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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of
+the Proceedings at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting
+       Guelph, Ontario, September 3, 4, 5, 1947
+
+Author: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: September 22, 2007 [EBook #22721]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROCEEDINGS, 38TH ANNUAL MEETING, 1947 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Janet Blenkinship
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|DISCLAIMER                                                              |
+|                                                                        |
+|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers|
+|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are |
+|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers       |
+|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is  |
+|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not|
+|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may   |
+|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide|
+|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current     |
+|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion  |
+|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut   |
+|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular   |
+|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.      |
+|                                                                        |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+  Northern Nut Growers
+
+  Association
+
+  INCORPORATED
+
+  Affiliated with
+  The American Horticultural Society
+
+  38th Annual Report
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+  CONVENTION AT GUELPH, ONTARIO
+
+  SEPTEMBER 3, 4, 5
+
+  1947
+
+
+
+
+  TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  Officers and Committees                                              3
+
+  State Vice Presidents                                                4
+
+  List of Members                                                      5
+
+  Constitution                                                        21
+
+  By-Laws                                                             22
+
+  Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention                  23
+
+      Address of Welcome--Dr. J. S. Shoemaker                         23
+
+      Response--Dr. L. H. MacDaniels                                  24
+
+      Report of Secretary--Mildred M. Jones                           25
+
+      Report on the Ohio Contest--Sterling Smith                      27
+
+      Report of Treasurer--D. C. Snyder                               28
+
+      Other Business of the Association                               29
+
+  Factors Influencing the Hardiness of Woody Plants--H. L. Crane      30
+
+  Nut Culture in Ontario--I. C. Marritt                               37
+
+  Nut Growing at the Hort. Sta., Vineland Station,
+      Ont.--W. J. Strong                                              39
+
+  Soil Management for Nut Plantations in Ontario--J. R. van Haarlem   43
+
+  Report from Southern Ontario--Alex Troup                            45
+
+  Nut Trees Hardy at Aldershot, Ontario, Canada--O. Filman            45
+
+  Report from Echo Valley, 1947--George Hebden Corsan                 48
+
+  Report from Beamsville, Ontario--Levi Housser                       50
+
+  Nut Growing in New Hampshire--L. P. Latimer                         51
+
+  Nut Notes from New Hampshire--Matthew Lahti                         52
+
+  A Simplified Schedule for Judging Black Walnut Varieties--L. H.
+  MacDaniels and S. S. Atwood                                         55
+
+  Test Plantings of Thomas Black Walnut in the Tennessee
+     Valley--Spencer B. Chase                                         60
+
+  West Tennessee Variety, Breeding and Propagation Tests, 1947--Aubrey
+  Richards, M. D.                                                     68
+
+  Notes on Some Kansas and Kentucky Pecans in Central Texas--O. S.
+  Gray                                                                69
+
+  Experiences of a Nut Tree Nurseryman--J. F. Wilkinson               70
+
+  Morphology and Structure of the Walnut--C. C. Lounsberry            72
+
+  A Method of Budding Walnuts--H. Lynn Tuttle                         74
+
+  Questions asked Mr. Stoke after his demonstration of grafting and
+  budding                                                             76
+
+  Importance of Bud Selection in the Grafting of Nut
+      Trees--G. J. Korn                                               78
+
+  The Hemming Chinese Chestnuts--E. Sam Hemming                       79
+
+  Results of a Chinese Chestnut Rootstock Experiment--J. W. McKay     83
+
+  Breeding Chestnut Trees: Report for 1946 and 1947--Arthur
+  Harmount Graves                                                     85
+
+  Chinese Chestnuts in the Chattahoochie Valley--G. S. Jones          92
+
+  Some Results with Filbert Breeding at Geneva,
+      N. Y.--George L. Slate                                          94
+
+  Nut News from Wisconsin--Carl Weschcke                             101
+
+  Home Preparation of Filbert Butter and Other Products--Mrs.
+  Jeanne M. Altman                                                   102
+
+  Notes from Central New York--S. H. Graham                          103
+
+  Experience with the Crath Carpathian Walnuts--Gilbert L. Smith     104
+
+  Observations on Hardiness of the Carpathian Walnuts at Poughkeepsie,
+  New York--Stephen Bernath                                          106
+
+  Discussion after Graham, Smith, and Bernath Persian walnut papers  107
+
+  Nuts About Trees--R. E. Hodgson                                    108
+
+  Report on Nut Trees at Massillon--Raymond E. Silvis                111
+
+  Planting of Nut Trees on Highways Undesirable--R. P. Allaman       113
+
+  Nut Growing for the Farm Owner--H. Gleason Mattoon                 114
+
+  Tree Crop and Nut Notes from Southern Pennsylvania--John
+  W. Hershey                                                         116
+
+  Notes from the New Jersey Section of the Northern Nut Growers
+  Association--Mrs. Alan R. Buckwalter                               119
+
+  Report of Resolutions Committee                                    120
+
+  Report of the Necrology Committee--Gerardi, Ferris                 121
+
+  Exhibitors                                                         123
+
+  Attendance                                                         125
+
+  Pictures Made on 1947 Tour                               124, 126, 127
+
+  Announcements                                                      128
+
+
+
+
+OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION
+
+
+  _President_--JOHN DAVIDSON, 234 E. Second St., Xenia, Ohio
+
+  _Vice President_--DR. L. H. MACDANIELS, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
+
+  _Treasurer_--D. C. SNYDER, Center Point, Iowa
+
+  _Secretary_--J. C. MCDANIEL, Tennessee Dept. of Agr., State Office Bldg.,
+  Nashville 3, Tenn.
+
+  _Director_--CLARENCE A. REED, 7309 Piney Branch Rd., N. W., Washington,
+  D. C.
+
+  _Director_--CARL WESCHCKE, 96 S. Wabasha St., Saint Paul, Minn.
+
+  _Dean_--DR. W. C. DEMING, 31 S. Highland, W. Hartford 7, Conn.
+
+  _Constitution Committee_--L. H. MACDANIELS, GEORGE L. SLATE, MISS MILDRED
+  JONES
+
+
+EXECUTIVE APPOINTMENTS
+
+  _Press and Publication_---Editorial Section: Dr. L. H. MacDaniels,
+  Dr. W. C. Deming, Miss Mildred Jones, Dr. J. Russell Smith,
+  Dr. A. S. Colby, George L. Slate, H. F. Stoke
+
+  Publicity Section: Dr. J. Russell Smith, H. F. Stoke, C. A. Reed,
+  A. A. Bungart, J. C. McDaniel
+  Printing Section: J. C. McDaniel, H. F. Stoke
+
+  _Program_--Spencer B. Chase, J. C. McDaniel, C. A. Reed,
+  Dr. O. D. Diller, Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Miss Mildred Jones
+
+  _Place of Meeting_--George L. Slate, D. C. Snyder, Royal Oakes, Dr. A. H.
+  Graves
+
+  _Varieties and Contests_--T. G. Zarger, L. Walter Sherman, Sterling
+  Smith, J. F. Wilkinson, Gilbert Becker, Gilbert L. Smith,
+  A. G. Hirschi, Seward Berhow. Standards and Judging Section of this
+  Committee: Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Spencer Chase, C. A. Reed,
+  H. F. Stoke
+
+  _Survey and Research_--R. E. Silvis, S. H. Graham, G. A. Gray,
+  E. F. Huen, Dr. Kenneth W. Hunt, Dr. C. H. Skinner, H. S. Wise,
+  Dr. G. F. Gravatt, John T. Bregger, Dr. A. H. Graves
+
+  _Membership_--Mrs. S. H. Graham, Mrs. Herbert Negus, Mrs. Harry Weber
+
+  _Exhibits_--H. F. Stoke, Jay L. Smith, L. Walter Sherman, J. F.
+  Wilkinson, G. L. Smith, H. H. Corsan, G. H. Corsan, Carl Weschcke,
+  Royal Oakes, H. G. Mattoon, George Brand, Seward Berhow
+
+  _Necrology_--Mrs. William Rohrbacher, Mrs. John Hershey, Mrs. J. F. Johns
+
+  _Audit_--Dr. William Rohrbacher, E. P. Gerber, R. P. Allaman
+
+  _Finance_--Carl Weschcke, Harry Weber, Carl F. Walker, D. C. Snyder
+
+  _Legal Advisers_--Harry Weber, Sargent Wellman
+
+  _Official Journal_--American Fruit Grower, 1370 Ontario St.,
+  Cleveland 13, Ohio
+
+
+
+
+State Vice-Presidents
+
+  Alabama                             LOVIC ORR
+  Alberta, Canada                   A. L. YOUNG
+  Arkansas                           A. C. HALE
+  British Columbia, Canada       J. U. GELLATLY
+  California                 DR. THOMAS R. HAIG
+  Colorado                           W. A. COLT
+  Connecticut               WILLIAM G. CANFIELD
+  Delaware                       EDWARD S. LAKE
+  Florida                           C. A. AVANT
+  Georgia                       G. CLYDE EIDSON
+  Idaho                             FRED BAISCH
+  Illinois                        LOUIS GERARDI
+  Indiana                         CARL F. PRELL
+  Iowa                              IRA M. KYHL
+  Kansas                         FRANK E. BORST
+  Kentucky                       DR. C. A. MOSS
+  Louisiana                   J. HILL FULLILOVE
+  Manitoba, Canada                  A. H. YOUNG
+  Maryland                     WILMER P. HOOPES
+  Massachusetts             DR. R. A. VAN METER
+  Mexico                      FREDERICO COMPEAN
+  Michigan                       GILBERT BECKER
+  Minnesota                       R. E. HODGSON
+  Mississippi                    JAMES R. MEYER
+  Missouri                       ADOLPH GIESSON
+  Nebraska                         GEORGE BRAND
+  New Hampshire                   MATTHEW LAHTI
+  New Jersey              MRS. A. R. BUCKWALTER
+  New York                       CLARENCE LEWIS
+  North Carolina              DR. R. T. DUNSTAN
+  Ohio                            A. A. BUNGART
+  Oklahoma                        A. G. HIRSCHI
+  Ontario, Canada                  G. H. CORSAN
+  Oregon                         S. M. DOHANIAN
+  Pennsylvania               H. GLEASON MATTOON
+  Rhode Island                     PHILIP ALLEN
+  South Carolina                JOHN T. BREGGER
+  South Dakota                 HOMER L. BRADLEY
+  Tennessee                    THOMAS G. ZARGER
+  Texas                         KAUFMAN FLORIDA
+  Utah                         GRANVILLE OLESON
+  Vermont                         A. W. ALDRICH
+  Virginia                   DR. V. A. PERTZOFF
+  Washington                   F. D. LINKLETTER
+  West Virginia               WENDELL W. HOOVER
+  Wisconsin                       W. S. BASSETT
+  Wyoming                          W. D. GREENE
+
+
+
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Membership List as of December 1, 1947
+
+
+  ALABAMA
+
+      Orr, Lovic, Penn-Orr-McDaniel Orchards, Rt. 1, Danville
+
+
+  ARKANSAS
+
+      Hale, A. C., Rt. 2, Box 322, Camden
+      Harris, Lt. Col. Oscar B., Rt. 1, Fayetteville
+      Stanley, Julian G., Rt. 1, Box 239, Camden
+      Winn, J. B., Westfork
+
+
+  CALIFORNIA
+
+      Armstrong Nurseries, 408 N. Euclid Ave., Ontario
+      Gaston, Eugene T., Rt. 2, Box 771, Turlock
+      Haig, Dr. Thomas R., 3344 H. St., Sacramento
+      Kemple, W. H., 22 West Ralston St., Ontario
+      Logan, George F., 16125 Hoover Street, Gardena
+      Parsons, Chas. E., Felix Gillet Nursery, Nevada City
+      Pozzi, P. H., 2875 S. Dutton Ave., Santa Rosa.
+      Walter, E. D., 899 Alameda, Berkeley
+      Welby, Harry S., 500 Buchanan St., Taft
+
+
+  CANADA
+
+      Brown, Alger, Rt. 1, Harley, Ontario
+      Cahoon, Dr. E. B., 333 O'Connor Dr., Toronto 6, Ontario
+      Casanave, John A., 909 Patterson Rd., Lulu Island, Vancouver, B. C.
+      Corsan, George H., Echo Valley, Islington, Ontario
+      Crath, Rev. Paul C., Rt. 2, Connington, Ontario
+      Eddie & Sons, Ltd., Pacific Coast Nurseries, Sardis, B. C.
+      Elgood, H., 74 Trans Canada Highway West, Chilliwack, B. C.
+      English, H. A., Box 153, Duncan, B. C.
+      Filman, O., Aldershot, Ontario
+      Gellatly, J. U., Box 19, Westbank, B. C.
+      Giegerich, H. C., Con-Mine, Trail, B. C.
+      Goodwin, Geoffrey L., Rt. 3, St. Catherines, Ontario
+      Harrhy, Ivor H., Rt. 1, Burgessville, Ontario
+      Housser, Levi, Beamsville, Ontario
+      Lawes, E. H., 412 Westmoreland Ave., Toronto 4, Ontario
+      Little, Wm. J., Rt. 1, St. George, Ontario
+      Maillene, George, Rt. 1, Fulford Harbor, B. C.
+      Manten, Jacob, Rt. 1, White Rock, B. C.
+     *Neilson, Mrs. Ellen, 5 McDonald Ave., Guelph, Ontario
+      Papple, Elton E., Rt. 3, Cainsville, Ontario
+      Porter, Gordon, Y. M. C. A., Windsor, Ontario
+      Stephenson, Mrs. J. H., 1539 Bellevue Ave., West Vancouver, B. C.
+      Trayling, E. J., 509 Richards St., Vancouver, B. C.
+      Wagner, A. S., Delhi, Ontario
+      Willis, A. R., Rt. 1, Royal Oak, Vancouver Island, B. C.
+      Wharton, H. W., Rt. 2, Guelph, Ontario
+      Wood, C. F., Hobbs Glass, Ltd., 7 Dale Ave., Toronto, Ontario
+      Yates, J., 2150 E. 65th Ave., Vancouver, B. C.
+      Young, A. H., Portage La Prairie, Manitoba
+      Young, A. L., Brooks, Alta.
+
+
+  COLORADO
+
+      Colt, W. A., Lyons
+      Hyde, Arthur, P. O. Box 417, Dolores
+
+
+  CONNECTICUT
+
+      Canfield, William G., 463 West Main St., New Britain
+    **Deming, Dr. W. C., 31 S. Highland, West Hartford 7
+      Gresecke, Paul, 379 Weed Ave., Stamford
+      Graham, Mrs. Cooper, Darien
+      Graves, Dr. A. H., 255 So. Main St., Wallingford
+      Huntington, A. M., Stranerigg Farms, Bethel
+      Kydd, Dr. D. M., 19 Westwood Rd., New Haven 15
+      McSweet, Arthur, Clapboard Hill Rd., Guilford
+      Milde, Karl F., Town Farm Rd., Litchfield
+      Newmaker, Adolph, Rt. 1, Rockville
+      Page, Donald T., Box 391, Rt. 1, Danielson
+      Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater
+      Rodgers, Raymond, Rt. 2, Westport
+      Rozanshi, Joseph, 130 La Salle St., New Britain
+      Scazlia, Jos. A., 372 Matson Hill Rd., So. Glastonbury
+      Senior, Sam P., Rt. 1, Bridgeport
+      White, George E., Rt. 2, Andover
+
+
+  DELAWARE
+
+      Brugmann, Elmer W., 1904 Washington St., Wilmington
+      Lake, Edward S., Sharpless Road, Hockessin
+      Wilkins, Lewis, Rt. 1, Newark
+
+
+  DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+
+      Borchers, Perry E., 1329 Quincy St., N. W., Washington 11, D. C.
+      Graff, Geo. U., 242 Peabody St., N. W., Washington, D. C.
+      Kaan, Dr. Helen W., National Research Council, 2101 Constitution
+      Ave., Washington 25, D. C. Librarian, American Potash Institute,
+      Inc., 1155-16th St., N. W., Washington, D. C.
+      Reed, C. A., 7309 Piney Branch Rd., N. W., Washington 12, D. C.
+
+
+  FLORIDA
+
+      Avant, C. A., 960 N. W. 10th Ave., Miami
+
+  GEORGIA
+
+      Eidson, G. Clyde, 1700 Westwood Ave., S. W., Atlanta
+      Hammar, Dr. Harold E., U. S. Pecan Field Sta., Box 84, Albany
+      Hunter, H. Reid, 561 Lake Shore Dr., N. E., Atlanta
+      Neal, Homer A., Neal's Nursery, Rt. 1, Carnesville
+      Skyland Farms, S. C. Noland & C. H. Crawford, 161 Spring St., N. W.,
+        Atlanta
+      Wilson, Wm. J., North Anderson Ave., Ft. Valley
+
+
+  IDAHO
+
+      Baisch, Fred, 627 E. Main St., Emmett
+      Dryden, Lynn, Peck
+      Falin, Mrs. John, Riggins
+      Hazelbaker, Calvin, Lewiston
+      Kudlac, Joe T., Box 147, Buhl
+      McGoran, J. E., Box 42, Spirit Lake, Idaho
+      Swayne, Samuel F., Orofino
+
+
+  ILLINOIS
+
+      Albrecht, H. W., Delaven
+      Allen, Theodore R., Delevan
+      Anthony, A. B., Rt. 3, Sterling
+      Baber, Adin, Kansas
+      Best, R. B., Eldred
+      Bolle, Dr. A. C., 324 E. State St., Jacksonville
+      Bradley, James W., 1307 N. McKinley Ave., Champaign
+      Bronson, Earle A., 800 Simpson St., Evanston
+      Churchill, Woodford M., 4333 Oakenwold, Chicago
+      Colby, Dr. Arthur S., University of Illinois, Urbana
+      Dietrich, Ernest, Rt. 2, Dundas
+      Dintelman, L. F., Belleville
+      Frey, Mrs. Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago
+      Frey, Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago
+      Frierdich, Fred, 3907 W. Main St., Belleville
+      Gerardi, Louis, Rt. 1, Caseyville
+      Haeseler, L. M., 1959 W. Madison St., Chicago
+      Heberlein, Edw. W., Rt. 1, Box 72 A, Roscoe
+      Helmle, Herman C., 123 N. Walnut St., Springfield
+      Hockenyoo, G. L., 213 E. Jefferson St., Springfield
+      Holland, Dr. W. W., 512 N. Randolf St., Macomb
+      Johnson, Hjalmar W., 5811 Dorchester Ave., Chicago 37
+      Jungk, Adolph, 817 Washington Ave., Alton
+      Kilner, F. R., American Nurseryman, 343 S. Dearborn St., Chicago 4
+      Klein, A. F., 1026 Harrison St., Galesburg
+      Knobloch, Miss Margaret, Arthur
+      Kreider, Ralph, Jr., Hammond
+      Langdoe, Wesley W., Erie Community High School, Erie
+      Leighton, L. C., Arthur
+      Mandrell, C. Wayne, Box 642, Tolono
+      Oakes, Royal, Bluffs
+      Pray, A. Lee, 502 North Main St., LeRoy
+      Sonnemann, W. F., Experimental Gardens, Vandalia
+      Seaton, Earl D., 2313 6th, Peru
+      Terril, Mark, 726 Greenleaf Ave., Wilmette
+      Urush, R. A., 1022 N. Dearborn, Chicago 10
+      Whitford, A. M., Farina
+      Williams, Jerry F., 2704 Walnut St., Shelbyville
+      Youngberg, Harry W., Port Clinton Rd., Prairie View
+
+
+  INDIANA
+
+      Behr, J. E., Laconia
+      Boyer, Clyde C, Nabb
+      Cole, Chas. Jr., 220 West La Salle Ave., South Bend
+      Garber, H. G., Indiana State Farm, Greencastle
+      Gentry, Herbert M., Rt. 2, Noblesville
+      Glaser, Peter, Rt. 1, Box 301, Evansville
+      Hite, Charles Dean, Rt. 2, Bluffton
+      Pritchett, Emery, 1340 Park Ave., Fort Wayne
+      Prell, Carl F., 803 West Colfax Ave., South Bend
+      Ramsey, Arthur, Muncie Tree Surgery Co., Muncie
+      Simpson, Paul F., 5951 Indianola, Indianapolis 20
+      Skinner, Dr. Charles H., Rt. 1, Thornton
+      Sly, Miss Barbara, Rt. 3, Rockport
+      Sly, Donald R., Rt. 3, Rockport
+      Stephenson, Walter, Delta Electric Co., Marion
+      Stierwalt, G. W., Rt. 4, Greencastle
+      Wallick, Ford, Rt. 4, Peru
+      Warren, E. L., New Richmond
+      Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport
+
+
+  IOWA
+
+      Berhow, S., Berhow Nurseries, Huxley
+      Boice, R. H., Rt. 1, Nashua
+      Cole, Edward P., 419 Chestnut St., Atlantic
+      Ferguson, Albert B., Center Point
+      Ferguson, Roy, Center Point
+      Ferris, Wayne, Hampton
+      Gardner, Clark, Gardner Nurseries, Osage
+      Harrison, L. E., Nashua
+      Huen, E. F., Eldora
+      Inter-State Nurseries, Hamburg
+      Iowa Fruit Growers' Association, State House, Des Moines
+      Kaser, J. D., Winterset
+      Kivell, Ivan E., Rt. 3, Greene
+      Kyhl, Ira M., Box 236, Sabula
+      Lanman, Harry, Hamburg
+      Last, Herman, Steamboat Rock
+      Lounsberry, C. C., 209 Howard Ave., Ames
+      Martazahn, Frank A., Rt. 3, Davenport
+      McLeran, Harold F., Mt. Pleasant
+      Meints, A. Rock, Dixon
+      Rodenberg, Henry, Guttenberg
+      Rohrbacher, Dr. Wm., 811 East College St., Iowa City
+      Schlagenbusch Bros., Rt. 3, Ft. Madison
+      Snyder, D. C., Center Point
+      Steffen, R. F., Box 1302, Sioux City 7
+      Swartzendruber, D. B., Kalona
+      Wade, Ida May, Rt. 3, LaPorte City
+      Widmer, H. R., Bloomfield
+      Welch, H. S., Mt. Arbor Nurseries, Shenandoah
+      Wood, Roy A., Castana
+
+
+  KANSAS
+
+      Baker, F. C., Troy
+      Borst, Frank E., 1704 Shawnee St., Leavenworth
+      Boyd, Elmer, Rt. 1, Box 95, Oskaloosa
+      Burrichter, George W., c/o Mrs. James Stone, 3011 N. 36th St.,
+        Kansas City
+      Fisher, Richard W., 704 N. 12th St., Leavenworth
+      Funk, M. D., 1501 N. Tyler St., Topeka
+      Gray, Dr. Clyde, 1045 Central Avenue, Horton
+      Hofman, Rayburn, Rt. 5, Manhattan
+      Leavenworth Nurseries, Rt. 3, Leavenworth
+      Mendere, John, Lansing
+      Threlenhaus, W. F., Rt. 1, Buffalo
+
+
+  KENTUCKY
+
+      Alves, Robert H., Nehi Bottling Co., Henderson
+      Baughn, Cullie, Rt. 6, Box 1, Franklin
+      Cornett, Chas. L., Box 566, Lynch
+      Moss, Dr. C. A., Williamsburg
+      Palmeter, Clarence, Rt 1, Mt. Sterling
+      Tatum, W. G., Rt. 4, Lebanon
+      Whittinghill, Lonnie M., Box 10, Love
+
+
+  LOUISIANA
+
+      Fullilove, J. Hill, Box 157, Shreveport
+
+
+  MARYLAND
+
+      Crane, Dr. H. L., Bureau of Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville
+      Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc., Dover Rd., Easton
+      Fletcher, C. Hicks, Lulley's Hillside Farm, Bowie
+      Gravatt, Dr. G. F., Forest Pathology, Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville
+      Harris, Walter B., Worton
+      Hodgson, Wm. C, Rt. 1, White Hall
+      Hoopes, Wilmer P., Forest Hill
+      Kemp, Homer S., Bountiful Ridge Nurseries, Princess Anne
+      Mannakee, N. H., Ashton
+      McCollum, Blaine, White Hall
+      McKay, Dr. J. W., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville
+      Negus, Mrs. Herbert, 4514-32nd St., Mt. Rainier
+      Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown
+      Purnell, J. Edgar, Spring Hill Road, Salisbury
+      Shamer, Dr. Maurice E., 3300 W. North Ave., Baltimore
+      Thomas, Kenneth D., 2826 Rosalie Ave., Baltimore 14
+
+
+  MASSACHUSETTS
+
+      Babbitt, Howard S., 321 Dawes Ave., Pittsfield
+      Brown, Daniel L., Esq., 60 State St., Boston
+      Fitts, Walter H., 39 Baker St., Foxboro
+      Fritze, E., Osterville
+      Garlock, Mott A., 17 Arlington Rd., Longmeadow
+      Gauthier, Louis R., Wood Hill Rd., Monson
+      Hanchett, James L., Rt. 1, East Longmeadow
+      Kendall, Henry P., Moose Hill Farm, Sharon
+      La Beau, Henry A., North Hoosic Rd., Williamstown
+      Pinkerton, E. G., 177 Lowden St., Dedham
+      Rice, Horace J., 5 Elm St., Springfield
+     *Russell, Mrs. Newton H., 12 Burnett Ave., South Hadley
+      Short, I. W., 299 Washington St., Taunton
+      Stewart, O. W., 75 Milton Ave., Hyde Park
+      Swartz, H. P., 206 Chicopee St., Chicopee
+      Van Meter, Dr. R. A., French Hall, M.S.C., Amherst
+      Wellman, Sargent H., Esq., Windridge, Topsfield
+      Westcott, Samuel K., 70 Richview Ave., North Adams
+      Weston Nurseries, Inc., Brown & Winters Sts., Weston
+      Weymouth, Paul W., 183 Plymouth St., Holbrook
+
+
+  MEXICO
+
+      Compean, Senor Federico, Gerente, Granjas "Cordelia" Apartado 141,
+        San Luis Potosi, Mexico
+
+
+  MICHIGAN
+
+      Achenbach, W. N., Petoskey
+      Andersen, Charles, Andersen Evergreen Nurseries, Scottsville
+      Barlow, Alfred L., 13079 Flanders Ave., Detroit 5
+      Becker, Gilbert, Climax
+      Blackman, Orrin C., Box 55, Jackson
+      Bogart, Geo. C., Rt. 2, Three Oaks
+      Boylan, P. B., Cloverdale
+      Bradley, L. J., Rt. 1, Springport
+      Bumler, Malcolm R., 1097 Lakeview, Detroit
+      Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Rt. 2, Union City
+      Burgess, E. H., Burgess Seed & Plant Co., Galesburg
+      Burr, Redmond M., 320 S. 5th Ave., Ann Arbor
+      Buskey, James, 2932 Marlborough, Detroit 15
+      Cook, E. A., M. D., Director, County Health Dept., Corunna
+      Corsan, H. H., Rt. 1, Hillsdale
+      Emerson, Ralph, 161 Cortland Ave., Highland Park 3
+      Germer, C. F., Rt. 2, Burr Oak
+      Hackett, John C, 315 Diamond Ave., S. E., Grand Rapids 6
+      Hagelshaw, W. J., Box 314, Galesburg
+      Hay, Francis H., Ivanhoe Place, Lawrence
+      Healey, Scott, Rt. 2, Otsego
+     *Kellogg, W. K., Battle Creek
+      King, Harold J., Sodus
+      Korn, G. J., 140 N. Rose St., Kalamazoo 24
+      Lee, Michael, Lapeer
+      Lemke, Edwin W., 2432 Townsend Ave., Detroit 14
+      Mann, Charles W., Box 357 Saugatuck
+      Miller, Louis, 130 N. O'Keefe, Cassopolis
+      O'Rourke, Dr. F. L., Hort'l Dept., Michigan State College, E. Lansing
+      Otto, Arnold G., 4150 Three Mile Drive, Detroit
+      Pickles, Arthur W., 760 Elmwood Ave., Jackson
+      Prushek, E., Rt. 3, Niles
+      Scofield, Carl, Box 215, Woodland
+      Stahelin, C. A., Bridgeman
+      Stocking, Frederick N., Harrisville
+      Tate, D. L., 959 Westchester St., Birmingham
+      Wiard, Everett W., 510 S. Huron St., Ypsilanti
+      Witbeck, Mrs. V. H., Rt. 2, Woodland
+      Whallon, Archer P., Rt. 1, Stockbridge
+      Zeket, Arnold, 1955 Catalpa Ct., Ferndale 20
+
+
+  MINNESOTA
+
+      Andrews, Miss Frances E., 48 Park View Terrace, Minneapolis
+      Hodgson, R. E., Dept, of Agriculture, S. E. Exp. Sta., Waseca
+      Mayo Forestry & Horticultural Institute, Box 498, Rochester
+      Skrukrud, Baldwin, Sacred Heart
+      Weschcke, Carl, 96 S. Wabasha St., St. Paul
+
+
+  MISSISSIPPI
+
+      Meyer, James R., Delta Branch Exper. Station, Stoneville
+
+
+  MISSOURI
+
+      Bauch, G. D., Box 66, Farmington
+      Blake, R. E., c/o International Shoe Co., 1509 Washingtin Ave.,
+        St. Louis 3
+      Campbell, A. T., Robinson Pike, Rt. 1, Grandview
+      Fisher, J. B., R. R. H. 1, Pacific
+      Giesson, Adolph, River Aux Vases
+      Hay, Leander, Gilliam
+      Howe, John, Rt. I, Box 4, Pacific
+      Huber, Frank J., Weingarten
+      Hudson, Perry H., Smithton
+      Johns, Mrs. Jeannette F., Rt. 1, Festus
+      Nicholson, John W., Ash Grove
+      Ochs, C. T., Box 291, Salem
+      Richterkessing, Ralph, Rt. 1, St. Charles
+      Schmidt, Victor H., 4821 Virginia, Kansas City
+      Stanage, John L., 135 So. Rock Hill Rd., Webster Groves
+      Stark Brothers Nurs. & Orchard Co., Louisiana
+      Tainter, Nat A., 714 N. Fifth St., Saint Charles
+      Thompson, J. D., 600 West 63rd St., Kansas City 2
+      Weil, A. E., c/o Dow Chemical Co., 3615 Olive St., St. Louis 8
+
+
+  NEBRASKA
+
+      Brand, George, Rt. 5, Box 60, Lincoln
+      Caha, William, Wahoo
+      Ginn, A. M., Box 6, Bayard
+      Hess, Harvey W., The Arrowhead Gardens, Box 209, Hebron
+      Hoyer, L. B., 7554 Maple St., Omaha
+      Lenz, Clifford Q., 3815 Maple St., Omaha 3
+      Marshall's Nurseries, Arlington
+      Van Arsdale, D. N., 701 N. Fifth St., Beatrice
+      White, Bertha G., 7615 Leighton Ave., Lincoln 5
+      White, Warren E., 6920 Binney St., Omaha 4
+
+
+  NEW HAMPSHIRE
+
+      Lahti, Matthew, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro
+      Latimer, Prof. L. P., Dept of Horticulture, Durham
+      Malcolm, Herbert L., The Waumbek Farm, Jefferson
+      Messier, Frank, Rt. 2, Nashua
+
+
+  NEW JERSEY
+
+      Bangs, Ralph E., Allamuchy
+      Beck, Stanley, 12 South Monroe Ave., Wenonah
+      Blake, Dr. Harold, Box 93, Saddle River
+      Bottom, R. J., 41 Robertson Rd., West Orange
+      Brewer, J. L., 10 Allen Place, Fair Lawn
+      Buch, Philip O., 106 Rockaway Ave., Rockaway
+      Buckwalter, Mrs. Alan R., Flemington
+      Buckwalter, Geoffrey R., Route 1, Box 12, Flemington
+      Canfield, Roger I., 549 Fairview Ave., Cedar Grove
+      Cumberland Nursery, Rt. 1, Millville
+      Donnelly, John H., Mountain Ice Co., 51 Newark St., Hoboken
+      Dougherty, Wm. M., Broadacres-on-Bedens, Box 425, Princeton
+      Franek, Michael, 323 Rutherford Ave., Franklin
+      Gardenier, Dr. Harold C., Westwood
+      Hostetter, Amos B., 17 So. Beechcroft Rd., Short Hills
+     *Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly Place, Jersey City
+      Jewett, Edmund Gale, Rt. 1, Port Murray
+      Lovett's Nursery, Inc., Little Silver
+      McCulloch, J. D., 73 George St., Freehold
+      McDowell, Fred, 905 Ocean Ave., Belmar
+      Mueller, R., Rt. 1, Box 81, Westwood
+      Ritchie, Walter M., Rt. 2, Box 122R, Rohway
+      Rocker, Louis P., The Rocker Farm, Andover
+      Sorg, Henry, Chicago Ave., Egg Harbor City
+      Sutton, Ross J., Jr., Rt. 2, Lebanon
+      Szalay, Dr. S., 931 Garrisin Ave., Teaneck
+      Van Doren, Durand H., 310 Redmond Rd., South Orange
+      Yorks, A. S., Lamatonk Nurseries, Neshanic Station
+
+
+  NEW YORK
+
+      Barber, Geo. H., Rt. 1, Stockton
+      Barton, Irving Titus, Montour Falls
+      Bassett, Charles K., 2917 Main St., Buffalo
+      Beck, Paul E., Beck's Guernsey Dairy, Transit Rd., E. Amherst
+      Benton, William A., Wassaic
+      Bernath's Nursery, Rt. 1, Poughkeepsie
+      Bixby, Henry D., East Drive, Halesite, L. I.
+      Blauner, Sidney H., 290 West End Ave., New York
+      Bradbury, Captain H. G., 30 Fifth Ave., New York 11
+      Brinckeroff, John H., 161-19 Jamaica Ave., Jamaica
+      Brook, Victor, 171 Rockingham St., Rochester
+      Brooks, William G., Monroe
+      Bundick, C. U., 35 Anderson Ave., Scarsdale
+      Carter, George, 428 Avenue A, Rochester 5
+      Cowan, Harold, 643 Southern Bldg., The Bronx, New York 55.
+      Dasey, Mrs. Eva B., 210 High Bridge St., Fayetteville
+      Dutton, Walter, 264 Terrace Park, Rochester
+      Ellwanger, Mrs. William D., 510 East Ave., Rochester
+      Elsbree, George Jr., Stanfordville, Dutchess Co., New York
+      Engle, Mrs. Charle, Rt. 1, Port Crane
+      Feil, Harry, 1270 Hilton-Spencerport Rd., Hilton
+      Flanigen, Charles F., 16 Greenfield St., Buffalo
+      Freer, H. J., 20 Midvale Rd., Fairport
+      Fribance, A. E., 139 Elmdorf Ave., Rochester 11
+      Fruch, Alfred, 34 Perry St., New York
+      Garcia, M., c/o Garcia & Diaz, 82 Beaver St., New York 5
+      Graham, S. H., Rt. 5, Ithaca
+      Graham, Mrs. S. H., Bostwick Road, Ithaca
+      Gressel, Henry, Rt. 2, Mohawk
+      Haas, Dr. Sidney V., 47 West 86th St., New York City
+      Hasbrouck, Walter, Jr., New Platz
+      Hubbell, James F., Mayro Bldg., Utica
+      Iddings, William, 165 Ludlow St., New York
+      Irish, G. Whitney, Valatie
+      Kelly, Mortimer B., 17 Battery Place, New York
+      Knorr, Mrs. Arthur, 15 Central Park, West, Apt. 1406, New York
+      Kraai, Dr. John, Fairport
+      Larkin, Harry H., 189 Van Rensselaer St., Buffalo 10
+     *Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Ave., New York
+      Little, George, Ripley
+      Lowerre, James D., 1121 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn 16
+     *MacDaniels, Dr. L. H., Cornell University, Ithaca
+      Maloney Brothers Nursery Co., Inc., Dansville
+      Miller, J. E., Canandaigua
+      Mitchell, Rudolph, 125 Riverside Drive, New York 24
+     *Montgomery, Robert H., 1 E. 44th St., New York
+      Mossman, Dr. James K., Black Oaks, Ramapo
+      Muenscher, Prof. W. C., 1001 Highland Road, Ithaca
+      Newell, P. F., Lake Road, Rt. 1, Westfield
+      Oeder, Dr. Lambert R., 551 Fifth Ave., New York
+      Overton, Willis W., 3 Lathrop St., Carthage
+      Page, Charles E., Rt. 2, Oneida
+      Rauch, Basil, Barnard College Columbia U., New York 27
+      Rebillard, Frederick, 164 Lark St., Albany 5
+      Rightmyer, Harold, Rt. 4, Ithaca
+      Salzer, George, 169 Garford Rd., Rochester
+      Sameth, Sigmund, 38 E 65th St., New York 21
+      Schlegel, Charles B., 990 South Ave., Rochester
+      Schlick, Frank, Munnsville
+      Schmidt, Carl W., 180 Linwood Ave., Buffalo
+      Shank, W., 141 Parkway Road, Room 9, Bronxville
+      Shannon, J. W., Box 90, Ithaca
+      Sheffield, Lewis J., c/o Mrs. Edna C. Jones, Townline Rd., Orangeburg
+      Slate, Prof. George L., Experiment Station, Geneva
+      Smith, Gilbert L., State School, Wassaic
+      Smith, Jay L., Chester
+      Steiger, Harwood, Red Hook
+      Stern-Montagny, Hubert, Erbonia Farm, Gardiner
+      Szego, Alfred, 77-15 A 37th Ave., Jackson Heights, New York
+      Timmerman, Karl G., 123 Chapel St., Fayetteville
+      Todd, E. Murray, 55 Liberty St., New York
+      Waite, Dr. R. H., Willowwaite Moor, Perrysburg
+      Wichlac, Thaddeus, 3236 Genesee St., Cheektowaga (Buffalo) 21
+      Windisch, Richard P., c/o W. E. Burnet & Co., 11 Wall St., New York
+     *Wissman, Mrs. F. De R., G. W. 54th St., New York
+
+
+  NORTH CAROLINA
+
+      Brooks, J. R., Box 116, Enka
+      Dunstan, Dr. R. T., Greensboro College, Greensboro
+      Finch, Jack R., Bailey
+      Parks, C. H., Rt. 2, Asheville
+      Rice, Clyde H., Rt. 2, Box 158, Mars Hill, N. C.
+
+
+  OHIO
+
+      Barden, C. A., 215 Morgan St., Oberlin
+      Bitler, W. A., 322 McPheron Ave., Lima
+      Bungart, A. A., Avon
+      Bush, David G., Rt. 3, Warren
+      Chapman, Floyd B., 1944 Denune Ave., Columbus 3
+      Cinadr, Mrs. Katherine, 13514 Coath Ave., Cleveland 20
+      Clark, R. L., 1184 Melbourne Rd., East Cleveland 12
+      Cook, H. C., Rt. 1, Box 125, Leetonia
+      Cranz, Eugene F., Mount Tom Farm, Ira
+      Davidson, John, 234 E. 2nd St., Xenia
+      Davidson, Mrs. John, 234 E. 2nd St., Xenia
+      De Leon, Donald, Box 244, Sta. G., Columbus 7
+      Diller, Dr. Oliver D., Dept. of Forestry, Experiment Sta., Wooster
+      Dubois, Miss Frances M., 4623 Glenshade Ave., Cincinnati 27
+      Elliott, Donald W., Rogers
+      Emch, F. E., Genoa
+      Evans, Maurice G., 335 S. Main St., Akron 8
+      Fickes, Mrs. W. R., Rt. 1, Wooster
+      Foraker, Maj. C. Merle, 152 Elmwood Ave., Barberton
+      Foss, H. D., 875 Hamlin St., Akron 2
+      Franks, M. L., Rt. 1, Montpelier
+      Frederick, Geo. F., 3925 W. 17th, Cleveland 9
+      Garden Center of Greater Cleveland, 11190 East Blvd., Cleveland
+      Gauly, Dr. Edward, 1110 Euclid Ave., Cleveland
+      Gerber, E. P., Kidron
+      Gerstenmaier, John A., 13 Pond S. W., Massilon
+      Goss, C. E., 922 Dover Ave., Akron 2
+      Gray, G. A., 3317 Jefferson Ave., Cincinnati 20
+      Grad, Dr. Edw. A., 1506 Chase St., Cincinnati 23
+      Haydeck, Carl, 3213 West 73rd St., Cleveland 2
+      Hill, Dr. Albert A., 4187 Pearl Rd., Cleveland
+      Hoch, Gordon F., 6292 Glade Ave., Cincinnati 30
+      Hunt, Kenneth W., Yellow Springs
+      Irish, Charles F., 418 E. 105th St., Cleveland
+      Jacobs, Homer L., Davey Tree Expert Co., Kent
+      Jacobs, Mason, 3003 Jacobs Rd., Youngstown
+      Kappel, Owen, Bolivar
+      Kintzel, Frank M., 2506 Briarcliffe Ave., Cincinnati 13
+      Kirby, R. L., Rt. 2, Blanchester
+      Kratzer, George, Rt. 1, Dalton
+      Krok, Walter P., 925 W. 29th St., Lorain
+      Laditka, Nicholas G., 5322 Stickney Ave., Cleveland 9
+      Lashley, Charles V., 216 S. Main, Wellington
+      Lehmann, Carl, Union Trust Bldg., Cincinnati
+      Lorenz, R. C., 121 N. Arch St., Fremont
+      Madson, Arthur E., 13608 5th Ave., E. Cleveland 12
+      McBride, William B., 2398 Brandon Rd., Columbus 8
+      Metzger, A. J., 724 Euclid Ave., Toledo 5
+      Neff, William, Martel
+      Nicolay, Chas., 2259 Hess Ave., Cincinnati 11
+      Oches, Norman M., Rt. 2, Brunswick
+      Osborn, Frank C, 4040 W. 160th St., Cleveland
+      Pomerene, W. H., Coshocton
+      Poston, E. M., Jr., 2640 E. Main, Columbus
+      Ranke, William, Rt. 1, Amelia
+      Rowe, Stanley M., Rt. 1, Box 73, Cincinnati 27
+      Rummel, E. T., 16613 Laverne Ave., Cleveland 11
+      Scarff's Sons, W. N., New Carlisle
+      Schaufelberger, Hugo, Rt. 2, Sandusky
+      Seas, D. Edw., 721 South Main St., Orrville
+      Shelton, Dr. E. M., 1468 W. Clifton Blvd., Lakewood 7
+      Sherman, L. Walter, Mahoning Co., Exp. Farm, Canfield
+      Shessler, Sylvester M., Genoa
+      Silvis, Raymond E., 1725 Lindbergh Ave., N. E., Massillon
+      Smith, L. A., Rt. 1, Uniontown
+      Smith, Sterling A., 630 W. South St., Vermilion
+      Spring Hill Nurseries Co., Tipp City
+      Strauss, Jos., 3640 Epworth Ave., Cincinnati 11
+      Stocker, C. P., Lorain Products Corp., 1122 F. St., Lorain
+      Sylvarium Gardens, L. E. Crawford, 5499 Columbia Rd., North Olmsted
+      Thomas, W. F., 406 S. Main St., Findlay
+      Toops, Herbert A., 1430 Cambridge Blvd., Columbus
+      Urban, George, 4518 Ardendale Rd., South Euclid 21
+      Van Voorhis, J. F., 215 Hudson Ave., Apt. B-1, Newark
+      Walker, Carl F., 2851 E. Overlook Rd., Cleveland
+      Weaver, Arthur W., 318 Oliver St., Toledo 4
+     *Weber, Harry R., Esq., 123 E. 6th St., Cincinnati
+      Weber, Mrs. Martha R., Rt. 1, Morgan Rd., Cleves
+      Whitney, Charles E., West Mansfield
+      Willett, Dr. G. P., Elmore
+      William, Harry M., 221 Grandon Rd., Dayton 9, Ohio
+      Wischhusen, J. F., 15031 Shore Acres Dr., N. E., Cleveland 10
+      Yoder, Emmet, Smithville
+
+
+  OKLAHOMA
+
+      Butler, Roy, Rt. 2, Hydro
+      Cross, Prof. Frank B., Dept, of Hort., Stillwater
+      Hirschi's Nursery, 414 N. Robinson, Oklahoma City
+      Hubbard, Orie B., Kingston
+      Hughes, C. V., Rt. 3, Box 564, Oklahoma City 8
+      Jarrett, C. F., 2208 W. 40th, Tulsa
+      Meek, E. B., Rt. 2, Wynnewood
+      Pulliam, Gordon, 407 Osage Ave., Bartlesville
+      Ruhlen, Dr. Chas. A., 114 W. Steele, Cushing
+      Swan, Oscar E., Jr., 1226 E. 30th St., Tulsa 5
+
+
+  OREGON
+
+      Borland, Robert E., 219 Mill St., Silverton
+      Butler, Joe C., Sherwood
+      Carlton Nursery Co., Forest Grove
+      Dohanian, S. M., P. O. Box 246, Eugene
+      Miller, John E., Rt. 1, Box 312-A, Oswego
+      Pearcy, Harry L., H. L. Pearcy Nursery Co., Rt. 2, Box 190, Salem
+      Schuster, C. E., Horticulturist, Corvallis
+      Sheppard, Chas. M., Tucker Road, Hood River
+
+
+  PENNSYLVANIA
+
+      Allaman, R. P., Rt. 1, Harrisburg
+      Anundson, Lester, 2630 Chestnut St., Erie
+      Banks, H. C., Rt. 1, Hellertown
+      Beard, H. K., Rt. 1, Sheridan
+      Berst, Chas. B., 655 Brown Ave., Erie
+      Bowen, John C., Rt. 1, Macungie
+      Breneiser, Amos P., 427 N. 5th St., Reading
+      Buckman, C. M., Schwenkville
+      Catterall, Karl P., 734 Frank St., Pittsburgh 10
+      Clarke, Wm. S., Jr., Box 167, State College
+      Colwell, F. A., R.F.D., Collegeville
+      Creasy, Luther P., Catawissa
+      Damask, Henry, 1632 Doyle St., Wilkinsburg
+      Dewey, Richard, Box 41, Peckville
+      Dible, Samuel E., Rt. 3, Shelocta
+      Eckhart, Pierce, 573 Haddington St., Philadelphia 31
+      Etter, Fayette, P. O. Box 57, Lemasters
+      Gardner, Ralph D., Box 425, Colonial Park
+      Gibson, Ralph, 331 Center St., Williamsport
+      Good, Orren S., 316 N. Fairview St., Lock Haven
+      Gorton, F. B., Rt. 1, East Lake Road, Harbor Creek, Erie Co.
