: those Neuroptera with incomplete metamorphosis = +Pseudo-neuroptera. + +Arctic Zone: is that part of the boreal region above the limit of tree +growth in the U. S. is restricted to the area above timber line on the +summits of high mountains: = alpine. + +Arcuate: curved like a bow: = arcuate. + +Arcuato-emarginate: with a bow-like or curved excision. + +Arculus: Odonata; a small cross vein between radius and cubitus near +the base, leaving an elongate triangle between them: Trichoptera; a +point, often hyaline, on the forewing where the cubitus (or post +cubitus) runs into the margin: in Homoptera; a cross-veinlet nearly +reaching posterior margin at same point as in Trichoptera: in other +orders applied to a cross-vein in similar position, apparently giving +rise to the median. + +Arcus: a bow; part of a circle; but less than one half. + +Area mediastinal, scapularis and ulnaris: the areas in front of the +mediastinal, the scapular, and the ulnar veins in Orthoptera. + +Areae or Areolae: wing cells or spaces between veins. + +Arenicolous: applied to species frequenting sandy areas. + +Arenose: a surface that is sandy or gritty. + +Areola: a small cell on the wings of certain Hemiptera: see also areae +Hymenoptera; the central of three median areas on the metanotum: = +2d median area; upper median area. + +Areolate: with small defined areas, like a network. + +Areole: Lepidoptera; see accessory cell, cell and cellule. + +Areolet: one of the small spaces between veins of net-veined insects. + +Argentate: shining, silvery white. + +Argenteous: silvery. + +Argillaceous: of the texture, appearance or color of clay. + +Arid: Applied to regions in which the normal rainfall is insufficient to +produce ordinary farm crops without irrigation, and in which desert +conditions prevail: see humid. + +Arid transition area: comprises the western part of the Dakotas, +northern Montana east of the Rockies, southern Assiniboia, small +areas in southern Manitoba and Alberta, the higher parts of the Great +Basin and the plateau region generally, the eastern base of Cascade +Sierras and local areas in Oregon and California. + +Arista: a specialized bristle or process on antennae of certain Diptera. + +Aristate: Diptera; that type of antennae that bears an arista: = +athericerous. + +Aristiform: of the form or appearance of an arista. + +Armature: applied to the spinous or chitinous processes on the legs, +body or wings; or the corneous parts of genitalic structures. + +Armatus: set with spines, claws or other chitinous processes. + +Armillate: with a ring or annulus of raised or different tissue. + +Arolium -ia: cushion-like pads on the tarsi of many insects: one of the +lobes of the pulvillus; in Orthoptera, used only for the terminal pad +between the claws: see empodium; pulvillus; palmula; plantula; +onychium, paronychium, pseudonychium. + +Arquate: see arcuate. + +Arrhenotokous: capable of producing male offspring only, as in worker +bees and some saw-flies. + +Arrhenotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are all +males: see thelyotoky and deuterotoky. + +Arthrium: Coleoptera; the minute, concealed tarsal joint in +pseudotetramera and trimera. + +Arthroderm: the outer skin or covering of articulates. + +Arthrodial: an articulation that permits motion in any direction. + +Arthromere: a body segment or ring: = somite. + +Arthropleure: the side piece of an arthromere. + +Arthropods: all those articulates having jointed legs. + +Article: a joint or segment. + +Articular pan: the cup or dish-like depression forming the socket into +which an articulation is fitted. + +Articulate: that branch of the animal kingdom whose members are +made up of rings, segments or articulations. + +Articulate: divided into joints or segments. + +Articulated apex: see clasp filament. + +Articulation: the point or place where two parts or segments are +joined: also applied to an individual joint or segment. + +Articulatory epideme: the partly chitinized membrane by which the +wings are attached to the thorax. + +Artus: the organs of locomotion generally. + +Asexual: applied where the reproductive organs are incompletely +developed and eggs or young are produced by cell-budding: = +parthenogenetic. + +Ash-gray: a mixture of black and white, with a faint orange tinge: like +ashes of anthracite coal. + +Aspect: indicates the direction to which a surface faces or in which it +is viewed; it may be dorsal, ventral, caudal, cephalic or lateral. + +Asperities: surface roughenings or dot-like elevations. + +Aspersus: rugged, with distinct elevated dots. + +Assembling: gathering together; applied when a virgin female is +exposed to attract such males as may be near, either to secure a +pairing or merely to obtain specimens; also called sembling. + +Assurgent: down-curved at base, then upcurved to an erect position. + +Asymmetrical: not alike on the two sides; not symmetrical. + +Asymmetry: a state of unlikeness in lateral development; absence of +symmetry in form or in the development of members. + +Ater: deep black; not shining. + +Aterimus: the deepest black. + +Athericerous: see aristate. + +Atom -us: a minute dot or point. + +Atomarius: with minute dots or points. + +Atrachelia: Coleoptera in which there is no visible constriction +between head and prothorax: Rhynchophora and some Heteromera. + +Atrium: a chamber just within the spiracle and before the occluding +structure to the trachea. + +Atrocoeruleus: very deep, blackish, sky-blue. + +Atrophied: wasted away; unfit for use. + +Atropurpureus: dark purplish, nearly black [an admixture of mauve +and black]. + +Atrous: jet black. + +Atrovelutinus: velvety black. + +Atrovirens: dark green, approaching blackish [prussian green]. + +Attenuated: drawn out; slender; tapering. + +Attingent: touching. + +Atus: suffix; denotes possession of a quality or structure. + +Atypic -ical: off type; not of the usual form. + +Auchenorhynchus: with the beak issuing from the inferior portion of +head, as in Homoptera. + +Auditory: relating to the sense of hearing. + +Auditory organs: Orthoptera; specialized structures covered by a tense +membrane, on the anterior tibia or base of abdomen; any structure +that functions as an ear. + +Aurantiacus: orange colored; a mixture of yellow and red [chrome +orange]. + +Aurate: with ears or ear-like expansions: also = auratus. + +Auratus: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow]. + +Aurelia: = chrysalis or pupa; specifically of butterflies. + +Aurelian: a lepidopterist. + +Aureolate: with a diffused colored ring. + +Aureole: a ring of color which is usually diffuse outwardly. + +Aureous -eus: gold-colored. + +Aurichalceous: brassy yellow. + +Auricle -cula: an appendage resembling a little ear; in Odonata the +tumescent area at the sides of the second abdominal segment: in +Andrenidae, a short membranous process placed laterally on the +ligula. + +Auricular: applied to the space or cavity surrounding the dorsal +vessel. + +Auriculate: with an ear-like appendage or, in antennae, with the basal +joint distended into a concave, plate-like ear which envelops the rest +of the structures. + +Auriculo-ventricular: the outer valves of the heart between the +auricular space and the chamber. + +Auriculo-ventricular openings: are the lateral openings into the heart +by means of which the blood is admitted into it. + +Auritus: with two ear-like spots or appendages. + +Auroral spot: applied to the bright orange colored spot at the apical +area of Anthocharis. + +Auroreous -eus: red, like the aurora borealis [crimson lake]. + +Austral: is that faunal region which covers the whole of the United +States and Mexico except the boreal mountains and tropical lowlands: + divided into transition, upper, lower and gulf strip: see boreal and +tropical. + +Austroriparian faunal area: that part of lower austral zone covering +the greater part of the South Atlantic and Gulf States. Begins near +mouth of Chesapeake Bay, covers half or more of Virginia, North and +South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, all of Mississippi and +Louisiana, east Texas, nearly all of Indian Territory, more than half of +Arkansas and parts of Oklahoma, s. e. Kansas, so. Missouri, so. +Illinois, s. w. corner of Indiana and bottom lands of Kentucky and +Tennessee. + +Autotype: any specimen identified by the describer as an illustration +of his species and compared with the type or co-type. + +Auxiliary: additional, or supplementing. + +Auxiliary vein: in Diptera (Will.), = subcosta (Comst.). + +Axillae: two small, subtriangular sclerites at the lateral basal angles of +the meso-scutellum in Proctytripidae. + +Axillary: placed in the crotch or angle of origin of two bodies; arising +from the angle of ramification. + +Axillary area: see anal area. + +Axillary calli: see calli axillary. + +Axillary cell: in Diptera (Will.), = 2d anal (Comst.). + +Axillary excision: = a. incision, q.v. + +Axillary incision: Diptera; an incision on inner margin of wing, near +base, which separates the alula from the main part. + +Axillary lobe: the sclerite covering the base of the wing in Diptera; see +also alula and posterior lobe. + +Axillary vein: one or two longitudinal veins toward the inner margin +from the anal vein (Ephemeridae); a group of several (10-20) radiate +veins that occupy the anal field in Orthoptera. + +Axis: a small process at base of elytron, upon which it turns. + +Azure -eus: clear sky-blue [cobalt blue]. + +Azygos: unpaired; a structure without a fellow; sometimes applied to +an unpaired oviduct specifically the enlarged portion of the vagina at +the junction of the oviducts and thus = uterus. + + + + + + +B + +Baccate -us: berry-like: applied to bladder-like ovaries from the +surface of which the short ovarian tubes arise. + +Back: the dorsum or upper surface. + +Baculiform: rod or staff-like. + +Badius: liver-brown; clearer and lighter than +castaneus [dragon's blood]. + +Baenomere: a leg-bearing (thoracic) segment. + +Baenopoda: the thoracic legs. + +Baenosome: the thorax. + +Balancers: see halteres. + +Bald: without hair or other surface vestiture: see bare. + +Band: a transverse marking broader than a line. + +Bar: a short, straight band of equal width. + +Barb: a spine armed with teeth pointing backward. + +Barbate: furnished with barbs; hair with spines or spurs directed +backward. + +Barbated: bearded; in antennae with tufts or fascicles of hair or short +bristles on each side of each joint; = brush-like: on the abdomen, +with flat tufts at the sides or tip. + +Barbule: a small barb, beard or filiform appendage. + +Bare: without clothing of any kind: see bald. + +Basad: in the direction of or toward the base. + +Basal: at or pertaining to the base or point of attachment to or nearest +the main body. + +Basal area: in wings: that space nearest the point where they are +attached to the body: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, the anterior +of the three median cells or areas = 1st median area. + +Basal cell: Diptera; st (Will.), = radial 2 (Comst.); 2d (Will.), = media +(Comst.); Trichoptera; one, two or three cells enclosed by the +branches that form-the post-costal or anal vein: Odonata; an elongate +cell between radius and cubitus, just before the arculus. + +Basalis: the principal mandibular sclerite, when sclerites are +distinguishable, to which all other parts are jointed; corresponds to +the stipes in the maxilla. + +Basal line: in many Lepidoptera; a transverse line extending half way +across the primaries very close to base. + +Basal lobe: of culicid genitalia, see claspette. + +Basal post-costal vein: in Agrioninae, one of the cubito-anal +cross-veins. + +Basal segment of clasp: see side piece. + +Basal space: that area on the primaries of certain Lepidoptera, +between the base and t. a. line (q.v.). + +Basal streak: in Noctuid moths, extends from base, through the +submedian interspace to the t. a. line. + +Basal transverse carina: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, crosses +before middle and separates the anterior from the median areas. + +Base: that part of any appendage that is nearest the body: on the +thorax that portion nearest the abdomen; on the abdomen that +portion nearest the thorax. + +Basement membrane: that thin layer of tissue upon which the +epithelium rests. + +Basilar: of or pertaining to the base. + +Basilar cross-vein: Odonata; crosses the basilar space. + +Basilar membrane: a thin membrane separating the cones and rods +from the optic tract. + +Basilar space: Odonata; that area at base of wings, between media +and cubitus. + +Basi-proboscis: basal third of the flexed proboscis of muscid flies. + +Batesian mimicry: see mimicry. + +Bathmis: see pterostigma. + +Bave: the fluid silk as it is spun by caterpillars. + +Beak: any notable prolongation of the front of the head: the snout in +Rhynchophora: specifically, the jointed structure covering the lancets +in the hemipterous mouth. + +Bearded: fringed with hair: see barbated. + +Belly: venter; under side of abdomen. + +Belonoid: needle-like. + +Bi: prefix, means two. + +Bi-alar: two-winged; applied to Diptera. + +Biarcuate: twice curved. + +Biareolate: with two cells or areoles: see bilocular. + +Bicaudate: having two tails or anal processes. + +Bicolored: with two colors that contrast to some extent. + +Bicornute: with two horns or cephalic processes. + +Bicuspidate: ending in two points or cusps. + +Bidactylate: with two fingers or finger-like processes. + +Bidentate: two-toothed. + +Biemarginate: twice emarginate; with two excisions. + +Bifarious: pointing in opposite directions. + +Bifasciate: with two bands or fascia. + +Bifid: divided into two parts; split; applied in Coleoptera to tarsal +claws which are divided so that the claws lie side by side: see +biparted. + +Biflabellate: antennae with fan-like process on two sides. + +Bifurcate: divided, not over half its length, into two dull points; forked. + +Bifurcation: a forking or division into two: the point at which a +forking occurs. + +Biguttate: with two drop-like spots. + +Bijugum: in two pairs. + +Bilamellar: divided into two lamina or plates. + +Bilateral -eriter: with two equal or symmetrical sides. + +Biliary vessels: see malpighian tubules. + +Bilineate -us: with two lines. + +Bilobate -ed: divided into two lobes. + +Binocular: having two cells or compartments: see biareolate. + +Bimaculate: with two spots or maculae. + +Binate: in pairs: consisting of a single pair. + +Binotate: with two rounded spots. + +Binus: paired: doubled. + +Biogenesis: the production of life from antecedent life. + +Biomorphotica: those neuropterous insects in which the pupa is +active. + +Bionomics: the habits, breeding and adaptations of living forms. + +Biophore: an ultimate constituent of germ plasm or hereditary +substance. + +Bioplasm: formative living matter. + +Biparted: profoundly divided into two parts: see bifid. + +Bipectinate: antennae having comb-like teeth or processes on Beach +side of each joint. + +Bipupillate: an ocellate spot with two pupils, of the same or different +in color. + +Biradiate: consisting of, or with two rays or spokes. + +Biramose -ous: having two branches or doubled appendages. + +Biseriately: arranged in double rows or series. + +Biserrate: doubly saw-toothed; with a saw tooth on each side of each +antennal joint. + +Bisetose -ous: with two bristle-like or setaceous appendages. + +Bisinuate: a margin or line with two sinuations or incisions. + +Bituberculate: with two distinct tubercles. + +Biuncinnate: with two hooks. + +Bivalve -ed: applied to mouth parts consisting of two parts or valves +united to form a tube. + +Bivittate: with two longitudinal stripes or vittae. + +Blade: of maxilla, see lacinia. + +Blastem: a nucleated protoplasmic layer preceding the blastoderm. + +Blastoderm: the germinal membrane from which the organs of the +embryo are formed. + +Blastodermic cells: are those forming the blastoderm. + +Blastogenic: relating to or inherent in the germ or blast. + +Blastophore: the primitive mouth of the embryo. + +Blind: without eyes: applied also to an ocellate spot without a pupil. + +Bloom: a fine violet dusting similar to that on plums. {Scanner's note: +See Pruinous.} + +Blotch: a large irregular spot or mark: large whitish membrane +between abdomen and thorax in certain saw-flies. + +Blunt: not sharp; obtuse at the edge or tip. + +Body: the trunk: usually applied to the thorax only; rarely to the +abdomen alone; sometimes to thorax and abdomen combined. + +Bombifrons: front of head with a blister-like protuberance. + +Bombous: blister-like; spherically enlarged or dilated. + +Bombycinous: a very pale yellow like fresh spun silk. + +Boreal: from or belonging to the north: is that faunal region that +extends from the polar sea southward to near the northern boundary +of the United States and farther south occupies a narrow strip along +the Pacific Coast and the higher parts of the Sierra-Cascade, Rocky +and Alleghany Mountain ranges; divided into Arctic, Hudsonian and +Canadian: see austral and tropical. + +Borer: applied to an insect or larva that burrows or makes channels in +woody or other vegetable tissue. + +Botryoidal: clustered like a bunch of grapes. + +Bouclier: the pronotum, q.v. + +Bouton: a button; the terminal lappet-like process at the tip of the +ligula in bees: = spoon. + +Brachelytra: with abbreviated wing covers or elytra. + +Brachia: the arms: has been applied to raptorial fore-legs. + +Brachial: relating to an arm; arm-like. + +Brachial cells: Hymenoptera; 1st (Nort.), = costal and sub-costal +(Comst.) 2d (Nort.), = medial (Comst.); 3d (Nort.), = cubital (Comst.); +4th (Nort.), = 2d anal (Comst.). + +Brachial veins: of primaries in Hymenoptera, originate at base, run +parallel to inner edge toward anal angle; often connected with the +cubital cellules by means of recurrent venules. + +Brachium: the fore tibia. + +Brachycerous: Diptera; with short, 3-jointed antennae. + +Brachypterous: with short or abbreviated wings. + +Brachyostomata: brachycerous Diptera with short proboscis. + +Brain: that ganglion of the nervous system which lies in the head +above the oesophagus; formed of the first three primitive ganglia: see +supra-oesophageal. + +Branchiae: air tubes or gill-like processes of aquatic larva;. + +Branchial: relating to the gills or branchiae. + +Branchiate: supplied with gills or bronchia. + +Brassy: yellow, with the lustre of metallic brass. + +Breast: the under surface of thorax or sternum. + +Breast-bone: in Cecidomyid larvae; a horny, more or less elongate +process of the under side behind the mouth opening, supposed to +represent the labium = anchor process. + +Breathing pores: see spiracle. + +Brevis: short. + +Brides: Homoptera; two pieces on the face, one each side of clypeus +and lower part of front. + +Bridge: Odonata; a secondary longitudinal vein connecting the radial +sector (Comst.) with Mi + 2, apparently forming a continuous part of +the radial sector; it is the proximal portion of the subnodal sector of +de Selys and Hagen. + +Bridge cross veins: Odonata; those cross veins, one or more in +number, extending between M1 + 2 and the bridge (in de Selys +between principal and subnodal sectors) proximal to the oblique vein. + +Brin: the fluid silk thread from each salivary gland. + +Bristle: a stiff hair, usually short and blunt. + +Broken: interrupted in continuity; as a line or band. + +Bronze: the color of old brass. + +Brood: all the specimens that hatch at about one time, from eggs laid +by one series of parents and which normally mature at about the +same time. + +Brunneus: a pure reddish dark brown [indian red]. + +Brush-like: antennae with the joints laterally produced and tufted +with short hair or bristles: see barbated. + +Buccal: relating to the mouth cavity; rarely to the cheeks. + +Buccal appendages: the mouth parts excluding the labrum: see +trophi. Buccal cavity: the mouth: = oral cavity. + +Buccal fissure: the mouth slit or opening: the opening on each side of +the mentum. + +Buccate: blown up, distended; especially the cheeks. + +Bucculae: little cheeks or distended areas. + +Budding: applied to that form of agamic reproduction found in plant +lice. + +Bulla: a blister or blister-like structure: the shield-like sclerite that +closes the opening to the trachea in lamellicorn larvae: in Ephemerida +a part of the costal area of the fore wing toward the tip, which is +slightly swollen forward and furnished with more cross veins than +elsewhere; practically the stigma, q.v. + +Bullate: blistered. + +Bullule: a small blister. + +Bursa: a pouch or sac: a wing pouch in male caddice flies and in +connection with a stalked hair pencil. + +Bursa copulatrix: the copulatory pouch of the female in some orders; +a modification of the vagina. + + + + + + +C + +Caducous-us: deciduous; easily detached or shed. + +Caecal tubes or pouches: sac, or blind tube-like structures +surrounding the chylific ventricle at its junction with the crop, and +secreting a digestive ferment. + +Caecum: a blind sac or tube-like structure serving as one of the caecal +tubes or pouches: see coecum. + +Caelate: a surface with plane elevations of varying forms. + +Caeruleus -eous: light sky-blue [between lavender and cobalt blue] = +coeruleus. + +Caerulescent: with a tinge of sky-blue. + +Caesius -eous: a pale dull blue-gray [blue-gray]. + +Caespiticolous: frequenting or living in grassy pastures or lawns. + +Calathiform: shaped like a deep bowl. + +Calcar -ium; pl. ia: a movable spur or spine-like process: specifically +the spines at the apex of a tibia. + +Calcarate -us: with a movable spur or spine-like process. + +Caliciform: shaped like a cup or calyx. + +Calipers: the anal forceps in Dermaptera. + +Calli axillary: Odonata; thickenings at the bases of the wings; +distinguished as anterior at the base of the costa, and posterior at the +base of radius + medius and cubitus: = axillary calli. + +Callosity: a thick swollen lump, harder than its surroundings: = +callous: also a rather flattened elevation not necessarily harder than +the surrounding tissue. + +Callous: see callosity. + +Callus: a small callosity. + +Caltrops spines: the branched and otherwise specialized irritating +spines in Limacodid larvae. + +Calva: a skull-cap: = epicranium, q.v. + +Calx: the distal end of the tibia; the curving basal portion of the first +tarsal joint. + +Calyculate: applied to antennae, whose cup-shaped joints are so +arranged as to fit one into the other. + +Calypter: Diptera; the alula or squama when it covers the haltere. + +Calyptra: a hood or cap; see alula. + +Calyptrate: those flies that have aluke or membranous scales above +the halteres. + +Calyx: the cap or crown of the mushroom bodies of the procerebrum: +see also egg-calyx. + +Campanulate: bell-shaped: more or less ventricose at the base and a +little recurved at the margin. + +Campestral: applied to species inhabiting open fields. + +Campodeiform: applied to larval forms which, in their early stages at +Least, resemble Campodea: = leptitorm. + +Canadian zone: is that part of the boreal region comprising the +southern part of the great transcontinental coniferous forests of +Canada, the northern parts of Maine, New Hampshire and Michigan, +and a strip along the Pacific Coast reaching south to Cape Mendocino +and the greater part of the high mountains of the United States and +Mexico. In the east covers Green. Adirondack and Catskill Mountains +and the higher mountains of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, +western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. In the Rockies extends +continuously from British Columbia to western Wyoming and in the +Cascades from British Columbia to southern Oregon with a narrow +interruption along the Columbia River. + +Canaliculate: channelled; longitudinally grooved, with a deeper +concave line in the middle. + +Cancellate: cross-barred: latticed: with longitudinal lines decussate by +transverse lines. + +Canescent: hoary, with more white than gray. + +Canine teeth: applied to the sharp and conical teeth of mandibles in +predatory species: = dentes caninae. + +Cantharidin: the substance that gives the meloid beetles their +blistering power composition, C10H12O4 (von Furth). + +Canthus: the chitinous process more or less completely dividing the +eyes of some insects into an upper and lower half. + +Canus: see canescent. + +Capillaceous: capilla or hair-like. + +Capillaris: a very slender, hair-like tube. + +Capillary: long and slender like a hair: antennae in which the joints +are long, slender and loosely articulated. + +Capillate -us: clothed with long slender hair; = coryphatus. + +Capillii: hairs of the head that form a cap as in certain Trichoptera +and Tineid Lepidoptera. + +Capillitium: the hood-like collar in some Noctuid moths, e.g. +Cucullia: see cucullus. + +Capitate: with a head: that type of clavate antenna in which the club +is abruptly enlarged at tip and forms a spherical mass. + +Capitulum: a small head: the enlarged tip of an antenna: the little +knob at tip of halteres in Diptera: the labella or lapping tip of the +mouth of certain flies. + +Capricorn beetle: a Cerambycid or long horned beetle. + +Caprification: is that method or process through which the Smyrna +figs are fertilized by Blastophaga throughthe medium of wild, inedible +or "caprifigs." + +Capsular: in the form of a capsule or little cup-like container. + +Caput: the head with all its appendages. + +Capylus: a hump on the Tupper side of the segments of many larva. + +Carabidoid: applied to the second stage of a meloid larva, when it +resembles that of a Carabid. + +Carbonarius: coal black. + +Cardia: the gizzard; q.v.: also applied to the heart. + +Cardiac: belonging or relating to the heart. + +Cardiac valvule: see oesophageal valve. + +Cardinal cell: Odonata; see triangle. + +Cardioblasts: a string or row of cells in the embryo giving rise to the +heart or dorsal vessel. + +Cardio-coelom: that part of the coelom that forms the pericardium. + +Cardio-coelomic: applied to the venous openings from the heart to the +body cavity. + +Cardo, pl. Cardines: the hinge or basal sclerite of the maxilla by +means of which it is jointed to the head. + +Carina -ae: an elevated ridge or keel, not necessarily high or acute. +Carinate: a surface having carinae. + +Carinula -ae: a little carina or keel-like ridge; specifically, the +longitudinal elevation on the middle of snout in Rhynchophora. + +Carinulate: a surface with small and rather numerous carinae. + +Cariose -ous: corroded; appearing as if worm-eaten. + +Carminate -ed: mixed or tinged with carmine. + +Carneous -eus: flesh-colored [salmon with a little carmine]. + +Carnivorous: a feeder upon flesh food. + +Cariose -us: of a soft, fleshy substance. + +Carolinian faunal area: that area of the upper austral zone comprising +the larger part of the Middle States (except the mountains), s. e. So. +Dakota, east. Nebraska, Kansas and part of Oklahoma; nearly all of +Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Maryland and Delaware; more +than half of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and New Jersey and +large areas in Alabama, Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, +Pennsylvania, New York, Michigan and South Ontario: extends along +Atlantic Coast from near mouth of Chesapeake Bay to Southern +Connecticut and sends narrow arms up the valleys of the Hudson and +Connecticut. A narrow arm follows the east shore of Lake Michigan to +Grand Traverse Bay. + +Carpus: the pterostigma of Odonata: the extremity of the radius and +cubitus of the primaries: that point in the wings at which they are +tratsversely folded. + +Cartilaginous: of the consistency of cartilage or gristle. + +Caruncle: a soft, naked, fleshy excrescence or protuberance. + +Caryophylleous: nut or clove brown [Indian red]. + +Castaneous: chestnut brown; bright red-brown [dragon's blood with a +slight admixture of vermilion]. + +Castes: the various forms or kinds of matured individuals among +social insects as workers, soldiers, queens, etc. + +Cataphracted: invested with a hard callous skin, or with scales closely +united. Catch: in Collembola, = tenaculum, q.v. + +Catenate: with longitudinal connected elevations like links in a chain. + +Catenulate: like catenate; but the links are smaller. + +Caterpillar: the term applied to the larvae of Lepidoptera. + +Catervatum: by heaps. + +Caudal: the tail: any process resembling a tail: the pointed end of the +abdomen in plant lice: any extension of the anal segment or +appendage terminating the abdomen. + +Caudad: toward the posterior end of the body, along the median line. + +Caudal: pertaining to the posterior or anal extremity. + +Caudal setae: long, thread-like processes at the end of the abdomen in +many europterous and some other insects; = anal filaments. + +Caudate: with tail-like extensions or processes. + +Caudo-cephalic: in a line from the head to the tail. + +Caudo-dorsad: directed upward and toward the tail. + +Caudula -ae: a little tail. + +Caul: the fatty mass of larvae from which the organs of the future +adult were supposed to develop: = epiploon. + +Cauliculus: the larger of the two stalks supporting the calyx of the +mushroom body. + +Caulis: the funicle of antenna: the corneous basal part of jaws. + +Cavate: hollowed out; cave-like. + +Cavernicolous: cave-inhabiting. + +Cavernous: divided into small spaces or little caverns. + +Cavity -as: a hollow space or opening. + +Cecidium: a gall. + +Cell: any space between or bounded by veins: in the Comstock +system the cells derive their names from the vein forming the Tupper +margin: e.g. all just below the radius are radial cells; and they are +numbered from the base outward, as radial 1, 2, etc.: the living unit; +protoplasm differentiated into cytoplasm and nucleus, from which +units all but the lowest plants and animals are developed by division +and consequent increase into a multicellular condition: a +compartment or division of a nest or honey-comb. + +Cellule: a portion of a wing included between veins; usually applied to +a small area completely inclosed, rarely to interspaces where no closed +area is formed. + +Cenchrus -rib: minute, often white marks, or membranous spaces on +the metanotum of some Hymenoptera. + +Cenogonous: producing young at one time oviparously, at another +viviparously as in plant-lice. + +Centimeter: abb. Cm.: = .01 meter = .394 inch; 2.54 Cm. = one inch. + +Centrad: toward the centre or interior. + +Central foveola: see median foveola. + +Centrolecithal: applied to eggs in which the food yolk is central. + +Centrosome: a spherical body that appears outside the nucleus of a +cell. + +Cephalad: toward the head, along the central line of the body. + +Cephalic: belonging or attached to the head; directed toward the +head. + +Cephalic bristles: Diptera; specialized bristles occurring on the head. + +Cephalic foramen: the posterior or occipital foramen of head through +which the dorsal vessel, oesophagus, salivary ducts and ventral nerve cords +pass from head to prothorax. + +Cephalization: concentration toward the head. + +Cephalomere: one of the head segments of an arthropod. + +Cephalophragm: a v-shaped partition which divides the head of some +Orthoptera, into an anterior and posterior chamber. + +Cephalon: the head. + +Cephalosome: the head as one of the three regions. + +Cephalotheca: the head covering in the pupal stage. + +Cephalotheca: the united head and thorax of arachnids and +crustacea {Scanner's comment: nowadays this term is used little +if at all. It does not seem ever to have been popular. Instead +the terms cephalothorax or prosoma are widely used.} : + that portion of an obtect pupa covering head and thorax: the anterior +segments of larva that have no obviously separated head. + +Cerago: bee-bread. + +Ceratheca or Ceratotheca: that portion of the pupal shell that +envelops the antenna. + +Cerci: two lateral anal appendages; usually short, jointed, +antenna-like, developed from the eleventh abdominal segment of the embryo; +sometimes unjointed and specialized into forceps or other processes. + +Cercopoda: jointed foot-like appendages of the last abdominal +segment; also applied like cerci. + +Cercus: see cerci. + +Cerebellum: has been applied to the sub-esophageal ganglion. + +Cerebrum: the supra-oesophageal ganglion. + +Cernuous: bent: with the apex bent downward. + +Cervical: relating or belonging to the neck. + +Cervical foramen: in coleopterous larvae - occipital foramen. + +Cervical sclerites: small ebitinous plates on the membrane between +head and thorax: see jugular sclerites. + +Cervical shield: the ebitinous plate on the prothorax of caterpillars +just behind the head: = prothorax shield. + +Cerviculate: with a long neck or neck-like portion. + +Ceryinus: reddish, deer-gray [pale cadmium yellow and Indian red]. + +Cervix: the upper part of the neck; = crag: in Diptera; that part of +the occiput lying over the junction of the head, i.e. between the +vertex and neck. + +Cespitose: matted together. + +Chaetophorous: applied to bristle-bearing flies. + +Chaetotaxy: the science dealing with the arrangement and +nomenclature of the bristles on the body of insects. + +Chagrined: see shagreened. + +Chalastrogastra: the saw-flies: a group of Hymenoptera. + +Chalceous: brassy in color or appearance. + +Chalybeate: steely in appearance. + +Chalybeous: metallic steel blue. + +Channelled: a surface, with deep grooves or channels. + +Chaperon: =clypeus or clypeus anterior. + +Chaplet: a little crown; a circle of hooks or other small processes +terminating a member or appendage. + +Character: a quality of form, color or structure. + +Cheek: see gena. + +Chela: the terminal portion of a limb bearing a lateral movable claw +like that of a crab; specifically applied to the feet in some Parasitica in +which the opposable claw forms a clasping structure. + +Chelate: bearing a cheat or claw; applied when claws are capable of +being drawn down or back upon the last tarsal joint. + +Chiasma: an X-like crossing of nerve fibers. + +Chirotype: a specimen upon which a manuscript name is based. + +Chitin: the material forming the hard parts of the insect body; it is a +secretion (or a metamorphosis?) of the epidermis, differing from horn +by its insolubility in boiling liquor potassae: = elytra, entomolin. + +Chitinogenous: applied to that layer of epidermal cells which secretes +the chitin. + +Chitinization: the process of depositing or filling with chitin. + +Chitinized: filled in with or hardened by chitin. + +Chitinous: composed of chitine {Scanner's comment: sic} or like +it in texture: as a color term is amber yellow. + +Chlorophane: an oily, greenish yellow pigment found in insects. + +Chlorophyll: the green coloring matter of plants; one of the +substances found in the blood of insects. + +Chordotonal: responsive to vibrations; applied to the ear-like +structures in Orthoptera. + +Chorion: the shell or covering membrane of an insect egg. + +Chromatin: the minute granules that make up the chromoplasm of a +cell nucleus. + +Chromosome: one of the segments into which the chromoplasmic +filaments of a cell nucleus breaks up just before indirect division. + +Chrysalis or -id: applied specifically to the intermedial stage between +larva and adult in butterflies: see pupa. + +Chrysargyrus: silvery gilt. + +Chyle: the food-mass after it has passed through the guard and is +mixed with the secretions of the salivary glands and caecal structures, +ready to be assimilated. + +Chylific ventricle: the true stomach in which the chyle is prepared and +digestion begins. + +Cibarian: referring to the mouth parts. + +Cicatricose: a surface having scars with elevated margins like those of +small-pox. + +Cicatrix: a scar: an elevated, rigid spot. + +Cilia: fringes; series of moderate or thin hair arranged in tufts or +single lines; thin scattered hair on a surface or margin. + +Ciliate: fringed: set with even, parallel hairs or soft bristles. + +Cilium, pl. Cilia: q.v. + +Cimicine: an oily fluid of disagreeable odor secreted by certain +Heteroptera and used as a means of defense. + +Cimier: the head crest in Pierid chrysalids. + +Cinetus: with a colored band:= cingulatus. + +Cinereous: ash-colored; gray tinged with blackish [ultra ash gray]. + +Cinerescent: ashen in color or appearance. + +Cingula -um: a colored band or bands. + +Circulate -us: having a cingulum or collar: see also cinetus. + +Cinnabarine: [vermilion red]. + +Cinnamomeous: cinnamon brown [burnt sienna]. + +Cinema: see Thysanura, of which this forms a group including the +bristle-tails, and for which it has been used as an equivalent. + +Circinal: spirally rolled like a watch-spring or a butterfly tongue. + +Circiter: about, or round-about. + +Circular: round like a circle. + +Circumgenital glands: small circular glands with an excretory orifice +at tip, disposed in groups about the genital orifice in Diaspinae. + +Circumoesophageal commissures: those cords or nerve fibres +connecting the suboesophageal ganglion with the main trunk of +nervous system. + +Circumsepted: with a vein all around the wing. + +Citrate: antennae with very long, curled lateral branches which may +or may not be ciliated; see plumose. + +Cirrose -us: with somewhat dense curled hair. + +Cirrus: a curled lock of hair placed on a thin stalk. + +Citrine -us: lemon yellow [chrome yellow]. + +Cladocerous: with branched horns or antennae. + +Clasper: a chitinized process, free or attached to the inner sides of +harpes, valves or other lateral pieces, serving to hold the female parts +during copulation: = the harpers of some authors. + +Claspette: in genitalia of male culicids, the inner basal lobe of side +piece; q.v. + +Clasp-filament: in male genitalia of culicids the articulated appendage +or terminal segment of side-piece or clasp; sometimes bears an +articulated point or apex and then = articulated apex. + +Class: a division of the animal kingdom lower than a sub-kingdom +and higher than an order: e.g. the "Class Insecta." + +Classification: is the systematic arrangement of insects (or other +animals or plants) in series showing their relation or agreement in +structure, life habits or other characters forming the basis of the +"classification." + +Clathrate: latticed or lattice-like in appearance. + +Claustrum: the structure uniting the wings in flight, whether by +hooks, by a thickening of the margin, or by a jugum. + +Clava: a club; the enlarged apical joints of a clubbed +antenna: = clavola. + +Claval suture: Hemiptera; at the base of hemelytra, separating +the clavus. + +Clavate: clubbed: thickening gradually toward the tip. + +Clavate hairs: in Collembola, = tenent hairs. + +Clavicornia: that series of beetles having the antennae more or less +distinctly enlarged or clubbed at tip. + +Clavicular lobe: Homoptera; that portion of hind wing behind anal +veins. + +Claviform: club-like in form; specifically, in Noctuid moths an +elongate spot or mark extending from the t. a. line through the +submedian interspace, toward and sometimes to the t.p. line. + +Clavola: see clava. + +Clavus: the club of an antenna lava and clavola: in Heteroptera, the +oblong sclerite at the base of the inferior margin of the hemelytra: the +knob at the end of the stigmal or radial veins in certain Hymenoptera. + +Claws: the claw or hook-like structures at the end of the foot or +tarsus. + +Cleavage: see segmentation of egg. + +Cleft: split: partly divided, longitudinally: in Coleopteran applied to +claws so divided that the parts lie one above the other. + +Clintheriform: shaped like a plate. + +Cloaca: see rectum. + +Clubbed: see clavate. + +Clypeal suture: marks the division between clypeus and epicranium. + +Clypeate: shield-like in form. + +Clypeate constriction: applied when a surface is drawn in from the +sides so as to produce a shield or saddle-like form. + +Clypeo-frontal suture: = clypeal suture. + +Clypeus: that portion of the head before or below the front, to which +the labrum is attached anteriorly; in Diptera often visible below the +margin of the mouth in front, as a more or less visor-shaped piece:= +epistoma. + +Clypeus-anterior: see ante-clypeus. + +Clypeus posterior: see post-clypeus. + +Coactus: condensed; of a short stout form. + +Coadapted: formed so as to work together to one end; as the mandible +and maxilla in Chrysopids, etc. + +Coadunate: joined together at base; two or more joined together; said +of elytra when permanently united at the suture. + +Coagulate: to congeal; to change from a fluid to a jelly. + +Coagulum: a clotted mass, as of blood. + +Coalescent: united or grown together. + +Coarctate: contracted: compacted: applied to that form of pupa in +which all the members of the future adult are concealed by a +thickened, usually cylindric case or covering, which is often the +hardened skin of the larva: beginning with a narrow base, then +dilated and thickened. + +Cocardes: retractile vesicular bodies on each side of the thorax in +certain Malachidae. + +Coccineous: cochineal red; dark red [carmine]. + +Cochleiformis: formed like a snail shell. + +Cochleate: spirally twisted like a screw or a univalve shell. + +Cocoon: a covering, composed partly or wholly of silk or other viscid +fibre, spun or constructed by many larvae as a protection to the pupa. + +Cocoon-breaker: structures or processes of the pupa, often on the +head, by means of which it works its way out of the cocoon. + +Coecal: ending blindly, or in a closed tube or pouch. + +Coecum: a blind sac or tube: applied to a series of appendages +opening into the alimentary canal at the junction of the gizzard and +chylific ventricle: see caecum; the two are used interchangeably. + +Coeloblast: the endoderm in the narrower sense. + +Coelom: the body cavity. + +Coelomic cavity: the space between the viscera and the body wall. + +Coelom-sac: the cavity containing the viscera: in embryology one of a +pair of closed sacs, arising in the mesoderm of each segment of the +embryo and giving rise to more or less of the coelom of the adult. + +Coenogonous: oviparous at one season of the year, ovoviviparous at +another, as in Aphididae. + +Coeruleus -eous: sky-blue: see caeruleus. + +Coincident: when two wing veins run together or lie, one in +continuation of the other so as to appear like one. + +Coleoptera: sheath-winged: an order with the primaries coriaceous, +used as a cover only, meeting in a straight line dorsally; mouth +mandibulate; pro-thorax free; transformation complete: the beetles: +the term has also been applied to the two elytra together. + +Collar: in general any structure between the head and thorax: +specifically, in Hymenoptera, the neck; in Diptera, may mean the +neck, the sclerites attached to the thorax, the thorax itself, or its +processes (ante furca): in Coleoptera, is the narrowed thorax; in +Lepidoptera, applied to the sclerites attached to the thorax and which +shield the neck. + +Collembola: an ordinal term applied to species which are apterous; +have no metamorphoses; have variably developed abdominal +saltatorial appendages and a peculiar ventral tube at base: the +spring-tails. + +Colleterial gland: see Colleterium. + +Colleterium: a glandular structure accessory to the oviduct, secreting +the viscid material used in cementing the eggs together. + +Collophore: the sucker-like organ extended from the underside of the +abdomen in Collembola. + +Collum: the neck or collar: the slender connection between head and +thorax in Hymenoptera and Diptera; in Coleoptera, the posterior, +narrow part of the head or even the thorax: loosely used. + +Colon: the large intestine; that usually enlarged portion of the +alimentary canal before the rectum. + +Columella: a little rod, pillar or central axis. + +Columnar: cylindric, but tapering toward one end. + +Comate -us: only the upper part of head, or vertex, covered with hair. +Commensal: one who eats at another's table: applied to species that +feed on the surplus supply of another, without destroying the owner of +the supply. + +Commensalism: applied to this manner of living and eating together. + +Comminute: to grind up fine: to reduce to minute particles. + +Commissure: the nerves connecting two ganglia: the point of meeting +or union of two bodies: a bridge connecting two bodies or structures; +e.g. tracheal tubes. + +Common: of frequent occurrence: occurring on two adjacent parts: a +band or fascia is common when it crosses both primaries and +secondaries. + +Communal: applied to life or dwelling in colonies like ants and bees. + +Comose: ending in a tuft or brush. + +Complanate: compressed: flattened above and below: = deplanate. + +Complemental: applied to sexed forms in the Termitidae, capable of +reproduction, but which do not reach the winged stage; the females +are less fertile than the forms that become winged and several may be +used in one nest to replace a lost queen or mature female. + +Complicant: when one elytron extends over the other and partially +covers it. + +Complicate: longitudinally laid in folds: intricate as opposed to +simple. + +Component: one part of a combined whole. + +Compound: made up of many similar or dissimilar parts. + +Compressed: flattened laterally. + +Concatenate: linked together in a chain-like series. + +Concave: hollowed out; the interior of a sphere as opposed to the +outer or convex surface: concave veins are those that occupy the +bottoms of troughs or grooves on the upper surface of a wing; see +convex veins. + +Concavo-convex: hollowed out or concave on one surface, rounded or +convex on the other; like a small segment of a hollow sphere. + +Concentrated: gathered together at one point; intensified or +strengthened by evaporation. + +Conchate: applied to the shell-like inflation of the auricle in the +cephalic tibia of Orthoptera. + +Concinne: neat; fine. + +Concolorous: of the same general color. + +Concretion: a massing together of parts or particles. + +Concurrent: applied to a vein which arises separately, runs into +another and does-not again separate. + +Conduplicate: doubled or folded together. + +Condyle: a process which articulates the base of the mandible to the +head: in general any process by means of which an appendage is +articulated into a pan or cavity. + +Confertim: closely clustered or crowded. + +Conflect: crowded; clustered; opposed to sparse. + +Confluent: running together; as of two macula when united in one +outline. + +Confused: a marking with indefinite outlines: a running together as of +lines and spots without definite pattern. + +Congener: a species belonging to the same genus. + +Congeneric: applied to a species agreeing in all characters of generic +value with others compared with it. + +Congested: heaped together; crowded: distended. + +Conglobate: gathered together in a ball or sphere. + +Conglobate gland: a glandular appendage of male sexual organs in +Orthoptera, opening upon one of the external structures. + +Conglomerate: congregated; massed together. + +Conic -al: cylindrical, with a flat base, tapering to a point. + +Conico-acuminate: in the form of a long, pointed cone. + +Coniferous: a surface which bears cone-like processes. + +Conjugate: to bring together in pairs: consisting of a single pair. +Conjugation: the union of pairs; usually applied to the merging of the +male and female elements. + +Conjunctiva: the membrane uniting the abdominal sclerites. + +Conjunctivus: a mandibular sclerite between the molar and basalis. + +Conjunctura: the articulation of a wing to the thorax. + +Connate: united at base, or along the whole length. + +Connexivum: the prominent abdominal margin of Het., at junction of +dorsal and ventral plates: also used like pulmonarium, q.v. + +Connivent: converging: approaching together: wings so folded in +repose that they unite perfectly at their corresponding margins. + +Consperse: irregularly dotted or sprinkled. + +Conspicuous: striking: easily seen at a glance. + +Conspurcatus: confusedly sprinkled with discolored or dark spots. + +Constituent: a part or element of a whole. + +Constricted: drawn in: narrowed medially and dilated toward the +extremities. + +Contiguous: so near together as to touch. + +Contorted: twisted: obliquely incumbent upon each other. + +Contour: the outline or periphery. + +Contract -ed: to draw or drawn together: to reduce, or reduced in size +by contraction. + +Contractile: that which may be drawn together or contracted or which +has the power of contracting. + +Contrasting: appearing in sharp relief or contrast; as one color or +marking against another. + +Converging: approaching each other toward the tip. + +Convergence: the approaching or drawing together at tips. + +Convex: the outer curved surface of a segment of a sphere; opposed +to concave: convex veins are those which occupy the summits of +ridges on the upper surface of - wing; see concave veins. + +Convolute: rolled or twisted spirally: also applied to wings when they +are wrapped around the body. + +Coprophagus: feeding on excrement or on decaying vegetable matter of +an excrementitious character. + +Copula, Copulation: the act of sexual union. + +Copulate: to unite in sexual intercourse. + +Copulation chamber: a chamber or cell excavated by certain +Scolytid beetles in their burrows, in which copulation takes +place: = rammel-kammer. + +Coralline: a pale pinkish red [salmon]. + +Corbel: an ovate area at the distal end of the tibia in Coleoptera, +surrounded by a fringe of minute bristles; when the articular cavity is +on the side, above the tip, the corbel is closed; when the cavity is at +the extreme tip, the corbel is open. + +Corbicula -um: a concave, smooth space, edged by a fringe of hairs +arising from the margins of the posterior tibiae in bees, forming the +pollen basket its function is to hold the collected pollen in place. + +Corbiculate: having corbicula. + +Cordate: heart-shaped; triangular, with the corners of the base +rounded: not necessarily emarginate at the middle of base. + +Cordiform: = cordate. + +Coriaceo-reticulate: with impressed reticulations giving a leather-like +appearance. + +Coriaceous: leather-like: thick, tough and somewhat rigid. + +Coriarious: leather-like in sculpture or texture. + +Corium: the elongate middle section of the hemelytra which extends +from base to membrane below the embolium. + +Cornea: the outer surface of the compound eye as a whole, and of +each individual facet. + +Corneal lenses: are the individual lens-like structures of which the +cornea of the compound eye is composed. + +Corneous: of a horny or chitinous substance; resembling horn in +texture. + +Cornicles: the honey tubes in plant-lice: = corniculus. + +Corniculi: the little horny tips or pieces of the ovipositor in +Orthoptera; see valves. + +Corniculus -i: = cornicles; honey-tubes; q.v. + +Corniform: like the horn of an ox: a long, mucronate or pointed +process. + +Cornute -us: having horns or horn-like processes. + +Corona: a crown or crown-like processes. + +Coronate: with a crown-like tip or termination. + +Coronet: a small crown or corona. + +Coronula: a circle or semicircle of spines at the apex of the tibia. + +Corpus: the body as a whole. + +Corpus adiposum: the mass of fat tissue often found in larvae. + +Corpuscle: a small cell; usually applied to blood cells. + +Correlate: to bring together into relation or correspondence. + +Correlated: derived from the same ancestral form: said of two or more +features or qualities which bear a direct or an inverse relation to each +other, but without implying a relation of cause and effect. + +Correlative: of a correlated nature; see correlated. + +Corrode: to eat away gradually, as by rust or decay. + +Corrodentia: an ordinal term meaning gnawers: net-veined or +wingless: mandibulate, mouth formed for gnawing; transformation +incomplete; thorax incompletely agglutinated: = Psocoptera: includes +Termitidae, Psocidae and Mallophaga. {Scanner's comment: These +four groups are now placed in totally separate orders, and not +families as these names imply} + +Corrugated: wrinkled; with alternate ridges and channels. + +Corselet: the thorax in Coleoptera. + +Cortical: relating to the cortex or outer skin. + +Corticinus: bark-like in sculpture, texture or color [vandyke brown]. + +Corvinus: crow-black; deep, shining black with a greenish lustre. + +Coryphatus: = capillatus. + +Corysterium: an abdominal glandular structure in certain females, +secreting a glutinous covering for the eggs. + +Cosmopolitan: species that occur throughout most of the world. + +Cosmotropical: species that occur throughout the tropics. + +Costa: any elevated ridge that is rounded at its crest: the thickened +anterior margin of any wing, but usually the primaries: in Comstock, +the vein extending along the anterior margin of the wing from base to +the point of junction with subcosta. + +Costal area: the area behind costal vein; see also, costal field. + +Costal cell: the area inclosed between the costal and sub-costal veins: +in the plural, Comstock, are all the cells anteriorly margined by the +costa; in Hymenoptera (Norton), includes the 1st, 2d and sub-costal; +of Packard, the 3d costal = 2d radial 1, and radial 2: in Diptera (Will.), +it is the 2d costal. + +Costal field: Orthoptera; that region of the tegmina adjacent to the +anterior margin or costa: = anterior field. + +Costal fold: in the males of some Hesperidae, a membranous flap that +may be opened to expose the androconia. + +Costal margin: the anterior margin of a wing whether it is really +costate or not. + +Costal membrane: Hymenoptera; the surface of wing in front of costal +vein. + +Costal vein: Lepidoptera; runs close to and parallel with the costal +margin, extending from base to the margin before the apex; always +simple and often absent in the secondaries; is vein 12 of the +numerical series on primaries; vein 8 on secondaries: = subcosta +(Comst.). + +Costate: ribbed; marked with elevated thickened lines. + +Costula: Hymenoptera; a small ridge separating the externo-median +meta-thoracic area into two parts. + +Costulatus: less prominently ribbed than costate. + +Cotyla: the articular pan; the cup or socket of a ball and socket joint. + +Cotypes: are all the specimens before the describer when a species is +named, no single one being selected as the type: the type in such case +equals the sum of the cotypes: see paratype. + +Coxa -ae: the basal segment of the leg, by means of which it is +articulated to the body. + +Coxal cavity: the opening or space in which the Coxa articulates; in +Coleoptera the cavity is open when the epimera do not extend to the +sternum; closed or entire when the epimera reach the sternum or join +medially as in Rhynchophora; the cavities are separated when the +prosternum extends between them, confluent when it does not: see +acetabulum. + +Coxal glands: eversible glandular structures at base of legs; well +developed in some Thysanurans, modified variously in higher orders. + +Coxal stylets: short, leg-like, jointed appendages on the underside of +the abdominal segments in Thysanura. + +Crag: the neck: = cervix. + +Cranium: the head or skull except the neck; sometimes limited to the +fixed parts above the clypeo-frontal suture. + +Crassus: thick; tumid. + +Crateriform: like a shallow funnel or deep bowl. + +Creber: closely set. + +Cremaster: a stout spine, process or hooked area at the hind end of +pupae in Lepidoptera. + +Crenate: scalloped, with rounded teeth. + +Crenulate: with small scallops, evenly rounded and rather deeply +curved. + +Crepitation: a crackling sound or the production of such as by +discharge of vapor or "bombarding": a cracking or creaking. + +Crepuscular: active or flying at dusk. + +Crescentiform: like a lunule or crescent. + +Crescentric: lunulate. + +Crest: a prominent, longitudinal carina on the upper surface of any +part of the head or body. + +Crested: see cristate. + +Cretaceous: chalky white: the third, uppermost and latest of the three +great divisions of the mesozoic or secondary rocks. + +Cribrate: pierced with closely set, small holes. + +Cribriform: with perforations like those of a sieve. + +Crineous: dark-brown, with a slight admixture of yellow and gray. + +Crinite -us: with tufts of long thin hair: see lanuginose. + +Crispate -us: with a wrinkled or fluted margin. + +Crista: a ridge or crest. + +Cristate: with a prominent carina or crest on the upper surface::= +crested. + +Cristiform: in the form of a sharp ridge or crest. + +Cristula: a small crest. + +Cristulate: with little crescent-like ridges or crests. + +Croceous: saffron yellow; yellow with an admixture of red [pale +cadmium yellow]. + +Crocus: =croceous. + +Crook: the hook or recurved tip of the antenna in Hesperidae. + +Crop: the dilated portion of the alimentary canal behind the gullet +which serves to receive and hold the food previous to its slower +passage through the digestive tract: = ingluvies. + +Crotchets: the curved spines or hooks on the prolegs of caterpillars +and on the cremaster of pupae. + +Crown: the top of head in Lepidoptera; also used as = coronet or +corona. + +Cruciate: shaped like a cross; applied to wings when the inner +margins lie one over the other; or to incumbent wings that overlie only +at the apex: in Diptera, applied to bristles when they cross in +direction. + +Cruciato-complicatus: folded crosswise: incumbent wings when the +inner margins overlap; not well distinguished from cruciate. + +Crura: the legs or, more specifically, the thighs. + +Crura cerebri: two large cords that connect the supra- with the +sub-oesophageal ganglion. + +Crus: a leg or leg-like structure. + +Crustaceous: hard, like the shell of a crab. + +Crypto: hidden, concealed. + +Cryptocerata: a division of Heteroptera with small antennae concealed +in a groove under the bead: = adeloceratous: see gymnocerata. + +Cryptogastra: with the venter or belly covered or concealed. + +Cryptopentamera: feet 5-jointed, the 4th joint small and concealed. + +Cryptotetramera: feet 4-jointed, one of them small and concealed. + +Cryptothorax: a supposed thoracic ring between meso- and +meta-thorax. + +Crypts: minute secretory follicles or cavities: specifically, large +gland-like structures between the epithelial cells in chylific ventricle. + +Crystalline: transparent, like crystal. + +Crystalline cone: a conical structure below the cornea, imbedded in +pigment cells of the compound eye: also termed Crystalline lens. + +Ctenidium: a comb-like structure occurring on any part of an insect. + +Cubital: referring or belonging to the cubits. + +Cubital cell: the wing area between the cubits and anal vein; in the +plural, all the cells bounded anteriorly by the cubits or its branches +(Comst.); in Diptera (Schiner), = radial 3 (Comst.), = 3d posterior cell +(Loew); in Hymenoptera (Norton), = radial 3, 4 and 5 (Comst.). + +Cubital forks: the branching or points of separation of the branches of +the cubits. + +Cubital nerve or vein: see cubits. + +Cubitus: of Comstock, is the 5th in the series of longitudinal veins +extending from base, and usually two branched before reaching outer +margin: in Orthoptera; = the internomedian and ulnar: in Neuroptera, +a main longitudinal vein next behind the medius and before the anal: +the tibia of the anterior leg. + +Cuckoo spit: liquid in the form of bubbles produced by members of +the family Cercopidae and which often conceals the producer. + +Cucullate: hooded; somewhat hood-shaped. + +Cucullus: a hood: see capillitium. + +Cuilleron: see alula. + +Culicifuge: any preparation for driving away gnats or mosquitoes. + +Culmen: the longitudinal carina of a caterpillar. + +Cultellus: one of the blade-like lancets in piercing flies: += the mandibles of some authors. + +Cultrate -iform: shaped like a pruning knife. + +Cumulate: in groups or heaps. + +Cumulus: a group or heap; as of cells in a developing ovum. + +Cuneate, Cuneiform: wedge-shaped; elongate triangular. + +Cuneus: Hymenoptera; the small triangular area at the end of the +embolium of hemelytra: Odonata, the small triangle of the vertex +between the compound eyes. + +Cupreous: the metallic red of pure shining copper. + +Cupules: the sucker-like processes covering the under surface of the +tarsi in male Dytiscidce. + +Cupuliform: cup-shaped: like a little cup: = cyathiform. + +Cursoria: in Orthoptera, that series in which the legs are formed for +running (roaches, etc.). + +Cursorial: formed for running. + +Curvate: curved. + +Curvinervate: wings with the veins distinctly curved, like some +Psocidae. + +Cusp -is: a pointed process; sometimes at the margin of a wing. + +Cuspidate: prickly pointed; ending in a sharp point; with an +acuminated point ending in a bristle. + +Custodite -us: guarded: a body in an envelope. + +Cuticle: the outer skin or skin layer. + +Cuticula: = cuticle: specifically applied to the outer or chitinized layer: +see epidermis and hypodermis. + +Cyaneous: pure dark blue: indigo blue [French blue]. + +Cyanescent: with a deep bluish tinge or shading. + +Cyanogenic: applied to repugnatorial glands in myriapods and +sometimes in insects. + +Cyathiform: obconical and concave; cup-shaped: = cupuliform. + +Cyatotheca: the cover of the thorax in the pupa. + +Cycle: a round or circle, e.g. of development; a life cycle. + +Cyclorrhapha: that section of Diptera in which the adult escapes from +the hardened pupal case by pushing off a lid or covering: see +orthorrhapha. Cyclorrhaphous: circular seamed. + +Cydariform: globose, but truncated at two opposite sides. + +Cylindrical: in the form of a cylinder or tube; round, elongate, of +equal diameter throughout. + +Cymbiform: boat-shaped: a concave disc with elevated margin; +navicular. + +Cytoplasm: the protoplasm of a cell exclusive of nucleus; the cell +body. + + + + + + +D + +Dactylus: a finger or toe: = digitus: a tarsal joint after the first one, +when that is enlarged as in bees. + +Dagger mark: a marking in the form of a Greek Psi _. + +Dart: a sting, or its central part. + +Dash: a short disconnected streak or mark. + +Dasygastres: bees with pollen-carrying structures on the abdomen. + +Deaurate: of the color of gold; golden. + +Deciduous: that which may be cast off or shed. + +Declinate -us: a part somewhat bent, the apex downward. + +Decumbent -ous: sloping gradually downward. + +Decrepitans: crackling. + +Decumbent: bending down at tip from an upright base. + +Decurrent: closely attached to and running down another body. + +Decurved: bowed downward. + +Decussate: crossing at an angle: X-like: in cross pairs; or, when +bristles alternately cross each other, as in some Diptera. + +Deflected: bent downward: the wings, when the inner margins lap +and the outer edges decline toward the sides. + +Deflexed: abruptly bent downward. + +Deformed: twisted or set in an unusual form: specifically, in +Coleoptera applied to knotted or twisted antennae as in male Meloids. + +Dehiscence: the splitting of the pupal integument in the emergence of +the adult in Lepidoptera. + +Dehiscent: open or standing open: separating toward the tip. + +Dejectamenta: the excrement or excretion. + +Delamination: the splitting or division into layers. + +Deltoid: elongate triangular: resembling a Greek _ with apex +extended. + +Demarcation: the bounding, laying out or limiting. + +Dendritic: applied to the branched nerve cells in the mushroom bodies +of the pro-cerebrum. + +Dendroid: tree or shrub-like: branching like a tree or shrub. + +Dendrophagus: feeding on woody tissues. + +Dendrophilous: species that live in woody tissue, or on trees. + +Dens: a tooth or tooth-like process. + +Dense: thickly crowded together. + +Dentate: toothed: with acute teeth, the sides of which are equal and +the tip is above the middle of base. + +Dentate-serrate: toothed, with the dentations themselves serrated on +their edges. + +Dentate-sinuate: toothed and indented. + +Dentes: the teeth or pointed processes on the inner side of the +mandible: the second or middle part of the furcula in Collembola, +consisting of two parallel pieces from the distal end of the manubrium +and bearing at their apices the crones. + +Dentes caninae: see canine teeth. + +Denticle: a small tooth. + +Denticulated: set with little teeth or notches. + +Dentiform: formed or appearing like a tooth. + +Denudate: without covering; destitute of scales or hair. + +Denude: to free from covering; to rub so as to remove the surface +covering of scales, hair or other vestiture. + +Deorsum: downward. + +Dependent: hanging down. + +Deplanate -us: see complanate. + +Depressed: flattened down vertically; opposed to compressed. + +Depressor: applied to a muscle that has for its function the depression +of an organ or a part. + +Deratoptera: = Orthoptera. + +Dermal: relating to the skin or outer covering. + +Dermal glands: hypodermal unicellular glands which secrete wax, +setae, spines, etc. + +Dermaptera: see Dermatoptera. + +Dermatoptera: skin-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with +elytriform, abbreviated primaries beneath which the secondaries are +folded transversely and fan-like: mouth mandibulate, prothorax free; +abdomen forcipate; metamorphosis incomplete: the Forficulidae or +earwigs. + +Desectus: = truncatus. + +Desideratum -ata: some thing or things needed or desired. + +Destitutus: wanting; being without. + +Determinate: with well-defined outlines or distinct limits: fixed: +marked out. + +Detonans: exploding: a sudden noise or a puff like an explosion. + +Detritus: rubbed off; a surface partly denuded. + +Deuterotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are +male and female: see arrhenotoky and thelyotoky. + +Deutocerebral segment: =antennal segment; q.v. + +Deutocerebrum: the middle portion of the brain, formed by the +ganglion of the 2d primary segment; also termed antennal or olfactory +lobes from the parts it innervates. + +Deutoplasm: the yolk or food plasm of an ovum. + +Deutotergite: the secondary dorsal segment of the abdomen. + +Dextrad: extending or directed toward the right. + +Dextral: to the right of the median line. + +Dextro-caudad: extends obliquely between dextrad and caudad. + +Dextro-cephalad: extends obliquely between dextrad and cephalad. + +Di: as a prefix, = two. + +Diaphanous: semi-transparent; clear. + +Diaphragm: any thin dividing membrane; that thin membrane +separating the cavity containing the heart from the rest of the body. + +Diarthrosis: any articulation that permits of motion. + +Diastole: that regular expansion of the heart that draws the blood +inward: see systole. + +Dichaetae: a group of brachycerous Diptera with a proboscis +consisting of two parts: Muscids, etc. + +Dichoptic: Diptera; eyes separated by front: not contiguous: see +holoptic. + +Dichotomous: forked: dividing by pairs. + +Dichromatism: the possession of two color varieties. + +Dictyoptera: an ordinal term applied to the roaches: also more +generally, to the Orthoptera. {Scanner's comment: Roaches are now +classed as Dictyoptera, and Orthoptera are now classed as distinct +from Dictyoptera} + +Didactyle -us: two-toed: with two tarsi of equal length. + +Didymus: double: geminate. + +Difformis: irregular in form or outline: not comparable; anomalous. +Diffracted: bending in different directions. + +Diffuse: spreading out; without distinct edge or margin. + +Digestive tract: the alimentary canal as a whole: more specifically that +portion behind the crop, in which assimilation takes place. + +Digitate: finger-like, or divided into finger-like processes. + +Digitiform: formed, shaped like or having the function of a finger. + +Digitules: appendages on the feet of Coccidae; in Lecanium, four +knobbed hairs. + +Digitus: the terminal joint of the tarsus, bearing the claws: a small +appendage attached to the lacinia of the maxilla; rarely present and +probably tactile. + +Digoneutism: the power to produce two broods in one season. + +Dilatatus: Coleoptera a margin, when the sharp marginal edge +extends beyond its usual limit: the base when the transverse diameter +is much longer at one part. + +Dilated: widened, expanded. + +Dilation: an expansion or widening. + +Dilute: thinned out: applied to color means weak or pale. + +Dilution: much thinned out or diluted. + +Dimera: forms with two-jointed tarsi: specifically applied to some +groups of Homoptera. + +Dimerous: having only two tarsal joints. + +Dimidiate -us: halved; extending half way around; applied to elytra +when they cover only half the abdomen. + +Dimidius: of half length. + +Dimorphic: occurring in two well-marked forms. + +Dimorphism: a difference in form, color, etc, between individuals of +the same species, characterizing two distinct types: may be seasonal, +sexual or geographic. + +Dioecious: with distinct sexes. + +Dioptrate: an ocellate spot with the pupil divided by a transverse line. + +Dioptric: with a transversely divided ocellus. + +Diploglossata: an ordinal term proposed for Hemimeridae, because of +the supposed presence of a second labial segment. + +Diplogangliata: applied to the Arthropods. + +Diploptera: = diplopteryga; q.v. + +Diplopteryga: Hymenoptera; wasps in which the wings are +longitudinally folded when at rest. + +Dipneumones: having two lungs (certain spiders). + +Diptera: an ordinal term applied to insects having only one pair of +wings (anterior): thorax agglutinate; mouth haustellate; +transformations complete. + +Dipterocecidium: a gall formed by a dipterous insect. + +Dipterous: belonging to or having the characters of Diptera. + +Direct: applied to metamorphosis = incomplete. + +Directive coloration: directive marks or colors which tend to divert the +attention of an enemy from more vital parts. + +Disc: see disk. + +Discal: on or relating to the disc of any surface or structure. + +Discal area: of a wing applies especially to the more central portion, or +that area covered by the discal cell. + +Discal bristles: Diptera; are inserted on the middle of the abdominal +segments before the hind margin. + +Discal cell: Lepidoptera; the large or median cell extending from the +base of the wing toward the center: = radial cell (Comst.): in Diptera +(Will.) = 1st medial 2 (Comst.): Odonata; = discoidal areolets, q.v.: +Trichoptera, the cell between the forks of the radial sector, and +separated from the 2d apical cell by a cross-vein. + +Discal patch: in some male Hesperidae the oblique streak of +specialized black scales on the disc of the primaries. + +Discal vein: Lepidoptera; the cross-vein closing the discal or median +cell extends from radius 5 to media 1. + +Disciform: formed or shaped like a disc. + +Discocellular nervure or vein: Lepidoptera; = discal vein, q.v. + +Discoidal: relating to the disc, or middle = discal. + +Discoidal area: the middle area or field: Trichoptera; that area of the +tegmina between the posterior or anal and the anterior or costal areas += d. field. + +Discoidal areolets: Odonata; a varying number of rows of cells on the +outer side of the triangle between the short sector (M 4 of Comst.) and +the upper sector of the triangle (Cu 1 of Comst.) = post-triangular cells +:= discal cells. + +Discoidal cell: Hymenoptera (Norton) 1st medial 2, medial 3 and +medial 4 (Comst.). + +Discoidal field: see discoidal area. + +Discoidal nervule: Lepidoptera; = media 1 (Comst.). + +Discoidal triangle: Odonata - see triangle. + +Discoidal vein: Diptera (Schiner), = media 2 (Comst.) anterior +intercalary vein (Loew); Hymenopteran (Norton), = media 2 (Comst.), +beyond the junction with the medial cross-vein: Trichoptera; the first +and largest branch of the humeral vein. + +Discoideous: =discoidal. + +Discolored -orous: a different color from the surrounding, more or less +contrasting; not concolorous. + +Discota: insects in which development of the adults is from imaginal +discs: see adiscota. + +Discrete: distinctly separated. + +Discs: the abdominal motor processes of coleopterous larve. + +Discus: a disc; a somewhat flat circular part or area. + +Disjoined or Disjointed: see disjunctus. + +Disjunct: with head, thorax and abdomen separated by constrictions. + +Disjunctus: separated; standing apart. + +Disk: the central upper surface of any part; all the area within a +margin; the central area of a wing: in Trichoptera, the obliquely ridged +outer surface of hind femur in saltatoria. + +Dislocated: a stria, band or line interrupted in continuity, when the +tips of the interrupted parts are not in a right line with each other. + +Disperses: with scattered markings, punctures or other small +sculptures. + +Disposed: arranged or laid out. + +Dissepiment: a partition wall: applied to the forming septa separating +the coelom-sacs in the embryo; also the thin envelope about the +members in obtect pupae. + +Dissilient: bursting open elastically. + +Distad: toward the distal end. + +Distal: that part of a joint farthest from the body. + +Distant: remote from: standing considerably apart. + +Distichous: applied to antennae when lateral processes originate at +the apices of the joints and bend forward at acute angles to them. + +Distiproboscis: the outer third of the proboscis in Muscid flies, bearing +the labella. + +Distychus: bipartite: separated into two parts. + +Ditrocha: Hymenoptera; that series having the trochanter two-jointed. + +Diurnae: day fliers: applied to butterflies. + +Diurnal: such insects as are active or habitually fly by day only. + +Divaricable: able to spread apart or divaricate. + +Divaricate: straddling or spreading apart: when the wings are lapped +at base and diverge behind: tarsal claws when arising at opposite +sides of the joint and separating widely. + +Divergent: spreading out from a common base; in Coleoptera, tarsal +claws are divergent when they spread out only a little; divaricate +when they separate widely. + +Diverse: unequal: differing in size or shape: of various kinds. + +Diverticulum -la: an oft-shoot from a vessel or from the alimentary +canal usually blind or sac-like: applied to the caecal tubes or +pouches: any extensions or evaginations of the hypodermic. + +Dividens (vena): Trichoptera; 1st anal (Comst.). + +Dog-ear marks: in bees: small, subtriangular marks of light color, +just below the antennae (Cockerell). + +Dolabriform: hatchet-shaped: compressed, with a prominent dilated +keel and cylindrical base. + +Dolioloides: applied to obtect or coarctate pupae. + +Dominant: a character more constant and conspicuous than any +other: a type or series occurring in large numbers both as to genera, +species and individuals and in which differentiation is yet active. + +Dorsad: extending or directed toward the upper side. + +Dorsal: of or belonging to the upper surface: in Diptera, that face of +the laterally extended legs visible from above. + +Dorsal bristles: see dorso-central. + +Dorsal diaphragm: the wings of the heart, or the very thin membrane +upon which these muscles rest: = pericardial diaphragm, q.v. + +Dorsal gland orifices: in Diaspinae, oval orifices arranged in more or +less distinct rows on the surface of the pygidium, through which is +discharged the material of which the dorsal scale is formed. + +Dorsal glands: see last preceding title. + +Dorsal line: in caterpillars, extends longitudinally on the middle of the +back or dorsal. + +Dorsal scale: that part of the covering scale of the Diaspinae that lies +above the insect, as opposed to the ventral scale, which lies below. + +Dorsal space: in slug-caterpillars is the area between the sub-dorsal +ridges. + +Dorsal vessel: the heart; q.v. + +Dorsi-meson: the middle of the upper surface. + +Dorso-alar region: Diptera; between the transverse suture and the +scutellum on one side and the root of the wing and the dorso-central +region on the other. + +Dorso-central bristles: Diptera; two or four longitudinal rows on the +inner part of the dorsal. + +Dorso-central region: Diptera; bounded by two imaginary lines drawn +from the scutellar bridges forward, and coinciding with a space free +from bristles that exists on the outer side of the dorsal rows and is +often occupied by a dorsal thoracic stripe. + +Dorso-humeral region: Diptera; bounded by the anterior end of thorax +and transverse suture on two sides and by the dorsopleural suture +and dorsocentral region on the two others. + +Dorsolum: the mesoscutum. + +Dorsopleural suture: Diptera; the lateral suture between dorsal and +pleurum from the humeri through the base of the wing: separates the +mesonotum from the pleura. + +Dorso-ventral: in a line from the upper to the lower surface. + +Dorsulum: the mesonotum before the scutellum, with the wing +sockets: also, specifically, the meso-scutellum. + +Dorsum: the upper surface: in Coleoptera; often confined to +meso- and meta-thorax: Odonata; includes mesepisterna and meso- and +meta-thoracic terga: Diptera; upper surface of thorax, limited by the +dorsopleural sutures laterally, the scutellum posteriorly and the neck +anteriorly: Lepidoptera; the lower or inner margin of the wing. + +Draw-thread: the silk-producing gland. + +Drone: in Hymenoptera; the male bee. + +Duct: a channel, tube or canal for carrying a secretion from a gland to +the point of discharge. + +Ductus ejaculatorius: the single duct or tube formed by the union of +the vasa deferentia from each side, through which the seminal fluid is +ejected into the vagina. + +Dufour's gland: that gland, in Hymenoptera, that secretes the alkaline +portion of the poison carried by the sting. + +Duodenum: the chylific ventricle; also applied to the first section of +the digestive tract just behind entrance of malpighian tubules. + +Dupion: a cocoon spun by two silk-worms together; also the coarse +silk from such a cocoon. + +Duplicate -us: double. + +Duplicate-pectinate: having the branches of a bipectinated antenna +alternately long and short. + +Duple: double, or twice. + +Durus: hard. + +Dusky: somewhat darkened; pale fuscous. + + + + +E + +E: as prefix, is privative and means without. + +Ears: organs of hearing, as on the first tibiae or on the first abdominal +segment of some Trichoptera. + +Ebenine: black like ebony. + +Eburneous: ivory white. + +Ecalcaratus: without a spur. + +Ecaudate: without tails or tail-like processes: usually applied +to wings : = excaudate. + +Ecdysis: the process of casting the skin; moulting. + +Echinate: set with prickles. + +Ecology: the science of the relation of organisms to each other and to +their surroundings: = ethology. {Scanner's comment: Ethology +nowadays refers to studies in animal behaviour, +not directly to ecology.} + +Ectad: extending outwardly from within. + +Ectal: belonging or relating to the outer surface. + +Ectoblast: the outer wall of a cell; the ectoderm or epiblast. + +Ectoderm: the outer layer of skin: the outer layer of the blastoderm, +giving rise to the nervous system and to epithelial structures of the +body surface. + +Ectognathus: see ectotrophous. + +Ectoskeletal: referring to the outside or exoskeleton. + +Ectotrachea: the outer surface or layer of the trachea. + +Ectotrophous: with mouth parts free; not buried in the head: see +entrotrophus. + +Edematus: dull translucent white. + +Edentate -ulous: without teeth. + +Edentula: those having no teeth. + +Efferent: carrying outward or away from the centre. + +Effluvium: a foul or unpleasant smell or emanation. + +Effected: somewhat angularly bent outward. + +Egg: a simple cell, capable of fertilization, containing the germ, the +food-yolk necessary for its nutriment, and a covering membrane: a +single ovum or cell from an ovary: the first stage of the insect. + +Egg-burster: a projecting point on the head or other part of an +embryo, used in breaking the shell when hatching. + +Egg-calyx: the enlarged portion of the oviduct at the opening of the +ovarian tubes, into which the egg is received before its entrance into +the vagina. + +Egg-case: the case or covering prepared or secreted by an insect to +contain or hold together the egg-mass as a whole: see ooetheca. + +Egg-guide: Orthoptera; two small pointed prolongations of the ventral +portion of the 8th abdominal segment, between upper and lower +valves, used in oviposition. + +Egg-pouch: see ooetheca. + +Egg-pod: applied to the egg-mass of grasshoppers. + +Egg-tube: see ovarian tube. + +Ejaculatory duct: see ductus ejaculatorius. + +Elastic: a part which has a degree of flexibility throughout. + +Elate -us: see elevatus. + +Elater: the spring or forked tail of Podurids. + +Eleutherata: all forms with free, separated maxillae; later, and more +specifically, the Coleoptera. + +Elevate -us: a part higher than its surroundings. + +Elinguata: without a tongue: forms in which the maxillae are connate +with the labium: see synista. + +Ellipsoidal: see elliptical. + +Elliptical: oblong-oval, the ends equally rounded, together forming an +even ellipsoid. + +Elongata -ate: drawn out; lengthened; much longer than wide. + +Elutus: with scarcely distinct markings. + +Elytra: the anterior leathery or chitinous wings of beetles, serving as +coverings to the secondaries, commonly meeting in a straight line +down the middle of dorsum in repose: also applied to the tegmina in +Orthoptera. + +Elytral ligula: a tongue-like process on the inner face of the side +margin of elytra, to perfect the union with the ventral segments: e.g. +in Dytiscidae. + +Elytriform: shaped or appearing like an elytron. + +Elytrin: = chitin, q.v. + +Elytron: singular of elytra; q.v. + +Elytroptera: see Coleoptera. + +Emandibulata: that series of insects in which there are no functional +mandibles in any stage. + +Emandibulate: lacking functional mandibles; e.g. butterflies and +moths, and applied in any stage. + +Emarginate: notched: with an obtuse, rounded or quadrate section cut +from a margin. + +Embolium: Heteroptera; the narrow sclerite extending along the +anterior margin of the hemelytra, from base to cuneus or membrane: +the lobes on each side of the prothorax: the special enlargement at the +base of the primaries which fits into a cavity in which the wing is +moved. + +Embossed: ornamented with raised figures. + +Embryo: the young animal before leaving the body of the parent or +before emerging from the egg. + +Embryonic: found in, or relating to the embryo; in an undeveloped +state or condition. + +Emmet: an ant. + +Empodium: Diptera; the small process between the pulvilli: in +Coleoptera; the bifid pseudotarsi between the claws: used also as = +pulvillus; and see arolium, onychium, palmula, paronychium, +plantula, pseudonychium and pulvillus. + +Enarthrosis: an articulation like a ball and socket joint. + +Encephalon -um: the brain, or that part of the head containing it. + +Encircled: ringed; margined round about. + +Endemic: occurring normally where found: native, not introduced. + +Endocardium: the inner lining membrane of the heart. + +Endochorium: the layer of the allantois that lines the chorium; the +inner layer of the chorium. + +Endocranium: the inner surface of the cranium. + +Endoderm: the inner layer of the blastoderm in the embryo, giving +origin to the mid-intestine and other visceral organs: see entoderm. + +Endolabium: the inner or mouth surface of the labium: the +hypopharynx when that is well developed. + +Endomesoderm: the inner layer formed by an invagination of the +middle portion of the primitive band of the embryo, and from which +the endoderm and mesoderm are subsequently differentiated. + +Endophytic: living within plant or tree tissue, as borers or miners. + +Endoskeletal: relating or referring to the endoskeleton. + +Endoskeleton: applied to those chitinous processes extending inward +into the body cavity from the body wall and serving as attachments for +muscles. + +Endosternite: that part of the apodeme arising from the intersternal +membrane. + +Endothorax: the internal framework or processes of the thorax. + +Endotoky: is applied to that form of reproduction where the eggs are +developed within the body of the mother; see exotoky. + +Endotrachea: the inner surface or lining of the trachea: see intima. + +Enervis: applied to wings without veins of any kind. + +Engraved: see exsculptus. + +Ensiform: sword-shaped: two-edged, large at base and tapering to the +point: see anceps. + +Entad: extending inwardly from without. + +Ental: referring to the centre of the body cavity. + +Enteric: relating to the digestive canal or enteron. + +Enteron: the digestive canal as a whole; a general term. + +Entire: with an even unbroken margin: said of wings when they are +not divided or cut into. + +Entoderm: the innermost germ layer of the embryo, from which are +derived the epithelium of the alimentary canal and accessory +structures: = endoderm and hypoblast. + +Entognathous: see entotrophous. + +Entoloma: the inner margin of the wings. + +Entomogenous: growing in or on an insect: e.g. fungi. + +Entomography: the description of an insect or of its life history. + +Entomolin: = chitin, q.v. + +Entomologist: one who collects and studies insects. + +Entomology: that branch of Zoology that deals with insects and, +specifically, the Hexapods. + +Entomophagous: feeding upon insects: specifically applied to those +wasps that feed their young with larvae, etc. + +Entomophilous: insect-loving: applied to plants especially adapted for +pollination by insects. + +Entomophytous: referring to plants produced in or on an insect: see +Entomogenous. + +Entomosis: a disease caused by a parasitic insect. + +Entomotaxy: the preservation and preparation of insects for study. + +Entomotomy: that science which deals with internal structure of +insects. + +Entomotomist: a student of insect structure. + +Entosternum: the internal processes from the sternum. + +Entothorax: applied to the apodemes or processes extending inwardly +from the sternal sclerites: see apophysis. + +Entotrophous: with the mouth parts buried in the head:= +entognathous: see ectotrophous. + +Entozoa: those animals that live within the body of others. + +Environment: the sum of the influences surrounding or acting upon +an organism. + +Enzyme: a ferment secreted by a cell or a gland. + +Epalpate: having no palpi. + +Ephebic: referring to the winged, adult stage. + +Ephemerida: May-flies: an ordinal term used for insects with +net-veined wings, held vertically when at rest, not folded; mouth +mandibulate, not functionally developed: thorax loosely agglutinated; +abdomen with anal filaments: metamorphosis incomplete. + +Ephemeroptera: briefly winged: = ephemerida; q.v. + +Epiblast: the outer germ layer of the embryo. + +Epicranial: relating or pertaining to the epicranium. + +Epicranial lobe: in caterpillars, the lateral, superior convex lobe of the +head. + +Epicranial plate: in some larvae a plate-like structure forming the +epicranium. + +Epicranial suture: the line of junction of the two procephalic lobes. + +Epicranium: the upper part of the head from the front to the neck: +often used to include front, vertex and genae:= calva. + +Epideme: see articulatory epideme. + +Epiderma -is: the cellular layer of the skin, underlying and secreting +the cuticula: incorrectly applied to the outer skin or cuticle. + +Epidermata: abnormal excrescences or outgrowths from the skin. + +Epididymis: the convoluted efferent ducts, massed at the posterior +part of the testes. + +Epigastrium: the first entire ventral sclerite of the abdomen. + +Epigenesis: the doctrine of growth from an undifferentiated germ, as +opposed to preformation, which implies development from already +existing rudiments. + +Epigenetic: the period after the union of the male and female +elements, during which organs are forming. + +Epiglossa: = epipharynx; q.v. + +Epiglottis: = epipharynx; q.v. + +Epilabrum: a sclerite at each side of the labrum: specifically applied +in myriapods. + +Epilobe: of mentum in Carabidae, really corresponds to a partially +divided ligula: a lateral appendage of a bilobed mentum. + +Epimera -eron: the posterior lateral thoracic sclerites; usually small, +narrow or triangular. + +Epiopticon: the second ganglionic swelling of the optic tract: see +opticon. + +Epipharyngeal: belonging or relating to the epipharynx. + +Epipharyngeal sclerites: in bees; a pair of strap-like pieces extending +backward from the two sides of the base of epipharynx: see +hypopharyngeal sclerites. + +Epipharynx: an organ, probably of taste, attached to the inner surface +of the labium and supposed to correspond to the palate of higher +animals Epiglossa or epiglottis. + +Epiphysis: a lappet-like process covering an excavation on the fore +tibia of many Lepidoptera. + +Epipleural: the deflexed or inflexed portions of the elytra, immediately +beneath the edge: the inflexed portions of the pronotum are +sometimes called prothoracic epipleura: as generally used, the term is +incorrectly applied to the entire bent under margin of the elytra. + +Epipleural fold: the raised lower edge of the epipleura: see hypomera. + +Epiplooen: see caul. + +Epipygium: the dorsal arch of the last abdominal segment. + +Episternites: the upper pair of corneous appendages forming the +ovipositor in grasshoppers. + +Episternum: the anterior and larger lateral thoracic sclerite between +the sternum and notum. + +Epistoma -is: the lower face between the mouth and eyes: that sclerite +immediately behind or above the labrum, whether it be clypeus or an +intermediate piece: in Diptera, that part of the face between the front +and the labrum; the oral margin and an indefinite space immediately +contiguous thereto and so = peristoma: in Odonata; = clypeus: = +hypostoma. + +Epithelium: the layer of cells which covers a surface or lines a cavity. + +Epizoa: insects that infest the body surface of animals. + +Epizooetic: living or parasitic on animals from the outside or on the +surface. + +Epomiae: the elevated margin of an oblique furrow in the propleurae +for the reception of the front femora; Hymenoptera. + +Epupillate: an ocellate spot included by a colored ring, but destitute of +a pupil or central spot. + +Equal: of the same length, size or shape: the superfices when they are +without inequalities. + +Equitant: laminated: folding one upon the other. + +Erect: standing upright; not necessarily perpendicular. + +Erectile: capable of being erected; applied to an appendage, a hair or +other process, or to any tissue which may be distended and made +rigid. + +Erecto-patent: the wings of Hesperids when at rest; primaries erect, +secondaries horizontal. + +Eremochaetus: Diptera in which there is a general absence of bristles. + +Ergatandrous: applied to ants with worker-like males. + +Ergatogynous: applied to ants with worker-like females. + +Ergatoid: sexually capable, wingless ants, resembling workers. + +Ericeticolous: living in poor, sandy or gravelly places. + +Eroded -sus: gnawed; a margin with irregular teeth and +emarginations. + +Eruca: broadly a larva: more specifically a caterpillar. + +Eruciform: like a caterpillar in form or appearance. + +Erucina: the caterpillar-like larvae of sawflies and the like. + +Erucivorous: a feeder on caterpillars; said of parasites. + +Erythrinus: red; nearly arterial blood-red: carmine, a little diluted. + +Erythrinus: deep brick-red, tending to blood-red [vermilion with a little +Indian red]. + +Escutcheon: the scutellum in Coleoptera. + +Essential character: see specific character. + +Ethology: see ecology. + +Eucephalous: with a well-developed head, bearing the normal +appendages: applied to certain dipterous larvae. + +Eucone: a compound eye in which the individual ocelli have +crystalline cones see acone. + +Euorthoptera: the Orthoptera excluding the Dermaptera. + +Euplexoptera: with beautifully folded wings: an ordinal term applied +to the ear-wigs. + +Eous or -eus: as a suffix, indicates the possession of the quality of the +stem word: e.g. membraneous, like a membrane in texture. + +Eutracheata: applied to articulates which, like the insects, have a +well-developed tracheal system. + +Evaginate: extruded by eversion; turned inside out when extruded. + +Evagination: an extrusion formed by eversion or turning inside out. + +Evanescent: disappearing; becoming gradually less. + +Eversible: capable of being turned inside out. + +Evident: easily seen or recognized. + +Ex: prefix = A and E as privatives: also means from or out of. + +Exarate -us: sulcated: sculptured. + +Exarticulate: without distinct joints. + +Exasperate -us: rough with irregular elevations. + +Excalcarate: without spurs. + +Excaudate: see ecaudate. + +Excavate: with a depression that is not the segment of a circle. + +Excentric: not in the centre; revolving or arranged about a point that +is not central. + +Excision: with a deep cut: a notch or other cut-out part. + +Excrementaceous -titious: made up of or resembling excrement. + +Excrescence: an outgrowth or elevation; usually abnormal. + +Excretion: the act of getting rid of waste products: any material or +substance produced by any secretory glands or structures and which +is voided or otherwise sent out from them. + +Excretory: those structures concerned in ridding the body of waste +products. + +Excurrent: attenuate, narrowly prolonged. + +Excurved: curved outwards. + +Ex larva: from or out of the larva: usually applied to specimens that +have been bred from collected larvae. + +Exochorion: that part of the chorion derived from the ectoderm: the +outer layer of the chorion. + +Exochorium: Heteroptera; a narrow marginal part of the hemelytra. + +Exoderm: the outer skin or crust. + +Exoloma: the apical margin of the wings. + +Exophytic: relating to the outside of plant tissue. + +Exoskeleton: the entire body wall, to the inner side of which muscles +are attached. + +Exotic: not a natives of the place where found: an introduced species: +also any species occurring in any country outside of the limits of the +country whose fauna is under consideration. + +Exotoky: is applied to that form of reproduction where the eggs are +developed outside of the body of the insect and without care by the +mother see endotoky. + +Ex ova: from or out of the egg: applied to specimens that have been +bred from the egg stage. + +Expanded: spread or flattened out: applied to Lepidoptera when set for +the cabinet. + +Expanse: the distance between the apices or other widest point of the +wings when fully spread. + +Expansio alarum: the wing stretch; see expanse. + +Expiratory: relating to the act of expiration, when the abdomen is +contracted and the air contained in the abdominal tracheae is +presumably forced out of them. + +Explanate: spread out and flattened; applied to a margin. + +Explicate: unfolded; open; without folds or plica. + +Exsculptate -tus: a surface with irregular, more or less longitudinal +depressions, as if carved. + +Exscutellate: having no scutel. + +Exserted: protruded; projecting beyond the body or over a given point. + +Exsertion: a protrusion: an extension of a line or other ornamentation +beyond its ordinary course. + +Extended: spread out: not lying one upon the other. + +Extense: extended: expanded. + +Extension plate: a structure at the base of the pulvillus whose +function it is to extend it. + +Extension sole: the pad-like pulvillus which may be extended by the +extension plate through the pressure plate. + +Extensor: that which extends or straightens out; applied to muscles. + +Extenuate: to make or to become weak, thin or slender. + +Exterior: the outside. + +Exterior margin: the outer margin; sometimes used for costal margin. + +External: belonging to or on the outside. + +External area: Hymenoptera; the upper of the three cells or areas of +the metanotum, between the median and lateral longitudinal carina, +first lateral basal area. + +External median area: Hymenoptera; the median of the three cells or +areas between the median and lateral longitudinal carinae: = second +lateral area. + +Externomedial vein: in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radius (Comst.); in +Orthoptera, = media (Comst.). + +Externo-median nerve: the humeral and discoidal veins together. + +Extra-ocular: remote from or beyond the eyes. + +Extremity: the point most remote from base. + +Extrorse -um: toward the outside. + +Extrude: to turn or force out. + +Exude: to ooze or flow slowly through minute openings. + +Exuvia -iae -ium: the cast skin of a larval insect: in Diaspinae the +larval skin when cast and incorporated in the scale. + +Exuviate: to cast the skin: to moult. + +Exuviation: the act of molting: the cast-off skin or exuvium. + +Eyes: the organs of sight, composed of numerous facets, situated, one +on each side of the head: the term is properly applied to compound +eyes only but is sometimes used to designate also the simple eyes or +ocelli. + + + + +F + +Face or Facies: the upper or outer surface of any part or appendage: +the front of the head between the compound eyes above the mouth to +the vertex; usually applied to insects in which the head is -vertical: +in bees extends between the eyes to the base of the antennae; in the +Hymenoptera generally the area between antenne and clypeus: in +flies the area between base of antennae, the oral margin, eyes and +cheeks. + +Facet: a small face or surface: one of the parts, areas or lens-like +divisions of the compound eye. + +Facial angle: the angle formed by the junction of the face and vertex. + +Facial bristles: Diptera; a series on either side of the middle portion of +the face, above the vibrissae, along the facialia. + +Facial carinae: applied to both the carinae of the frontal costa and the +accessory (lateral) carinae of the face; but usually restricted to the +accessory carinae in Orthoptera. + +Facial depression: = antennal fovea, q.v. + +Facialium -ia: Diptera; that portion of the face between the lower part +of the frontal fissure and the antennal fovea. + +Facial quadrangle: in bees; the quadrangle bounded laterally by the +eyes, above by a line between their summits and below by a similar +line between their lowest points. + +Facial ridges: Diptera; the elevated lateral borders of antennal grooves. + +Facial tubercle: Diptera; a median convexity below middle of face. + +Facies: the face: the general appearance or impression. + +Falcate: sickle-shaped; convexly curved: a wing when deeply +excavated below the apex so as to leave the latter acute and a little +curved. + +Falciform: curved like a sickle. + +False legs: = spurious legs; = prolegs; q.v. + +Family: a division of classification including a number of genera +agreeing in one or a set of characters and so closely related that they +are apparently descended from one stem: opinionative and indicated +by the termination idae. + +Farctus: fully filled. + +Farinaceous: mealy: applied to powdery looking wings and surfaces. + +Farinose: dotted with many single, flour-like spots: mealy. + +Fascia: a transverse band or broad line; it is common when it crosses +both wings or wing covers. + +Fasciate: banded transversely. + +Fascicle -ulus: a bundle of hair, threads or fibres. + +Fasciculate: bundled; clustered as in a bundle; tufted: a surface +when covered with bundles of long hair. + +Fastigiate: flat-topped and of equal height: also applied to elytra that +extend a little beyond the abdomen. + +Fastigium: Orthoptera; the extreme point or front of vertex. + +Fat-body: is the mass of oil or fat cells found, especially in larvae, +surrounding the alimentary canal and some other internal organs. + +Fatiscent: with cracks, crevices or openings. + +Fauna: the assemblage of animals inhabiting a region or country. + +Favose: with large deep holes, like the cells of a honeycomb. + +Favus: a cell like that of a honeycomb. + +Fecula: the excrement of insects. + +Fecundation: the making fertile; as an egg by a spermatozooen. + +Feeler: commonly applied to antennae; q.v. + +Feelers: tactile organs: the term is usually applied to the +antennae, but sometimes to the palpi, as mouth-feelers. + +Feet: the legs or organs of locomotion; one pair attached to each +thoracic segment; composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and +tarsus only; plural of foot; q.v. + +Female: designated by "O+" the astronomical sign for Venus: that +sex in which the ova are developed. {Scanner's comment: The sign +for Venus being an orthogonal cross or plus sign hanging vertically +below a circle.