+      Heasley, George S., Rt. 3, Beaver Falls
+      Heckler, George Snyder, Hatfield
+      Hershey, John W., Nut Tree Nurseries, Downingtown
+      Hostetter, C. F., Bird-In-Hand
+      Hostetter, L. K., Rt. 5, Lancaster
+      Hughes, Douglas, 1230 East 21st St., Erie
+      Johnson, Robert F., Rt. 5, Box 56, Crafton
+      Jones, Mildred M., 301 N. West End Ave., Lancaster
+      Jones, Dr. Truman W., Coatesville
+      Kaufman, M. M., Clarion
+      Kirk, DeNard B., Forest Grove
+      Knouse, Chas. W., Colonial Park
+      Laboski, George T., Rt. 1, Harbor Creek
+      Leach, Hon. Will, Court House, Scranton
+      Long, Carleton C., 138 College Ave., Beaver
+      Mattoon, H. Gleason, Narbeth
+      McCartney, J. Lupton, Rm. 1, Horticultural Bldg., State College
+      Mercer, Robert A., Rt. 1, Perkesmenville, New Hanover
+      Miller, Elwood B., c/o The Hazleton Bleaching & Dyeing Works,
+        Hazleton
+      Miller, Elwood B., c/o The Hazleton Bleaching & Dyeing Works,
+      Moyer, Philip S., U. S. F. & G. Bldg., Harrisburg
+      Niederriter, Leonard, 1726 State St., Erie
+      Parloff, Robert, 2018 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, Pa.
+      Ranson, Flavel, 728 Monroe Ave., Scranton 10
+      Reece, W. S., Clearfield
+      Reidler, Paul G., Ashland
+      Rial, John, 528 Harrison Ave., Greensburg
+     *Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Sq., Reading
+      Rupp, Edward E., Jr., 57 W. Pomfret St., Carlisle
+      Schaible, Percy, Upper Black Eddy
+      Smith, Dr. J. Russell, 550 Elm Ave., Swarthmore
+      Stewart, E. L., Pine Hill Farms Nursery, Rt. 2, Homer City
+      Stewart, John H., Yule Tree Farm, Akeley
+      Stinson, George, Box 77, Bedminster
+      Theiss, Dr. Lewis E., Bucknell University, Lewisburg
+      Twist, Frank S., Northumberland
+      Washick, Dr. Frank A., S. W. Welsh & Veree Rds., Philadelphia 11
+      Weinrich, Whitney, 134 S. Lansdowne Ave., Lansdowne
+     *Wister, John C., Scott Foundation, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore
+      Wood, Wayne, Rt. 1, Newville
+      Wright, Ross Pier, 235 West 6th St., Erie
+      Zimmerman, Mrs. G. A., Piketown, R. D., Linglestown
+
+
+  RHODE ISLAND
+
+     *Allen, Philip, 178 Dorance St., Providence
+      R. I. State College, Library Dept., Green Hall, Kingston
+
+
+  SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+      Bregger, John T., Clemson
+      Gordon, G. Henry, Union, Union Co.
+      Poole, M. C., Cross Anchor
+
+
+  SOUTH DAKOTA
+
+      Bradley, Homer L., Sand Lake Refuge, Columbia
+
+
+  TENNESSEE
+
+      Chase, S. B., Norris
+      Garrett, Dr. Sam Young, Dixon Springs
+      Holdeman, J. E., 208 Shrine Bldg., Memphis 3
+      Howell Nurseries, Sweetwater
+      Lowe, Dr. Jere., Thayer Vet. Hospital, Nashville 5
+      McDaniel, J. C., Tenn. Dept. of Agriculture, 403 State Office Bldg.,
+        Nashville 3
+      Rhodes, G. B., Rt. 2, Covington
+      Richards, Dr. A., Whiteville
+      Shadow, Willis A., County Agt., Decatur
+      Roark, W. F., Malesus
+      Zarger, Thomas G., Norris
+
+
+  TEXAS
+
+      Arford, Charles A., Box 1230, Dalhart
+      Bailey, L. B., Box 1436, Phillips
+      Buser, C. J., Rt. 1, Arp
+      Florida, Kaufman, Box 154, Rotan
+      Gray, O. S., P. O. Box 513, Arlington
+      Kidd, Clark, Arp Nursery Co., Tyler
+      Price, W. S., Jr., Gustine
+      Winkler, Andrew, Moody
+
+  UTAH
+
+      Jeppeson, Chris, Wildwood Hollow Farm Nursery, Provo City
+      Oleson, Granville, 1210 Laird Ave., Salt Lake City 5
+      Peterson, Harlan D., 2164 Jefferson Ave., Ogden
+
+
+  VERMONT
+
+      Aldrich, A. W., Rt. 3, Springfield
+      Collins, Jos. N., Rt. 3, Pultney
+      Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven, Perpetual Membership "In Memoriam"
+      Farrington, Robert A., Vermont Forest Service, Montpelier
+      Foster, Forest K., West Topsham
+      Ladd, Paul, Hilltop Farm, Jamaica
+
+
+  VIRGINIA
+
+      Acker, E. D., Co., Broadway
+      Burton, George L., 728 College St., Bedford
+      Case, Lynn B., Rt. 1, Fredericksburg
+      Dickerson, T. C., 316-56th St., Newport News
+      Gibbs, H. R., McLean
+      Gunther, Eric F., Rt. 1, Box 31, Onancock
+      Nelson, C. L., 964 Avenel Ave., Lee Hy. Ct., Roanoke
+      Nix, Robert W., Jr., Lucketts
+      Pertzoff, Dr. V. A., Carter's Bridge
+      Pinner, H. McR., P. O. Box 155, Suffolk
+      Stoke, H. F., 1420 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke
+      Stoke, Mrs. H. F., 1420 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke
+      Stoke, Dr. John H., 408-10 Boxley Bldg., Roanoke
+      Thompson, B. H., Harrisonburg
+      Variety Products Co., 5 Middlebrook Ave., Staunton
+      Webb, John, Hillsville
+      Zimmerman, Ruth, Bridgewater
+
+
+  WEST VIRGINIA
+
+      Cannaday, Dr. John E., Charleston General Hospital, Charleston 25
+      Cross, Andrew, Ripley
+      Frye, Wilbert M., Pleasant Dale
+      Glenmount Nurseries, Arthur M. Reed, Moundsville
+      Gold Chestnut Nursery, Arthur A. Gold, Cowen
+      Hoover, Wendell W., Webster Springs
+      White, Roscoe R., 635 Mulberry Ave., Clarksburg
+      White, Wayne G., 833 Glendale Ave., So. Charleston 3
+
+
+  WASHINGTON
+
+      Altman, Mrs. H. E., 2338 King St., Bellingham 9
+      Barth, J. H., Box 1827, Rt. 3, Spokane 16
+      Bartleson, C. J., Box 25, Chattaroy
+      Biddle, Miss Gertrude W., W. 923 Gordon Ave., Spokane 12
+      Brown, H. B., Greenacres
+      Bush, Carroll D., Grapeview
+      Clark, R. W., 4221 Phinney Ave., Seattle
+      Denman, George L., 1319 East Nina Ave., Spokane 10
+      Garvin, Mrs. Mildred S., W. 3408 2nd Ave., Spokane 9
+      Harrison, Geo. C., Greenacres
+      Hyatt, L. W., 2826 West La Crosse, Spokane 12
+      Jessup, J. M., Cook
+      Kling, William L., Rt. 2, Box 230, Clarkston
+      Latterell, Ethel, Greenacres
+      Linkletter, F. D., 8034-35th Ave., N. E., Seattle 5
+      Lynn Tuttle Nursery, The Heights, Clarkston
+      Naderman, G. W., Rt. 1, Box 381, Olympia
+      Rodgers, W. R., N. 1411 Mamer, Opportunity
+      Shane Bros., Vashon
+      Watt, Mrs. L. J., W. 203 16th Ave., Spokane 9
+
+
+  WISCONSIN
+
+      Bassett, W. S., 1522 Main St., La Crosse
+      Brust, John J., 135 W. Wells St., Milwaukee 3
+      Dopkins, Marvin, Rt. 1, River Falls
+      Heberlein, Edw. W., Box 747, Milwaukee
+      Johnson, Albert G., Rt. 2, Box 457, Waukesha
+      Koelsch, Norman, Jackson
+      Ladwig, C. F., 2221 St. Lawrence, Beloit
+      Mortensen, M. C., 2117 Stanson Ave., Racine
+      Reische, Frank C., Rt. 1, Plymouth
+      Zinn, Walter G., P. O. Box 747, Milwaukee
+
+
+  WYOMING
+
+      Greene, W. D., Box 348, Greybull
+
+  =* Life Member ** Honorary member=
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION
+
+
+ARTICLE I--NAME
+
+This Society shall be known as the =Northern Nut Growers Association,
+Incorporated=.
+
+
+ARTICLE II--OBJECT
+
+Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants,
+their products and their culture.
+
+
+ARTICLE III--MEMBERSHIP
+
+Membership in this society shall be open to all persons who desire to
+further nut culture, without reference to place of residence or
+nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on
+membership.
+
+
+ARTICLE IV--OFFICERS
+
+There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary and a
+treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting; and a
+board of directors consisting of six persons, of which the president,
+the two last retiring presidents, the vice-president, the secretary and
+the treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state vice-president
+from each state, dependency, or country represented in the membership of
+the association, who shall be appointed by the president.
+
+
+ARTICLE V--ELECTION OF OFFICERS
+
+A committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for
+the purpose of nominating officers for the following year.
+
+
+ARTICLE VI--MEETINGS
+
+The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the
+membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made at
+this time, the board of directors shall choose the place and time for
+the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may seem
+desirable may be called by the president and board of directors.
+
+
+ARTICLE VII--QUORUM
+
+Ten members of the Association shall constitute a quorum but must
+include two of the four officers.
+
+
+ARTICLE VIII--AMENDMENTS
+
+This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members
+present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment having been read
+at the previous annual meeting, or copy of the proposed amendment having
+been mailed by any member to each member thirty days before the date of
+the annual meeting.
+
+
+
+
+BY-LAWS
+
+
+ARTICLE I--COMMITTEES
+
+The Association shall appoint standing committees as follows: On
+membership, on finance, on programme, on press and publication, on
+exhibits, on varieties and contests, on survey, and an auditing
+committee. The committee on membership may make recommendations to the
+Association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member.
+
+
+ARTICLE II--FEES
+
+Annual members shall pay two dollars annually. Contributing members
+shall pay ten dollars annually. Life members shall make one payment of
+fifty dollars and shall be exempt from further dues and shall be
+entitled to the same benefits as annual members. Honorary members shall
+be exempt from dues. "Perpetual" membership is eligible to any one who
+leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and such
+membership on payment of said sum to the Association shall entitle the
+name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as
+"Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds received
+therefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearing
+securities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only the
+interest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are in
+the Treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided: that in the event
+the Association becomes defunct or dissolves then, in that event, the
+Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose
+for such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at
+the time he makes the bequest or the donation.
+
+
+ARTICLE III--MEMBERSHIP
+
+All annual memberships shall begin September 1st. Annual dues received
+from new members shall entitle the new member to full membership until
+the next August 31st, including a copy of the Annual Report published
+for the fiscal year in which he joins the Association.
+
+
+ARTICLE IV--AMENDMENTS
+
+By-Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members present at any
+meeting.
+
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+Members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are
+due and, if not paid within two months, they shall be sent a second
+notice, telling them that they are not in good standing on account of
+non-payment of dues and are not entitled to receive the annual report.
+
+At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, a third
+notice shall be sent notifying such members that, unless dues are paid
+within ten days from the receipt of this notice, their names will be
+dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues.
+
+
+
+
+PROCEEDINGS
+
+of the
+
+Thirty-eighth Annual Convention
+
+of the
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc.
+
+Meeting At
+
+ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE GUELPH, ONTARIO, CANADA
+
+SEPTEMBER 3-5, 1947
+
+
+[Illustration: NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INC. CONVENTION ONTARIO
+AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SEPTEMBER 3-5, 1947]
+
+The meeting was called to order by Dr. L. H. MacDaniels in the absence
+of Clarence A. Reed, our President, who was ill and could not attend the
+meeting.
+
+Telegram from the Rev. Paul C. Crath: "Let the Lord bless you and keep
+you. I am sorry I am unable to attend the present meetings."
+
+
+
+
+Address of Welcome
+
+DR. J. S. SHOEMAKER, Head of Horticulture Department, Ontario
+Agricultural College.
+
+
+Our President, Mr. W. R. Reek, had hoped to be here in person to extend
+this welcome to you but he has found it necessary to go to Toronto
+today. He regrets that he cannot meet with you at this time, and has
+asked me to welcome you. Mr. Reek has shown a great deal of interest in
+this convention and I am sure you will find definite evidence of this in
+our hospitality while you are here.
+
+In looking through your 37th Annual Report I noticed that the address of
+welcome at your meeting in Wooster, Ohio, last year was given by Dr. L.
+H. Gourley. I held the position of Associate Horticulturist at Wooster
+and Columbus for some 10 years, and so knew Dr. Gourley intimately. His
+sudden death was a great shock to myself and his many other friends, and
+a great loss to horticulture. My 10 years with Dr. Gourley was a very
+pleasant, helpful, and exceedingly important part of my career.
+
+I am very happy that you have come to the Ontario Agricultural College
+for your convention this year. As a simple matter of fact, the O. A. C.
+is one of the oldest and largest colleges of agriculture in the British
+Empire. It is the second oldest agriculture college in North America,
+Michigan State being the only older one.
+
+We are an affiliated college of the University of Toronto and function
+as the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Toronto. I believe
+the enrollment at the University of Toronto is in the neighborhood of
+18,000 students.
+
+There will be about 1,500 students on this campus in a few weeks. Most
+of these will be in the four-year course which leads to the B.S.A.
+degree. Some will be in the two-year course. The Ontario Veterinary
+College is also located on this campus, as is the MacDonald Institute
+which provides courses for girls.
+
+The O. A. C, like the Horticultural Experiment Station at Vineland,
+comes under the Minister of Agriculture, the Honourable T. L. Kennedy.
+The Vineland Station and we ourselves co-operate closely in
+horticultural work. No doubt many of you have visited Vineland and met
+Director E. F. Palmer. You will hear from two members of the Vineland
+staff, Mr. Strong and Mr. Van Haarlem on tomorrow's programme.
+
+I spent some 13 years in the United States--at Ames, Iowa; East Lansing,
+Michigan; St. Paul, Minnesota; and Wooster and Columbus, Ohio. There are
+in this audience some good friends of long standing whom I first met in
+the United States. They are probably surprised to hear that I graduated
+from this institution, but as an Irishman would say "That I did," some
+26 years ago.
+
+I expect that all of you are familiar with the contributions made by
+James A. Neilson in the field of nut growing. Mr. Neilson was a member
+of the staff here some years ago. He left his mark throughout Ontario,
+and in the field of nut growing in general. We are happy that Mrs.
+Neilson, who is a life member of the Association, is attending this
+Convention.
+
+I am sure you will agree that the campus here is a very beautiful one.
+The dining hall and the residence may surpass what you expected to find.
+It is a real privilege to have you in our Horticulture building. We made
+certain plans for your entertainment at the mixer and banquet. In brief,
+we are delighted that you have come, we know from the programme that the
+meetings will be good ones, and we hope that our hospitality will meet
+with your full approval. We indeed welcome you here.
+
+
+RESPONSE
+
+Dr. L. H. MacDaniels: "In reply to Dr. Shoemaker's address of welcome we
+are certainly happy to be here and appreciate the excellent arrangements
+which have been made for our entertainment. Dr. Shoemaker spoke about
+the work done on nut trees several years ago by Mr. Neilson in Canada. I
+am familiar with the work of Mr. Neilson and hope that at some time
+someone on the staff in Canada will give more time to the culture of nut
+trees. That goes for the United States as well. Nut trees, if you have
+the facilities and good varieties, are something that will make living
+more enjoyable and worthwhile. I do appreciate very heartily the trouble
+you have gone to in making facilities so acceptable and useful."
+
+=Presidential Address=--Mr. Reed was unable to be present and preside at
+the meeting because of illness. This telegram was sent to him:
+
+Telegram to Clarence A. Reed, Garfield Hospital, Washington, D. C.
+
+"The Northern Nut Growers Association last night received the news of
+your illness with deepest regret. We appreciate your long and earnest
+work in our field. You have been one of the 'spark plugs' of our
+organization and we all miss your presence.
+                                                      SECRETARY."
+
+
+COMMITTEES APPOINTED
+
+Resolutions Committee--W. Rohrbacher, Sterling Smith, J. Russell Smith,
+Wm. Hodgson.
+
+Auditing Committee--Royal Oakes, R. P. Allaman, Gilbert Smith.
+
+
+SECRETARY'S REPORT, SEPT. 3, 1947
+
+Miss Mildred M. Jones
+
+The duties of the Secretary during the year were of the usual routine
+nature. Three separate mailings of information to all members were made.
+The 1944 report is now exhausted, partly because of the long season in
+which it was current, and partly because there were several articles in
+it which were of vital interest to a number of people who were not
+members of the Association. In March of this year an article appeared in
+Organic Gardening magazine which referred to our report and the Hemming
+chestnut trees which were described in the 1944 report. As a result of
+this one article I was obliged to return more than $30.00 which had been
+sent to me, a dollar from each person, for this report. I returned the
+money with a letter to each person telling them Mr. Hemming would bring
+his report up to date at our meeting this year, telling them about the
+work of our Association, and inviting them to join our group so they
+could keep up with progress being made in nut tree culture as the
+information became available. The sale of reports other than membership
+this past year amounted to $135.00. This amount includes 5 sets of
+reports which sell for $8.00 per set. About $95.00 of this amount was
+for single copies at $1.00 per copy to non-members. Since our printing
+costs have increased considerably, and since we are handling the mailing
+and printing of these reports at $1.00 per copy at almost a loss, it
+would seem advisable to raise the price to non-members.
+
+Every member can help us increase our membership. We have a number of
+members who are equipped with writing ability and by writing articles
+about interesting nut trees and mentioning our Association and the
+Secretary many, many inquiries are received. To these inquiries we can
+send our four page information folder or answer questions and thus we
+can increase our membership by letting people who are interested in nut
+trees know about our Association. On February 28, 1947, Mr. George L.
+Denman wrote me that at different times he had two articles about nuts
+and nut trees in the Spokesman-Review of Spokane. He said the result was
+rather surprising and he requested fifty copies of our folder to assist
+him and make it easier to answer inquiries. If our Association can be
+mentioned in the article, many inquiries will come direct to the
+Secretary and thus save the author the work of answering questions if
+he does not have time to do so. The article written by Mr. Davidson in
+December, 1946, American Fruit Grower brought in over 100 inquiries to
+the Secretary's office.
+
+The Secretary's office has a number of calls for information regarding
+sources of nuts and nut kernels for private consumption or planting.
+Chestnuts seem to head the list the past year--mostly for planting.
+Requests are also received regarding information for market outlets, nut
+cracking equipment, nut shelling plants, trees, budwood and graftwood.
+Anything you may do to supply this and other kinds of information about
+nut trees will be appreciated.
+
+The Secretary of the American Horticultural Society, Inc., with whom we
+are affiliated, has expressed the desire of that Society for ideas as to
+how we may both profit more from this affiliation. Their need, like
+ours, is for more members, more and better articles for the National
+Horticultural Magazine. Mr. Reed has contributed several worthwhile
+articles to this magazine. The Editor would like to have more articles
+about nut trees from our members. The National Horticultural Magazine is
+nicely printed and bound, issued four times a year, and is well
+illustrated with pictures of the horticultural subjects described in
+each issue. Dues in this society are $2.00 per year if you are a member
+of our Society, $3.00 if you are not. You can ask our Treasurer to bill
+you for membership at the same time membership in our Association is
+billed, or membership may be sent direct to The American Horticultural
+Society, 821 Washington Loan and Trust Building, Washington 4, D. C.
+
+Our membership at present is 621 according to my present mailing list
+which has been corrected to paid-up members. During the war all members
+who were thought to be in the armed forces were carried along without
+the payment of dues according to our Treasurer's report of last year.
+For this reason we can use only our income as an indication of our
+growth during those years.
+
+The question of a seal for the Association came up at the time of the
+Ellis legacy. Our member, Sargent H. Wellman, Boston, Mass., represented
+the Association, and payment was made finally without our seal being
+shown. It may be well to consider whether we may need a seal in the
+future and if so to take the necessary steps to have one made.
+
+The American Fruit Grower magazine has printed quite regularly the
+column "Nut Growers News". They also refer nut tree inquiries to us and
+have indicated their interest and further cooperation. They devoted an
+entire issue to nuts last December.
+
+A number of our members during the year do much work for the Association
+and it is here that I wish to acknowledge all of the help and assistance
+the Secretary has had from the various committees and members. The
+printing of the report for 1946 and the responsibility of getting it
+mailed was due mostly to the work and effort of Mr. Stoke, and Mr. Reed.
+
+It was a real pleasure to work with the members of the Staff at Ontario
+Agricultural College with whom I had considerable correspondence during
+the year in arranging for our meeting this year.
+
+It has been a real pleasure to serve in the capacity of Secretary to
+this organization and I regret that lack of time to do this work as it
+should be done makes me feel it is necessary to relinquish this post. I
+shall always continue my interest in the Association.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: "More articles should be written for magazines as one
+way in which to increase membership."
+
+Telegram from Dr. W. C. Deming was read:
+
+"Infirmities of age detain me. Congratulations on membership and on
+accomplishments. Everything depends on good officers. Present officers
+are ideal but young members should now take over. Don't wear out the old
+ones.
+
+W. C. DEMING, Dean."
+
+This telegram was sent to Dr. W. C. Deming:
+
+Sept. 3, 1947.
+
+"We had hoped you would be with us. Your telegram evoked many warm
+appreciations of your great and long service to our organization and the
+cause of nut growers in the North. Warmest greetings from N.N.G.A.
+
+SECRETARY."
+
+J. Russell Smith: "Dr. Deming was one of the five founders of the
+Association. He did an excellent job on the reports and in compiling the
+cumulative index. He is Dean of the Association."
+
+Report of Committee on Time and Place: Prof. Slate reported three
+invitations, the most attractive at the present time being the
+invitation to meet at Norris, Tenn.
+
+Prof. Slate: "In order to bring the matter to a head, I move we hold our
+1948 meeting at Norris, Tenn., or wherever arrangements can be made
+convenient to that point."
+
+Stoke: "Second."
+
+Passed with unanimous approval.
+
+Report on the Ohio Contest--Sterling Smith: "The Ohio contest had 692
+entries. Mr. Chase helped with the judging. A number of good walnuts
+were brought out. The data for the first ten is given in the 1946 annual
+report. We are trying to find out what the parent trees are doing--what
+they were bearing in the past and also this year. This is to be done for
+5 years. Ohio has 90 members which puts them in the lead--ahead of New
+York."
+
+J. Russell Smith: "I greatly appreciate the report given. I approve of
+the 5 year plan. It would bring in members."
+
+Sterling Smith: "Couldn't we offer $100.00 or more for a really
+outstanding black walnut that would meet certain specifications? Our
+good walnuts now run about 25 grams and 32% kernel."
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: "Is there anyone present who helped with the judging of
+this contest?"
+
+Mr. Chase: "It required over 2 weeks with 4 to 6 persons to crack and
+cull out the ones we knew were not worth further consideration.
+One-tenth passed the screening test. The nut selected is one in
+ten-thousand expectancy. This contest brought out some outstanding nuts.
+The judges didn't have much trouble selecting No. 1. The next four were
+harder to place. The third prize went to Pennsylvania and the eighth
+prize to West Virginia."
+
+
+
+
+Report of Treasurer
+
+
+For Period from September 1, 1946 to August 30, 1947.
+
+  INCOME:
+
+     Annual Memberships                    $1,212.00
+     Philip Allen Life Membership              50.00
+     Sale of Reports                           44.00
+     Ellis Legacy                              12.50
+     Miscellaneous                              5.60
+                                           ---------
+        Total Income                       $1,324.10
+
+
+  DISBURSEMENTS:
+
+     Fruit Grower Subscriptions            $   80.80
+     President's Expense                       10.00
+     Secretary's Expense                       59.50
+     Treasurer's Expense                       45.80
+     Supplies                                  77.66
+     Banquet 1946 Meeting                      22.32
+     Reporter 1946 Meeting                     25.00
+     Ellis Legacy Bond & Addition           1,000.00
+     Treasurer's Bond                          12.50
+     Report for 1945                          569.84
+     Report for 1946                          821.83
+     Postage & Envelopes                       49.03
+     Miscellaneous                             19.20
+                                           ---------
+        Total Disbursements                $2,793.54
+
+
+  Balance on Hand September 3, 1946                   $3,259.88
+  Receipts for the Year                                1,324.10
+                                                      ---------
+     Total                                            $4,583.98
+  Disbursements for Year                               2,793.54
+  Balance August 30, 1947                             $1,790.44
+                                                      ---------
+  In Walker Savings Bank                              $  633.92
+  In Peoples Savings Bank                              1,056.44
+  Cash and Checks on hand                                100.08
+                                                      ---------
+     Subtotal                                         $1,790.44
+  Secretary has on hand                                   26.71
+                                                      ---------
+     Balance                                          $1,817.15
+
+D. C. SNYDER, _Treasurer_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Member: "The charge of $1.00 to non-members for the current
+report--shouldn't the price of the reports be increased to cover the
+increased costs of printing?"
+
+Mr. Snyder: "I think the amount should be increased as the cost of the
+report is almost $1.00 now, and with handling and mailing we are doing
+this at a loss if we continue to sell the report for $1.00."
+
+McCollum: "Shouldn't the price of a full set of reports be raised? They
+are sold at the same price now as they were a number of years ago.
+Several volumes have been added. I believe the price should be
+increased."
+
+Prof. Slate: "Some years go out of print about as soon as new ones come
+along."
+
+Dr. Rohrbacher: "I move we sell our current and last year's report at
+$2.00 per copy."
+
+Second by Mr. Silvis.
+
+Mr. Corsan: "Nut enthusiasts and nut groups haven't the slightest
+hesitancy in parting with $2.00."
+
+Member: "A non-member paying $2.00 for the annual report would
+automatically become a member."
+
+J. Russell Smith: "I would like to recommend that if at all possible an
+index be included in each volume of our report as it is published. A
+volume like this has 50 or 75 different articles but no mention in the
+title reveals the content of the article which makes it a job to try to
+refer back to or use these reports for reference. An index would make
+them much more valuable. This is not a job for the Secretary, it is a
+technical job. I would like to make a motion, if the Executive Committee
+finds it feasible, that this be done."
+
+Second by Mr. Silvis.
+
+Dr. Colby: "Don't you think that index should begin with the volume Dr.
+Deming finished? I suggest that the executive Committee arrange for
+compiling of the index subsequent to and including 1940."
+
+Mr. Corsan: "I would like to suggest that the nut exhibit be left at
+O.A.C. permanently because of the large number of visitors who come here
+and who would see it. This would help to increase our membership."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Report from the Constitution and By-Laws Committee--Dr. MacDaniels.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Crane: "I move we accept the report of the Committee and suggested
+changes be voted on item by item."
+
+Mr. Silvis: "Second."
+
+The question of whether the entire Constitution and By-Laws should be
+read at this meeting or mimeographed and mailed to each member was
+considered.
+
+Prof. Slate: "I move the Constitution be taken up now."
+
+Dr. Colby: "Second."
+
+The motion was carried. Dr. MacDaniels read the Constitution and By-Laws
+and they will be voted on at the 1948 meeting.
+
+J. Russell Smith: "I move that '10 days' notice for change in the
+Constitution be changed to '30 days'."
+
+Seconded by Mr. Silvis.
+
+Motion carried.
+
+On fiscal year--Dr. Rohrbacher: "I suggest the fiscal year be changed to
+January 1 through to the end of December."
+
+Mr. Snyder: "I can see no improvement in changing the fiscal year. If we
+are to hold our meetings the first part of September each year it would
+be better to have our fiscal year ended August 31."
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: "I move that our fiscal year be from September 1st to
+August 31st and I move that the annual dues include a report for only
+the year you join."
+
+Motion carried.
+
+
+
+
+Factors Influencing the Hardiness of Woody Plants
+
+H. L. CRANE, Principal Horticulturist[1]
+
+
+There is hardly any soil or climatic condition found in the world where
+it is not possible for at least one or more kinds of plants to be grown.
+This is possible because the plants that can be grown under the most
+adverse conditions have special structures and adaptations with regard
+to periods of growth and rest or dormancy. One of the most important
+adaptations of nearly all trees and shrubs that shed their leaves in
+autumn and survive freezing weather without injury for a part of the
+year, is that of rest. This rest in plants is somewhat similar to sleep
+in animals in that it is a period in which the life process activities
+take place slowly. In other words, the plant physiologist defines rest
+in living plants as that period in which their buds will not open and
+grow even though the temperature, moisture, and other external
+environmental conditions are highly suitable for growth.
+
+[Footnote 1: Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Disease, Bureau
+of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural
+Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture.]
+
+Different kinds of deciduous plants have or require rest periods of
+different lengths, just as some people require more sleep than do
+others. Two or three weeks may be enough for soft-shelled almonds but
+three or four months may be required for butternuts, to cite extremes.
+The Eastern black walnut requires more rest than most Persian walnut
+clones, and they more than the Southern California black walnut. Even
+within a species there is considerable difference in the rest period of
+individual seedling trees and certain clones. For example, it has been
+found that the varieties of Persian walnut grown in northern California
+and in Oregon, such as Franquette and Mayette, have the longest rest
+period; and those grown in Southern California, such as Placentia,
+Ehrhardt, Chase, and others, have the shortest rest period. It is quite
+possible that the clones and seedlings of the Persian walnut brought to
+this country a few years ago by the Rev. Paul Crath from the Carpathian
+Mountains of Poland may require the longest rest period of all.
+
+The question may be asked what causes or brings on this rest period in
+plants and what breaks it? The scientific answers to these questions are
+not known at this time, but we do know some of the factors which cause
+the initiation of rest and how it is broken.
+
+Tree growth is initiated in the spring with coming of warm weather and
+other suitable conditions. At first the rate of growth is slow; but the
+rate increases and goes through a maximum and then slows up again and
+finally ceases. On the cessation of growth in length, a terminal bud is
+formed and the tree begins to go into rest. This period of growth is
+determined by the age of the tree, the suitability of moisture and
+nutrient supply. Young trees grow longer during the spring and summer
+than do old ones. Deficiencies of soil moisture or nutrients or both
+cause the cessation of growth and the beginning of rest. In some trees,
+such as tung, cessation of growth and the initiation of rest is caused
+by the change from long to short day-lengths.
+
+After rest has begun, the longer it continues the more profound or
+deeper it becomes until a maximum is reached, i.e., it becomes
+increasingly difficult, up to a certain time, to make the trees start
+growth again even though optimum conditions are provided. Some trees
+such as Persian walnuts and pecans, for example, are slow to go into
+deep or profound rest in late summer or fall. For this reason, there may
+be several cycles or periods of growth during the summer and early fall,
+depending on weather conditions and whether the leaves on the trees have
+remained in a healthy condition. Under conditions of dry weather growth
+stops on the Persian walnut and pecan and when this is followed by a
+rainy period and warm weather growth begins again. In fact in early
+summer a walnut or pecan tree may form terminal buds on all the shoots
+and remain without growth long enough for an apple or pear tree to go
+into complete or profound rest; then later, new shoot growth may be made
+from all or nearly all of the walnut or pecan shoots. Not only is this
+an important factor in promoting susceptibility to cold injury but in
+the case of bearing trees more often than not this late growth prevents
+the proper development of the kernels in the nuts and they are poorly
+filled or shriveled at harvest. Should the leaves of these trees in
+midsummer or later be so seriously damaged by disease or insects as to
+result in partial or complete defoliation, new growth is generally sure
+to follow even in late fall if growing conditions are suitable. This
+habit permits such trees to grow so late that there is much greater
+danger of severe injury from late fall or early winter than is the case
+with most other deciduous fruit trees. Furthermore, it explains why we
+see so much cold injury in the shoots and limbs of trees; they had grown
+late and had no chance to develop hardiness before killing temperatures
+occurred.
+
+After the rest in trees has become deep or profound a certain amount of
+chilling temperature must prevail before the rest period is broken so as
+to permit the buds to open and grow normally on the approach of warm
+weather. This is often spoken of as the chilling requirement. If the
+rest period is not broken by a suitable amount of chilling, tree growth
+is very slow to start in the spring, and then only certain of the longer
+and stronger twigs may force into growth; water sprouts may develop on
+the trunks and main limbs; flower buds may not open but fall off; and
+even though the trees may flower the flowering period is long and few or
+no fruits or nuts may be set. The most effective chilling temperature is
+not known but we can be reasonably certain that temperatures of 45°F. to
+32°F. are just as effective in breaking the winter rest period as are
+those well below freezing, if not more so.
+
+This chilling requirement is essentially the same as the rest period.
+Almonds have a short rest period and require 2 to 3 weeks of chilling,
+while butternuts, with a long rest period, may require 3 or 4 months.
+When the tree has been subjected to adequate chilling the rest period is
+broken and with the oncoming of warm weather growth, blossoming and
+fruit setting is normal.
+
+A distinction of great importance from a physiological and a practical
+point of view is made between rest and dormancy in plants. This
+difference can be simply stated: plants, trees, or seeds that will not
+grow when external environmental conditions are favorable for growth are
+in rest, but after the rest period has been broken and they do not grow
+because of unfavorable conditions they are said to be dormant.
+
+The difference between rest period and dormancy is of great importance
+in the United States in determining the amount of cold injury that may
+be sustained by woody plants. Furthermore, it explains why certain
+plants may be successfully grown in much colder parts of the world and
+yet fail here. Our winter weather conditions are not uniform, in that it
+is quite common for us to have quite long periods of alternating warm
+and cold weather. Too often during mid-or late winter the weather may be
+quite warm for several days, with above-freezing temperatures even at
+night, only to be quickly followed by a sudden and extreme drop in
+temperature. Such conditions are almost certain to result in cold injury
+to at least certain kinds of woody plants in which the rest period had
+been broken prior to the occurrence of warm weather, especially so if
+conditions are favorable for initiation of growth. The plants that were
+still in the rest period at the time of the warm weather or those with
+high heat requirement to start growth (as for example, the pecan) would
+be the only ones that would escape injury. To illustrate with an
+example: The Chinese chestnut tree has a shorter rest period or less
+chilling requirement than does the average Persian walnut tree. Now
+suppose that during the months of November and December a sufficient
+number of hours of chilling temperatures were experienced to break the
+rest period or to satisfy the chilling requirement of the Chinese
+chestnut but not that of the Persian walnut. Then suppose there was a
+period of two weeks or more of warm weather in January and it was ended
+by a very sudden drop to below freezing temperatures. Later we would
+expect to find that some parts or tissues of the Chinese chestnut trees
+had been injured while the Persian walnut trees had survived without
+injury. Similar differences would be expected with other crops, such as
+peaches and apples, that have a difference in rest period or chilling
+requirement. Under the conditions just described the parts or tissues of
+the tree that are most likely to be injured are those that first become
+active with the coming of warm weather, such as the pith in the wood,
+the lower buds, and later the cambium or the leaf buds. This explains
+why peach fruit buds and the catkins of the European filbert are often
+killed in the East during the winter.
+
+Some kinds of woody plants are very much hardier than are other kinds.
+For example, the butternut is hardier than the eastern black walnut and
+the almond is hardier than the tung tree. Hardiness is only a relative
+term and can be determined only when the different kinds of plants are
+in the same physiological condition as regards growth or activity. Just
+what it is that makes a difference in the hardiness or ability to
+withstand low temperatures without injury is not known. However, over
+the years, experience and research have taught us that there are a
+number of factors that affect the hardiness of woody plants.
+
+There is a very great difference between the temperature that will cause
+injury to a tree tissue when it is in active growth and most tender in
+the spring and that required when it is most resistant in midwinter.
+With some trees this difference in temperature is as much as 50° to
+60°F. or even more. With woody plants, the tissues are least hardy in
+spring when they are growing rapidly, and as the season progresses
+hardiness normally increases provided that second or late growth does
+not occur. There are many changes that take place in the tissues of a
+tree as hardiness is developed: the moisture content is reduced; cell
+walls are thickened; the concentration of sugars, starches, and other
+carbohydrates becomes greater; there is the formation of pentosans,
+gums, and waxes; and the respiration and other life processes become
+slower. However, none of these offer a full and satisfactory explanation
+of why the plant becomes as resistant to cold as it does. All of these
+changes and probably many others play a part in developing hardiness in
+woody plants.
+
+Maximum hardiness is developed only by trees that support a large area
+of normal leaves continuously from the time of foliation in the spring
+until late fall when they are killed by frost. Attacks by insects or
+diseases that injure the leave or cause partial or complete defoliation
+at any time during the spring, summer, or before the occurrence of frost
+in the fall, not only prevent the development of maximum hardiness of
+the trees, but such defoliation results in reduced growth of the trees
+and in poor filling of the nuts. The importance of maintaining a large
+area of healthy leaves on the trees during the entire growing season can
+hardly be too strongly stressed. This is because trees that hold their
+leaves are strong, vigorous trees and are the ones best able to
+withstand cold, as well as other adversities, without injury. This,
+however, does not mean that fertilizer applications should be made in
+late summer or that cultivation should be practiced at that time, which
+would tend under suitable conditions to stimulate late growth of the
+trees. This is because some trees like the Persian walnut are slow to go
+into rest at best and practices that stimulate late growth of the trees
+cause them to be susceptible to cold injury especially in late fall or
+early winter. I have seen very severe injury and killing of pecan trees
+in south Georgia as a result of spring fertilizer applications which,
+because of drouth, did not become available to the trees until late
+August and early September and then caused second growth of the trees.
+
+In the case of walnuts and pecans, especially, but also others than are
+not sprayed for the control of diseases and insects, it is not uncommon
+for the trees to become defoliated in late summer and while bearing a
+crop of nuts. Very often this premature defoliation results in the
+production of a new crop of leaves and some shoot growth. This is one of
+the worst conditions one can have in an orchard, for the nuts are
+certain to be very poorly filled and the trees especially susceptible to
+cold injury.
+
+In such a case as this, the nuts withdraw carbohydrates, proteins and
+minerals from the leaves and wood of the tree for their development and
+the production of new leaves and shoots has a like effect. This all
+results in such a severe removal or using up of the materials involved
+in the development? of hardiness that such trees are very susceptible to
+cold injury.
+
+Woody plants to be resistant to cold injury must be well nourished.
+Unbalanced mineral nutrition of trees is a very important factor in
+determining the amount of injury they may sustain from cold weather. In
+the various parts of the United States the soils on which fruit and nut
+trees are grown generally do not supply in adequate amounts some one or
+more of the essential elements required in their nutrition. This
+condition results in unbalanced nutrition, in that too much of certain
+elements is absorbed by the trees and too little of certain other
+elements. Under severe conditions this causes the leaves to be abnormal
+in size or in form, for them to be chlorotic or to scorch or burn, or
+for them to drop prematurely. Such leaves do not function properly, they
+are not able to carry on photosynthesis at a normal rate and hence do
+not make sufficient plant foods of the proper kinds to properly nourish
+the trees. This results in disorders of various kinds said to be due to
+mineral deficiencies. Among these deficiencies that have been found to
+reduce tree growth and yield and to increase susceptibility to cold
+injury are (1) boron, (2) copper, (3) iron, (4) magnesium, (5)
+manganese, (6) nitrogen, (7) phosphorus, (8) potassium, (9) zinc, and
+others. In all cases the corrective treatment to be given consists in
+supplying the trees with the element or elements in which they are
+deficient. These must be supplied in an available form and by such
+methods that they can be absorbed by the trees.
+
+The size of the crop of fruit or nuts borne by a tree and the length of
+time between harvest and a killing freeze are important factors in
+determining the cold resistance of fruit or nut trees. In test winters
+many cases have been observed in which trees that matured heavy crops
+during the previous summer were severely injured. Cases have been
+observed in which the degree of cold injury sustained has been largely
+in proportion to the size of crop matured the previous growing season.
+Trees that mature the crop of fruits or nuts late in the season may be
+less hardy than those that mature the crop early. It seems not only that
+some material or materials are made in the leaves during late summer or
+early fall which move out of them into the wood and cause it become
+resistant to low temperatures, but that when a tree is maturing a crop
+so much of this material goes into the fruits or nuts that if the season
+is not a favorable one the wood may not attain its maximum hardiness. We
+have learned that a high percentage of certain of the minerals,
+carbohydrates, and oil that go to make up the kernels of the oily nuts
+are transported into them during a period comprising a month to six
+weeks before they are mature. In the production of a heavy crop the
+amount of minerals and elaborated food materials such as proteins,
+carbohydrates, and fats removed from a tree is very large. If the trees
+do not carry a large healthy leaf area at the time of harvest or if
+there is a killing frost at that time, the leaves have no opportunity to
+elaborate more carbohydrates and other materials to replace those
+removed in the crop, and as a result the trees do not develop maximum
+hardiness.