} + +Femina: the female, or belonging to that sex. + +Femorate -us: with abnormal or unusually developed femora or +thighs. + +Femoro-tibial: pertaining to both femur and tibia or to the articulation +between them. + +Femur -ora: the thigh: usually the stoutest segment of the leg, +articulated to the body through trochanter and coxa and bearing the +tibia at its distal end: in Coccidae and quite commonly, the femur +and trochanter are considered as one, for measuring purposes. + +Fenestra: a window; a transparent glassy spot or mark; a pellucid +mark in a vein: a small, pale, membranous area at the base of the +antenna in roaches. + +Fenestrate: with transparent or window-like naked spots as in the +wings of some Lepidoptera. + +Fenestrate membrane: of the compound eye is at the base of the +ommatidia, at their junction with the optic nerve; see retina. + +Ferreous -eus: the metallic gray of polished iron. + +Ferrugineous -ous, -eus, -osus: rusty red-brown [Dragon's blood, but +brighter]. + +Ferrugino-testaeeous: a rusty yellow brown: a mixture of rusty red +with dull yellow brown. + +Fertilization: takes place when a spermatozooen enters through the +micropyle of an ovum and unites with the cell nucleus: loosely +applied like copulation or to its completion. + +Festivus: variegated with bright colors. + +Festooned: arranged in loops as if hung from nails. + +Fibre: a thread-like structure of any tissue. + +Fibrilla: rod or sliver-like nerve elements, often grouped like a bundle +of short threads. + +Fibrin: a proteid compound making up a large part of the muscular +tissue: also found in blood and other body liquids. + +Fibrinogen: a proteid substance of the blood and other body fluids, +concerned in the production of fibrin. + +Fibroin: a chemical compound found in silk, cobwebs and the like. + +Fifth longitudinal vein: Diptera (Will.); = media 3 (Comst.). + +Filament: a thread: a long slender process of equal diameter +throughout: an elongated appendage. + +Filariasis: a disease caused by the presence of minute worms or +Filaria, transmitted by mosquitoes. {Scanner's comment: Nowadays +it is known that many kinds of filariasis are transmitted by other +species of flies, in particular Simuliidae and Tabanidae} + +Filate: Diptera; antennae that are simple, without lateral hair or +dilation: thread-like. + +Filator: the silk spinning structure of caterpillars. + +File: the diagonal ridged vein near the base of the tegmina in crickets, +used in stridulating: in general any structure wherever situated that +serves the same purpose. + +Filicornia: insects with thread-like antennae; e.g. in Coleopteran, the +Carabidae. + +Filiform: thread-like: slender and of equal diameter. + +Filippi's glands: a pair of secondary glands, opening into the silk +glands of caterpillars near their anterior end. + +Fillet: a transverse, raised structure between the antennae in +Lepidoptera. + +Filose: ending in a thread-like process. + +Fimbria: thick, ciliated hair at the termination of any part: fringes. + +Fimbriate: a margin or process when set with a fringe of hair closely +placed. + +Finger: of maxilla, is the digitus, q.v. + +First clypeus: see post clypeus. + +First inner apical nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.); is cubitus 1, from +media 4, to first anal (Comst.). + +First lateral suture: Odonata; starts from beneath base of front wing +behind humeral suture and meets it behind second coxa. + +First longitudinal vein: in Diptera; - radius 1 (Comst.). + +First submarginal cross-nervure: Hymenoptera; part of the media and +the radio-medial cross vein (Comst.). + +Fissate: divided or split: with fissures or cracks. + +Fissile -is: cleft or divided; as the wings in plume-moths: also used +for lamellate. + +Fissiparous: applied to that form of asexual generation in which the +parent divides; each part becoming a new individual. + +Fissure: a crevice: a narrow longitudinal opening: a slit. + +Fissus: cleft: longitudinally divided nearly to base. + +Fistula: a slender tube: specifically applied to the channel formed by +the union of the two parts of proboscis in Lepidoptera. + +Fistular: like a slender, cylindrical tube. + +Flabellate: with long flat processes folding like a fan. + +Flabelliform: fan-shaped. + +Flabellum: a fan: a leafed structure: the transparent lobe at the end of +the glossa in bees: also used as = flagellum; q.v. + +Flabs: the lobes at the tip of the dipterous mouth:= labella; q.v. + +Flaccid: feeble: limber: lax. + +Flagelliform: whip-like; applied to a process. + +Flagellum: that part of the antenna beyond the pedicel: a whip or +whip-like process: the tail-like process of a spermatozooen. + +Flammate -eus: flaming or fiery red [vermilion intensified]. + +Flange: a projecting rim or edge. + +Flank: the sides of the thorax: the pleura. + +Flaring: widening out like the mouth of a trumpet. + +Flavescent: somewhat yellow. + +Flavid: yellowed: sulphur yellow. + +Flavo-testaceous: light yellow-brown: almost luteous. + +Flavous -us: sulphur yellow [gamboge]. + +Flavo-vixens: green verging upon yellow [apple green + chrome yellow]. + +Flex: to bend: to curve back. + +Flexible: pliable; with elastic properties. + +Flexile -is: capable of being bent at an angle without breaking: +flexible. + +Flexuous -ose: almost zig-zag, without acute angles but more acute at +angles than undulating: differs from sinuate in being alternately bent +and nearly straight. + +Flexor: that which bends; applied to muscles. + +Flocculus -i: a hairy or bristly appendage on the posterior coxa of +some Hymenoptera. + +Floccus: a tuft of wool or wool-like hair. + +Flosculiferous: species that bear a flosculus. + +Flosculus: a small, tubular lunulate anal organ with a central style, in +certain Fulgorids. + +Fluviatile: inhabiting the margins of running streams. + +Fly-blows: eggs or young maggots of flesh flies: meat is fly-blown +when such eggs or larvae have been deposited on it. + +Flying-hairs: very long slender surface hairs set in punctures. + +Foetid glands: glandular structures from which a foul smelling liquid +may be ejected. + +Foliaceous: leaf-like, or resembling a leaf. + +Folioles: leaf-like processes from a margin or protuberance. + +Follicle: = cocoon, q.v.: a cellular sac or tube, as of a gland or ovary. + +Folliculate: enclosed in a case, cocoon or follicle. + +Food reservoir: Lepidoptera, a blind sac or diverticulum from the bind +part of oesophagus lying in abdomen dorsal to the stomach. + +Foot: the tarsus, q.v.; improperly used to = leg; but in the plural form +refers to legs rather than tarsi: see feet. + +Foot-shield: in caterpillars, the chitinous plate on outer side of +abdominal feet. + +Foot-stalk: of the maxilla, is the stipes. + +Foramen: an opening in the body wall for the passage of a vessel or +nerve: any opening at an apex: the opening of a cocoon. + +Foramen magnum; the opening on the posterior surface of the head to +give passage to those structures that extend from head to thorax +occipital foramen. + +Foramina: small openings in the body wall: in Orthoptera, the +auditory organs on the anterior tibiae. + +Forceps: hook or pincer-like processes terminating the abdomen, like +specialized appendages of ear-wigs: similar processes in the male, +used as clasping organs in copulation. + +Forcipate: bearing forceps or similar structures. + +Forcipiform: having the form of forceps or pincers. + +Fore: anterior. + +Foregut: extends from the mouth to the end of gizzard; its epithelium +being formed from the ectodermal invagination known as the +stomodaeum. + +Forehead: in Mallophaga, the head in front of the mandibles and +antennae. + +Fore-intestine: =foregut, q.v. + +Forficate: = forcipate, q.v. + +Forks: Trichoptera; forks of veins in apical part of wing, +numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. + + +Form: applied to representatives of a species which differ from the +normal or type, in some uniform character; it is seasonal if it occurs +at a period different from the type; dimorphic if there is an alternation +of generations or two color patterns occur; or sexual if the members of +one sex differ uniformly from those of the other. + +Formic: of, pertaining to or derived from ants. + +Formicary: an ant's nest or ant-hill. + +Fornicate: arched or vaulted: concave within, convex without. + +Fossa -ae: = fossula; q.v. + +Fossoria: burrowers: in Orthoptera, the mole crickets and allies; in +Hymenoptera, the digging wasps. + +Fossorial: formed for or with the habit of digging or burrowing. + +Fossula -ae: a deep groove or sinus with sharp edges: specifically +applied to grooves on the head or sides of prothorax in which the +antennae are concealed. + +Fossulate: a surface with oblong impressions. + +Fossulet: an elongated, shallow groove. + +Fourth longitudinal vein: Diptera (Will.), = media 2 (Comst.). + +Fovea, Foveola -ae: a shallow depression with well-marked sides: a pit. + +Foveate: with foveae or pit-like depressions. + +Foveolate: with shallow cavities like a honey-comb. + +Fractus: broken: also applied to a geniculate antenna. + +Fragile: easily breakable: thin and brittle. + +Frass: the excrement; usually the excreted pellets of caterpillars. + +Free: unrestricted in movement: not firmly joined with or united to +any other part: said of pupae when all the parts and appendages are +separately encased as in Coleopteran. + +Frenatae: that series of Lepidoptera in which a more or less +well-marked frenulum occurs. + +Frenate: having a frenulum. + +Frenulum: the spine, simple in males, compound in females, arising +from the base of secondaries in many Lepidoptera, whose function it is +to unite the wings in flight: in Cicada the triangular lateral piece on +the mesonotum which connects with the trochlea: the anal area of +secondaries and thus = tendo, q.v. + +Frenulum hook: in the males of frenate Lepidoptera, a hook or fold +into which the frenulum is fitted. + +Frenum: that which holds things together: a lunate or triangular +portion at the inner and hinder base of the wing in Odonata and +Trichoptera; see tendo. + +Fringe -es: an edging of hair, scales or other processes extending well +beyond the margin and usually of even length: in Lepidoptera, fringes +occur on the outer margins of all wings and consist of scales or hair +projecting beyond the wing membrane. + +Frog: the articular pan, - q.v. + +Frons: = front; q.v. + +Front: the anterior portion of head between base of antennae and +below ocelli: in Homoptera, the vertical median area of face. + +Frontal: referring to the front of head or anterior aspect of any part. + +Frontal costa: Orthoptera, a prominent vertical ridge of bead which +may be median or lateral: see median carina and lateral carina. + +Frontal fastigium: in Orthoptera, that process of the face extending +dorsad between the antennae and meeting or nearly meeting the +fastigium of the vertex in Tettigidae. + +Frontal fissure: Diptera; the impressed line extending from the frontal +lunule to the border of the mouth. + +Frontal lobes: in Psyllidae, two lobes or swellings more or less +completely divided by a suture in which an ocellus is situated. + +Frontal lunule: Diptera; an oval or crescentic space above the base of +antennae in Cyclorrhapha, bounded by the frontal suture. + +Frontal processes: Diptera; = antennal process, q.v. + +Frontal ridge: in Coleopteran; a sharp ridge on the dorsal margin of +the eye, extending forward. + +Frontal stripe: Diptera; the middle of the front when membranous or +discolored: = vitta frontalis. + +Frontal suture: Diptera; separates the frontal lunule from that part of +the head above it: in Coleopteran; = clypeal suture. + +Frontal tubercles: in certain Aphids, are raised structures upon which +the antennae are placed. + +Frontal triangle: Diptera; the triangular space in males, between the +eyes below, limited by a line drawn through base of antennae. + +Frontal vesicle: in Odonata; that elevated area on the vertex upon +which the ocelli are situated. + +Fronto-orbital bristles: in Diptera; are placed on each side of the front, +just below the vertical bristles. + +Fugitive: soon disappearing; not permanent. + +Fulcrant: the trochanter when continued along the femur, as in +Carabids. + +Fulcrum: the chitinous envelope at the base of mouth in Diptera and +Hymenoptera, covering the beginning of the oesophagus: any +structure that serves as a support to another.. + +Fulgidus: shining. + +Fuliginous -osus: sooty or smoky brown +[Van Dyke brown + a little black]. + +Fulvo-aeneous: brazen, with a touch of brownish yellow [brown pink]. + +Fulvous -us: tawny; light brown with much yellow; nearly orange +[pale cadmium yellow + Indian red]. + + +Fumate -us: smoky gray [gray]. + +Fumose: smoky. + +Function: the work or duty which a given part or organ normally +performs. + +Fungicolous: living in or on fungi. + +Funicle: the joints between the scape and club in Funiculate +antennae: a small cord: a slender stalk. + +Funiculate: whip-like: long, slender, composed of many flexible joints. + +Funicule: a small, cord-like structure; especially when sheathed. + +Funiculus: the main tendon of abdomen: in Hymenoptera a slender +ligament connecting the propodeum to petiole on its dorsal aspect. + +Furca: a fork: the anal appendage used for leaping in Thysanura; see +furcula: the forked ental processes of the sternum. + +Furcal orifice: see sternal into orifice. + +Furcate: forked; divided nto two approximately equal divisions. + +Furcula: a forked process: an osmaterium {Scanner's comment: +sic. See comment under "osmaterium".}: in Collembola the spring or +saltatory appendage borne by the fourth abdominal segment: in +Orthoptera, a pair of backwardly directed appendages which overlie in +a more or less forked position the base of the supra-anal plate. + +Furred: covered with dense hair resembling fur. + +Fuscescent: becoming brown; with a brown shading. + +Fusco-ferruginous: brownish rust red. + +Fuseo-piceous: pitch black with a brown tinge or admixture. + +Fuseo-rufous: red-brown, approaching liver brown. + +Fuseo-testaceous: dull reddish brown [brown ocher]. + +Fuscous -us: dark brown, approaching black; a plain mixture of +black and red [crimson lake + black]. + +Fused: run together: applied when two normally separated markings +become confluent and have a common outline. + +Fusiform: spindle-shaped: tapering gradually to each end. + +Fusulus: = spinneret, q.v. + + + + + + +G + +Gales: the outer lobe of the maxilla, usually two-jointed, often +hood-like, subject to great modifications in Hymenoptera and +Diptera, and forms the coiled tongue in Lepidoptera. + +Galeotheca: that part of the pupal case that covers the gales. + +Gall: an abnormal swelling or excrescence on a plant, produced by an +insect: = cecidium. + +Gallicolous: dwellers in galls, whether as producers or inquilines. + +Gallivorous: feeding upon galls or gall tissue. + +Gamogenesis: reproduction through fertilization: see agamogenesis. + +Ganglion -ia: a nerve centre composed of a cell mass and fibres: the +white disc-like bodies connected by a double cord, lying above the +ventral surface within the body and forming the centre of the nervous +system. + +Gasterotheca: that part of the pupa case that covers the abdomen. + +Gastric: of or belonging to the belly or to the stomach. + +Gastric caeca: = caecum; q.v. + +Gastro-coeli: a pair of usually transverse lateral pits near the base of +the second abdominal tergite in some Hymenoptera. + +Gastro-ileal folds: occur in some insects at the junction of the chylific +ventricle with the ileum and serve as a valve. + +Gastrula: that embryonic stage resembling a sac, with an outer layer +of epiblastic cells and an inner layer of hypoblastic cells. + +Gastrulation: the process of forming a gastrula. + +Gathering hairs: the soft, flattened, often hooked hairs on the tongue +of bees and other Hymenoptera; = hooked hairs. + +Gelatinous: of a jelly-like texture or consistency: viscid. + +Geminate: arranged in pairs composed of two similar parts: doubled. + +Gemmate -us: marked with metallic or bright colored spots. + +Gemmiparous: applied to that form of asexual reproduction where +new individuals arise as buds from the germ body of the parent. + +Gena -ae: the cheeks; includes that portion of the head on each side +below the eyes, and extends to the gular suture: in Odonata the area +between the eyes and clypeus and mouth parts: in Diptera the space +between the lower border of the eye and oral margin, merging into face +at front and limited by the occipital margin behind. + +Genal bristles: Diptera; are on the cheeks near lower corner of eye. + +Generalized: primitive: containing in combination characters that are +separated and specialized in other forms. + +Generation: used as the equivalent of brood; q.v. + +Genicular arc: Orthoptera; a curved dark marking on the posterior +knee-joint. + +Geniculate: knee jointed: abruptly bent in an obtuse angle. + +Geniculum: a little knee or bend. + +Genital armature: all the processes concerned in copulation. + +Genital hamule: a little hook or plate covering the anal cavity of the +male: the supra-anal or genital hook: in Lepidoptera, the uncut: in +Odonata, in the plural, one or two pairs of lateral processes of the +male genitalia on the ventral surface of the second abdominal +segment. + +Genital hook: = genital hamule. + +Genitalia: the external organs of generation with all appendages. + +Genital lobes: in Odonata, a pair of-backward and downwardly +directed processes from the 2d abdominal segment, between which +the vesicle of the penis lies. + +Genital papilla: in some Smynthurids, a tubercular elevation upon +which the genital aperture opens. + +Genital spike: the sheath of penis which, in male Diaspinae takes the +form of a long mucronate spike. + +Genital tuft: in Lepidoptera; an expansible tuft of fine hair believed to +be scent-producing. + +Genital valve: Odonata; a chitinous piece on each side of the +ovipositor, derived from the sternum of abdominal segment 9: +probably = outer pair of gonapophyses. + +Genoholotype: the species on which a genus is founded, whether +unique or one of a series, specifically named as generic type by the +author. + +Genolectotype: the one species of a series selected as the type of the +genus in which the describer of the genus placed it, subsequent to +the description. + +Genosyntype: one of a series of species upon which a genus is +founded, no one species being mentioned as type. + +Genus: knee; the joint between femur and tibia. + +Genus: an assemblage of species agreeing in some one character or +series of characters; usually considered as arbitrary and opinionative, +though some consider it a natural assemblage. + +Geometrid: larva which, when walking, alternately elevate and +straighten the middle of their body: opposed to rectigrade; q.v. + +Geodephagous: = adephagous; q.v. + +Geodromica: terrestrial Heteroptera in which the antennae are not +concealed. + +Geophilous: living on the ground: species that live on the surface or +come freely into contact with it. + +Germanium: an ovary: that portion of an ovarian tube containing the +cell elements. + +Germ-ball: reproductive cells in larvae from which, exceptionally, +young may develop as buds. + +Germ-band or Germinal band: that portion of a young embryo which +is to become the future insect, when it is in the form of a band or +strap and may or may not show the division into the future segments. + +Gerontogeic: belonging to the old world: see neogeic. + +Gibba: a rounded protuberance or prominence. + +Gibbous: hump-backed; protuberant: said of a macula when it +resembles a moon more than half full. + +Gibbus: when the whole surface forms a hump or obtuse cone. + +Gills: respiratory structures which function in water; distinguished as +true or blood gills where contained blood conveys the absorbed oxygen +from the gill to the tissues, and as tracheal gills when this conveyance +is by contained tracheae. + +Gilvus: = flavus; q.v. + +Ginglymus: a hinge joint that permits flexion in one plane. + +Gizzard: a pouch-like structure between the crop and chylific ventricle +furnished with chitinous teeth or plates, in which the food is prepared +for the digestive juices by grinding or merely sifting = cardia. + +Glaber-rous: smooth; free from all vestiture. + +Gland: a cellular sac which separates or secretes from the blood +specific portions to produce characteristic products - e.g. wax, +saliva, silk, etc. + +Gland-bearing prominence: in Diaspinae a prominence on the margin, +bear-ing a gland opening on the dorsal surface. + +Gland orifice: in Coccidae, the external opening through which a gland +pours its secretions. + +Gland spines: in Coccidae; spiny appendages, each of which is +supplied with a single gland whose opening is at the tip. + +Glandular: having the character or function of a gland: used as +descriptive of specialized hairs, spines or other processes. + +Glassy: transparent; glass-like in appearance. + +Glaucus: shining sea-green: whitish blue inclining to gray lavender. + +Globose: formed like a globe or sphere. + +Globulin; an albumenoid proteid compound formed in the blood of +insects. + +Glochis: a barbed point. + +Glomerate: congregated or massed together. + +Glossa: the inner lobe of second maxilla, corresponding to the lacing +of first maxilla: loosely used as a synonym for tongue: especially +applied to the coiled structure of the Lepidoptera; see also ligula. + +Glossarium: Diptera; the labrum-epipharynx; q.v. + +Glossata: a Fabrician term for Lepidoptera. + +Glossate: furnished with a spiral tongue. + +Glossotheca: that part of the pupa which covers the tongue. + +Glutinose -ous: slimy; viscid. + +Gnathal: relating or pertaining to the jaws. + +Gnathite: a jaw or jaw-like appendage; in the plural, the mouth parts. + +Gnathochilarium: a plate formed by the labial structures. + +Gnathopoda: the arthropods: the first pair of legs; especially applied +in crustaceans: mouth feet. + +Goffered: a surface with regular impressions, closely set, and +separated by narrow ridges: reticulated. + +Gonapophyses: three pairs of processes in the Orthoptera, one arising +from the eighth and two from the ninth abdominal segment op the +ventral surface. They appear to = the rhabdites composing the +ovipositor of other insects. + +Gonyodon: a tooth-like articulated process at the apex of the femur in +some Noctuidae. + +Gonytheca: articulating surface of femur to which the tibia is joined. + +Gorgeret: the barbed sting of the honey bee. + +Gracile: slender; graceful. + +Gradate -vim: one grade or step at a time: to arrange in a series: to +blend so as to merge one into the other - e.g. colors. + +Gradate veins: a transverse series of veins, each before or beyond the +next. + +Grammineus: grass-green [apple green]. + +Granose: like a string of beads; moniliform. + +Granulated: covered with small grains. + +Granule: a little grain or grain-like elevation. + +Granulose: roughened with granules or made up of distinct grains. + +Gregarious: living in societies or communities; but not social. + +Grege: raw silk, including the gummy outer layer, as spun by a +caterpillar. + +Gres: the gummy layer surrounding the silk thread spun by a +caterpillar. + +Gressorious -vial: with legs fitted for walking: in Lepidoptera; the +anterior legs aborted, the others fitted for walking. + +Griscent: ashen gray. + +Griseus: light gray; a mixture of white and black [gray]. + +Group: a division of classification used indefinitely for a series +of allied species, genera or larger assemblages. + +Grouped glands: see circumgenital glands. + +Grub: an insect larva: a term loosely applied, but more specifically to +larvae of Coleopteran and Hymenoptera. + +Guanin: a white amorphous compound which occurs in the +transparent areas of some wings, giving a milky tinge, and is also +found in the photogenic organs of Lampyridae: an excretory +substance, composition C5H5N5O (von Furth). + +Guest: applied to those insects that live in nests or dwelling places of +other species, not necessarily at the expense of the host. + +Gula: the throat: that sclerite forming the central portion of the head +beneath, extending from the submental to the posterior margin, and +laterally bounded by the genae. + +Gular peduncle: in Coleopteran = submental peduncle. + +Gular suture: the line of division between the gulag or throat and the +gene or cheeks. + +Gulf strip: see semitropical or gulf strip. + +Gullet: = oesophagus; q.v. + +Gulo-mental: includes the region covered by the gulag and mentum. + +Gustatory: elating to the sense of taste. + +Gutta: a light spot on a dark ground. + +Guttate: with light spots or drops on a dark ground. + +Gymnocerata: insects with freely movable, conspicuous antennae: see +cryptocerata. + +Gymnogastra: Hymenoptera; species in which the venter is visible: see +cryptogastra. + +Gymnoptera: species with membranous wings not covered with scales. + +Gynandromorphic: when an individual of one sex exhibits on one +lateral half the organic characters of the other, more or less +completely. + +Gyri-cerebrales: lobes of the oesophageal ganglion of the embryo, +connected with the primary lobe: = stalked bodies. + + + + +H + +Habena: a fascia on the thorax. + +Habit -us: the port or aspect: used to express a resemblance in +general appearance. + +Habitat; abbreviated Hab.: the region or place which an insect +inhabits or where it was taken. + +Haemoglobin: the coloring matter of blood which serves to carry +oxygen. + +Haemolymph: the watery blood or lymph-like nutritive fluid of the +lower invertebrates. + +Haemoxanthine: a dissolved albuminoid in the insect blood, which +has both a respiratory and nutritive function. + +Hair: a slender, flexible filament of equal diameter. + +Hairy: covered or clothed with hair. + +Halophilous: species living in salt marshes, or near the sea. + +Halterata: the Diptera. + +Halteres: the poisers or balancers: capitate movable filaments in +Diptera, situated one on each side of the thorax and representing +rudimentary hind wings. + +Halteriptera: the Diptera. + +Hamule -us: furnished with hooks, or bent like a hook. + +Hammock: the hammock-like covering of the caterpillars of certain +moths. Hamule: a little hook. + +Hamuli: Odonata; one or two pairs of hooked processes projecting +from the ventral surface of the 2d abdominal segment of the male; +usually termed genital hamules: in Hymenoptera; minute hooks on +the anterior margin of secondaries used to unite them in flight with +the inner margin of primaries: in tree crickets, hook-like processes of +the male genitalia. + +Hamus: Lepidoptera; a hook or loop attached to the under side of +costal margin of primaries near base, to receive the frenulum of male +moths. + +Harpago -ones: the inner basal lobes of the clasping organs of d +culicids also, more generally = harpes. + +Harpes: the lateral pieces of the male genitalia in Lepidoptera, used as +clasping organs: also applied to the corneous hooks often borne by +these lateral pieces, which are then termed valves; see clasper: in +culicids an articulated process, sometimes jointed, at the base of inner +side of side-piece, below and exterior to the harpagones. + +Hastate: halbert-shaped: excavated at base and sides but with +spreading lobes or angles. + +Hastiform: = hastate. + +Hatched: closely marked with numerous short, transverse lines. + +Hatching spines: = egg burster; q.v. + +Haustellate: formed for sucking: applied chiefly to mouth structures. + +Haustellum: a sucker: applied to that portion of the mouth of a +sucking insect through which liquid food is drawn into the gullet. + +Head: the first or anterior region of the insect body, articulated at its +base to the thorax, bearing the mouth structures and antennae. It is +now believed to be made up of seven primitive segments, named in +order: 1, the ocular or protocerebral; 2, the antenna or deutocerebral; +3, second antenna or tritocerebral; 4, mandibular; 5, superlingual; 6, +maxillary; 7, labial or 2d maxillary. + +Head vesicle: in Diptera, = ptilinum, q.v. + +Heart: the dorsal vessel or tubular structure divided into chambers, +lying just beneath the dorsal, which serves to propel the blood and +controls the circulation. + +Heautotype: = autotype; q.v. + +Helcodermatus: a surface with ulcer-like depressions: applied also to +the boring or tearing spines of pupae. + +Heliciform: in the form of a spiral snail shell: applied to the cases of +some Trichoptera. + +Helocerous: with clavate antennae. + +Helvolus: tawny or dully reddish yellow. + +Helvus: honey yellow [brown pink + chrome lemon]. + +Hemelytra: a modification of the anterior wings of Heteroptera, +coriaceous at base, membranous at tip, not meeting in a straight line +at the middle: more specifically applied to the corium; q.v.: also used +for the tegmina of Orthoptera. + +Hemi: as a prefix, means half. + +Hemimeroptera: an obsolete term for Hemiptera. + +Hemimetabolous: manifesting an incomplete metamorphosis, but with +a marked difference between the stages: specifically the Ephemerida, +Odonata and Perlidae. {Scanner's comment: nowadays applied to far +more orders, generally to those that undergo a marked +metamorphosis, but without a pupal stage.} + +Hemiptera: half-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects in which +the mouth parts consist of four lancets inclosed in a jointed beak or +rostrum; metamorphosis incomplete: the primaries may be of uniform +texture throughout (Homoptera) or may be thickened at base, +membranous at tip (Heteroptera). + +Hemispheric: like the half of a globe or sphere. + +Hepaticolor: liver-brown [dragon's blood]. + +Hepatic pouches: applied to caeca pouches; q.v. + +Herbivorous: feeding upon plant tissue: a leaf feeder. + +Heremetabola: with slight or incomplete metamorphosis, but with a +resting stage at the end of the nymph life; specifically the Cicadidae. + +Hermaphrodite: an individual in which the characters of both sexes +are combined. + +Hetero: as a prefix, unequal; different from. + +Heterocera: Lepidoptera in which the antenna are of any form other +than clubbed at tip: opposed to Rhopalocera. + +Heterochrome: of different color: applied to species in which there are +two color forms of one sex, one of which is like (homoeochrome), the +opposite sex, as in certain Odonata and Lepidoptera. + +Heterochrony: an irregular development in point of time, a later stage +becoming evident before one that is earlier in ordinary course. + +Heterogamy: applied to those cases in which two sexual or a sexual +and parthenogenetic generation alternate. + +Heterogeneous: a mixture of different forms; abnormal. + +Heterogeny: the alternation of sexual and parthenogenetic +generations. + +Heterogyna: the ants: referring to the different kinds of +females, - queens and workers, - as distinguished from males. + +Heteromera: Coleopteran in which the anterior and middle tarsi are +5-jointed and the posterior are 4-jointed. + +Heteromerous: having an unequal number of tarsal joints on the feet. + +Heterometabola: differing among themselves in metamorphosis; but +not manifesting abrupt stages. + +Heteromorphous: the metamorphosis complete, in abrupt stages, the +larva unlike the adult. + +Heteronomous: if two parts, compared with each other, are of different +quality: differing in development or function. + +Heteropalpi: palpi with a different number of joints in male and +female, as in some Trichoptera. + +Heteroptera: an ordinal term applied to that series of Hemiptera in +which the anterior wings differ in texture from the posterior, and the +different regions of primaries differ in texture. + +Heteropterous: with wings of different texture in different parts. + +Heterotypical: a genus, described from more than one species, these +differing in structure, + +Hexachaetous: Diptera in which the mouth structures have six +piercing setae. + +Hexanephric: with six kidneys, or structures serving as such. + +Hexapoda: tracheate arthropods with head, thorax and abdomen +distinct, and only six legs in the adult stage: the true insects. + +Hexapodal -ous: provided with six feet. + +Hians: gaping. + +Hibernaculum: a tent or sheath made out of a leaf or other material in +which a larva hides or hibernates. + +Hibernate: to pass the winter in a dormant condition. + +Hicks' bottles: {Scanner's comment: sic} flask-shaped pits +or depressions in the antennae of bees and ants: supposed +to be the organs of hearing. + +Hind angle: in primaries of Lepidoptera, is that point where inner and +outer margin meet: = anal angle of secondaries. + +Hind-body: the abdomen. + +Hind-gut: the intestinal canal from the end of chylific ventricle to the +Anus, including the malpighian tubules and anal glands. + +Hind-head: Mallophaga; that part of head behind mandibles and +antennae. + +Hind-intestine: = hind-gut. + +Hinge: of maxilla = cardo; q.v.: the point of articulation of a movable +joint. + +Hips: the coxa; q.v. + +Hirsute: clothed with long, strong hair; shaggy. + +Hispid: bristly: sparsely set with short, stiff hair. + +Histoblast: the morphological unit or cell characteristic of a particular +tissue. + +Histogenesis: the formation and development of tissue. + +Histolysis: the degeneration and dissolution of organic tissue. + +Hoary: covered with a fine, white, silvery pubescence: pruinose q.v. + +Holometabolous: having a complete transformation; with egg, larval, +pupal and adult stages distinctly separated. + +Holopneustic: having many pairs of open stigmata. + +Holoptic: Diptera in which the eyes of male are contiguous between +vertex and antennae: see dichoptic. + +Holosericeus: with short, dense, silky hair, giving a satiny lustre. + +Holotype: the unique type: = type; q.v. + +Homelytra: elytra of similar or equal substance. + +Homo: prefix = the same; similar. + +Homochronic heredity: inheritance at corresponding periods of life. + +Homochronous: changes in an organism which appear in the offspring +at the same age at which they did in the parent. + +Homodynamous: serially homologous: homology of the metameres. + +Homoeochromatism: applied when over a given region many +butterflies tend to vary similarly as regards color. + +Homoeochrome: of the same color: see heterochrome. + +Homoeomerous: all feet with an equal number of tarsal joints: = +isomerous. + +Homoeonomous: of the same substance or texture. + +Homoetype: = homotype; q.v. + +Homogeneous: of the same kind or nature: similar in texture or parts. + +Homogenous: similar in structure due to a community of descent. + +Homologous: implies that organs are identical in general structure +and origin, though they may have developed in different ways for +special purposes: see analogous. + +Homomorpha: insects in which the larvae resemble the adults. + +Homonymous: pertaining to homology of parts arranged on a +transverse axis similarly developed and of equal function. + +Homonym: a name similar to or like another already used for a +species in the same genus, or for a genus in the same kingdom: such +names are paid to be preoccupied. + +Homonymous: where the same name is applied to different +conceptions. + +Homophonous: words differently written but indistinguishable in +sound, applied to different conceptions. + +Homoplastic: implies that organs, similar in situation and purpose, +are not structurally the same, or have not the same origin. + +Homoptera: an ordinal term applied to those Hemiptera in which the +primaries are of the same consistence throughout. + +Homotenous: retaining the primitive form: applied to insects without +or with an incomplete metamorphosis. + +Homotype: is a specimen named by another than the author after +comparison with the type. + +Honey dew: a sweetish excretion produced by certain insects, notably +Aphids and Coccids, and exuding from the surface of some galls. + +Honey tubes: small tubes or tubercles on the abdomen of plant lice +and other insects through which a sweetish liquid or honey dew is +excreted siphonets; siphuncles; cornicles. + +Hood: of the maxilla is the galena; q.v.: in Tingitidae the elevated +portion of the prothorax, often covering the head. + +Hooked hairs: = gathering hairs; q.v. + +Horismology: see orismology. + +Horizontal: said of wings when held parallel to the horizon. + +Horn: a pointed chitinous process of the head: in the plural form +applied to the antennae; q.v. + +Host: the individual infested by or upon which a parasite grows: also +applied to the maker of a cell or other structure in which guest flies or +other insects take up their abode. + +Hudsonian zone: is that part of the boreal region comprising the +northern part of the great transcontinental coniferous forests. In the +eastern United States restricted to the cold summits of the highest +mountains, from northern New England to western North Carolina: in +the west it covers the higher slopes of the Rocky and Sierra-Cascade +systems. + +Humeral: relating to the shoulder or humerus. + +Humeral angle: in Lepidoptera, that angle of the wings at the base of +costa, near the point of attachment to the body: in Coleopteran, the +outer anterior angle of elytra: in Orthoptera, the obtusely rounded +angle formed by the deflection of the sides of the pronotum from the +dorsal. + +Humeral bristles: in Diptera, are situated on the humeral callus. + +Humeral callus: in Diptera, is a rounded callus forming the anterior +superior angle of the mesothorax. + +Humeral carina: in Coleoptera, an elevated ridge or keel on the outer +anterior angle of elytra. + +Humeral cross-vein: (Comst.); extends between the costa and +subcosta close to base. + +Humeralis: Coleopteran; when the elytral has an angulated projecting +margin at base. + +Humeral stripe: in Odonata, covers the humeral suture. + +Humeral suture: in Odonata, runs from just in front the base of the +fore-wing to the edge of the median coxa, separating the +mesepisternum from the mesepimeron. + +Humeral veins: in Lepidoptera, secondary veins on posterior wings of +Lasiocampids, developed to strengthen the humeral angle. + +Humerus: the shoulder: in Coleopteran; the basal exterior angle of +elytra: in Diptera, the anterior superior angles of the mesothorax: in +Orthoptera, the femur of the fore-leg: in Hymenoptera, applied to the +sub-costal vein in some groups. + +Humid: applied to regions in which the normal rainfall is sufficient to +produce ordinary farm crops without irrigation: see arid. + +Hyacinthine: the purple blue of the hyacinth [between mauve and +lilac]. + +Hyaline: vitreous: transparent or partially so. + +Hyaloplasm: the clear, semi-fluid material between the meshes of the +cell reticulum. + +Hybrid: the progeny from the mating of two species. + +Hydradephaga; -ous: applied to aquatic, predatory pentamerous +beetles with filiform antennae: see adephagous. + +Hydro: relating to water: a combining form used as a prefix. + +Hydrolysis: the chemical decomposition of a compound by water, +causing formation of a new compound. + +Hydrophilous: applied to species living in low, damp places. + +Hymen: a thin plane membrane serving as a partition. + +Hymenoptera: membrane-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects +with four membranous wings with few veins, the anterior usually +larger than the posterior; mouth mandibulate; head free; thorax +agglutinate, transformations complete. + +Hyoid: having the form of the Greek upsilon, Y + +Hypermetamorphosis: when an insect passes through more than the +normal number of stages; the interpolated stages coming usually +between the full-grown larva and adult. + +Hyperparasite: is a form that is parasitic upon another parasite. + +Hypertely: beyond the bounds of the useful: those forms whose +resemblance to other objects is closer than needful, or without +apparent object. + +Hypertrigonal space: = supra-triangular space; q.v. + +Hypertrophied: abnormally large or excessively developed. + +Hypnody: lethargy; a condition similar to or identical with hibernation. + +Hypertrophy: any abnormal enlargement or excessive development. + +Hypoblast: = entoderm. + +Hypocrateriform: salver-shaped. + +Hypodactyle: the so-called labium of Hemiptera. + +Hypoderm -is: the cellular layer which secretes the chitinous cuticula +and in this sense = epidermis: specifically applied to the lining +membrane of elytral and hemelytra. + +Hypodermatic: of or concerning the hypodermic. + +Hypodermic: under the skin. + +Hypoglottis: the under surface of the tongue = hypoglottis. + +Hypoglottis: a sclerite inserted between rectum and labium in many +Coleopteran. + +Hypognathous: having the mouth parts directed more or less vertically +ventrad. + +Hypographous: shaded; applied to a fascia that becomes gradually +darker. + +Hypomeron -a: in Coleopteran; the inflexed edge of the pronotum +(pronotal hypomera); and the raised lower margin of the epipleural +(elytral hypomera) (see epipleural) fold. + +Hypopharyngeal: relating to the hypopharynx. + +Hypopharyngeal sclerites: in bees, a pair of strap-like pieces along the +hypopharynx to the mentum: see also epipharyngeal sclerites. + +Hypopharynx: a sensitive and sensory structure on the upper surface +of labium that serves as an organ of taste, or true tongue. + +Hypopleura: in Diptera, the space over the middle and hind coxa, +between the metapleura and pteropleura: the side of the +metasternum: the mesepimeron of the mesothorax. + +Hypoptere: = tegula; q.v.. + +Hypopygium: the anus: more specifically the lower plate of the anal +opening: in Diptera, the male sexual organs and terminal segments of +abdomen = propygium. + +Hypostoma: in Diptera; that portion of the head included between +antennae, eyes and mouth: in Hemiptera: the lower part of face. + +Hypotenuses: in Odonata; the simple or broken cross-vein between +media 4, and cubitus 1, forming outer boundary of triangle. + +Hypotypes: includes specimens upon which supplementary +descriptions are based: = apotypes. + + + + +I + +Iceous or Icius: suffix; expresses a likeness or the possession of a +character see