+
+To cite an outstanding example of this effect of the crop on hardiness,
+I want to describe some observations I made several years ago. The late
+J. B. Wight of Cairo, Ga., had a few hundred Satsuma orange trees that
+bore a very heavy crop of fruit. The fruit had all been harvested from
+certain of these trees for two weeks or more before the occurrence of a
+freeze the last of November. From other trees the fruit crop had only
+been partially harvested and none had been harvested from most of them.
+The day and night temperatures had been warm but there was a rather
+sudden drop into the low 20's during one night with the result that all
+of the trees from which no fruit had been harvested were killed to the
+ground. The trees from which a part of the fruit had been removed were
+defoliated and all but the large limbs were killed. The trees from which
+all the fruit had been removed two weeks or more before the freeze were
+defoliated, but little or no injury to the woods occurred. The severe
+injury was probably because the materials making for hardiness in the
+wood had been transported to the maturing fruits and the temperature
+dropped quickly before the trees had time to develop cold resistance.
+
+It is a well-known fact that many kinds of non-woody as well as many
+woody plants develop hardiness or cold resistance on exposure to very
+gradually falling temperatures. This change, in the case of non-woody
+plants such as cabbage or wheat, is spoken of as "hardening off." It is
+not known how important this is in developing cold resistance in flower
+and leaf buds of woody plants. It is quite possible that buds that have
+become extremely tender as a result of rapid growth might, if held for
+some time at temperatures too low for further growth, become quite
+resistant to low temperatures just as do wheat or cabbage.
+
+Generally speaking, the greatest amount of cold injury to the buds or
+above-ground portions of a tree occurs on a single night. The length of
+the cold period is of only indirect importance as influencing the rate
+of temperature fall or the acquiring of cold resistance by the trees.
+Trees that are subjected to low temperatures over a considerable period
+of time are not nearly so likely to be injured as are those that are
+subjected to a low temperature suddenly. That is really why there is so
+much severe cold injury to woody plants in the South. In the deep South
+freezing weather may be uncommon but when freezes do occur usually they
+follow a period of comparatively warm weather and the temperature falls
+quickly. It is this sudden change in temperature that causes the severe
+injury. Two different places may have had the same mean monthly
+temperature yet at one place severe injury may have occurred and no
+injury at the other place with plants normally having equal hardiness. A
+careful analysis of the situation, however, would probably show that at
+the place where the injury occurred a period of warm weather had existed
+which was followed by a rapid drop in temperature to a killing low on a
+single night, whereas the trees at the place where no injury occurred
+were not subjected to such changes in temperature. On the other hand,
+injury to the roots usually occurs only after prolonged periods of cold
+weather. This is largely because the soil cools slowly and it requires a
+long period of cold weather to reduce the soil temperature sufficiently
+and to such depths as to cause injury to the roots.
+
+Under northern conditions where low temperatures for a rather long
+period are sometimes experienced, injury to the portion of the trees
+above ground may occur as a result of drying out of the wood. It is well
+known that a cake of ice will gradually evaporate and disappear when in
+the open and exposed continuously to below-freezing temperatures. We all
+know that the family wetwash when hung on a line and frozen will soon
+dry, especially if the wind blows. The principles operating in these
+cases may cause severe injury to trees. In the wintertime the root
+systems of trees take up water from the soil that is not frozen and this
+water moves in the tree to replace that lost by evaporation. Under
+conditions where the soil is frozen to such an extent that the water
+absorbed by the roots is continually less than that lost by the top of
+the trees by evaporation, drying out of the top occurs. If this is
+continued over a period of time a dryness of the wood and other tissues
+occurs that causes death of the dried-out portions. This type of injury
+does not show the typical symptoms of cold injury but rather those of
+drying out. The conditions that are most likely to cause such injury are
+a soil frozen to the effective rooting depths, a dry atmosphere, and a
+moderately high wind velocity. Injury of a similar nature to that just
+described very often affects trees transplanted in late fall or early
+winter, especially those that did not have their tops cut back to
+balance the loss of roots sustained in transplanting. During even very
+mild winters the tops of such trees dry out to such an extent that the
+small branches and even the leader may die. In extreme cases the entire
+top may die back to the root. In planting bare-root trees regardless of
+the time of the year they should be rather severely cut back immediately
+after transplanting to prevent such drying out and dying back of the
+wood. Cut-back trees generally will make more growth the first season
+following transplanting than will similar trees not cut back.
+
+One of the most common types of injury to young nut trees as well as
+others is that known as "sun scald" or "winter injury". This occurs
+generally on the south or southwest sides of the trunk and for some
+distance between the ground and the head of the tree. Usually the injury
+is not evident until a year or so after it occurred and then it may be
+observed as a narrow strip of discolored and sunken bark which may crack
+where it meets the live tissue. This dead or injured area is usually
+invaded by borers of one or more kinds. This so-called sun scald injury
+is thought to be caused by the alternate freezing and thawing of the
+tissues on the south and southwest sides of the tree. On a bright,
+sunshiny day, even though cold, the sun's rays striking the bark of the
+tree quickly raise the temperature of the bark and wood. When the sun is
+obscured by clouds or at nightfall the temperature of the tissues drops
+rapidly and they may freeze again. It is thought that the rapid and
+rather great change in temperature of the bark and wood is the primary
+cause of sun scald. Whatever the cause, we know that it can be prevented
+by shading the tree trunk. This can be done by heading the trees low so
+that the branches shade the trunk, or by shading the south side of the
+trunk with a board 6 or 8 inches wide, or by wrapping the trunk with
+burlap or similar material. Much of the injury to Chinese chestnut,
+pecan, and hickory trees, especially, is caused by inexperienced growers
+who cut off the low branches in an effort to raise the head of young
+trees. The Chinese chestnut generally forms a very low-headed or
+bush-type tree. Most of the cold or winter injury I have seen on Chinese
+chestnut trees has been on the trunks and has resulted from removing the
+lower limbs so that they were not shaded.
+
+Hardiness in woody plants is only a relative term and is determined by
+the condition of the plant at the time the low temperature occurs. Woody
+plants are most tender when they are most actively growing and most
+resistant to cold injury when they are in deep or profound rest. Strong,
+vigorous, well-nourished trees are much more resistant to cold injury
+than weak, poorly-nourished trees. Hence, the successful grower makes an
+effort through disease and insect control and proper fertilization and
+cultivation to keep his trees strong. These practices should be so
+carried out that the trees will make a strong, vigorous growth in the
+spring and early summer and then go into rest without a second or third
+flush of growth. The trees should carry their leaves until frost as
+there are some things made in them that cause the trees to develop
+resistance to cold injury. Winter or cold injury can destroy in a single
+night the hopes and expectations of several years' work but, in the
+main, if one grows well only those trees that are suited to the
+environment such losses are only rarely experienced.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Culture In Ontario
+
+I. C. MARRITT, District Forester, Ontario Department of Lands and
+Forests
+
+
+It was suggested to me that a paper be prepared on nut culture in
+Ontario. The Department of Land and Forests of Ontario has not done
+specialized work on nut culture. The reason for this neglect is not that
+various members did not realize the importance of nut culture, but that
+there was always more work on general reforestation and woodlot
+extension than could be done. The work with nut trees has been along
+with their general work. We have not, as yet, had a member of the staff
+who has gone "nutty" over nuts. It is hoped that your meeting here will
+stir up interest in this worthy subject.
+
+We are very proud in Ontario of the work that has been done on general
+reforestation and woodlot management. This is a subject that all nut
+enthusiasts are interested in, and we would like you to know what is
+being done in Ontario.
+
+The Province of Ontario has been distributing trees free to landowners
+since 1907. There are three well-equipped tree nurseries, and a fourth
+is being developed in the eastern part of the province. A fifth nursery
+has been started in the northwest at Fort William on Lake Superior. The
+number of trees distributed varies considerably from year to year. The
+high distribution years were 1939 and 1940, when approximately seventeen
+million trees were planted each year. During the war years, on account
+of the labour situation and war activities, the distribution declined to
+between ten and eleven million trees. This past season, the demand was
+much larger than the supply. All the nurseries are expanding, as it is
+anticipated there will be a heavy demand by private planters, and also
+most of the counties are enlarging the area of their county forests.
+
+The application form for forest trees includes seven evergreens and
+nineteen deciduous trees. Walnut and butternut are the only nut trees on
+the application form. Shagbark hickory has also been grown, but not in
+large enough quantity to include it in the list of available trees. The
+St. Williams tree nursery near Lake Erie has grown named varieties of
+walnuts and hickories. These have been given out to interested parties,
+and, in future years, will further the growing of the more desirable nut
+trees. About ten years ago, the citizens of St. Thomas planted nut trees
+two or three feet in height for seventy miles along No. 3 Highway which
+crosses Elgin County. A large number of these trees have survived.
+
+A large acreage of forest trees has also been planted under the Counties
+Reforestation Act. Under this act the county purchases the land and the
+province plants and looks after the plantations for thirty years. The
+county then has three options _re_ paying back the cost of planting and
+supervision. All the options are without interest charges. The county
+forests are largely on light sandy soils that, in most cases, are a
+liability to the municipalities if they are not growing trees.
+
+The Ontario Government passed an act in 1946 that gave the counties the
+right to pass a by-law to regulate cutting on privately-owned woodlots.
+You will be interested to know that eleven counties have passed by-laws
+to regulate cutting. They are all based on a diameter limit. We realize
+that a diameter limit is a poor substitute for good forestry practice,
+but it is better than unrestricted cutting. The diameter limits range
+from ten to sixteen inches for most trees, and five to six inches for
+cedars.
+
+Considerable extension work was done on nut growing in the period from
+1920 to 1930. Mr. James A. Neilson, an Extension Horticulturist
+stationed at Vineland, became very interested and located many
+individual trees and gave numerous lectures on nut culture. A bulletin
+by Mr. Neilson on nut culture was published in 1925, and reprinted in
+1930, by the Ontario Department of Agriculture. Mr. Neilson went to
+Michigan and did extension work on this subject until his untimely
+death. Mr. G. H. Corsan has also done considerable work to keep nut
+culture before the public by writing letters to the different
+newspapers.
+
+There has always been a large demand for black walnut. The reason for
+this is the high value placed on this wood and the planting of these
+trees for shade and nut production, although the consumption of native
+nuts is comparatively low. The black walnut grew, originally, south of a
+line from Toronto to Sarnia. It has been planted as far north as Ottawa,
+and is distributed quite widely in Old Ontario now--being planted
+largely as shade trees. These shade trees are producing nuts, and with
+the aid of squirrels, the walnuts are seeding up along fence rows,
+around farm homes, and in woodlots. Walnut has been observed coming up
+in a woodlot, and the only possible source is a shade tree half a mile
+away. The walnut caterpillar defoliates the trees but seldom kills them,
+although it does lower their value as shade trees.
+
+Walnut has been a favorite species for forest tree planting. It is
+planted in pure stands and in mixtures. The largest and best known
+walnut plantation was put out by Sir William Mullock in 1926 on the
+highway north of Toronto. There are numerous small plantations
+throughout the province. Foresters in Ontario generally recommend mixing
+walnut with other hardwoods and evergreens rather than planting in pure
+stands.
+
+It has been advocated to plant walnuts with white spruce. The idea is
+that spruce will shade the ground, kill the side branches of the walnut,
+and help to force the walnuts to grow long slender poles. It is
+understood, and expected, that the spruce will be ruined, as their
+leaders would grow into the branches of the walnut. As far as we know,
+this experiment has not been undertaken.
+
+The butternut tree is found growing naturally farther north than the
+walnut tree. Its northern boundary is roughly a line drawn from Midland
+on Georgian Bay to Ottawa. It is widely distributed, but is not in large
+enough quantity to have commercial value for lumber. An expert wood
+carver, who is employed by the Department of Lands and Forests, uses
+butternut largely in his work.
+
+The shagbark and bitternut hickories make up the large percentage of the
+hickories growing in Ontario. The northern limit of the bitternut is
+approximately the same as the butternut--that is, Midland on Georgian
+Bay and Ottawa on the east; while the northern limit of the shagbark is
+thirty to forty miles south of the bitternut. The pignut and the
+mockernut hickories are found in the southern hardwood belt along Lake
+Erie.
+
+The American chestnut was quite plentiful in different sections of the
+southern hardwood belt. It was valued quite highly for the nuts. It has
+been killed out by the chestnut blight and it is very rarely that live
+suckers are seen.
+
+The beech was widely distributed in the woodland of southern Ontario. It
+has rarely been planted as a shade tree and it is not seeding up
+extensively in woodlots. There are many stories of hogs being fattened
+on beechnuts in pioneer days.
+
+The Japanese heartnut has been planted in various parts of the province.
+A heartnut tree in Bruce County lived through a hard winter that killed
+many sugar maples and beech in the same area. Nut trees are seeding up
+in many pastured woodlots in southwestern Ontario. The reason for this
+is that stock do not relish their foliage as they do the maple, beech
+and basswood, etc., and because of this, it is likely that nut trees
+will make up a larger percentage of trees in Ontario woodlots than
+originally, as it is a sad fact that at least seventy-five percent on
+the farm woodlots in Ontario are still being pastured.
+
+It is hoped that more interest will be shown in planting nut trees by
+farmers and home owners. The Department of Lands and Forests is
+enlarging its staff of Extension Foresters, and no doubt they will
+include the propagation of nut trees in their extension work.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Growing at the Horticultural Experiment Station, Vineland Station,
+Ontario
+
+W. J. STRONG
+
+
+There was very little interest in nut growing in the early days of the
+Horticultural Experiment Station although back in 1914 a few filberts
+and Persian (English) walnuts were planted.
+
+The first nut orchard at the Station was set out in 1922 and since then
+several lots of nut trees have been added from time to time, principally
+filberts and Persian walnuts. Also a few black walnuts, Japanese
+heartnuts, Chinese chestnuts, hickories, pecan and several hybrids were
+planted.
+
+In 1922 twenty varieties of filberts were obtained from a nursery near
+Rochester, N. Y. These were reputed to be some of the better sorts
+imported from Germany but when they came into bearing only one was true
+to name, this being Italian Red. Another un-named variety in this lot
+(field number 3 R 1 A T 10, 11, 12), proved to be hardy and very
+vigorous. The nuts were only of medium size but very well filled and of
+good quality. The rest of these were a nondescript lot of worthless
+varieties or seedlings and so after a few years nearly all were uprooted
+and discarded.
+
+At this time (1922) four varieties of Persian walnuts were planted,
+Franquette, Mayette, Hall and Rush. The Franquette and Mayette have not
+grown very well here and have given very poor yields. Both Hall and Rush
+made good growth the first 15 or 20 years from planting but latterly,
+growth has been poor and yields have fallen off considerably, although
+this year (1947) there is a very fair crop showing, but with rather
+much dropping. The nut of the Hall variety is quite large but the husk
+is thick and the shell is thick and coarse, also in some seasons the
+kernel has not filled out very well. The Rush has given good crops of
+medium-size nuts. It seems to be rather susceptible to bacterial blight.
+
+Five named varieties of black walnuts also were planted at this time
+(1922), Thomas, Ohio, Stabler, Ten Eyck and McCoy. The Thomas has proven
+to be the best of these and the value of the others was pretty much in
+the order named. The last two were quite inferior as to nut, while the
+Stabler lacked vigour and did not yield very well, although it is a nice
+nut and the kernel comparatively easy to extract.
+
+Eight Persian walnut seedlings in the same plantation, set out in 1926,
+have made poor to fair growth. They have given very few nuts until this
+year (1947) when two of them are showing a very fair crop.
+
+About 1928 twenty Japanese walnuts and hybrids with the butternut, and
+about the same number of Persian walnut seedlings, which have been
+brought in by the late Professor Jas. A. Neilson, were transplanted to
+the permanent fruiting positions. The Japanese walnuts and hybrids were
+worthless and so were discarded. The Persian walnuts, however, seemed to
+be of more value, several are quite nice nuts and one, at least, looks
+to be worthy of increase for further trial or limited distribution. This
+seedling (field number 13R3T14) has made very fair growth and has shown
+only slight winter injury. For the last five or six years it has given
+moderately good yields of very nice looking nuts. The nuts are large,
+rather long and oval, resembling somewhat the Franquette. The shell is
+smooth and moderately thick, well sealed but easy to crack. Usually they
+are quite well filled and the kernel is mild in flavour and of nice
+quality.
+
+Another Persian walnut, set out about the same time, is the McDermid.
+The original tree was found on the property of a Mr. McDermid at St.
+Catharines, Out. One grafted tree and four seedlings were planted on the
+Station grounds. They grew well and showed very little killing back and
+for several years gave quite nice crops of nuts, but of recent years the
+yield has been rather small. The nut is blunt-oval in shape and of good
+size with a fairly hard shell which is well sealed but not any too easy
+to open. The quality is fairly good but the pellicle is rather strong
+flavoured.
+
+The year 1936 may be considered the high water mark in nut planting at
+the Station. A variety block of filberts was set out that year and fifty
+one-year-old Persian walnut seedlings (Carpathian strain) were planted
+in a nursery row, and in permanent location in 1937. The filbert
+planting consisted of from three to nine bushes each of twelve
+varieties, including Aveline (white), Barcelona, Bixby, Bolwyller,
+Buchanan, Cosford, Daviana, Du Chilly, Medium Long, Red Lambert (?) and
+Jones hybrid. These were planted in a compact block, 18 feet apart each
+way on the square. A lesser distance no doubt would be sufficient for
+upright growing sorts like Du Chilly but some of the more spreading
+kinds can use the greater distance.
+
+Most of these filberts started to yield a few nuts at five to seven
+years from planting and at nine or ten years were giving good crops.
+Yields have fluctuated considerably from year to year, and also between
+varieties and different bushes of the same variety. Yields obtained from
+individual ten-year-old bushes and size of nut are given in the
+following table.
+
+                    Quarts[2]      Pints, nuts      Size of nut
+    Name         (with husks)    (without husks)    No. per pint
+
+  Barcelona           11                8                101
+  Bixby (1)           11                9                130
+  Bixby (2)           22               12                148
+  Daviana (1)         10                6                 94
+  Daviana (2)         11                7                 90
+  Du Chilly (1)       20               11                 93
+  Du Chilly (2)       17               12                 92
+  Medium Long         11                8                115
+
+[Footnote 2: Canadian measure.]
+
+Higher yields have undoubtedly been obtained from other plantations and
+from other individual bushes and certainly lower yields, also, may be
+expected. Those given above are for 1946 from the best ten-year-old
+bushes in a plantation of forty plants.
+
+Yield and size of nut while of major importance are not the only
+criteria for appraising the value of a nut variety. In filberts, such
+points as ease of husking, amount of fibre and, of course, quality must
+be considered. Also, as in other nuts, thickness of shell and
+proportions of kernel to shell are quite important. Vigour and hardiness
+of bush and hardiness of flower, male and female, are assumed, as
+without these high yields are not to be expected.
+
+Most of the filbert varieties in bearing at the Horticultural Experiment
+Station with a few of their outstanding qualities are noted below.
+
+Barcelona has a rather thick shell and too much fibre. It matures early,
+first week of September, and the nuts drop out of the husk fairly
+readily. The plant is strong and vigorous and somewhat spreading in
+habit of growth. It appears to be hardy.
+
+Du Chilly is not always hardy and it is difficult to husk. Some bushes
+of this variety have given quite low yields.
+
+Medium Long is a useful nut. It is not as large as the former two, but
+it fills well and there is very little fibre; also the shell is thin. It
+ripens somewhat later than Barcelona and is easy to husk.
+
+Bixby is of medium size, somewhat pointed with a medium thick shell but
+almost no fibre. It is late in maturing, first week of October, and does
+not husk readily.
+
+Daviana is a large, attractive nut with a moderately thin shell and has
+very little fibre. The quality is good. The nuts are mostly borne singly
+but with some pairs and they are apt to cling to the husk.
+
+Cosford is a very nice nut. It is similar to Medium Long, somewhat
+smaller and of good appearance. It has a thin shell and is of good
+quality. It ripens early and separates readily from the husk. Perhaps
+not always hardy.
+
+Bolwyller is hardy, yields moderately well and has nice quality.
+
+Buchanan, much like Bixby, but a more vigorous grower. Rather difficult
+to pick. The nut has good quality and very little fibre.
+
+Italian Red, one of the best but not hardy.
+
+The filbert plantings have been added to from time to time. In 1942, 200
+open-pollinated seedlings of the hardy seedling (3R1AT 10, 11, 12--1922
+planting) were set out and are now (1947) beginning to bear a few nuts.
+The main purpose of growing these seedlings is to find a larger nut of
+good quality with the vigour and hardiness of the female parent.
+
+In 1944 a bush each of Beethe, Buchanan, Luisen and Volkugel varieties
+were set out, also bushes of the following hybrids:
+
+  Rush x White Aveline No. 21
+
+  Rush x Kentish Cob   No. 110 and 111
+
+  Rush x Barcelona     No. 157 and 159
+
+  Rush x Bolwyller     No. 200
+
+  Rush x Red Lambert   No. 394 and 398
+
+  Rush x Du Chilly     No. 485 and 555
+
+  Rush x Daviana       No. 529 and 521
+
+This material was supplied by the New York State Agricultural Experiment
+Station for test purposes. So far none of these has come into bearing.
+
+The seedling Carpathian walnuts (1937 planting) are nearly all bearing a
+few nuts. Some began in 1943 while other bore nothing until several
+years later. One tree in 1946 gave six pints of nuts, without the husks,
+another four pints and several two pints, but most of them much less. As
+in other seedling trees there is much variation in this lot of walnuts.
+They vary considerably in habit of growth and vigour, also in nut
+characteristics. They have shown little or no winter injury. It is too
+early yet to pass judgment on these seedlings. Undoubtedly many of them
+are worthless, others are on the border line, and a few may be better
+than seedlings already growing in the Niagara fruit belt. It is possible
+that some may have sufficient hardiness for planting in the less
+favoured sections of Ontario.
+
+Other types of nuts growing at the Horticultural Experiment Station are
+of general interest. The chestnuts and most of the pecans are very young
+and so are not bearing. Several hickories, =Carya ovata= and
+=C. laciniosa=, and Japanese walnuts bear some nuts occasionally. The
+Persian walnut x black walnut hybrids bear a few nuts sometimes but are
+worthless; the trees however, are nice as ornamentals. The Japanese
+walnut x butternut hybrids usually have a nice crop but the nuts are of
+questionable value. The trees are nice ornamentals although subject to
+wind injury.
+
+Several seedling Chinese chestnuts were topworked to selected Chinese
+chestnuts, grafts of which were obtained from the Division of Forest
+Pathology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Unfortunately these
+were all destroyed at the result of construction work.
+
+In addition to plantings made at this Station, nuts and nut seedlings
+have been distributed to people who wished to grow a few nut trees on
+their own places.
+
+Cultural practices have been very simple at the Station. After planting,
+the trees were cultivated for a year or two, then the space between sown
+to grass and clover and the space just around the trees was mulched with
+manure, hay, etc. The grass is cut several times a year and placed
+around the trees as additional mulch. Small quantities of a good
+commercial fertilizer such as 4-8-10 have been applied occasionally and
+some nitrogen also has been used.
+
+Pruning has been reduced to a minimum, a light thinning out of branches
+being given as required. Very little attempt has been made to keep
+filberts to a single stem, but the walnuts have been kept to a single
+low-headed trunk.
+
+There has been a marked increase in interest in the planting of nut
+trees in Ontario since the first plantings were made at the Station.
+These Station plantings serve to demonstrate in a small way that nut
+trees can be grown in the Niagara fruit belt of Ontario. The
+feasibilty, however, of growing nut crops in a commercial way, even in
+this district, is still open to question, although it is felt that
+farmers and others should be encouraged to plant a few nut trees on
+their property both for the sake of the nuts and because of the
+ornamental nature of the trees.
+
+
+
+
+Soil Management for Nut Plantations in Ontario
+
+J. R. van HAARLEM, Horticultural Experiment Station, Vineland Station,
+Ontario
+
+
+Fruitgrowers with high priced land, such as we have in the Niagara
+Peninsula, are not much interested in using such land for a crop not yet
+proven commercially sound. Plantings, whether large or small, are likely
+to be made on low-priced marginal land needing good care. It is doubtful
+if these locations are best suited to proper nut culture since most nut
+trees are deep rooted with extensive root systems requiring the best
+soils.
+
+At the Vineland Station we have three plantations made up of 110
+walnuts, 240 filberts, 14 chestnuts and 6 pecans. These comprise named
+varieties and seedlings of black, Carpathian, and other Persian walnuts,
+filberts, chestnuts and pecans.
+
+During the first years of the life of these plantations we maintained a
+clean cultivation program during the spring and early summer followed by
+the planting of a green-manure crop about July 1st each year. Such crops
+as buckwheat, millet, rye, and weeds, have been used on occasion. We
+soon found that the treatment was not good enough for the trees and we
+then changed to a grass sod with mulch around each tree within the
+spread of the branches. Since this sod-mulch treatment was applied the
+trees have done very much better, making fine growth and maintaining a
+large leaf area of good color. This treatment is fairly representative
+of the many trees planted in dooryards under sod conditions, where the
+grass is cut and left on top.
+
+Most of our Ontario soils are deficient in organic matter and, depending
+on location, deficient in phosphate or potash, or both together. The
+mineral deficiency should first be corrected by liberal applications of
+the required fertilizer before placing the plantations in sod, in fact
+it would pay to do this several years before setting out the trees,
+growing alfalfa on this land and returning all the hay back into the
+soil. For plantations already set out these minerals could be placed in
+a furrow cut just under the outer spread of the branches. Our soils have
+a high fixation factor for phosphate and potash and we have found that
+the best practice is to place the fertilizer under the surface either
+with a deep-placement machine or as outlined above.
+
+After the plantation is in sod an application of 500 to 1,000 lbs. of a
+4-8-10 fertilizer every fifth year should take care of the mineral
+requirements. However, our experience with fruit in general where
+planted in sod is that not sufficient care is taken to keep the trees
+well supplied with nitrogen, many growers laboring under the mistaken
+idea that just the sod is sufficient. Liberal applications of either
+manure or nitrate in the spring is necessary to make sure that the tree
+gets its required nitrogen and not just the sod alone. Mineral
+fertilizers should be applied in the late fall, for under our conditions
+fixation of phosphate and potash is considerably less at that time. The
+plantation may be seeded down in the early spring but mulch should not
+be added until late fall. Applying the mulch in late fall will allow the
+material to fill up with water from the fall rains and winter snows, and
+so prevent the serious withholding of water from the trees during dry
+spells in the summer, because the light summer rains are seldom
+sufficient to soak through the dry mulch material. We have had several
+instances where a summer-applied mulch has seriously robbed the tree of
+needed moisture during dry weather. Do not look for immediate
+improvement from sod-mulch, it will take at least two years to become
+well established. Improvement should begin to show up the second year
+after applying.
+
+We sometimes see a chlorotic condition of the foliage, different from
+the pale yellow foliage due to nitrogen deficiency, which occurs on
+marginal or shallow soil and often where the soil remains too moist, as
+along a water course or low spot. We frequently see this same trouble on
+grape foliage in such locations. This is probably due to a lack of
+sufficient iron intake caused by a deficiency of manganese. It can be
+cured by either spraying with a 1% solution of magananese sulphate or
+applying the dry salt under the spread of the branches. The spraying
+method seems to give better and faster results.
+
+It has been reported from British Columbia that some die-back is due to
+deficiency of boron. Perhaps some of the die-back we see on nut trees
+during the summer is due to this cause and not all to winter injury. The
+very erratic results from ground application of borax would indicate
+that borax should be incorporated with one of the regular sprays as a 1%
+mixture.
+
+Our conclusions therefore are that nut plantations should be placed in
+sod as soon as possible and a mulch established the fall of the year the
+grass is sown. Each year cut the grass and draw in around the tree to
+supplement the mulch. If not enough material is gathered in this way it
+can be supplemented by straw or old hay. Manure or nitrate should be
+applied each spring and trace elements where needed can be incorporated
+in the regular spray program.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Discussion after J. R. van Haarlem's paper.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: "I realize that there are more trees which are starving
+to death than are being overfed."
+
+Silvis: "Do you recommend that freshly cut hay be used as mulch?"
+
+Van Haarlem: "Any crop refuse can be used as mulch. Anything that will
+rot down. The pH of the soil should be 6.2 to 6.5."
+
+O'Rourke: "Would you use clean cultivation for the first year?"
+
+Van Haarlem: "There is nothing against it. We use sod mulch at Vineland.
+The reason that our growers are not growing nut plantations is that good
+land, that is good soil, sells for $1,000 per acre. Nut trees grown on
+poor land, cheap land, do not produce."
+
+McCollum: "I am surprised that rain would not go through loose straw and
+will go through old straw. Where does the rain go when it falls on the
+loose straw?"
+
+Van Haarlem: "It is absorbed before it gets through the straw. Dry mulch
+should be 18 inches deep."
+
+Member: "How would you prevent erosion on rolling land?"
+
+Van Haarlem: "Plant on the contour."
+
+Dr. Crane: "How often do you renew mulch under trees?"
+
+Van Haarlem: "After first application additional may be needed but after
+that enough is grown under trees which when cut and raked will
+suffice."
+
+
+
+
+Report from Southern Ontario
+
+ALEX TROUP, Jordan Station, Ontario
+
+
+Here in southern Ontario we find that most of the northern nuts do well
+in most seasons. Among black walnuts the Thomas, Ohio, and many others
+do well. The Thomas does not always fill. The Ohio seems to be the
+favorite among Persian (English) walnuts. Franquette, Broadview and a
+few others are satisfactory but sometimes do not fill well. Of Japanese
+heartnut walnuts nearly all do well. The Mitchell, Stranger, Bates and
+others are satisfactory.
+
+All the shagbarks and shellbarks are doing well, although only the young
+shagbarks are bearing, and then only lightly.
+
+Chestnuts have done well at times but some trees have been killed by the
+blight. We have Japanese, Chinese and some other seedlings. They are
+sometimes winter injured.
+
+Filberts are satisfactory and usually bear well. We have Barcelona, Du
+Chilly, Troup, White Aveline, Italian Red, Kentish Cob, Daviana, Mosier,
+Guy Smith, Nonpariel and Brixnut. The Barcelona drops nearly free of the
+husk and is a fine nut. Most are of this variety. We do not have hazels.
+
+Pecans will grow and bear but do not fill.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Trees Hardy at Aldershot, Ontario, Canada
+
+O. FILMAN, Aldershot
+
+
+During the past nine or ten years I have planted a few trees of some of
+the better known varieties of northern nut species, some of them chosen
+from the lists of promising selections in the annual reports of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association, some on the recommendation of reliable
+nut nurserymen. These trees have been planted here and there in various
+locations where space permitted on a small fruit and vegetable farm, not
+in orchard form nor in a solid nut tree planting.
+
+Editor's Note: Anyone reading this paper should remember that it applies
+to an area of intensive growth of peaches, pears, and other fruits in a
+bit of Canadian land west of Niagara Falls and protected spring and fall
+from extremes of temperatures by Lake Ontario on the north and Lake Erie
+on the south. The paper by H. L. Crane in this report should be read in
+connection with it.
+
+Aldershot is a fruit and vegetable growing district, about six miles
+from Hamilton, below the escarpment, on the Toronto-Hamilton lake shore
+highway. This district is almost at the western tip of Lake Ontario and
+is more or less a continuation of the Niagara fruit belt which borders
+the lake. Consequently the climate is not so severe as that of
+localities situated a few miles farther from the lake and above the
+Niagara escarpment at higher altitudes. Winter temperatures seldom go
+much below zero, although, in occasional seasons, temperatures of-20
+degrees F., and sometimes even somewhat lower, are experienced.
+
+The soil is a deep, well-drained, light sandy loam, known as Fox sandy
+loam, considered a good fruit and vegetable soil, if organic matter and
+fertility are maintained with manure, fertilizers and green manure
+crops.
+
+Nut trees, which I have planted, include Chinese chestnut, heart nut,
+filbert, hickories, butternut, Persian walnut, a few black walnut
+seedlings and two seedling pecans.
+
+=Chestnuts.= The native chestnut grew in the woods of this locality before
+the blight reached it. I have tried eight varieties of Oriental
+chestnuts, and I have trees surviving of five: Abundance, Hobson, Carr,
+Zimmerman, and one of Mr. Carroll D. Bush's called Chinese Sweet No. 3.
+They all came through a temperature of about-20 degrees, early in 1943
+(with the exception of Zimmerman which was planted later) without
+showing any sign of killing back or other visible injury. Unfortunately,
+I have kept no records of crops but expect to do so.
+
+=Abundance.= One bearing tree, purchased from Mr. Bush of Oregon, and
+planted in the spring of 1938. Bore a few burs in 1941. Bore a crop in
+1944, missed 1945, a good crop in 1946. It is bearing what appears to me
+to be quite a heavy crop this year, 1947. Blossoms in July. Bears a
+good-size, attractive nut, which falls free from the bur, ripening in
+early October. Abundance has made the best growth of any of the
+varieties and appears the most promising.
+
+=Hobson.= Two trees, one, planted in 1940, bore its first crop in 1946;
+the other, planted in 1943, not yet bearing. Has been a little
+disappointing, in view of the very favourable reports of its performance
+in more southern locations in the United States. Probably it is a little
+too far north of its natural environment. In some seasons it has made
+rather good growth, but not as vigorous as that of Abundance. It bore a
+fair crop in 1946, however, of attractive nuts of about the same size as
+Abundance. It ripened in late October about two weeks later than
+Abundance. These nuts germinated well this spring when planted in pots
+in the greenhouse.
+
+=Carr.= One tree surviving, planted in 1940. Two others, planted in 1943,
+have died, but I do not believe that winter injury was the cause of
+their death. Has grown slowly, bearing in 1944 and 1946. The nut is much
+smaller than that produced by the same variety at more southern
+latitudes, judging from descriptions of it which I have read. The nut is
+much smaller than that of Hobson, as grown here. This small tree bore a
+tremendous crop in 1946, more than I thought any tree of its size could
+support. The tree was literally covered with burs. The nuts were very
+small, not larger than a small native chestnut. They ripened early,
+beginning to drop from the burs by September 25th. I stratified most of
+the nuts in pots of soil and planted 206 nuts from this little tree,
+which is only about seven feet high and not at all spreading.
+Germination was good.
+
+=Zimmerman.= One small tree planted spring of 1945. Not bearing yet. Is
+not growing fast but appears healthy with good foliage.
+
+=Chinese Sweet No. 3.= Purchased from Mr. Bush in 1938. Planted at the
+same time as Abundance, which Mr. Bush at that time called Chinese Sweet
+No. 1. He later named No. 1 Abundance, but did not consider No. 3 worthy
+of naming. Has grown well, but has borne very few nuts. Mr. Bush
+discarded it for the same fault. [See comment following.--Ed.]
+
+I have also tried and lost the following varieties: Connecticut Yankee,
+Austin Japanese and Stoke hybrid.
+
+I have quite a number of young seedlings of Abundance, Carr and a few
+of Hobson, from seed produced on my own trees, some of which I hope to
+allow to bear in order to see if anything promising shows up among them.
+The Abundance seedlings seem to inherit the superior vigour of their
+female parent.
+
+=Heartnuts.= The Japanese walnut grows vigorously. I have planted a few of
+Mr. J. U. Gellatly's varieties, as well as the Wright heartnut. All of
+the ones planted seem perfectly hardy and at home. I have only one tree
+of each variety.
+
+=O.K.= From J. U. Gellatly, planted in 1942. Transplanted 1944. Bore its
+first nuts, one cluster, in 1946. Cracking and extraction of kernel were
+excellent. The flavour was fine. Size of nut about medium.
+
+=Okanda.= From J. U. Gellatly, 1942. Said by Mr. Gellatly to be a hybrid
+between heartnut and native butternut. Tree vigorous. Nut has a smooth
+shell like a heartnut. Cracking and extraction good. Flavour excellent.
+Nut about size and shape of a medium-sized heartnut. Bore its first crop
+in 1946 and is repeating this year with a fair crop.
+
+=Crofter.= From J. U. Gellatly, 1942. Also said by Mr. Gellatly to be a
+hybrid between heartnut and butternut. Tree vigorous. Bore its first
+crop in 1946 and has a few nuts this year. The nut has a comparatively
+smooth shell like a heartnut, is somewhat larger than that of Okanda but
+does not crack as well, or rather the kernel does not come out of the
+cavity nearly so well as that of Okanda. Flavour fine.
+
+=Canoka.= From J. U. Gellatly, 1944. A pure heartnut. Tree very vigorous.
+Bearing its first crop this year, several clusters.
+
+=Slioka.= A new heartnut from Mr. Gellatly, planted in 1945. Tree growth
+is vigorous. Is bearing one nut, its first, this year.
+
+=Wright.= From Benton and Smith nurseries 1946. Seems to be hardy. Tree
+growth has not been very strong but appears healthy.
+
+=New, un-named heartnut.= From J. U. Gellatly, planted in the spring of
+1944. A new selection which Mr. Gellatly has not named. The tree has
+grown vigorously and it is bearing its first crop of several clusters of
+nuts.
+
+=Butternuts.= I have only one grafted butternut tree, a Crax-ezy, from the
+Michigan Nut Nurseries in 1940, transplanted in 1942. The tree has been
+hardy and healthy but has not grown very vigorously. It is bearing its
+first crop this year.
+
+I had one tree of the Sherwood butternut, planted in 1938, which died
+last winter as a result, I believe, of a heavy infestation of oyster
+shell scale which I did not control soon enough. Sherwood bore early and
+heavily. The nut was extremely large but did not crack at all well.
+
+=Persian walnut.= Only one grafted tree, a Broadview, from Mr. Gellatly,
+planted in 1942, transplanted in 1944. Has been hardy, but has just
+begun to make really good growth, this year. Has not borne.
+
+=Filberts.= I have planted four of Mr. Gellatly's varieties, namely Craig,
+Brag, Comet and Holder, as well as Barcelona, Cosford, Medium Long and
+Buchanan. Craig and Brag are the only ones which have borne. Trees of
+those varieties planted in 1942 bore their first crop in 1946. They have
+very few nuts on them this year. All varieties seem to be winter-hardy
+in the wood. Craig, Brag and Comet, the only ones which have borne
+staminate flowers do not seem too hardy in the catkins however. Nearly
+all were killed, last winter, although the temperature scarcely went as
+low as zero. Mr. Gellatly states that their catkins survive much lower
+temperatures than that in the west. Some other factor than low
+temperature probably is accountable. (See paper by H. L. Crane in this
+report.--Ed.)
+
+Cosford, Medium Long and Buchanan were planted in the fall of 1946, and
+hence it is too early to have any information on their hardiness. They
+survived their first winter in good condition and have grown vigorously
+this summer.
+
+=Hickories.= Only three grafted trees surviving.
+
+=Pleas hybrid.= One tree, planted in 1938, has been perfectly hardy,
+having come through several severe winters without any sign of injury.
+It has made good growth and has developed into a fine shade tree for the
+lawn but has not borne. It has had many staminate catkins for several
+years.
+
+=Barnes.= One small tree, planted in the spring of 1946, has made slow but
+healthy growth and appears to be hardy thus far.
+
+=Miller.= One tree, planted in 1946, is still living but very weak.
+
+In addition to these named varieties I have a number of seedling black
+walnuts, butternuts and heartnuts, which I hope to topwork to named
+varieties; also two seedling pecans which are making surprisingly good,
+thrifty growth. The pecan seedlings have been quite hardy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+=Discussion after Mr. Filman's paper.=
+
+Stoke: "Hobson is not as large as Abundance. Abundance is always larger
+than Hobson. Carr always produced better nuts than Hobson. Mr. Filman
+finds that Carr has very small nuts. I am surprised to see a reversal of
+performance between Ontario and Virginia."
+
+McDaniel: "Mr. Bush now reports that his No. 3 chestnut has borne better
+crops recently. Abundance has not survived in TVA tests at Norris."
+
+
+
+
+Report from Echo Valley, 1947
+
+GEORGE HEBDEN CORSAN, Islington, Ontario
+
+
+The Northern Nut Growers Association visited Echo Valley, Islington,
+Ontario, September 5th on the field trip following their annual
+convention at Guelph. Some 15 species of nuts and nearly 400 varieties
+are growing there. The filberts drew a lot of attention, as the most of
+them were seedlings and quite large, some larger than the largest Oregon
+varieties. The seeds planted were: Italian Red. Du Chilly, Giant de
+Halle, Brixnut, Bollwyller, Cosford, Daviana, and Jones No. 1 Hybrid.
+The policy followed has been not to discard a plant because it bears
+small nuts or no nuts at all, because such trees may bear hardy catkins
+that live through the winter. The female blossoms of filberts are very
+hardy but many male blossoms may be killed during cold winters.
+
+Years ago the Dominion Department of Agriculture declared that filberts,
+chestnuts and Persian (English) walnuts could not be grown north of Lake
+Ontario. I would grant that they grow better south of the lake.
+However, the filbert crop this fall south of the lake was very poor and
+scanty, whereas mine was large and in fact the largest I ever had. My
+Winkler and Rush hazelnuts are crowded on the branches. And the same
+with the English walnuts. My crop on the larger trees could not be
+better. The Thomas black walnut, as well as other black walnuts, Jap
+heartnuts, hybrid butternut x Japanese heartnut cross, chestnuts and
+hickories are very large.
+
+Hicans and northern pecans do not develop north of Lake Ontario. Down in
+the very southwest corner of Ontario, north of Lake Erie, some small
+pecans have cropped well on trees. As a curiosity pecan trees are quite
+hardy here, but we lack length of season to mature the nuts properly. No
+Weiker hickory hybrid crops and ripens well here. This nut is one of the
+very few crosses between shellbark and shagbark hickories, (=Carya
+laciniosa=) western and (=Carya ovata=) eastern, hickories.
+
+I have some crosses between the Chinese and Japanese chestnuts that I am
+watching. I have one European x American cross chestnut, the Gibbons,
+and one native (=Castanea dentata=) that have escaped the blight. So far
+this year I have found only one blighted chestnut limb and I promptly
+cut it off and tarred the cut well.
+
+At least I have persimmons hardy enough to stand the winters north of
+Lake Ontario, but I am not sure about the pawpaw. This fruit seems to
+require shade from the winter's sun.
+
+Many but not all of the Crath importations of Persian walnuts from the
+Carpathians are hardy and much more so than the Pomeroy varieties. Even
+the Broadview is not hardy as many of the Crath varieties. Rev. Crath
+did an immense service to us by his importations which far exceeded our
+highest expectations. I have here nearly half a hundred varieties of
+=Juglans regia= that are doing well, especially the three Rumanian giants
+that ripen so well here.
+
+
+List of Some of the Larger and More Important Trees at Echo Valley,
+Islington, Ontario
+
+  =Black Walnut=
+     Stambaugh 1926--1st prize.
+     Thomas from J. F. Jones, late ripener.
+     Troup, cracks out whole in spring.
+     Hepler, from Miss Riehl, a long nut.
+     Elmer Myers, excellent flavor, the thinest shell.
+     Snyder, medium size, large kernel.
+     Tasterite, a small nut, origin New York State.
+     Clark, origin Iowa, very large nut.
+     Gifford, bears very heavy crop every second year, ripens before
+     Thomas.
+
+  =Persian (English) Walnut=
+     David Fairchild, seedling Rumanian giant.
+     Senator Pepper, seedling Rumanian giant.
+     Paul de Kruif, seedling Rumanian giant.
+     Chinese, very hardy, medium size.
+     Broadview, from British Columbia but originally from Russia.
+
+  =Hickory=
+     Neilson, a true shagbark, nut large flat and very thin shell, flavor
+       is wonderful. A big tree on highway 24 not far south of where
+       Alexander Graham Bell perfected the telephone.
+     Hagen, a true shagbark, a fast grower.
+     Hand, a shagbark.
+     Weiker, a shellbark and shagbark cross, a large, heavy bearing nut
+       that ripens here north of Lake Ontario. Excellent flavor, grafted
+       on pecan.
+     Papple, a small good shagbark, cracks out whole.
+     Anthony No. 1 shagbark.
+     Glover, from Miss Riehl.
+
+  =Heartnut=
+     Wright, a good bearer and excellent cracker.
+     Stranger, very heavy bearer, excellent cracker.
+     Gellatly.
+
+  =Filbert=
+     Italian Red, medium long with wide base.
+     Bollwyller, large round.
+     Du Chilly, long smooth.
+     Many seedlings of named varieties.
+
+  =Chestnut=
+     Gibbons, Miss Riehl, hybrid European American.
+     Chinese, test not completed.
+
+  =Jap Butternut=
+     Helmick, from Miss Riehl, 14 cluster, regular bearer, very thin shell,
+  grafted on black walnut.
+
+
+
+
+Report from Beamsville, Ontario
+
+LEVI HOUSSER
+
+
+About twenty years ago I started to plant nut trees, as I decided nuts
+were the solution to good health, which I later found was correct. Most
+of my first trees died. I started gathering nuts all over the country
+until at last, near my own home, I found a neighbor who had ten trees
+and two out of the ten were bearing large size nuts of an excellent
+flavor. I also added filberts to my collection.
+
+About this time I learned of Prof. Neilson, so I went to see him in
+Guelph. He told me about the Northern Nut Growers Association. I also
+learned about Mr. Corsan and his work at Islington so I went to see him.
+He also told me about the Association so I went to the next meeting and
+joined up. I began to add more varieties to my plantings. My first four
+acre planting was seeded with oats the second year. All my tress had a
+nice start. I spent some three hundred dollars that year for grafted nut
+trees. That second fall I hired a man to watch and stand by each tree as
+the binder passed. It was impossible for me to be there. The man who cut
+the oats in his own stubborn way went alone and cut everything as he
+went, trees and all. My heart was nearly broken! I started again. I
+bought nuts of good varieties from all over. I decided to make a little
+nursery this time then plant out after the trees got bigger. Just as I
+got this started nicely the war came. I also had a fruit farm where I
+now live besides also planting some grafted stock here. My nursery,
+seventy-eight miles away on my fifty acres, I had to leave as gas was
+rationed and I was forced to sell, so remaining there are about one
+hundred trees which I shall watch. My best trees died but I kept going
+on planting every year. Today, after all the calamities I had, I have
+around two hundred trees living.
+
+This year I expect two bushels of heartnuts; about two bushels of
+filberts; some extra nice ones that ripened early, large and well
+filled; about two bushels of black walnuts, some very promising. Besides
+these I have about fifty trees of the Carpathian walnuts from which I
+have gathered about two quarts of nuts. My oldest tree is ten years old.
+One I grafted on black walnut stock and it is a very large nut. I
+gathered five nuts from this. The graft is now five years old. Hundreds
+of nuts started; nearly all dropped off. Possibly as the tree gets older
+it will do better as I have planted several other nut trees not far away
+to help with cross pollination.
+
+I have some good sized butternuts and I gathered about 17 quarts of
+these so I expect to have enough nuts to supply my daily needs from now
+on from my own plantings. After twenty years of hard work and with an
+outlay of at least $1,000, my trees, as they grow up around me, are like
+children to me. They supply me with food. My nervousness was cured by
+them and my health has returned.
+
+My worst enemy here with filberts is they start to grow too early, then
+a frost comes and they are done after a week or two of nice weather.
+Even though we have this trouble we gathered nearly two bushels from 25
+trees which are eight years old.
+
+Our lowest temperature here was 20 below zero a few years ago. My
+Carpathians did not seem to mind that nor did the heartnuts. From now on
+I am planning my own little nursery and do my own grafting as well. I
+top work my young trees that show poor nuts.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Growing in New Hampshire
+
+L. P. LATIMER, Assistant Horticulturist, University of New Hampshire,
+Durham, New Hampshire
+
+
+At the present time there are no nuts grown commercially in New
+Hampshire. Those gathered by the residents of this state for home use or
+local consumption are comprised almost entirely of butternuts from wild
+seedling trees and nuts of the native hickory. The butternut is the most
+highly prized among our native nuts. It grows wild over a large portion
+of the state. The hickory nuts take second place, probably because of
+their smaller size and the greater difficulty involved in removing the
+meat from the shells. Black walnuts are occasionally found but do not
+seem generally as popular.
+
+Dr. A. F. Yeager of the Horticultural Department of the University of
+New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, has several times called for
+specimens of superior butternuts grown in the state. These have been
+tested for their cracking ability, and size of kernel and ease of
+removal from the shell in halves or as whole meats. Several very fine
+specimens have been collected, but progress in the development of these
+better types has been impeded by the difficulty involved in trying to
+propagate them vegetatively. The New Hampshire Horticultural Department
+would gladly welcome any information concerning the propagation of the
+butternut that would make grafting or budding successful.
+
+The best possibility in developing commercial nut crops in New
+Hampshire apparently lies first in the use of the hazel or filbert.
+Although the European filbert has not been very successful, such
+varieties of the American hazel as Winkler and Rush look promising. The
+Winkler has borne heavy crops but in a short summer season the nuts do
+not always mature fully in the fall. Although we have had much less
+experience with the Rush variety, this does mature earlier in the fall
+and seems promising. Some of the Jones hybrids have been tested at the
+Experiment Station in Durham, a few of which have done quite well. Of
+these Jones hybrids No. 1181, 1154, and 1094 have made quite vigorous
+growth. Seedling No. 1094 has been outstanding, producing good sized
+nuts which mature well and shell out easily from the husks. In type and
+flavor of nut it resembles the European hazel quite strongly under our
+conditions.
+
+So far, none of the chestnuts, including the Chinese species, have shown
+great enough resistance to chestnut blight to warrant their
+recommendation. We still hope that we may discover a good chestnut for
+this section. The hardy Persian or English walnuts have not been tested
+long enough to warrant any conclusion as to their promise for New
+Hampshire; one difficulty will probably lie in the fact that the nuts of
+some do not ripen properly under our cool, short summer conditions.
+
+Mr. Matthew Lahti of Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, has been experimenting
+with various species and varieties of nuts for that section. His
+location on the shore of Lake Winnipesaukee undoubtedly presents a more
+favorable site for growing certain types of nut plants than exists here
+in Durham, or most other parts of New Hampshire. At the present moment I
+have on my desk a parcel received from Mr. Lahti containing some fine
+specimens of one of the hardy Persian walnuts which he is growing in
+Wolfeboro. The unusually warm and dry late summer and fall of this year
+have favored the maturity of this walnut. (For a detailed description of
+Mr. Lahti's experience with nut varieties, please refer to his paper
+printed below.)
+
+
+
+
+Nut Notes from New Hampshire
+
+MATTHEW LAHTI
+
+
+Not being able to attend the annual convention I thought possibly some
+of the members might be interested in the following random notes of an
+amateur nut grower.
+
+My place is in Wolfeboro, N. H., which is situated in the eastern end of
+Lake Winnepesaukee, 43 degrees, 35 minutes north latitude; elevation
+above sea level, 687'. The elevation of the lake is 504'. Wolfeboro is
+just about at the northern fringe of the climate where peaches will
+ripen, that is during favorable years in favored locations. Improved
+varieties of field corn will ripen during favorable seasons. It also
+happens to be the northern fringe of the American chestnut, in favored
+location. I have discovered a number of saplings that are still alive.
+As a matter of fact, three or four years ago I was fortunate in finding
+some ripened nuts, but the trees that bore those nuts have since died of
+the blight. While a certain variety of old fashioned sweet cherry will
+live and bear fruit, some of the recent improved varieties will not
+live. Every one that I have planted was winter-killed. The Montmorency
+cherry, however, does well. It is also the northern limit of the pignut.
+Butternuts do very well.
+
+
+DDT Dust versus Butternut Curculio
+
+I was prompted to write this note by reading Mr. S. H. Graham's article
+entitled "An Experiment with DDT" appearing on page 101 of the 1945
+annual report, in which he states that the butternut curculio did not
+survive DDT powder.
+
+In the past four or five years the butternut curculio (identified as
+such by Prof. Conklin of the University of N. H.) has all but ruined my
+Crath Persian walnuts and heartnuts, so, acting on the basis of Mr.
+Graham's experiment, I had my trees dusted early in the morning when the
+dew was on the leaves, using a 10% DDT powder, the first time about May
+30 and again two weeks later, and I am happy to say that this dusting
+has been very effective. I have been unable to find any sign of curculio
+injury this year, although I have seen it nearby on some native
+butternut trees.
+
+My Gellatly heartnut was riddled by the curculio last year. This year,
+when the dusting was done, this tree was overlooked, so I undertook to
+dust it myself, and not realizing that the Niagara duster which I used
+was set in the closed position, I dusted the tree with considerable
+effort. In spite of the small amount of dust that came out, it proved
+sufficient to keep the curculios away or else to kill them so that there
+is no sign of any damage at this writing.
+
+
+Persian Walnuts
+
+In the spring of 1938 I planted a number of Crath Persian walnut
+seedlings. Out of possibly eight or ten, only two survive. (I gave each
+one about three years, and if it showed serious winter injury, I pulled
+it up.) I was pleasantly surprised the other day to discover that one of
+them has borne a single nut this year. This particular tree is at least
+300' from any other Persian walnut, so it looks as if it were
+self-fertile. It now remains to be seen whether or not the nut will
+ripen.
+
+In the spring of 1940, I planted a Broadview Persian walnut graft on
+black walnut stock, and this tree is bearing for the first time with
+eighteen nuts showing. Three or four years ago this Broadview suffered
+some winter damage by a split trunk and split lower branch. I painted
+over the cracks with gasket cement, and they are now healed. The
+Broadview has also shown some winter-kill of terminal twigs, but not
+enough to affect its bearing this year. There has been no splitting of
+the trunks or branches of the two surviving Crath Persian walnut trees
+and no winter injury to terminal twigs. The Crath walnut trees are now
+18" in circumference a foot from the ground and about 12 to 15' tall.
+The Broadview on the black walnut stock has a circumference of 16" above
+the graft and 15-1/4" below the graft, tending to show that the
+Broadview grows faster than the black walnut.
+
+It is interesting to note that the Broadview blooms a week or ten days
+later than the Crath Persian walnut, and at the same time as the native
+butternut.
+
+
+Black Walnuts
+
+I have planted a few Thomas black walnut seedlings, two grafts, and a
+Tasterite black walnut graft. A Thomas black walnut graft has borne nuts
+in three different years, including this year. The graft was sent out in
+the spring of 1939, and the seedlings were set out in the spring of
+1940. The seedlings have not yet borne. The Thomas black walnut graft
+last bore three years ago, when the nuts on the whole ripened and were
+well filled. We had a very cold spring in 1945, so much so that apples
+were almost a total failure.
+
+I also planted a Tasterite black walnut in the spring of 1939, and this
+is the first year that it has borne any nuts. It remains to be seen
+whether they will be filled out or not. There is, however, an important
+difference between the Thomas and the Tasterite, which are growing only
+50' apart, namely that the Thomas suffers from winter injury to the
+terminal twigs each year, whereas there has not been any sign of such
+injury to the Tasterite.
+
+
+Hickories
+
+I have planted possibly two dozen of a number of varieties of hickories,
+of which only nine survive to date, the cause being not winter injury
+but what appears to me to have been improper circulation through the
+graft union. They would struggle along for three or four years
+(producing suckers from the root stock which I broke off), and then die.
+None of these has borne any nuts yet except the Weschcke, which was
+planted in the fall of 1941, and which is now bearing one nut. This nut
+is a mystery to me because the tree bore no catkins. There are no
+hickory trees within thirty miles of the vicinity to my knowledge, and
+the nearest pignut tree is perhaps three-quarters of a mile distant, in
+a direction against the prevailing winds, the intervening space being
+forest. Could it be possible that the Weschcke hickory was pollinated by
+a butternut or the Broadview Persian walnut? A big butternut tree stands
+within 60' and the Broadview is situated about 150' distant.
+
+
+Heartnuts
+
+I have tried a number of heartnuts, including the Gellatly and the
+Wright. Only a single Gellatly survives. Here again the cause was not
+winter injury so much as either the butternut curculio or other causes.
+The Gellatly, while suffering some terminal twig winter injury and deer
+damage by rubbing of horns, has borne and ripened nuts.
+
+
+Filberts and Hazelnuts
+
+I planted a number of Winkler hazels in the fall of 1940, and this is
+the second year of bearing. The nuts hardly have time to ripen in our
+climate and a good many of the catkins get winter-killed.
+
+In the spring of 1939 I planted a number of filbert seeds received from
+Mr. Slate such as No. 128 Rush Barcelona; Medium Long; and Red Lambert.
+These are bearing for the first time this year, and judging from the
+size of the nuts now, it looks as if they will mature. Many of the
+catkins were winter-killed.
+
+Bixby and Buchanan planted in the spring of 1939: While the plants did
+very well, most of the catkins invariably were winter-killed, so I was
+obliged to pull them up.
+
+I have a feeling that filberts would do better here if it were not for
+the very cold winds that blow off the lake in winter, killing most of
+the catkins.
+
+I discovered a wild hazel in Lexington, Mass., (which town is located in
+a so-called cold air pocket) the nuts of which are almost equal to the
+Winkler. I have transplanted some of these to Wolfeboro and shall know
+more about them later. I also discovered some wild hazels in
+northeastern Maine, between Lincoln and Vanceboro on the border of New
+Brunswick, Canada, which two weeks ago had good sized, well filled nuts
+on them. I have also transplanted some of these to Wolfeboro.
+
+In closing I should like to thank all officers, committee members, and
+others who are responsible for the annual report. To those of us who do
+not get to the conventions very often, the report is the Northern Nut
+Growers Association, and a source of very valuable and interesting
+information, especially to an amateur like myself.
+
+
+
+
+A Simplified Schedule for Judging Black Walnut Varieties
+
+L. H. MacDANIELS and S. S. ATWOOD, Cornell University
+
+
+All its members would agree that the Northern Nut Growers Association
+should have an officially accepted schedule for judging black walnuts
+and the other kinds of nuts with which it is concerned. Some yardstick
+is needed to serve as a basis for the comparison of varieties which the
+members of the Association will use. Persons familiar with nut varieties
+are freqeuntly asked to answer questions about the best varieties to
+plant. Of course there is no simple answer to such a question as many
+factors besides the nuts themselves determine the value of a variety.
+The quality and value of the nuts are, however, the most important
+initial consideration in selecting a variety on its merit and there
+should be some objective test adopted to aid in evaluating nut samples.
+
+During the many years that the Northern Nut Growers Association has been
+operating more than a hundred and fifty varieties of black walnuts have
+been named. Yet at the present time we are not certain which are the
+better varieties except in a very general way. There is no widely
+accepted judging schedule being used as is evident in the tables
+published by Seward Berhow in his paper in the 1945 Proceedings (2). In
+these tables scores are given but these come from several sources and
+are not comparable and hence are of little value in making comparisons.
+
+There have been many schedules for judging black walnuts presented in
+the past. One of the first was proposed by the late Willard G. Bixby (3,
+4). This was complicated and never came into general use although the
+testing done by Mr. Bixby was a valuable contribution to our knowledge
+of varieties. The late N. F. Drake tested many varieties through the
+years according to a schedule of his own devising (5, 6). Professor
+Drake's schedule was related to his concept of a perfect walnut and the
+various values were related to this on a percentage basis. This schedule
+never had wider acceptance, chiefly because it was too complicated and
+required too much figuring.
+
+Mr. C. A. Reed has probably tested more varieties of nuts and is more
+familiar with varieties than any other person but he does not have a
+definite scoring schedule. Kline and Chase (7) summarized results of the
+testing work that had been done and Kline (8) compared varieties
+according to a system which he devised in which they were rated in terms
+of return per hour of labor spent in cracking and extracting the
+kernels. Mr. C. C. Lounsberry has proposed a method of scoring which was
+related to kernel cavity measurement (9).
+
+In 1935, a Committee on Varieties and Standards endeavored to formulate
+a working schedule that would be adopted as official. This committee set
+up a score that represented the best thinking of the group at that time
+(1). Twenty-five nut samples were used. The score was the sum of the
+weight of an individual nut in grams plus twice the per cent kernel of
+the weight of the nuts recovered in the first crack plus the total
+percentage of kernel plus 1/10 of a point for each quarter kernel
+recovered. Penalties were proposed for shrunken kernels and empty nuts.
+Through the years a large number of samples have been tested according
+to this scoring schedule (11). In 1943, MacDaniels and Wilde (12)
+summarized the previous work done, added many tests and evaluated the
+scoring system. This was not considered to be altogether satisfactory.
+In the first place, it was somewhat cumbersome and had never been
+adopted by the Association nor had it been used much by others. The
+figuring of percentages and penalties made a score too involved for wide
+aceptance. A very serious difficulty was the problem of shrunken kernels
+and empty nuts. Obviously, with a score related to the weight of the
+sample before cracking, the inclusion of a number of empty nuts made it
+impossible to make any accurate correction in the percentages that were
+used in the score. Penalties did not solve the problem. Also the initial
+weight of the sample varied with the amount of husk clinging to the
+shells. From this work it was evident that an acceptable score would
+have to be formulated on some other basis.
+
+The next approach was to analyze data of this type statistically in an
+attempt to devise a better scoring system (1). The results from such a
+study proved valuable in answering such questions as 1) the size of
+sample necessary to obtain significant differences between samples; 2)
+the significance of small differences in measurements or in scores and
+3) the amount of variation that is normal and without significance in
+comparing varieties.
+
+The following qualifications were considered essential to a workable
+schedule:
+
+1) The schedule must be easy to use.
+
+2) The schedule must concern itself with objective qualities or
+characters which can be weighed or measured. It cannot be concerned with
+flavor and other characters upon which there may be disagreement and
+which depend upon personal preference.
+
+3) Characters must be avoided which vary with the treatment of the
+samples themselves such as color of kernels.
+
+4) It must give a score that will separate samples on small differences.
+
+Considering the problem from these angles and scrutinizing the older
+schedules, a number of ideas came out. First of all, why include the
+shells? If shells are discarded a number of problems would be solved,
+such as the cleaning of the nuts and adjustments for shrivelled and
+empty nuts. Also, why reduce any of the weights or measures to
+percentages which only add to the complexity of the score? The actual
+amount of kernels recovered reflects both the size of nuts and the yield
+of kernels. Plumpness of the kernels is reflected in the total weight of
+kernels and does not need to be considered separately.
+
+The important elements in a score were considered to be:
+
+1) The crackability of the nuts of the variety. This is measured by the
+weight of kernels obtained in the first crack.
+
+2) The yield of the variety. This is measured in the total weight of
+kernels.
+
+3) The marketability of the product. This can be measured by the number
+of pieces in the sample. In general, the smaller the number and the
+larger the size of the pieces the better the marketability.
+
+With this general background in mind, many samples were tested and the
+results published in the 1945 report[1]. In order to secure the data
+needed the kernels of the individual nuts in the samples were weighed
+separately.
+
+NOTE: All samples were cracked with the (John W.) Hershey nut
+cracker.
+
+Some of the conclusions drawn from these tests were as follows:
+
+1) Using kernel weights only gives a rapid and accurate test of
+differences between varieties.
+
+2) Ten nuts are adequate for a single sample.
+
+3) The location of the tree with reference to climate and soil is
+probably the most important single factor influencing kernel yield. No
+evidence was obtained, however, to indicate that the varieties ranked
+significantly different at different locations.
+
+4) If reasonable care is used in cracking the differences due to
+different operators tend to be non-significant.
+
+The statistical proof that a ten-nut sample is adequate and that
+differences between operators are not significant are two findings that
+are important in setting up a schedule.
+
+During the past year further testing has been done, in which scores were
+computed from ten-nut samples.[A] The samples had preliminary cool, dry
+storage to assure comparable moisture content. Enough nuts were cracked
+in each sample to secure ten that were well filled. Empty nuts were
+recorded. The following data were kept for each sample:
+
+1) The weight of the kernels recovered in first crack in grams.
+
+2) The total weight of the kernels in grams.
+
+3) The number of quarters and number of halves recovered.
+
+Scores were computed as 1) the weight of the first crack in grams plus
+2) half of the total weight of the kernels recovered in grams plus 3)
+the number of quarters divided by four and, 4) the number of halves
+divided by two. In this score, it was considered that the crackability
+of the sample was measured by the weight of the first crack; the yield,
+by the total weight of kernels secured from the sample; the
+marketability by the number of quarters and halves. From the use of this
+schedule scores were secured ranging from 83.9 for the variety Thomas
+grown in Maryland to 37.4 for the variety Huen, which is a small nut
+giving relatively small kernel yield.
+
+Analyses of the data to determine the percentage of the score that was
+derived from each component showed that crackability as measured by the
+weight of the kernels recovered in first crack gave an average of 54% of
+the score with a range of 49 to 58 for the different samples; yield, as
+measured by total weight of kernels divided by two, 31% with range of 27
+to 34%; marketability measured by number of quarters divided by four 14%
+with range of 10 to 22% and number of halves divided by two 1%. The
+percentage of the score derived from the number of halves was so small
+as to be negligible. It seemed better, therefore, to base the score on
+only three elements, namely, the weight of the first crack, the total
+yield of kernels and the number of quarters recovered from the sample.
+
+On this basis the problem becomes that of deciding the weights that
+should be given to these three components. The score as set up
+emphasizes the crackability of the variety much more than its
+marketability. This seems logical because the value of a variety is in
+large part dependent upon the ease of recovery of the kernels on first
+cracking. Several different combinations of the weighting of these three
+components were considered and it was decided that the most logical was
+to weight the elements as follows: 1) The weight of first crack in
+grams. 2) The total weight of the kernels divided by two and 3) the
+number of quarters recovered divided by 2. If there are halves, each
+half would count as two quarters.
+
+
+  Table I. Average scores from 18 black walnut samples cracked by three
+  operators and computed by two scoring systems.
+
+                                           Scoring   Systems[3]
+                                          --------------------
+  Variety         Source             Year     I         II
+                                            points    points
+  Thomas          Maryland           '46     83.9      93.1
+  Snyder          Ithaca, N. Y. (A)  '46     81.8      89.2
+  Ohio            Maryland           '46     79.5      88.9
+  Thomas          Ithaca, N. Y. (A)  '46     76.4      85.5
+  Norris          Tennessee          '45     76.1      83.9
+  Stambaugh       Ithaca, N. Y. (A)  '46     75.9      81.0
+  Stambaugh       Ithaca, N. Y. (A)  '46     74.0      83.2
+  Thomas          Tennessee          '45     71.5      79.6
+  Thomas          Ithaca, N. Y. (B)  '46     65.7      74.6
+  Cornell         Ithaca, N. Y. (C)  '46     59.3      67.6
+  Stabler         Maryland           '45     56.9      64.5
+  Cresco          Ithaca, N. Y. (A)  '46     55.8      65.2
+  Seedling No. 1  Geneva, N. Y.      '46     52.7      62.2
+  Seedling No. 3  Geneva, N. Y.      '46     50.6      59.0
+  Brown           Ohio               '45     49.7      59.4
+  Stabler         Tennessee          '45     47.5      51.4
+  Seedling No. 2  Geneva, N. Y.      '46     44.4      52.2
+  Huen            Iowa               '46     37.4      44.9
+  Least significant difference (5%)           6.3       6.6
+
+  [Footnote 3: Score I=Weight (grams) 1st crack + Total weight (grams)  +
+                                                  --------------------
+                                                           2
+
+  Number quarters + Number halves
+  ---------------   -------------
+        4                                                              2
+
+  Score II=Weight (grams) 1st crack +
+
+  Total weight (grams) +
+  --------------------
+            2
+
+  Number quarters
+  ---------------
+        2          ]
+
+Calculating the percentage of each component in the total score on this
+basis gives crackability 48%, yield 27%, marketability 25%. This
+schedule gives relatively more weight to marketability as against the
+other two components. The average scores of 18 samples cracked by three
+operators and calculated on both the above described schedules are given
+in table I.
+
+The table shows that the rank of the different samples was not changed
+materially by using only the three components, except in a few cases in
+which there were an appreciable number of halves. The Stabler has many
+one-lobed nuts which increase the number of halves recovered. It is to
+be noted that with both schedules the least significant difference at
+the 5% level is about 6 score points.
+
+Table II gives the score calculated by schedule II for five samples,
+each cracked by six operators. The difference between operators is not
+significant but the difference between varieties is highly significant.
+
+Table II. Scores from five samples of black walnuts each cracked by six
+operators according to scoring schedule II.
+
+                                              Operators
+                                  ----------------------------------
+  Variety  Location          Year  1     2     3     4     5     6  Average
+
+  Snyder  Ithaca, N. Y.      '46  89.2  87.3  78.9  94.4  87.5  91.5  86.5
+  Thomas  Ithaca, N. Y. (A)  '46  83.5  79.2  83.1  78.0  84.2  83.8  83.6
+  Thomas  Ithaca, N. Y. (B)  '46  73.1  67.4  73.4  74.1  69.6  83.8  73.6
+  Cresco  Ithaca, N. Y.      '46  66.0  69.2  63.1  67.2  68.5  60.2  65.7
+  Brown   Ohio               '45  62.5  51.0  65.4  60.4  48.1  64.8  58.7
+  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  Average                         74.9  70.8  72.8  72.8  71.6  78.8  73.6
+  Least significant difference (5%) for variety averages               6.2
+
+A third scoring system, involving 1) weight of kernels in grams for the
+first crack, plus 2) total weight of kernels, 3) all divided by the
+number of marketable pieces (as counted following sifting on a 1/4"
+round hole screen) was tried, and the resulting ranking of the varieties
+was very similar to that obtained with systems I and II. The results
+from this system appeared to be the most precise, but it was not
+considered as generally acceptable as system II, since the latter would
+be easier to record and calculate.
+
+It is the opinion of the authors that Schedule II gives a score that
+estimates very well the relative merit of the samples tested as to
+crackability, yield and marketability. It is simple to use and the only
+equipment required is a scale accurate to 1/10 gram. Calculations are
+reduced to a minimum and the characters used are not dependent on
+judgment of the individual making the test. It should be pointed out,
+however, that differences in score of less than six points are not
+significant on the basis of testing done to date. As more tests are made
+this value may be reduced. The schedule should serve as a measure to
+establish differences between varieties, particularly when a
+considerable number of tests are made. It can also be relied upon to
+measure differences due to the location of trees of the same variety,
+variation of the same variety from year to year in the same and in
+different locations and differences of a similar nature. In ranking
+varieties which have scores within the limits of variability, it will be
+necessary to use judgment as to small differences of appearance. No
+scoring schedule can be expected to entirely eliminate the judgment of
+experts. Also it must be realized that characters other than the nuts,
+such as bearing habit, hardiness, yield of trees, disease resistance
+and the like must be considered in finally establishing the value of a
+variety.
+
+
+References Cited
+
+  1. Atwood. S. S. and L. H. MacDaniels. Tests of black walnut varieties
+  for differences in kernel yields. N.N.G.A Rept. 36: 44-50, 1945.
+
+  2. Berhow, Seward. Black walnut variety tabulations. N.N.G.A Rept. 36:
+  38-43, 1945.
+
+  3. Bixby, W. G. Judging nuts. N.N.G.A. Rept. 10: 122-133, 1919.
+
+  4. ----. The 1929 contests and the method of testing used. N.N.G.A. Rept.
+  22: 42-63, 1931.
+
+  5. Drake, N. F. Judging black walnuts. N.N.G.A. Rept. 22: 130-137, 1931.
+
+  6. ----. Black walnut varieties. N.N.G.A. Rept. 26: 66-71, 1935.
+
+  7. Kline, L. V., and S. B. Chase. Compilation of data on nut weight and
+  kernel percentage of black walnut selections. Am. Soc. Hort.
+  Sci. Proc. 38: 166-174, 1941.
+
+  8. Kline, L. V. A method of evaluating the nuts of black walnut
+  varieties. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 41: 136-144, 1942.
+
+  9. Lounsberry, C. C. Measurements of walnuts of United States.
+  N.N.G.A. Rept. 31: 162-127, 1940
+
+  10. MacDaniels, L. H. Report of committee on varieties and judging
+  standards. N.N.G.A. Rept. 28: 20-23, 1937.
+
+  11. ----. Is it possible to devise a satisfactory judging schedule for
+  black walnuts? N.N.G.A. Rept. 30: 24-27, 1939.
+
+  12. ----, and J. E. Wilde. Further tests with black walnut varieties.
+  N.N.G.A. Rept. 34: 64-82, 1943.
+
+
+
+
+Test Plantings of Thomas Black Walnut in the Tennessee Valley
+
+SPENCER B. CHASE, Tennessee Valley Authority
+
+
+Native black walnut occurs abundantly throughout most of the Tennessee
+Valley. Practically every farmer has at least one "favorite tree" and
+each fall he collects nuts from that tree and stores them for cracking
+during the winter. In some sections of the Valley walnut cracking in the
+home is of considerable importance. Each year, some million and a
+quarter pounds of kernels are cracked out at the five modern cracking
+plants located in or adjacent to the Valley. Utilization of the crop is
+becoming more and more complete.
+
+In early studies of native nut trees, TVA recognized the possibilities
+of black walnut, especially the improved varieties. Here was a tree that
+produced not only valuable nut crops but also cabinet wood without
+equal; in addition, it was a desirable pasture shade tree. Black walnut
+has long been a favorite among farmers, but few of them had ever heard
+of =improved= black walnuts. Along with TVA, the state agricultural
+extension services saw the advantages of the improved varieties and were
+eager to test them under Valley conditions. And so it was that a
+cooperative testing project was developed. TVA produced the trees and
+the seven Valley state extension services distributed them to farmers
+for test planting.
+
+
+The Test
+
+The Thomas walnut was used in these test plantings for several reasons.
+In the first place, it produces large, rather thin-shelled nuts with
+good cracking qualities. Few varieties are more easily cracked with a
+hammer or a hand-operated cracking machine. In addition, fast growth is
+characteristic of the variety and it should produce merchantable sawlogs
+earlier than the common walnut. Despite its northern origin, 5-year-old
+plantings at Norris, Tennessee, seemed well adapted to Valley
+conditions. No other variety at the time offered as many advantages.
+
+Test planting was begun in Tennessee in 1939 and then it was extended to
+the other Valley states as more trees were propagated. For the most
+part, planting sites were selected by extension foresters and county
+agents. If the tests were successful they would automatically become
+demonstrations, so special attention was given those areas where walnut
+cracking in the home was an important enterprise. Many of the test
+plantings were located in communities that had been organized for the
+study and application of improved farming methods. In general, farmers
+planted the trees in low, fertile spots not suitable for other uses,
+along fences, or in pastures if they could be protected from livestock.
+
+Through 1946, 9,614 trees were planted in 3,286 test plantings. They
+were scattered all over the Valley, in 92 of its 125 counties. The
+number of trees per planting varied with the availability of good walnut
+sites. Generally, there were 2 to 4 trees in each planting.
+
+
+The Results
+
+Getting survival and performance data on these widely scattered
+experimental plantings presented quite a problem. Examination of a few
+plantings showed that trees given reasonable care had survived and were
+beginning to bear nuts. So in 1946, the farmers who had planted the
+trees were polled by mail for an overall evaluation of the plantings.
+Questionnaires asking for information on survival, growth, and bearing
+were sent by the state extension foresters to 3,274 farmers. The return
+of questionnaires was excellent. Forty-two percent came back and
+three-fourths of them were filled out completely.
+
+=Survival and Mortality Causes.= Eighty-one percent of the 1,373 plantings
+reported on were still active in 1946; that is, they still had at least
+one living tree. Survival reports received on 3,831 trees planted showed
+that 2,439 or 64 percent of the trees were living in 1946. Survival was
+best in the portion of the Valley north and east of Chattanooga; 84
+percent in Virginia, 71 percent in North Carolina, and 66 percent in
+eastern Tennessee. South and west of Chattanooga survival percent was
+lower: 62 in Georgia, 61 in western Tennessee, 54 in Kentucky, 45 in
+Alabama, and 26 in Mississippi (Table 1).
+
+Causes of mortality, as reported, were classified in five categories;
+losses prior to establishment, livestock and destruction, drought,
+insects and disease, and unknown (Table 1). Cause of mortality was
+listed as unknown for 42 percent of all trees reported dead. Field
+experience leads us to believe that most of the trees in this category
+probably succumbed to improper planting or complete neglect following
+planting. Many persons do not follow planting instructions; they often
+substitute their own methods with disastrous results.
+
+Among the reported known causes, drought killed most of the trees--29
+percent. We know black walnut is very susceptible to dry weather after
+transplanting. Weather records for the area show that the early growing
+season of 1941 was exceptionally dry; 1942 was also drier that average;
+in 1943 and 1944 near drought and drought conditions prevailed
+throughout most of the Tennessee Valley. Weather is usually blamed when
+a tree dies without apparent cause, but in this case the reported
+mortality due to drought appears reasonable.
+
+Livestock, mowing, fire, and intentional removal were reported to have
+caused 13 percent of total mortality. Cows are curious animals and newly
+set trees seem to arouse all the curiosity in their make-up. Horses and
+cows apparently do not relish the foliage of walnut trees but they do
+bite at it, and in so doing usually break down the branches to such an
+extent that the tree dies. Some trees were accidentally destroyed simply
+because they had been forgotten. The next highest mortality cause
+reported was pre-establishment loss; this was blamed for 9 percent of
+the deaths. Losses resulting from delayed planting were placed in this
+category, also those where the report was "trees failed to leaf out."
+Insects and diseases were reported as causing 7 percent of the
+mortality.
+
+=Growth and Bearing.= Those who plant improved black walnut trees
+naturally want to know how soon they will begin bearing. This survey
+shows that bearing begins much earlier than most people thought. Trees
+in 32 percent of the plantings established between 1939 and 1944 were
+bearing by 1946. Of these 342, 113 began bearing 2 to 4 years after
+planting; 120 bore their first crop after 5 years; 109 began bearing
+after 6 to 8 years (Table 2). According to the reports, the earlier
+plantings were slower to come into bearing than the later plantings.
+This probably is not a true picture. We suspect that after six or eight
+years the actual date of first bearing had been forgotten in many cases.
+
+Growth was reported in terms of total height for each tree. These
+heights were then converted to annual growth rates for trees 3 to 8
+years old and placed in arbitrary classes are follows: low (less than 1
+foot) medium (1 to 2 feet), and high (over 2 feet). Test plantings in
+North Carolina had the highest growth rate; those in Mississippi, the
+lowest. In other states, growth rates fell between these two and were
+quite similar for the most part (Table 3). Average for all trees was 1.6
+feet per year. Trees averaging less than one foot of height growth per
+year were slow to come into bearing. Only 14 percent of the trees in the
+low growth rate class were bearing. On the other hand, 71 percent of the
+trees with a high growth rate had come into bearing. Growth of black
+walnut, following recovery from transplanting shock, depends on site
+conditions and tree care. Trees set in fertile soil with an adequate
+moisture supply and kept free of livestock and other damage make rapid
+growth. Trees set in poor, thin or droughty soil do not make much growth
+if they survive at all. Black walnut is very sensitive to any wounds
+and, if subject to mechanical or livestock damage, growth is retarded.
+
+Cases of exceptional growth and bearing were reported. One in eastern
+Tennessee is worthy of brief description. There were two trees in this
+planting set approximately 40 feet apart. One was on the edge of a
+garden; the other, in a chicken run. In seven years the first tree grew
+to a height of 32 feet--an average growth of 4.5 feet a year. It began
+bearing in 1943 and produced a crop of nuts each year up to the time of
+the survey. The 1946 crop, reported as a light one, yielded 3.5 pounds
+of kernels. The other tree, shown in Figure 1, was 18 feet tall, having
+averaged 2.5 feet a year. It also began bearing annual crops in 1943,
+and in 1946 it had a very heavy crop for its size, yielding 2.5 pounds
+of kernels. Here are two Thomas trees of the same age planted
+practically side by side; one is almost twice the size of the other, but
+they both began bearing annual crops three years after planting.
+
+=Field Survey in Sample Area.= To check on the adequacy of the
+questionnaire survey, 108 test plantings in eastern Tennessee were
+visited and inspected. Forty of these had been reported on by mail; 68
+had not. In general, the trees had been planted on the best sites
+available. Some were set out in farm orchards (Figure 2); a large number
+were planted in yards as combination nut and shade trees (Figure 3).
+
+Field examination of the 40 plantings which had returned questionnaires
+revealed conditions very similar to those reported (Table 4). Survival
+was found to be 75 percent compared with a reported 77 percent. Average
+tree height was reported as 9 feet; actual height averaged 11 feet.
+There was some hesitancy in reporting tree deaths caused by livestock; 4
+percent was reported while 23 percent was found. Such mortality was
+usually listed as unknown on questionnaires.
+
+Information collected by field examination of 68 plantings which had not
+returned questionnaires and the 40 plantings which had returned
+questionnaires is shown in Table 4. Trees were found to be 2 feet taller
+in the 68 plantings but these trees averaged one year older than trees
+in the 40 plantings. Trees in the 68 plantings averaged 13 feet in
+height compared with 11 feet. Average age at first bearing was very
+similar. And here is a revealing discovery; livestock, mowing, and fire
+were responsible for 47 percent of the tree mortality in the 68-planting
+group, compared with 23 percent in the 40 plantings. This is perhaps one
+reason why the persons involved in these 68 plantings did not return
+questionnaires; it also explains most of the poorer survival. A large
+number of trees were planted in pastures and elsewhere without adequate
+protection from livestock. Even when cattle guards were used they were
+generally too small or weak for tree protection. Severe livestock damage
+resulting in poor growth and eventual death of trees was encountered
+frequently. We are inclined to believe that livestock accounted for a
+much higher percent of tree mortality than that reported in this survey.
+
+The high percent return of questionnaires in this survey, followed by a
+field check in a sample area, provides a good picture of Valley-wide
+plantings. Since survival was found to be lower in plantings which did
+not return questionnaires, an actual overall survival of 64 percent may
+be slightly high. Other spot checks in the field will give more
+information on this point.
+
+
+Discussion
+
+Interest in improved black walnut is mounting in the Valley. As the test
+plantings came into bearing farmers were quick to see the superiority of
+these nuts over the wild ones to which they had been accustomed. Word
+spread from farm to farm, and as a result there has been an increasingly
+large number of inquiries about sources of improved varieties and
+cultural treatments. The interest was reflected in the questionnaire
+survey. Nineteen percent of the questionnaires returned contained
+unsolicited comments of one kind or another. A large percentage of them
+showed evidence of interest such as: "the nuts are large and easy to
+crack," "where can I get more grafted trees?" Only 7 percent implied
+disinterest: "the trees are slow growing," "the nuts are faulty."
+
+This test-planting project will be completed in 1948. The plantings have
+already yielded much valuable information on the Thomas variety; they
+will yield much more as the trees become older. Further studies are
+planned on nut yield, nut quality, and tree growth in relation to the
+varying conditions existing in the Tennessee Valley.
+
+
+Summary
+
+Farmers in the seven Tennessee Valley states established 3,286 test
+plantings of Thomas black walnut in cooperation with state extension
+services and TVA during the period 1939-1946. A questionnaire survey in
+1946 showed 81 per cent of the plantings still active and 64 percent of
+the trees living. Tree growth averaged 1.6 feet per year. Age at first
+bearing varied from 2 to 8 years, with 5 years most frequently reported.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 1. The Thomas variety appears well adapted to
+Tennessee conditions. This 7-year-old tree began bearing annual crops 3
+years after planting. In 1946 it was 18 feet tall and heavily laden with
+nuts yielding 2-1/2 pounds of cracked-out kernels. (Hancock County,
+Tenn.)]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 2. Black walnut makes an ideal combination nut and
+ornamental tree. This 8-year-old Thomas has been producing nut crops for
+3 years. In addition, it has enhanced the beauty of the lawn and
+provided welcome shade. (Anderson County, Tenn.)]
+
+
+  Table 1.--Number of Questionnaires Sent and Returned, Reported Tree
+  Survival and Cause of Tree Mortality by State.
+
+                         Questionnaires      Trees Reported
+    State               Sent  Returned      Planted   Living
+                        no.     pct.          no.      pct.
+  Alabama               161      44           274       45
+  Georgia                50      28            26       62
+  Kentucky              174      49           241       54
+  Mississippi            19      58            72       26
+  North Carolina        586      40           733       71
+  Tennessee, East     1,386      40         1,516       66
+  Tennessee, West       720      44           809       61
+  Virginia              180      48           160       84
+      All             3,276      42         3,831       64
+
+[Illustration: Figure 3. Thomas tree planted in the farm orchard. This
+young tree has received excellent care and began bearing at 5 years of
+age. (Hancock County, Tenn.)]
+
+
+                      Reported cause of tree mortality
+
+          Pre-estab   Livestock,           Insects,           Total Planted
+          -lishment  destruction  Drought  diseases  Unknown   Trees Lost
+             pct.        pct.      pct.      pct.      pct.        no.
+
+  Ala.        11           7        51         2        29           150
+  Ga.         30          10         0        20        40            10
+  Ky.          2           2        46         4        46           112
+  Miss.       19           4        49         0        28            53
+  N. C.       15          16        12        13        44           223
+  Tenn. (E.)   7          18        20         7        48           515
+  Tenn. (W.)   8           9        38         7        38           318
+  Va.         32          12        12         4        40            25
+  All          9          13        29         7        42       1,406
+
+
+  Table 2. Number of Bearing Thomas Plantings Established 1939-44,
+  by Age of First Bearing and Growth Class.
+
+   Plantings      Age in years at first bearing       Growth rate
+  Year  Number   2    3    4    5    6    7    8   Low  Medium  High
+
+  1939    27               1    6   10    6    4    1     19      7
+  1940   112          2   14   39   41   16         9     58     45
+  1941    89     1    4   17   35   32              1     58     30
+  1942    71     1   12   18   40                   1     34     36
+  1943    38     1   13   24                        1     21     16
+  1944     5          5                                    2      3
+  All    342     3   36   74  120   83   22    4   13    192    137
+
+
+  Table 3. Tree Survival, Growth, and Percent Bearing
+  by State and Year of Planting
+
+                 Plantings      Trees,      Growth,     Bearing
+    State        reported      survival     annual       trees
+                  number        number       feet       percent
+
+  Alabama           71            124         1.6          65
+  Georgia           14             16         1.5          18
+  Kentucky          85            129         1.5          71
+  Mississippi       11             19         1.0          29
+  North Carolina   235            518         1.9          25
+  Tennessee, East  553          1,007         1.5          32
+  Tennessee, West  318            491         1.6          32
+  Virginia          86            135         1.6           0
+
+    Year of planting
+
+  1939, 1940       255            627         1.6          64
+  1941, 1942       499            693         1.6          44
+  1943, 1944       326            558         1.6          18
+  1945, 1946       293            561         1.5           0
+    All          1,373          2,439         1.6          32
+
+
+  Table 4. Data Obtained from Returned Questionnaires and Actual Field
+  Examination of 40 Plantings and Field Data Only on 68 Plantings.