aceus. + +Icotypes: typical specimens which serve for purposes of identification, +but have not been used in literature. + +Idiotype: a specimen named by the author after comparison with the +type, but not also a topotype. + +Ignitus: fire-red [vermilion]. + +Ileo-colon: the anterior portion of the hind-gut, extending from the +mid-gut to the rectum, when not distinctly differentiated into ileum +and colon. + +Ileum: the small intestine; begins at end of chylific ventricle at the +point where malpighian tubules join, and extends to colon. + +Imaginal: pertaining to the adult or imago. + +Imaginal buds, cells, or discs: in forms with a complete +metamorphosis are those embryonic cells around and from which the +organs and appendages of the future imago develop. + +Imago: the adult or sexually developed insect. + +Imbricate: arranged or appearing like the scales on a fish or the +shingles on a roof. + +Immaculate: destitute of spots or marks. + +Immarginate: without an elevated rim or margin. + +Immersed -us: inserted, imbedded or hidden in. + +Imponderable: that which cannot be weighed. + +Impregnate-ed: to make or made fertile or pregnant: fertilized. + +Impressed -us: a surface with shallow depressed areas or markings. + +Impubis: without hair. + +Inaequalis: unequal. + +Inarticulate: not jointed or segmented. + +Inaurate -us: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow]. + +Ineanus: hoary. + +Inch: the English and American standard of length in insect +measurement: it is = 12 lines and = 25.4 mm.: usually expressed in +units and hundredths, as 1.01. + +Incised: notched or deeply cut into. + +Incision: any cut into a margin or through a surface: the marginal +slits or notches in Coccidae. + +Incisure: an impressed line marking the junction of two segments: an +incision. + +Inclinate -us: leaning or inclining. + +Inclusus: when one part is wholly or partially hidden in another. + +Inconspicuous: not attracting attention or quickly noticeable. + +Incrassated: thickened: rather suddenly swollen at some one point, +especially near tip. + +Incubate: to brood: to cause to develop; as an egg. + +Incumbent: lying one over another: wings when they cover the dorsal +horizontally. + +Incunabulum: = folliculus and cocoon; q.v. + +Incurved -ate: bowed or curved inwards. + +Independent: in Lepidoptera; that vein of the wings that arises from +the cross-vein closing the cell, and does not branch directly from any +vein reaching the base: it is v. 5 of the numerical series in both wings +and the media of Comstock. + +Indeterminate: not defined nor well marked; obscure: of no constant +form or shape. + +Indigote: a very deep indigo blue. + +Indirect: applied to metamorphosis = complete. + +Indumentum: a covering of hairs, scales or tufts. + +Indurated: hardened. + +Indusium: the case made by an insect larva: a membranous layer of +the embryo of Locustidae below the serosa. + +Inequal: a surface with irregular elevations and depressions. + +Inermis: unarmed: without spines or spurs. + +Infericornia: Hemiptera; in which the antenna appear to be inserted +well down on the sides of head; e.g. Lygaeidae. + +Inferior: beneath, below or behind: a term of position. + +Inferior appendage -es: in male Odonata the lower one or two of the +terminal abdominal parts used to clasp the female in copulation. + +Inferior wings: = hind wings or secondaries: q.v. + +Infero-posterior: below and behind: refers to location. + +Inflated: blown up; distended bladder-like. + +Inflected: bent inward at an angle. + +Inflexus: = inflected. + +Infra: below or beneath: opposed to supra. + +Infra-anal lobe: a thick, conical fleshy lobe, often ending in a chitinous +point, situated beneath the vent in caterpillars. + +Infra-cereal plates: in Orthoptera - generally inconspicuous paired +plates which underlie in part the cerci and in part the lateral portion +of the supra-anal plate. + +Infra-clypeus: = ante-clypeus and rhinarium: q.v.. + +Infracted: abruptly bent inward, as if broken. + +Infra-genital: below the genital opening or process. + +Infra-marginal: situated below or behind the marginal cell. + +Infra-median vein; in Orthoptera: = ulnar vein: q.v. + +Infra-ocular: applied to the region below and between the eyes. + +Infra-oesophageal: situated below oesophagus; see sub-oesophageal. + +Infra-stigmatal: situated below the stigmata or spiracles. + +Infringing: encroaching upon. + +Infumated: clouded. + +Infundibuliform: funnel-shaped. + +Infuseated: smoky gray-brown with a blackish tinge [Roman sepia]. + +Ingens: unusually large or disproportionate in size. + +Ingluvies: the crop; q.v. + +Inner lobe: of maxilla = lacinia: q.v. + +Inner margin: the line extending along the lower or interior edge of the +wing from the base to the hind or anal angle. + +Innervate: to supply with nerves. + +Innotatus: without markings. + +Inocular: inserted in the inner margin of and partially or wholly +surrounded by the eye. + +Inquiline: a species living in a gall or other structure prepared by a +different species, not as a parasite but as, a guest. + +Inquiline: living as guests in the homes of others; as in galls. + +Insect: a member of the class Insecta strictly limited. + +Insecta: broadly defined, contains all articulates that are also +tracheates and have the head free from the thorax; more strictly +limited to those forms that have only three pairs of thoracic legs in the +adult stage and a limited number of segments. + +Insectary: a place or building where insects are bred and studied. + +Insectivorous: feeding upon or devouring insects. + +Insectologist: a student of insects: = entomologist. + +Insectology: the science of insect study: = entomology. + +Insertion: the point or place where a part is inserted: a part that is +inserted: the act of inserting. + +Insertus: a part that has its base set into another. + +In situ: in its natural place or normal position. + +Instar: the period or stage between molts in the larva, numbered to +designate the various periods; e.g. the first instar is the stage +between the egg and first molt, etc.: see stadium. + +Institia: stria or furrows of equal width throughout. + +Instrumenta cibaria: mouth parts of a mandibulate insect as a whole. + +Instrumenta suctoria: mouth parts of a haustellate insect as a whole. + +Integer: entire: applied to a margin without incisions. + +Integument: the outer covering to the insect body. + +Inter: between; among. + +Inter-alar space: in Odonata; the terga of meson- and meta-thorax. + +Interantennal: between the basal segments of antennae. + +Inter-articular: the membranous tissue between joints or segments. + +Intercalary -ies: additional or inserted between others; as a vein: +plural; added or supplementary longitudinal wing reins: see under +specific headings; i.e. anterior, etc.: in Ephemerides, certain +longitudinal veins between the 8th (anal) and 9th (1st maxillary) and +not branches of either: in Diptera, the anterior intercalary (Loew) = the +discoidal, and the posterior intercalary = the cubitus 1 of Comstock: +applied to an evanescent sclerite in the embryo between antenna and +mandible; also termed premandibular. + +Intercostal: between veins or costae; usually in the narrow grooves +between veins in the costal region of a wing. + +Intercostula: those small, vein-like structures between the normal +veins, visible on a wing margin but lost toward the disc. + +Intercoxal process: in Coleopteran; a median protrusion of the basal +segment of abdomen between the hind coxae. + +Intermediate: lying between others in position or possessing +characters between two other forms. + +Intermediate field: of termini is = discoidal field q.v. + +Internal area: in Hymenoptera; the posterior of the three areas +between median and lateral longitudinal carina on the metanotum +third lateral area. + +Internal cell: in Hymenoptera (Pack.) 2d anal (Comst.). + +Internal triangle: in Odonata see triangle. + +Internal veins: in Lepidoptera, from one to three in number, run free +from base to outer margin near hind angle; never branched;1a to is +in the numerical series: = anal veins (Comst.). + +Interneural: between the nerves (or veins) of wings. + +Interno-mandibular: applied to one of the pairs of salivary glands in +bees, situated at the inner side of base of mandible. + +Internomedian: in Orthoptera; = cubitus (Comst.); q.v. + +Interocular: between the eyes. + +Interplical: lying between folds; specifically applied to the alternate +ridges and grooves in anal area of secondaries of Orthoptera. + +Interposed sectors: in Odonata; the shorter longitudinal veins +occurring in the wings of some species between the chief veins; = +supplementary sectors. Interrupted: broken in continuity, but with +the tips of the broken parts in a right line with each other. + +Intersegmental: = interarticular; q.v. + +Interspace: Coleopteran; the plane surface between elytral striae: +Lepidoptera spaces between wing veins not included in closed cells. + +Interspaceal: occurring in the interspaces between two wing veins or +two elytral striae. + +Interstice -tium: space between two lines, whether striate or punctate. + +Interstitial line: the elevated ridge between two striae or series of +punctures. + +Interval: the space or time between two structures, sculptures or +periods of development. + +Interventricular: the inner valve between the chambers of the heart. + +Interventricular valvule: of heart, lies in front of seluilunar valve. + +Intervenular: in thespace between two veins. + +Intestinal caecum: that point of the large intestine in front of the +junction with the small intestine. + +Intestine: that part of the alimentary canal through which the food +passes from the stomach, in which absorption is completed and the +excretions are formed for expulsion. + +Intima: the lining membrane of the trachea: see endotrachea. + +Intorted: turned or twisted inwardly. + +Intra-: within: between. + +Intra-alar bristles: in Diptera; a row of two or three between the +supra-alar and dorso-central groups. + +Intracellular: occurring within the cell or in a cell. + +Infra-humeral bristles: in Diptera calyptrata; occur immediately in +front of the thoracic suture, between the humeral callus and the +presutural depression. + +Infra-ocular: situated within the eye, actually or apparently. + +Intra-pulmonary: that method of respiration which does not involve +movements of the outer body wall and is confined to the respiratory +organs. + +Intrauterine: applied to development, when the young hatch within +the vagina of the mother. + +Intricate: irregular: confused; applied to markings and sculpture. + +Intromittent: used for throwing within. + +Intromittent organ: the penis; q.v. + +Introse -um: directed inward, toward the body. + +Intrusus: seemingly impressed with a sharp point. + +Intumescent: enlarged; swollen: expanded. + +Invaginate: when a tubular or vesicular part is turned inward or +retracted within the body wall. + +Invagination: a pouch or sac formed by an infolding or indrawing of +the outer surface. + +Investitus: unclothed: a surface without scales or hair. + +Involucrate: = involute. + +Involucrum alarum in Dermaptera a flap of the metanotum. + +Involute: spirally rolled inwardly. + +Involuti: butterflies whose larvae live in a folded leaf; Hesperidae. + +Iridescent: a surface which reflects the prismatic hues. + +Iridicolor: any color so broken up as to reflect the prismatic hues. + +Iris: the circle which, in an ocellate spot surrounds the pupil. + +Irised: with rainbow colors. + +Iris-pigment: = iris tapetum. + +Iris tapetum: the pigment layer of the compound eye just below the +crystalline cone. + +Irregular: unequal, curved, bent or otherwise twisted or modified +without order or symmetry, e.g. certain antennae. + +Irrorate: marked with minute points; freckled. + +Isabelline -us: pale yellow with some red and brown [chronic lemon +with a little carmine and roman sepia]. + +Ischia: = pleura; q.v. + +Iso-: equal. + +Isolate: to separate out from others; occurring alone. + +Isomers: that series of Coleoptera in which the tarsi have an equal +number of joints on all feet. + +Isomerous: with equal number of tarsal joints on all +feet := homoeomerous. + +Isomorphous: having the same form, appearance or construction. + +Isopalpi: that series of Trichoptera in which the palpi of both sexes +have the same number of joints. + +Isoptera: equal winged: an ordinal term for insects with four, similar, +net-veined wings; mouth mandibulate; thoracic rings similar, loosely +jointed metamorphosis incomplete: the Termitidae. {Scanner's note: In +modern nomenclature the Isoptera constitute the order of all termites; +the Termitidae are just one family within the Isoptera.} + +Isotypical: a genus described from more than one species, all of which +are congeneric. + +-itus: = -atus; q.v. + +-ius: suffix; having the power or ability to. + + + + +J + +Jabot: the crop; q.v. + +Janthine: violet colored. + +Jaw-capsule: contains the mouth structures in those dipterous larvae +in which the head is differentiated. + +Johnston's organ: a complex nervous structure in the basal joint of +dipterous antennae. + +Joint: a segment or part between two incisures: an articulation. + +Jubate -us: fringed with long pendent hairs. + +Juga: the lateral anterior lobes of the head of a Heteropteron; each +side of the tylo. + +Jugatae: that series of Lepidoptera in which there is a jugum instead +of a frenulum to unite the wings in flight. + +Jugular: of or pertaining to the throat. + +Jugular sclerite: small sclerite in the membrane connecting the head +with the thorax: see cervical sclerite. + +Jugulum: that sclerite just behind the sub-mentum; =gula: that cavity +of the posterior part of the head to which the neck is annexed: the +lateral and under parts of the prothorax. + +Jugum: in certain Lepidoptera and Trichoptera, a lobe or process at +the base of primaries, overlapping secondaries and holding the two +together in flight. + + + + + + +K + +Katabolic: the destructive change from animal tissue to waste product: +see anabolic. + +Keel: an elevated ridge or carina. + +Kermesinus: dark red, with much blue [purple lake]. + +Key: a tabular or other arrangement of species, genera or other +classification according to characters that serve to identify them. + +Kidney-shaped: like a kidney in outline; convex on one long side, +concave on the other, the ends evenly and somewhat obtusely +rounded: bean-shaped. + +Knee: the point of junction of femur and tibia. + + + + +L + +Labellum -a: the sensitive ridged tip of the mouth structures of certain +Diptera: a prolongation of the labium covering the base of rostrum in +Coleoptera and Hemiptera. + +Labial: referring, pertaining or belonging to the labium. + +Labial segment: the 7th segment of head = second maxillary segment. + +Labial suture: is between labium and mentum. + +Labiate: lip-like or having lip-like sutures. + +Labipalp: a labial palpus. + +Labis: the slender abdominal forceps in some Lepidoptera. + +Labium: the lower lip: a compound structure which forms the floor of +the mouth in mandibulate insects, behind the first maxilla and +opposed to the labium; formed by a fusion in embryonic life of +separate right and left maxilla-like halves: in some of its +developments referred to as the tongue. + +Labral suture: is between labrum and clypeus. + +Labro-frontal lobes: of brain, = trito-cerebrum; q.v. + +Labrum: the upper lip; covers the base of the mandible and forms the +roof of the mouth. + +Labrum-epipharynx: in the mouth of piercing Diptera is the central +unpaired lancet. + +Lac: a mixture of resin, wax and other substances produced by certain +scale insects as a protective covering. + +Lacer: a lappet; applied to a margin with irregular, broad and deep +emarginations, leaving lappet-like intervals. + +Lacerated: ragged; torn in appearance; see lacer. + +Lacinia: the inner lobe of first maxilla, articulated to the stipes, +bearing brushes of hair or spines: a blade: in Diptera, forms a flat +lancet-like piercing structure and is never jointed. + +Lacinia exteriores and interiores: in Apidae, the palpiger and +paraglossa often used for the gales and lacinia of maxilla. + +Laciniated: jagged; cut into irregular fragments. + +Lacte: milk-white. + +Lacteal: relating to milk; milky in appearance. + +Lactescent: secreting or yielding a milky fluid. + +Lacteous -eus: white, with a slight bluish tinge, like skim-milk. + +Lacunae: irregular impressions or cavities: specifically the non-walled +cavities of the body. + +Lacunose: pitted; the surface covered with small cavities. + +Laemodipodiform: like a laemodipod; similar to the larva of a walking +stick. + +Laete: bright. + +Laevis -igatus: smooth, shining and without elevations: said of a +surface. + +Lamella: a thin plate or leaf-like process. + +Lamellate: antennae with the club formed of closely opposed leaf-like +surfaces, the concealed surfaces set with sensory pits. + +Lamellicornia: those beetles in which the antennae terminate in a +lamellate or leaf-like club. + +Lamelliform: made up of or resembling leaves, blades or lamellae. + +Lamina -ae: a chitinous plate or plates. + +Lamina externa: the paraglossa. + +Lamina interna: the ligula. + +Lamina subgenitalis: the sub-genital plate; q.v.: in roaches the 7th +ventral plate of females and 9th ventral plate of males. + +Lamina supra-analis: = supra-anal plate. + +Laminate: formed of thin, flat layers or leaves. + +Laminato-carinate: with an elevated ridge or keel, formed of thin +plates. + +Laminiform: layer-like: having the appearance or made up of lamina. + +Lana: wool: the long hair on the abdomen of some Lepidoptera. + +Lanate -atus: woolly: covered with dense, fine, long hairs, so distinct +that they may be separated. + +Lanceolate: lance- or spear-shaped: oblong and tapering to the end. + +Lanceolate cell: in Hymenoptera (ort.); - 2d anal (Comst.). + +Lancet: indiscriminately applied to any piercing mouth structure. + +Lanuginose -us: with long, curled hair dispersed over the surface: see +crinitus. + +Lanugo: slender single hairs. + +Laparostict: that series of lamellicorn beetles in which the abdominal +spiracles are situated on the connecting membrane between the +dorsal and ventral rings. + +Lapidicolous: living under deeply imbedded stones. + +Larva: the second stage of insect development; comes from the egg or +ovum, grows, and according to its kind, changes to a pupa or +chrysalis or to an imago; bears various names in the different orders: +see nymph; caterpillar slug; maggot; grub. + +Larvarium: a tube or case made by a larva as a shelter or retreat. + +Larvatae: asked; applied to coarctate and obtect pupae. + +Larvina: a maggot: a dipterous larva without distinct head or legs. + +Larvule: applied to early stages of Ephemerid larvae when they appear +to have no developed respiratory, circulatory or nervous systems. + +Lashed: eyes that have a more or less complete fringe of stiff hairs or +bristles at the orbits. + +Lasureus: a very dark blue [French blue with some black]. + +Laterad: toward the side and away from the median line. + +Lateral: relating, pertaining or attached to the side. + +Lateral areas: in Hymenoptera; on the metanotum, the three spaces +between the median and lateral long carinae; the upper is the +external or first lateral basal area; the second is the external or central +lateral area; the third is the middle, internal, apical or third lateral +area. + +Lateral bristles: in Diptera; situated at or near the lateral margins of +the abdominal segments. + +Lateral carinae: in Orthoptera; on the head, extend downward from +the front margin of the eyes: on prothorax extend along each lateral +margin of the dorsum. + +Lateral foveolae: in Orthoptera: foveate depressions on the margins of +the vertex near the front border of the eye. + +Lateral line: in caterpillars is at the margin of the dorsum between +sub-dorsal and supra-stigmatal line. + +Lateral lobe: of the labium in Odonata, corresponds to the paraglossa +with palpiger and palpus (Gerstaecker) or, more probably, to the +palpus alone (Butler). + +Lateral lobes: the deflexed portions of pronotum that cover the sides of +pro-thorax in many Orthoptera: in certain Hymenoptera, lie on each +side of the parapsidal furrows of mesoscutum and = scapulae. + +Lateral longitudinal area: of Hymenoptera, extends between the +median and pleural carinae of metanotum. + +Lateral ridge: in slug caterpillars, extends longitudinally along the +lateral series of abdominal tubercles. + +Lateral scale: one of the lateral processes of the ovipositor in +Cynipidae, lying within and below the anal scale. + +Lateral space: in slug caterpillars is the area on each side of the body +between the subdorsal and lateral ridges. + +Lateral sutures: of the thorax in Odonata, are situated on the sides of +thorax, the first separating the metepisternum from the mesepimeron; +the second separating the metepisternum from the metepimeron; +the first more or less obsolete in the Anisoptera. + + +Lateral tubercle: lateral on thoracic and abdominal segments of +caterpillars: it is 3 of the abdomen, 2a of thorax: constant (Dyar). + +Latericeous: = lateritius: q.v. + +Lateritius: yellowish-red; yellowish brick color [pale clay yellow with a +little red]. + +Laterodorsal: the point of junction of dorsum and pleurum. + +Lateropharyngeal: applied to the 4th pair of salivary glands in bees; +situated on each side of the pharynx. + +Laterostigmatal: situated on the side, immediately above the spiracle. + +Lateroventral: the point of junction of sternum and pleurum. + +Latero-ventral metathoracic carina: in Odonata; forms the dividing +line between the metepimera and the metasternum. + +Latescent: becoming obscure or hidden. + +Latreille's segment: the first abdominal segment of those Hymenoptera +in which it is fused with the thorax:= median segment, propodeon, +propodeum. + +Latticed: = cancellate; q.v. + +Latus: the side: broad. + +Latuscula: the facets of the compound eye. + +Leathery: having the appearance or texture of leather. + +Lectotype: a co-type chosen, subsequently to the original description, +to take the place which in other cases a holotype occupies. + +Leg -s: the jointed appendages attached to the thoracic segments, +used in walking: the organs of locomotion other than wings: +unjointed organs of locomotion are pro-legs or false legs; q.v. + +Legion: a group of genera, subequal to a tribe. + +Legnum: the margin of a squama. + +Lemniscate: ribbon-like: in the form of an 8. + +Lenticular: round, doubly convex; like a lens or lentil. + +Lepidoptera: scale-winged: an order of insects with spirally coiled +haustellate mouth structures; head free; thorax agglutinate; +transformations complete four scale-covered wings. + +Lepidopteric acid: a green pigment obtained from the wing scales of +Lepidoptera; a derivative of uric acid: see Lepidotic acid. + +Lepidopteron: a butterfly or moth: one of the Lepidoptera. + +Lepidotic: set with minute scales. + +Lepidotic acid: a yellow pigment obtained from certain butterfly scales +a derivative of uric acid: see Lepidopteric acid. + +Lepis: a scale. + +Leprous: with loose, irregular scales. + +Leptiform: = compodeiform; q.v. + +Leptos: small, fine. + +Lethargic: torpid or inactive. + +Leucine: a white crystalline compound, the product of animal +decomposition, found in the malpighian tubes: as a color, cheesy +white. + +Leucocytes: pale, unicellular bodies, numerous in the insect blood. + +Levator: a muscle that raises an organ or a part. + +Levigate -us: with a smooth, somewhat shiny surface. + +Liber: free. + +Ligament: a band or sheet of tough, fibrous tissue between two parts +or segments. + +Ligneous -eus: wood brown [Vandyke brown]. + +Lignivorous: feeding upon wood or woody tissues. + +Ligula: the central sclerite of the labium, borne upon the mentum, +usually single, sometimes paired: often used as synonymous with +"glossa" and "tongue": corresponds to the united laciniae of right and +left maxillae: see also elytral ligula. + +Ligulate: strap-shaped; linear, much longer than broad. + +Lilacinous: lilac-colored [lilac]. + +Limaciform: having the form of a Limax or slug; said of larvae. + +Limb: the circumference: the area surrounding the disc. + +Limbate: when a disc is surrounded by a margin of different color. + +Limbus: the area along the outer and posterior margin of wing beyond +the closed cells; Homoptera, Cicada. + +Limpid: clear and transparent: applied to wings and ornamentation. + +Line: a narrow streak or stripe: as a term of measurement, +one-twelfth of an inch; commonly used by English and early +American authors. + +Linea: a line or narrow stripe. + +Linear: straight; in the form of a right line. + +Lineate: marked with lines or streaks: lined. + +Lineolet: a delicate fine line. + +Lingua: the tongue; applied in Hymenoptera, to the ligula: in +Lepidoptera and Diptera, to maxillary structures: has also been used +for the hypopharynx, and that use might be adopted: a median organ +of the hypopharynx in Apterygota. + +Lingua spiralis: the spiral tongue of Lepidoptera: see glossa. + +Linguiform: tongue-shaped: linear, with the extremities obtusely +rounded. + +Lingula: in Aleurodidae, a more or less slender tongue or strap-shaped +organ, attached cephalad within the vasiform orifice: a term proposed +by Leuckart for the ligula of the bees. + +Lipochromus: without color. + +Lipoptera: = Mallophaga; q.v. + +Literate: ornamented with characters like letters. + +Littoral: living along the sea-coast or in the shore debris: strictly, +between tide marks. + +Littoralia: Heteroptera that live in marshes. + +Litura: an indistinct spot, paler at its margin. + +Livid: yellowish gray with a violet tinge: greenish gray. + +Lobate -us: divided by deep, undulating and successive incisions. + +Lobe: any prominent rounded process or excrescence on a margin: +specifically, the rounded, tooth-like processes on the margin of the +pygidium of the Diaspinae: also applied to lateral expansions of the +abdominal segments. + +Lobes: of the maxilla; see galea (outer) and lacinia (inner): of the +mentum in Coleoptera, are the lateral expansions shielding the base +of the central organs. + +Lobes of pronotum: in Orthoptera; the spaces or areas formed by +three transverse impressions on the pronotum: that which borders +the head is the anterior lobe, the hindmost is the posterior lobe, those +intervening are the middle lobes. + +Lobiform: shaped like a lobe or rounded process. + +Lobulate: divided into, or with many small lobes or lobules. + +Lobule: in Coccidae, one of the two distinct parts of which a lobe is +sometimes composed. + +Lobulus: the partly separated portion of the wings of some flies and of +secondaries in some Hymenoptera: also used as = alula; q.v. + +Lobus: of maxilla = galea; q.v. + +Locomotion: organs of, are legs and wings. + +Longicorn -ia: having the antennae as long or longer than the body; +specifically the Cerambycid beetles. + +Longitudinal: in the direction of the long axis. + +Longitudinal veins: are those that extend lengthwise through the wing +either directly from base or as branches of one that does start there: +they are named or numbered, and differently in the different orders. + +Loop: applied to that structure at base of innerside of primaries into +which the frenulum of male moths is fitted: see retinaculum. + +Looper: applied to geometrid and other caterpillars in which some or +all the middle abdominal legs are wanting and which move by bringing +tail to thorax and forming a loop of the intervening segments. + +Lora: the chitinous bands connecting the submentum with the cardo +of maxilla (Comst.): the submentum: small cords upon which the +base of the proboscis is seated (Say): the anterior part of the genae at +the edge of the mouth: the corneous processes to which the muscles +flexing the mouth in certain Diptera are attached, and in that sense +the palpifer of the maxilla: in Homoptera, the small sclerite at side of +clypeus and front, extending laterally to the genae. + +Lorum: in bees: the angular piece upon which the sub-mentum rests. + +Lower austral zone: occupies southern part of United States from +Chesapeake Bay to the great interior valley of California. Is +interrupted by the continental divide in eastern Arizona and west New +Mexico and divided according to conditions of humidity into an +eastern or Austroriparian and western or lower Sonoran area. + +Lower field: in termini; see costal field. + +Lower fronto-orbital bristles: in Diptera: are on the lower part of front, +above the antennae, along the orbit. + +Lower margin: of tegmina (Thomas), is the costal or anterior margin of +other authors. + +Lower radial vein: in Lepidoptera (Holland) media 2 (Comst.). + +Lower sector of triangle: in Odonata - = cubitus 2 (Comst.). + +Lower Sonoran faunal area: comprises the most arid deserts of North +America, beginning west of lat. 98 degrees in Texas: sends narrow arms into +southern New Mexico, is interrupted by the Continental Divide; covers +a large part of w. and s. Ariz., s. w. Nev., s. w. Calif., a portion of +central Calif., and most of Lower Calif. These areas are irregular and +incapable of brief definition. + +Lubricate -ous: covered with a slippery mucus. + +Lucid: shining; applied to luminous insects. + +Luciferase: a substance in the nature of an enzyme, existing in the +luminous organs of light-giving beetles. + +Luciferine: a substance in the blood of luminous beetles which, when +brought into contact with luciferase, produces light. + +Luciferous: light giving. + +Lucifugous: fleeing the light: applied to nocturnal forms or those that +live in concealment. + +Lumen: the cavity of an organ: the inner surface of a tube: the hollow +portion of a gland or vesicular structure. + +Luminescence: applied to the light of fire-flies, as a substitute for +phosphorescence. + +Lumper: one who, in describing species or genera recognizes only +prominent or obvious characters to the exclusion of minor color or +variable characters of maculation or structure: see splitter. + +Lunaris or Lunate: crescent-shaped: formed like a new moon. + +Lunula: a small lunule or crescent. + +Lunulae: in Hymenoptera, crescent-shaped marks near the orbits. + +Lunulate: a line, when made up of a series of small lunules. + +Lunule: a lunate mark or crescent. + +Lurid -us: dirty brown with a bluish tinge [pale brown + a little French +blue]: also used to indicate an obscuring of bright colors. + +Luteo -testaceous: dark clay yellow. + +Luteous -eus: clay yellow [pale clay yellow]. + +Lutescent: becoming or appearing to be clay yellow. + +Lutose -us: apparently or really covered with dirt. + +Lymphatic: producing, carrying or relating to the lymph. + +Lyrate: lyre-shaped: cut into several transverse segments, and +gradually enlarging towards the extremity. + +Lyre: the upper wall or border of the spinning tube of caterpillars. + + + + + + +M + +Macrochaetae: the long bristles occurring singly on the body of +Diptera. + +Macropterous: long or large winged. + +Macrosomites: the primitive regions of primitive hand of the insect +embryo. + +Macula: a colored mark larger than a spot; of indeterminate figure. + +Maculate -ed: spotted or marked with figures of any shape, of a color +different from the ground. + +Maculation: the ornamentation or pattern of marking. + +Maculose: spotted; with many marks or spots. + +Maerianum: "that segment of the post-pectus situate one on each +side behind the acetabulum and parapleurum"; it supports the +posterior feet: see meriaeum. + +Magenta: pinkish red; an aniline product. + +Magis: more. + +Maggot: applied to the footless larvae of Diptera. + +Mala: a lobe: a ridged or grinding surface. + +Mala mandibularis: the grinding surface or area of a mandible. + +Mala maxillae: the globes of maxilla; outer or galea, inner or lacinia; +where only one is present, the term refers to that one. + +Malaxation: a kneading or softening; applied to the chewing and +squeezing by fossorial wasps of insects captured as food for their +larva. + +Male: that sex having organs for the production of spermatozoa: +designated by "?", the astronomical sign for Mars. +{Scanner's comment: The sign for Mars being an diagonal arrow +rising from a circle, and pointing upwards towards the right.} + + +Mallophaga: wool-eaters: an ordinal term applied to biting lice: +wingless: mandibulate; thoracic segments similar; no +metamorphosis: =Lipoptera. + +Malpighian tubules: long, slender tubules, varying in number, serving +as excretory organs, entering the alimentary canal at the point of +junction of chylific ventricle and ileum: said to be analogous with +kidneys: = biliary vessels. + +Mammilate: with nipple-like protuberances or processes. + +Mandible: the lateral upper jaws of a biting insect. + +Mandibular strobe: a broad deep groove on outer side of mandible in +some Coleoptera. + +Mandibular segment: the fourth or mandible bearing segment of head. + +Mandibulata: that series of insects in which the adults have +functional mandibles used for biting. + +Mandibulate: with jaws or mandibles. + +Manicate -us: fur-like: surface clothed with irregular depressed hair. + +Manitrunk: that part of trunk that bears the anterior legs: =prothorax. + +Manometabola: with a slight or gradual metamorphosis and without a +resting stage; e.g. the Orthoptera. + +Manubrium: in Coleoptera: that part of the mesosternum in Elateridae +which forms the process for fitting into the cavity of the prothorax: in +Collembola the basal part of the furculum. + +Manus: the hand: formerly applied to the anterior tarsus. + +Marbled: irregularly mottled, gray and white, like marble; = +marmoratus. + +Marcescent: shrivelling. + +Margaritaceous: shining, like mother of pearl = nacreous; q.v. + +Margin: that portion of a surface within the edge, bounded on the +inner side by the sub-margin and consisting of a more or less dilated +imaginary line. + +Marginal: of, belonging to, or near the margin. + +Marginal area: in Orthoptera; see mediastinal area. + +Marginal bristles: in Diptera; are inserted on the posterior margin of +the abdominal segment. + +Marginal cell: in Diptera (Williston):= subcostal (Shiner):= radial +(Comst.): in Hymenoptera:= radial and 2 (Comst.): in general that +cell beyond the stigma. + +Marginal field: in tegmina = costal field: q.v. + +Marginal nervure or vein: in Orthoptera, = costa (Comst.): in +Hymenoptera (Norton) = radius 3 (Comst.): in general, the vein +forming the marginal cell. + +Margined -ated: bounded by an elevated or attenuated margin: when +the margin is edged by a flat border. + +Marmorate -us: spots and lines irregularly disposed, as in marble: +marbled. Mask: in the nymphs of Odonata, the modified labium +which, when at rest, conceals the other mouth parts. + +Masticate: to chew. + +Masticatory: formed for chewing or grinding; applied to the mouth +parts and to the grinding structures in the gizzard. + +Mastigium -ia: telescopic anal organs in certain caterpillars, serving +to repel attacks of parasites. + +Matrix: the formative substance from which cells and other structures +are derived. + +Maxilla: without any qualifying adjective, the second pair of jaws in a +mandibulate insect; the most persistent when the mouth is modified, +and represented by some functional part in all insects in which the +mouth structures are useful: second maxillae, = the labium, or third +pair of jaws in a mandibulate insect. + +Maxillary: attached or belonging to the maxilla; e.g. palpi. + +Maxillary palpi: the first pair of palpi, borne on the maxilla. + +Maxillary pleurites: the lateral pieces, epimera and episterna of the +maxillary segment. + +Maxillary segment: the sixth segment of the head, bearing the +maxillae. + +Maxillary tendons: two slender rods in basal third of the +muscid proboscis the remnant of the palpifer, to which muscles for +flexing the proboscis are attached: see lora. + +Maxillary tentacle: in female Pronuba: a specialized process of +palpifer. + +Maxillulae: a pair of appendages in Thysanurids, between +mandibles and first maxillae. + +Maxime: very much or very large. + +Mealy: with a flour-like dusting: = farinose. + +Mecaptera: = Mecoptera, q.v. + +Meconium: the substance excreted by certain metabolic insects soon +after their emergence from the chrysalis or pupa. + +Mecoptera: long-winged: neuropterous insects with similar, large, +unfolded wings; mouth mandibulate, prolonged into a beak: head +free; thorax agglutinated; transformations complete: the scorpion +flies or Panorpidae. Medi-: prefix, = middle. + +Media: the fourth of the longitudinal veins extending from base +through approximately the middle of the wing, not more than four +branched, the branches numbered on margin from nearest apex, to 4 +nearest anal angle: in Orthoptera; it is the median or externomedian: +in Lepidoptera (Pack.), is cubitus (Comst.). + +Mediad: toward the median plane or middle. + +Mediafurca: a process extending internally from the meso-sternum, to +which the muscles are attached. + +Medial: referring to, or at the middle. + +Medial cells: (Comst.), are anteriorly bounded by the media or its +branches: in Hymenoptera (Mort.), includes median and cubital +(Comst.) + +Medial cross-vein: (Comst.), is between media 2 and 3. + +Median 1: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), = media 2 (Comst.). + +Median 2: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), = media 3 (Comst.). + +Median 4: in Lepidoptera ( Pack.), = cubitus 2 (Comst.). + +Median area: of wings in Orthoptera, lies between the radial and ulnar +veins, radius and media (Comst.): of meta-thorax of Hymenoptera, is +the middle of the dorsum, divided into three spaces or cells; 1st or basal +area, 2d or Lipper median or areola; 3d or apical or petiolar area. + +Median carina: Orthoptera; of head, is usually applied to a median +dorsal carina, but has been also used for that which extends down the +middle of front from the fastigium, and then = frontal costa: of +prothorax, extends along the middle of pronotum. + +Median cell: in Lepidoptera, is the closed area formed by a line +extending from the end of subcostal to the end of the median veins, = +radial (Comst.): in Hymenoptera, 1st median (Pack.), = medial (Comst.); + 2d median (Pack.), - medial 4 (Comst.); 3d median (Pack.), = medial 2 +(Comst.); 4th median (Pack.), = medial 1 (Comst.). + +Median cross-veins: in Odonata; are those which cross median space. + +Median foveola: in Orthoptera; the foveate depression of the vertex +between the eyes: = central foveola. + +Median forks: in Orthoptera, refers to the forks of the median vein. + +Median furrow: lies between radius and media: in some Heteroptera, +separates the embolium from the remainder of the corium. + +Median lines: on the primaries of many moths: the first or t.a. +crosses about one-third from base; the second or t.p. crosses beyond +the outer third and is usually sinuate. + +Median lobe: of labium in Odonata, is the partly divided glossa or +ligula; probably corresponds to united glossa and paraglossae (Butler). + +Median longitudinal carinae: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, +extend one on each side of the middle. + +Median nervules: in Lepidoptera (Holland)1st = cubitus 2 (Comst.): 2d +cubitus 1 (Comst.); 3d = media 3 (Comst.). + +Median notch: in Coccidae, a notch in the edge of the pygidium, at the +posterior extremity of the body. + +Median plate: in Hymenoptera := sessiliventres, is the dorsal plate +connecting the thorax and abdomen. + +Median sector: in Odonata, = media 3 (Comst.). + +Median segment: applied to the basal segment of the abdomen when it +forms part of the metathorax: see propodeum. + +Median shade or line: in Lepidoptera, crosses at or about middle of +wings. + +Median space: in Lepidoptera, is the area between the median +lines: in Odonata, the cubital cell (Comst.); the space at base +between submedian (radius) and postcosta (st anal); by Selys in 1896 +and later used in the sense of medial cell of Comst. + +Median vein: in Odonata and Lepidoptera, = radius (Comst.): in +Lepidoptera, it runs from base to about middle, nearly through centre, +and is four or five branched: in Hymenoptera, it is the 3d from costal +margin. + +Mediastinal: relating to the longitudinal median line or area. + +Mediastinal area: in Orthoptera, the area between median or +mediastinal vein and the costal or front margin: = marginal area. + +Mediastinal vein: in Orthoptera and Diptera, = suhcosta (Comst.): +also, in Diptera, = auxiliary vein (Meigen). + +Medio-eubital cross-vein: between media 4 and cubitus, connecting +the two series (Comst.). + +Medio-ventral line: in caterpillars, extends along middle of under side. + +Medipectus: the under side of meta-thorax: the mesosternum. + +Mediproboscis: the middle third of the flexed proboscis of muscid flies. + +Medi-thorax: =mesothorax; q.v. + + +Medius: middle. + + +Mega- Megalo-: large. + +Melanic: with a blackish suffusion. + +Melanism: an abnormal or unusual darkening: a suffusion with +blackish. + +Mellifera: honey-makers: applied to bees as a whole. + + +Melliferous: honey-producing, or producers of honey. + +Mellisugous: honey-sucking: a feeder on honey. + +Member: any one of the external appendages. + +Membranaceous: thin, skin-like, semi-transparent, like parchment: +of a thin, pliable texture. + +Membrana retinens: the stretched part of the membrane around the +rectum of butterfly larvae, used in the change to the chrysalis. + +Membrane -ana: any thin, transparent, flexible body tissue: +specifically the wing tissue between the veins: in Heteroptera, the thin +membranous tip of the hemelytra. + +Membranous or eous: composed of membrane or skin-like tissue. + +Membranule: the small opaque expansion at base of wings in +Odonata. + +Meniscoidal: with one side concave the other convex, like a round +segment from a hollow sphere. + +Menognatha: insects in which both young and adults feed by +mandibles; e.g. the Orthoptera: see menorhyncha and metagnatha. + +Menorhyncha: forms in which both young and adult take food by +suction e.g. Hemiptera: see metognatha and metagnatha. + +Mental suture: in Coleoptera, the line between mentum and gula. + +Mentigerous: bearing or having a mentum. + +Mentum: a labial sclerite bearing the movable parts; attached to and +sometimes fused with the sub-mentum; corresponds to the (united) +stipes of maxillae: in Coleoptera, what is usually called mentum is +really submentum: in Diptera, the term is applied to the posterior oral +margin: in Hymenoptera, is part of "tongue," the second joint bearing +the labial palpi, paraglossae and ligula. + +Merdivorous: feeding upon dung or excrement: see scatophagous. + +Meriaeum: the posterior inflected part of the metasternum in +Coleoptera. + +Meroistic: ovaries that secrete yolk or vitellaginous cells as well as ova. + +Mesad: extending or directed toward the median plane. + +Mesal: pertaining to, situated on or in the median plane of the body. + +Mesenchym: that portion of the mesoderm that produces the +connective tissues of the body. + +Mesenteron: the mid-gut, stomach or chylific ventricle: the middle +portion of the primitive intestinal canal, lined with entoderm. + +Mesepimeron: in Odonata: the sclerite between humeral and first +lateral suture. + +Mesepisterna: in Odonata,- the oblique lateral pieces of mesothorax, +meeting dorsally in a ridge. + +Mesially: at or to the middle. + +Mesinfraepisternum: a sclerite formed between propleuron, +mesepisternum, mesepimeron and second coxa. + +Meso: middle: as prefix, drops the o when stem begins with a vowel. + +Mesoblast: the middles germ layer of the embryos: = mesoderm. + +Mesoderm:= mesoblast: gives rise to muscular and circulatory +systems. + +Mesodont::= amphiodont: q.v. + +Mesomeros: the 2d to 5th abdominal segments in Lepidoptera. + +Meson: the middle plane of the body. + +Mesonotum: the primitively upper surface of the 2d or middle thoracic +ring. + +Mesophragma: an internal prolongation of the metapraescutum, +affording attachment to some of the wing muscles. + +Mesopleura: in Diptera, the space before the root of the wing between +the dorso- and sternopleural sutures: in Hymenoptera, the piece +below the insertion of the wings. + +Mesopleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted in the angle formed by +the dorso-pleural and meso-pleural sutures. + +Mesopleural suture: in Diptera, runs from the root of the wings +downward and separates the meso-pleura from the pteropleura. + +Mesopleuron: the lateral surface of the meta-thorax. + +Mesosternal cavity: in Elateridae, the opening into which the +prosternal spine or mucro is fitted. + +Mesosternal epimera: in Coleoptera; the narrow pieces separating the +meta-sternal from the meta-sternal episterna. + +Mesosternal episterna: Coleoptera; on each side of mesosternum +between anterior border and epimera; generally separated by a +distinct suture. + +Mesosternal lobes: in Orthoptera; = mesosternellum, q.v. + +Mesosternellum: in Orthoptera, two median lobes of the mesosternum, +one on each side of the deep median notch: in general, +the sternellum of the mesothorax. + +Mesosternum: the underside or breast of the meta-thorax. + +Mesostethidium: = meso-thorax: q.v. + +Mesostethium: the middle piece of the underside of meta-thorax, +between the middle and hind legs. + +Mesostigma: in Odonata, the spiracles of second thoracic segment. + +Mesosulcus: a central longitudinal furrow of mesosternum in +Hymenoptera. + +Mesotarsus: the tarsus of the middle leg. + +Mesothoracotheca: the pupal covering of the meso-thorax. + +Mesothorax: the second or middle thoracic ring; bears the middle legs +and the anterior wings. + +Mesotergum: = mesonotum; q.v. + +Meta-: posterior: used as a prefix to designate the third thoracic ring +and its parts. + +Metablastic: relating to the ecto- or meta-blast or ectoderm. + +Metabola: insects with a complete metamorphosis in which the larva +does not resemble the adult, and the pupa is quiescent. + +Metabolism: is transformation: the whole process or series of changes +of food into tissue and cell-substance and of these latter into waste +products the first of these changes being anabolic, the second +katabolic. + +Metabolous: undergoing metamorphosis or transformation. + +Metacoxal plate: in Coccinellidae, that portion of the first ventral +segment included above the ventral lines visible on that segment. + +Metagnatha: insects which feed with jaws when young and by suction, +with tubular mouths when mature; e.g. the Lepidoptera: see +menognatha and menorhyncha. + +Metagonia: the hind or anal angle of a wing. + +Metallic: having the appearance of metal: applied to a surface or color. + +Metaloma: the sutural or inner margin of primaries. + +Metamere: a segment, somite or athromere. + +Metameric: made up of segments or metameres. + +Metamerism: the arrangement in metameres. + +Metameros: in Lepidoptera. the 6th to 8th abdominal segments. + +Metamorphosis: is that series of changes through which an insect +passes in its growth from egg through larva and pupa to adult: it is +complete when the pupa is inactive and does not feed; incomplete +when there is no pupa or when the pupa is active and feeds. + +Metamorphosis dimidio: an incomplete transformation. + +Metamorphosis perfecta: a complete transformation. + +Metanotum: the primitively upper surface of the third or posterior +thoracic ring: in Diptera, the oval arched portion behind, beneath +the scutellum best developed in flies with long, slender abdomen: +e.g. Tipulidae. + +Metaphragma: the hindmost internal thoracic septum. + +Metapleura: in Diptera, a swollen space at the outside of the +metanotum, between it, the pteropleura and the hypopleura; in +Hymenoptera, the piece behind and below the insertion of the hind +wings. + +Metapleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted in the metapleura. + +Metapneustic: larva, chiefly dipterous, in which the spiracles are +confined to the posterior segment. + +Metapnystega: that circular area of metanotum behind the +postscutellum. + +Metapodeon: the abdomen behind the podeon or petiole in +Hymenoptera. + +Metasternal: relating or attached to the metasternum. + +Metasternal epimera: small sclerite separating the metasternal +episterna from the ventral segments. + +Metasternal episterna: sclerite situated on each side of the +Metasternum, immediately behind the mesosternum epimera. + +Metasternellum: the sternellum of the metathorax. + +Metasternum: the underside or breast of the metathorax. + +Meta-stethidium: = meta-thorax; q.v. + +Metastigma: in Odonata, the spiracles of third thoracic segment. + +Metastoma: in Orthoptera:= hypopharynx: q.v. + +Metatarsus: applied to basal joint of tarsus, where that differs greatly +in length or otherwise from the other joints: see sarothrum. + +Metatergum: = metanotum; q.v. + +Metathoracotheca: the pupal covering of the meta-thorax. + +Metathorax: the third thoracic ring or segment; bears the hind legs +and second pair of wings; variably distinct; sometimes closely united +with the mesothorax and sometimes appearing as a portion of the +abdomen. + +Metatype: is a specimen named by the author after comparison with +the type; according to some, it should be also a topotype. + +Metazona: in Orthoptera, the dorsal surface of the prothorax behind +the principal sulcus. + +Metepimeron: in Odonata, lies behind the second lateral suture and +extends ventrally to the sternum. + +Metepisternum: in Odonata, is the sclerite between the first and +second lateral thoracic sutures. + +Meter: the standard of length in the metric system = 39.37 inches: +see centimeter and millimeter. + +Meticulose -us: is a maculation in the form of a series of colored +flames. + +Metinfraepisternum: in Odonata; the sclerite just above base of 3d +coxa; below metepisternum and before metepimeron. + +Metochy: the relation borne to ants by the tolerated guests in +ant-hills; demanding nothing from and giving nothing to the ants; see +symphily and synecthry. + +Metopidium: the anterior declivous surface of prothorax in +Membracidae. + +Micans: shining: also a surface of which only parts are shining. + +Microchaetae: small bristles, as opposed to macrochaetae, in Diptera. + +Microergates: the dwarf workers among ants. + +Micron: the unit of microscopic measurement = 001 mm.: represented +by the symbol mu: the symbol mu mu represents .001 of a micron. +{Scanner's note: the mu mu notation would no longer be valid.