+
+                            Data on 40 Plantings       Data on
+                                                     68 Plantings
+                              Questionnaire   Field     Field
+  Tree Survival, percent            77          75        51
+  Average Height, feet               9          11        13
+  Cause of Tree Mortality, percent
+    Pre-establishment               33          42        11
+    Livestock and Other Destruction  4          23        47
+    Drought                         13           0         0
+    Insects and Diseases             8           4         2
+    Unknown                         42          31        40
+
+
+
+
+West Tennessee Variety, Breeding and Propagation Tests, 1947
+
+AUBREY RICHARDS, M.D., Whiteville, Tennessee
+
+
+I surely wish I could have made the trip to the Northern Nut Growers
+Association meeting, but I simply had "too many hens setting" at that
+time. I've been waiting for you [the Secretary] to show up down here for
+the big news--at least it is to me--if it holds up. If you have ever
+tried to propagate heartnuts on Japanese walnut you know what it means.
+
+Here it is: Rhodes, Wright and Fodermaier heartnuts patch-budded on 10
+Japanese understocks (all I had) took 100%. The same 3 varieties as a
+control on black walnut gave a take of only 80%.
+
+These trees give me a chance to check on the performance of black versus
+Japanese stocks for these varieties. From last year's propagation,
+Rhodes on black is beating Rhodes on Japanese and Bates (which was not
+used this year) seems fully as good on black walnut stocks.
+
+An isolated tree of Bates did not set a nut. Its pollen all shed before
+the pistils were receptive. An isolated tree of Rhodes bore a full crop.
+
+Incidentally, a weak chlorine bleach (Clorox) after these heartnuts are
+hulled does for them what peroxide does for the ladies and makes them
+look very inviting.
+
+Stambaugh again led in topworked black walnuts, bearing its second
+consecutive full crop on a 3-year graft. It seems to be immune to
+whatever it is that causes the other nuts to turn black, shrivel and
+drop off from the time they set until near maturity. Thomas was second.
+Snyder, Sparrow and Myers had no crop. I budded 25 more trees of
+Stambaugh this year.
+
+The Carpathian Persian walnut that we pollinated this spring with Wright
+heartnuts [no other walnuts were shedding at the time] matured a nice,
+large, rather pointed, heavy nut. It also matured another nut higher on
+the tree than we could reach with the catkins, but I'm sure it's a
+blank. It is still more pointed than the well-filled nut. The good nut
+is stored for planting.
+
+Rush hazel that set fruit last year with the help of a bouquet of native
+[West Tennessee] catkins set only 5 nuts this year "on its own." These I
+have also stored to plant.
+
+I didn't have enough stocks to utilize all the pollen-sterile Japanese
+chestnut buds you sent me [in early September]. I put in most of them,
+even in some cases several to the stock to see what percentage of takes
+we would get with the twin T. [See 1946 Report of N. N. G. A., pp.
+87-88, for a description of the Twin T budding method.--Ed.]
+
+Here are the percentage takes for chestnut propagation this year. Of
+course I don't know how many of these buds will later drop off.
+
+  1. Pollen-sterile Japanese on Japanese stock. Late summer buds    100%
+
+  2. Austin Japanese on Japanese Stock. Late summer buds             86%
+
+  3. Hobson Chinese on Chinese. Late summer buds                     75%
+
+  4. Zimmerman Chinese on Chinese. Late summer buds                  50%
+
+  5. Colossal hybrid on Japanese stock. Spring grafts                60%
+
+I had a nice crop of Chinese chestnuts on my young Hobson and Zimmerman
+trees. The 1947 nuts were exceptionally large. One 3-year seedling bore
+1 bur with 3 nuts fully as large. Connecticut Yankee bore for the first
+time, 3 nuts to a bur, but very small, scarcely 1/2" in diameter. (You
+will notice I budded none of this variety!) (Perhaps mislabeled
+seedling.--Ed.)
+
+I have about 100 nuts from isolated trees that were hand pollinated, as
+follows: Austin x Hobson, Austin x Zimmerman, Hobson x Austin and Hobson
+x Zimmerman.
+
+I have altogether 3 quarts of select nuts stored in the refrigerator. So
+far they are keeping nicely. (I dusted them with Fermate, hope it
+doesn't affect germination.)
+
+
+
+
+Notes on Some Kansas and Kentucky Pecans in Central Texas
+
+
+A letter to the Secretary from O. S. Gray, nurseryman at Arlington,
+Texas, October 28, 1947, has some interesting notes on two standard
+northern pecans, three new varieties from Kansas, and the Moore variety,
+one of the earliest maturing among southern pecans:
+
+We are propagating Major and Greenriver from Kentucky; Coy, Tissue Paper
+and Johnson from southeastern Kansas; and Brake from eastern North
+Carolina.
+
+Several years ago we used quite a few pecan trees of the Moore variety
+in planting around Tulsa. We though it would be a dandy because of its
+early maturity in the fall. I find that early fall maturity is only one
+important factor. The other is the date of starting growth in the
+spring. Moore seems to start out a little early in the spring and that
+disadvantage seems to limit it in the Tulsa, Oklahoma area. I also
+believe this might be a factor in using this variety in northern
+locations. [Moore originated in north Florida from Texas seed--Ed.]
+
+I have been considerably impressed with the Johnson variety. It matures
+two or three weeks ahead of Moore in the fall. The only data that I have
+was made in 1944 when Moore buds began to put out on March 25, Stuart
+and Success--April 5, Johnson--April 5, Coy and Major--April 8,
+Greenriver and Tissue Paper--April 10.
+
+The Johnson matures on our place several weeks ahead of Major and
+Greenriver although I don't have the exact date on maturity.
+
+
+
+
+Experiences of a Nut Tree Nurseryman
+
+J. F. WILKINSON, Rockport, Indiana
+
+
+In pioneering a nursery as we did in the early days of propagation of
+Northern nut trees, especially the pecan, it was necessary to first
+locate parent trees in this section that were worthy of propagation, in
+order that the nursery stock produced from them would be hardy in this
+and more northern territory.
+
+Along the Ohio and Wabash rivers and their tributaries many thousands of
+large seedling pecan trees grew naturally, and to locate some of the
+most worthy ones for propagation took the combined efforts of all of us
+in this section who were interested, as well as the aid of the tree
+owners and nut gatherers.
+
+In the year 1910 three nut nurseries were established here in Southern
+Indiana, two of which have long since been discontinued. Before that
+time a very few propagated pecan trees had been produced in an
+experimental way by some fruit tree nurserymen.
+
+Little did I realize at that time the trials and headaches that lay in
+the path I was to travel in this venture, such as locating the parent
+trees, securing the graft and budwood from them, learning to keep this
+wood from time of cutting until used, methods of propagation, trying to
+educate the prospective tree buyer as to the value of these trees, and
+to believe that pecan trees could be transplanted, and that they would
+bear if the taproot had been cut, and many other things.
+
+Production of nut trees in nurseries in this northern territory is so
+different, and more difficult than in the Gulf Coast country, where I
+spent a part of two seasons hoping to get information that would be of
+value here. What I learned there was of little or no value here, so it
+was up to us to solve our own problems in this section by experience, as
+there was very little in print at that time on Northern nut tree
+propagation.
+
+One of our first problems was to learn to keep cions from time of
+cutting until time of use, not knowing when that time was. We tried all
+times from March until May, having little success at any time. At first
+we kept the scions in a cold storage plant in Evansville, and at a
+temperature of around 32 degrees, and in wet moss. Later we found it
+much better to keep scions at home in a cellar at a higher temperature,
+and in only slightly dampened sphagnum moss.
+
+In the beginning our efforts were mostly in grafting, then after a year
+or two of failure, probably largely due to the way we kept our scions,
+we had some results at the McCoy Nursery, with scions kept at home. The
+McCoy Nursery was about four miles from my place, and located in a sandy
+soil with a near quicksand sub-soil. At that location they were later
+reasonably successful in grafting, using the modified cleft graft.
+
+My nursery is in clay soil with a hard stratum of soil three or four
+feet below the surface, and because of this I have been unable to graft
+pecans in the nursery, though I have tried every known method, and under
+all conditions. I could successfully graft at the McCoy Nursery, then
+use the same scion wood and the same method at home, but have a complete
+failure; therefore, I turned to budding entirely on pecans in the
+nursery.
+
+It is somewhat different with walnut--I can get fair results with
+walnut grafting at times, though I do very little of this, as more than
+95% of my walnut trees are produced by budding.
+
+I do a lot of topworking on native seedling nut trees for others. Mr.
+Sly, who is with me, and I make one or more of these trips each spring.
+For this work I use only the slip-bark method, shaping the scion a
+little differently from any other I have ever seen used. This has given
+splendid results everywhere I have used it, which has been over the
+territory from Ohio to Oklahoma.
+
+A certain amount of allowance is made in this work as to safe drainage
+of the stock, depending on weather and soil conditions, which vary as,
+to season and location.
+
+I do practically all of my nursery propagating by budding, and one of
+the most essential things is to have favorable sap conditions in budwood
+as well as in stocks.
+
+On walnut I use only the current season's growth of wood for budwood,
+and it must be reasonably well matured. Very often sap in the stock may
+show signs of leaving before budwood is matured enough for use, and only
+the riper buds near the base of the bud stick can be used, in which case
+the rest of the buds on the bud stick are lost. Sometimes sap in the
+stocks can be held a few days longer by cutting a ring around the stock
+above the place where the bud is to be placed, which checks the flow of
+sap to the upper part of the stock. Sap in the stock must be in a
+favorable condition to hope for good results.
+
+In budding pecan it is different. Either the current or the past
+season's growth may be used with about equal results, though the current
+season's buds must be well matured. Very often in a dry season when
+there is evidence of sap leaving the pecan stocks earlier than usual and
+the current season's buds are not well matured, I use the past season's
+growth until the new growth is mature.
+
+A nut tree nurseryman has experiences that are both pleasant and
+unpleasant in selling trees as well as producing them. This is probably
+well known to all of you who have produced and sold nut trees. It is
+astonishing how many questions (some of which are amusing) the public
+can ask, and very often those that ask the most questions, leading one
+to believe they are a good prospect for a large order, may order only
+one or two trees, or none at all. Then there are those who have never
+bought a nut tree before, and when they see their first one are
+dissatisfied because it does not have a root system like a fruit tree;
+and there are a few who will try to get replacements whether they are
+entitled to them or not, and usually they are not; for, regardless of
+the instructions given for the planting and after-care, they will
+neglect them, then complain if they have a loss, and certain experiences
+have led me to believe they claim loss before having it.
+
+Many seem to think that a nurseryman should guarantee his trees to live
+when planted by the purchaser. To do this would be assuming the
+responsibility of the handling, planting and after-care of the planter,
+which would make it necessary for the nurseryman to put a price on his
+trees that would take care of a lot of replacements to the more careless
+ones who would have losses, and be very unfair to those who take good
+care of their trees, and have little or no loss, as they would be
+standing part of the loss of the careless ones.
+
+The most a nurseryman can do is to produce the best trees possible, dig
+them carefully, pack them in first class condition and ship them
+immediately.
+
+
+Discussion after Mr. Wilkinson's paper.
+
+Dr. Crane: "Minor elements are important in plant nutrition The problem
+of deficiencies is going to become very important. We do not keep the
+livestock we did and we are not returning to the land the manure and
+other fertilizers that contain the elements the trees need. Nitrogen,
+phosphorus, and potash, also magnesium are needed. We are taking more
+from the soil than we are putting back."
+
+Corsan: "In Cuba there are hundreds of sharks. These make fine manure,
+wonderful for nut trees."
+
+Prof. Slate: "How many sharks would you need for an acre of land?"
+
+
+
+
+Morphology and Structure of the Walnut
+
+C. C. LOUNSBERRY, Iowa State College
+
+
+This subject, the structure of the walnut, is discussed in its relation
+to propagation. Catkin bearing nut trees, such as the walnut, have a
+refined structure that makes grafting difficult. Structure, rather than
+form of walnuts, suggests treatment under the headings, bark, cambium,
+wood, roots, pith and buds, as well as the sap that permeates them.
+
+=Bark:= When the bark of the walnut is cut, as in budding, it is difficult
+to tie down so it will not curl and yet not strangle the bud. The
+wax-like covering of the bark is thin. However, the bark itself will
+stay green two months or more if weather is cool.
+
+=Cambium:= The cambium dries quickly when exposed to air, and must be kept
+covered. Grafted walnuts show callus growth from the cambium, and also
+from the pith of stems and the endodermis of the root.
+
+=Wood:= The wood of the walnut is diffuse porous, brittle, straight
+grained, and easily split. The wood must be cut diagonally to get
+sufficient tension to hold the scion in grafting. The branch grows
+rapidly in a short season, May 15th to July 1st in central Iowa. The
+upper two-thirds of the one year growth is usually light weight with
+pith of large diameter. The base of the one-year growth is the best for
+scions. Some varieties of walnut as for example the Thomas, have
+relatively large one-year growth and more scions can be cut from its
+branches than from the wood of Ohio which is small and willow-like.
+
+Measurements taken in 1940 on 118 common black walnut seedlings planted
+in 1939 showed 9/16" average diameter of seedling at crown, 5/16"
+average diameter of pith at crown; 3/8" average diameter of seedling at
+top; and 1/4" average diameter of pith at top; 3.26 inches average
+length of solid pith above crown; 2.91 inches average length of solid
+pith in root below crown.
+
+=Pith:= Pith in the black walnut is chambered (lamellate) in the older
+wood, but solid in the younger, growing wood. The plates are a light
+brown color, getting larger in diameter toward the top of the year's
+growth. The leaf traces from the leaf rachis to the pith show heavier
+from the bottom buds of the branch than at the tip, and the pith is
+usually solid at the bottom of the branch.
+
+=Roots:= When the nut of the black walnut germinates in the soil the lobes
+or cotyledons do not rise above the ground like the cotyledons of the
+bean but remain in the nut shell under ground, and are broken off in the
+growth of the seedling, the root going down and the stem rising above
+the ground. Where the cotyledons are broken off, the so-called crown of
+the walnut, two rough places appear, nearly opposite on the stem. In
+these rough places, two groups of buds are formed, rarely three groups.
+
+Cytological studies at Iowa State College have not shown why there are
+not stem initials in the tap roots of the walnut. When the root is cut
+off a foot underground, root initials develop but no stem initials. The
+sensitivity of walnut leaf buds to water may have something to do with
+it.
+
+=Buds:= Buds of the walnut are in vertical groups of two or three in the
+axils of the leaves. They have few scales. They appear on seedlings and
+current year branches. Some have short stalks. If broken off they do not
+usually grow back again. The second year, these buds usually drop off in
+mid-season. In cutting off buds, unless the group of buds is taken out
+as a chip, some may grow out again.
+
+=Leaf arrangement:= There is a three rank arrangement of leaves in the
+walnut, the ninth leaf coming in the same position as the first.
+According to the work of Caesalpino, the buds should then rise in three
+places at the crown. Only in rare cases does this occur in the black
+walnut, although it is usual with the Persian walnut. If the nut is
+planted deep this causes much suckering and a tendency to etiolate the
+buds so they will stand water.
+
+=Buds are sensitive:= Buds are sensitive to water, and storage material
+must be fairly dry and cool. In two large boxes of scions received last
+year from Germany, some 20 varieties of Persian walnut, all had dead
+buds when received. They were packed in German peat. When buds are
+covered with wax the wax must not be too hot or it will kill the buds.
+In placing grafted walnuts in sphagnum or sand they should not stay wet
+or the buds will die. Either unions must be above damp sand or sphagnum,
+or the buds be protected by wax or adhesive.
+
+=Sap:= In spring grafting there is an enormous flow of sap which will
+sometimes tear the plates out of the pith. Grafts may be protected by
+girdling the stock a few inches below the place where the graft is set,
+or both above and below it. In 1937 259 walnuts three years old were cut
+off six inches above the ground and girdled two inches above the ground.
+171 crown buds came up, 88 started above the girdling. 207 trees were
+cut off three feet above the ground, and the trunk girdled six inches
+above the ground. 153 started above the crown, and 90 started above the
+girdle. The same year (1937) 195 trees three years old were cut off four
+feet above the ground, and all buds above ground were cut flush with the
+surface of the bark. This was repeated twice, finally taking buds out as
+a chip, except the top bud; 126 died; 69 grew from the top but. 203
+trees three years old were cut off five feet above ground and all buds
+cut off except upper one; 64 died; 139 grew from top bud. 200 trees
+three years old were cut off six feet above ground, and all buds kept
+rubbed off except top one; 33 died, and 167 grew from top bud.
+
+=Vitality and sap:= Black walnut sap changes color from oxidation almost
+instantly. Bench grafts must be made quickly and put in place at once or
+the unions will dry out. If the root does not stain hands in grafting
+the graft usually fails. In outdoor grafting if the sap stands in
+pockets the sugar will ferment, killing the graft. There is a new Jersey
+(3) bulletin which shows black walnut sap as unstable, quickly forming
+sugar when exposed to warm weather.
+
+=Vegetative propagation of greenwood cuttings:= Witt and Spence (4) in
+England working with greenwood cuttings attained 75 per cent success
+with Persian walnut and Royal walnut in July and August. They had no
+success with black walnut at that time (1926). The Germans in 1936 (1)
+working on greenwood cuttings had most success with the Persian walnut,
+but used greenwood taken in September.
+
+=Vegetative propagation or hardwood cuttings:= In 1938 the author (2)
+using growth substance on saddle grafts of various walnuts found Asiatic
+and western walnuts went on their own roots. At this time the Tasterite
+black walnut went on its own root. In 1946 and 1947 using about 25
+varieties of black walnut, Persian, western and Asiatic walnuts, eight
+inch hardwood cuttings were used beginning in December and repeated in
+the spring of 1947. Nearly all the cuttings of the larger size (about
+1/2") started in about a month and grew about two months. Then all died.
+There were balls of callus on many of them. One on Thomas was an inch in
+diameter. The bottom heat was held at 70 degrees F. This may have been
+too high, as on raising the cuttings it was found the callus had rotted.
+This procedure has possibilities.
+
+
+Literature Cited
+
+1. Institut fur Obstbau, Berlin. Die Walnusz veredlung. (Vegetative
+propagation of walnuts). Merkbl. Inst. Obstb. Berlin 5, pp. 15, 1936.
+
+2. Lounsberry, C. C. Use of Growth Substance in Bench Grafting Walnuts
+and Hickories. Northern Nut Growers Association 1938 Report, p. 63.
+
+3. Nelson, Julius. Fermentation and Germ Life. N. J. Ag. Exp. Sta. Bul.
+134, 1899.
+
+4. Witt, A. W. and Howard Spence. Vegetative Propagation of Walnuts.
+Ann. Rep. East Malling Res. Station 1926-27.
+
+
+
+
+A Method of Budding Walnuts
+
+H. LYNN TUTTLE, Clarkston, Wash.
+
+
+It took man some thirty thousand years to learn to build a
+fire--conveniently. I thought it was going to take me that long to learn
+how to bud walnuts, but fortunately the period has been somewhat
+shortened.
+
+When I first began to propagate, or try to propagate, walnuts, I
+naturally looked to the approved and accepted methods. For me, they did
+not work. Before I was through I think I tried them all. I patch-budded
+with variations and improvisations. I shield-budded and bark-grafted. I
+coated the wounds with grafting-wax, latex, cellophane, asphalt and
+paraffine. I trimmed off the bud shoulders to make a smoother tie and
+trimmed around the edges to make more contact. I wrapped with raffia,
+strings, rags and rubber strips and tacked with small nails. Whatever I
+did or however I did it results were all about the same--the sap soured.
+In fact over a period of years I tried every way I could think up or
+read about to bring the bud and the cambium layer together and make them
+stick. Results were surprisingly uniform--the sap soured.
+
+But we must not dwell too long on the shots that missed. As with a
+refractory engine that will suddenly sputter, there came some elements
+of success. The point to learn was, why? Concentrating on the shield bud
+entirely we determined to find these whys. So we tried taking big slabs
+of bark along with the bud, peeling out the wood, breaking off the leaf
+stem entirely and waxing the scar and making an unnecessarily long cut
+for the bud. The bark stuck fairly well but the buds died. This was some
+encouragement and I knew that with enough time, reason and a little luck
+we would eventually hit the mark.
+
+Now Dame Fortune had decreed that I be raised on a grain and stock ranch
+where the only trees we could see were in the distant mountains, or, if
+we rode in the canyons, cottonwoods and choke-cherries. My experience
+and training was with animals, and animals, especially horses, seem
+quite susceptible to accident. The first principle of treating almost
+any wound is to give it drainage, otherwise, both literally and
+figuratively, the "sap" soured. Thus it dawned on me that a tree-wound,
+even if only skin deep should have the same treatment as a flesh wound.
+And drainage, being desirable, should be ample.
+
+It was quite late in the season but I went out and set a dozen Schafer
+walnut buds on eastern black stocks. These buds HAD DRAINAGE. The
+vertical cut of the T extended at least two inches below the bud.
+Success ensued, they grew. The following spring we budded as soon as the
+bark would slip and continued at intervals all summer. Results were
+good. Some of the steps we now use are probably not essential and
+perhaps not even the best, but there are two points that cannot be
+over-emphasized, namely, drainage and contact. The complete method is as
+follows: 1. Trim bud sticks to leave an inch of petiole on the bud. 2.
+Make the T cut with a long vertical slash that will extend at least an
+inch below the bottom of the bud. 3. Cut the bud long and deep and peel
+it from the wood by pinching the sides. Be carefull not to injure the
+bark just below the bud. 4. Insert the bud either flush with or below
+the cross-cut. 5. Wrap with large sized rubber budding strips just
+firmly enough to make good contact. Too tight wrappings curtail
+circulation. Do not cover the cut below the bud. The wound must have
+=drainage=. 6. Be sure that the center of the bud-cut is firm against the
+cambium layer. If it humps of bows and won't stay down insert a
+tooth-pick or bit of leaf stem or something along the center line to
+hold it down. We usually do this during the wrapping process.
+
+We use no wax. We throw a wrap over the bud, shoulders even though it
+may press the petiole forward against the bud. If the center of the bud
+pulls out it will not grow although an adventitious bud may eventually
+start. Budding seems about equally successful any time that the bark
+slips freely. On walnuts this is all summer if not too dry.
+
+Early-placed buds may make several feet growth before fall if sufficient
+moisture is available. On walnuts there are always dormant buds. We have
+used storage wood but now just cut it fresh. We have not tried draining
+patch-bud or grafts. Although we have not tried it we think cherries and
+other trees inclined to drown the buds might be better handled in this
+manner. Climate is a factor in the type of propagation advisable. One
+very fine grower using buds in California could propagate only by grafts
+when he moved to Western Oregon.
+
+The kernel of my walnut budding experience may well be summarized in one
+word--drainage.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Questions asked Mr. Stoke after his demonstration of grafting and
+budding. [See his paper in 1946 Report, pp. 99-103.--Ed.]
+
+Member: "How do you keep your scions?"
+
+Stoke: "I prefer 'orange' cold storage for scionwood. This is just above
+freezing. Walnuts should be in full leaf before spring budding."
+
+McDaniel: "What percentage of chestnuts did well with the 'plate' method
+of budding?"
+
+Stoke: "I don't use it with chestnuts for spring budding, but sometimes
+for summer budding. It will work well on any variety of Persian walnut,
+heartnut and black walnut. Place buds on the north and northeast side of
+tree to prevent sun injury."
+
+Question: "Do you find any difference in using buds from an eight or ten
+year old tree as against a younger tree?"
+
+Stoke: "No, not so long as it is healthy. For spring budding I don't
+care to have any trees too vigorous. Cut tops off young trees three to
+five days after budding, and force the buds into growth. If you delay
+too long the bud will die. I wouldn't try to bud trees unless bark is
+slipping."
+
+Member: "I have used parapin wax and covered it with old bread paper."
+
+Stoke: "That may work because the wax was shaded. Southern sun may melt
+parapin and paraffin waxes."
+
+Mr. Corsan: "Dentists, surgeons and wood carvers make the best
+grafters."
+
+Question: "Can the scions be cut with a small plane?"
+
+Stoke: "Anything you have to cut with a plane is too big. I never use a
+plane."
+
+Question: "What do you use a splice graft for?"
+
+Stoke: "Anything except walnut. In walnut I use a modified cleft graft,
+and I take care of the sap flow by placing the graft down about 1" or
+1-1/4" below the cut (where the tree is cut off). Wax the scion but do
+not wax the cut. Let it bleed."
+
+Question: "What is the value of cut leaf black walnut?"
+
+Stoke: "Purely ornamental. Weschcke reports that it is very hardy with
+him."
+
+Rick: "What about the Lamb walnut?"
+
+Stoke: "We don't know whether the wood of grafted trees is curly or not.
+I sent Mr. Reed a limb from Lamb and he gave it to the forest laboratory
+and they found no evidence of curly grain."
+
+Rick: "Shouldn't it be propagated until we are sure?"
+
+Stoke: "We had Mr. Lamb himself talk before us at Roanoke and he told us
+about the parent tree. He doesn't know what makes one tree curly and
+another not."
+
+Korn: "Is that uncommon?"
+
+Stoke: "Not so very. Trees are most curly at the base and in the outer
+wood."
+
+Question: "Do you always leave that stub on black walnut?"
+
+Stoke: "Yes, but it should be removed later in the first summer."
+
+Question: "Where do you use your splice graft."
+
+Stoke: "On anything other than walnut, if scion and stock are the same
+size. Where stock is larger than scion I use the modified cleft graft up
+to sizes approaching one inch in the stock. For topworking larger stocks
+I use one of the forms of bark graft. For the large hickory stock Dr.
+Morris' bark slot graft is preferred. For large, thin-barked stocks the
+simple bark graft may be used. My original grafts of the Carr and Hobson
+Chinese chestnuts, made with scions received from Messrs. Carr and
+Hobson in the winter of 1932, are still perfect unions.
+
+"I believe that grafted chestnuts growing in frost pockets are most
+likely to develop faulty unions; possibly frost injury to immature cells
+at the junction point may occur. Dr. Crane mentions a similar failure of
+unions between Persian and black walnuts on the Pacific Coast."
+
+Dr. Crane: "What cut did you use in grafting those chestnuts?"
+
+Stoke: "Modified cleft. In using Dr. Morris' bark slot graft I find it
+best to leave just a little of the cut face of the scion wedge above the
+top of the stock. This, with top of the stock cut sloping away from the
+scion, as illustrated, promotes quick healing with no 'die-back.'"
+
+Dr. Smith: "Is that top slanting?"
+
+Stoke: "Yes, I cut it slanting."
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: "That is a good graft for walnuts, too."
+
+Note: Mr. Stoke showed the group a picture of a mockernut tree in one of
+his fields which he had girdled to kill it. The tree lived four years
+and during those years the moisture had to go up through the inner wood.
+
+The substance of Mr. Stoke's talk, together with illustrations, may be
+found on page 99 of the 1946 report.
+
+
+
+
+Importance of Bud Selection in the Grafting of Nut Trees
+
+G. J. KORN, Kalamazoo, Michigan
+
+
+For many years the fruit growers have been improving the qualities of
+their fruits in several ways. The early pioneers of our country selected
+the best fruits from seedling trees. Chance seedlings that were found in
+pastures, by roadsides, or possibly in some out-of-the-way place,
+selected because of some special quality or group of qualities, still
+dominate our commercial plantings of fruits and nuts. Several of the
+apple varieties to be found in the market today are from these chance
+seedlings.
+
+In more recent years some of our agricultural colleges have been
+breeding fruits. Such breeding has given us several of our more
+promising named varieties. In this way a great improvement has been
+brought about in our fruits.
+
+Environment too appears to have played an important part in making
+changes in fruits and nuts. Nuts that are extremely hardy in the more
+northern latitudes, appear to have developed this hardiness gradually
+throughout many generations. Because of this quality we are now able to
+select varieties that are most likely to succeed in any particular
+locality.
+
+More rapid and satisfactory methods of improving our fruits and nuts
+have been brought about through breeding. This development of the
+science of plant breeding has made it possible to blend the good
+qualities of two seedlings into a new variety. Man does not have to
+follow nature's slow hit-and-miss method of developing more desirable
+qualities in her products. Controlled breeding, as brought about by man,
+produces faster and more satisfactory results. Man's improvement over
+nature has come about through his choice of the qualities to be blended,
+and his ability to bring together two parents from widely separated
+parts of the earth, if necessary.
+
+Besides breeding, we are able also to use some of the mutations or bud
+sports to improve our nuts as well as fruits. Although our progress in
+improving nuts may not yet be as spectacular as cross-breeding with
+apples, bud selection has already modified the list of our commercial
+varieties.
+
+One of the first requisites in bud selection is so thorough a knowledge
+of the variety that any departure from the type will be detected. Then
+it will be necessary to start propagation to determine whether the
+variation was caused by some environmental factor, or is really a sport
+which can be perpetuated by vegetative propagation. You may wonder if
+many of our nut growers know nut varieties well enough to detect any but
+the most obvious sports. Nut improvement through bud selection within
+the variety lies ahead of us.
+
+Among fruit growers the search seems to have been for fruits of
+different or more pleasing color. As nut growers we are more likely to
+be interested in nut sports having better size, kernel, cracking
+qualities, etc. Trees that are able to ripen their nuts in short or cool
+seasons are especially desirable in some of our more northern states.
+
+My attention was especially called to the importance of bud selection
+several years ago while buying my winter's supply of apples. I was
+examining the splendid crop of Jonathan apples in a neighbor's large
+commercial orchard. On most of the Jonathan trees the apples were large
+and well colored and the crop was heavy. However, a few trees bore
+apples of inferior size and color. Upon questioning the fruit grower as
+to the difference in the performance of the two types of Jonathan apple
+trees, he explained that the better apples came from trees supplied by a
+nurseryman who was very particular in selecting a good bud strain. The
+other trees were just the ordinary strain of Jonathan.
+
+It was while working in a commercial orchard of the grafted varieties of
+black walnuts that I noticed one especially promising Thomas tree.
+During the few years that I have observed this tree, its nuts have been
+of splendid size and very uniform. The kernels from the nuts from this
+tree were somewhat better than those from most of the other trees. I now
+have some grafts growing from this promising tree.
+
+There appears to be much promise for nut improvement by cross-breeding
+to regroup desired qualities. Although many of us enjoy the nut contests
+that are conducted from time to time, it appears that our nut
+improvement program might move along faster if more attention were given
+to nut breeding and searching out desirable bud sports.
+
+
+Discussion after G. J. Korn's paper.
+
+Corsan: "Farmers should be encouraged to plant nut trees along boundary
+lines. Enormous amounts of fertilizer there."
+
+J. R. Smith: "One tree in ten thousand seedlings is worth while."
+
+Dr. Lounsberry: "We have two trees planted close together--one bears
+small nuts and the other large nuts. They are from the same grafting. It
+would seem that the trouble is in the stock. The stock makes a vast
+difference."
+
+
+
+
+The Hemming Chinese Chestnuts
+
+E. SAM HEMMING, Easton, Maryland
+
+
+The bearing record of our row of 18 Chinese chestnuts has attracted so
+much attention that I thought the Association would be interested in
+seeing some slides of these trees, also of our experimental orchard, as
+well as the large quantity of small trees we grow in our nursery and the
+manner in which we raise them.
+
+You will see a number of slides of chestnut trees and hear a lot about
+the bearing qualities, but you won't see a single nut, for unfortunately
+all these slides were taken between December 1946 and July 1947. You
+will just have to let the numerous little trees attest to the fact that
+these trees bear. We have 50,000 trees in our nursery.
+
+These trees are now nineteen years old and have borne rather remarkably
+since 1937. They are spaced too close--an accident--but I believe that
+helps thorough pollination. They are now 12 and more inches in diameter,
+some are 30' high and the spread is at least 35' where they have the
+room. All but No. 14 are spreading in character; spreading character and
+good bearing seemed to be connected.
+
+The bearing record of these trees has been given before but I will
+summarize them by years again: 1937--118 pounds; 1938 (no records);
+1939-463 pounds; 1940--250 pounds; 1941--564 pounds; 1942--658 pounds;
+1943--749 pounds; 1944--678 pounds; 1945--250 pounds; 1946--1,100
+pounds; this year's crop will probably run 700 to 800 pounds.
+
+The trees seem to bear much the same, with No. 14 the poorest and No. 19
+the best and, like many other tree crops, they tend to alternate good
+and poor crops on each tree. The nuts are of good size, averaging 40 to
+50 per pound (green) with No. 6 and No. 19 bearing the smallest nuts.
+They ripen in September with the exception of No. 19 which is a month
+later. Mr. Reed likes No. 16 which has a wrinkled shell. All the nuts
+are medium sweet to sweet and all of them fall free of the bur. I think
+the most significant thing is that at least 12 of the trees have nut
+characteristics so near alike that they are about indistinguishable,
+which certainly makes them a good source of seed.
+
+The similarity of the nuts brings up the controversial subject of the
+seedling raised tree, and I will make some remarks in defense of this
+method.
+
+1. All our parent trees are good bearers.
+
+2. There is no extraneous pollen in the vicinity.
+
+3. I will present as a question: Has the Chinese chestnut, like the rose
+and the apple been hybridized out of all semblance of the wild form?
+
+4. The seedling tree should bring chestnuts to the average householder's
+table 30 years sooner than grafting will.
+
+5. We now produce a 3'-4' tree for a very reasonable figure.
+
+6. All varietal forms at present are as yet unstabilized (most varieties
+of 10 years ago have been discarded). There will probably be some duds
+in seedling trees, but we've had no local complaints and I wonder if
+they will exceed the "troubles" found in the grafted tree. We have had
+customers brag about what their 2 or 3 or 6 trees bore.
+
+To prove our faith in this method we planted a test orchard. When the
+trees were 3 years old from 2 year transplants they bore 25 pounds. Next
+year, 1944, they bore 800 pounds or an average of 1 pound per tree.
+Right then and there we thought that we would have a real story to tell,
+but we had misfortune in another direction. Three years in a row we have
+had frosts when 6 inches of new growth were on these trees (the orchard
+is not as well situated as the parent trees in this respect). So we had
+no crops worth mentioning but neither did we have strawberries or
+similar fruits. This year the orchard was frosted 2/3 the way to the top
+so we will get quite a few nuts, maybe 500 pounds. Incidentally, we have
+been here 25 years and we've not had frosts like these before.
+
+We use all of our good nuts for seed purposes, grading out all small or
+damaged nuts. In raising these trees, even from seed, we've had our
+troubles. We let them cure several weeks then plant them in well fed
+soil in a narrow trench about 2 inches deep. We place the nuts 5 or 6
+inches apart; we fill the trench with sawdust level with the surface. We
+mound the soil over this about 4 inches until spring. Then it is
+removed. This method lets the shoots through, otherwise they tend to
+send 3 or 4 stems. The nut sends down the root very early in the spring.
+We have some trouble with the mole-mice combination; for this reason
+heavy soil and sawdust is better than sandy soil. As you know neither
+the nut nor the tree likes wet soil.
+
+In raising the young tree the principal difficulty is in getting a
+trunked upright tree. A seedling, especially when transplanted the first
+year, flops all over like a flowering shrub. To get them up we plant
+them fairly close, prune them, and feed them. Our 1 year trees are
+usually two feet high and 2 year trees are 4 to 5 feet high. We
+wholesale our trees mostly to mail order nurseries and the largest had a
+5% request for replacements.
+
+There are troubles in growing Chinese chestnuts just as there are in
+most fruits and nut crops and, in a way, I am glad there are because I
+am of the opinion there is no such thing as harvesting without
+cultivation. For instance, if you plant them and let nature take its
+course--it will. It will on an apple, too.
+
+We have found a few small lesions of chestnut blight which were removed
+by pruning and then painted with pine tar. They usually occurred at a
+previous point of pruning. Some of the transplanted seedlings have
+developed a twig canker at a bud, but I've never seen them kill one and
+even when we don't prune it out, the tree overcomes it by new growth.
+
+The Japanese beetle attacks the chestnut but, although they were bad
+this year, one spraying of DDT was effective. The weevil (curculio) was
+bad enough last year so we are spraying this year. Small growers should
+put the nuts in metal containers and thus destroy the larvae, if any.
+
+I would like to remark here that we are a nursery growing many
+ornamentals, and the Chinese chestnut, although low branched, is a very
+ornamental tree. I know of no tree that has a handsomer dark, shiny
+green leaf or one whose green color holds so well until frost.
+
+Now I think you will agree I have reported the behavior of our trees
+fairly, the difficulties of raising the trees, and have emphasized that
+I doubt if you will get success with the Chinese chestnut without
+effort; yet in conclusion I would like to step into "fantasy". Our No.
+19 tree bore 124 pounds; suppose you had 50 trees per acre bearing that
+quantity. You would get 6,000 pounds per acre. The European chestnut,
+which is not as good, brought 30c on the Baltimore market last year.
+That would mean $1,800.00 per acre. Imagine having 10 acres!
+
+
+1947 CROP
+
+Pounds of Chestnuts from Original Trees at Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc.
+
+No. 1, 78; No. 2, 58; No. 3, 51-1/4; No. 4, 7-1/2; No. 5, 49; No. 6, 31;
+No. 7, 34; No. 8, 31-1/2; No. 9, 63; No. 10, 40-1/2; No. 11, 61-1/2; No.
+12, 64-1/2; No. 13, 56; No. 14, 47-1/2; No. 15, 74; No. 16, 60; No. 18,
+106; No. 19, 25-1/2--Total, 938-3/4 pounds.
+
+=Young Orchard:= 225-1/2 pounds.
+
+
+Discussion after E. Sam Hemming's paper
+
+Corsan: "Do you recommend the use of lime?"
+
+Hemming: "We do not use lime. We use Vigoro at the rate of 1 to 1-1/2
+lbs. to inch of diameter per tree."
+
+Corsan: "Why do you use Vigoro?"
+
+Hemming: "No particular reason, just that it is available."
+
+Member: "What time of year do you fertilize your trees?"
+
+Hemming: "We fertilize during the winter--usually during December."
+
+Crane: "Last year we used a method of storing Chinese chestnuts which
+proved very satisfactory. Two thousand pounds of nuts were stored last
+year. Fall planting is good where one can use it but in a lot of areas
+it can not be used because of rats robbing the plantings. We have to
+store the nuts. The procedure we follow is to harvest every other day.
+Nuts are placed in tin cans with friction top lids. The lids should have
+one to three holes of 1/16" diameter in them to provide air. Cans are
+placed in storage at a temperature of 32 to 40 degrees F."
+
+Stoke: "I keep chestnuts in the cellar in a can with an open top in what
+we call limestone sand. Keep wonderfully well. Chestnuts must have air."
+
+Gravatt: "Down south we have a lot of trouble with decay. We take nuts
+right from the bur and put them in the soil. They give much better
+germination."
+
+Crane: "The Chinese harvest their chestnuts just as soon as the bur
+cracks. They do not wait for the nuts to drop from the trees but harvest
+the nuts from the trees and store in covered pottery jars. They plant in
+the fall of the year. They do not hold nuts for any length of time."
+
+Corsan: "How about charcoal?"
+
+G. Smith: "Charcoal is good to store nuts in. They are shipped from
+China that way."
+
+Smith: "Would chestnuts stand carbon bisulphide for getting the weevil
+out, or is the hot water treatment better?"
+
+Crane: "Carbon bisulphide treatment is dangerous, it will kill weevils
+but it will also kill the nuts so they will not germinate. Unless
+precautions are used it may cause an explosion and fire. Methyl bromide
+treatment is better."
+
+Stoke: "The hot water treatment is the best. It consists of immersing
+the nuts in water at 120 degrees F. for forty minutes."
+
+Hemming: "I have raised about 100,000 seedlings and have never seen
+blight on any of my seedlings."
+
+Dr. Smith: "A tree needs usually to be as big as the small end of a
+baseball bat before the bark opens enough to let in the blight spores."
+
+Stoke: "Blight begins where there is rough bark which provides lodgment
+for the spores. Rough bark and moisture result in blight, hence the
+disease usually starts near the ground."
+
+Crane: "The blight problem in the growing of chestnuts has often been
+stressed. I think you will have more loss from sunscald and root rot
+than you will from blight. Blight is a minor trouble with us. The
+Chinese chestnut naturally grows with a low head. It is a mistake to cut
+off the low branches on the trees until they attain some size, they can
+then be cut off."
+
+Stoke: "Regarding the protection of nut trees against winter sun scald,
+I find that if you take ordinary aluminum paint and paint the south and
+southwest side of nut trees it will last for two years."
+
+Dr. Smith: "Chestnut trees have blighted for me where the water table
+was too high and trees of same origin or better drained ground nearby
+did not blight. Blight is often a sign that the tree wants something it
+lacks--much like disease in humans."
+
+
+
+
+Results of a Chinese Chestnut Rootstock Experiment
+
+J. W. McKAY[4]
+
+Introduction
+
+
+The propagation of chestnut species by budding or grafting has been
+performed by different workers with varying degrees of success. Many
+have found that grafted trees could be produced and grown successfully
+but that graft union troubles developed in a certain percentage of the
+trees either soon after grafting or a few years later. The variety
+"Carr" is known to graft with difficulty in certain localities and to
+give a high percentage of poor unions both at the time of grafting and
+after a few years of growth. The question of relationship of scion and
+stock has been considered by many workers to have an important bearing
+on the success of grafting operations but no critical work has been done
+to determine this point. Some investigators hold that scions of one
+species may be grafted upon stock of another species without harmful
+effects. The results of the budding experiment with Chinese chestnut
+reported in this paper are the first of a series of tests designed to
+contribute needed information about stock-scion relationship in
+chestnuts.
+
+[Footnote 4: Associate cytologist, Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops
+and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural
+Engineering, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of
+Agriculture.]
+
+
+Description and Results
+
+The five seedling Chinese chestnut trees used in the experiment were
+selected because of their heavy-bearing tendency and because of the
+excellent keeping quality of the nuts. Two of the trees bear nuts of
+large size while the other three bear nuts of medium to small size.
+Seeds from the five trees were planted before the use of the seedlings
+as stocks in the budding experiment was planned, and since the seedlings
+from each tree were planted together replication of the experiment was
+not possible. However, the stock was grown in thoroughly mixed soil in a
+coldframe and differences in performance of seedlings could hardly be
+attributed to soil heterogeneity.
+
+Buds from the five parent trees were placed on the five lots of their
+own seedlings in all combinations of budwood and stock. The work was
+done during the first week of September when the bark of both budwood
+and stock was slipping yet growth had slowed down to some extent. Buds
+were placed about two inches below soil level on the one-year-old
+seedlings and the soil pulled back to cover the buds. Budding was done
+by means of the familiar shield or T-bud method and rubber budding
+strips were used as a wrap. Budwood was shipped from Albany, Ga., to
+Beltsville, Md., and was damaged somewhat by high temperature in
+transit, a factor which may be partially responsible for the overall low
+percentage of buds that grew.
+
+In referring to the results presented in table I, it will be noted that
+considerable variation occurred in the performance of the five lots of
+seedlings as stock, as well as in the take of buds from the five parent
+trees. The totals in the last column on the right are all equivalent to
+percentage since 100 buds were placed on each lot of seedlings. In like
+manner, the totals in the bottom line are all equivalent to percentages
+since 100 buds of each parent tree were used.