} + +Micropterous: small winged. + +Micropterism: the tendency to produce small wings; applied to a line +of variation. + +Micropyles: minute openings in the egg, through which spermatozoa +enter. + +Microsomites: small secondary rings or somites of the macrosomites +in the embryo, which afterward become the body segments. + +Microthorax: a supposed thoracic ring between the head and +prothorax. + +Middle apical area: = internal area; q.v. + +Middle field: = discoidal field; q.v. + +Middle lobes: of pronotum in Orthoptera; see lobes. + +Middle pleural area: in Hymenoptera; the median of the three areas +between lateral and pleural carinae: = 2d pleural area. + +Mid-dorsal thoracic Carina: a ridge or elevated line at the meeting of +the mesepisterna in Odonata. + +Mid-gut: the chylific ventricle with the caecal glands, tubes or +pouches. + +Mid-intestine: = mid-gut. + +Migrants: applied to that brood of plant lice which flies from one to an +alternate food plant: any forms that fly from the place where they +were born for food or other purposes. + +MM.: = Millimeter: .001 meter = .039 of an inch: roughly 25 mm. are +counted to an inch in measuring insects. {Scanner's comment: modern +usage is lower case. So: mm.} + +Mimetic: when a species mimics or resembles another or some other +object in appearance; but not in structure and other characters. + +Mimicry: strictly, the resemblance of one animal to another not closely +related animal, living in the same locality; often loosely used to +denote also resemblance to plants and inanimate objects: Batesian +mimicry is where one of two similar species is distasteful (so-called +model), the other not distasteful (so-called mimic); + +Muellerian mimicry is where both species are distasteful. + +Mines: applied to galleries or burrows between upper and under +surface of leaf tissue, when made by larvae: they are linear, when they +are narrow and only a little winding; serpentine, when they are curved +or coiled, becoming gradually larger to a head-like end: trumpet-mines, +when they start small and enlarge rapidly at tip; blotch mines, +when they are irregular blotches tentiform, when the blotch mines +throw the leaf into a fold on one side. + +Miniate -us: of the color of red lead [vermilion with a slight admixture +of dragon's blood]. + +Mirror: in Cicada; see specular membrane. + +Mitosoma: the middle piece of a developing spermatozoon. + +Mobile: movable: having the power of motion. + +Model: see mimicry. + +Modioliform: globular, truncated at both ends; like the hub of a wheel. + +Mola or Molar: the ridged or roughened grinding surface of the +mandible: when the mandible is compound, the molar corresponds to +the subgalea of maxilla. + +Monarsenous: that kind of union where one male suffices for many +females. + +Moniliform: beaded like a necklace. + +Monochromatic: of one color throughout. + +Monodactyle: with a single movable claw which closes on the tip of the +other leg structures as in some parasitica. + +Monodomous: ants in which each colony has one nest only. + +Monoecious: when both sexual elements or glands exist in one +individual. + +Monogamous: a union where a female is fertilized by one male only. + +Monomeri: insects with one-jointed tarsi. + +Monomorphic: species of which only one sex (female) is known to +exist. + +Monophagous: insects feeding upon only one species or genus of +plants. + +Monothelious: a union where one female is fecundated by many +males. + +Monotrocha -ous: Hymenoptera in which the trochanters are single: +having legs in which the trochanter is one-jointed. + +Monotypical: a genus described from a single species, no other being +known; or described from a single specified species with which are +associated others believed to be identical in structure: see isotypical +and heterotypical. + +Moult: a period in the transformation when the larva changes from +one instar to another: the cast skin of a larva that has moulted. + +Mouth: the anterior opening into the alimentary canal, where the +feeding structures are situated and in which the food is prepared for +ingestion. + +Mouth-parts: a collective name including labrum, mandibles, +maxillae, labium and appendages = trophi. + +Mucoreus: mouldy: a surface covered with small, fringe-like processes. + +Mucro: a long, straight or curved process terminating in a point: the +pro-sternal process in Elateridae: the terminal spine or process of an +obtect pupa: "the median posterior point of the epigastrium when +differentiated by elevation." + +Mucronate: terminated in a sharp point. + +Mucrones: in Collembola the two small end pieces of the furcula, +proceeding from the dentes. + +Mullerian association: a group of species belonging to different genera, +often different families or even orders, having similar colors, +possessing more or less distasteful qualities and living in the same +locality. + +Muller's thread: the common terminal thread of all the ovarian tubes. + +Multangulate: with many angles. + +Multi-: many; used as a prefix, often without the i. + +Multiarticulate: with many joints or segments. + +Multilocular: with many large cells, spaces or cavities. + +Multipartite: divided into many parts. + +Multiplicate: with many longitudinal folds or lines of plication. + +Multispinose: with many spines. + +Mumia: the pupa. + +Munite -us: armed; provided with an armature. + +Muricate -us: armed with sharp, rigid points. + +Murinus: mouse colored [gray with some yellow]. + +Mushroom bodies: two stalked, mushroom-like bodies arising from +procerebral lobes; supposed to be the seat of insect intelligence. + +Muscle: the fleshy fibres of the insect body that serve to move the +appendages and other body organs. + +Mute: silent: without power to produce audible sound. + +Mutic -us: unarmed: lacking processes where such usually occur. + +Mutici: Acridiids without a posternal spines. + +Mutilate -us: cut off: mutilated: abbreviated: not complete. + +Mycetophagous: feeding upon fungi. + +Myiasis: disease or injury caused by the attack of dipterous larvae. + +Myoblast: a cell that produces muscular tissue. + +Myrmecology: that branch of entomology that deals with ants. + +Myrmecophilous: ant-loving: applied to insects that live in ant nests. + +Mystacine -us: bcarded: with a hairy fringe above mouth or on +clypeus. + +Mystax: in Diptera; a patch of hair or bristles above the mouth, on the +lower part of the hypostoma above the vibrissae. + +Mytiliform: shell-like; as the middle feet in some aquatic Hemiptera. + + + + + + +N + +Nacreous: pearly: resembling mother of pearl := margaritaceous. + +Nail: a tarsal claw: specifically the stout pointed claws in predatory +Heteroptera = unguis. + +Naked: not clothed: lacking vestiture: a pupa when not inclosed in a +cocoon or other covering. + +Nasal suture: =clypeal suture; q.v. + +Nasus: anterior termination of the face in certain Hymenoptera: the +clypeus or a modification of it: in Odonata, the upper portion of the +clypeus = supra-clypeus = postclypeus. + +Nasuti: that type of termite soldiers that have the head prolonged into +a point. + +Natatorial -ions: formed for swimming. + +Navicular: boat-shaped = cymbiform. + +Neanic: referring to the pupal stage. + +Nearctic: temperate and arctic North America, including Greenland. + +Nebula: a cloud: a vague, indefined, dusky shading. + +Nebulous -ose: cloudy: without definite form or outline. + +Neck: the slender connecting structure between head and thorax of +such insects as have the head free: any contraction of the head at its +juncture with the thorax. + +Necrophagous: living in or on carrion. + +Nectaries: honey-tubes, cornicles, siphuncles; q.v. + +Nematid: thread-like. + +Nematocera: = nemocera; q. A. + +Nematocerous: with long, thread-like antenna. + +Nemocera: Diptera with long, at least six-jointed antennae. + +Nemoglossata: bees with a thread-like tongue. + +Nemoricolous: living in open, sunny woods. + +Neogeic: belonging to the Western Hemisphere or New World: see +gerontogeic. + +Neolepidoptera: all haustellate Lepidoptera, except the generalized +Micropterygidae; mandibles not functionally present; pupa incomplete +or obtect: see paleolepidoptera and protolepidoptera. + +Neoteinic: applied to complemental females in Termites because, +though reproductive, they retain some juvenile characters. + +Neotropical: that part of the earth's surface embraced in the greater +part of Mexico, West Indies and South America. + +Neotype: a specimen identified with a species already described, and +selected as a standard of reference where the original type or co-types +are lost or destroyed. + +Nephridia: tubular structures functioning as kidneys in Annelids, +Mollusks, etc. and incorrectly used as = malpighian tubules; q.v. + +Nepionic: that stage of development immediately succeeding the +embryonic; proposed as a substitute for larval. + +Nerinaeum: a ventral thoracic sclerite between the metasternum and +posterior coxa in some Coleoptera. + +Nerve: a thread-like structure, composed of delicate filaments whose +function it is to transmit sensations or stimuli to or from a ganglion or +from or to any part of the body or its appendages. + +Nerves: sometimes used to = veins, in wing structures. + +Nervi: belonging or referring to the nerves. + +Nervulation: arrangement of the nerves: specifically applied to the +arrangement of the chitinous framework of wings and thus= venation; +q.v. Nervules or Nervures: the rod or vein-like structures supporting +the membranes of wings and = veins and veinlets; q.v. + +Nervuration: = nervulation and venation: q.v. + +Neural canal: an incomplete tunnel on the floor of meso- and +metathorax, formed by fusion of apodemes, serving for the reception +and protection of the ventral nerve cord and for the attachment of +muscles. + +Neural groove: is that furrow in the primitive layer of the embryo in +which the nerve cord is formed. + +Neuration: = venation; q.v. + +Neurilemma: the external sheath of a nerve fibre. + +Neuroblast: the large cell in the early embryo, from which the nervous +system develops. + +Neuromere: that part of a body segment pertaining to the nervous +system. + +Neuroptera: nerve-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with four +net-veined wings; mouth mandibulate: head free: thorax loosely +agglutinated; metamorphosis complete: in its older use, the term +applied to all net-veined insects irrespective of metamorphosis or +thoracic structure. + +Neuropteroidea: like the Neuroptera in the wide sense; applied to +those living insects included by Linnaeus in his Neuroptera; also to +those extinct forms which have a general resemblance to them. + +Neurospongium: a granular matrix in the periopticon of the insect eye. + +Neuter: the term applied to workers or undeveloped females in some +Hymenoptera: indicated by * or *, an imperfect form of Venus +sign.{Scanner's comment: I have no characters to represent the +symbols. One is like the normal female (Venus) sign, but with no +cross stroke on the downward stroke. The other is the symbol for +Mercury or of Hermaphroditus, like a Venus sign crowned with +crescent horns.} + +Nidificate: to nest: applied when eggs are placed in a prepared +receptaculum. + +Niger: black. + +Nigricans: black, tinged with gray. + +Nits: the eggs of sucking lice; specifically when attached to a hair: in +general, though rarely, applied in the singular to an egg. + +Nitidus: shining: applied to a highly polished, smooth surface. + +Niveous -eus: snowy white. + +Nocturnal: species that fly or are active at night. + +Nodal furrow: in Odonata; a transverse suture, beginning at a point +in costal margin corresponding to the nodus, and extending toward +inner margin. + +Nodal sector: in Odonata; = media 2 (Comst.): arises from upper +sector of arculus near nodus and extends to outer margin. + +Node: a knot or knob: in the plural refers to the small segment or +segment between thorax and main portion of abdomen in ants. + +Nodiform: in the form of a knot or knob. + +Nodicorn: with antennae that have the apex of each joint swollen. + +Nodose -us: knotted or with knots; a body with one or more knotted +parts a sculpture with almost isolated knots. + +Nodule: a little knot, lump or node. + +Nodulose -us -ate: with small nodes or nodules: a surface sculpture +of knots or links, connected by an undulating line. + +Nodus: in Odonata; a stout, oblique, short vein at the place where the +anterior margin of the wings is sometimes drawn in. + +Nopalry: a plantation of cacti for raising cochineal insects. + +Normal: of the usual form or type: not out of the ordinary. + +Notate: marked by spots: with a series of depressed marks as a +sculpture. + +Notched: indented, cut or nicked; usually a margin. + +Notocephalon: in some aquatic Hemiptera, that part of the head which +is apparent from a dorsal aspect. + +Notodont: with toothed backs: applied to a series of moths whose +larvae are more or less conspicuously humped on dorsal surface. + +Notopleural suture: = dorso-pleural suture; q.v. + +Nototheca: that part of the pupa covering upper surface of abdomen. + +Notum: the dorsal or upper part of a segment: = tergum. + +Nucha: the upper surface of the neck connecting head and thorax. + +Nucleate: with, or having a nucleus. + +Nucleolus: the small portion of matter in the nucleus most readily +affected by staining fluids. + +Nucleus: a well-defined, differentiated, round or oval body imbedded +in the cell contents. + +Nude -us: naked: a surface devoid of hair, scales or other vestiture. + +Nuditas: = nudity. + +Nudity: the state of being naked or bare of vestiture. + +Nurses: worker ants or worker bees which care for the eggs, larvae +and pupae, but do not forage, the latter function being taken up later, +when nursing is given up. + +Nutant: nodding; the tip bent toward the horizon. + +Nutritive chamber: an enlarged section of ovarian tube, filled with +granular nutritive material used in developing the egg cells. + +Nymph: the larval stage of insects with incomplete metamorphosis: +applies also to their pupal stage, and sometimes used as = pupa. + +Nympha inclusa: = coarctate pupa; q.v. + +Nymphipara: applied to insects that bear living young in an advanced +stage of development: see also pupipara. + + + + + + +O + +Ob-: as a prefix, means inversely. + +Obconic: conic, with the apex pointing downward. + +Obcordate: inversely heart-shaped, with the point applied to the base +of another object or part. + +Obese -us: unnaturally distended: usually applied to the abdomen. + +Oblate: flattened; applied to a spheroid of which the diameter is +shortened at two opposite ends. + +Oblique: any direction between perpendicular and horizontal. + +Oblique vein: in Odonata; an apparent cross-vein situated between M2 +and Rs, distal to the level of the nodus and inclined obliquely, from its +front end, backward and outward; in reality the basal part of Rs. + +Obliterate: nearly washed out; indistinct. + +Oblong: longer than broad. + +Obovate: inversely egg-shaped; the narrow end downward. + +Obpyriform: inversely pearshaped. + +Obscure: not readily seen: not well defined. + +Obsite-us: a surface covered with equal scales or other bodies. + +Obsolete: nearly or entirely lost: inconspicuous. + +Obtect: wrapped in a hard covering. + +Obtected: applied to pupae when they are covered with a chitinous +case which confines and conceals all appendages, though their +outlines may be marked on the surface: see free, and coarctate. + +Obtuse: not pointed: an angle greater than a right angle: opposed to +acute. Obtuse-angulate: two markings or margins meeting so as to +form an obtuse angle. + +Obtusilingues: short-tongued bees with the tip obtuse or bifid: see +acutilingues. + +Occipital foramen: the opening in the occiput, opposed to a similar +opening in the prothorax: = foramen magnum. + +Occipital margin: in Mallophaga, the posterior margin of the head. + +Occipito-orbital bristles: in Diptera; situated on posterior orbit of eye. + +Occiput: that part of the head behind the vertex: in Diptera, the whole +posterior surface of the head: in bees, the space between the vertex +and the neck. + +Occlusor: applied to muscles which close an opening; e.g. spiracles. + +Occult -us: hidden; concealed from superficial view. + +Ocellar bristles: in Diptera, are situated close to the ocelli, usually +directed forward: often absent. + +Ocellar ribband: a crescent-shaped, smooth thin belt across the eye +region in butterfly chrysalids. + +Ocellar triangle: a triangle, indicated by grooves or depressions, on +which the ocelli are situated; Diptera. + +Ocellate: eye-like in appearance: in Lepidoptera, spots on the wings, +bordered by a colored iris or ring, and usually with a pupil. + +Ocelli: plural of ocellus; q.v.; = stemmata. + +Ocelligerous: supplied with, or bearing ocelli. + +Ocellus: a simple eye, consisting of a single convex or bead-like lens, +which conveys an image to a retina. + +Ocelli occur in larvae and, singly or in small groups, in adults: the +compound eyes are made up of numerous ocelli. + +Ochraceous: yellow with a slight tinge of brown [pale cadmium yellow +and brown ochre]. + +Ochraeus -eus: = ochraceous. + +Ochro-leucus: dilute ochraceous. + +Ocular emargination: in Mallophaga, a lateral emargination of the +head in which the eye is received posteriorly. + +Ocular fleck: in Mallophaga, a small, intensely black spot of pigment +in the eyes. + +Ocular fringe: in Mallophaga, closely set small hair on posterior half of +ocular emargination, sometimes extending on temporal margin. + +Ocular lobes: of brain = procerebrum; q.v. + +Ocular sclerite: the first or protocerebral segment of the head. + +Ocular tubercles: in Aphids, are a group of prominent facets on the +hinder part of each eye. + +Oculi -us: the eyes: an eye: refers to the compound eyes. + +Oculocephalic: applied to that pair of imaginal buds destined to +produce the cephalic region in Hymenoptera. + +Odona: toothed: applied to Odonata by Fabricius because of the long +teeth on the maxilla and labium. + +Odonata: net-veined insects with mandibulate mouth; head free; +thorax agglutinate; wings similar, elongate, flat; metamorphosis +incomplete; copulatory organs of male near base of abdomen, +separate from the testes. {Scanner's comment: Dragon flies +and damselflies} + +Odonate: bearing toothed mouth parts, like those of dragon flies. + +Odoriferous: diffusing an odor; applied to glands or secreting organs. + +OEcology: see ecology. + +OEdagus: the penis. + +OEnocytes: large yellow cells arranged segmentally in clusters, in each +side of body cavity: associated with blood and fat bodies. + +OEsophageal bone: a plate below anterior part of oesophagus in +Psocidae. + +OEsophageal bulb: = sub-clypeal pump; q.v. + +OEsophageal diverticula: = food reservoirs (q.v.); but more generally +applied also to any sac-like structure connected with the gullet. + +OEsophageal lobes: form posterior portion of brain or tritocerebrum. + +Oesophageal valve: a funnel-like folding of the oesophagus, extending +into the chylific ventricle in some insects, and forming a valve that +controls the entrance of food into that organ: = cardiac valvule. + +Oesophagus: the gullet: that part of the alimentary canal between the +mouth and the crop. + +Olfactory: pertaining to the sense of smell: those lobes of the +deutocerebrum from which the nerves supplying the antennae arise. + +Oligonephria: applied to insects with few urinary (Malpighian) tubes. + +Oligoneura: having few wing veins: specifically applied in Diptera to +Cecidomyids. + +Olivaceous: with a tinge of olive-green, usually as a shading [olive +green]. + +Omaloptera: the pupiparous flies. + +Omia: the shoulders: the lateral anterior angles of an agglutinated +thorax, when they are distinct:= see umbone: in Coleoptera; a +corneous sclerite to which the muscles of the anterior coxa are +attached; also the lateral margin of the prothorax; also the lateral +margin of the scutellum in Carabids and Dytiscids. + +Ommateum: the compound eye. + +Ommatidium -ia: one of the elements of which the compound eye is +composed. + +Omnivorous: a general feeder upon animal or vegetable food, or both. + +Oncus -i: a welt: applied to welt-like ridges on caterpillars. + +Onisciform: shaped like a wood-louse, Oniscus sp.; applied to certain +Lycaenid and other caterpillars. + +Ontogenetic: relating to the development of the individual. + +Ontogeny: the development of the individual as distinguished from +that of the species: see phylogeny. + +Onyches: claws of tarsi. + +Onychium -ia: small processes between the tarsal claws in many +Diptera; see empodium: a more or less retractile process on the feet of +some beetles: in Hymenoptera, the apical tarsal joint bearing the +claws: see also arolium and pulvillus. + +Ooeblast: the primitive germinal nucleus of an egg. + +Ooegenesis: the process of egg-formation. + +Ooelemma: the cell wall of an egg: see vitelline membrane. + +Ooetheca: the covering or case over an egg mass, as in certain +Orthoptera: see egg case. + +Opacus: opaque; a surface without any lustre. + +Opalescent: with a bluish white lustre, as in opals. + +Opalinus: = opalescent; q.v. + +Opaque: without lustre: not transparent. + +Operaria: the workers in Hymenoptera. + +Operative: in working order or actually working. + +Opercula: two plates covering the vocal structure of Cicada, beneath. + +Operculum: a lid or covering: in Diptera, the chitinous envelope +covering the lower part of the muscid mouth; the labrum-epipharynx +of Dimmock: the scutes covering the meso-thoracic stigmata: in +Aleurodidae, the lid-like structure closing the vasiform orifice; q.v. + +Ophthalmic: relating to the eye. + +Ophthalmotheca: that part of the pupa that covers the eyes. + +Opisthogoneate: having the organs of generation at hind end of body. + +Opisthogonia: the anal angle of the secondaries. + +Opposite: placed over against, or opposed to. + +Optic: relating to the organs of vision. + +Optic ganglia: are at the sides of the procerebrum and innervate the +compound eyes. + +Optic lobes: the laterals lobes of the procerebrum in which are +centered the nerves supplying the organs of vision. + +Opticon: the first of a series of three ganglionic swellings in the optic +nerve: see epiopticon and periopticon. + +Optic segment: =procerebral segment; q. + +Optic tract: is the perceptive portion of the compound eye. + +Ora: a border: specifically in some Coleoptera, the lateral margin of +prothorax. + +Ora coleopterorum: the margin of the elytra. + +Orad: toward the mouth. + +Oral: pertaining to the mouth. + +Oral cavity: the mouth; = buccal cavity. + +Oral fossa: in Mallophaga, a furrow lying in front of the mandibles. + +Oral segment: that ring or segment which bears the mouth. + +Orbicular: round and flat, the diameters of the plane equal: in sonic +moths, a round or oval macula in the median cell. + +Orbit: an imaginary border around the eye: in Diptera the orbits are +divided into vertical or superior; frontal and facial or anterior; of the +cheek or inferior; occipital or posterior. + +Orbital sclerite: a narrow sclerite encircling some eyes. + +Order: one of the primary divisions of the Class Insecta, based largely +on wing structure and then usually ending in -ptera. + +Ordure: excrement; usually applied to such as is foul or offensive. + +Orichalceous: = aurichalceous; q.v. + +Oriental: in geographical zoology as used by Wallace, that part of the +earth's surface including Asia east of the Indus River, south of the +Himalayas and the Yangtse-kiang watershed, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java +and the Philippines. + +Orificium: the anal or genital opening. + +Original type: is the actual specimen from which a published +description is prepared. + +Orismologia -y: the defining of scientific or technical terms. + +Orthoptera: straight winged: an ordinal term applied to insects in +which the primaries are not used in flight, but cover the longitudinally +folded secondaries; mouth mandibulate; head set into prothorax, the +latter free; metamorphosis incomplete. + +Orthorrhapha: that section of Diptera in which the pupa escapes from +larval skin through a T-shaped opening on back: see cyclorrhapha. + +Orthorrhaphous: straight-seamed. + +Os: the mouth of insects, in general. + +Oscillation: a vibrating or swinging from side to side. + +Osculant: intermediate in character between two groups or series. + +Osmaterium -ia: fleshy, tubular, eversible processes producing a +penetrating odor, capable of being projected through a slit in the +prothoracic segment of certain Papilionid caterpillars, and from +openings elsewhere in the bodies of other forms. +{Scanner's comment: currently the only spelling I can find is +"osmeterium". This given spelling is almost certainly an error +on someone's part. Not only do the earliest books that I can +find spell it "osmeterium", but the Greek root is "osme".} + +Osmosis: the tendency of liquids to pass or diffuse through a +membrane or septum. + +Osselet: = ossicle; q.v. + +Ossicle: a small nodule of chitin resembling a bone. + +Ossicula: small corneous pieces that serve in the articulation of the +wings to the thorax. + +Ostia: the slit-like openings of the heart. + +Ostiolar canal: a marginal furrow leading from the ostiole. + +Ostiole: in Heteroptera, the openings at the sides of meso- and +metathorax, through which an odoriferous fluid is excreted. + +Ostium: singular of Ostia; q.v. + +-osus; an affix, signifying saturation, or the possession of the quality +expressed in the stem word. + +Otocyst: an auditory or ear-like vesicle. + +Otolith: a little ear-bone: granules or concretions found in an otocyst. + +Outer lobe: of maxilla = galea; q.v. + +Outer margin: the outer edge of wing, between apex and hind angle. + +Ovo, Ovum: the eggs; an egg. + +Ova glebata: eggs laid or concealed in lumps of dung. + +Ova imposita: eggs laid in the substance that is to serve as food for +the larva. + +Oval: egg-shaped, with both ends similar. + +Ova pilosa: eggs that are covered with hair: usually from the abdomen +of the female. + +Ovarian tube: a tubular structure in which are developed the cells +forming the future ova: a single one of the mass which, taken +together, form the ovaries. + +Ovaries: a mass of ovarian tubes, lying one on each side of the body +cavity of the female, in each of which tubes eggs or ova are developed: +the individual tubes of an ovary all converge to one oviduct. + +Ovariole: an ovarian tube: q.v. + +Ovary: singular of ovaries; q.v. + +Ovate: in outline, egg-shaped or oval. + +Oviduct: the tube through which the egg passes from ovarian tubes +into vagina: sometimes used in the sense of ovipositor: q.v. + +Oviform: egg-shaped. + +Oviparous: where reproduction is through eggs laid by the female. + +Oviposition: the act of depositing the eggs. + +Ovipositor: the tubular or valved structure by means of which the eggs +are placed; usually concealed; but sometimes extended far beyond the +end of the body. + +Oviscapt: = ovipositor; q.v. + +Ovivalvule: in Ephemeroptera; is an appendage of the female +reproductive organs. + +Ovoviviparous: when living young are born from eggs which are +hatched in the body of the parent. + + + + +P + +Pacific coast humid area: is that faunal area of the transition zone +comprising the western parts of Washington and Oregon between the +Coast Mountains and Cascade range: parts of northern California and +most of the coast region from near Cape Mendocino south to the +Santa Barbara Mountains. To the south and east it passes into the +arid transition and in places into the upper Sonoran. + +Pad: the pulvillus, or that part of it which is capable of extension and +retraction in some Coleoptera. + +Paddle: the flattened joints of posterior tarsi in aquatic Hemiptera. + +Paedogenesis: reproduction in the sexually immature or larval stage. + +Paedogenetic: reproducing in the sexually immature or larval stage. + +Pagina: the surface of a wing: P. superior, is the upper surface; +P. inferior, the lower surface: in Orthoptera, the external flattened +surface of the caudal femora. + +Pagiopoda: Heteroptera, in which the posterior coxae are not globose +and the articulation is a hinge joint: see trochalopoda. + +Pagiopodous: those Heteroptera which have the coxae of the hind legs +hinged and the femora grooved. + +Pala: the shovel-shaped tarsal joints in many aquatic Heteroptera. + +Palate: = hypopharynx; q.v. + +Paleace: chaff or chaffy: = paleaceous. + +Paleaceous: chaffy in appearance. + +Palearctic: relating to that part of the earth's surface including +Europe, Africa north of Sahara, and Asia as far south as the southern +edge of the Yang-tse-Kiang watershed and the Himalayas, and west to +the Indus River. + +Paleodictyoptera: an ordinal name suggested by Scudder for Paleozoic +insects which cannot be assigned to existing orders. + +Paleolepidoptera: haustellate Lepidoptera in which the mandibles are +distinct and the pupa is free: includes the Micropterygidae only: see +protolepidoptera and neolepidoptera. + +Pallescent: becoming pale or light in color or tint. + +Pallette: the disc-like structure composed of three tarsal joints, on the +anterior feet of male Dytiscidae. + +Pallid: pale or very pale. + +Pallide-flavens: pale or whitish yellow. + +Pallidus: of a pale, cadaverous hue [a very dilute brown pink]. + +Pallium: an erectile membrane partially closing the open cavity formed +by the walls of the sub-genital plate in Melanopli. + +Palma: the basal segment of the anterior tarsus when it is broadened +or specifically modified. + +Palmate: like the palm of the hand, with finger-like processes. + +Palmula: = pulvillus; q.v. + +Palp: a mouth feeler or palpus. + +Palpal: belonging, relating or attached to the palpi. + +Palparium: in some Coleoptera, and other insects, the membranous +support to which the labial palpi are attached, and which permits an +amount of extension not possible when they are fixed. + +Palpi: plural of palpus; q.v. + +Palpicorne: with long, slender, antenna-like palpi. + +Palpifer: any palpus-bearing part: specifically, a small sclerite hearing +the maxillary palpus and itself articulated to the stipes. + +Palpiferous or -gerous: bearing a palpus. + +Palpiger: that sclerite of the labium to which the labial palpus is +attached corresponds to the palpifer of the maxilla and has been used +in the same general sense. + +Palpigerous stipes: in Coleopterous larvae, = palpifer; q.v. + +Palpuli: the maxillary palpi in Lepidoptera, when visibly developed. + +Palpus: a mouth feeler: tactile, usually jointed structures borne by the +maxillae (maxillary palpi) and labium (labial palpi). + +Panduriform: violin shaped: oblong, with rounded ends, medially +constricted. + +Panorpatae: = Mecoptera; q.v. + +Pantherine: in color, almost like cervinus; q.v.: in maculation, like +those of a panther. + +Papilioform: formed like a butterfly wing. + +Papilionaceous: butterfly-like. + +Papilla: a minute, soft projection: specifically the modified ligula in +silk spinning caterpillars. + +Papillary: with nipple-like processes that have the tips rounded. + +Papillate -us: a surface with small elevations which are porous at tip. + +Papilliform: like a wart or pimple. + +Papillose -us: pimply; a surface covered with raised dots or pimples. + +Pappose: downy: made up or clothed with pappus. + +Pappas: a fine down. + +Para-: next to; near by; at the side of. + +Parabiosis: see symbiosis. + +Parabolic: elongately rounded. + +Paraclypeal piece: in lepidopterous pupa, occurs in some of the +generalized families on each side of the maxillary palpi. + +Paraclypeus: in caterpillars, a narrow sclerite bordering clypeus at +sides. + +Paraderm: the limiting membrane enclosing the pronymph of Muscidae. + +Paraglossa: a paired, labial structure, lying at each side of the ligula; +often connected with it; sometimes free and two-jointed: corresponds to +the galea of maxilla. + +Parallel: along the same line and nearly equidistant. + +Paranal: at the side of or next to the anus or anal structures. + +Paranal forks: two lateral, bristle-like structures in some caterpillars, +used to throw frass pellets to a distance. + +Paranal lobes: = podical plates; q.v. + +Paraphysis: the chitinized thickenings or lateral ingrowths, usually +situated at the base of the lobes in certain Diaspid genera. + +Parapleura: the sternal side pieces in beetles. + +Parapodia: the pro- or false legs: more specifically applied to the +jointed abdominal processes of the Symphyla. + +Parapsidae: the small sclerites on each side of the scutellum in +Chalcids, marked by the parapsidal grooves. + +Parapsidal furrows: longitudinal grooves on each side of the +mesoscutum of Proctytrypidae separating the parapsides from the +middle lobe. + +Parapsidal grooves: the grooves or furrows on each side of the Chalcid +scutellum, defining the parapsidae. + +Parapsides: lateral pieces of the meso-scutum, separated from the +mesal portion by the parapsidal furrows. + +Parapteron -era: small sclerites, articulated to the dorsal extremity of +the episternum, just below the wings; absent on prothorax = the +tegulae of Hymenoptera, and patagia of Lepidoptera: have been +homologized with the elytra of Coleoptera. + +Parasita: = parasitica: q.v. + +Parasite: a species that lives in or on another animal or insect, and +depends upon the tissue of the host for its food supply. + +Parasitic: living on or in some other animal or insect in such a way as +to derive all nourishment from the tissues of the host. + +Parasitica: the sucking lice: wingless; without metamorphosis; mouth +with piercing lancets; thoracic segments similar; habits epizooetic. + +Parasitism: a form of symbiosis in which one party lives upon or at the +expense of the other, makes no return and destroys its host: see +symbiosis; commensalism. + +Parastigma: = pterostigma; q.v. + +Parastigmatic glands: small, circular glands, which secrete a waxy +powder, sometimes present around the spiracles of Coccidae. + +Paratype: is every specimen of the series from which the type was +selected see type and cotype. + +Parse: sparse or sparsely. + +Parcidentate: with few teeth. + +Parenchymatous: composed of soft cellular and connective tissue. + +Parietes: walls: the perpendicular sides of elevated bodies. + +Paronychium-ia: one or more bristle-like appendages of onychia; q.v. + +Parthenogenetic: see asexual. + +Parthenogenesis: reproduction by direct growth of germs from +egg-cells without fertilization by the male element: as in +plant lice, gall wasps, etc. + +Particolored: partly of one, partly of another color: divided into two or +more color fields. + +Partite -us: divided; e.g. the eyes of Gyrinidae. + +Parum: not much. + +Patagium -ia: in Lepidoptera, those sclerites that cover the base of +primaries: often used as synonymous with tegula and squamula, q.v.: +assigned by some writers to the pro-, by others to the meso-thorax: +homologized with the paraptera of meso-thorax. + +Patella -ae: the modified joints of anterior tarsi in Dytiscidae; +plate-like, horny or spongy structures on the undersides of the tarsal joints: +the first coxal joint. + +Patellar: pertaining to the knee-joint or cap. + +Patellariae: in Dytiscids, the unequal, cup-like impressions on the +underside of the patella. + +Patens, Patentes: open; diverging; spreading apart. + +Patric: home or country of origin. + +Patulous-ose: open, spreading. + +Paunch: a crop-like accessory pouch in some Mallophaga: any +pouch-like appendage of the alimentary canal. + +Paurometabolous: metamorphosis in which the changes of form are +gradual and inconspicuous: e.g. Orthoptera and most Rhynchota. + +Pavillions: the sheds or cells sometimes built by ants as a shelter for +groups of plant lice. + +Paxilla: a small stake or peg: a bundle of spicular processes. + +Pearlaceous: having the appearance of pearl. + +Pecten: a comb: in Hymenoptera, rigid, incurred setae on the basal +parts of maxilla and labium: the rows of spines on the feet of +pollen-gathering bees: any series of bristles arranged like a comb: in +mosquito larvae the comb-like teeth on the breathing tube. + +Pectinate: comb-shaped: with even branches like the teeth of a comb. + +Pectinato-fimbriate: having pectinations that are fringed with hair. + +Pectoralis: relating to the breast. + +Pectoral plate: in Coleoptera, the sternum. + +Pectunculate: with a row of minute appendages like the teeth of a +comb: e.g. some maxillary structures. + +Pectus: the ventral portion of thorax: variably applied in Coleoptera, +for the entire meso- and meta-thorax: also the pro- and meso-sternum: +in Diptera, is the inferior surface of the thorax between the legs. + +Pedal line: in caterpillars: extends along the base of the feet. + +Pedal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal rings of caterpillars: on +the anterior side of leg-base and, correspondingly, on apodal +segments: is VII of the abdomen where it consists of three setae: VI of +the thorax where the setae are not numbered: constant (Dyar). + +Pedamina: the aborted fore-legs of Nymphalid butterflies. + +Pedate: foot-bearing, or having feet. + +Peddler: applied to the larvae of such Cassid beetles as carry their +excrement and cast skins on an anal fork. + +Pedes: the feet, or really, legs. + +Pedicellus or Pedicle: the third joint in a geniculate antenna: forming +the pivot between scape and funicle: in general, a stalk or stem. + +Pediculosis: a state of lousiness, or the abnormal condition caused by +the multiplication of lice on the body: sec phthiriasis. + +Pediculous: lousy: infested with lice. + +Pedigerous: feet bearing. + +Peduncle: a stalk or petiole: the basal joint of the antenna in +Homoptera: the smaller of the two stalks supporting the +mushroom body; q.v. + +Pedunculated: set on a stalk or peduncle: attached by a slender stalk +or neck. + +Pelagic: inhabiting the sea, far from land. + +Pellicles: the exuviae or cast larval skins of many insects: in Coccidae +more especially applied to the hardened larval skin attached to the +puparia of Diaspinae. + +Pellit: covered with long, drooping hairs, irregularly placed. + +Pellucid: colored, but transparent: sometimes applied +when there is no color. + +Pelotons: the balls of fine tracheae in larvae, developed to +supply the adult organism. + +Pelottae: =arolia: q.v. + +Peltate: shield- or target-shaped. + +Penal claspers: in Proctytripidae. lateral fringed processes of the male +genitalia. + +Penal sheath: the horny outer covering of the penis. + +Pencil: a little, elongated brush of hair: in Diptera, applied to a group +of sensory hairs on the flagellum of the antenna. + +Pendent: hanging down. + +Pendulous: drooping: hanging free, attached to one end only. + +Penes: open, slit-like structures of the seminal vesicles to the outer +surface in Euplectoptera. + +Penicillate: with a long, flexible brush or pencil of hair: often at the +end of a thin stalk. + +Penicilli: a pair of small style or cerci-like pieces on the tip of the 8th +dorsal segment of abdomen of various male Hymenoptera. + +Penicilliform: pencil-like or shaped. + +Penicillum: a pencil or brush of long hair attached at the end of a +stalk as long as the brush, and folded in a lateral groove in some +male moths. + +Penis: the flexible, membranous, intromittent organ of the male. + +Pennaceous: = pennate. + +Fermate: feathered or bearing feather-like processes. + +Penniform: feather-like in form. + +Pentagon -um: a five-sided figure with five equal or unequal angles. + +Pentamera: Coleoptera with 5-jointed tarsi. + +Pentamerous: species having five-jointed tarsi. + +Penultimate: next to the last. + +Peptone: a soluble proteid compound produced by the digestion of +albummenoid food substances. + +Per-: as a prefix, means very: extremely: through. + +Percipient: with the power of perceiving. + +Percurrent: running through the entire length. + +Pereion: the prothorax. + +Pereipoda: the second and third pair of thoracic legs of larvae, and the +2d pair in adults. + +Perfoliate: divided into leaf-like plates: applied to antennae with +disc-like expansions connected by a stalk passing nearly through +their centres: also to any part possessing a well-developed +leaf-like or plate-like expansion. + +Pergamenous: thin, partly transparent: resembling parchment. + +Peri-: round about. + +Periopticon: a complex nerve structure back of the basilar membrane +of the eye. + +Pericardial: around, or belonging to the heart. + +Pericardial cavity: the space between the diaphragm and dorsal body +wall, which contains the heart. + +Pericardial cells: specialized cells, which lie along both sides of the +heart, and whose function it is to purify the blood. + +Pericardial chamber: is the open space around the heart or dorsal +vessel. + +Pericardial diaphragm: a delicate membranous tissue attached +to the ventral surface of the heart and laterally to the body wall +:= dorsal diaphragm wings of the heart. + +Peri-intestinal: that part of the body cavity around the alimentary +canal. + +Peri-neural: situated around a nerve: the body cavity +immediately surrounding the nervous system. + +Periodical: recurring at regular intervals. + +Periopticon: third ganglionic swelling of optic tract: see opticon. + +Peripheral: referring to the outer margin. + +Peripheria: the entire outline of the body. + +Periphery: the circumference or outer margin. + +Peripneustic: larvae which have the spiracles absent on middle and +posterior thoracic rings, and present on all other body segments. + +Peripodal cavities: pouches in the embryo in which the rudiments of +the future legs and wings are developed. + +Peripodal membrane: the cell layer surrounding the peripodal cavities. +Peristaltic: that periodic motion of the alimentary canal by means of +which the food is forced toward the anal extremity. + +Peristethium: the meso-sternum. + +Peristoma -ium: the border of the mouth or oral margin in Diptera; +sometimes used as := epistoma: q.v. + +Peristome: a membranous tissue surrounding the mouth parts at +base, and forming the true ventral wall of the head. + +Peritoneal: applied to the membrane surrounding the viscera, trachea, +and other internal structures. + +Peritracheal: surrounding the trachea. + +Peritreme: the corneous selerite surrounding a spiracle. + +Peritrophic membrane: a funnel-like extension of the fore-gut, +extending back tube-like, through the chylific ventricle in some +insects. + +Perivisceral: the cavity containing the alimentary canal and its +appendages. + +Perlate: beaded: bearing relieved, rounded points in series. + +Perpendicular: upright: at right angles to horizontal. + +Persicinus: the red of peach blossoms. + +Persistent: remaining constantly; always present. + +Personate: gaping wide open; masked; disguised. + +Pes, Pedes: a foot feet. + +Petiolar area or Petiolarea: on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera, +the apical or hindmost of the three median cells 3d median area; +apical area. + +Petiolate: that series of Hymenoptera in which there is a slender +stalk between the thorax and abdomen: = apocrita. + +Petiolate: supported or placed on a stem or stalk; usually applied in +describing venation and the method of attachment of abdomen to +thorax. + +Petiole: a stem or stalk: specifically the slender segment between the +thorax and abdomen in many Hymenoptera, and some Diptera. + +Phaeism: applied to a duskiness of butterflies occurring in a limited +region. + +Phagocyte: a corpuscle or cell that devours or absorbs noxious +organisms and also absorbs the organs of the larval stage in the +developments to the adult condition. + +Phagocytosis: the destruction or devouring of bacteria or other +microorganisms by phagocytes. + +Phalaenae: a Linnean term embracing most of the heterocerous +Lepidoptera: more specifically applied to the Geometridae. + +Phalanx -ges: a joint or joints of the tarsus: a division of classification +of uncertain value: similar to tribe. + +Phalerated: beaded. + +Phallus: =penis: q.v. + +Pharyngeal pump: = sucking pump; q.v. + +Pharynx: the back part of the mouth and upper part of the throat: a +slight enlargement at the beginning of the oesophagus: in Diptera is +sometimes restricted to the space between the hypopharynx and