+
+Seedlings of stock D were decidedly inferior to seedlings of stock C in
+take of buds, and both of these lots of seedlings originated from large
+nuts. Also, scion e gave a significantly lower take of buds on all lots
+of seedlings than scions c or d. The scion e tree produces small nuts
+whereas the scion c and d trees produce large nuts. Scions a and b are
+intermediate in take of buds, and the source trees both produce small
+nuts.
+
+
+Discussion
+
+At least one significant interpretation may be made from the results of
+this experiment, that may partially explain the difficulties encountered
+heretofore in propagating chestnuts. Using the take of buds as a
+criterion it can be stated that in this experiment the five lots of
+seedlings from known parents differed in their performance as stocks.
+Moreover, the five parent trees used as a source of budwood differed
+among themselves in the capacity of their buds to grow when placed on
+comparable lots of stocks. If these results are correctly interpreted it
+is clear that both the stock and the scion may influence the success or
+failure of propagation technique. Doubtless both of these variables have
+operated together in the propagation of existing varieties and, as would
+be expected, the results have been unpredictable. It seems likely that
+the grafting and budding of chestnut varieties should be worked out in
+the future on the basis of using understocks derived from the seed of
+special trees or clones found to be suitable sources by tests for
+grafting performance.
+
+It should be pointed out that the five trees used in this work
+originated from two lots of seed imported from neighboring localities in
+China and probably are closely related. The fact that significant
+differences were obtained in this material furnishes basis for the
+belief that great variability in the budding performance of the Chinese
+chestnut is to be encountered in the many introductions that have been
+made into this country.
+
+
+  Table I. Results of budding each of five Chinese chestnut clones on
+  its own seedlings and on the seedlings of four other clones. The
+  figure for each combination represents the number of buds that grew
+  out of 20 buds placed.
+
+                        SCION
+
+               a     b     c     d     e     Totals
+  S     A      4     6     4     5     0       19
+  T     B      3     2     8     4     0       17
+  O     C      0     3     8     9     5       25
+  C     D      1     2     3     1     1        8
+  K     E      2     2     7     9     2       22
+     TOTALS   10    15    30    28     8       91
+
+
+Discussion After Dr. McKay's Paper
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: "A good scion on chestnut is one problem which we have
+not solved."
+
+Dr. Smith: "I find both Carr and Hobson difficult to graft and have
+discontinued them."
+
+Dr. Crane: "In California and Oregon they are having quite a lot of
+difficulty with graft union failure with Persian walnuts. They have used
+the Northern California black or Hinds walnut as root stocks. Now they
+find that in some cases the union fails and results in what is known as
+the black line disease. At the present time this trouble is the most
+important cause of the loss of their trees."
+
+Dr. Smith: "Zimmerman is a good bearing variety with a good nut. I find
+that soil makes some difference with this variety."
+
+
+
+
+Breeding Chestnut Trees: Report for 1946 and 1947
+
+ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES[5]
+
+
+The chief aim of this breeding work is the development of a chestnut
+tree of timber type to replace the now practically defunct American
+species, _Castanea dentata_. For the principal economic value of the
+chestnut was not in its edible nuts but its valuable timber, the loss of
+which means at present many millions of dollars subtracted from the
+assets of the American people; and when we consider the loss for all
+time in the future the figures become astronomical.
+
+[Footnote 5: Consulting Pathologist, Conn. Agric. Expt. Station; Special
+Agent, Conn. Geological and Natural History Survey; and Collaborator,
+Division of Forest Pathology, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.]
+
+_The Chestnut Blight in Italy._ Early in 1946 we received a visit from
+Captain John B. Woodruff, of Wilton, Connecticut, who told us that while
+serving as Chairman of the Department of Agriculture and Forestry, and
+Instructor in Forestry at the Army University Study Center in Florence,
+Italy, he visited chestnut stands infected with the blight. _Endothia
+parasitica_ was first discovered by Professor Guido Paoli in 1938 on a
+private estate in Busalla, about twenty miles north of the seaport city
+of Genoa. Since then the blight has been detected throughout the
+province of Genoa in the legion of Liguria; and other widely separated
+infections have been found. The fungus has been cultured and identified
+by Professor Biraghi of the Royal Pathological Station in Rome, as
+_Endothia parasitica_. It is believed to have been present in this
+region for from five to eight years previous to its discovery. The
+manner of its introduction into Italy is not known, but since Japan and
+the U. S. have carried on considerable commerce with Italy, either or
+both countries are possible sources.
+
+The disease is spreading in Italy at a rapid rate. "By 1942 one half of
+the 190,000 acres of chestnut in the province of Genoa had been infected
+and spot infections had been discovered in the adjoining coastal
+province of La Spezia, also in the region of Liguria."
+
+I am devoting some space to this situation because it means so much to
+the Italian people. In Italy fifteen percent of the forest is composed
+of chestnut. Not only does the country use the nuts as a source of food
+and income, approximately sixty million pounds being exported annually
+in former years, but the young coppice shoots are used for the weaving
+of baskets, older ones for poles for vineyards, still older for staves
+of wine casks, and the oldest for telephone and telegraph poles. "Before
+the war, chestnut flour was the principal food in many localities, but
+during the war a serious food shortage forced the people in many other
+areas to rely solely upon chestnut flour for weeks at a time."
+
+Professor Aldo Pavari, Director of the _Stazione Sperimentale di
+Selvicoltura_ at Florence, visited this country in the summer and fall
+of 1946, under the sponsorship of the UNRRA, and spent four days with me
+at our plantations, learning our methods and getting acquainted with the
+blight resistant hybrids we have been developing by the breeding
+together of oriental and native chestnuts. Prof. Pavari visited also the
+plantation of the Division of Forest Pathology at Beltsville and
+elsewhere, and other plantations in the west. In December we shipped to
+Florence, Italy, nuts of our best hybrids, and in March, scions for
+grafting--also this summer (1947) pollen of some of our best trees. On
+October 15 of this year (1947) we sent another shipment of nuts. Thus we
+may be able to give Italy the advantage of the progress we have made to
+date.
+
+Regarding the susceptibility to the blight of the European or Spanish
+Chestnut (_C. sativa_) we have had the following experience. Our winter
+temperatures appear to be too severe for this species. Dying back is
+sure to occur, at least at our Hamden, Connecticut plantations, marked
+more or less according to the degree of cold; and on the dead parts
+_Endothia_ then appears, to later invade the parts still living. In 1932
+I received nuts of _C. sativa_ from France from Professor Hochreutiner
+of the Geneva Botanic Garden, from Professor Uldrich of the Berlin
+Botanic Garden, and also from France from Dr. Guillaumin of the Jardin
+de Plantes at Paris. Although I have given the resulting plants much
+attention they continually die back each year so that we have only two
+or three individuals that are more than six feet high. But Professor
+Pavari says in recent correspondence (July 15, 1947) "Referring to
+Spanish chestnuts, after we have been assured that the fungus we have
+found and observed on _Castanea crenata_ in Spain is really _Endothia
+parasitica_, we must admit that our hypothesis may be exact that
+_Castanea vesca_ [_sativa_] presents in Spain races or types resistant
+to the disease." He goes on to say that the fact that the chestnut
+blight is so widespread at Naples and Avellino is at variance with my
+theory that cold winters are the predisposing cause, for in the regions
+mentioned the winters are mild and "very warm in comparison with those
+of Connecticut." The essential fact seems to be that the European or
+Spanish chestnut is very susceptible to the blight, perhaps as much so
+as is our native species, but that evidently certain individuals or
+races exist that are more or less resistant.
+
+During the early part of 1947 we had a visit from Professor Cristos
+Moulopoulos of the University of Salonika, Greece. Although the disease
+had not then appeared in Greece, the pathologists there would like to be
+ready for it when it does come.
+
+_Pollinations in 1946 and 1947._ Without going into details, the general
+purpose of the pollinations during these last two years has been to
+incorporate more and more of the resistant Chinese stock into our
+hybrids. Beginning in 1937, we crossed our best Japanese-American
+hybrids with Chinese, and we now have a considerable number of young
+saplings of flowering age, which have the pedigree: Chinese x
+Japanese-American. Unfortunately, in this cross the Chinese is usually
+dominant as regards habit, but not always. We have some tall,
+straight-growing individuals of this combination which may well be the
+forerunners of a blight-resistant forest stock for America.
+
+Therefore, during 1946 and 1947 we have been crossing these fine Chinese
+x (Japanese-Americans) with the following:
+
+  1. Our best Chinese
+  2. American-Chinese and Chinese-American
+  3. American (C. dentata)
+  4. Our best Japanese-Americans
+  5. Among themselves
+
+For it is the ultimate aim of this work to develop a race of tall,
+hardy, blight resistant individuals which will breed true and thus of
+themselves re-establish the chestnut tree in the forests of Eastern
+North America. As everyone knows, the re-establishment of the chestnut
+as a forest tree can not be done in a few years or even a score of
+years, but by continued breeding and patience and perseverance it can be
+done. The materials are at hand, i.e. tall, erect growth, and blight
+resistance; and with persistent effort the desired combination can be
+made.
+
+For (1) above we were fortunate in 1946 in receiving a supply of pollen
+from tall-growing Chinese trees, through the kindness of Mr. Michael
+Evans of Greenville, Delaware and Professor Maurice A. Blake of the New
+Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station.
+
+As a result of our pollinations in 1946, in which 72 combinations were
+made, we harvested and planted in our cold frames in October 479 hybrid
+nuts, a large proportion of which germinated, so that this summer (1947)
+we have set out in our nurseries about 325 hybrid seedlings.
+
+In 1947 we have made 58 combinations in which 213 branches were bagged;
+October 10-13 we gathered 380 hybrid nuts resulting from these cross
+pollinations. The large yield of 1947 is doubtless the result in part of
+a good growing season, for there was plenty of rain--at times almost too
+much--in southern Connecticut. One drawback was the cold period during
+the latter part of June. From the fifteenth to the twenty-sixth the
+minimum temperatures were 55 or below--on three days as low as 50. This
+set back the flowering period four days to a week later than usual,
+depending upon the species or hybrid.
+
+_Cooperation in Diller's Underplanting and Girdling Method for the
+Establishment of Chestnut Forest Stands._ In the 37th Annual Report of
+our Association for 1946 is printed a paper by Dr. Jesse D. Diller of
+the Division of Forest Pathology, U.S.D.A. entitled "Growing Chestnuts
+for Timber" pp. 66-68. Many people seem to think that all you need to do
+when planting a tree is to stick it in the ground--just _any_ ground.
+This may be true of some kinds, but is certainly not true of the
+chestnut. For best growth and development the chestnut requires a fairly
+deep, well-drained soil, rich in mineral elements and humus, with a fair
+degree of moisture and plenty of sunlight. Two things chestnuts will
+_not_ endure are shallow soil and drought, the latter often depending on
+the former.
+
+As tree indicators of the kind of site required for the establishment of
+a chestnut forest Dr. Diller has chosen yellow poplar, northern red oak,
+white ash, sugar maple, and yellow birch, with spice bush as a shrub
+indicator and maiden hair fern, bloodroot and other herbs as herbaceous
+indicators. Using a small area of about one eighth of an acre, Dr.
+Diller's plan is to girdle all the trees and then underplant with
+chestnut seedlings. He says: "As the girdled overstory trees die they
+gradually yield the site to the planted chestnuts in a transition that
+does not greatly disturb the ecological conditions, particularly of the
+forest floor. Rapid disintegration of the mantle of leaf mold is
+prevented by the partial shading which the dead or dying overstory,
+girdled trees cast." This may seem to some a rather drastic method, but
+when so much is at stake, namely the re-establishment of the chestnut in
+our forests, it would seem a justifiable experiment on a small area.
+
+In March, 1947, we supplied Dr. Diller with one hundred seedlings, one
+or two years old, of our best stock, for underplanting in two of these
+selected sites, fifty seedlings each, namely on the estate of Mr. E. C.
+Childs at Norfolk, Connecticut, and on lands of the T. V. A. at Norris,
+Tennessee. Our best wishes for a successful blight-resistant future go
+with these little trees.
+
+_Grafting Work._ We are continuing with our method of "inarching" young
+"suckers" from below a blighted area into the trunk above the lesion,
+the diseased tissue of the lesion being first cut out. This method (see
+Brooklyn Botanic Garden Chestnut Breeding Project. 35th Annual Report of
+Northern Nut Growers Association for 1945. pp. 22-31--1945) is entirely
+successful in case we desire to preserve partly resistant hybrids of
+good parentage for future breeding and for scions. (Figs. 1 and 2) But
+inarching of the native chestnut is for the most part unsuccessful
+because the fungus grows too rapidly and girdles the stem, killing the
+parts above before the inarched tips of the suckers can take hold. There
+seems to be a certain relation between the amount of disease resistance
+in the tree and the possibility of restoring it to health by the
+inarching method.
+
+By the common ordinary cleft-graft method, using Japanese, or better,
+Chinese stock we are adding to the supply of our most desirable hybrids.
+
+_Insect Pests._ The spring canker worm, _Paleacrita vernata_, has not
+been destructive either in 1946 or 1947 and no special preventive
+measures have been taken. Japanese beetles have done a little damage.
+This year the first one appeared July 11. We find the best method with
+these is to pick them off at dusk after they have settled themselves for
+a night's sleep, dropping them into kerosene oil. Under these conditions
+they will usually slip readily off the leaf into the oil. One thing I
+should like to emphasize (which probably others also have noticed) is
+that new beetles keep coming, day after day. Apparently the adults are
+issuing from the ground all summer. Last year I found a few Japanese
+beetles in November. So one must keep continually on the job all through
+the season. This summer (1947) we have had a spray program of three
+sprayings, August 15, 30, and September 10, with "Deenate" (fifty
+percent DDT) to destroy the chestnut weevils which appeared for the
+first time rather extensively in our Hamden plantations last year. (See
+E. R. Leeuwen; DDT for chestnut weevils, American Fruit Grower 67: 28.
+1946) This spray, which we have used on the ground as well as on the
+young burs, kills Japanese beetles as well as the weevils. This fall I
+have seen very few weevils in our whole crop of nuts.
+
+The louse, _Callaphis castaneae_, appeared on July 5, 1947, at least the
+leaves became so much curled that its presence was then noticed. Two
+spraying on successive days with nicotine sulphate ("Black Leaf 40")
+were sufficient to control it. With us this insect attacks leaves of
+American stock only. Japanese-American hybrids are also susceptible, but
+not Chinese-American or American-Chinese. The lice, of an orange color,
+congregate in great numbers along the midrib of the leaf, sucking out
+its juices.
+
+This summer, perhaps on account of the unusual almost tropical weather
+conditions--hot and humid with continually recurring showers--we have
+been harassed by a new pest which has appeared in one of our plantations
+only sparingly for five or six years--a mite, which Connecticut
+Agricultural Experiment Station authorities say is _Paratetranychus
+bicolor_. Affected leaves have a whitish or grayish color chiefly along
+midrib and principal veins, due partly to the deposit of the creature's
+shells on molting, and partly to injury to the tissues of the leaf.
+Hexa-ethyl tetraphosphate, known in the trade as "Killex 100," was used
+effectually twice as a spray. Unfortunately this chemical has no
+ovicidal properties, so that a second spraying was necessary to kill the
+mites newly hatched out from thousands of eggs. We are informed that DN
+111 will kill the eggs as well as the mites and will kill aphids at the
+same time. The mites seem to prefer Chinese chestnut leaves, but this
+summer they didn't seem particular and spread from one badly infested
+tree as a center.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1--Japanese-American hybrid chestnut (Hammond 86-31)
+34-1/2 feet in height, 16 years old. This is the same tree three years
+later as that shown in figures 1 and 2, in 35th Ann. Rept. of Northern
+Nut Growers Assoc. for 1944. Note healthy development, as shown by
+foliage and long yearly growth. Hamden, Conn. Photo. Sept. 13, 1947 by
+Louis Buhle.]
+
+_Chinese Chestnuts._ I am enthusiastic about Chinese chestnuts as a nut
+substitute for our old native chestnuts. The Chinese are quite blight
+resistant. They are attacked by the blight fungus--at least most
+individuals suffer at some time in their lives, and yet the fungus
+doesn't thrive and the trees are able to overcome its attacks, in many
+cases forming a healing wound callus around the lesions; in others the
+lesion becomes simply a granular mass in which the fungus appears to be
+living only in the outer bark. Cultivation, fertilization, and judicious
+pruning certainly help these trees to withstand these fungus attacks. We
+harvested a bumper crop last year and this from trees given us in 1929
+by the Division of Forest Pathology, U.S.D.A.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2.--Close-up of lower part of tree in fig. 1,
+showing inarched basal shoots which at the beginning were as slender as
+the leafless shoot now showing on right side, below, coming from base of
+trunk. Note exposed dead part of trunk showing old canker disease. Photo
+Sept. 13, 1947, by Louis Buhle.]
+
+_Public Interest in the Problem._ Last fall, September 1946, in an
+article in the Yankee Magazine, I asked for nuts and pollen of the
+American chestnut. As a result the following persons from many different
+parts of the country sent in nuts: Mr. Henry Hartung, Methuen, Mass.;
+Mrs. Marie Garlichs, Brooklyn, from Lake Minnewaska, N. Y.; Mr. Charles
+Ericson, Brooklyn, nuts from Staten Island, N. Y.; Mrs. Jay B. Nash, N.
+Y. City, from Lake Sebago, Sloatsburg, N. Y.; Mr. H. W. Donnelly,
+Tacoma, Wash.; Mr. George M. Hindmarsh, Kent County, R. I.; Mrs.
+Steiner, Niota, Tenn.; Miss Marjorie Bacon, New Haven, Conn. from
+Litchfield, Conn. through Dr. Edgar Heermance; Mr. Harold E. Willmott,
+Bethel, Conn.; Mr. W. F. Jacobs, Tallahassee, Fla. (_Castanea crenata_);
+Mr. P. P. Pirone, New Brunswick, N. J. (_C. crenata_); Mr. Morton F.
+Sweet, Seattle, Wash. (_C. sativa_), nuts, and scions in March '47; Mr.
+John I. Shafer, Sparta, Tenn. This lists shows not only the widespread
+interest in the subject but also that the chestnut sprouts are still
+bearing nuts. In some cases the nuts were "blind," i.e. sterile,
+containing no kernel or embryo. In order to develop a good nut there
+must be two chestnut trees within a reasonable distance of each other so
+that cross fertilization may take place. Isolated trees will usually not
+bear nuts. In other words, the chestnut is usually self sterile. We are
+still planting all nuts received, labeled with the name and address of
+the sender. The resulting trees are being set out in the Yale Forest in
+Tolland and Windham Counties, Conn. under the direction of Mr. Basil
+Plusnin, Forester in charge. Thus the possibility is being explored of
+the existence of blight resistant strains of the American chestnut. When
+nuts are sent they should be mailed within a few days after harvesting
+and wrapped in moist cotton, peat moss or something similar. Drying of
+the nut kills the embryo so that it will no longer germinate. Nuts
+should be mailed to me at Chestnut Plantations, Wallingford, Conn.
+
+Pollen of the American chestnut is getting scarce. After scouring the
+vicinity of Hamden, Conn. this summer, we found a good supply at
+Bethany, Conn. from native shoots. The following persons also sent us
+American pollen, for which we are indeed grateful: Mr. George Gilmer,
+Charlottesville, Va.; Mrs. M. E. Garlichs, Lake Minnewaska, N. Y.; Mr.
+Alfred Szego, Pine Plains, N. Y.; Mr. Seward Pauley, Sumerco, W. Va.;
+and Mr. Charles W. Mann, Fennville, Mich. To ship the pollen it is
+necessary only to wrap small branches bearing the catkins in oiled paper
+and mail to me, preferably by air mail. The catkins should be ripe, i.e.
+shedding the pollen.
+
+_Acknowledgments._ It is a pleasure to have this opportunity to express
+our appreciation of the cooperation of the above mentioned persons. The
+interest of these and many other persons and institutions is
+encouraging. During 1946 and 1947 this project has been sponsored by the
+Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey, and we have as usual
+enjoyed the cordial cooperation of the Division of Forest Pathology,
+U.S.D.A. Dept. of Agriculture.
+
+Beginning as of October 1, 1947, the work is also being sponsored by the
+Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn. On July 1
+I retired from my position as Curator of Public Instructor at the
+Brooklyn Botanic Garden and shall now be able to devote my entire time
+to the chestnut work. My permanent address will be: Chestnut
+Plantations, Wallingford, Conn.
+
+
+
+
+Chinese Chestnuts in the Chattahoochee Valley
+
+G. S. JONES, Route 1, Box 140, Phenix City, Alabama
+
+
+(Excerpts from letter to Secretary, Oct. 23, 1947.)
+
+Growing trees is a work dear to my heart for I have been interested in
+it since childhood. Dr. J. Russell Smith's book on "Tree Crops" is one
+of the best I have ever read along the lines of growing trees to produce
+food for man and beast as well as producing many other useful products,
+and much of the work of your Association seems to be along the same
+line. I am sure we can live easier and better on this earth when we
+learn to use the trees in their proper place. Man often acts in a
+shortsighted way by depending largely on annual crops for the main
+source of food for himself and his animals and neglects the long lived
+trees which may not have to be planted but once in a lifetime and which,
+if given a little intelligent management, will improve instead of
+deplete his land and at the same time make a far more beautiful
+landscape.
+
+I only have a few trees (maybe 200 or 250) in my nursery which I usually
+dispose of at the farm or use to set on my place. I have not attempted
+to grow many seedlings as I don't wish to get into this phase of work.
+It would take too much time from other work which I like to do. This
+fall I have sold over 600 pounds of nuts to various nurseries for
+planting so I would prefer that they grow and sell trees from my
+orchard. I gather planting nuts from the trees which show the best
+qualities, consistently, and sell the nuts from the other trees for
+eating purposes. The trees from which I sell eating nuts have some bad
+qualities such as some of the nuts being retained in burs, irregular or
+poor production, and nuts that seem to be too dry at ripening so I would
+not offer these for sale although the pollen from these trees does mix
+with the others causing some of the nuts to carry these bad features, a
+thing which will hardly be avoided in open-pollinated seedlings.
+
+Your letter made me more proud of my orchard than ever when you made the
+statement that my last year's production of 1,722 pounds for 22 trees so
+young as mine may have set a record for production. [See 1946 NNGA
+Report, p. 128--Ed.] I had little idea how my trees compared with other
+orchards, for Mr. Gravatt had not told me anything about this. In fact I
+have never seen him nor did I take the trouble to write and ask this
+question. I knew my trees were producing much better than an orchard of
+the Soil Conservation Service at Auburn but I attributed that to the
+better type of soil (for chestnuts) in which my trees are set, and
+better air drainage. I had also heard about an orchard near Blue Springs
+above Columbus, Ga., which was not doing so well because the soil was
+maybe too heavy or damp. I can say one thing and that is that my Chinese
+chestnuts have surely surpassed my fondest hopes and dreams, for that
+small area has certainly made me lots of money and has given me much joy
+in tending it and watching it grow.
+
+You asked me to give some information about my 1947 crop. This has not
+been quite as large as last year as I have harvested only a little over
+1,554 pounds (I say a little over for it is hard to get all the nuts) of
+weighed nuts. This includes some that were beginning to spoil. I include
+these since it is sometimes due to my failure to gather promptly and I
+think can be fairly included in production records. I might state here
+in fairness to last year's report of a yield of 1,722 pounds of nuts
+that I recorded 1,557 as being sold which leaves a difference of 165
+pounds, which were either discarded as spoiling or were unaccounted for.
+This gives me a loss of approximately 10% for last year.
+
+Although my total production was lower than last year I had one tree (ML
+No. 2) which produced 150 pounds of weighed nuts and a few pounds more
+(maybe 2 or 3) which were not included. This tree has been a consistent
+heavy bearer for several years but I had not checked its yield
+separately before. Since it is so early it was easy to keep the nuts
+separate (as I was keeping these to sell for seed nuts). In about 2
+weeks time it had produced about 130 pounds so I made a special effort
+to check the remainder since I was astonished at so large a yield. When
+most of the nuts had fallen I had the above figure, to my surprise.
+
+The tree in size is not my largest but about average being 12-1/2" in
+diameter 3' above the ground with a limb spread of 30' and a height of
+24'. It has a very symmetrical shape with enough rigidity in the limbs
+to hold them off the ground so the tree does not appear very large.
+
+I just had to laugh when I got a letter yesterday from Mr. Ralph D.
+Gardner, whom I had written previously about the yield of this tree and
+sent 2 pounds of nuts from it, asking me if the tree produced two crops
+in one year. He said Mr. James Hobson had told him that he gets two
+crops from his tree each year. Mr. Gardner had a good reason to ask this
+question since knowing about the Hobson chestnut, but I reckon he might
+have thought about what I would have thought under similar
+circumstances, i.e., surely a tree so young (13-1/2 years from setting)
+couldn't produce that many nuts at one time, so must have two ripening
+periods to contain the fruit. I will have to say that all these were
+produced in one crop. Most of these ripened in just a little over two
+weeks. I might say that I do have one tree (ML No. 1) which has on a few
+occasions bloomed the second time and had burs which remained green
+until near frost but these did not amount to anything and I consider it
+undesirable. I have never seen No. 2 tree produce late blooms and burs.
+
+I might tell a few things as to how I handle my nuts. As is well said by
+Mr. Reed in his 1946 article about chestnuts they should be gathered
+daily (although I sometimes don't carry this out). After weighing I dump
+the nuts in a tub of water. The nuts which are beginning to spoil will
+practically all float and the sound nuts will sink. This is where the
+largest percentage of my culls is eliminated. Some good nuts will float
+but very few if the nuts are gathered daily. I then put 20 to 25 pounds
+of nuts in a coarse mesh burlap bag. I use chicken scratch feed bags
+mostly as these are a nice size, and ties a string near the top of the
+bag. Then I place these on a lath frame which is about 12" above the
+ground under a large pecan tree which furnishes shade about 3/4 of the
+day. I arrange the nuts in the bag so it will be flat, which does not
+allow more than 2 or 3 nuts to be on top of each other.
+
+On days of moderate temperature I wet these bags thoroughly with water
+once a day but on very hot or windy days I often wet them twice. This
+keeps the nuts moist most of the time and lowers the temperature
+considerably from the evaporation. In this way I can keep the nuts days
+and days and even weeks with very little change except a slight drying.
+If any spoiled nuts were missed by the water these too will show up in
+about 10 days with specks of white mold and can be eliminated. The other
+nuts seem to be as good as the day they were gathered. I only use this
+to keep them temperarily (as it is some trouble to wet them) and mostly
+for the eating nuts until I can take them to market or put them on cold
+storage (30° to 35°F.) If I attempt to hold seed nuts about a week or
+more I pack in damp sphagnum in crates and keep these under the shade
+tree with excellent results. This year I used green sphagnum with all
+its water and the nuts seemed to keep well in it. Some nuts have been in
+damp sphagnum for over 5 weeks now and are in excellent shape except for
+a few that spoiled at first (which I am quite sure were bad to begin
+with). If too much water is used some nuts will begin sprouting but it
+is surprising how much they can stand and show no tendency to sour.
+
+I am of the opinion that the chestnuts in my section get ripe
+prematurely and that at a time when we often have our hottest and dryest
+weather. These nuts seem to need a period to continue their ripening
+under cool moist conditions which the wet sack treatment gives (or the
+damp sphagnum.) Even if this is not the case I have had splendid results
+with it whereas before I began using this method with lots of water I
+often became so discouraged that I thought I would have to abandon
+trying to put my chestnuts on the market. Now if I can get them gathered
+promptly I have little trouble holding them until I am ready to dispose
+of them.
+
+I failed to tell you that the bad feature about my ML No. 2 tree which
+produced the 150 pounds of nuts is its early ripening period (the latter
+part of August and first part of September) which causes some of the
+nuts to be spoiled almost when they fall. A few hours of too hot sun
+seems to start the spoiling process. The tree has no other objectionable
+features except the nuts are only small to medium in size but nearly
+every one falls freely from the burs. [Nuts about 70 to the pound.--Ed.]
+
+
+
+
+Some Results with Filbert Breeding at Geneva, N.Y.[6]
+
+GEORGE L. SLATE New York (Geneva) Agricultural Experiment Station
+
+
+This paper reports the results of attempts to improve filberts by
+hybridization at the Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y. The filbert
+project was started at Geneva in the spring of 1925 when a collection of
+varieties from American sources was established. In later years
+additional varieties from European and other sources were added until
+about 120 were under test. As soon as the varieties had fruited for
+several years it became evident that many of them were inferior and not
+adapted to New York conditions. A few exhibited considerable merit and
+the range of characteristics in the different varieties indicated that
+it might be worth while to start a filbert breeding project with the
+object of combining the desirable characteristics of the better sorts.
+
+[Footnote 6: Journal Paper No. 719, New York State Agricultural
+Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.]
+
+It was decided first to cross Rush, a selected form of _Corylus
+americana_, with the best varieties of _Corylus Avellana_, Rush
+contributing the hardiness of the native hazel, possible resistance to
+filbert blight, and the hybrid vigor that sometimes results from the
+crossing of two species. The European filberts were expected to furnish
+large-sized nuts as well as dessert and cracking quality.
+
+The first crosses were made in 1930 when two trees of the Rush variety
+growing on Dr. MacDaniels' place in Ithaca were pollinated with pollen
+of several varieties of _Corylus Avellana_ that was brought from Geneva.
+Additional crosses were made at Ithaca in 1931 and 1933. In 1932 the
+pollinations were made at Geneva, using a Barcelona tree covered with a
+tightly woven cloth. No pollinations have been made since 1933.
+
+In the spring of 1932, 535 seedlings were received from Willard G.
+Bixby, of Baldwin, Long Island, N. Y., which had resulted from crosses
+made by C. A. Reed of the United States Department of Agriculture, at
+Baldwin. Including these U.S.D.A. seedlings and those resulting from the
+breeding work at Geneva, 1,999 seedlings have fruited.
+
+The nuts from these crosses were stratified in sand in a cold frame, dug
+up, and planted in the greenhouse in early March. After one
+transplanting they were moved to the nursery to grow for two years, when
+they were moved to the seedling orchard. The nuts from one year's
+crosses were planted directly in the nursery but germination was low due
+to drought.
+
+The seedlings were spaced 10 x 5 feet in the orchard. This spacing was
+satisfactory if the trees came into bearing the fourth year, but if
+unfavorable weather eliminated the first or second crops the trees
+became too crowded to permit satisfactory fruiting. Usually, however,
+the trees fruited sufficiently to make it possible to evaluate them and
+remove the inferior trees so that the better seedlings would have enough
+room to remain for several additional crops.
+
+During the first few years the orchard was clean cultivated until cover
+crops were sown in August. In later years the orchards were not
+cultivated but nitrogen fertilization was substituted. Satisfactory
+growth was maintained, but the grass and weeds made harvesting more
+difficult. No pruning was done except at planting time as the seedlings
+were all evaluated before pruning was needed. Suckers were removed
+around the young trees, but as they became older this was not done and
+some of the plants now have several stems.
+
+
+Evaluating the Seedlings
+
+The nuts were harvested in the fall after they had dropped, or, with the
+later maturing seedlings and those which tended to cling to the tree,
+they were harvested by picking or shaking them from the tree. As soon as
+practicable the nuts were husked and the crop of each tree weighed and
+recorded. Samples of nuts of every seedling fruiting were placed on
+paper plates, each population being by itself, and eight or ten nuts of
+each sample were cracked and left on the plate. The seedlings were then
+divided into three classes, those that were obviously good, those that
+were poor, and an intermediate class that received further attention.
+The poor seedlings were marked for discard and if so marked for two or
+three years they were pulled out.
+
+The good seedlings were then examined more carefully and sorted into
+three groups, as follows:
+
+1. Those that were outstanding in both nut and tree characters.
+
+2. Those that were good enough to propagate for a second test, but not
+equal to the best.
+
+3. Seedlings good enough to keep for further observation. These were
+usually good in one or more characteristics but deficient or doubtful in
+one important feature. If upon further testing these third group plants
+proved to be outstandingly productive or hardy they were given a higher
+rating.
+
+In examining the nuts, emphasis was placed on size and color of the nut,
+the large, bright brown nuts being considered more desirable than the
+smaller, duller colored, pubescent nuts. The amount of space between the
+shell and the kernel was important. If the kernel fitted tightly it was
+easily broken or chipped in cracking the nut. Thickness of shell was of
+minor importance as only a few were thick enough to make cracking
+difficult.
+
+The kernel characters were of most importance since the kernel is the
+reason for producing the nut. The kernel must be plump, smooth, light
+brown in color, and free of the superfluous pellicle, or fibrous
+material that is characteristic of the Barcelona kernels. Generally,
+seedlings with Rush as one parent had very little of this superfluous
+fibrous material and the best of them were much superior to Barcelona in
+appearance and dessert quality. Flavor received less consideration since
+most of the seedlings were reasonably good in that respect.
+
+Given a good kernel, and there were many of them, it became necessary to
+rely upon other characteristics to eliminate the less desirable of these
+seedlings. It was here that the records of yields and catkin hardiness
+were valuable. After several years it became evident that certain
+seedlings were consistently high yielding while others were low
+yielding. Hardiness of catkin also varied greatly and rather
+consistently from year to year. Weather conditions influenced catkin
+killing greatly. Catkin hardiness is important since the pollen is
+necessary for nut production and must be present in abundance as its
+movement in the orchard is subject to the vagaries of the wind, and only
+a small percentage of that in the air ever comes in contact with the
+stigmas of the other varieties.
+
+It is the purpose of this paper to indicate the value, insofar as it may
+be estimated from the available data, of the different varietal crosses
+in obtaining desirable filbert hybrids. Table 1 contains a list of
+crosses made, the number of seedlings raised, and the percentage of
+these which were of sufficient merit to be retained for further study.
+The percentage of seedlings propagated indicates even more definitely
+which crosses are of the greatest value in producing superior seedlings
+as only the outstanding seedlings were propagated for a second test.
+Selections included in Table 1 are there by virtue of their all-around
+merit.
+
+Crosses between Rush and Littlepage and Rush and Winkler produced
+nothing of value. The populations were small, but other equally small
+populations from other crosses produced seedlings of value. The
+inter-crossing of selections of _Corylus americana_ does not appear to
+be a promising line of attack in filbert breeding where hybrids with _C.
+Avellana_ will thrive.
+
+Rush and Barcelona were each used as seed parents in crosses with the
+same eight varieties. In the crosses involving Rush 1,232 seedlings were
+produced and of these 39, or 3.2%, were good enough to propagate. Of the
+306 seedlings raised from the same varieties combined with Barcelona
+only 4, or 1.3% were worth propagating. None of these Barcelona
+seedlings are among the best. Under the conditions of the experiment it
+would seem that Rush is much superior to Barcelona as a parent in
+crosses with varieties of _Corylus Avellana_.
+
+The cross between Kentish Cob and Cosford failed to produce any
+seedlings of outstanding merit.
+
+In considering the productiveness and hardiness of the catkins of the
+seedlings resulting from the different crosses the data have been
+assembled in Tables 2 to 5, each table containing the summarized records
+for different plantings. These plantings were started at different times
+and the records are not directly comparable as they are for different
+years and varying lengths of time. In Table 1 the total number of
+seedlings is given, but in Table 2 to 5 only the data for the selections
+are used. Records for the selections are available for several years,
+whereas the inferior seedlings were discarded and limited data only are
+available. Furthermore, the filbert breeder is interested primarily in
+the worthwhile material that may be taken from populations of known
+parentage.
+
+Assuming that we have a fairly good nut productiveness is the most
+important characteristic in a filbert. If the plant is productive it
+must of necessity be reasonably vigorous and hardy. For that reason much
+emphasis has been placed on productiveness in the final evaluation of
+the selections.
+
+The selections in Table 2 are from the U.S.D.A. Bixby plants which were
+the first to fruit at Geneva. Considerable variation in productiveness
+is evident in the different populations. Rush x Kentish Cob and Rush x
+White Aveline selections were only about half as productive on the
+average as Rush x Barcelona, Bollwiller, Red Lambert, and Daviana. Rush
+x Italian Red also failed to produce high-yielding selections. In a
+later planting in the same orchard, as shown in Table 3, the Rush x
+Kentish Cob selections performed no better, the Rush x Red Lambert
+selections outyielding them by a substantial margin. The Barcelona x
+Italian Red selections were very low yielding.
+
+In orchard 22, as shown in Table 4, where Rush and Barcelona are crossed
+with the same varieties, the resulting selections from the Rush crosses
+are about one third more productive if mean yields are considered, or
+one-half more productive if only highest yielding selections are
+considered than with the Barcelona crosses. Cosford has been outstanding
+in transmitting productiveness in crosses with Rush, Italian Red, and
+Nottingham. Rush x Kentish Cob selections in this orchard as in the
+other planting, were only about one half as productive on the average.
+In the crosses with Barcelona the combination with Medium Long, Red
+Lambert, and Italian Red were considerably more productive than crosses
+with Purple Aveline, Halle, Daviana, and Bollwiller.
+
+The Kentish Cob x Cosford cross was less productive than most of the
+other combinations made. Kentish Cob definitely appears to transmit
+unproductiveness when crossed with Rush, Barcelona, and Cosford.
+
+In orchard 8 as shown in Table 5, the trees soon became very crowded as
+the discards were not removed and the yield records were less reliable
+than in the other plantings.
+
+Winterkilling of catkins were recorded on the selections for several
+years. In early April the percentage of winter-killed catkins was
+recorded by estimate. Tables 2 to 5 contain the mean of these estimates
+and a considerable variation in catkin hardiness in the different
+populations is evident. Red Lambert, which had the hardiest catkins of
+any variety of _C. Avellana_ tried at Geneva, produced a higher
+proportion of catkin-hardy seedlings than any other variety. Cosford was
+fairly good in this respect and in orchard 16 Bollwiller, Italian Red,
+and Barcelona when crossed with Rush produced selections with moderately
+hardy catkins.
+
+Winter injury of catkins was nearly always very high in crosses between
+varieties of _Corylus Avellana_.
+
+Of the 1,970 seedlings included in Table 1, 340 or 17%, were retained
+for further observation and of these, 52, or 2.6%, were considered good
+enough to propagate for a more extensive test. Of these 52 a few thus
+far have been outstanding when compared with the others. Possibly the
+best and most productive selection is No. 1265, Rush x Purple Aveline,
+that is the heaviest yielding of all and the nuts are also among the
+best, being of medium size, plump, and free from fiber. This seedling is
+far superior to any others from the same cross. Nos. 1408 and 1467, both
+selected from a Rush x Cosford population, are close seconds to No.
+1265. In the Rush x Cosford population are several others nearly as
+good, the general level of merit in this combination being fairly high.
+Farther down the list, but still among the best, are No. 110 Rush x
+Kentish Cob, and No. 157, Rush x Barcelona. Filbert breeders working
+under similar conditions would probably find it worthwhile to make these
+crosses and also to produce more seedlings from Rush x Red Lambert than
+were raised at Geneva.
+
+No crosses have been made at Geneva in recent years, but all of the nuts
+from the selections, sometimes several hundred pounds a year, have been
+planted by the Soil Conservation Service and the resulting seedlings
+planted in various parts of the country. Undoubtedly, if these could be
+examined when in fruit, some worthwhile selections could be made. Those
+in New York State will probably be worked over during the next few
+years.
+
+
+  TABLE 1. Results from filbert crosses.
+
+                              Number of  Num-   Percent- Number Percent-
+                              Seedlings  ber Re-  age Re-  Prop- age Prop-
+  Cross                        Fruited  tained   tained  agated  agated
+
+  Rush x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly  430      63       14      11          2
+  Rush x Cosford                 447      52       12      11          2
+  Rush x Bollwiller              165      18       11       6          3
+  Rush x Italian Red             118      17       16       2          1
+  Rush x Red Lambert              36      10       28       6         16
+  Rush x Daviana                  13       2       15       2         15
+  Rush x Purple Aveline           12       3       25       1          8
+  Rush x White Lambert            11       0        0       0          0
+  Rush x Barcelona               119      20       16       3          2
+  Rush x White Aveline            54      10       18       3          5
+  Rush x Imperial deTrebizond     24       5       21       1          4
+  Rush x Nottingham               23       7       30       2          8
+  Rush x Brixnut                   8       2       25       0          0
+  Rush x Littlepage               12       0        0       0          0
+  Rush x Winkler                   6       0        0       0          0
+  Barcelona x Kentish Cob (Du-
+     Chilly)                      42      21       50       3          7
+  Barcelona x Cosford             57      27       48       1          2
+  Barcelona x Bollwiller          11       2       18       0          0
+  Barcelona x Italian Red         66       9       13       0          0
+  Barcelona x Red Lambert         41      12       29       0          0
+  Barcelona x Daviana             21       5       24       0          0
+  Barcelona x Purple Aveline      25       8       32       0          0
+  Barcelona x White Lambert       43       1        2       0          0
+  Barcelona x Medium Long         45      16       35       0          0
+  Barcelona x Early Globe         78       0        0       0          0
+  Barcelona x Halle               12       6       50       0          0
+  Barcelona x Red Aveline          9       1       11       0          0
+  Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) x
+     Cosford                      35      22       63       0          0
+
+        Total                   1970     340       17      52     2.6
+
+
+  TABLE 2. Yields and winterkilling of filbert catkins, Orchard 16, 1935
+  1937, 1938 and 1939. Yields are 4 year total. Catkin injury is
+  5 year mean
+
+                              No. of   Mean    Highest    Mean     Lowest
+                               Selec-   Yield    Yield   Percent-  Percent-
+                               tions   per Se-  per Se-  age Cat-   age of
+                                       lection  lection    kins     Catkins
+                                         in       in      Winter-   Winter-
+  Cross                                Ounces   Ounces    killed    killed
+                                                          per Se-
+                                                          lection
+
+  Rush x Bollwiller              18       81      143         21       4
+  Bush x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) 12       38      117         36       3
+  Rush x White Aveline            9       44       73         42       0
+  Rush x Barcelona                6       94      147         26       8
+  Rush x Imperial de Trebizond    5       81      100         28      10
+  Rush x Italian Red              3       79       80         15       3
+  Rush x Red Lambert              3       88      116          7       3
+  Rush x Daviana                  2       82      110         33      26
+  Rush x Purple Maxima            1       37       37         17      17
+
+
+  TABLE 3. Yields and winter injury of filbert catkins, Orchard 16, 1937-41
+  inclusive.
+
+                                         Mean    Highest    Mean     Lowest
+                                        Yield    Yield   Percent-  Percent-
+                                       per Se-  per Se-  age Cat-   age of
+                               No. of  lection  lection    kins     Catkins
+                               Selec-    in       in      Winter-   Winter-
+  Cross                        tions   Ounces   Ounces    killed    killed
+                                                          per Se-
+                                                          lection
+
+  Rush x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) 26       38      102         68       5
+  Rush x Barcelona               14       52       89         90      38
+  Rush x Red Lambert              5       67      117         12       5
+  Barcelona x Italian Red         3       18       20         83      73
+
+
+  TABLE 4. Filbert selections. Orchard 22. Yields 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942,
+  1944, 1945 and 1946. Catkin injury records 1939-42, inclusive.