sub-clypeal +pump, and is then = sub-clypeal tube. + +Phauloptera: an ordinal term for the scale insects (Laporte 1835). + +Phleboptera: = Hymenoptera; q.v. + +Phonetic: sound producing; applied to stridulating structures. + +Phosphorescent: shining or glowing in the dark, like phosphorus. + +Photogenic: a light producing structure; producing a +Phosphorescent glow. + +Phragma: a partition or dividing membrane: longitudinal, thin +partitions passing down from the dorsum of meso- and meta-thorax: +the partition formed by the inflexed hinder edge of prothorax. + +Phragmocyttares: social wasps in which the combs of the nest are +wholly or partly supported by the covering envelope: see stelocyttares: +poecilocyttares. + +Phthiriasis: a diseased condition of the skin caused by sucking lice. + +Phyllophagous: feeding upon leaf tissue. + +Phylogenetic: relating to tribal or stem development. + +Phylogeny: the development of a genus, family, tribe or class: see +ontogeny. + +Phyloptera: the super-ordinal term proposed to include all +the net-veined orders, the Orthoptera and Dermatoptera. + +Phylum: a stem or tribe: used in classification to indicate a series of +related organisms. + +Physopoda: bladder-footed: = Thysanoptera; q.v. + +Phytophaga: plant-eaters: beetles in which the 4th and 5th tarsal +joints are anchylosed and the 3d is lobed. + +Phytophagus: feeding upon plants. + +Phytophilous: plant loving: species that live on plants. + +Phytophthira: plant lice: some authors include also scale insects. + +Phytoscopic: characters of light or conditions of illumination that +affect colors of caterpillars. {Scanner's comment: This is a +puzzling term. I suspect it is a misspelling of "Photoscopic"} + +Piceous -eus: pitchy black. + +Picine: black, with a bluish oily lustre. + +Pick: a chitinous maxillary structure in Psocidae. + +Pieza: the combined biting and sucking mouth of the Hymenoptera. + +Piezata: the Fabrician term for Hymenoptera. + +Pigment: any coloring matter or material that gives a color +appearance. {Scanner's comment: sic} + +Pile: a hairy or fur-like covering: in Diptera, applied to thick, fine, +short, erect hair, giving a surface appearance like velvet. + +Pilifer or Piliger: a small sclerite at each side of the clypeus in +Lepidoptera, resembling a rudimentary mandible. + +Piliferous: with a covering of fine hair or pile. + +Pillared eye: in Ephemerids, that type which is placed on a cylindrical +stalk or process: = turbinate eye. + +Pilous or Pilose: clothed with down, or dense pile: with long, sparse +hair. + +Pilosity: a covering of fine, long hair. + +Pincers: the anal forceps. + +Pinna: a narrow wing; a feather. + +Pinnae: of posterior femur in jumping Orthoptera, are the oblique +ridges running to the median line and somewhat resembling a feather. + +Pinnate: feather-like; cleft, like the wings of Alucita: with markings +resembling a feather: with stiff hairs or thorny processes occupying +opposite sides of a thin shank. + +Pinnatifid: divided into feathers, as when wings are cleft nearly to the +base. + +Pistazinus: yellowish green, with a slight brownish tinge [pale +green with a little burnt sienna]. + +Plaga: a spot, stripe or streak of color; a longitudinal spot of irregular +form. + +Plaited: longitudinally folded or laid in pleats. + +Planate: with a flattened surface. + +Plane: level, flat; applied to a surface. + +Planipennia: applied to Neuroptera in which the wings are large and +laid flat on the body wnen at rest; Sialidae, Myrmeleonidae, etc. + +Planta -ae: the basal joint of the posterior tarsus in pollen gathering +Hymenoptera: the soles of the posterior tarsal joints: the anal clasping +legs of caterpillars. + +Plantigrade: species that walk on the entire foot, not on the claws +alone. + +Plantula: a lobe of the divided tarsal pulvillus; one of the soles +or climbing cushions of the foot: see arolium; pulviglus. + +Plaques: the small leathery hemelytra in some Naucorids. + +Plasma: the liquid portion of animal fluids and cells. + +Plasticity: the capacity for being formed, moulded or developed. + +Plate: any broad flattened piece or sclerite: = squame, in Coccidae. + +Platelet: a little plate or sclerite of chitin in a membrane. + +Plates: in Coccidae, the squames; q.v.: in male Homoptera, a pair of +pieces following the last full ventral segment; usually preceded by a +short piece, - the valve. + +Platyptera: flat and broad-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects +with four net-veined wings, secondaries longitudinally folded beneath +primaries; mouth mandibulate; prothorax free; transformations +complete: Psocidae, Termitidae, Perlidae and Mallophaga. +{Scanner's comment: These four groups are now placed in totally +separate orders, and not families as these names imply} + +Plecoptera or Plectoptera: plaited winged: an ordinal term applied to +net-veined insects in which the secondaries are longitudinally folded +beneath primaries; mouth mandibulate; body loosely jointed; +prothorax free; metamorphosis incomplete: the term Plecoptera was +used by Brauer for Perlidae; Plectoptera by Packard for the +Ephemerida: there has been some confusion since, and both have +been used in the Brauer sense. + +Pleon: = abdomen; q.v. + +Pleopoda: abdominal legs of larva: posterior legs of an adult. + +Plesiobiosis: see symbiosis. + +Plesiotype: any specimen identified with a described or named species +by a person other than the describer. + +Pleura: plural of pleuron or pleurum: the lateral sclerites between the +dorsal and sternal portion of the thorax: in general, the sides of the +body between the dorsum and sternum. + +Pleural areas: on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera, the three +spaces between the lateral and pleural carinae; the 1st or anterior = +spiracular area; the 2d or central = middle pleural; the 3d or +posterior = angular area. + +Pleural carinae: in Hymenoptera, extend along the exterior margin of +the metanotum. + +Pleural pieces: the lateral sclerites of the thorax; see pleura. + +Pleurites: the sclerites into which the pleurum is divided. + +Pleuron: the side of the thorax. + +Pleuropodia: embryonic or temporary bands formed by the modified +first pair of abdominal legs in many insects. + +Pleurostict: lamellicorn beetles in which the abdominal spiracles are +situated on the dorsal portion of the ventral sclerites. + +Pleurum: = pleuron; plural, pleura; q.v. + +Plexus: a knot: applied to a knot-like mass of nerves, or tracheae. + +Plica: a fold or wrinkle: a longitudinal plait of a wing. + +Plicate: plaited; folded like a fan. + +Plications: folding,; applied to the folds on the hind wings of +Orthoptera. + +Plicipenna: = Trichoptera; proposed by Latreille. + +Plumate: like a feather. + +Plumbeus: leaden or bluish gray [neutral]. + +Plumose: feathered; like a plume: antennae that have long ciliated +processes on each side of each joint: see cirrate. + +Plump: with full, rounded outlines; not obese. + +Plumules: specialized scales of the androconia of male Lepidoptera. + +Pluri: as a prefix, means many. + +Pluri-dentate: with many teeth. + +Pluri-setose: bearing several seta; as the head in some Carabids. + +Pluri-valve: with several valves or valve-like appendages. + +Pneumogastric: the ganglion supplying nerves for the tracheal and +digestive system: also used as = vagus: q.v. + +Pneustocera: breathing horns: the prolongations of the metathoracic +spiracles in Berytidae, etc. + +Pnystega: in Odonata, applied by Charpentier to a portion of +mesonotum. + +Pobrachial: a longitudinal vein of the Ephemerid wing just +behind praebrachial; usually simple: number 7 of some systems. + +Podeon: in Hymenoptera, the petiole: the true second abdominal +segment. + +Podex: the upper plate of the anal opening; = supra-anal or +sur-anal plate in caterpillars. + +Podical plates: the latero-ventral plates attached to the loth abdominal +segment of Orthoptera; the two pieces on each side of the vent, +thought by Huxley to be rudiments of an 11th abdominal ring; united +they form the tergite of a rudimentary ring: = anal valves: paranal +lobes. + +Pododunera: apterous insects with biting mouth structures. + +Podotheca: that part of pupa that covers the legs of future adult. + +Poecilocyttares: social wasps that build their combs around the +branch or other support covered by the envelope: see stelocyttares +and phragmocyttares. + +Poisers: = halteres and balancers; q.v. + +Poison glands: sometimes applied to the salivary glands of bugs and +biting flies; more usually to an abdominal gland connected with the +sting of female Hymenoptera. + +Policate: a tibia produced inwardly into a short, bent spine or thumb. + +Politus: smooth, shiny, polished. + +Pollen: a dusty or pruinose surface covering which is easily rubbed off; + used mostly in Diptera. + +Pollen-plate: a polished area margined by hair, on the outer face of the +tibia in bees. + +Pollex: a thumb: the stout fixed spur at inside of tip of tibia. + +Pollicatus: = policate; q.v. + +Polliniferous: formed for collecting pollen: pollen bearing. + +Pollinigerous: = polliniferous: q.v. + +Pollinose: covered with a yellow, pollen-like dust. + +Poly-: many, much. + +Polyandry: where a female mates with more than one male. + +Polychromatic: many colored. + +Polydomous: applied to ants when one colony has several nests. + +Polyembryony: the production of several embryos from a single egg, as +in some Chalcids. + +Polygamy: where a male mates with more than one female. + +Polygonal: with many angles. + +Polygoneutism: the power to preduce several broods in one season. + +Polymorpha: the claviform and serricorn Coleoptera, as a whole. + +Polymorphic-ous: occurring in several forms; differing in sex, +In season, in locality or without apparent reason: undergoing +Several changes, and in this sense applied to insects with +a complete metamorphosis. + +Polynephria: applied to insects with many urinary (Malpighian) tubes. + +Polyphagous: eating many kinds of food. + +Polyphyletic: derived or descended from several stems or sources. + +Polypodous: having many feet, and thus, specifically applied to the +Myriapoda, and to the larvae of Lepidoptera and saw-flies, in +contradistinction to footless and hexapodous larvae. + +Ponderable: that which may be weighed. + +Pone: behind (the middle). + +Ponticulus: = frenulum; q.v. + +Porcate: marked with raised longitudinal lines. + +Pore: any small, round opening on the surface. + +Poriferous: closely set with deep pittings or punctures. + +Porose -us: with little round openings on the surface. + +Porrect: stretched out forward: straightly prominent. + +Post-: behind or after. + +Post-alar callosities: rounded processes at the posterior +lateral margin of the dorsum, in Diptera. + +Post-alar callus: in Diptera, a rounded swelling between the root of the +wing and the scutellum. + +Post-alar membrane: the strip of membrane connecting the squamae +with the scutellum. + +Postal vein: in Hymenoptera, = costa (Comst.). + +Post-annellus: in Hymenoptera, the 4th joint of antenna and 2d of +flagellum. + +Post antennal organs: in Collembola, oblong or ellipsoidal organs +situated just caudad of the bases of the antenna. + +Post-brachial: = pobrachial; q.v. + +Post-cerebral: applied to that pair of salivary glands in bees, situated +close to the posterior wall of the head. + +Post-clypeus: in Odonata, the upper of the two parts into which the +clypeus is divided: in Psocidae, a peculiar inflated structure behind +the clypeus: in general, the posterior or upper part of clypeus when +any line of demarcation exists: = supra-clypeus; nasus: afternose; +paraclypeus: first clypeus; clypeus posterior. + +Post-costa: = sub-costa (Comst.): in Odonata, = 1st anal vein (Comst.): + in Trichoptera = anal. + +Post-costal space: Odonata; the cell or cells lying posterior to the +post-costa = anal cell (Comst.). + +Post-cubitals: = post-nodal spaces; q.v. + +Post-dorsulum: the middle piece of the meta-notum, between the +mesophragma and post-scutellum. + +Post-embryonic -otic: the stage after the insect has come out of the +egg. + +Post-epistoma: that part of the head behind the clypeus in +Hymenoptera: see also post-clypeus. + +Posterior: hinder or hindmost: opposed to anterior: in Diptera; applied +to that face of the legs which is not visible when viewed from the front, +the legs being laterally extended. + +Posterior angle: of thorax, in Coleoptera, is the lateral angle near base +of elytra: of the wings = hind angle; anal angle; q.v. + +Posterior cells: in Diptera (Will.): 1st radial 5 (Comst.): 2d = medial 1 +(Comst.): 3d = 2d medial 2 (Comst.) 4th = medial 3 (Comst.): 5th +cubitus 1 (Comst.). + +Posterior cephalic foramen: in Odonata, the opening of head +posteriorly through which the cavities of head and thorax +communicate. + +Posterior field: of tegmina, = anal field; q.v. + +Posterior intercalary: in Diptera, is one of the anal veins (Comst.). + +Posterior lateral margins: in Orthoptera, extend from base of +pronotum downward to the posterior angle of sides. + +Posterior lobe: of the pronotum in Orthoptera, see lobe: in Diptera, +that part of wing between axillary incision and base: = alar +appendage (Loew). Posterior margin: = inner margin; q.v. + +Posterior pereion: the meta-notum. + +Posterior pleon: the terminal segments of the abdomen. + +Posterior pleopoda: the anal clasping legs of caterpillars: see planta. + +Posterior stigmatal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segments of +caterpillars; varies in position from substigmatal to stigmatal posterior; +sometimes united to V: it is IV of the abdomen, II of the thorax +(Dyar). + +Posterior trapezoidal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal +segments of caterpillars; subdorsal, posterior, always present, +rarely united with I: it is II of the abdomen, +lb of the thorax (Dyar). + +Posterior veins: those separating the posterior cells. + +Posterior wings: = secondaries: q.v. + +Postero-dorsal: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of the +dorsal and posterior face. + +Postero-ventral: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of the +ventral and posterior face. + +Postfurca: an internal process of metasternum to which the muscles +of hind legs are attached. + +Post-gena: the sclerite below occiput and behind gena in some +Orthoptera. + +Post-gula: is situated at the extreme base of the underside of the head +in Dermaptera. + +Post-humeral bristles: in Diptera, are usually two, inserted above the +dorso-pleural suture between the humeral callus and root of wing, on +the bottom of the presutural depression. + +Postical vein: in Diptera, = 5th longitudinal (Meig.); += media 3 (Comst.). + +Posticus: hinder. + +Post-media: Ephemerida; an apparently distinct vein between media +and Cubitus (Comst.). + +Post-medial line: in Lepidoptera, = t.p. line: q.v. + +Post-median: Diptera; those leg bristles situated above or behind the +middle. Post-nodal cross-veins: in Odonata, the transverse veins +between costa and radius 1, and radius 1 and media 1, from nodus to stigma, +separating the post-nodal cells or spaces: = post-cubital cross-veins. + +Post-nodal costal spaces: in Odonata, the cells below costal margin +from nodus to stigma. + +Post-nodal radial spaces: in Odonata, the cells between radius 1 and +media 1, from nodus to outer margin. + +Post-nodal sector: in Odonata, a longitudinal vein lying between +media 1 and media 2 (Comst.): = ultra-nodal sector. + +Post-oral: behind the mouth; those segments bearing mouth +structures. + +Post-pectus: the under surface of the meta-thorax. + +Post-petiole: in Hymenoptera, that part of abdomen behind petiole. + +Post-retinal: the fibres arising from the facets of the compound eye +and extending into the ganglionic plate. + +Post-scutellum: the fourth and posterior sclerite of the dorsum of the +thoracic rings. + +Post-sutural: in Trichoptera, the little plate behind the scutellum of +mesothorax: = post-scutellum. + +Poststigmatal: that portion of the marginal cell beyond the stigma in +bees: = 2d radial 1 (Comst.). + +Post-stigmatal primary tubercle: on thoracic segment of caterpillars; +sub-primary, stigmatal, posterior; it is III of the thorax and not +present on abdomen (Dyar). + +Post-subterminal: following the s. t. line in Lepidoptera. + +Post-sutural bristles: in Diptera, dorsal bristles behind transverse +suture. + +Post-terga: applied to the posterior scutes of the segments of +Coleopterous larvae. + +Post-triangular cells: = discoidal areolets; q.v. + +Post-vertical cephalic bristles: in Diptera, are in the middle of upper +part or Occiput. + +Pouch: in Trichoptera, a depressed, usually longitudinal area in a +wing. + +Prae- or Pre-: anterior to; before. + +Praebrachial: a longitudinal vein in middle of an Ephemerid wing; +usually forked: no. 6 of some systems. + +Praecostal spur: a false vein in costal angle at base of secondaries. + +Prae-dorsum: = prophragma: q.v. + +Prae-labrum: in Diptera = clypeus: q.v. + +Praeocular: before the eyes. + +Praeputium: the external membranous covering of penis: +specifically a spherical muscular mass at base of penis +in some Orthoptera. + +Prae-scutellum: a sclerite, rarely present, between the +meso-scutum and meso-scutellum. + +Prae-scutum: the first of the four divisions of the notum of the +thoracic rings. + +Prae-subterminal: preceding the s.t. line in Lepidoptera. + +Prae-terga: the anterior thoracic scutes in coleopterous larvae. + +Prae-tornal: preceding the tornus (q.v.) in Lepidoptera. + +Prasinus: grass-green [apple green]. + +Pratinicolous: frequenting or living in grassy meadows or bogs. + +Pre-alar callus: a small swelling or projection before the root of wings, +just back of outer ends of transverse suture, in Diptera. + +Pre-anal: above or before the anal opening. + +Pre-anal plate or lamina: = supra-anal plate; q.v. + +Pre-antennal: anterior to or before the antenna. + +Pre-apical: before the apex. + +Pre-balancer: = pre-halter: q.v. + +Pre-basilar: before the base. + +Precocious stages: generally applied to all stages of development from +the fertilized egg to the pupa. + +Precurrent: continuous: entire: complete: said of a vein. + +Predaceous: applied to insects that live by preying upon other +organisms. + +Predatory: = predaceous: q.v. + +Pre-eruciform: before the caterpillar stage: specifically applied to the +early larvae of some Proctytrypidae. + +Preformation: the doctrine of growth or development from already +existing rudiments; opposed to epigenesis: q.v. + +Pre-furca: "the stem vein in front of a fork, that reaches back to where +itself forks from another vein"; Diptera. + +Pregenicular: in Orthoptera, that portion of femur proximad the knee. + +Pregenicular annulus: a more or less conspicuous color ring on the +caudal femora proximad the knee in Orthoptera. + +Pre-halter: a membranous scale in front of the true haltere of a fly. + +Prehension: structures fitted for grasping or holding. + +Pre-mandibular: situated in front of the mandible: applied to a +temporary segment of the embryo: = intercalary segment. + +Pre-media: Ephemeridae; an apparently distinct vein between radius +and media (Comst.). + +Premorse: as if bitten off: with a blunt or jagged termination. + +Prensor: the genital lateral clasping organ of male Lepidoptera: see +clasper. + +Pre-ocular: see prae-ocular. + +Pre-oral: in front of the mouth: the embryonic head segments before +those bearing the mouth parts. + +Prepuce: =praeputium; q.v. + +Pre-pupal: that stage in the larva just preceding the change to pupa. + +Pre-scutellar bristles: in Diptera, are in a transverse row in front of +the scutellum. + +Pre-scutellar callus: = post-alar callus: q.v. + +Pre-scutellar rows: in Diptera, short rows of small bristles in front of +the scutellum. + +Press: =filator; q.v. + +Pressure plate: a structure at base of pulvillus, which exerts a +pressure on the sole of the pad. + +Pre-sutural bristles: in Diptera, in a trigonate depression at outer +ends of transverse suture, near dorso-pleural suture. + +Pre-sutural inter-alar bristle: the single bristle of the interalar series, +situated before the transverse suture. + +Primaries: the anterior or fore-wings. + +Primitive: simple in character; of an early or ancient type. + +Principal sector: in Odonata, extends from its point of separation +From the median sector to the outer margin, at or just below +the apex:= media 1 (Comst.). + +Principal sulcus: in Orthoptera, a transverse impression of the +prothorax, at or behind the middle. + +Priodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids that have the +smallest mandibles: see teleodont, mesodont, amphiodont. + +Prismatic: formed like a prism: a play of colors similar to that +produced through a prism. + +Pro-: anterior: used as a prefix to designate the parts of the first +thoracic segment. + +Proboscidea: an ordinal term for the Coccidae. + +Proboscis: generally applied to any extended mouth structure; usually +applied to the extensile mouth of the Diptera; frequently to the beak of +Hemiptera; sometimes to the tongue of Lepidoptera; and rarely, to the +mouth of long-tongued bees. + +Procephalic: relating or belonging to the procephalon. + +Procephalic lobes: in the embryo, form part of the anterior, +overhanging portion of the head. + +Procephalon: that segment of the head in the embryo which is formed +by the coalescence of the first three primitive segments. + +Procerebral: that segment of the brain containing the median +protocerebrum and optic ganglia; also called optic segment. + +Procerebral lobes: the central portion of the cerebrum, made up of the +fused median lobes, giving rise to the mushroom bodies; q.v. + +Procerebrum: the anterior part of the brain, formed by the ganglion of +the first primary segment; also termed ocular lobe, froth part it +innervates. Process: a prolongation of the surface, margin, or an +appendage: any prominent portion of the body not otherwise +definable. + +Process of labrum: in bees = appendicle: q.v. + +Procidentia: the narrow projecting tip of 7th dorsal segment in +Nematinae. + +Proclinate: directed forward; applied to hair or bristles. + +Proctodaeum: the invagination of epiblast that produces the anus and +intestine as far forward as and including malpighian tubes. + +Proculiform or Poculiform: hollow, cylindrical, with a hemispherical +base, the sides at top straight goblet-shaped. + +Procumbent: trailing; prostrate; lying flat. + +Produced: drawn out; prolonged; extended from. + +Proeminent: said of the head when it is horizontal and does not form +an angle with the thorax. + +Profile: the outline as seen from the side. + +Profound, Profundus: deep. + +Prognathus: having the jaws directed forward. + +Progoneate: with the genital opening on an anterior body segment. + +Progonia: the anterior angle of the secondaries. + +Proleg: any process or appendage that serves the purpose of a leg: +specifically the fleshy unjointed abdominal legs of caterpillars and +certain saw-fly larvae: = abdominal feet: false legs. + +Proloma: the anterior margin of the secondaries. + +Prolonged: extended or lengthened beyond ordinary limits. + +Promeros: the first abdominal segment in Lepidoptera. + +Prominent: raised or produced beyond the level or margin: standing +out in relief by color or otherwise: conspicuous. + +Promuscidate: with proboscis or extended mouth structure. + +Promuscis: an extended mouth structure: has been applied to the long +tongue of bees and to the rostrate structure in Hemiptera. + +Pronotal carina: in Orthoptera, the main or median carina on +pronotum. + +Pronotum: the upper or dorsal surface of the prothorax. + +Pronucleus: the nucleus of male and female elements, spermatozoa +and ova, the union of which forms the nucleus of a fertilized ovum. + +Pronymph: is that stage in certain inctabolous insects in which the +larval tissues are completely broken down, and the imaginal tissues +are just beginning to build up. + +Proparaptera: the paraptera of the prothorax: the terms erroneously +applied in this connection. + +Propedes: = prolegs: q.v. + +Prophragma: the anterior dividing wall of meso-thorax, which is horny +and, at its upper edge, bears the connecting membrane between +pro- and mesothorax. + +Prop-leg: = pro-leg; q.v. + +Propleura: the lateral portions of prothorax. + +Propleural bristles: in Diptera, are situated immediately above the +front coxa: = prothoracic bristle; q.v. + +Propneustic: larval forms in which only the most anterior spiracles +occur. + +Propodeon: = propodeum. + +Propodeum: in Hymenoptera, that part of thorax just above insertion +of abdomen, and really the first abdominal segment: see median +segment. + +Propolis: a glue or resin-like product elaborated by bees to +serve as a cement in cases where wax is not sufficiently tenacious. + +Propulsatory: that which drives onward or forward. + +Propupa: a semi-pupa: q.v. + +Propygidium: the dorsal segment or tergite in front of the pygidilini, +sometimes left exposed in Coleoptera. + +Propygium: = Hypopygium: q.v. + +Proscutum: the scutum of the pronotum. + +Proscutellum: the scutellum of the pronotum. + +Prostemmatic: = ante-ocular; q.v. + +Prosternal: belonging to the prosternum. + +Prosternal grooves: occur laterally in some Coleoptera. e.g. Elateridae, +to receive the antennae. + +Prosternal epimera: the epimera of prothorax. + +Prosternal episterna: the episterna of prothorax. + +Prosternal lobe: in some Coleoptera, an anterior prolongation of the +prosternum which more or less conceals the mouth from below. + +Prosternal spine: the curved mucro in Elateridae which extends +backward into a meso-sternal cavity: the cone or tubercle between +fore-legs in some Orthoptera. + +Prosternal suture: that suture of pro-thorax which separates the +sternum front the pleural pieces. + +Prosternellum: the sternellum of the prothorax + +Prosternum: the fore-breast: the sclerite between the fore-legs. + +Prostheca: a mandibular sclerite set with hair, articulated to the +basalis - q.v. -and equal to the lacinia of the maxilla. + +Protamphibion: a name applied by P. Mayer to the hypothetical +common ancestor of the Perlina, Ephemerina and Odonata. + +Protandry: the appearance of males earlier in the season than females. + +Protarsus: the tarsus of the anterior leg. + +Proteiform: having many fortes or varieties: protean. + +Protergum: in Odonata, the upper surface of prothorax. + +Proterotypes: primary types, including all the material upon which the +original description is based. + +Prothoracic bristle: in Diptera, a strong bristle immediately above the +front coxa: see propleural bristles. + +Prothoracic glands: occur in Orthoptera, on the sides of prothorax in +certain Phasmid genera. + +Prothoracic shield: = cervical shield: q.v. + +Prothoracotheca: the pupal covering of prothorax. + +Pro-thorax: the first thoracic ring or segment: hears the anterior legs +but no wings: when free, as in Coleoptera. is usually referred to as +"thorax" merely. + +Protocerebral segment: = ocular seginent; q.v. + +Protocerebrum: the primitive anterior cerebral vesicle. + +Protocosta: the thickened costal margin of Lepidopterous wings. + +Protocranium: the posterior part of the epicranium: sometimes used +as Occiput. + +Protogonia: the apical angle of the primaries. + +Protograph: all original description by a figure or picture made from +the original type. + +Proto-lepidoptera: proposed for those forms (Eriocephalidae) in which +lacinia and mandibles are obvious and the spiral tongue is not +developed: see neolepidoptera and paleolepidoptera. + +Protolog: the original description by words. + +Protoloma: the anterior margin of primaries. + +Protomesal: applied to certain areolets in Hymenoptera, situated +between costal cells and apical margin. + +Prototergite: the foremost dorsal segment of abdomen. + +Preto-thorax: = prothorax: q.v. + +Prototype: a primitive form to which later forms can be traced. + +Protractor: that which extends or lengthens out: applied to muscles. + +Protuberance: any elevation above the surface. + +Protuberant: rising or produced above the surface or general level. + +Proventriculus: the posterior portion of crop: the gizzard. + +Proximad: toward the proximal end. + +Proximal: that part of an appendage nearest the body: see distal. + +Prozona: in Orthoptera, the upper or dorsal surface of prothorax in +front of the principal sulcus. + +Pruinose: hoary: as if covered with a fine frost or dust. + +Pruinous -us: deep blue with a reddish tinge, like a plum [French blue ++ purple lake]. + +Psammophilous: living in sandy places. + +Pselaphotheca: that part of the pupa which covers the palpi. + +Pseudidolum: = nymph: q.v. + +Pseudimago: = sub-imago; q.v. + +Pseud- or Pseudo-: as a prefix means false, spurious, or merely +resembling. Pseudo-cellula: = accessory cell: q.v. + +Pseudo-chrysalis: the semi-pupa. + +Pseudo-coel: a false hollow; a hollow which does not form a tube. + +Pseudo-cone: a soft, gelatinous cone in the compound eye of some +Insects, replacing the crystalline cone of others. + +Pseudo-elytra: the aborted anterior wings of Strepsiptera. + +Pseudogyna fundatrix: in Aphids, is the immediate issue of a +fecundated egg: a stem-mother. + +Pseudogyna gemmans: in Aphids. are wingless descendants of the +stem-mother (fundatrix) or of the winged migrants (migrans) which +reproduce asexually through a number of generations. + +Pseudogyna migrans: in Aphids, the winged descendants of the +stem-mother (fundatrix) through which the species is spread. + +Pseudogyna pupifera: in Aphids, the last generation of p. gemmans, +which produces the true sexes. + +Pseudogyna: a female that reproduces without impregnation. + +Pseudo-halteres: the rudimentary primaries of Stylops. + +Pseudo-neurium: a false vein formed by a chitinous thickening of a +wing fold. + +Pseudo-neuroptera: those net-winged insects with incomplete +metamorphosis: includes the present Ephemeroptera, Odonata, +Plecoptera, Isoptera and Corrodentia: = Archiptera. + +Pseudonychium -ia: = paronychia; q.v. + +Pseudo-nymph: = semipupa; q.v. + +Pseudopodia: = parapodia; q.v. + +Pseudoptera: an ordinal name for the scale insects (Amyot 1847) + +Pseudo-pupa: the inactive larval stage preceding the formation of the +true pupa in some insccts; e.g. Meloidae: = semi-pupa; q.v. + +Pseudo-pupillae: in Odonata, the black spots seen on the compound +eyes of the living insects. + +Pseudosessile: those petiolate Hymenoptera, in which the abdomen is +so close to the thorax as to seem sessile. + +Pseudo-trachea: the ringed and ridged grooves on the labella of +Diptera, by means of which they scrape their food. + +Pseudova: egg-like germ cells capable of development without +fertilization e.g. in certain plant lice. + +Pseudovary: the organ or mass of germ cells of an agamic insect. + +Pseudo-vitellus: a cellular organ in Aphididae, supposed to replace the +absent Malpighian tubules. + +Psocoptera: = Corrodentia; q.v. + +Psychogenesis: the origin and development of social and other +instincts and habits. + +Pterodicera: with wings and two antenna. + +Pterogostia: the wing veins. + +Pterogostia: referring to the wing structure. + +Pteropega: wing sockets or cavities into which the wings are inserted. + +Pteropleura: in Diptera, are situated below the base of the wings +behind the meso-pleural suture: = the posterior lateral plate of +mesothorax of Lowne; the episternum of meso-thorax of Hammond. + +Pteropleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted on the pteropleura. + +Pterostigma: a thickened, opaque spot on the costal margin of a wing, +near its middle or at end of the radius: = bathmis, and see stigma. + +Pterotheca: that part of the pupa that covers the wings. + +Pterothorax: the wing-hearing thoracic segments in Thysanoptera. + +Pterygium: a lateral expansion of the snout of some Coleoptera. + +Pterygodes: the patagia or tegtila: q.v. + +Pterygogenea: insects that are winged in the adult stage or believed to +be descended from winged ancestors: see apterogogenea. + +Pterygostium: a wing vein. + +Pterygote: wing bearing. + +Ptilinum: in Diptera cyclorrhapha, an inflatable organ capable of being +thrust out through a frontal suture just above the root of antenna. + +Ptilota: winged insects. + +Pubes or Pubescence: short, fine, soft, erect hair or down. + +Pubescent: downy: clothed with soft, short, fine, closely set hair. + +Pubis: the lateral region of the prothorax. + +Pulmonarium: the membranous connection of the plates or scutes of +the abdominal rings: = connexivum. + +Pulsatile: having the power of pulsating or moving in a rhythmic +manner: applied to special organs in the legs, which aid in circulating +the blood in these appendages. + +Pulverulent: powdery or dusty in appearance. + +Pulvilliform: having the appearance or structure of a pulvillus. + +Pulvillus -i: soft, pad-like structures between tarsal claws: the +cushions of short, stiff hair or other clothing on the underside of +tarsal joints; rarely fleshy lobes: see arolium. + +Pulvinatus: moderately convex. + +Punctate: set with impressed points or punctures. + +Punctiformis: shaped like a point or dot. + +Punctulatus: with small punctures. + +Puncture: an impression like that made by a needle. + +Punctured: marked with small, impressed dots. + +Puniceus: carmine red [carmine]. + +Pupa: the intermediate stage between larva and adult; loosely applied +for all orders, properly only for those with a complete metamorphosis: +a pupa is obtect, when inclosed in a rigid case on which the members +may or may not be outlined. It is liber, or free when the appendages +are separately encased and there is no covering over the whole: see +chrysalis. + +Puparium -ia: in Diptera, the thickened larval skin within which the +pupa is formed. + +Pupate, Pupation: to become a pupa: the act of becoming a pupa. + +Pupiferous: applied to that generation of plant lice which produces +sexed individuals. + +Pupigenous: =pupiparous; q.v. + +Pupigerous: forming a larval pupariuni: coarctate: said of dipterous +larva that contract to form an envelope for the inclosed pupa. + +Pupil: the central mark of an ocellate spot. + +Pupillate: spots or marks that have an eye-like centre. + +Pupipara: a series of Diptera, in which the females do not extrude the +young until they have reached the stage ready to pupate. + +Pupiparous: bringing forth young ready to pupate. + +Pupivorous: feeding upon pupa: especially applied to those +Hymenoptera that are parasitic upon insects in the pupal stage. + +Purpurascent: becoming purple in shade. + +Purpureous -eus: purple [mauve]. + +Pustular a colored point of moderate circumference. + +Pustulated hair: in Mallophaga those arising from unchitinized +spaces. + +Pygidium: the last dorsal segment of abdomen left exposed by the +elytra: in Forficulidw, the last dorsal segment: in Diaspincr, the +compound terminal segment. + +Pygofer: the last segment of the abdomen in certain Homoptera, +especially the lateral margins which appear in the ventral view; hence +sometimes used in the plural - pygofers. + +Pygophore: the large upper piece of the genitalia in Homoptera. + +Pygotheca: the parts containing the genitalia in Homoptera. + +Pyloric: referring to the posterior extremity of the chylific ventricle. + +Pyloric valve: the specialized posterior portion of crop where there is +no distinct gizzard. + +Pyloric valvule: a circular projection of the stomach behind which is +an enlargement of the intestine. + +Pylorus: the chylific ventricle. + +Pyriform: shaped like a pear. + + + + +Q + +Quadra -ri -ro: as a prefix, means four. + +Quadrate: square or nearly so. + +Quadrifarium: having four rows. + +Quadrilateral: four-sided: formed or bounded by four lines: in +Odonata, a space on the wings of Zygoptera bounded by the lower +sector of arculus, the sub-median vein, a cross-vein between these +two, and the lower part of arculus. + +Queen: the actively reproducing female among worker insects. + +Quiescent: not active: applied to the pupae in forms with complete +metamorphosis. + +Quiet: subdued: not conspicuous or contrasting in color or +maculation. + + + + +R + +Race: a variety of a species possessing constant characters which yet +are not specific; usually occurring in a different faunal region from the +type and may thus be geographical: nearly synonymous with +subspecies. + +Racemose: like a bunch of grapes: applied to ovaries when they form +bunches or sacs. + +Rachis: a ridge or keel dividing the spinning canal at base, in +caterpillars; the shank of an antennal joint into which the lateral +spines or other processes are inserted. + +Radial: pertaining to the radius or radial vein. + +Radial area: in Orthoptera; the space between the mediastinal ( +subcosta) and radial veins: see scapular area. + +Radial cells: the wing area between the radius and media; often +divided: in the plural (Comst.), are those cells anteriorly margined by +the radius or its branches. + +Radial cross vein: (Comst.), is that which divides cell, radius 1. + +Radial sector: in general, the lower of the two primary divisions of the +radius (Comst.): in Odonata, an indirect branch from the media, just +below and parallel with media 2. + +Radial vein: in Homoptera, the first important vein next the costa +between it and ulnar: in Orthoptera, = radius (Comst.): in Diptera, = +2d longitudinal vein (Meigen), = radius 2 (Comst.). + +Radiate veins: the longitudinal veins spreading fan-like in the anal +field of secondaries: = anal veins; q.v. + +Radiated: marked with lines proceeding from a common centre. + +Radicle or Radicula: that joint of the antenna that is articulated to the +head. + +Radio-medial cross vein: connects the radial and medial systems and +usually closes the radial cell (Comst.). + +Radius: (Comst.); the third of the longitudinal veins starting from +base and dividing into not more than five branches before reaching +the margin: the branches are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, +respectively, beginning at the costal margin and extending outward +and downward. + +Radix: base of wings, and their point of insertion; see pteropega. + +Rami -us: branches: a branch. + +Ramification: the branching out in every direction. + +Ramify: to branch out in every direction. + +Rammel-kammer: = copulation chamber; q.v. + +Ramose -ous: branched, or having long branches. + +Rapacious: predatory; capturing and eating prey. + +Raptatory: = raptorial; q.v. + +Raptoria: applied to that series of Orthoptera, in which the anterior +legs are fitted for grasping; Mantidae {Scanner's comment: No longer +Orthoptera, but Mantodea, a suborder of the Dictyoptera.} + +Raptorial: formed for seizing prey. + +Rare: seldom seen or found. + +Rasorial: formed for scratching; applied to leg structures. + +Ravenous: greedy; voracious; hungrily. + +Receptaculum seminis: a sac or pouch-like appendage at the junction +of the oviducts with the vagina; it is filled during copulation and the +eggs are fertilized from it as they are extruded. + +Reclinate: directed backward; e.g. the bristles in Diptera. + +Reclinatus: = reflexed; q.v. + +Reclivate: curved into a convex, then into a concave line. + +Recondite: the sting when concealed in the abdomen. + +Rectal cauda: the terminal, tubular process or tail terminating the +abdomen of some male Hemiptera. + +Rectal glands: appendages to or thickenings of the rectum secreting a +lubricating material. + +Rectal tracheal gills: lamelliform structures in the rectum of the +nymphs of some Odonata, supplied with trachea and tracheoles and +serving as respiratory organs. + +Rectangular: in the form of a right or rectangle. + +Rectangulate: forming or meeting in a right angle. + +Rectigrade: larvae which, having sixteen feet, walk with a rectilinear +body. + +Rectilinear: in the form of a straight line. + +Rectum: a chamber, variable in size and form, just within the anus, in +which the excretions are formed or molded for expulsion from the +body:= cloaca. + +Rectus: right or straight. + +Recumbent: lying down; reclining. + +Recurrent: running backward: applied to nerves it = stomatogastric. + +Recurrent nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.), is the medial cross vein +(Comst.), from the point of branching to the junction. + +Recurrent vein: in Hemerobiidae, the first branch of the subcosta +when it recurves toward the base of the wing. + +Recurved: bowed backward. + +Reductus: a zig-zag marking or corrugation. + +Reflected or Reflexed: angularly bent backward. + +Refracted: bent back as if broken. + +Region: a space or area adjoining a specified point: a part of the body +composed of a number of segments, as the head, the thorax, or the +abdomen. + +Rejuvenescence: a renewal of youth; bringing back to a condition of +youth. + +Remote: further removed than distant. + +Reniform: kidney-shaped: applied to a macula approximating that +shape, found at the end of median cell in many moths. + +Repand: wavy; with alternate segments of circles and intervening +angles. + +Replicate: wings folded back upon the base; like the secondaries in +Coleoptera. + +Replicatile: capable of being folded back. + +Repugnatorial: serving to repel: so offensive as to drive away: applied +to glands that secrete an offensive material. + +Reservoir: a case or cavity for the storage of any fluid or secretion. + +Resilient: elastic; having the property of springing back. + +Respiration: breathing or taking breath: union of oxygen with tissues +and liberation of carbon dioxide from same. + +Restricted: held back: confined to a limited area. + +Resupinate: upside down; horizontally reversed. + +Rete: the fatty mass of insects: also applied generally to any +structureless membrane or layer. + +Reticulate: like net-work. + +Reticulum: a net-work; as of a cell. + +Retina: that portion of the eye upon which the image is formed. + +Retinaculum: in Lepidoptera, the loop into which the frenulum of the +male is fitted; = hamus, q.v.: in Hymenoptera, horny, movable scales +serving to move the sting or to prevent its being darted out too far: in +Coleoptera, the middle, tooth-like process of the larval mandible. + +Retinal pigment: the pigment layer of the compound eye just above the +basilar or fenestrate membrane. + +Retinophora: = retinula; q.v. + +Retinula -ae: the retina of a single ocellus: the nerve fibres or cells +between pigment cells and retina of the compound eye. + +Retracted: drawn back; opposed to prominent. + +Retractile: capable of being drawn in or retracted. + +Retractor: used in drawing in or back; as a muscle. + +Retroarcuate: curved backwards. + +Retrocession: the going or moving backward. + +Retrose: (sinuate), pointing backwards; (serrate) inversely serrated. + +Retuse: ending in an obtuse sinus or broad, shallow notch, terminated +by an obtuse hollow. + +Reversed: turned in, an unusual or contrary direction, as upside down +or inside out: said of wings when they are deflexed, the margin of +secondaries projecting beyond those of primaries. + +Reviviscence: coming back to life; awakening from hibernation. + +Revolute: spirally rolled backward. + +Rhabdites: the blade-like elements of the sting and ovipositor: a rod +or bladelike process projecting from the epidermis. + +Rhabdom: the rod lying in the axis of the retinula, below the +crystalline cone of an eye. + +Rhabdomere: the rod-like distal portion of a retinular cell. + +Rhabdopoda: clasping organs of the 9th abdominal segment of male. + +Rhinarium: a nostril piece or portion of the nasus: q.v.: in Odonata, +the lower portion of clypeus = ante-clypeus; q.v. + +Rhipiptera: = Strepsiptera q.v. + +Rhomboidal: having the form of a rhomb. + +Rhombus: a quadrangular figure having its four sides equal and its +opposite lines parallel, with two opposite angles acute and two obtuse. + +Rhopalocera: that series of Lepidoptera in which the antenna are alike +in both sexes and form a club at tip. + +Rhodoptera: apterous insects with sucking mouth structures. + +Rhophoteira: an ordinal term for the fleas (Clairville). + +Rhynchophora: that section of Coleoptera, in which the head is +produced into a snout, at the end of which the mouth structures are +situated; gular sutures confluent: prosternal sutures wanting: the +weevils. + +Rhynchota: = Rhyngota: q.v. + +Rhynchus: of Fabricius, = promuscis: q.v. + +Rhyngota: insects in which the mouth parts are prolonged into a beak +or rostrum which serves as a protection to the piercing lancets: +Hemiptera in the broad sense. + +Rhythmical: occurring at regular intervals in the production of +opposite conditions. + +Rigid: inflexible: holding a direct course. + +Rima: a crack or longitudinal opening with sharp edges. + +Rimose: full of cracks. + +Ring: a circle or annulus, usually margining a discolored spot. + +Ringent: gaping. + +Riparian: along the river or along shore. + +Ripicolous: dwelling on river banks: riparian. + +Rorulentum: dusty: =pulverulent: q.v. + +Roseate-eous,-ens: rose colored: pale blood red [rose]. + +Rosette-shaped: in the form of a double rose: clustered round a +centre. + +Rostellum: a small beak; applied to the mouth parts of sucking lice: +also used in Hemiptera, as = rostrum; q.v. + +Rostral: pertaining or attached to a rostrum; specifically of +Hemiptera. + +Rostrate: the head, when it has a long protraction bearing the mouth +parts. + +Rostriform: produced like a beak or snout. + +Rostrum: a snout-like prolongation of the head: in Coleoptera, +applied to the rigid extension in the snout beetles: in Hemiptera, is the +jointed beak covering the piercing lancets; and this is the better use +of the term. + +Rotate: wheel-shaped. + +Rotator: used for turning; applied to muscles. + +Rotatory: an articulation that permits a rotating motion, e.g. a ball +and socket joint. + +Rotula: a small round segment sometimes present between the joints +of antenna; and palpi: = torquillus. + +Rotule: the trochantine. + +Rotundate: rounded: in the form of a circle or segment of a circle: +without angles: said of margins when they pass gradually into each +other and do not form an angle at their point of junction. + +Royal jelly: the food supplied to bee larva that develop into queens. + +Royal pairs or Royalties: the sexually active males and females of +social insects. + +Ruben: red, approaching carmine [alizar crimson]. + +Rubescent: reddish or becoming red. + +Rubiginose: a rusty red [dragon's blood, but brighter]. + +Rubinous: ruby red: like the eye of a house fly. + +Rudiment -any: the beginning of any structure or part before it has +developed. + +Rufescent: reddish. + +Rufous: brick-red [chronic yellow + dragon's blood]. + +Ruga, Rugulae: a wrinkle; small wrinkles. + +Rugose -ous: wrinkled: with irregular waved elevated lines. + +Rugulose -ous; minutely wrinkled. + +Runcinate: notched: cut into several transverse acute segments +which point backward. + +Ruptor ovi: = egg burster; q.v. + +Rutilous: a shining bronze red. + + + + + + +S + +Sabulose: sandy or gritty. + +Sac: in Coccidae, the separate cottony envelope secreted by many +species. + +Saccate: gibbous or inflated toward one end. + +Saccule: a little sac or pouch. + +Saccus: a lobe of ventral plate of 9th segment in female Lepidoptera. + +Saddle: the chitinous plate on the anal siphon of Culicid larvae. + +Sagitta: arrow-like spots on the wings of Lepidoptera and other +insects. + +Sagittae: the inner pair of forceps in male genitalia of aculeate +Hymenoptera: see stipites. + +Sagittal: equivalent to longitudinal. + +Sagittal plane: the longitudinal vertical plane which divides an animal +into right and left halves. + +Sagittate: shaped like an arrow head: elongate triangular. + +Salient: projecting; jutting out. + +Saliva: the secretion of the salivary glands that moistens and begins +the digestion of the food. + +Salivary glands: glands that open into the mouth or at the beginning +of the alimentary canal, secreting a digestive, irritant or viscid +material. + +Salivary receptacle: a small cavity above the opening of the salivary +duct, between labium and hypopharynx. + +Salivary pump: applied to the chitinous, cup-like structure at the base +of the labial stylets of piercing Diptera; e.g. mosquitoes. + +Saltatoria: that series of Orthoptera in which the posterior legs are +formed for jumping. + +Saltatorial or Saltatory: formed for jumping or leaping: a posterior +femur when much enlarged and dilated. + +Saltatory appendage: in Collembola = furcula; q.v. + +Sanguineous -eus: red like arterial blood [crimson lake]. + +Sanguinolent: bloody; in color or appearance. + +Sapphyrinus: sapphire blue [French blue]. + +Sarcolemma: the elastic covering of the striated muscular fibres. + +Sarothrum: the basal joint of posterior tarsus in pollen gatherers: see +metatarsus. + +Saturate: deeply or strongly marked; in a color, means intense. + +Saxicolous: species that frequent rocky or stony areas. + +Saws: the ovipositors of the saw flies or Tenthredinidae. + +Scaber: uneven, rough. + +Scabriculous: regularly and finely wrinkled. + +Scabrose -ous: rough like a file, with small raised points. + +Scalariform: ladder-like; applied to venation when the veinlets +between two longitudinal veins are regularly arranged like the rungs of +a ladder. + +Scale: a general term to distinguish Coccidae: specifically the +puparium of a Diaspid, comprising exuviae and excreted matter: the +waxy covering of a male Lecaniid: in Diptera = alula: q.v. + +Scales: broad flattened hairs, forming the wing vestiture of +Lepidoptera, and present in various other insects. + +Scalloped: an edge marked by segments of circles without intervening +angles. + +Scalpellus: a lancet-like piercing structure, as in some Diptera. + +Scalpriform: chisel-shaped. + +Scansorial: said of feet, when formed for climbing on hair. + +Scape: the long basal joint of a geniculate antenna in Coleoptera; +usually applied to the three basal joints, as in Hymenoptera. + +Scaphiform: boat-shaped. + +Scaphium: a ventral process of the 10th abdominal segment in male +Lepidoptera below the uncus. + +Scapula: in Lepidoptera the shoulder tippets, patagia or axillae; q.v.: +in Hymenoptera, the side pieces of the mesonotum; also, a trochanter +of the fore-leg; in Proctotrupidae the lateral lobes on each side of the +parapsidal furrow. + +Scapulae: in Hemiptera, the inferior lateral face of mesonotum. + +Scapular: the episternum; q.v.: applied to the scapula. + +Scapular area: in a wing, is that portion nearest the shoulder: in +Orthoptera, = radial area. + +Scapularia: a meso-episternum: see scapula. + +Scapular vein: in Orthoptera, = radius. + +Scapus: = scape. + +Scarabidoid: applied to that stage of a meloid larva in which it +resembles a white grub or Scarabid larva. + +Scarified: a surface with irregular depressions, as if clawed or +scratched. + +Scariose -ous: dry and scaly. + +Scatophagous: feeding upon dung or excrement:= merdivorous. + +Scent glands, or organs: glandular structures; sometimes eversible, +sometimes in the form of hair tufts or pencils for diffusing odors that +may be repellant or attractive; most frequently found in males as a +secondary sexual character. + +Scent pores: = ostioles; q.v. + +Sclerite: any piece of the body wall bounded by sutures. + +Scopa: a brush: a covering of short, stiff hair of equal length: in +Hymenoptera, the thick hair covering the posterior tibia of +pollen-gathering forms. + +Scopate: furnished with a scopa. + +Scopula: a small, dense tuft of hair: the bristles or stiff hairs covering +the inner side of basal joint on the tarsi of pollen-gathering +Hymenoptera. + +Scopulipedes: bees which have pollen gathering structures on the feet. + +Scraper: the hardened portion of the inner margin of the tegmina in +crickets used in producing the song. + +Scriptus: lettered or marked with characters resembling letters. + +Scrobes: grooves formed for the reception or concealment of an +appendage specifically, in Rhynchophora, grooves at the sides of the +rostrum to receive the scape of antenna 2: also applied to grooves on +the sides of mandibles: in Hymenoptera, the usually circular +impressions upon the frons, in which the scapes revolve: in +Orthoptera, the pits in which the antenna; are situate. + +Scrobiculated: having the surface covered with deep round pits. + +Scrotal membrane: the envelope covering the testes in some insects. + +Scrotiform: purse-shaped. + +Scrotum: = scrotal membrane; q, v. + +Sculpture: the markings or pattern of impression or elevation on an +elytra or other body surface. + +Sculptured: a surface, when marked with elevations or depressions or +both, arranged in some definite manner. + +Scutate-iform: shield or buckler-shaped. + +Scutcheon: = scutellum; q.v.: also used by some authors (Walker) for +the pronotum in Homoptera. + +Scutel: = scutellum: q.v. + +Scutellar angle: of elytra is next to the scutel when wing is expanded. + +Scutellar bridge: in Diptera, a small ridge on either side of the +Scutellum, connecting it with the mesonotum. + +Scutellar space: in Mantids, an area between antennae and clypeus. + +Scutellate: dish- or platter-shaped. + +Scutellum: the third dorsal sclerite of the meso- and meta-thorax: in +Coleoptera, the triangular piece between the elytra at base and +universally referred to as the scutellum: in Heteroptera, a similar +sclerite between base of hemelytra: in Diptera, a sub-hemispherical. +body posteriorly cut off by an impressed line from the dorsum of the +meso-thorax. + +Scutes: the chitinous shields or plates on the segments of larvae. + +Scutiform: = scutate; q.v. + +Scutum: the second dorsal sclerite of the meso- and meta-thorax. + +Seal-brown: a brilliant deep red-brown: almost like, but darker than +castaneous [between dragon's blood and Indian red]. + +Sebaceous: fatty or oily; applied to glands secreting such substances. + +Sebific: oily; sebaceous; somewhat sticky. + +Sebific duct: carries the excretions of the colleterial gland to the bursa +copulatrix. + +Second antennal segment: the third or tritocerebral segment of head. + +Secondaries: the hind wings; always attached to the meta-thorax. + +Secondary sexual characters: features possessed by one sex but not +the other, other than the differences of the reproductive organs +themselves; e.g. color, size, shape, etc. + +Second clypeus: see anteclypeus. + +Second costal cell: in Hymenoptera (Pack.); is the stigma. + +Second inner apical: in Hymenoptera (Nort.), = media 3 (Comst), to the +junction of medial cross-vein; also called sub-marginal nervure in +part. + +Second lateral thoracic suture: in Odonata, extends front base of +secondaries to the rear of the third coxa. + +Second longitudinal vein: in Diptera:= radius 2 + 3 (Comst). Second +maxilla: the labium: q.v. + +Second maxillary segment: the seventh or labial segment of head. + +Second median area: see median area; areola. + +Second submarginal nervure: Hymenoptera (Nort.), = radius 5 +(Comst.). + +Secretion: any matter produced by a gland: in Coccidae, specifically, +the waxy, fibrous, cottony or silky substances forming the "scales." + +Secretionary supplement: that part of a Diaspid scale extending +beyond or around the pellicles. + +Secretory: concerned in the process of secretion. + +Sectores coronis: the tearing or cutting structures used by the +Lepidoptera in working out of a cocoon. + +Sectors: longitudinal veins in Odonata, which strike the principal +veins at an angle, and usually reach the apex or hind margin: they +are radial, subnodal, principal, nodal, median, short, and upper and +lower of triangle: all of which see. + +Secund: pointing one way: unilateral. + +Securiform: triangular-compressed; like the blade of a hatchet. + +Sedentary: not active: settled or remaining in one place. + +Segment: a ring or division bounded by incisions or sutures: a +segment of an insect or of any articulate is a transverse portion +reaching entirely across the body, originally separated on the exterior +by incisions or sutures from the preceding and the succeeding +segments, having attached to it not more than one pair of ventral +appendages, containing internally not more than one pair of nerve +ganglia which supply nerves to the pair of appendages; = somite, +arthromere: fusion of segments frequently obscures, as in the head: +externally the walls of one segment may be composed of a number of +sclerites separated from each other by secondary sutures. + +Segmentate: made up of rings or segments. + +Segmentation of egg: the division of the originally single celled egg into +a number of coherent cells or blastomeres; = cleavage. + +Segregated: detached or scattered into groups. + +Segregation: a separation or placing apart. + +Sejunctus: separated. + +Sellate: saddle-shaped. + +Sematophore: a seminal packet, composed of the seminal fluid mixed +with the excretions of the accessory glands. + +Sembling: = assembling; q.v. + +Semen: the fluid secreted in the testes, containing the spermatozoa. + +Semi-: half. + +Semicircular: like the half of a circle. + +Semi-complete: in metamorphosis, = incomplete; q.v. + +Semicordate: half or partly heart-shaped. + +Semicoronate: partly surrounded by a margin of spines, hooks or the +like. + +Semicoronet: a margin of spines or hooks partly surrounding a +structure or process. + +Semi-cylindrical: like a groove or half a cylinder. + +Semi-hyaline: hyaline in part only: not altogether transparent. + +Semi-looper: a caterpillar in which one or two pairs only of the +abdominal legs are wanting and where in progression, only small +loops are formed: see looper. + +Semi-lunar: in the form of half a crescent. + +Semi-lunar valve: guards the auriculo-ventricular opening of the +heart. + +Seminal ducts: = vasa deferentia; q.v. + +Seminal vesicles: enlarged tube or pouch-like structures which serve +to store the seminal fluid of the male, and in which the later stages of +its development may take place. + +Seminiferous: semen-secreting. + +Semipupa: that stage of the larva just preceding pupation: more +specifically the interpolated stage between the active larva and the +true pupa, in hyper-metamorphosis. + +Semi-saggitate: like the longitudinal half of an arrow head. + +Semitropical or Gulf strip: is the southern part of the Austro-riparian +area extends from Texas to Southern Florida, covers a narrow strip in +So. Georgia and probably follows the coastal lowlands into South +Carolina. + +Sensim: gradually. + +Sensoria: the circular openings covered by membrane, on the antenna +or legs of plant lice. + +Sensory: relating to or having a sense function. + +Sensory pittings: deep pits or punctures through the surface, which +may or may not bear pegs, bristles or seta, and may be open or +covered by a membrane; serving as organs of perception for sounds or +smells. + +Septa, Septula: in Odonata, the triangular area of the mesonotum +before the insertion of the primaries: = calli axillary. + +Septum: an internal division of a body cavity. + +Sequence: the order in which things follow; e.g. species or genera. + +Seriatim: placed in longitudinal rows. + +Sericeous: silky: clothed with very dense minute hair which gives a +silky lustre. + +Sericterium -ies: the silk producing gland or glands in caterpillars: the +spinning structures. + +Series: a group of species, genera or families, arranged to show +agreement in a common character which is not of sufficient +importance to warrant the next higher division. + +Serific glands: are these which produce a thick, mucous-like secretion +which, on hardening, forms silk. + +Serosa: the outer membrane that envelops the forming embryo, the +amnion and the remainder of the egg. + +Serpentinous: a dirty, dark green [Hooker's green]. + +Serra: a saw or saw-like part. + +Serrate: saw-toothed, the teeth set toward one end. + +Serrato-dentate: toothed, the edges themselves saw-toothed. + +Serratulate: with little teeth or serrations. + +Serricornia: that series of Coleoptera in which the antenna are serrate +or saw-toothed. + +Serriferous: possessing a saw-like ovipositor in the female; the +saw-flies. + +Serrulate: with numerous little saw teeth. + +Serum: the fluid in which the blood corpuscles float or are suspended. + +Sesquialter or Sesquiocellus: a large ocellus including a smaller one. + +Sesquitertial: occupying a fourth part. + +Sessile: closely seated: the abdomen, when it is closely attached for +nearly or quite its full width to the thorax. + +Sessiliventres: Hymenoptera in which the abdomen is sessile. + +Seta -ae: a pointed bristle or long stiff hair: slender, hair-like +appendages. + +Setaceous: bristle-shaped: slender, gradually tapering to a tip. + +Setarious aristate: the dipterous antenna when the arista is simple. + +Setiferous: = setigercus; q.v. + +Setiform: in the form of a bristle or seta: when a slender short bristle +arises from a thicker basal joint. + +Setigenous: the hypodermal cells that give rise to setae. + +Setigerous: bearing setae or bristles; e.g. punctures. + +Setiparous: producing hair or sets. + +Setireme: the hairy, oar-like legs of aquatic insects. + +Setose -ous: bristly or set with bristles. + +Setula: a small stiff bristle or seta: in Diptera, the small thorn at the +end of the sub-costa. + +Setulose: clothed with fine seta or setulae. + +Sex: as a number, six: the physical difference between male and +female: usually indicated by the sign of Mars (?) for male, and Venus +(?) for female; workers or undeveloped females have the sign of Venus +without the cross line, or a combination of the two others. + +Sexuparae: that generation of plant lice which produces the true +sexes. + +Shade: a cloudy, ill-defined streak or band. + +Shagreened: a surface roughened with minute tooth-like projections. + +Shank: = tibia; q.v. + +Shard: a chitinous sheath or elytron. + +Sharp: with a pointed tip or thin edge; opposed to blunt. + +Sheath of penis: in Odonata, a median, hood-like piece between the +hamules, under which the penis is folded when not in use. + +Shin: = tibia; q.v. + +Short sector: in Odonata, = media 4 (Comst.). + +Shoulder: loosely applied to an obtuse angulation; more generally to +the humeral angle of fore wings or elytra: the anterior angles of +thorax in Lepidoptera; the angles of prothorax in Heteroptera: the +lateral angles of metazona of pronotum in Orthoptera. + +Sialisterium: a salivary gland. + +Side: the lateral margin of the body. + +Side piece: in genitalia of male Culicids the main lateral part of the +clasping organ or basal segment of clasp. + +Sides of thorax: in Odonata, includes the pleura of meso- and meta- +thorax, less the meso-episterna. + +Sienna: a brownish orange [brown ochre]. + +Sigmoid: shaped like the Greek letter sigma, or English S. + +Signate -us: = with marks or spots; see notate. + +Signature: a colored blotch of any size or shape. + +Silaceous: = ochraceous. + +Silk: the hardened salivary secretion of certain larvae, mainly of +Lepidoptera. similar material is produced by anal glands of some larva +in Neuroptera. + +Silk-glands: a pair of modified salivary glands in certain larva, mostly +of Lepidoptera that secrete a viscid fluid which, on contact with the +air, hardens into a silken fibre. + +Silvicolous: living in moist, shady woods. + +Simple, Simplex: without process, armature, or appendage of any +kind. + +Simple eyes: = ocelli; q.v. + +Sinciput: in Coleoptera; that part of the vertex between the eyes. + +Sinistrad: toward the left. + +Sinistral: extending to or at the left from the median line. + +Sinistro-caudad: extending obliquely from the left toward the tail. + +Sinistro-cephalad: extending obliquely from the left toward the head. + +Sinuate: cut into sinuses; applied to lines and margins with an in and +out curve. + +Sinuated: winding: with the edge scooped into sinuses. + +Sinuato-convex: sinuate and convex. + +Sinuato-lobate: sinuate and lobed. + +Sinuato-truncate: truncated, with the margin sinuate. + +Sinuous: undulating; curved in and out. + +Sinus: a curvilinear indentation more or less profound: an excavation +as if scooped out: a curved break in an otherwise straight margin. + +Siphon: a tube-like mouth organ in certain insects: the breathing +tube of a Culicid larva: any tubular external process or structure. + +Siphonaptera: an ordinal name for insects which are wingless: mouth +formed for piercing and sucking; saltatorial; transformations +complete: the fleas = Aphaniptera; q.v. + +Siphonata: = Homoptera or, more specifically, plant lice and leaf +hoppers. + +Siphonets: see honey tubes. + +Siphonophora: = Coccinellidae; the term is preoccupied in the +Coelenterates. + +Siphunculata: the sucking lice. + +Siphunculus: the suctorial organ of a louse, contained within the +tubule: in plant lice =honey tubes; q.v. + +Situ (in): in its natural place or position. + +Sixth longitudinal vein: in Diptera; = 1st anal vein (Comst.). + +Skeleton: the hard chitinous parts which externally (exoskeleton) or +internally (endoskeleton) form a protective covering, or serve as points +of attachment, to muscles and other soft organs. + +Skippers: a popular term for Hesperid butterflies: the dipterous larva +sometimes found in cheese and other provisions. + +Slaty: very dark blackish gray with a reddish tinge [neutral with a +little Indian red]. + +Slug: in general, any larva that has a slimy viscid appearance, and the +body closely applied to the food plant: more specifically, the larvae of +certain saw-flies and of some Coleoptera. + +S. M. interspace: sub-median interspace in the primaries of +Lepidoptera, includes the space between the median and sub-median +veins; (cubitus and 1st anal, Comst.). + +Smaltinus: a dull grayish blue. + +Smaragdinus: emerald green [pale green]. + +Smooth: a surface without elevations or indentations. + +Snout: the prolongation of the head in Rhynchophora at the end of +which the mouth parts are situated: see rostrum. + +Social: living in communities: more especially those species in which +undeveloped or worker forms occur and where the colony has a single +female head. + +Soldiers: in termites; forms sexually undeveloped, in which the +mandibles are pincer-like and the head is much enlarged: worker +majors in certain ants. + +Solid: applied to an organ usually jointed, when these joints form into +one mass; e.g. the capitulum of certain clavate antennae. + +Solitary-arius: occurring singly or in pairs; not in colonies. + +Somatic: relating to the body, or abdomen. + +Somatotheca: that part of pupa covering abdominal rings:= +gasterotheca. + +Somite: = arthromere. + +Sonifaction: the production of sound: = stridulation; q.v. + +Sonoran faunal areas: see upper and lower Sonoran. + +Sonorific: sound producing: applied to stridulating organs. + +Sordid: dirty; dull. + +Spadiceous: bay brown [dragon's blood + brown ochre]. + +Spado: the worker or neuter in bees and ants. + +Sparse: scattered: single hairs, scales or sculptures set well apart. + +Spatha: a median piece in male genitalia of aculeate Hymenoptera, +covering the bases of the sagitte. + +Spatula: the breast bone (q.v.) of cecidomyid larvae. + +Spatulate: rounded and broad at top, attenuate at base. + +Specialization: the adaptation of an organ to a definite purpose, or of +an organism to fit a determinate environment. + +Species: an aggregation of individuals alike in appearance and +structure, mating freely and producing young that themselves mate +freely and bear fertile offspring resembling each other and their +parents: a species includes all its varieties and races. + +Specific character: a feature common to all individuals of a species, by +means of which they may be distinguished from all other individuals +of other species: = essential character. + +Specular: mirror-like: transparent. + +Specular membrane: in male Cicada, the inner or posterior mirror-like +membrane of the sound-organ: = mirror. + +Speculum: a transparent area or spot on wings of some Lepidoptera; +the glassy areas at base of tegmina in male Orthoptera that serve as +sounding boards: a spot on the neck of some caterpillars. + +Sperm: the seminal fluid: in plural form is sometimes used as = +spermatozoa; q.v. + +Spermatheca: = spermatotheca; q.v. + +Spermatid: the final cells which are converted without further division +into spermatozoa: they arise by division of the second spermatocytes +(Wilson). + +Spermatocytes: the cells arising from the spermatogonia. The primary +spermatocyte arises by growth of one of the last generation of +spermatogonia. By its division are formed two secondary +spermatocytes, each of which give rise to two spermatids (Wilson). + +Spermatogenesis: the development of spermatozoa. + +Spermatogonia: the descendants of the primordial germ cells in the +male. Each ultimate spermatogonium typically gives rise to four +spermatozoa. + +Spermatophora: a sac or case containing spermatozoa. + +Spermatotheca: the sac or reservoir in the female, that receives the +sperm during coition: = spermatheca and receptaculum seminis. + +Spermatozooen-zoa: the male cell or cells which, by uniting with the +ova, fertilize them. + +Spherical: in the form of a sphere: a body in which all diameters are +equal. + +Spherule: a minute sphere or globule. + +Spicula: a slender needle-like process: e.g. the sting in bees: also +employed as = ovipositor: q.v. + +Spiculiform: like a slender, needle-like process. + +Spiculum: a small spicule or thin, pointed process. + +Spinate: produced into an acuminate spine. + +Spindle-shaped: cylindrical, elongate, thicker in the middle, tapering +to each end: fusiform. + +Spine: a sharp process: in Coccidae there are two, one each side of +each segment of the pygidium. + +Spiniferous: bearing, or clothed with spines. + +Spiniform: in the form or shape of a spine. + +Spinneret: the ligula in bombycid and some other larvae, modified for +silk spinning: any organ consisting of an internal tube, terminating in +a pore, spine or process, producing a silky or waxy fibre: in the +plural, the organs concerned in the emission of the silky or cottony +filaments of which the scales or sacs of Coccidae are produced: = +fusulus. + +Spinose -ous -ed: set with acute processes or spines. + +Spinous-radiate: beset with spines in a circle, either concatenate, +united at their bases, or setaceous, like bristles. + +Spinulae: spinous processes at the apex of the tibia: also called +spines, spurs or heels. + +Spinulate -ose: set with little spines or spinules. + +Spinules: little spines. + +Spira: the coiled ovipositor of Cynipidae. + +Spiracle -cula: a breathing pore: q.v.: in the plural the lateral +openings on the segments of the insect body through which air enters +the tracheae:= stigmata. + +Spiracular area: the anterior of the three areas between lateral and +pleural carinae on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera: =first +pleural area. + +Spiracular line: in caterpillars is that which includes the spiracles: = +stigmatal. + +Spiracular sulcus: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, is a grooved +linear channel extending from spiracle to apical margin. + +Spiral: rolled up like a watch spring, or twisted like a cork-screw. +{Scanner's comment: Nowadays it is more correct to regard the +corkscrew as helical and the watch spring as spiral.} + +Spiral fibre: the spiral thickening or folding of the chitinous lining of a +trachea, which gives to the latter its characteristic microscopic +appearance as well as its support and elasticity:= ctenidium. + +Spirignath: = spiritrompe. + +Spiritrompe: the spiral tongue in Lepidoptera. + +Splanchnic: applied to the outer embryonic layer of the rudiment of +the mid-intestine: or the inner layer of the mesoderm which, +becoming applied to the walls of the alimentary canal, develops into +the muscle fibres thereof. + +Splendens -ent: shining: with a metallic glitter. + +Splitter: one who splits or describes species or genera upon minute +characters which the "Lumper" (q.v.) deems insufficient to authorize +them. + +Spongioplasm: the net-like structure of protoplasm in a cell. + +Spongiose: a soft, elastic tissue resembling a sponge. + +Spoon: = bouton; q.v. + +Spring: in Collembola. = furcula: q.v. + +Spur: a short, stiff, generally blunt process and usually not +articulated at its base: in the plural refers to paired spiniform +processes at or near the end of tibia:. + +Spur formula: a numerical expression of their arrangement; as 2-3-4; + two spurs on fore tibia, 3 on middle, and 4 on posterior; in +Trichoptera. + + +Spurius: false: applied to aborted anterior legs in some diurnal +Lepidoptera. + +Spurious cell: in Diptera (Pack.), = 3d anal (Comst.). + +Spurious veins: certain folds or thickenings in the wing surface which +resemble a vein so nearly as to be readily mistaken and sufficiently +constant to be useful in classification. + +Squama: in Odonata, the sclerite that bears the palpus of both maxilla +and labium: the scale-like first abdominal segment of some ants: a +scale-like appendage covering the base of primaries in Lepidoptera, +and so = patagium; q.v.: a small scale above the halteres in Diptera: +in this order Packard uses squama for the lobed scale and restricts +alula to the lobe-like appendage: Osten-Sacken uses squama for the +posterior scale alone and antisquama for the anterior. + +Squames: the flattened, fimbriated or spine-like marginal processes of +the pygidium in Diaspinae, other than the lobes and true spines: = +"plates," of Comst.; or "scaly hairs" of Maskell. + +Squamiform: having a scale-like form. + +Squamose -ous: scaly or covered with scales. + +Squamula: a small corneous scale covering the base of primaries in +some insects: = tegula, q.v.: in Diptera, = alula. + +Squarrous: scurfy: clothed with rough scales differing in direction, +standing upright, or not parallel to the surface. + +Stadium -ia: the interval between the molts of larvae:= instar q.v.: +any one period in the development of an insect. + +Stage: refers to the period of development; e.g. larval, pupal, etc. + +Stalked bodies: = gyri cerebrales; q.v. + +Stellate: star-shaped; with four or five radiating lines. + +Stelocyttares: social wasps in which the comb layers of the nest are +supported by pillars and not connected with the envelope: see +poecilocyttares and phragmocyttares. + +Stemapoda: the modified filamentous anal legs of Cerura and other +Notodontid larvae. + +Stemmata: simple eyes or ocelli; q.v. + +Stem-mother: in plant lice; that form hatching from the winter egg, +which starts a series of agamic summer generations. + +Stenocephalous: with a narrow, elongate head. + +Stenorhynchan: narrow beaked or snouted. + +Stenothorax: a supposed ring between pro- and meso-thorax. + +Stercoral: relating or pertaining to excrement. + +Sterile: not capable of reproducing its kind. + +Sternal orifice: in Perlids; a peculiar slit on each side of the sternum, +extending inward and ending blindly := furcal orifice. + +Sternal spatula: = breast-bone; q.v. + +Sternauli: the short and often obsolete furrows on either side of the +mesosternum in Hymenoptera. + +Sternellum: the second sclerite of the ventral part of each thoracic +segment frequently divided into longitudinal parts which may be +widely separated. + +Sternite: the ventral piece in a ring or segment. + +Sternopleura: in Diptera, the lower part of the pleura, below the +sternopleural suture and above the front coxa. + +Sternopleural bristles: in Diptera, are situated on the sternopleura +below the sternopleural suture. + +Sternopleural suture: in Diptera, is below and nearly parallel with +dorso-pleural suture, separating the mesopleura from the +sternopleura. + +Sterno-rhabdite: a sternal rhabdite. + +Sternorhynchi: that series of Homoptera in which the beak or rostrum +apparently arises from the sternum between the anterior coxae; e.g. +plant lice, etc. + +Sternum -a: the breast: the middle portion of the under surface of +thorax, between the coxal cavities. + +Stethidium: the trunk: the entire thorax with all its appendages. + +Stigma: a spiracle or breathing pore: a dense, often discolored portion +of the costal margin of a wing, usually at the end of the radius; see +anastomosis: in Diptera, a colored wing spot near the tip of the +auxiliary vein: in Lepidoptera, the specialized patch of black scales on +the primaries of Hesperidae. + +Stigmata: the spiracles: also applied to the two spots, orbicular and +reniform, in the cell of the primaries of certain moths. + +Stigmatal line: in caterpillars, = spiracular; q.v. + +Stigmatiferous: applied to processes or structures bearing spiracles or +stigmata. + +Stimuli: the small acute spines on some larva, especially wood-borers + +Sting: the modified ovipositor in aculeate Hymenoptera. + +Stipes: the foot-stalk of the maxilla; articulated partly to the head, +partly to the cardo, and bearing the movable parts: modified into a +piercing structure in some Diptera and into a lever for flexing the +proboscis in others. + +Stipitate: supported on a stalk or pedicle. + +Stipites: the outer pair of forceps in male genitalia of aculeate +Hymenoptera see sagittae. + +S. T. line: sub-terminal line; crosses the primaries of many moths +just before the outer margin. + +S. T. space: the area between the t.p. line and s. t. line in moths. + +Stirps: a stock or stem: a division of classification similar to +super-family: not used at present. + +Stoma -ata: a breathing pore or pores:= stigma; q.v. + +Stomach: that portion of the alimentary canal, immediately following +the gizzard and preceding the ileum, into which most of the digestive +juices are poured = chylific ventricle. + +Stomatodaeum: that invagination of the ectoderm that forms the +mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, crop and gizzard. + +Stomatogastric: that system of nerves and ganglia, lying along the +dorsal and lateral surfaces of gullet and crop. + +Stomatotheca: that part of the pupa covering the mouth structures. + +Stramineous -eus: straw yellow [pale clay yellow]. + +Strangulate: constricted, as if by bands or cords. + +Stratified: arranged or made up in layers. + +Strepsiptera: twisted-wing: an ordinal term proposed for the parasitic +Stylopidae, now ranged as a family of Coleoptera = Rhipiptera. + +Stria: in Coleoptera, a longitudinal depressed line or furrow, +frequently punctured, extending from base to apex of elytra: in +Lepidoptera, a fine transverse line: in general, any longitudinal +impressed line. + +Striate -ed: marked with parallel, fine, impressed lines; or, in +Lepidoptera, with numerous fine transverse lines. + +Stridulate: to make a creaking noise by rubbing together two ridged or +roughened surfaces. + +Stridulation: a creaking sound produced by rubbing together two +striated or otherwise roughened surfaces: the act of stridulating or +the noise produced by it. + +Striga: a narrow, transverse line or slender streak, either surface or +impressed. {Scanner's note: the proper plural is strigae} + +Strigate: having striga: applied to a surface on which the striga are +impressed as in the elytra of some beetles, or to an ornamentation +composed of fine, short lines. {Scanner's note: sic; the proper plural is +strigae} + +Strigile -is: maculation that consists of parallel longitudinal lines: a +deep sinus near base of first joint of anterior tarsus. + +Strigillate -ation: = stridulate -anon; q.v. + +Strigose: clothed with rigid bristles that are thickest at base: rough, +with sharp bristles: = hispid. + +Strigula: a fine short transverse mark or line. + +Strigulated: with numerous strigulae. + +Striolate -us: with finely impressed parallel lines. + +Stripe: a longitudinal streak of color different from the ground. + +Style: in Aphids, the slender tubular process at the end of the +abdomen: in Coccids, a long spine-like appendage at the end of the +abdomen of the male; = genital spike: in Diptera, the ovipositor +(Loew); the single immovable organ immediately below the forceps in +male Tipulidae (O-S.) a thickened jointed arista at or near the tip of +the third antennal joint in the plural form applied to small, usually +pointed, exarticulate appendages, most frequently found on the +terminal segments of abdomen. + +Stylet: a small style or stiff process: one of the piercing mouth +structures in Diptera and Hemiptera. + +Styliform: in the shape of a stylus: terminating in a long slender point, +like the antenna in some Diptera. + +Stylopized: infested by a member of the Stylopidae. + +Stylotrachealis: with a long tube bearing a stigma, from the head case; +as the pupa of some Diptera. + +Stylus: a small, pointed, non-articulated process. + +Sub-: as a prefix, means that the main term is not entirely applicable, +but must be understood as modified in some way; e.g. sub-ovate, +may be either more or less than ovate and may be irregular in outline. + +Sub-aduncate: somewhat hooked or curved. + +Sub-anal plate: Orthoptera; = sub-genital lamina; q.v. + +Sub-apical lobe: of male genitalia in Culicids is the inner sub-apical +lobe of the side piece. + +Sub-apterous: almost wingless; with rudimentary wings only. + +Sub-clavate: somewhat thickened toward tip; but not quite +club-shaped. + +Sub-coriaceous: somewhat leathery. + +Sub-cortical: beneath the bark; as in larval borings, etc. + +Subcosta: (Comst.); that longitudinal vein extending parallel to the +costa and reaching the outer margin before the apex; not branched as +a rule of Packard, in Hymenoptera, = radius (Comst.). + +Subcostal cell: in Diptera (Schiner), = marginal cell (Loew), = radial 1 +(Comst.) in the plural (Comst.), all those cells anteriorly margined by +the subcosta first s.c. cell in Hymenoptera (Pack.), = radial and first +radial 1 (Comst.). + +Subcostal crossveins: in Odonata, are between subcosta and media on +the basal side of the first antecubital. + +Subcostal fold or furrow: lies between costa and radius. + +Subcostal nervule: Lepidoptera, on secondaries:= media 1 (Comst.): +s.c. 1 = radius 1 (Comst.); s.c. 2:= radius 2 (Comst.) s.c. 3 = radius +3 (Comst) s.c. 4 = radius 4 (Comst.) s.c. 5 = radius 5 (Comst.). + +Subcostal vein: in Diptera (Schiner), = 1st longitudinal vein (Meigen) +radius 1 (Comst.): in Lepidoptera, runs from base, parallel to costa, to +or beyond the middle, giving rise to branches which extend to the +outer margin and thus = radius (Comst.). + +Sub-cristate: with a moderately elevated ridge or keel on pronotum, in +Orthoptera. + +Subcutaneous: under the skin: applied to larvae that feed under the +skin of animals or within the substance of a leaf. + +Sub-dorsal: the space between the dorsum and the stigmata. + +Sub-dorsal line: in caterpillars is to the side of the dorsal and between +it and the lateral or, if there is an addorsal line, between that and the +lateral. + +Sub-dorsal ridge: in slug caterpillars, extends longitudinally along the +sub-dorsal row of abdominal tubercles. + +Sub-equal: similar, but not quite equal in size, form or other +characters. + +Sub-eroded: wing margins when somewhat, but irregularly, indented. + +Sub-falcate: when a wing is only a little excavated below the apex. + +Subfamily: a division of classification containing a group of closely +allied genera; different from other allied groups, yet not so as to make +a family series: opinionative, and ending in -inae. + +Sub-fossorial: legs used in digging: yet not greatly modified. + +Sub-frontal: close to the front; immediately behind the front margin. + +Sub-fulcrum: a sclerite between mentum and palpiger: rarely present. + +Sub-fusiform: somewhat spindle-shaped. + +Subgalea: a maxillary sclerite or segment, attached to the stipes, and +bearing the galea or outer lobe. + +Sub-geniculate: applied to antennae that are articulated from a short, +thick scope. + +Subgenital lamina or plates: plates underlying the genital organs in +Orthoptera. + +Subgenus: a division within a genus, based upon a character not +sufficient for generic separation; opinionative. + +Subglossa: in Odonata; a sclerite between the two halves of the +mentum (Graber): is really the true mentum. + +Sub-imago: sometimes applied as = nymph: that stage in Ephemerida +just after emergence from the pupa and before the final molt during +flight: that stage in the development of insects with free pupa when +the insect is fully colored but yet retains its pupal position. + +Sub-labrum: =epipharynx; q.v. + +Sublingual: beneath the tongue; applied to a pair of salivary glands in +bees. + +Submargin -al: an imaginary portion of a surface outside of the disk +and within the margin: a line is submarginal when it is well within +the margin but close to it. + +Submarginal area: of secondaries, lies between the costal margin and +the 1st strong vein. + +Submarginal cells: in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radial cells (Comst.): in +Diptera (Will.); = radial 3 (Comst.). + +Submarginal nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.); the irregular line of +veins extending on the whole parallel with the outer margin; +composed in part of media 1, 2, 3 and 4, the medial cross vein and +cubitus 1 (Comst.). + +Submedian cells: in Hymenoptera (Pack.); 1st = cubital + cubital 1 +(Comst.) 2d = medial 3 (Comst.); 3d = 2d medial 2 (Comst.). + +Submedian vein: in Odonata, =cubitus (Comst.); in Lepidoptera, = 1st +anal (Comst.), runs from base of primaries to the hind angle, close to +the inner margin and is v. 1 of the numerical series. + +Submental: pertaining to the sub-mentum. + +Submental peduncle: in Coleoptera, the prolonged portion of the gula +supporting the mentum. + +Submentum: the basal sclerite of the labium, by means of which it is +attached to the head. + +Subnodal sector: in Odonata, = radial sector (Comst.). + +Sub-nymph: applied to the resting or pupal stage of female Coccidae; +also to a supernumerary stage before the formation of the pupa, and +thus = pseudo-pupa. + +Sub-ocellate: an ocellate spot that is blind or without a pupil. + +Sub-ocular: beneath or below the eyes. + +Sub-oesophageal ganglion: situated in the head below the +oesophagus, formed by a union of the posterior three primitive head +ganglia. + +Sub-order: a division of an order higher than a family, based on a +character common to a large series of species; e.g. the Homoptera +and Heteroptera in the order of Hemiptera. + +Sub-pedunculate: in Coleoptera, when the constriction between +pro- and meso-thorax is so great as to give the appearance of +a narrow waist. + +Subreniform: a rounded spot or outline, below and sometimes +attached to the reniform spot in Catocala and some allied Noctuids. + +Sub-parallel: nearly parallel. + +Sub-primary sub-ventral tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal +segments of caterpillars; sub-ventral, posterior, not present in the +primitive first stage; it is VI of the abdomen, V of the thorax: +constant. + +Sub-sellate: nearly like or approaching the form of a saddle. + +Sub-servate: denticulate. + +Subspecies: a well-marked form of a species differing from the type in +some character of color or maculation which is recognizable but does +not prevent a fertile union: an indefinite and opinionative division. + +Subspiracular line: in caterpillars, margins the spiracles inferiorly. + +Substigmatal: that portion of the marginal cell below the stigma, in +bees: = 1st radial 1 (Comst.): applied to a line in caterpillars = +subspiracular. + +Sub-teres: nearly but not quite cylindrical. + +Subtile -is: slightly; feebly; small; pretty; graceful. + +Subtriangular space: = internal triangle: see triangle. + +Subtus: beneath; at the under surface. + +Subulate: awl-shaped: linear at base, attenuate at tip. + +Subulicornia: with awl-shaped antennae; applied to a combination of +Odonata and Ephemerida. + +Subuliform: formed like an awl: = subulate. + +Sub-ventral line: in caterpillars, extends along the sides just above the +base of the feet at lie edge between lateral and ventral. + +Sub-ventral ridge: in slug caterpillars extends longitudinally along the +sub-ventral series of abdominal tubercles. + +Sub-ventral space: in slug caterpillars is the area on each side, +between the lateral ridge and the lower edge of the body, and contains +the spiracles. + +Succincti: those chrysalids of butterflies which are held in place by a +silken cord passing around the body: see suspensi. + +Succineous: resembling amber in color or appearance. + +Sucking pump: in sucking insects, a thick-walled muscular +enlargement of the oesophagus that serves to draw up the liquid food += pharyngeal pump. + +Sucking spears: the mandibles and maxillae of Hemerobiid larvae, +used for puncturing prey and sucking its juices. + +Sucking stomach: a thin-walled muscular pouch connected with the +end of the oesophagus; serves as a food reservoir and is not commonly +present except in some Lepidoptera. + +Suctoria: an ordinal term proposed for fleas. + +Suctorial: adapted for sucking: see haustellate. + +Suctorial vesicles: bladder-like structures connected with the +oesophagus in mosquitoes supposed to assist in blood-sucking; but +this is disputed. + +Suffused: clouded or obscured by a darker color. + +Suffusion: a clouding, or a spreading of one shade over another. + +Sulca: grooves, furrows or channels: plural of sulcus. + +Sulcated: grooved; furrowed with broad, concave, parallel impressed +lines. + +Sulciform: resembling a sulcus. + +Sulcus: a furrow or groove: a groove-like excavation. + +Sulphureous -eus: bright, sulphur yellow [chrome lemon]. + +Superans: exceeding in size and length. + +Superciliary: placed above the eyes. + +Supercilium: an arched line over an ocellate spot. + +Super-family: a division of classification less than an order, including +a series of family groups more closely related to each other than to +similar groups within the order: opinionative and ending in oidea: +sometimes hardly different from suborder; but lower than suborder +when both terms are employed. + +Superficies: the upper surface. + +Supericornia: those Heteroptera having the antenna inserted on the +upper parts of the sides of the head; e.g. Coreidae: see infericornia. + +Superior wings: the primaries; q.v. + +Superlinguae: the lateral pair of organs of hypo-pharynx in +Thysanura. + +Superlingual segment: the fifth segment of head. + +Superne: denotes all those parts belonging to the upper surface. + +Supernumerary: additional or added cells, veins or other structures. + +Supernumerary segment: in Cecidomyidae, between the head and first +thoracic segment. + +Super-order: a group of allied orders, like the Linnaean Neuroptera. + +Superposed: placed one above the other, as the frontal tufts in some +moths. + +Supplementary sectors: interposed sectors; q.v. + +Suppression: the non-development of a part normally present. + +Supra-: over; above. + +Supra-alar bristles: in Diptera, are situated, one on the post-alar +callus, one on the alar frenum, the third on the edge of the supra-alar +depression. + +Supra-alar cavity: = supra-alar groove. + +Supra-alar depression: in Diptera = supra-alar groove. + +Supra-alar groove: in Hymenoptera, a groove or depression just above +the base of wings: in Diptera, a groove on the meso-thorax just above +the root of the wings. + +Supra-anal: situated above the anus. + +Supra-anal hook: in male of most Lepidoptera, a curved hook attached +to the plate covering the genital cavity: = uncus. + +Supra-anal plate: a triangular sclerite covering the anal cavity above; +present in many insects, sometimes in one sex only, often in both: +see anal operculum. + +Supra-cerebral: applied to that pair of salivary glands situated above +the brain in bees. + +Supra-clypeal mark: in bees; a patch of light color above the clypeus. + +Supra-clypeus: = post-clypeus; q.v.: = nasus. + +Supra-Oesophageal: situated above the oesophagus: applied to two +large ovoid ganglia so situated, and connected by a short, thick +commissure; - the brain. + +Supra-orbital: situated above the eye. + +Supra-spinal: above the spine or nerve cord: applied to a cord or band +of connective tissue lying above the central nervous system in adult +Lepidoptera also to a sinus or vessel acting as a ventral heart. + +Supra-spiracular line: in caterpillars, margins the spiracles superiorly. + +Supra-stigmatal line: = supra-spiracular lines. + +Supra-triangular cross-veins: in Odonata, cross the supra-triangular +space. + +Supra-triangular space: in Anisoptera, an area just above the triangle, +occupying nearly the same position as the quadrilateral of Zygoptera: +hyper-trigonal space. + +Suranal: = supra-anal. + +Suranal plate: the middle dorsal plate attached to the l0th abdominal +segment of the male grasshoppers, above the anal opening: a supra- +anal tergite of a caterpillar. + +Sursum: directed upwardly. + +Suspensi: the chrysalids of butterflies that are suspended by the tail +only: see succincti. + +Suspensoria: are those muscles or ligaments that hold the viscera and +other internal structures in place. + +Sustentors: the two posterior projections of a butterfly chrysalis. + +Suture: a seam or impressed line indicating the division of distinct +parts of body wall: the line of junction of elytra in Coleoptera. + +Suturiform: an articulation soldered together so that only a slight +impressed line is visible. + +Swarming: the concerted departure from a hive of a large number of +worker bees, accompanied by a queen; this forming the nucleus of a +new colony. + +Swimmerets: gill or plate-like structures in the aquatic larvae of some +Neuroptera, serving as oars or organs of locomotion. + +Swimming paddles: terminal appendages of mosquito pupae. + +Swoked: smoky, suffused with gray or blackish. + +Sylvan: species inhabiting forests or woodland areas. + +Symbiogenesis: the method of origin of social symbiotic relation +among ants and other insects. + +Symbiosis: a life relationship existing between different kinds of +animals or plants, or between animals and plants: true symbiosis is +where both parties to the relation benefit: see also parasitism, +commensalism. Among the ants social symbiosis exists in its most +highly developed form and distinctive terms have been proposed for +the various types of relations: + + Calobiosis, is that association in which one species, often only the +female, lives in the nest of and at the expense of another species, +either for a time, = temporary - or altogether, = permanent +calacobiosis. {Scanner's note: sic} + + Cleptobiosis, is where one species of ant lives in or near the nest of +another, preying upon its larvae or pupae or stealing the food supply. + + Dulosis, is that mingling of colonies which owes its origin to the +enslavement of one species by another. + + Hamabiosis, is that relation where two species of any insects, one of +which may be an ant, live side by side without obvious motive or +known advantage to one or both. + + Lestobiosis, is where the workers