+
+                                        Mean    Highest    Mean     Lowest
+                                        Yield    Yield   Percent-  Percent-
+                                       per Se-  per Se-  age Cat-   age of
+                               No. of  lection  lection    kins     Catkins
+                               Selec-    in       in      Winter-   Winter-
+  Cross                        tions   Ounces   Ounces    killed    killed
+                                                          per Se-
+                                                          lection
+
+  Rush x Cosford                 26      129      229         42       0
+  Rush x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) 25       68      185         70      13
+  Rush x Nottingham               7       96      180         31      14
+  Rush x Italian Red              3      114      181         45      30
+  Rush x Purple Aveline           3      114      240         42      25
+  Rush x Red Lambert              2       90      127         21       8
+  Rush x Brixnut                  2       49       51         62      58
+  Barcelona x Cosford            27       90      138         62      32
+  Barcelona x Kentish Cob
+     (Du Chilly)                 21       69      126         69      25
+  Barcelona x Medium Long        16       93      257         83      71
+  Barcelona x Red Lambert        12       83      147         52      13
+  Barcelona x Purple Aveline      8       50       73         78      55
+  Barcelona x Italian Red         6       84      133         90      81
+  Barcelona x Halle               6       52       79         52      23
+  Barcelona x Daviana             5       53       75         67      59
+  Barcelona x Bollwiller          2       66       94         62      58
+  Barcelona x Red Aveline         1       91       91         56      56
+  Barcelona x White Lambert       1      103      103          5       5
+  Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) x
+     Cosford                     22       62      151         64      33
+
+
+  TABLE 5. Filbert selections. Orchard 8. Yields 1940, 1941, 1942 and 1944.
+  Catkin injury records 1940, 1941 and 1942.
+
+                                        Mean    Highest    Mean     Lowest
+                                        Yield    Yield   Percent-  Percent-
+                                       per Se-  per Se-  age Cat-   age of
+                               No. of  lection  lection    kins     Catkins
+                               Selec-    in       in      Winter-   Winter-
+  Cross                        tions   Ounces   Ounces    killed    killed
+                                                          per Se-
+                                                          lection
+
+  Rush x Cosford                 26       25       47         30       2
+  Rush x Italian Red             11       25       39         27       0
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Discussion after Mr. Slate's paper--
+
+_MacDaniels: "Of the 1999 seedlings tested at Geneva, 52 are being
+carried on for further observations. Prof. Slate is doing a fine work."_
+
+_J. R. Smith: "I want to express my appreciation of the work Prof. Slate
+is doing. To care for 1999 seedlings and keep the performance records is
+a big job and just the kind of thing on which progress depends."_
+
+
+
+
+Nut News from Wisconsin
+
+CARL WESCHCKE
+
+
+This year at River Falls, Wisconsin, which is only 35 miles southeast of
+St. Paul, Minnesota, the season started off with much rain and a delayed
+cold spring. All the grafting had to be postponed from two to four weeks
+later than normal. The stored scion wood suffered some because of this
+long storage period, and some of it was quite dry when taken out. This
+was particularly true of the Weschcke butternut and these scions looked
+so dry that I was tempted to throw them all away, but instead I gave
+them to two young horticulture students to practice with. None of them
+grew, however, so we had a 100% failure on butternut grafting. About a
+dozen years ago I had much success grafting butternut on black walnuts
+and was unimpressed, therefore I did not make any notes as to the
+process I used. This was a mistake for apparently I have lost the art.
+The last five years has probably produced only about five or six plants
+successfully grafted on black walnut. Hickories respond much better and
+I usually get about 50% successful grafts on my native butternut stocks.
+
+Although the insect pests, such as the butternut curculio, were delayed
+in their attacks, they eventually caught up and destroyed most of the
+big butternut crop and did their usual damage to heartnut and Persian
+walnut growth. I noticed in the American Fruit Grower that plum curculio
+was controlled in the peach orchards through the use of hexaethyl
+tetraphosphate. If this chemical poison controls plum curculio, it ought
+to control any of the curculio family, such as the hazel curculio,
+chestnut curculio and butternut curculio. The butternut and hazel
+curculio appear to me to be the same insect. I am not troubled with the
+chestnut curculio yet, but if this chemical gives control over the
+curculio insect family we will certainly be able to raise large crops of
+all of the nuts mentioned.
+
+Quite a few of my grafted test trees, both in the forest and in the
+orchard, which in some cases were grafted on bitternut hickory stocks
+fifteen years ago, are beginning to bear. These varieties are the Woods,
+Fox, Taylor, Platman and Davis. Others which have borne a few times
+previously also have good crops set. These are Bridgewater, Glover,
+Beaver, Kirtland, Deveaux and Fairbanks. The trees setting the largest
+crops of hickory nuts are the Weschcke, and they are the only ones that
+I can really count on maturing early enough to escape our usual early
+fall frosts.
+
+I derive great pleasure in observing new seedling plants of filberts,
+hazels and their hybrids coming into bearing for the first time this
+year. There are about two hundred of these new varieties. Of course most
+of them will be worthless commercially. The ideal hybrid hazilbert has
+not yet appeared, but when it does we will propagate it for sale as
+rapidly as possible.
+
+At this date, August 20, we have suffered from an extremely dry August
+and will apparently lose many trees that we cannot reach by irrigation
+or some other means of watering.
+
+We have been busy at the farm and nursery erecting a small pilot plant
+for grinding filbert butter which we expect to be able to put on the
+market between October 15 and November 1.
+
+There is about a one-fourth crop of black walnuts in my orchard trees,
+with the Thomas leading. Many of the Ohio trees are barren. Usually the
+Ohio bears freely.
+
+It is my observation here that the wild hazels and some of their hybrids
+will drop their crop of nuts when it becomes too dry. This probably is
+an excellent feature from the standpoint of the plant as it no doubt
+saves the plant from being killed by drouth.
+
+There is no doubt in my mind but that the hazel-filbert hybrids
+(hazilberts) will make a large agricultural crop in the corn belt. When
+these crops are shelled in local plants and ground into butter the
+industry will fall into much the same category as country creameries.
+However, we have not reached the point where we have the right
+commercial plants for this purpose and for the time being will have to
+use the Pacific Coast filberts until such large crops of the ideal
+hybrids appear.
+
+
+
+
+Home Preparation of Filbert Butter and Other Products
+
+MRS. JEANNE M. ALTMAN, Bellingham, Washington
+
+
+Filberts may be prepared in different ways at home to make a delicious
+food. To make filbert butter first shell a roasting pan two-thirds full
+of kernels and put it in a 325° oven. Stir the kernels thoroughly and
+often to get an even tan. Cut a few in half to determine when they are
+brown enough. Cook about thirty minutes. Do not leave in oven any longer
+than necessary because the kernels begin to brown rapidly upon further
+cooking. Cool and stir when not too hot. Most of the brown pellicle can
+be removed by rubbing kernels between one's hands. Run the kernels
+through a food chopper or meat grinder to make a Crunchy butter. To make
+a more delicious product, however, first run the kernels through a
+coarse knife, salt them and then run through a fine knife. This results
+in a butter with enough oil of its own to make a delicious dish. It
+takes lots of nuts to make much filbert butter.
+
+In preparing salted filberts in quantity I cook them in a strainer in a
+kettle of deep fat. Check the temperature with a thermometer and do not
+let them get too hot. Cool them quickly by putting them into a cold dish
+and stirring. When salting the whole kernels put only enough fat with
+them to coat the pellicle. After they are sufficiently brown take them
+out and salt them as they are cooling. Stir just enough to coat the
+kernels with salt. Eat pellicle and all; it holds the salt. Stirring too
+much tends to remove the salt.
+
+You can treat a pound of nuts at a time in a heavy iron skillet on top
+of the stove stirring constantly. When we follow that practice we eat
+them salted just as they were instead of grinding them. I think they are
+better than salted peanuts.
+
+I sent a recipe to one of our west coast papers and they added a note to
+drain them on a paper towel. That is wasteful and unnecessary. A
+Bellingham dentist put whole nuts into his false-teeth baking oven in
+the evening. I do not know what temperature was maintained but it must
+have been low because he left the nuts there all night and the next
+morning he found them all roasted and ready to eat.
+
+Filberts, even the green ones just as they come from the tree, may be
+boiled and then salted and buttered. They may be used to advantage in
+many cooking and baking recipes.
+
+
+
+
+Notes from Central New York
+
+S. H. GRAHAM, Ithaca, N. Y.
+
+
+This summer has been a difficult one for black walnuts. A late spring
+delayed starting and three freezes during the week beginning Sept. 22
+prematurely checked development so that poor filling seems to be the
+rule. The Persian walnuts again demonstrated their ability to ripen
+their nuts in a short season.
+
+Some of our Persian walnut trees are growing in the partial shade of
+larger black walnut trees. We prefer to keep these larger trees as they
+may be valuable stocks to be grafted to the superior varieties that one
+is always hoping will appear later on. This condition gives a good
+opportunity to observe the effect of shade. There seems to be no doubt
+that even light shade is detrimental in our latitude to the Persian
+walnut and results not only in more spindling and unsymmetrical growth
+but also interferes with proper ripening of the wood making it more
+subject to winter injury.
+
+One difficulty with the Persian walnuts in the East is premature falling
+of the nuts. The female flowers on the young Persian trees that we have
+seen are usually more numerous than with black walnuts of the same size
+and age, but even hand pollinating often fails to give a good set of
+nuts. Last spring we took pollen from eight of our Persian trees to the
+pomology department of our State College of Agriculture for germinating.
+The best sample showed 45% viable pollen; the next best 15% and the rest
+from O to 5%. This had been collected and stored for several weeks
+according to the methods given by Dr. Cox in the annual report for 1943,
+page 58. It is possible that this lack of viability may be due to some
+soil deficiency such as insufficient lime or boron. Prof. Schuster of
+the Oregon station writes that they find that Persian walnuts readily
+accept good Persian pollen but not black walnut or butternut pollen. If
+the viability of the pollen falls below 50% they consider it
+unsatisfactory. On some of the Oregon soils an application of boron in
+the form of ordinary borax under the trees in the spring has greatly
+helped in getting a crop of nuts. This should be well worth trying in
+the eastern states.
+
+The filbert crop this year is better than usual. Out of over a thousand
+crosses between Rush and Winkler with European and Pacific Coast
+varieties, in our estimation, only one has proven worthy of propagation
+considering size, flavor, abundance of bearing and resistance to filbert
+blight. Some growers think lightly of blight but our experience in
+fighting it through the years in cutting out cankered wood has convinced
+us of the futility of this means of control in infested areas. Control
+measures may apparently succeed for a time but when conditions of
+moisture, heat and air movement are just right it can spread like
+wildfire. Therefore, to us, resistance to this disease (Cryptosporella
+anomala) seems of paramount importance. The prevalence of blight has
+been almost universal in the scattered plantings which we have visited
+in central New York, usually without the owner knowing why his trees
+were dying. All our European and Coast varieties, as well as most of the
+hybrids, take blight readily but there is an occasional hybrid that is
+clearly resistant. Bixby is one of these.
+
+We have always used a knapsack sprayer equipped with a mist nozzle for
+our trees but this is inadequate as the trees grow taller. This summer a
+much more satisfactory nozzle was found that may be quickly adjusted to
+throw a mist for low trees or a far reaching one for the taller trees.
+This is made by the D. B. Smith Co. of Utica, N. Y.
+
+From time to time articles appear on insects injurious to nut trees.
+Frequently mentioned are the web worms and the walnut caterpillars. With
+us, the damage they do is as nothing compared to that caused by the
+curculios, the strawberry root worm beetles and the leaf hoppers. We are
+getting the upper hand of the curculios by the use of cryolite spray but
+the root-worm beetle problem is still unsolved. Until Rev. Crath wrote
+of leaf hopper damage (Annual Report 1938 p. 111) we had not regarded
+them as at all serious. Subsequent observation has convinced us that he
+was right and that they are often the cause of the blackening and dying
+of the tender young leaves of Persian walnuts and the curling up of
+older leaves. We were especially impressed during the Wooster, Ohio,
+field trip last year and, later on, in seeing how Mr. Sherman had
+overcome this trouble on the Mahoning Co. farm simply by adding DDT to
+his spray mixture.
+
+In closing, we would like to call the attention of new members to the
+wealth of information that is to be found in the old Association annual
+reports.
+
+
+
+
+Experience with the Crath Carpathian Walnuts
+
+GILBERT L. SMITH, Wassaic, New York
+
+
+In the spring of 1935 we purchased from the Wisconsin Horticultural
+Society two pounds of the nuts which Rev. Paul Crath had imported from
+Poland. We planted these nuts in the nursery row. Sixty-two seedlings
+resulted. We assigned a number of each of these seedlings and
+transplanted them when they were two years old. Here we made our first
+mistake. We selected what proved to be a very poor site for them,
+adjacent to and nearly surrounded by woodland, in which were a goodly
+supply of butternut curculios which we have found to be by far the worst
+insect enemy of the Persian walnut. It attacks the terminal growth doing
+some damage by feeding but principally by laying eggs in the terminals
+and the fleshy base of the leaf stems. From these eggs grub-like larvae
+hatch which bore into the terminal and the leaf bases, greatly dwarfing
+the terminal growth. We have found as many as six larvae in a single
+terminal. Of course they also like to lay their eggs in the young nuts
+which then drop from the tree in mid-summer.
+
+In the spring of 1937 we started to graft from these seedlings on black
+walnut stocks, giving each the same number as that of the seedling from
+which the wood was taken. It is too bad that we did not start this work
+sooner as we lost a few of the seedlings, largely through the ravages of
+the curculio, but possibly some of them were just not rugged enough to
+stand our climate. We still have 49 of these varieties living, either as
+grafts or the original trees. To this collection we have added a few
+varieties, securing wood from seedlings being grown by others. We have
+had living grafts of some of the named Crath varieties which we suppose
+developed from some of the wood imported from Poland by Rev. Crath. All
+of these have failed with us except one, Carpathian D. Apparently they
+were not hardy enough for our climate.
+
+So far we have had only one severe test of our Crath seedlings, as to
+hardiness. This was on February 16th, 1943, when the temperature at Mr.
+Benton's farm was thirty-four degrees below zero. This was not official
+but was registered by two thermometers which Mr. Benton knew to be very
+accurate. Many of our Crath seedlings showed no injury at all on this
+occasion while others showed varying degrees of injury. Our grafts of
+Broadview were damaged quite severely, Carpathian D to just about the
+same extent. One other named Crath variety, Crath No. 1, was killed
+outright. Only one of our seedling varieties showed as severe injury as
+did Broadview. This was S 12. This tree has now fully recovered but we
+will not grow any trees from it except for more southern latitudes and
+then only if it shows exceptional merit when it begins to bear.
+Therefore, according to our experience so far, there is quite definite
+evidence that these Crath seedlings are hardier than Broadview. McDermid
+was killed outright.
+
+We have found that practically all Persian walnut trees, when young,
+will bear pistillate blossoms for several years before they bear
+staminate blossoms (catkins). This fact has delayed us in securing nuts
+from these seedling varieties and has compelled us to resort to hand
+pollination. However, they are now beginning to produce both kinds of
+blossoms.
+
+The first one to bear was in 1944, when one tree bore twelve nuts which
+had resulted from hand pollination with pollen sent us by Mr. Reed. This
+variety appears to be the most promising one that has borne so far. We
+have named it Littlepage and have had a booklet printed which describes
+it fully. We will be glad to mail a copy to anyone who wishes. We have
+now found a good pollinizer for Littlepage, our No. S22 seedling. This
+variety produces pollen at just the right time, some of which I used
+this spring to hand pollenize the Littlepage tree. A fine crop of nuts
+is now on this tree as the result of this pollination.
+
+Last year (1946) we had a few nuts from each of five other seedling
+varieties. While we did not consider any of them equal to Littlepage,
+they were all worth growing and compare quite favorably with English
+walnuts as found in our markets. This year we have nuts on each of
+eleven varieties, five of them and the same ones that bore last year and
+six new ones. Now that these seedlings are beginning to bear we are able
+to cull out any that prove to be very inferior. As our facilities are
+far too limited to thoroughly test the promising varieties, we have
+started to propagate them and offer them in many parts of the country
+and subject them to many different conditions. Thus it should be only a
+matter of time until the truly worthy varieties will prove themselves.
+If we were wealthy we could propagate them and distribute them free of
+charge but I doubt if it would prove as satisfactory as it is to charge
+for them, as it seems to be a trait of human nature to take better care
+of that which costs us something. We will not name these new varieties
+at present but will put them out under their test numbers. Later the
+ones that prove best can be named.
+
+To facilitate the distribution of these new varieties we are getting out
+a folder showing natural size pictures of the nuts of the six varieties
+which were produced last year, with a brief description of each. I am
+very sorry that I was unable to get these folders from the printer
+before coming to this convention. However we will have them very soon
+and will be glad to mail a copy to anyone who requests it.
+
+As stated before we have found that the butternut curculio is a very bad
+pest with the Persian walnuts, also heartnuts and butternuts. It does
+not injure the black walnut at all. There are also several other insects
+which feed on the Persian walnut, most of these chewing insects that
+simply injure the foliage more or less severely. Last winter I was
+advised by Dr. Dean of our experiment station staff, to try benzene
+hexachloride (hexachlorocyclohexane) for control of the curculio. He
+stated that in California they have found out that the Persian walnut is
+quite susceptible to arsenical injury when a spray containing arsenate
+of lead is used on it. Also tests so far indicate that D.D.T. is not
+very effective against the apple and plum curculio, therefore not likely
+to be effective against the butternut curculio. So last spring we
+secured a supply of benzene hexachloride. Just as we were about to spray
+the trees I discovered a swarm of orange colored insects with black wing
+covers, feeding on them. So I checked the compatibility chart in the
+February issue of the American Fruit Grower and found that benzene
+hexachloride and D.D.T. were compatible when used together in the spray
+mixture. I thought it would be well to use a double barreled dose. So we
+made up a spray of four pounds of benzene hexachloride, four pounds of
+D.D.T., 50% wettable powder, and 6 pounds of wettable sulfur to 100
+gallons of water. This first spray showed a slight burning of the
+leaves, which I suspected was due to the sulfur. We omitted sulfur from
+the later sprays and did not note any more burning. We put on three
+sprays at about two week intervals and a fourth spray about the middle
+of July. The result of these sprays appears to be excellent. I have
+found only one nut showing any insect injury and this one was only
+slightly injured, whereas last summer we lost a considerable percentage
+of the nuts from curculio injury. A day or two after applying the first
+spray, I wanted to secure a specimen of the orange-colored insects with
+black wing covers, but I could not find a single specimen.
+
+We did not apply our first spray quite soon enough and curculio larvae
+had already invaded a few of the terminals. The first spray should be
+applied about as soon as the leaf buds separate and quite likely should
+be followed by the second spray in about a week, as new growth is very
+rapid at this time and the scant foliage at the time of the first spray
+would hardly hold enough of the chemicals to give control for more than
+a few days.
+
+
+
+
+Observations on Hardiness of the Carpathian Walnuts at Poughkeepsie, New
+York
+
+STEPHEN BERNATH
+
+
+In our section we have very good Persian walnut varieties of Carpathian
+and other European sources. I have planted some of all strains and
+varieties. My place faces northwest on a good elevation. My experience
+with trees there is that we have no winter injury. We can grow trees
+there that cannot be grown on some place which is situated low, and
+therefore does not have enough air circulation. Damage is done after
+heavy frosts when the sun comes out suddenly. That is what damages the
+trees--not the cold.
+
+If you take trees and put them in a temperature of 35 to 40 degrees
+below zero and bring them out to thaw gradually no harm is done. Most
+people buy trees and plant them in low places; that is the error. We
+have planted trees where the wind is very heavy throughout the winter
+and in the spring I found that these trees stood up wonderfully well;
+whereas, we have European walnut trees with a trunk diameter of about 12
+to 14 inches that in one year froze two to six feet--about three to four
+years growth. If you plant your trees on a fairly good elevation you can
+be assured of a good nut crop. In planting nut trees I do not know what
+kind of fertilizer you use, but I always use well decayed cow manure and
+put a little right around the root system. I never use fresh manure and
+never use poultry, sheep, or horse manure. They are bad for trees as
+they are very high in ammonia and this does damage to the trees.
+
+
+Discussion after Graham, Smith, and Bernath Persian walnut papers.
+
+Corsan: "Is using lime a good idea? I always use a lot of wood ashes."
+
+Stoke: "Use ground agricultural limestone. Burned lime may cause
+injury."
+
+J. R. Smith: "Barnyard manure is the best."
+
+Stoke: "With the Carpathian walnuts there is no uniformity in winter
+injury. I have had the Crath variety kill back to two inch wood. Most
+others have never shown winter injury."
+
+Corsan: "When is it practical to take mulch away?"
+
+MacDaniels: "If you take mulch away too late you will get more injury
+than if you don't take it away at all."
+
+Member: "Why does my young walnut tree not bear?"
+
+Bernath: "English walnut trees may produce pistillate blooms for a
+number of years before they produce pollen so that if you have only one
+tree it may be due to lack of pollination."
+
+Member: "With English walnut is more than one tree necessary for
+pollination? The male blossom appears a week or 10 days before the
+female."
+
+Crane: "Persian walnuts should be used to pollinate Persian walnuts--do
+not depend on black walnuts. In growing Persian walnuts it is best to
+have trees of two or more varieties in a planting so as to provide cross
+pollination."
+
+Stoke: "Persian walnuts may not pollinate black walnut, but black walnut
+has pollinated the Persian walnut in known instances."
+
+MacDaniels: "Control or uncontrol of pollination is very complex."
+
+Crane: "We find that we can not readily produce Persian x Eastern black
+hybrids under conditions of controlled pollination. We have found a
+number of natural hybrid trees but they bear very few nuts."
+
+
+
+
+Nuts About Trees
+
+R. E. HODGSON, Superintendent, Southeast Experiment Station, University
+of Minnesota.
+
+
+When hiking with a Boy Scout troop, they often asked me, "What tree is
+that?" In summer I could usually tell an oak from a box elder but had
+never had much reason to go further into the subject until the boys
+exposed my ignorance. In self defense I began to hunt up the names and
+found it a most interesting hobby.
+
+The University of Minnesota has a branch experiment station some 80
+miles south of the Twin Cities and it is here that a few acres have been
+roped off as a testing site for whatever trees of interest we can
+persuade to grow. My job is with field crops and livestock but my golf,
+fishing, hunting and bridge are mostly played with a spade and pruning
+shears or wandering around in the brush somewhere looking for something
+new. Our soil is a heavy clay loam of Clarion type containing plenty of
+lime but often poorly drained. It is very rich and productive being at
+one time part of Minnesota's big woods. Native trees are basswood, oak,
+elm, ash, walnut and their associates.
+
+My ignorance concerning trees is still profound and becomes more
+apparent as acquaintance matures, but it has been a lot of fun to start
+about 130 varieties of trees and shrubs and watch their development. The
+Latin names are mostly a mystery to me, but their habits, methods and
+rate of growth along with soil preferences and winter survival have
+furnished more entertainment for me than picking shot out of a dead bird
+or furrowing the turf on a putting green. It has been a real thrill to
+see cypress, sycamore and even a few yellow poplars, survive our rugged
+winters.
+
+The project began with an attempt to collect native trees and expanded
+to make room for some exotics, just to see what would happen to them.
+Detours and by-paths included attempts to grow various conifers from
+seed and persuade cuttings to root. Somewhere along the line nut trees
+began to enter the picture and now these have an alcove all to
+themselves. Perhaps it started when a neighbor offered me $5.00 if I
+could tell whether a young sprout in his yard was butternut or walnut.
+He died before I found the answer which was probably common knowledge to
+most people. The color of the pith did not seem reliable, but at last a
+book pointed out the little moustache a butternut wears just above each
+leaf scar. It worked, and the thrill was equal to catching a 10 pound
+wall eye!
+
+I was raised on the prairie part of southwestern Minnesota and it was a
+delightful surprise when I moved 140 miles east to find that one could
+gather almost any desired quantity of black walnuts from remnants of the
+old forest. After a few years these trips to the woods became less
+glamourous and the pickeruppers more critical. Many of the wild nuts
+were small and hard to crack. Perhaps a friend's Thomas tree in full
+bearing with its heavy crop of huge, tasty nuts inspired a wish to grow
+bigger and better producing trees near at home.
+
+It looked easy to transplant vigorous, 6 foot black walnut whips which
+could be had for the digging. It took 10 years to learn that nuts
+properly planted would make larger trees in a decade than transplants.
+Digging 2 deep holes to move one tree seemed a waste of labor when one
+planted nut would better serve the purpose. Of course nut planting led
+to a contest of wits with the squirrels.
+
+It was a funny sight to watch a helper carefully placing nuts at regular
+intervals in an open furrow and a big fox squirrel following 10 feet
+behind him, removing the prizes as fast as he could scamper up and down
+a nearby hollow oak. Our ideas concerning appropriate locations for
+walnut trees did not coincide with those of Mr. Bushytail. We learned
+that the simple way to plant walnuts in the woods was to pile a half a
+bushel here and there. The tree climbers took their toll, but did a good
+job of planting. Survival seemed better than when we placed individual
+nuts and "stepped them in."
+
+The desire for bigger, better and more useful nuts led to the planting
+of a couple of acres to seed from various trees of known value. These
+will not come true of course but it is hoped that some day they may
+serve as material for a small nut breeding project in which an attempt
+will be made to combine some of the more desirable chromosomes into a
+single tree that retains the best of what we have in present selections,
+and adds a little more hardiness between growing seasons. Who can tell?
+We might find a tree that the walnut worms didn't like!
+
+The squirrels didn't fancy our plans to grow trees in rows according to
+parentage, so they tried to improve our technique. We almost called in
+the F. B. I. to circumvent their machinations. Jamming an open tin can
+over the planted nut seemed to help. When the sprout came up we turned
+up the edges of the split can bottom just enough to let the tree
+through, but the sharp jagged edges seemed to discourage marauders. A
+lot of other methods were also tried.
+
+From the Wisconsin Horticultural Society we obtained a pound of English
+or Persian walnuts in 1937. So far we have some 23 seedlings struggling
+to keep alive. They range in height from 18 inches to 7 feet and are
+definitely out of their range. Some years they grow 4 feet of new wood
+and some winters it all kills back. There seem to be differences in
+hardiness and--who can tell?--they might even bear a nut some day. Bark
+injury, which may be winter sun scald, has damaged some of the trees.
+One tree of the Broadview selection is alive after four years and may
+make a go of it.
+
+Hickories grow wild in certain parts of Minnesota, but this doesn't
+happen to be one of those parts. They seem to do best where soil is acid
+in reaction and here we are amply supplied with lime. That may account
+for the slow growth of a grafted Hales hickory tree. It was 3 years old
+when set out in 1921. For the first 9 years it had just 2 leaves per
+year. Now approaching 30, the tree is 7 to 8 feet high and going up at
+the rate of 8 to 12 inches a year.
+
+Nuts from Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota wild hickories, have done
+better. At 8 years the trees are from 1 to 2 feet high, with a couple of
+Shakespeares, (geniuses) towering a foot above them. This may not be
+hickory country, but, by gum, they're growing! A couple of years ago,
+Dr. Brierley from the Central Station, Division of Horticulture, who has
+nut propagation as one of his minor projects, gave us 7 seedlings of
+shellbark hickory, (Carya laciniosa), from a tree planted many years ago
+by Peter Gideon of Wealthy apple fame. After 2 winters, these 7
+seedlings are still with us and seem to grow faster than the shagbarks
+(ovata).
+
+Other attempts to vary our diet (if we live long enough) are a few
+Chinese chestnut seedlings. A couple secured from the Nut Tree
+Nurseries, Downington, Pa., in 1940 are now 3 and 4 feet high and
+apparently in a good state of health. They are leisurely growing, which
+may be a good thing. Trees like the Manchurian walnut which grow 6 to 8
+feet of new wood in a year, seem to freeze back and start over more
+frequently than the trees which poke along but harden their wood before
+cold weather. In 1946, a few more seedlings from D. C. Snyder, Center
+Point, Iowa, were set out and most of them have survived the first
+winter. Carl Weschcke reports that chestnuts do best for him at River
+Falls, Wisconsin, in sandy soil with an acid reaction. If I ever raise a
+chestnut, I'd like to send him one.
+
+Fooling with nuts has led to another activity which has been pleasant
+though not very practical so far. Each spring, Dr. Brierley spends a
+couple of days with me trying to graft some of the named varieties to
+our available wild trees. We have raised nuts on some of the hickory
+scions grafted to the plentiful native bitternuts, but in general our
+grafts have failed. We have had good advice from many sources and have
+tried most everything but our successes have not been numerous enough to
+cause any inflation of the ego. We're inclined to think that the sudden
+wide variations of temperature which are common here in May, can be the
+controlling factor. We've made a few walnuts, hickories, and hicans
+grow, but still have too many zeroes for any complacency. This year may
+be our bonanza. Most of the grafts on some 40 trees are shooting buds.
+Perhaps it's the grafting tape we tried this spring. In 1948 we'll be
+able to write it all down in the book--and try again.
+
+Nuts are not the only food crops growing on trees. We have read the
+glowing reports of sweet pods of honey locust grown on such varieties as
+Millwood and Calhoun, as told by John Hershey and J. Russell Smith. Our
+Millwoods all killed the second winter and this year we're trying
+Calhoun. Meanwhile, we're hunting for a hardy, northern grown sweet
+tree. Miss Jones asked nut growers to tell me what they had and several
+interesting replies and samples were received. The quality of the pods
+varied all the way from the sweet Millwood to our native honey locusts,
+most of which are so bitter and astringent that they remind us of a
+combination of green persimmons and red pepper. No sensible animal will
+touch them. Cions were received from a tree in Omaha, Nebraska, through
+the courtesy of F. J. Adams. These were grafted on local trees this
+spring and perhaps they will answer all of our needs.
+
+Our attempts to grow better nuts in southern Minnesota have not caused
+even a ripple in the local economic situation, but it has been a lot of
+fun. Perhaps the greatest return so far is the interesting
+correspondence with like minded people in many localities. Amos Workman
+of Hurricane, Utah, sent seed of his best black and Persian walnuts,
+pecans and figs. The figs didn't even start (probably my ignorance), but
+we have trees coming from all the rest. J. Russell Smith has been most
+helpful with suggestions and the "Minnesota Horse Thief" as he calls me,
+has enjoyed his letters immensely. John Hershey has passed along some of
+his enthusiasm for trees and many others have contributed to the
+pleasure of a fascinating hobby.
+
+It's fun to grow trees even though some of the unusual things provide
+only exercise and entertainment. Our persimmons grew from seed, were
+transplanted and came through the first winter! One pawpaw is still
+trying to get ahead of the winter set-backs, and a Macedonian white pine
+(said to produce edible nuts) is doing fine. Perhaps I'm the biggest nut
+of all, but I'm happy about it!
+
+
+
+
+Report on Nut Trees at Massillon
+
+RAYMOND E. SILVIS, Massillon, Ohio
+
+
+I will first give an account of plantings observed recently in or near
+Massillon, and, secondly, a condensation of my own introduction to nut
+growing.
+
+Louis Bromfield in his richly descriptive book "The Farm" writes, "On
+the way one passed the big orchard which was Jamie's pride, and beyond
+one came to the field where the big hickory stood. It was a memorable
+tree, famous in the countryside for bearing enormous nuts with shells so
+soft that the faintest tap of a rock or a hammer would lay open the
+bisque-colored kernels." He also writes a reference to the ingredients
+of candy making at Christmas time in which a good many recipes called
+for hickory nuts and walnuts.
+
+In Massillon Mr. Alvin Schott, when he drove by the farm of Mr. Lester
+Hawk and read his sign, "Chinese Chestnut Trees for Sale," thought of
+the chestnuts he used to eat. Since he, like the rest of us, cannot go
+out along the road in the fall and pick up chestnuts as of old, he
+declared to plant some nut trees on city park land so that the younger
+generation could in a small measure recapture that which now is only a
+memory.
+
+After making numerous talks and speeches to all the lodges, civic clubs
+and P. T. A.'s, he received donations and publicity to help him in his
+project. He enlisted the help of other civic nut-minded personnel to
+help him select the trees and locations for planting. Boy Scouts and
+school children dug some of the holes. When it rained (it seems to rain
+every time a shipment came in) Mr. Schott would call us away from our
+work and have us dig holes. We have planted in city parks: 13 Hawk
+chestnuts, 10 Thomas black walnuts, 8 hazel, 4 mulberries, 2 Broadview
+Persians, 2 Josephine persimmons, 3 pecan seedlings, 1 hican, 9 large
+seedling black walnuts and several hickories.
+
+We have additional money for another spring planting. Thus Massillon has
+joined the list of cities that own trees that will produce something
+else besides leaves.
+
+On August 17th Mr. Gerstenmaier and I drove to Ira, Ohio, to visit Mr.
+Cranz and take advantage of his invitation to inspect his nut planting.
+At this moment I believe that his invitation was made with the subtle
+purpose of bragging about his excellent crop of Thomas black walnuts and
+filberts. The trees were originally planted by squirrels and later
+grafted by Mr. Cranz. They grow at the bottom of a huge hill or
+escarpment 200 feet high at the top of which is his planting of 20
+_mollissima_ chestnuts. It's a long climb through his neatly scythed
+pathways on a hot day. Afterwards I felt like I needed the can which he
+usually carries.
+
+Recently I found a young black walnut which I hope may be a good
+selection for further work. It is too early to make any predictions, but
+I can assure you that a careful check on the tree's performance will be
+interesting. Thin shell, good kernel cavity, etc.
+
+Near Bolivar, Ohio, stands a young shagbark hickory which bears a nut
+about the size of a Pleas hican with a very smooth kernel cavity and a
+thin shell. Even though small this is another nut which will bear
+watching.
+
+I believe the greatest interest in nut trees will develop when a
+definite program of controlled crossing is instituted.
+
+When I became a member of this organization in 1939 I was managing
+almost 1,000 acres of farm land. My own 90 acre farm was being farmed up
+and down the hill because the fences were built that way. My plan was to
+change over to a contour operation. After reading "Nut Growing" and
+"Tree Crops" I decided to plant nut trees at 100' intervals along the
+edges of the contour strips. I had a twofold purpose, to produce more
+revenue and preserve the contour method of farming.
+
+I ordered grafted nut trees from Jones Nurseries, Crath seedlings from
+Graham and 200 northern pecan nuts from Wilkinson. Homer Jacobs, really
+"sold me" on the Nut Growers Association and then sent me scions of the
+Wilcox hickory. I was successful in getting two to grow about 100'
+apart. Miss Jones sent me Pleas hican wood and one graft grew between
+the two Wilcox. All were grafted on shagbark stock, breast high using
+the late Mr. Fickes' method. The pecan nuts were stratified and given
+the usual nursery care and at three years of age were transplanted to
+the farm along with 200 seedling black walnuts and 100 chestnuts. These
+seedlings were to be used as stocks for grafting the newer and superior
+productive varieties. This was 1943. The farmer became dissatisfied with
+my soil conservation tendencies and moved away. The war developed in
+earnest and I matriculated at a defense plant. The farm just grew up. I
+was not dissatisfied. I was just tired. I couldn't find enough time to
+manage 1,000 acres of farm land 20 miles south; work at a defense plant
+20 miles north and operate my insurance and real estate business. So I
+sold all the farms including mine with the nut trees.
+
+Now it is 1947. It was only two years ago that I made a decision to
+relinquish the 90 acre farm. A short time ago I found all the grafted
+trees bearing fruit except the hickories and hican. The grafted
+Zimmerman, Stoke and Hobson chestnuts have died and most of the pecan,
+walnut and chestnut seedlings planted on the contour strips have
+succumbed to the mower, etc. I could find none of the grafted hickories
+purchased through the years except one Fairbanks. The present owners are
+enthusiastic over the early bearing chestnuts and are taking care of all
+the remaining survivor trees.
+
+I have reached the conclusion that any farm in this section of the U. S.
+with enough hope to warrant contour farming is usually marginal land.
+This is land which barely pays the cost of working or using; land
+whereon the costs of labor, coordination and capital approximately equal
+the gross income. I believe that a planting of grafted nut trees on the
+edges of contour strips will increase the value of that farm and should
+have the attention of every county agent and farm owner.
+
+I am no doubt the worst "grafter" in the business. When I get one out of
+20 sets to grow I am startled, not so much with the statistical
+percentages but because a small stick of wood from Kentucky can make its
+home on the roots of an Ohio cousin. I believe that scion storage is
+important and I wish to report that the method which Dr. Shelton
+explained in the 1945 report is very satisfactory. The next best is John
+Gerstenmaier's apple storage cellar, which he and I have used ever since
+my interest in nut bearing trees brought us together.
+
+It is still 1947. I'm still in the real estate business. I recently
+purchased 160 acres of land in an adjoining county and placed title in
+my son's name. He is six years old. I should be free of any inclination
+to sell this for fifteen years. Since there are no buildings I won't
+have a tenant problem. This spring I purchased and planted grafted
+hickories and grafted black walnuts and set them in supposedly
+favorable locations where I hope they will maintain themselves. In
+addition I planted about 200 Hawk seedling chestnuts spaced about 20 to
+30 feet apart. These were planted in three different locations. One
+group was planted under the canopy of a locust grove, another on an
+exposed hilltop which faces the prevailing westerly winds. The third is
+on a broad hilltop field which does not have the best drainage since the
+top soil is clay underlaid with sandstone shale. All of these groups
+grow on land abandoned some years ago. The soil fertility is generally
+low. Volunteer native growth of cheery, ash, dogwood and hawthorn
+prevails.
+
+If I can continue to plant for the next fifteen years I should have
+quite an orchard, or else my son will have a good hardwood forest. I
+hope that all of us here can meet there then.
+
+
+Discussion after R. E. Silvis' paper.
+
+Mr. MacDaniels: "It is a good idea to have nut trees established in the
+parks. In your home town there is usually a park in which nut trees can
+be used. Very often it just takes initiative to get these things
+started. Boy Scout organization is very good at starting projects like
+this. Chestnuts are more difficult to establish than other trees."
+
+Dr. Gravatt: "Nut trees should not be grown along the curbs because
+people will gather the nuts that fall on the road. This is very
+dangerous where there is much traffic."
+
+Stoke: "Walnuts are much more satisfactory as park trees than Chinese
+chestnuts. People are so prone to break off branches bearing immature
+chestnuts."
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: "Wire guards are excellent to keep mice, rabbits, etc.,
+away from your nut trees."
+
+
+
+
+Planting of Nut Trees on Highways Undesirable
+
+R. P. ALLAMAN, Harrisburg, Pa.
+
+
+Having always opposed this practice when it was under discussion, I have
+been asked to prepare an article on the subject. This paper was prepared
+in collaboration with Mr. Wilbur H. Simonson, Senior Landscape
+Architect, U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, D. C.
+
+Since the beginning of the roadside improvement demonstration program in
+1933 the policy of the Public Roads Administration has never favored
+planting of the showy, garden type of fruit and nut trees on highway
+roadsides for several reasons:
+
+1. =Traffic Hazards=--Dropping of fruits and nuts on pavements tends to
+make surface conditions slippery and dangerous to traffic.
+
+2. =Police Problems=--Ripening of fruits and nuts tends to invite passing
+motorists to stop on side of highway pavements to gather the fruits,
+adding to traffic hazard. Also such trees tend to invite vandalism by
+boys together with clubbing the trees to get down the fruits with the
+possible results of not only injury and damage to the trees themselves,
+but throwing sticks, stones and clubs into the tree branches is likely
+to result in hitting or striking passing motorists and otherwise cause
+loss of control of vehicles by drivers, a very dangerous road condition
+especially because it is an unexpected situation to have clubs or fruit
+come down on the highway when driving through.
+
+This all means more intensive policing of the highway by the responsible
+authorities with added costs in maintenance budgets.
+
+3. =Maintenance Problems=--Not only do dropping of fruits, and the results
+of vandalism, cause extra cleanup of pavements and drainageways,
+(clogging of pipes and gutters with debris from the trees) all hazardous
+to traffic; but also the questions of insects and disease problems are
+added. This all complicates public maintenance problems and especially
+the proper pruning and spraying of the trees.
+
+It is not considered a proper function of public authorities to carry on
+operations that compete with private property developments.
+
+Administrative policy and procedures shall encourage the planting of
+shade tree types along public highways, and avoid the above described
+difficulties that are =bound= to occur if nut-bearing types of trees are
+placed on highway areas.
+
+References: Bennett's book on Roadside Development, 1929, pages 6 and
+52, also page 527 of the proceedings for the twentieth annual meeting of
+the Highway Research Board in 1940, regarding the selection and use of
+trees on highway areas, as recommended by the Committee on Roadside
+Development. I quote from these the following extracts:
+
+"Profusely flowering fruit or nut-bearing trees are not desirable, as a
+rule; very showy garden types of flowering, fruit or nut-bearing trees
+should be avoided in roadside planting. Experience indicates than
+vandalism is encouraged by planting any species of tree commonly used in
+garden, commercial fruit, or nut orchard planting."
+
+"Trees which drop heavy masses of petals, fruit or nuts on highway
+surfaces are not desirable. Horticultural varieties of flowering trees
+(particularly those of exotic origin such as the Japanese cherries)
+should be avoided in roadside planting because a too garden-like
+appearance of planted roadsides will usually indicate excessive annual
+maintenance costs, and probably heavy future losses of planted material
+because of competition with superior and more rugged native tree
+species." _Re:_ Vandalism, parents are responsible for acts of their
+children and public plantings should not encourage children towards acts
+of a vandalistic nature, with trouble not only for the tree but also for
+the parents in keeping the children in order.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Growing for the Farm Owner
+
+H. GLEASON MATTOON
+
+
+It is with trepidation that I present a paper on nut growing before a
+group so much more learned in the subject than I. But two things impel
+me to do so. First, the firm conviction that nut trees, carefully
+chosen, properly planted and intelligently cared for, have a place on
+many farms as a cash crop for the market and a food crop for the farm
+family and, second, the poor results from many nut tree plantings on
+farms. As may be imagined, my conviction is not based upon results seen
+but upon the possibilities I know are inherent in nut trees.
+
+When the first wave of publicity for soil conservation was at its zenith
+back in the late 30s, I listened to a talk, the substance of which was
+that there are no such things as submarginal land, and problem areas.
+There are only submarginal people and problem people. Land does not
+destroy itself nor is squalor self-created. Human qualities create both
+conditions. Therefore the problem to be tackled is the ignorance,
+cupidity or stupidity of those who create such conditions.
+
+This made a profound impression on me. It has influenced my thinking in
+all things connected with our renewable resources. Our success in
+growing anything, whether it be cotton, corn or nut trees, depends
+largely upon ourselves. If we mix three parts of intelligence with one
+part of effort, the yield will be manifold.
+
+Much of this intelligence should be of the "green thumb" variety, a
+mixture of common sense and keen observation. The one using this kind of
+intelligence would plant black walnuts in a deep, rich, well-drained
+loam, because he has observed that this species grows best and yields
+more heavily in that type of soil. He would plant the trees with top
+roots not more than one inch under the surface of the soil because he
+has noted that is the way they grow naturally. He would strive to keep
+foliage on the tree as long as possible because he knows that the leaves
+are the manufacturing part of the tree. Without them the tree could not
+grow and would not produce filled nuts. He would do many other things
+essential for proper tree growth and yield.
+
+But unfortunately several of the farm nut tree plantings I have seen
+show a woeful lack of "green thumb" intelligence. I recall one in
+particular because of the condition of both the trees and the owner. The
+planting originally consisted of twenty Chinese chestnuts, fifteen named
+black walnuts, four hicans and four Persian walnuts. The owner
+originally was an enthusiastic convert to nut growing. Today the
+planting is a failure, while the owner is an irate backslider who would
+not plant another nut tree even though it bore ten dollar bills. Four
+years after planting, nineteen of the twenty chestnuts, all hican, three
+Persian walnuts and ten black walnuts were dead. Of the remaining seven
+trees only one could be called healthy. Examination soon focused the
+picture. Most of the trees had been planted on an eroded hillside
+deficient in humus. In addition, many of them were planted from three to
+ten inches too deep. The only thriving walnut was planted at the proper
+depth and in a pocket of top soil at the base of the slope. Under
+questioning, the owner said that he had purposely planted them deep to
+"keep their roots cool." That is a widely held horticultural fallacy
+which is unconsciously fostered by many nurseryman. In their
+instructions they say to plant the tree one inch deeper than it was in
+the nursery. Too many laymen reason that, if planting the tree one inch
+deeper will help, then the tree should do even better if planted six
+inches deeper.