of one ant colony "hold up" those of +another species and rob them of the food they are carrying to the nest. + + Parabiosis, is where different species of ants form colonies with +inosculating galleries, and have their households strangely +intermingled, but not blended. + + Phylacobiosis, is the relation existing between ants and Termites, the +ants living in the doorways of the Termites and functioning as guards. + + Synclerobiosis, is an association of two species of ants that usually +inhabit independent colonies, for purposes that are not clearly +understood. + + Trophibiosis, is the relationship between ants on the one hand and +aphids, coccids and the like on the other; these species being sought +and attended by the ants for their own benefit: see myrmecophily. + + Xenobiosis, is where one species of ant lives as a guest +in the nest of another, maintaining its own household, and mingling +freely with the host species, the two living on terms of +mutual toleration. + +Symbiotic: species that live together in a state of symbiosis. + +Symmetrical: evenly developed on both sides. + +Symmetry: that regular arrangement of organs or parts which is +capable of division into similar halves or similar radii. + +Sympathetic nervous system: applied to the nerves and ganglia of the +alimentary canal and sonic other viscera which they innervate; = +vagus; visceral nervous system. + +Symphily: the relation borne to ants by the true guests which inhabit +their nests and are fed and tended: rendering in return some +substance or service desired by the ants: see metochy and synechtry. + +Symphyla: a group name for apterous species resembling myriapods +in appearance, with functional abdominal legs and the genital +openings on the last abdominal segment: regarded by some as +connecting forms between insects and myriapods, e.g. +Scolopendrella. + +Symphysis: where two sclerites are joined together by a soft +membrane, permitting a slight motion. + +Synaptera: originally wingless insects without metamorphosis; the +Thysanura. + +Synarthrosis: an articulation without motion. + +Syncerebrum: the compound brain of insects. + +Synchronous: happening at the same time. + +Synciput: that portion of the vertex lying between the eyes. + +Syncitium: masses of protoplasm with nuclei, found in ovarian tubes; +giving rise to ova, nutritive cells or both. + +Syndesis: that method of articulation where two parts are connected +by a membrane which permits of considerable motion between them. + +Synechtry: the relation borne to ants by insects inhabiting their nests +in spite of the efforts of the ants to destroy them: see symphily and +metochy. + +Synista or Synistata: those Neuropterous insects in which the mouth +structures are undeveloped, forming an imperfect tubular structure: +see elinguata. + +Synoecy: the relation that exists between ants and those guests that +are indifferent to and tolerated by them:= metochy, and see symphily +and synecthry. + +Synonym: a name applied to a species or genus that has been +previously named and described. + +Synonymous: words of different derivation applied to the same +conception. + +Synthlipsis: the basal constriction of the notocephalon in Notonectids. + +Syntype: = co-type; q.v. + +Syringe: in Hemiptera, a chamber into which the salivary ducts open +and by means of which the secretion is forced forward between the +seta or lancets. + +System: an order of arrangement. + +Systematic: in definite order, or arranged according to a system. + +Systole: that regular contraction of the heart that sends the blood +outward: see diastole. + + + + +T + +T. A. line: transverse anterior line; crosses the primaries of certain +moths one-third or less from the base: = antemedial line. + +Tactile: used for touching; an organ that has the sense of touch. + +Taenia: a broad longitudinal stripe. + +Taeniate -us: with broad longitudinal markings. + +Taenidium -ia: the band or chitinized fibre forming a part of the spiral +thread in the trachea of insects. + +Tail: an elongated terminal segment of the abdomen: the cauda in +plant lice: elongated processes on the secondaries, in some +Lepidoptera and Neuroptera. + +Tangential: set in or meeting at a tangent; applied to ornamentation +and processes. + +Tarsal: relating to the tarsi, or feet. + +Tarsal lobes: membranous appendages arising from the underside of +the tarsal joints in some Coleoptera. + +Tarsus -i: the foot; the jointed appendage attached at the apex of tibia. +bearing the claws and pulvilli. + +Taste cups: specialized pits or cups, with or without a peg or hair, +connected with ganglionated nerve cells: occur on the mouth +structure and evidence the sense of taste. + +Tawny: a brownish yellow, like the color of a tanned hide [pale +cadmium yellow + Indian red]. + +Taxonomical: systematic: relating to classification. + +Testate: covered; concealed: also used as = tectiform. + +Tectiform: roof-like, sloping from a median ridge, like the primaries of +Cicada. + +Tegmen: a covering: sometimes used for the anterior wings in +Orthoptera and Neuroptera. + +Tegmina: the thickened primaries serving as wing covers in +Orthoptera. + +Tegulae: small, more or less cup-like scales at the base of primaries in +many insects; specifically in Hymenoptera: in Lepidoptera, = the +patagia or shoulder tippets; but the homology is disputed; also +applied to the lappet-like pieces forming the collar: in Diptera, the +alulae, q.v.: the latter use is unfortunate and should be abandoned; +the first definition should limit the use of the term: see aileron. + +Tegument: a covering surface or skin. + +Teleodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids bearing the largest +mandibles: see mesodont, amphiodont, priodont. + +Telescopic: arranged so that one portion of an organ or process may +be drawn into another, like the joints of a telescope. + +Telson: a terminal tubercle bearing the anal opening: the anal +segment of the insect embryo. + +Telum: a spear, or spear-shaped process. + +Temple: the posterior part of the gena; behind, before or beneath the +eye. + +Tempora: the temples. + +Temporal margins: in Mallophaga, the lateral margins of the hind +head. + +Tenaculum: in Collembola, a small organ which holds the furcula in +position when at rest: = catch. + +Tenant hair: see tenent hair. + +Tendo: the anal area of secondaries when it forms a groove for the +abdomen: has also been called frenum and frenulum: in Trichoptera, +a small elliptical space at base of hind wings near base of anal veins +and behind the trochlea. + +Tendon: the slender, chitinous plates, bands, strap- or cup-shaped +pieces, to which muscles are attached for moving appendages: see +apodeme. + +Tenent hair: specialized hair adapted for clinging or clasping. + +Teneral: that state of the imago just after its exclusion from pupa or +nymph, in which neither coloring nor clothing is fully developed. + +Tensor: a muscle which stretches a membrane. + +Tentacle: a flexible sensory or tactile process; in some cases retractile: +usually prefixed by a descriptive term indicating the structure to +which it is attached. + +Tentacular -um: retractile processes on the larvae of Lepidoptera. + +Tentaculate: a margin when fringed with soft tactile processes. + +Tentiform: shaped like a tent: see mines. + +Tentoria: Diptera; two hollow, cylindrical struts which pass from the +ventral border of the occipital foramen to the cheeks. + +Tentorium: a chitinous frame-work within the head, upon which the +brain rests. + +Tenuis: thin, slender; long drawn out. + +Terebra: a borer or piercer: an ovipositor fitted for boring or cutting as +in saw-flies: a mandibular sclerite articulated to the basalis; forms +the point of the structure and = the galea of the maxilla. + +Terebrant: with an ovipositor fitted for piercing or boring. + +Terebrantia: Hymenoptera with sessile abdomen and valved +ovipositors: Thripids in which the ovipositor of female is borer-like. + +Teres, Terete: cylindric or nearly so. + +Tergal: belonging to the primitively upper surface: see dorsal. + +Tergal suture: the Y shaped dorsal suture on the head of many insect +larvae. + +Tergite: the primitively dorsal part of a segment, especially when that +part consists of a single sclerite; usually applied to the abdomen. + +Tergo-pleural: the upper and lateral portion of a segment. + +Tergo-rhabdites: the lower pair of corneous appendages forming the +ovipositor in grasshoppers: plates on the inner dorsal surface of the +abdominal wall. + +Tergum: the primitively upperor dorsal surface whether it consists of +one or more than one sclerite and specifically of the abdomen: in +Odonata and Orthoptera, applies to thorax as well. + +Termen: the outer margin of a wing, between apex and hind or anal +angle. + +Terminal: situated at the tip or extremity; opposed to basal. + +Terminal line: in Lepidoptera, runs along the outer margin of the +wings. + +Terminal space: the area between the s. t. line and terminal line in +certain Lepidoptera. + +Terminology: the technical nomenclature of any science. + +Termitarium: a nest, natural or artificial, or a colony of Termites. + +Terrestrial: living on or in the land; opposed to aquatic. + +Tessellated: checkered; more or less like a chess-board. {Scanner's +comment: More correctly, it means "tiled", covered with possibly +regularly shaped areas or pieces. They may or may not be square or +otherwise regular.} + +Test: the secretionary covering of Coccidae, and especially such as are +waxy, horny or glassy. + +Testaceous: dull yellow brown; tile colored [pale cadmium +yellow+burnt sienna]. + +Testes: the tubular structures in the male, in which the production of +spermatogonia, and often also of later stages in the development of the +sperm takes place. + +Testicular follicles: in the larva, are those structures which in the +adult form the tubes composing the testes; in the adult applied also to +the tubes forming the testes. + +Testudinate -us: resembling the shell of a tortoise. + +Tetra-: four: a combining form. + +Tetrachaetae: applied to those Diptera in which the mouth structures +consist of four longitudinal blades or piercing structures. + +Tetradactyle: with four fingers or finger-like processes. + +Tetragonal: having four sides or angles: quadrangular. + +Tetramera: applied to Coleoptera with four-jointed tarsi. + +Tetramerous: having four-jointed tarsi. + +Tetrapoda: applied to those butterflies in which the anterior legs are +atrophied in whole or in part. + +Tetraptera: a term proposed for all insects with four naked, +membranous reticulated wings. + +Thamnophilous: applied to species living in thickets or dense +shrubbery. + +Theca: a case or covering: specifically applied to the fleshy covering of +the fly-mouth; to the cases of the Trichopterous larvae; to the lower +piece of the male genitalia in Homoptera; and to the outer covering of +the pupa. + +Thelyotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are all +females see Arrhenotoly and Deuterotoky. + +Thigh: see femur. + +Thigmotactic: contact-loving: applied to species that tend to live close +together or in touch, one with the other. + +Third longitudinal vein: in Diptera (Will.):= radius 5 (Comst.). + +Third posterior cell: in Diptera, = 2d medial 2 (Comst.). + +Third submarginal cross-nervure: in Hymenoptera (North.):= radius 4 +(Comst.). + +Thoracic: belonging or attached to the thorax. + +Thoracic dorsal bristles: in Diptera, the specialized bristles on the +dorsum of the thorax. + +Thoracic feet: the jointed legs on the thoracic segments of larvae, as +distinguished from abdominal or pro-legs. + +Thoracico-abdominal: the first segment of the abdomen when united +with the thorax so as to form part of it: =propodeum. + +Thoracic pleural bristles: in Diptera, the specialized bristles situated +on the pleural region of the thorax. + +Thoracotheca: = cytotheca: q.v. + +Thorax: the second or intermediate region of the insect body, bearing +the true legs and wings: made up of three rings, named in order, pro-, +meso-, and meta-thorax: when the pro-thorax is free as in Coleoptera, +Orthoptera, and Hemiptera, the term thorax is commonly used in +descriptive work for that segment only: in Odonata, where the +prothorax is small and not fused with the larger and united meso- and +meta-thorax, the term thorax is commonly used for these latter two +united, excluding the prothorax. + +Thread-plate: an epithelial plate of the embryo from which the +terminal threads of the ovarian tubes originate. + +Thyridial cell: in Trichoptera: the cell formed by the first fork of +median vein; the cell behind Thyridium. + +Thyridiate: applied to a wing vein that at one point seems broken so +as to permit of a folding or bending; either to pack into a small +compass or to enfold the body. + +Thyridium -ii: small, whitish or almost transparent spots near the +anastomosis of the disc of the wings in some Neuroptera, or in the +recurrent veins in the cubital cellule in some Hymenoptera; also the +apical margin of the gastrocoeli, often alone visible: in Trichoptera, +specifically, a hyaline spot on second fork of median vein. + +Thyrsus: a cluster. + +Thysanoptera: fringe-winged: an ordinal term, applied to species with +four narrow, similar wings, lengthily fringed; mouth parts fitted for +puncturing and scraping; metamorphosis incomplete: the Thripids. + +Thysanura: fringe-tails; wingless, mandibulate insects without +metamorphosis; with anal appendages; body covered with scales; +thoracic segments similar. + +Tiarate -us: turban or tiara-like. + +Tibia -ae: the shank: that part of the leg articulated to the femur +basally and which bears the tarsus at the distal end. + +Tibial epiphysis: a movable process attached near the base of the +inner side of the anterior tibia in many Lepidoptera. + +Tibial membrane: in male Cicada, the drum-like vibratory membrane +that produces the sound. + +Tip: the extremity; the part furthest removed from the base. + +Titillator: a small process just below the penis in some Orthoptera. + +Tomentose: covered with fine hair, so matted together that particular +hairs cannot be separated. + +Tomentum: a form of pubescence composed of matted, woolly hair: in +Diptera applied to a covering of short, flattened, more or less +recumbent, scale-like hair which merges gradually into dust or pollen. + +Tongue: an indefinite term, applied usually to the coiled mouth +structure of Lepidoptera; the lapping organ of flies; the ligula of bees +and wasps and, sometimes also to the hypopharynx of other insects. + +Tooth: an acute angulation: a short pointed process from an +appendage or margin. + +Topomorph -ic: a geographic form, variety or subspecies of a widely +distributed species: developed by local environment. + +Topotype: is a specimen collected in the exact locality whence the +original type was obtained. + +Tornal: relating to or concerning the tornus. + +Tornus: in Lepidoptera, the junction of the termen and dorsum of +wing: = hind or anal angle; q.v. + +Torose: swelling into knots or protuberances. + +Torpid: lying motionless by reason of cold or other natural conditions +that unfavorably affect the organism. + +Torqueate: with a ring or collar. + +Torquillus: = rotula. + +Tortilis: twisted. + +Tortulose-us: hump-backed; a surface with a few large elevations: +beaded; moniliform. + +Tortuose -us: irregularly curved and bent; snake-like. + +Tortuous: = Tortuose. + +Torulus: the basal socket joint of the antenna upon which the organ is +articulated for movement in all directions. + +Totidem: in all parts; entirely. + +T.P. line: transverse posterior line; crossing the primaries of certain +Lepidoptera, two-thirds or more from base: = post medial line. + +Trabecula: rounded, lobular masses of the procerebrum, from which +arise the stalks bearing the mushroom bodies: a paired movable +appendage in front of the antennae in certain bird-lice. + +Trachea -ae: the spirally ringed breathing tube or tubes of insects. + +Tracheal gills: the flattened or hair-like processes in aquatic larvae +through which oxygen is absorbed from the water. + +Tracheary: relating to or composed of tracheae. + +Tracheate: supplied with trachea: a general term applied to all +articulates that breathe by means of spiracular openings into a +system of tubular structures that extend to all parts of the body. + +Tracheation: the arrangement or system of distribution of trachea. + +Tracheoles: the capillary trachea of the adult as they develop in +masses in the larva: very small, slender tracheae. + +Transection: a cut across, at right angles to the body: transverse +section. + +Transition zone: is the transcontinental belt in which the austral and +boreal elements overlap: it is divided into a humid or Alleghanian +area; a western arid area; and a Pacific Coast humid area: all of +which see. + +Transitory: lasting for a short time only. + +Translucent: semi-transparent; admitting the passage of light but not +of vision. + +Translucid: clear: transparent enough to be seen through. + +Transparent: so clear as not to obstruct vision. + +Transverse: when the longest diameter is across the body. + +Transverse incision: = transverse sulci. + +Transverse sulci: the transverse grooves of pronotum in many +Orthoptera. + +Transverse suture: in Diptera, a transverse groove extending inward +from the root of wing and obsolete in the middle of dorsum. + +Trapeziform: in the form or shape of a trapezium. + +Trapezium: a four-sided figure in which no two sides are parallel. +{Scanner's comment: sic This is presumably an error in editing the +original text. A trapezium has two sides parallel. Compare next item.} + +Trapezoid -al: a four-sided plane of which two sides are parallel and +two are not. + +Tri-: three; a combining form. + +Triangle: in Odonata: a small, triangular cell at the junction of cubitus +with cubitus 1: a similar cell adjoining it basally is the internal +triangle discoidal triangle: cardinal cell; q.v. + +Tri-articulate: composed of three joints or articles. + +Tribe: a term of classification less than a sub-family: opinionative and +ending in ini: but this is not universally adhered to. + +Tri-carinate: with three keels or carinae. + +Trichogen: a hair-forming hypodermal cell in caterpillars, etc. + +Trichoptera: hairy-winged: insects with hairy primaries with many +longitudinal veins and cells, covering the broader secondaries which +are usually folded lengthwise; mouth mandibulate but rudimentary: +head free; thorax agglutinate: metamorphosis complete. + +Trichostical bristles: in Diptera, a fan-like row, situated on the +meta-pleura: conspicuous in some families. + +Trichotomous: divided by threes. + +Trichroism: the condition when any given part exhibits three different +colors in different individuals of the same species: e.g. in +Lepidoptera, the hind wings of certain Heliconids. + +Tricuspidate: ending in three points: with three cusps or teeth. + +Tridactyle -ous: having three toes or claws. + +Trifid: cleft into three parts or ends. + +Trigonal: triangular: an area bounded by a triangle. + +Trigonate: three-cornered; approximately triangular. + +Trigoneutism: where three broods occur in one season. + +Trigonulum: in Odonata, = triangle. + +Trimera: that series of Coleoptera, in which there are only three tarsal +joints present. + +Trimerous: species which have the tarsi three-jointed. + +Trinomial: that method of nomenclature in which a varietal or +subspecific name follows the specific term without an intervening +mark or indications of its rank. + +Tripectinate: when an antenna has three branches or processes to +each joint. + +Triquetral: = triquetrous. + +Triquetrous: with three flat sides. + +Tri-regional: divided into three distinct parts or regions. + +Trito-cerebral segment: see second antennal segment. + +Trito-cerebrum: the posterior portion of the brain, formed by the +ganglion of the third primary segment; also termed labro-frontal lobe. + +Tri-undulate: with three waves or undulations. + +Triungulin: the first larval stage of a meloid beetle. + +Trivial: applied to a name, means specific as opposed to generic, or +popular as opposed to technical. + +Trivittate: with three stripes or vitta. + +Trochalopoda: Heteroptera in which the posterior coxae are nearly +globose and the articulation is a ball and socket joint: see pagiopoda. + +Trochanter: a sclerite, sometimes divided, between the coxa and femur +sometimes fused with the femur. + +Trochanterellus: see apophysis. + +Trochantine: the basal part of the trochanter when it is two-jointed: in +Coleoptera, a piece often present on the outer side of and sometimes +movable on the coxa; also the small sclerite connecting the coxa with +the sternum in Dytiscidae: in Neuroptera and Trichoptera the +posterior separated part of the coxa: in Orthoptera, a narrow +longitudinal sclerite between mandible and gena. + +Trochiformis: cylindro-conic. + +Trochlea: the thickened base of the hind wings in Cicada: in +Trichoptera a small elliptical space at base of hind wing behind origin +of median vein. + +Trochlearis: pulley-shaped; like a cylinder contracted medially. + +Trochus: that part of an articulated body inserted between the joints. + +Trophi: the mouth parts collectively, including the labrum: see buccal +appendages. + +Trophobiosis: see Symbiosis. + +Tropical: is that faunal region which covers the southern part of the +peninsula of Florida, the greater part of Central America, the lowlands +of southern Mexico south of the table land, and a narrow strip on +each side of Mexico which follows the coast northward into the United +States. + +Tropico-politan: occurring in all tropical regions. + +Trumpets: breathing tubes of mosquito pupae. + +Truncate: cut off squarely at tip. + +Truncature: the truncation or point squarely cut off. + +Truncus: the trunk or thorax. + +Trunk: the thorax as a whole: the body. + +Tryptic: acting like tripsin, the proteolytic ferment of the pancreatic +fluid. + +Tube: a slender, hollow, cylindrical body: specifically applied to the +anal siphon or respiratory tube of mosquito larvae. + +Tubercle: a little solid pimple or small chitinous button: really a ring, +which may or may not give rise to a seta. + +Tubercles: on the thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars are +anterior trapezoidal; posterior trapezoidal; lateral; posterior stigmatal; +anterior stigmatal; sub-primary subventral; pedal and adventral: all +of which see. + +Tubercula: an elevated triangular process at the anterior angle of the +thorax specifically in Hymenoptera. + +Tuberculate -ose: formed like a tubercle: a surface covered with +tubercles. + +Tubercule -ulum: a small tubercle. + +Tuberculiform: shaped like a pimple or tubercle. + +Tuberculose -ous: covered or set with tubercles. + +Tubulifera: Hymenoptera, in which the terminal segments of abdomen +are retracted, but may be extended, tube-like: Thysanoptera in which +there is no ovipositor and the terminal segments of abdomen are +tubular. + +Tubulous -ose: formed like a tube: fistulous. + +Tubulus: the slender, flexible abdominal segments forming the +ovipositor in Diptera. + +Tubus: a term used to designate the corneous base of a ligula: the +sheath of the tongue. + +Tumescence: a swelling or tumid enlargement: a puffed up area. + +Tumescent: a little swollen or puffed up. + +Tumid: swollen; enlarged; puffed up. + +Tunica intima: the inner layer of the silk glands: an inner lining or +membrane. + +Tunica propria: a layer of epithelial cells and connective tissue lining +the interior of the hind gut: the outer layer of the silk glands: a +covering or investing membrane. + +Tunicate: composed of concentric layers, enveloping one another: said +of antennae when each successive joint is buried in the preceding +funnel-shaped one. + +Turbinate: top-shaped; nearly conical: differs from pyriform in being +shorter and more suddenly attenuated at base: applied to an eye = +pillared eye; q.v. + +Turgid: swollen. + +Turritus: towering: a surface rising cone-like. + +Tylo: = tylus; q.v. + +Tylus: the anterior central lobe of the head in Hemiptera. + +Tympana: the ears in Orthoptera. + +Tympanal: applied to organs covered with a tympanum or stretched +membrane supposed to function as ears. + +Tympanic spiracle: in Diptera, the thoracic spiracle at base of wing. + +Tympanules: small openings covered by a membrane, having otoliths +and serving as ears. + +Tympanum: any membrane stretched like the head of a drum: +specifically applied to the membrane covering the auditory organs in +Orthoptera. + +Type: a unique or single specimen selected from a series and labelled +by the describer to represent his name and description: if male or +female be added to the label, the specimen typifies that sex, and in +case of an erroneous association the male type stands for the species +unless the author has specifically designated the other example as +representing the name: see also co-type; homotype; meta-type; +paratype; topotype. + +Typical: the normal or usual form of a species; agreeing with the type +form. + + + + +U + +Uliginous: muddy, or pertaining to mud. + +Ulnar: in Homoptera, a wing vein between the radial vein and claval +suture; = cubitus: in Orthoptera, = cubitus; q.v. + +Ulnar area: in Orthoptera, = median area; q.v. + +Ulona: the thick, fleshy mouth parts of Orthoptera. + +Ulonata: a Fabrician. term for Orthoptera, based on the character of +the mouth structures. + +Ultimate: last or final: that larval stage just before pupation. + +Ultramarine: an intense deep blue [cobalt blue]. + +Ultra-nodal sector: in Odonata, runs parallel with and between media +1 and 2, or principal and nodal sectors: = postnodal sector. + +Umbilicate: navel-shaped, or resembling a navel. + +Umbilicus: a navel, or navel-like depression. + +Umbonate: bossed; with an elevated knob in the centre. + +Umbone: an embossed, elevated knob situated on humeral angle of +elytra. + +Umbones: two movable spines on the sides of prothorax in some +Coleoptera. + +Umbrosa: shaded or clouded: a cloud or shade. + +Unarmed: without spurs, spines or armature of any kind. + +Unarticulate: not jointed nor segmented. + +Unci: thick, hooked processes, forming the borders of the anal +opening. + +Uncinnate: hooked at the end. + +Uncus: in Lepidoptera, Diptera, and elsewhere, the curved book +directed downward from a triangular dorsal plate in the male and +shielding the penis: the genital hamule. + +Undate: wavy or waved. + +Undulated: obtusely waved in segments of circles. + +Unequal: unlike in size, form, development or other characters. + +Ungues: the tarsal claws. + +Unguiculate: armed with a hook, nail or claw. + +Unguiculus: a small terminal claw or nail-like process. + +Unguis: one of the claws at the end of the tarsus: also applied to a +short process on the 6th antennal joint in some Aphids. + +Ungula: a hoof, claw or talon. + +Ungulate: shaped like a hoof. + +Uni-: one, a combining form. + +Unicolorous: of one color throughout. + +Unidentate: with one tooth only. + +Uniplicate: with a single fold or line of folding. + +Unique: one only: unlike any other. + +Unisexual: of one sex only: applied to Aphids and Cynipids where only +parthenogenic females are known. + +Upper austral zone: is divided into an eastern humid or Carolinian +area, and a western arid or upper Sonoran area, which pass +insensibly into each other near the 100th meridian: see Carolinian +and upper Sonoran. + +Upper field: in tegmina, = anal field; q.v. + +Upper margin: of tegmina (Thomas), corresponds to the posterior or +anal margin of most authors. + +Upper median area: see areola. + +Upper radial: in Lepidoptera, = media 1 (Comst.), and is vein 5, or the +independent, of the numerical series. + +Upper sector of triangle: in Odonata, = cubitus 1 (Comst.). + +Upper Sonoran faunal area: that arid part of upper austral west of +100th meridian; covers most of plains in eastern Montana and +Wyoming, s. w. South Dakota, west. Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma +and Texas, and east. Colorado and New Mexico; covers plains of +Columbia, Malheur and Harney in Oregon and Washington. In +California encircles Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys and forms a +narrow belt around Colorado and Mohave deserts. In Utah covers Salt +Lake and Sevier deserts. In Idaho the Snake plains. In Nevada and +Arizona irregular areas of suitable elevation. + +Uranidin: a yellow coloring matter in some Coleoptera and +Lepidoptera. + +Urceolate: pitcher-shaped; swelling in the middle. + +Ureter: the stalk connecting the malpighian tubules, when they form +large tufts, with the intestine. + +Uric acid: the characteristic nitrogenous excretion of the malpighian +or urinary tubules: composition, C5H4N4O3 (von Furth). + +Urinary vessels: = malpighian tubules; q.v.: has also been applied by +older authors, to anal glands. + +Urite: an abdominal segment and, specifically, its ventral portion. + +Uromere: any of the abdominal segments of an arthropod. + +Uropoda: any of the abdominal feet of arthropods. + +Uropygium: the ovipositor when it is a mere extension of the +abdominal segments. + +Urosome: the abdomen. + +Urosternite: the sternal or under piece of the uromeres. + +Urticating: nettling; applied to specialized hairs or processes on the +bodies of certain caterpillars, which cause a stinging or burning +sensation on the skin. + +Ustulatus: scorched: applied to a maculation that has the appearance +of having been burned in. + +Uterus: the vaginal portion of oviduct: the sometimes enlarged +portion of the vagina at junction of the oviducts: = calyx, q.v. + +Uterus masculinus: a pouch or sac into which the ductus +ejaculatorius opens in the Symphyla. + +Utriculi breviores: small vesicular sacs connected with the seminal +vesicles in crickets and some other insects. + +Utriculi majores: large vesicular sacs or tubular structures connected +with the seminal vesicles in crickets and some other insects. + +Utriculus: a little bag or hollow vesicle. + + + + + +V + +Vacuolate: with vacuoles or small cavities, empty or filled with a +watery fluid. + +Vagina: the tubular structure formed by the union of the oviducts in +the female, opening externally to admit the passage of the egg to the +ovipositor: receives the penis of the male in copulation and is +sometimes called oviduct: "every part, the office of which is to cover, +protect or defend the tongue": "the bivalve coriaceous sheath or cover +of the spicula": generally, a sheath. + +Vaginata: sheathed: an obsolete ordinal term for Coleoptera. + +Vaginate: inclosed in a bivalved sheath. + +Vagus: sympathetic nervous system; q.v. + +Valgate: enlarged at bottom: club-footed. + +Valve or Valvulae: the expanded plate-like galea of the maxilla in +many Hymenoptera. + +Valve: a small, transverse or triangular piece behind the last full +ventral segment, at base of plates in male Jassidae and allies. + +Valves: in Orthoptera, the corneous pieces of the ovipositor:= +corniculi in Lepidoptera, sometimes used to = harpes; q.v. + +Valvula = vagina in its application to Dipterous mouth parts. + +Valvulae: in Hymenoptera, branches of the genital forceps of male. + +Valvular: when two parts join so as to form a valve between them. + +Valvular process: in Odonata, a slender, unjointed process at the apex +of each genital valve. + +Valvule: any small, valve-like process. + +Variation: a departure in color or form, from the normal: the sum of +the departures from a mean type of any species: it is continuous +when there is no break between the extremes; discontinuous when +there are gaps without intermediate forms. + +Variety: any departure from the normal type of a species which, while +retaining the specific characters, is yet recognizably different because +of climatic, seasonal or other influences; may occur with the type form +or as a geographical race. + +Variola: a deep, rounded impression with defined edges. + +Variolate -ose: with large, rounded impressions like pock-marks. + +Vas deferens: = vasa deferentia, q.v. + +Vasa deferentia: tubes from the seminal vesicles or testes of each side, +which usually unite into a single ductus ejaculatorius; q.v. + +Vasa varicosa: the malpighian tubules. + +Vascular: relating to the blood-vessels or circulatory system. + +Vasiform orifice: in Aleurodidae, an ovate, triangular or semicircular +opening on the dorsum of the last abdominal segment. + +Veinlets: in Orthoptera, are the minute transverse ribs or ridges +between the longitudinal veins. + +Veins: the chitinous, rod-like structures supporting the wings, and +especially those extending longitudinally from base to the outer +margin nerves nervures; nervules. + +Velum: a membranous appendage of the spurs at the apex of anterior +tibia in bees a broad process at inner end of fore tibia. + +Velum penis: the thin membranous covering of the male intromittent +organ also applied to ether covering or shield-like structures of the +penis. + +Velutinous: velvety: clothed with dense, soft, short hair, like velvet. + +Vena: a vein. + +Vena dividens: that longitudinal vein of secondaries that marks the +beginning of the anal area: = anal 1 (Comst.). + +Vena plicata: on the wings of Dermaptera, the vein around which the +folding occurs. + +Vena spuria: = spurious vein: q.v. + +Venation: the system of chitinous frame-work supporting the wings: in +Lepidoptera, the veins are usually referred to by numbers which are +as follows: on primaries: 1 = anal; 2 = cubitus 2; 3 = cubitus 1: 4 = +media 3; 5 = media 2; 6 = media 1; 7 = radius 5; 8 = radius 4; 9 = +radius 3; 10 = radius 2; 11 = radius 1; 12 = subcosta: +on secondaries: 1, 1a, 1b = anal; 2 = Cubitus; 3 = cubitus 1; 4 = +media 3: 5 = media 2; 6 = media 1; 7 = radius 1; 8 = sub-costa. See +plate III for typical venations of all orders. + +Venter: the belly: under surface of abdomen as a whole and of each +ring. + +Ventose: inflated; puffed out. + +Ventrad: extending or directed toward the under side. + +Ventral: pertaining to the under surface of abdomen: in Diptera, that +face of the leg which is inferior when laterally extended. + +Ventral chain: refers to the series of ganglia of the nervous system. + +Ventral comb: in Trichoptera, a transverse row of fine teeth on venter. + +Ventral diaphragm: is a fine membrane covering the central nerve +cords and ganglia: also called ventral heart. + +Ventral heart: = ventral diaphragm, q.v. + +Ventral plate: a thickening of the blastoderm of an egg from which the +embryo, but not the amnion or serosa is formed. + +Ventral scale: in Diaspinae, the under part of the puparium, +interposed between the insect and the plant. + +Ventral tube: in Collembola, a tube or tubercle proceeding from the +ventral side of the first abdominal segment. + +Ventricose: with a big belly: distended; inflated. + +Ventriculus: the true stomach, = chylific ventricle; q.v. + +Ventri-meson: the middle line of the ventral surface of the body. + +Ventro-cephalad: toward the lower side and anteriorly. + +Ventro-dorsad: extending from belly to back. + +Venules: the branches of the main veins. + +Vermian: worm-like. + +Vermicular: worm-like, tortuous: resembling the tracks of a worm. + +Vermiculate: worm-like in form: a marking with wormlike tracings. + +Vermiform: worm-shaped. + +Vernal: appearing in spring. + +Vernantia: the molting or shedding of the skin. + +Verriculate: with thick-set tufts of parallel hairs. + +Verricule: a dense tuft of upright hairs. + +Verrucose: having little hard lumps or wart-like elevations. + +Versatile: moving freely in every direction. + +Versicolored: with several colors, indeterminately restricted. + +Vertex: the top of the head between the eyes, front and occiput: in +bees, that part of the head adjacent to and occupied by the ocelli: in +Notonectids, "the imaginary anterior margin of the notocephalon." + +Vertexal: occurring on or near the vertex, or directed toward it. + +Vertical cephalic bristles: in Diptera, are two pairs, inner and outer, +inserted more or less behind the upper and inner corner of the eye; +erect, or the inner pair convergent, the outer pair divergent. + +Vertical margin: in Diptera, the limit between front and occiput. + +Vertical triangle: in male Diptera, the small triangle upon which the +ocelli are situated; limited behind by vertex, in front by eyes. + +Verticil: one of the whorls of long fine sensitive hair arranged +symmetrically on the joints of the antennae in certain Diptera. + +Verticillate: placed in whorls: antennae in which the joints have a +circle of long, fine hair as in Cecidomyiids. + +Vesicant: blistering: able to produce a blister. + +Vesicle of penis: in Odonata, a sac with chitinous walls, attached to +the sternum behind the penis. + +Vesicles: little sacs, bladders or cysts: applied to extensible organs +producing odors or secretions, as in some beetles and caterpillars. + +Vesicular: bladder-like; beset with spherical prominences. + +Vesicula seminalis: see seminal vesicles. + +Vestibule: the space around the ovipositor formed by the projecting +margins of the surrounding segments: the space between the +occluding structure of the spiracle and the valve opening into the +trachea itself. + +Vestigial: small or degenerate: only a trace or remnant of a previously +functional organ. + +Vestiture: the surface clothing, whether of a hairy or scaly character. + +Vexhillum: in Hymenoptera, an expansion on the tip of tarsi of certain +fossorial groups. + +Vibrant: having a rapid motion to and fro. + +Vibratile: formed for vibratory motion: used to express the almost +continual movement of the antennae of some Hymenoptera, and the +wings of some Diptera. + +Vibrissae: curved bristles or hairs in some Diptera, situated between +the mystax and the antenna: whiskers. + +Villi: soft hairs or papillate processes: plural of villus, q.v. + +Villose -ous: soft-haired or clothed with soft, short hair. + +Villus: a short, hair-like or papillate process on the surface of certain +absorbent and sensory organs. + +Vinous: wine-color: a deep, transparent red-brown, like claret [purple +madder]. + +Violaceous: violet colored: a mixture of blue and red [violet carmine]. + +Virescent or Viridescent: greenish or becoming green. + +Viridis: green, like verdigris [French blue + chrome yellow + white]. + +Viscera: the internal organs of the body. + +Visceral: relating or attached to the viscera. + +Viscid: sticky: covered with a shiny, resinous or greasy matter. + +Viscous: thick, sticky or semi-fluid. + +Vis formatrix: the creative or formative force. + +Vitelligenous: producing the vitellus or yolk: said of certain cells in the +ovaries, believed to have that function. + +Vitelline -us: yellow, with a slight tinge of red, like yolk of an egg. + +Vitelline membrane: the delicate tissue surrounding the yolk of an +egg. + +Vitreous: glassy; transparent. + +Vitta: a longitudinal, colored line. + +Vitta frontalis: = frontal stripe: q.v. + +Vittate: striped. + +Viviparous: applied to insects which bear living young. + +Vocal cords: specialized organs on the thoracic spiracles of Diptera, by +means of which they produce a humming or singing sound. + +Volant: flying or capable of flight. + +Vulgar: common; not conspicuous: obscure in appearance and +abundant in number. + +Vultus: face: that part of head below front and between the eyes. + +Vulva: the orifice of the vagina in the female. + +Vulvar lamina: in Odonata, the posterior margin of sternum of +segment 8. + +Vulvar scale: = v. lamina. + + + + +W + +Wart: a spongy excrescence, more or less cylindric, with a nearly +truncated tip: the enlarged, common base of a group of seta: in +Trichoptera, a pitted elevation. + +Wax: a ductile substance excreted by bees and other insects from +glandular structures in various parts of the body, used in building +cells or in forming a protective covering. + +Wax-cutter: the pincer-like structure formed by the hind tibia and +metatarsus in social bees. + +Wax-glands: any glands in any part of the body which secrete a waxy +product in either a scale, string or powder: in Coccidae, the +circumgenital and parastigmatic glands; q.v. + +Wax-pincer: = wax cutter. + +Wax-scale: one of the scales secreted in the wax pocket or gland of a +worker bee. + +Whitlows: = paronychia; q.v. + +Whorl: a ring of long hair arranged around a centre, like the spokes +around the hub of a wheel. + +Wing, Wings: membranous reticulated organs of flight; one pair, the +primaries, attached to the meso-thorax; the other, the secondaries, +attached to the meta-thorax. + +Wing covers: those parts of the chitinous cuticle of larvae, nymphs or +pupae which cover the rudiments of the wings of the imago: the +forewings of an imago when they are thicker than the hind wings and +cover them when at rest: see elytra; tegmina. + +Wings of the heart: the series of diagonal and other muscular fibres +above the diaphragm in the pericardial cavity: see pericardial +diaphragm. + +Wing cells: areas inclosed by veins: reference should be had to the +figures illustrating venation and to the special terms applied to the +cells. + +Winglets: small, concavo-convex scales, generally fringed at tip, under +the base of the elytra in Dytiscidae. + +Wing-pads: undeveloped wings of pupa or nymph. + +Wing-scale: in Hymenoptera, = tegula; q.v. + +Workers: the undeveloped females in the social Hymenoptera; also +those sexually undeveloped Termites that are not soldiers. + + + + +X + +Xanthophyll: the yellow of autumn leaves; one of the substances +found in the blood of insects. + +Xenobiosis: see symbiosis. + +Xerophilous: applied to species living in dry places. + +Xylophaga: wood-eaters: applied in several orders. + +Xylophagous: feeding in or upon woody tissue. + +Xyphus: a spinous or triangular process of the meso-sternum in many +Hemiptera, and some other insects. + + + + +Y + +Yellow: used without modification is sulphur or lemon yellow. + +Yolk: the nutritive matter of an egg as distinguished from the living, +formative material; = deutoplasm. + + + + +Z + +Zona: a belt or zone; as of distribution. + +Zonite: = arthromere or somite; q.v. + +Zooenite or Zooenule: = zonite. + +Zygoptera: those Odonata, having the fore and hind wings subequal in +width, venation comprising a quadrilateral, not a triangle; nymphs +with caudal tracheal gills. + + + + + + +ADDENDA. + +Calacobiosis: see symbiosis. + +Cleptobiosis: see symbiosis. + +Dulosis: see symbiosis. + +Coxal file: in some aquatic Coleoptera a series of striations just above +the hind coxa of male and, perhaps, a stridulating organ. + +Coxal plates: plate-like expansions or dilations of the coxa: specifically +in aquatic Coleoptera on the posterior pair. + +Ecto-parasite: one that is attached to the external surface of the host. + +Ento-parasite: one that feeds within the body of the host. + +Embioptera: an ordinal term proposed for the Neuropterous family +Embidae. + +Hamabiosis: see symbiosis. + +Heliophobic: loving darkness: applied to species that shun the light, +like, e.g. Termites. + +Heliotactic: light loving: applied to species that live in the open and in +daylight. + +Lestobiosis: see symbiosis. + +Meron: in Neuroptera, a sclerite posterior to the coxa and below the +epimeron: corresponds to the trochantine in Lepidoptera. + +Metasternal wing: in some aquatic Coleoptera a leaf-like expansion +above the coxal plates. + +Myrmecophily: is the relation existing between ants and those guests +that seek their company primarily for their own individual advantage. + +Phylacobiosis: see symbiosis. + +Prosternal process: in aquatic Coleoptera a modification of the +prosternum used in the differentiation of species. + +Sub-clypeal pump: in some Diptera, the enlarged, more or less bulb- +like structure at the anterior entrance of the oesophagus. + +Sub-clypeal tube: in Diptera: see pharynx. + + + + + + + +EXPLANATION OF PLATES. + +PLATE 1. Structures of the External Body Wall. + +1. Harpalus caliginosas showing the underside, and the head from +above, to show the regions and the position of the sclerites. + + + +2. Thorax of a Dipteron to show location of bristles. + + + +3. Lateral view of a denuded Lepidopteron to show arrangement of +sclerites. + +4. Abdominal segment of a caterpillar to show the position of the +tubercles. + +5. Lateral view of a dragon fly to show the body sclerites. + +All the abbreviations used in this plate are readily understood. + + + +PLATE II. Structures of Head, Mouth, Thorax & Genitalia + +1. Head of wasp from front. + +2. Head of honey bee with mouth parts extended. + +3. Head of Locustid from front, to show regions. + +4. Head of a Lepidopteron from front. + +5. Head of a cricket from front. + +6. Labium of a cricket showing all usual parts. + +7. Maxilla of Harpalus caliginosus, with all sclerites marked. + +8. Mandible of Copris carolina with all sclerites defined. + +9. Thorax of a Hymenopteron from above. + +10. Genitalia of a male mosquito with all parts named. + +11. Genitalia of a male Noctuid from below: the parts separated out. + + + +PLATE III. Venation According to the Comstock System. + +1. Wing venation of a Noctuid. + +2. Wing venation of a Hepialid. + +3. Wing venation of a Locustid. + +4. Wing venation of a Hymenopteron. + +5. Wing venation of a Dipteron. + +6. Wing venation of an Odonat. + +7. Wing venation of a Cicada. + + + +Abbreviations are as follows: + +C. Costa, except in figure 1, where on the outer margin C occurs +instead of Cu. In the cells it means Costal. + +Sc. Subcosta, when it refers to a vein and subcostal in a cell. + +R. Radius, when it refers to a vein and radial when in a cell. + +M. Media, when it refers to a vein and median in a cell. + +Cu. Cubitus, when it refers to a vein and cubital in a cell. + +A. Anal veins or cells. + +c-v. cross-vein. + +m-cu. medio-cubital cross-vein. + +r-m. radio-medial cross-vein. + +m. median cross-vein. + +h. humeral cross-vein. + +st. stigma. + +ar. arculus. + +br. bridge. + +n. nodus. + +o. oblique vein. + +t. triangle. + +i. internal triangle. + +al. anal loop. + +Antn-c-sp. Antenodal costal spaces. + +Ptn-c-sp. Postnodal costal spaces. + +Ptn-r-sp. Postnodal radial spaces. + +All cells are named after the vein that bounds them anteriorly and are +numbered, if more than one, from base outwardly, as 2M3 = second +median 3, etc. + +In figure 1, M, in the outer margin between C1 and M2, should be M3: +the 3 was accidentally cut out by the engraver. + + + +Plate 1 + + +Plate 2 + +Plate 3 + +COLOR PLATE. + +Nomenclature of Windsor and Newton's Water Colors. + 1. Vermilion. + 2. Carmine. + 3. Crimson lake. + 4. Alizar crimson. + 5. Salmon. + 6. Rose. + 7. Purple madder. + 8. Mauve. + 9. French blue. +10. Purple lake. +11. Violet carmine. +12. Lilac. +13. Cobalt blue. +14. Lavender. +15. Blue gray. +16. Greenish gray. +17. Chrome lemon. +18. Gamboge. +19. Chrome orange. +20. Pale cadmium yellow. +21. Brown pink. +22. Pale clay yellow. +23. Hooker's green. +24. Prussian green. +25. Olive green. +26. Apple green. +27. Nile green. +28. Pale green. +20. Blue green. +30. Neutral. +31. Gray. +32. Ultra ash gray. +33. Indian red. +34. Dragon's blood. +35. Burnt sienna. +36. Brown ochre. +37. Cologne earth. +38. Roman sepia. +39. Van Dyke brown. +40. Pale brown. + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Explanation of Terms Used in Entomology, by +John. B. 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