+
+After eighteen years of trying to learn why transplanted trees do not
+thrive, I am convinced there are four main causes. I list them in the
+order of their prevalence. First and foremost, too deep planting.
+Second, fibrous roots allowed to become dry. This may occur in transit,
+in the hands of the purchaser or because of air space around the roots
+after planting. Third, deficiency of moisture due to low humus content
+of the soil or drought. Four, rodent damage. While some nut trees are
+possibly more difficult to re-establish than a few other species, if
+care is used to see that none of these four conditions occurs, there is
+no reason why a well-rooted tree should not grow and remain healthy.
+
+Up to this point I have been dwelling on the negative side. Though it
+must be confessed that the preponderance of such planting has not
+fulfilled the owner's expectations, we must remember that the fault does
+not lie in the trees but in the human element. If the purchaser of nut
+trees has received proper instructions and carries them out faithfully,
+the trees will grow. Not all of the fault, however, can be placed upon
+the purchaser. The nurserymen should remember that there is a place for
+gilded pictures and glowing generalities but that place is not in the
+directions for planting and care. These directions should be practical,
+precise and detailed, with no implications of Midas returns from a half
+acre grove. Every grower of nut trees knows that problems and troubles
+continue to arise which tax his knowledge and experience. How much more
+baffling such difficulties are to the layman who is just embarking on
+the venture of growing trees.
+
+I have planted nut trees and have seen them grow to maturity and yield
+bountifully. I have seen a few farm tree plantings which have more than
+repaid the time and effort. Though the varieties now grown by nurserymen
+are inferior to those that I am confident will be produced at some
+future time, they still have sufficient merit to warrant planting.
+
+You who are interested in nut trees which thrive in the northern states,
+must recognize that two factors contribute to the development of
+superior strains. One is hybridizing and the other sport development.
+The former is a long term project which should have institutional
+backing. The opportunity for the latter, that is, chance development of
+a superior or unique variation, is in direct ratio to the number of nut
+trees growing in the area. Successful farm nut growers, dotted over the
+region, will, therefore, increase the chance that finer strains will
+appear.
+
+But whether the farm nut grove ever abets science and produces the long
+sought superior nut, is of little importance compared to its value to
+the farm. It is incumbent, therefore, upon every nut enthusiast, who has
+a hand in bringing to the attention of farm owners the value of nut
+trees, to be meticulous in giving instructions for their planting and
+care.
+
+
+
+
+Tree Crop and Nut Notes from Southern Pennsylvania
+
+JOHN W. HERSHEY
+
+
+_Broadview English Walnut_--This hardy variety seemed so good it took a
+lot of effort to keep from recommending it commercially. The oldest tree
+in our section, owned by my brother, bore lightly for several years.
+With its fine flavor, tree beauty and hardiness it edges closer and
+closer to where we can recommend it commercially. In its seventh year it
+bore a half bushel; the 8th, this year, it's really loaded. I have
+planted 30 trees.
+
+_A Southern Persian Walnut_ The northern man in the south loves the cool
+climate, Persian walnut. I have found chance seedlings here and there,
+even down to northern Alabama. One tree, northeast of Knoxville,
+Tennessee, had a good quality nut and was seemingly resistant to sun
+scald. Starting late in the spring it avoids the late frosts so damaging
+to horticulture in the south.
+
+_Cornell Black Walnut_--This new variety, a Thomas seedling, named
+Cornell by its originator at Ithaca, New York, bore one nut for us in
+1946. The boys at Cornell like it because it fills even in an abnormally
+cool season of the Finger Lakes region when natives fail. You can't
+decide an issue with one nut, but our specimen was as large and full of
+high-flavored, white meat as the Thomas, and as thin-shelled as the
+Stabler. So attractive does this variety appear that I am reserving it
+this fall in order to plant several in orchard form to produce scion
+wood.
+
+_Honey Locusts_--The latest report on their performance comes from J. C.
+Moore, Soil Conservation Service at Auburn, Alabama, on February 3,
+1947. Their laboratory tests of Millwood show a sugar content of 36.65%,
+and Calhoun 38.95%. The animal husbandry department of the Alabama
+Experiment Station at Auburn has found the pods equal to oats, pound for
+pound, in a dairy ration. A team of mules fed for 30 days on pods showed
+satisfactory results. Cows and hogs showed equal success. At 5 years of
+age, Millwood averages 58 pounds and Calhoun 26 pounds per year. At
+eight years, Millwood bore 200 pounds, and Calhoun 60. The pods fall
+from October 15th to December 30th. Lespedeza sericea planted between
+the trees yields 2-1/2 tons per acre annually. This gives us courage to
+continue emphasizing their great value for pasture and rough land
+planting. The trees we planted in our swampy, worn-out meadow are doing
+fine.
+
+_Mulberries_--This great chicken, bird and hog feed will some day fill a
+definite place in the sun of the American farmer, just as it does in
+Asia. The drawbacks are lack of hardiness and short bearing season in
+the north. The Hicks variety bears for six to eight weeks but is not
+hardy north of the Mason-Dixon line. This year we have grafted eight
+varieties of which seven are new. One from southern Indiana, an American
+seedling selected by a mulberry enthusiast, bears for six to eight
+weeks. Will it be hardy farther north? We shall know soon. Six are from
+select seedlings of L. K. Hostetter, of Lancaster, Pa., the mulberry
+king of America. The other is a fine white, a chance seedling from 75
+miles north of Pittsburgh. It has not borne yet but was far hardier than
+Downing last winter. I have a few of these to sell this fall. Mulberries
+need sweet soil to prevent winter killing. On worn out soils we have
+discovered that they do well until established, by applying a few
+handfuls of lime around the tree at planting time. Not only are they
+excellent for the above mentioned uses but the right varieties are
+better than raisins when dried.
+
+In 1945 we set a leaky corner of sandy meadow to honey locusts. I saw
+them growing in semi-swamp land in Alabama, but here all but two of the
+18 trees died. When replanted in 1946 also they died. I found the two
+that were living were carelessly planted too shallow, with the top roots
+sticking out of the ground. We replanted more trees in the spring of
+1947 with the top roots above the ground level, mounded soil over them
+about 6 to 10 inches, then mulched. They are all growing fine.
+
+_Starting a Tree Crop Farm. What Is It?_--It consists of a blended,
+balanced program of cattle, hogs, poultry and sheep pasturing under
+mulberries, honey locust, persimmons, oaks, etc., plus the hog feed from
+the refuse chestnuts, walnuts and Chinese dates. The great secret of
+nature is that your security lies in a balanced land use between animal
+and plant production with crops for animals, and animal manure for the
+crops, with a margin of each for the profit book. I bought this
+abandoned swampy, rocky, sandy soil farm of 72 acres, to show how it can
+be done on land too rough for the plow. The first requirement was to
+work out a program with permanent crops to bring in a continuous return,
+while planting and developing the slower bearing nuts and crop trees. I
+have found you must live on the farm a year to learn which soils and
+sites are best for a species. For instance, the field that fitted my
+plan to plant walnuts is too wet, so there we shall plant the hickories,
+pecans and hicans with persimmons as fillers. The place where I wanted
+walnuts was too sandy, so we shall plant chestnuts and filberts, and
+where I wanted chestnuts the soil is good for walnuts.
+
+_Starting a Profit Cycle_--To create a return as quickly as possible on
+such a cycle we started a small flock of chickens, ducks and geese. The
+next step was to decide what to plant of a permanent nature to make a
+succession of crop income from spring until the nut crop comes in
+autumn. In the spring of 1945 we planted an acre of asparagus and one of
+raspberries. In 1947 both started bringing in returns. In 1948 they will
+be in full production. In 1946 and 1947 we set an acre or more of
+blueberries. Half of the blueberries were planted in a semi-swamp,
+useless to farm or pasture, but the home of blueberries after we drained
+it. These will start bearing in 1948 and increase in production for ten
+years. We have 2 cows for family milk as I nearly live on it. The
+surplus we use in vealing calves as well as to start a herd.
+
+The first year we took in about $100, the second $150; to date we've
+taken in $850, plus an inventory increase of 5 nine months old bulls and
+6 year old heifers. No soil can live without manure and, due to the
+results of over 20 years of organic soil management, we use no chemical
+fertilizers. Hence, we need lots of manure. I can not afford to buy
+straw so we use shavings and sawdust for bedding.
+
+We apply to the manure in the stables about 100 pounds per animal of raw
+phosphate rock a week, which sweetens the dust and helps feed the soil.
+We also buy straw for seven riding horses for the manure, as this is
+great fox hunting country. While this young stock is supplying manure
+for the soil it is increasing in value. Our program is expensive because
+time needed in the nursery and orchard prevents us from growing grain,
+but when you start you can grow grain. We shall soon be having stock to
+sell each year which will add to our income.
+
+While these crops are contributing to our keep, our time is used in
+developing the slower-bearing, permanent tree crops, 600 mulberries for
+hogs and cattle, 350 honey locusts, nearly a 100 persimmons, 50 oaks, 50
+Chinese Jujubes and 90 filberts, all going well. To this we added in the
+spring of 1947 5 acres of Persian and black walnuts with chestnuts
+interplanted in the row. These are our future feeds for a bigger and
+cheaper hog, cattle, sheep and poultry feeding program, as well as
+providing food and cover for wild life. We have yet to plant 5 acres of
+mixed hickory, hicans and pecans interplanted with over 100 seedling
+persimmons and a six acre boulder field of black walnuts interplanted
+with chestnuts and a 5 acre sandy field of chestnuts interplanted with
+filberts.
+
+The rest of the farm will be in nursery, hay and cereals. Now hold in
+mind these vital factors. To get rich just planting a farm of nuts or
+any other one crop is a delusion, with the bankers eventually holding
+the bag, the soil and owner taking a licking. Nature is a balanced
+force, soil undisturbed is a delicately balanced flour barrel of never
+ending life. Learn of nature how to protect this soil, that shallow
+insulation board between man and disaster.
+
+After feeling our way over 3 years this is what we found best in
+handling trees. In the meadow where we planted honey locust, and on a
+rocky knoll with oaks, the first year we applied a shovelful of night
+soil and a light mulch of leaf compost. The second summer we mowed,
+raked, and forked the hay to the tree in a wide circle. It was amazing
+the life activity that was created under this mulch by the next spring.
+Mice were controlled by pulling the mulch 3 inches from the tree in
+early fall and with poisoned wheat under the mulch. In the spring of
+1947 we mulched a 4 to 5 ft. circle around each tree with manure two or
+three inches thick. You should see the trees growing. One-half was mowed
+for hay and on the other half electric fences were put up along the tree
+rows and the field was pastured. We planted the walnuts and chestnuts in
+a sod of natural white clover and timothy. Walnuts were planted in 60
+ft. rows with a chestnut tree every 30 ft. Here, three rounds were made
+with the plow and disk and the ground was manured before the trees were
+planted. After planting one shovelful of night soil, or two or three
+shovelfuls of cured slaughter house tankage, were applied to each tree.
+The rows were kept clean until June and then sowed to soy beans.
+Sufficient manure was available to make it possible to complete a manure
+mulch around these trees. The field where the hickory and pecans are to
+go has the tree rows plowed, manured and soy beaned ready for planting.
+We plan to use the same method in future plantings.
+
+
+
+
+Notes from the New Jersey Section of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association
+
+MRS. ALAN R. BUCKWALTER
+
+
+(As a suggestion to some other State Vice-Presidents the editors print
+parts of a letter from Mrs. Buckwalter whose husband was long a valued
+and active member of the N. N. G. A.
+
+"After receiving the annual report I sent reply post cards to each of
+the members in New Jersey. I received answers from about one-third of
+them and have assembled some of their reports and questions to send you,
+along with a few notes about our orchard.")
+
+Wm. M. Daugherty of Princeton reports that his three hundred
+ten-year-old black walnut trees had a fine set of nuts this spring.
+However, a hail storm in midsummer stripped the trees of both leaves and
+nuts.
+
+From Saddle River, Dr. Harold Blake reports that his black walnuts are
+doing well, but a late spring frost killed the catkins on the Cosford,
+Medium Long and Italian Red filberts. Mr. Blake suggests a theory of
+bark rot and asks the opinion of other nut growers. He noticed that in
+several instances of bark rot on Thomas and Stambaugh black walnuts the
+diameter of the scion was larger than that of the stock. He concludes
+that the scion was taken from a faster growing tree than the one that
+was used for the stock and that the so-called bark rot is cambium rot
+due to the fact that the smaller stock does not completely feed the
+cells of the naturally faster growing section. Dr. Blake therefore
+suggests more study of the compatibility of scion to stock, especially
+in regard to growth and bearing. He notes that in fruit trees the root
+stock is of importance in this regard and it may be that the variance in
+reports from different localities on black walnuts and other nut trees
+may be due to the difference in root stock as well as climate and soil
+conditions.
+
+Edward Fuhlbruegge of Scotch Plains has long tried to grow pawpaw
+seedlings with no success. He wants to know if any other New Jersey
+members have been able to raise pawpaws from seed.
+
+     (Ed.--He should keep the seedbed moist through the summer. These
+     seeds germinate slowly and the seedlings cannot emerge through a
+     hard soil surface.)
+
+The observation of Gilbert V. P. Terhune of Newfoundland is that the
+native chestnuts continue to sprout and occasionally produce nuts. He
+predicts that in years to come we will again have our native chestnuts.
+[Ed.--Someone should carefully save his nuts and grow trees from them.]
+
+John H. Donnelly of Hoboken asks other nut growers for their opinion of
+using cut grass as a mulch for nut trees. [Ed.--Excellent.]
+
+From Fairlawn J. L. Brewer states that his black walnuts do not seem to
+have any bad effects on raspberries and strawberries, thus adding
+another note to the long controversy as to the deleterious effects of
+black walnuts on the soil. His Texas pecan and Indiana hickory
+seedlings, although planted in favorable location, have not made a good
+growth. [Ed.--Did he feed them?]
+
+Louis P. Rocker of Andover reports his Thomas and Stabler walnuts had a
+good crop in 1946 but this year have few nuts.
+
+This planting (Buckwalter) consists of _Castanea mollissima_,
+_mollissima_ hybrids and _Japonica_ (crenata). Due to circumstances
+during the war years, we have not been able to do much with this
+orchard; however, we hope gradually to build it up.
+
+In 1946 the part of the chestnut crop that was harvested was infested
+with the chestnut curculios. About fifty per cent of the nuts were
+affected. No infestation had been noted in previous years, although in
+1945 the crop was not harvested at all. [Ed.--That gave the worms their
+chance to propagate.]
+
+We will not be able to spray our entire chestnut orchard this year;
+however, a few of the trees will be sprayed to determine the
+effectiveness of DDT as a control. In the December, 1946 issue of "The
+American Fruit Grower" it was stated that DDT as a wettable power (four
+pounds of fifty per cent DDT to one hundred gallons of water) should be
+used. Three applications gave best results, and this will be tried on
+our trees.
+
+This year we have a good crop of nuts and hope to select the best of our
+trees, which will be included in next year's report.
+
+
+
+
+Report of Resolutions Committee
+
+
+The Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc., is bringing to a close the
+38th annual convention with deep appreciation of the complete and
+satisfying hospitality which we have enjoyed at the hands of our hosts,
+the Ontario Agricultural College. We have enjoyed the beautiful, well
+kept, and spacious grounds, the substantial and well planned buildings,
+the thoughtful and pleasant help of all of the personnel with whom we
+have come in contact, especially Dr. J. S. Shoemaker, head of the
+Department of Horticulture in whose building we have had satisfactory
+meeting place, display room, use of lantern and operator, and the
+esthetic satisfaction of looking at beautiful flowers harmoniously
+arranged.
+
+We have been well nourished with good food, well prepared and
+expeditiously served.
+
+We especially appreciate the courteous entertainment that the faculty
+ladies have so kindly arranged for the ladies who accompany us.
+
+For many years Clarence Reed has been one of the "war horses" of the N.
+N. G. A. We were expecting to see him cap this long service by presiding
+over this session, and it was with great sorrow that we learned of his
+inability to be with us.
+
+Your Resolutions Committee wishes to call attention to the excellent
+manner in which Dr. L. H. MacDaniels has conducted the sessions of this
+convention.
+
+It is with great regret that the members of this Association learned of
+the resignation of Miss Mildred Jones as Secretary. Her work in that
+office has been of an unusually high order of efficiency and devotion.
+It was the kind of work which shows the enthusiasm that arises from deep
+personal interest. Her services will be greatly missed.
+
+  Dr. W. Rohrbacher,
+  Dr. J. Russell Smith,
+  Sterling Smith,
+  Wm. Hodgson.
+
+
+
+
+Report of the Necrology Committee
+
+JOSEPH GERARDI
+
+
+Mr. Joseph Gerardi, 78 year old nurseryman, died at his home in
+O'Fallon, Ill., on April 3rd, 1947.
+
+Mr. Gerardi was an enthusiastic and especially well informed student of
+nut culture. He was always looking for new and better seedlings, some of
+which were named as they were found worthy. His Gerardi hican is
+probably one of the best in that group. He also introduced the Gildig
+pecans (Gildig Nos. 1 and 2) and the Fisher pecan. Mr. Gerardi was quite
+successful as a propagator and always tried to have nursery stock of the
+best varieties. His loss will be keenly felt. His son, Louis Gerardi,
+will continue the propagation of nut trees at Caseyville, Ill.
+
+(The following notes are supplied by Louis Gerardi.--Ed.)
+
+Joseph Gerardi was born in the year 1868 on the old Hagamann farm, five
+and one-half miles northwest of Lebanon, Ill., in O'Fallon Township. He
+was the fourth child of John and Catherine (Haas) Gerardi.
+
+When he reached the age of five years, his parents moved on a farm three
+and one-half miles southeast of Trenton, Illinois, in Clinton County.
+His early schooling was obtained in the McKee School near his home and
+in St. Mary's School in the town of Trenton, Illinois. After graduating
+from the eighth grade, he helped his father through the spring and
+summer months with the farm work, but in the winter attended McKee
+school.
+
+In the year 1894 at the age of 25 years he left the home farm in Clinton
+County, and moved to a farm two and one-half miles southeast of
+Jerseyville, Illinois, in Jersey County. Here he began the study of
+fruit growing, and became an agent for the Stark Bros. Nursery.
+
+In 1907 he married Eleanor Collignon of Trenton, Illinois. To this union
+six children were born: Eleanor Barbara, Sharlotte Catherine, Eugenia
+Ruth, Louis Joseph, Bernice Marie, and Gertrude Beatrice.
+
+In the spring of 1918 he sold this farm and moved to Trenton, Ill.,
+where he worked with his father-in-law, John Martin Collignon, doing
+construction work. During this year he searched for a farm with soil
+suitable for fruit growing.
+
+In 1919 he purchased a 110 acre farm situated two and one-half miles
+west of O'Fallon, Illinois. The next year he set out twenty acres of
+Stark Bros. trees.
+
+While living on this farm in the fall of 1920 the little family had its
+first great loss. Here the oldest girl, Eleanor Barbara, died from a
+railroad accident.
+
+Julius Rohr, watching him work with his trees, encouraged him to start
+his own nursery because he knew so much about trees. With this
+encouragement, he started his own nursery in 1923. As demand increased
+he added a general line of nursery stock.
+
+Being interested in better varieties of fruit trees, he also became
+interested in better varieties of nuts. Having some native nut trees on
+his farm, he began to buy the better varieties of nut trees grown by
+other nurseries. When these came into bearing, not being satisfied with
+the known varieties of nuts on the market, he began his search for
+better nuts.
+
+In the fall of 1930 while searching in the river bottoms of Clinton
+County, Illinois, he discovered the Gerardi hican, and began its
+propagation and distributed it among other nurseries. It is now known
+the country over.
+
+A few years later while hunting in the same river bottoms with a friend
+named Frank Gildig, he was shown a very fine pecan which now bears the
+name of the Gildig pecan. And also the Queens Lake Pecan originated in
+the same locality. These were introduced in the year 1936. His health
+failed and in 1942 he discontinued growing general nursery stock and
+grew only nut trees, until his death, which was caused by cancer in the
+spring of 1947.
+
+
+
+
+MAJOR HIRAM B. FERRIS
+
+
+Our Major Hiram B. Ferris, of Spokane, Washington, died May 14th, 1947.
+He was a valued member, and his loss is keenly felt. He has been a
+source of inspiration, and a highly esteemed bank of information and
+instruction. His passing is very much regretted.
+
+(Submitted by George L. Denman, Spokane, Washington.)
+
+  Mrs. William Rohrbacher,
+  Mrs. John Hershey,
+  Mrs. J. F. Johns.
+  (_Committee Members_)
+
+
+
+
+Exhibitors At the Annual Meeting of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, Guelph, Ontario, Sept. 3, 4, 5, 1947
+
+
+  A. B. Anthony, Sterling, Ill.
+        Black walnuts, Anthony shagbark hickory.
+
+  Mrs. F. L. Baum, Yellow House, Pa.
+        Black walnut kernels.
+
+  G. H. Corsan, "Echo Valley", Islington, Ont.
+        Black walnuts, Persian walnuts, Japanese walnuts, heartnuts,
+        filberts, shellbark and shagbark hickories.
+
+  H. H. Corsan, Hillsdale, Mich.
+        Black walnuts, Persian walnuts, Japanese heartnuts and walnuts,
+        pecans, hicans, butternuts, butternut hybrids, shagbark and
+        shellbark hickories.
+
+  Dr. R. T. Dunstan, Greensboro College, Greensboro, N. C.
+        Black walnuts, filberts, shagbark hickories, pecans.
+
+  Fayette Etter, Lemasters, Pa.
+        Black walnuts, Persian walnuts, Chinese chestnuts, filberts,
+        shagbark and shellbark hickories.
+
+  J. U. Gellatly, Westbank, B. C.
+        Hybrid filberts, hybrid butternuts, photographs.
+
+  A. G. Hirschi, Oklahoma City, Okla.
+        Pecan clusters, various varieties.
+
+  E. F. Huen, Eldora, Iowa.
+        Black walnuts.
+
+  G. J. Korn, Kalamazoo, Mich.
+        Black walnut kernels, black walnuts, Persian walnuts, Persian
+        walnut hybrids, shagbark hickories.
+
+  Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, N. Y.
+        Black walnuts, Japanese heartnuts, Turkish filbert, shagbark and
+        shellbark hickories.
+
+  J. C. McDaniel, Nashville 3, Tenn.
+        Shagbark hickories, heartnut, Texas walnut.
+
+  Papple Brothers, Brantford, Ont.
+        Black walnuts, Japanese heartnuts, filberts.
+
+  Jay L. Smith, Chester, N. Y.
+        Filberts, Japanese chestnuts.
+
+  H. F. Stoke, Roanoke, Va.
+        Black and Persian walnuts, heartnuts, filberts, shagbark and
+        shellbark hickories, Chinese, Japanese, American and hybrid
+        chestnuts, papaws, chestnut grafts.
+
+  Kenneth Thomas, Baltimore, Md.
+        Black walnuts.
+
+  Lynn Tuttle, Clarkston, Wash.
+        Persian walnut nuts and shield buds, filberts.
+
+  U. S. Department of Agriculture, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.
+        Persian walnuts, heartnuts, pecans, Chinese and Japanese chestnuts,
+        Allegheny chinkapin.
+
+  Vineland Experiment Station, Vineland, Ont.
+        Persian walnuts, filberts, almonds.
+
+  J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Ind.
+        Black walnuts, hicans.
+
+[Illustration: PICTURES MADE ON THE _1947_ TOUR]
+
+The photograph on this page was taken by Sterling Smith, those on pp.
+126-7 are by Dorothy Milne. Groups of NNGA members are shown examining
+nut trees and other items of interest on G. H. Corsan's place, "Echo
+Valley," Islington, Ontario.
+
+
+
+
+Attendance
+
+
+  Mr. and Mrs. Royal Oakes, Bluffs, Ill.
+  Mr. and Mrs. Henry Gressel, Mohawk, N. Y.
+  Mr. and Mrs. F. L. O'Rourke, East Lansing, Mich.
+  Mr. Ford Wallick, Peru, Ind.
+  Mr. Carl Prell, South Bend, Ind.
+  Dr. Arthur S. Colby, U. of Ill., Urbana, Ill.
+  Rosamond H. Waite, M.D., Perrysburg, N. Y.
+  Mr. and Mrs. Raymond E. Silvis, Massillon, O.
+  Mrs. Herbert Negus, Mt. Rainier, Md.
+  Mr. and Mrs. G. F. Gravatt, U. S. Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville, Md.
+  W. M. Churchill, Chicago, Ill.
+  Edwin W. Lemke, Detroit, Mich.
+  Wm. C. Hodgson, White Hall, Md.
+  Ivor H. Harrhy, Burgessville, Ont.
+  Gordon Porter, Windsor, Ont.
+  Dr. and Mrs. Wm. Rohrbacher, Iowa City, Ia.
+  Betty Rohrbacher, Iowa City, Ia.
+  Anne Clarke, Columbus, Ohio.
+  G. L. Slate, Geneva, N. Y.
+  Mr. and Mrs. John H. Connelly, Milford, N. J.
+  J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Ind.
+  Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, N. Y.
+  Sterling A. Smith, Vermilion, Ohio
+  D. C. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa
+  Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa.
+  Mr. and Mrs. H. F. Stoke, Roanoke, Va.
+  Eugene F. Cranz, Ira, Ohio
+  Victor Brook, Rochester, N. Y.
+  George Salzer, Rochester, N. Y.
+  Dr. and Mrs. H. L. Crane, Hyattsville, Md.
+  Spencer B. Chase, Norris, Tenn.
+  Ira M. Kyhl, Sabula, Iowa
+  Mr. and Mrs. R. P. Allaman, Harrisburg, Pa.
+  H. A. English, Duncan, B. C.
+  Wm. J. Little, St. George
+  W. J. Strong, Vineland, Ont.
+  Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio
+  G. J. Korn, Kalamazoo, Mich.
+  Roy E. Ferguson, Center Point, Iowa
+  Elton E. Papple, Cainsville, Ont.
+  Merle H. Papple, Cainsville, Ont.
+  E. F. Huen, Eldora, Iowa
+  C. C. Lounsberry, Ames, Iowa
+  Ralph Emerson, Highland Park, Mich.
+  Joseph C. McDaniel, Nashville 3, Tenn.
+  Mr. and Mrs. Blaine McCollum, White Hall, Md.
+  H. W. Guengerich, Louisiana, Mo.
+  J. S. Shoemaker, Guelph, Ont.
+  Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Bernath, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
+  William S. Clarke, Jr., State College, Pa.
+  E. Sam Hemming, Easton, Md.
+  John Rick, Reading, Pa.
+  Lewis E. Theiss, Lewisburg, Pa.
+  Ralph Gibson, Williamsport 15, Pa.
+  Gilbert L. Smith, Wassaic, N. Y.
+  Levi Housser, Beamsville, Ont.
+  Mr. and Mrs. Philip S. Moyer, Harrisburg, Pa.
+  Ernest Chitton, Norwich, Ont.
+  H. Lynn Tuttle, Clarkston, Wash.
+  Mrs. J. A. Neilson, Guelph, Ont.
+  Mildred Jones, Lancaster, Pa.
+  J. R. VanHaarlem, Vineland Station, Ontario
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+Announcements
+
+
+PUBLICATIONS
+
+Fall, 1947 and Winter, 1947-48 numbers of "The Nutshell", news bulletin
+of the NNGA, have been issued by the Secretary's office. It is intended
+to have this bulletin distributed to members four times a year. It will
+carry news of the Association's activities, supplementing the "Nut
+Growers News" column in the American Fruit Grower magazine, as well as
+reprints of items from other sources that concern nut growers in the
+northern two-thirds of the United States plus southern Canada. Beginning
+with the Winter, 1947-48 issue, advertising is being accepted in "The
+Nutshell." Members who have not received the first two issues, and
+others who want additional copies, may obtain them by writing to the
+Secretary.
+
+This Report is a few pages short of its anticipated size, because of the
+withdrawal for additional entries of a "Bibliography of References on
+Nuts of Special Interest in the North." We hope to have this brought up
+to date for publication in the next Annual Report.
+
+
+PUBLICITY
+
+All members can contribute to the strength of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, Inc., by showing its publications to their neighbors, and
+by calling them to the attention of local farm paper and newspaper
+editors.
+
+Several of our members have helped swell the NNGA membership by
+mentioning it in nut tree articles for local and regional publications.
+As an example, Mr. H. F. Stoke wrote a short article on Chinese
+chestnuts for the "Southern Agriculturist", February, 1948 issue. At the
+end he stated that a list of nurseries selling Chinese chestnut and
+other nut trees could be obtained from the NNGA Secretary's office. To
+date (January 26, 1948) more than 50 requests have been received and
+each day brings more. Along with the nursery list, these correspondents
+receive information about the Northern Nut Growers Association, so any
+sudden increase in our membership in the States from North Carolina to
+Texas can be ascribed to this bit of publicity.
+
+
+STYLE MANUAL
+
+Mr. Clarence A. Reed, our retiring President (1946-47), has a suggestion
+for writers for publication:
+
+"An authoritative guide for writers is the _STYLE MANUAL_ issued by the
+U. S. Government Printing Office (Washington 25, D. C.) Its use by
+Association writers would go far toward standardizing their papers and
+in simplifying the work of editing. The 1945 edition contains 435 pages.
+Cloth bound $1.50. Paper cover 35c. There is no charge for postage."
+
+
+1948 MEETING
+
+The dates selected by the Directors for the 39th Annual Meeting of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc. are September 13, 14, and 15. The
+place is Norris, Tennessee. Norris is about 25 miles from Knoxville.
+
+  J. C. McDANIEL, Secretary,
+  c/o Tennessee Department of Agriculture,
+  Nashville 3, Tennessee.
+
+Hybrid Walnut Scions Offered for Nut Breeding
+
+(The following note seems to me to belong in the NNGA Report, even
+though it wasn't on the program. It is an invitation to the
+experimenters to get something they might want.--J. Russell Smith.)
+
+Thomas R. Haig, M.D., 3344 H. St., Sacramento, California, reports a
+promising cross of northern California black X Persian walnut: "The nuts
+are fertile. This hybrid produces =pistillate flowers only=, lending
+itself easily to pollination with the various varieties of Persian.
+Should any experimenter wish scions he is welcome. Such scions could
+save considerable time.
+
+"The tree is now 9-10 years old. I obtained 5 nuts in 1947, by
+back-crossing the hybrid to Persian walnut. One seedling obtained
+previously by this hybridization is not yet bearing."
+
+Other members who have available scions of promising hybrids or other
+new varieties of nut trees are invited to communicate promptly with the
+Secretary. A list of these will be published in =THE NUTSHELL= for Spring,
+1948.
+
+
+Hybrid Oak Information
+
+Mr. Thomas Q. Mitchell, 16 East 48th Street, New York 17, New York,
+calls our attention to his article on "Hybrid Oak Crop Trees," in
+Harper's Magazine for February, 1948. He adds: "A much longer article is
+in preparation (in collaboration with Mr. Charles Morrow Wilson) for
+Scientific Monthly. Can you report any hybrid or exotic oaks there, or
+put me in touch with any Dendrophiles interested in oak hybrids as crop
+trees?"
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Report of the Proceedings at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROCEEDINGS, 38TH ANNUAL MEETING, 1947 ***
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of
+the Proceedings at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting
+       Guelph, Ontario, September 3, 4, 5, 1947
+
+Author: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: September 22, 2007 [EBook #22721]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROCEEDINGS, 38TH ANNUAL MEETING, 1947 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Janet Blenkinship
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<p class='center'>DISCLAIMER</p>
+
+<p>The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are
+not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is
+intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not
+mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may
+have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide
+applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current
+label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion
+of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut
+trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular
+time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/imgcover.jpg" width="370" height="600"
+             alt="cover" /><br />
+
+    </div>
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1><br /><br />NORTHERN</h1>
+  <h1>NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION</h1>
+
+<h3><br /><i>INCORPORATED</i></h3>
+
+  <h4><br />AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY</h4>
+
+
+
+  <h2><br /><br /><i>38th Annual Report</i></h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img002.jpg" width="286" height="400"
+             alt="title page decoration" /><br />
+
+    </div>
+
+  <h2>CONVENTION AT GUELPH, ONTARIO</h2>
+
+  <h3>URBANA, ILLINOIS</h3>
+
+  <h3>SEPTEMBER 3, 4, 5, 1947</h3>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="95%" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents">
+<tr><td align='left'>Officers and Committees</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_3'><b>3</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>State Vice Presidents</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>List of Members</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_5'><b>5</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Constitution</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>By-Laws</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Address of Welcome&mdash;Dr. J. S. Shoemaker</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Response&mdash;Dr. L. H. MacDaniels</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Report of Secretary&mdash;Mildred M. Jones</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Report on the Ohio Contest&mdash;Sterling Smith</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_27'><b>27</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Report of Treasurer&mdash;D. C. Snyder</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Other Business of the Association</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Factors Influencing the Hardiness of Woody Plants&mdash;H. L. Crane</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut Culture in Ontario&mdash;I. C. Marritt</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut Growing at the Hort. Sta., Vineland Station, Ont.&mdash;W. J. Strong</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Soil Management for Nut Plantations in Ontario&mdash;J. R. van Haarlem</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Report from Southern Ontario&mdash;Alex Troup</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut Trees Hardy at Aldershot, Ontario, Canada&mdash;O. Filman</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Report from Echo Valley, 1947&mdash;George Hebden Corsan</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Report from Beamsville, Ontario&mdash;Levi Housser</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut Growing in New Hampshire&mdash;L. P. Latimer</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut Notes from New Hampshire&mdash;Matthew Lahti</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Simplified Schedule for Judging Black Walnut Varieties&mdash;L. H. MacDaniels and S. S. Atwood</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Test Plantings of Thomas Black Walnut in the Tennessee Valley&mdash;Spencer B. Chase</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>West Tennessee Variety, Breeding and Propagation Tests, 1947&mdash;Aubrey Richards, M. D.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Notes on Some Kansas and Kentucky Pecans in Central Texas&mdash;O. S. Gray</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_69'><b>69</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Experiences of a Nut Tree Nurseryman&mdash;J. F. Wilkinson</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Morphology and Structure of the Walnut&mdash;C. C. Lounsberry</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Method of Budding Walnuts&mdash;H. Lynn Tuttle</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Questions asked Mr. Stoke after his demonstration of grafting and budding</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Importance of Bud Selection in the Grafting of Nut Trees&mdash;G. J. Korn</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Hemming Chinese Chestnuts&mdash;E. Sam Hemming</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Results of a Chinese Chestnut Rootstock Experiment&mdash;J. W. McKay</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Breeding Chestnut Trees: Report for 1946 and 1947&mdash;Arthur Harmount Graves</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chinese Chestnuts in the Chattahoochie Valley&mdash;G. S. Jones</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Some Results with Filbert Breeding at Geneva, N. Y.&mdash;George L. Slate</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut News from Wisconsin&mdash;Carl Weschcke</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_101'><b>101</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Home Preparation of Filbert Butter and Other Products&mdash;Mrs. Jeanne M. Altman</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Notes from Central New York&mdash;S. H. Graham</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Experience with the Crath Carpathian Walnuts&mdash;Gilbert L. Smith</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Observations on Hardiness of the Carpathian Walnuts at Poughkeepsie, New York&mdash;Stephen Bernath</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Discussion after Graham, Smith, and Bernath Persian walnut papers</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nuts About Trees&mdash;R. E. Hodgson</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Report on Nut Trees at Massillon&mdash;Raymond E. Silvis</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Planting of Nut Trees on Highways Undesirable&mdash;R. P. Allaman</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut Growing for the Farm Owner&mdash;H. Gleason Mattoon</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tree Crop and Nut Notes from Southern Pennsylvania&mdash;John W. Hershey</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Notes from the New Jersey Section of the Northern Nut Growers Association&mdash;Mrs. Alan R. Buckwalter</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Report of Resolutions Committee</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Report of the Necrology Committee&mdash;Gerardi, Ferris</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Exhibitors</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Attendance</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pictures Made on 1947 Tour</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a>, <a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a>, <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Announcements</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="OFFICERS_OF_THE_ASSOCIATION" id="OFFICERS_OF_THE_ASSOCIATION"></a>OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="85%" cellspacing="0" summary="OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION">
+<tr><td align='left'><i>President</i>&mdash;John Davidson, 234 E. Second St., Xenia, Ohio</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Vice President</i>&mdash;Dr. L. H. Macdaniels, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Treasurer</i>&mdash;D. C. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Secretary</i>&mdash;J. C. McDaniel, Tennessee Dept. of Agr., State Office Bldg., Nashville 3, Tenn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Director</i>&mdash;Clarence A. Reed, 7309 Piney Branch Rd., N. W., Washington, D. C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Director</i>&mdash;Carl Weschcke, 96 S. Wabasha St., Saint Paul, Minn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Dean</i>&mdash;Dr. W. C. Deming, 31 S. Highland, W. Hartford 7, Conn.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Constitution Committee</i>&mdash;L. H. MacDaniels, George L. Slate, Miss Mildred Jones</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+  <h3>EXECUTIVE APPOINTMENTS</h3>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="90%" cellspacing="0" summary="EXECUTIVE APPOINTMENTS">
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Press and Publication</i>&mdash;-Editorial Section: Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Dr. W. C. Deming, Miss Mildred Jones, Dr. J. Russell Smith, Dr. A. S. Colby, George L. Slate, H. F. Stoke</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Publicity Section: Dr. J. Russell Smith, H. F. Stoke, C. A. Reed, A. A. Bungart, J. C. McDaniel</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Printing Section: J. C. McDaniel, H. F. Stoke</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Program</i>&mdash;Spencer B. Chase, J. C. McDaniel, C. A. Reed, Dr. O. D. Diller, Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Miss Mildred Jones</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Place of Meeting</i>&mdash;George L. Slate, D. C. Snyder, Royal Oakes, Dr. A. H. Graves</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Varieties and Contests</i>&mdash;T. G. Zarger, L. Walter Sherman, Sterling Smith, J. F. Wilkinson, Gilbert Becker, Gilbert L. Smith, A. G. Hirschi, Seward Berhow.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Standards and Judging Section of this Committee: Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Spencer Chase, C. A. Reed, H. F. Stoke</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Survey and Research</i>&mdash;R. E. Silvis, S. H. Graham, G. A. Gray, E. F. Huen, Dr. Kenneth W. Hunt, Dr. C. H. Skinner, H. S. Wise, Dr. G. F. Gravatt, John T. Bregger, Dr. A. H. Graves</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Membership</i>&mdash;Mrs. S. H. Graham, Mrs. Herbert Negus, Mrs. Harry Weber</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Exhibits</i>&mdash;H. F. Stoke, Jay L. Smith, L. Walter Sherman, J. F. Wilkinson, G. L. Smith, H. H. Corsan, G. H. Corsan, Carl Weschcke, Royal Oakes, H. G. Mattoon, George Brand, Seward Berhow</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Necrology</i>&mdash;Mrs. William Rohrbacher, Mrs. John Hershey, Mrs. J. F. Johns</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Audit</i>&mdash;Dr. William Rohrbacher, E. P. Gerber, R. P. Allaman</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Finance</i>&mdash;Carl Weschcke, Harry Weber, Carl F. Walker, D. C. Snyder</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Legal Advisers</i>&mdash;Harry Weber, Sargent Wellman</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Official Journal</i>&mdash;American Fruit Grower, 1370 Ontario St., Cleveland 13, Ohio</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="State_Vice-Presidents" id="State_Vice-Presidents"></a>State Vice-Presidents</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="State Vice-Presidents">
+<tr><td align='left'>Alabama</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Lovic Orr</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Alberta, Canada</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">A. L. Young</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Arkansas</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">A. C. Hale</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>British Columbia, Canada</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">J. U. Gellatly</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>California</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Dr. Thomas R. Haig</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Colorado</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">W. A. Colt</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Connecticut</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">William G. Canfield</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Delaware</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Edward S. Lake</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Florida</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">C. A. Avant</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Georgia</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">G. Clyde Eidson</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Idaho</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Fred Baisch</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Illinois</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Louis Gerardi</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Indiana</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Carl F. Prell</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Iowa</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Ira M. Kyhl</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kansas</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Frank E. Borst</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kentucky</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Dr. C. A. Moss</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Louisiana</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">J. Hill Fullilove</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Manitoba, Canada</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">A. H. Young</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Maryland</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Wilmer P. Hoopes</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Massachusetts</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Dr. R. A. van Meter</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mexico</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Frederico Compean</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Michigan</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Gilbert Becker</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Minnesota</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">R. E. Hodgson</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mississippi</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">James R. Meyer</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Missouri</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Adolph Giesson</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Nebraska</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">George Brand</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New Hampshire</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Matthew Lahti</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New Jersey</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Mrs. A. R. Buckwalter</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New York</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Clarence Lewis</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>North Carolina</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Dr. R. T. Dunstan</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ohio</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">A. A. Bungart</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Oklahoma</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">A. G. Hirschi</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ontario, Canada</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">G. H. Corsan</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Oregon</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">S. M. Dohanian</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pennsylvania</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">H. Gleason Mattoon</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rhode Island</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Philip Allen</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>South Carolina</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">John T. Bregger</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>South Dakota</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Homer L. Bradley</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tennessee</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Thomas G. Zarger</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Texas</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Kaufman Florida</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Utah</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Granville Oleson</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Vermont</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">A. W. Aldrich</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Virginia</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Dr. V. A. Pertzoff</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Washington</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">F. D. Linkletter</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>West Virginia</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Wendell W. Hoover</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wisconsin</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">W. S. Bassett</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wyoming</td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">W. D. Greene</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Northern_Nut_Growers_Association" id="Northern_Nut_Growers_Association"></a>Northern Nut Growers Association</h2>
+
+<h3>Membership List as of December 1, 1947</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ALABAMA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Orr, Lovic, Penn-Orr-McDaniel Orchards, Rt. 1, Danville</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ARKANSAS</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hale, A. C., Rt. 2, Box 322, Camden</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Harris, Lt. Col. Oscar B., Rt. 1, Fayetteville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stanley, Julian G., Rt. 1, Box 239, Camden</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Winn, J. B., Westfork</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">CALIFORNIA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Armstrong Nurseries, 408 N. Euclid Ave., Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gaston, Eugene T., Rt. 2, Box 771, Turlock</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Haig, Dr. Thomas R., 3344 H. St., Sacramento</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kemple, W. H., 22 West Ralston St., Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Logan, George F., 16125 Hoover Street, Gardena</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Parsons, Chas. E., Felix Gillet Nursery, Nevada City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pozzi, P. H., 2875 S. Dutton Ave., Santa Rosa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Walter, E. D., 899 Alameda, Berkeley</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Welby, Harry S., 500 Buchanan St., Taft</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">CANADA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Brown, Alger, Rt. 1, Harley, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cahoon, Dr. E. B., 333 O'Connor Dr., Toronto 6, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Casanave, John A., 909 Patterson Rd., Lulu Island, Vancouver, B. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Corsan, George H., Echo Valley, Islington, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Crath, Rev. Paul C., Rt. 2, Connington, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Eddie &amp; Sons, Ltd., Pacific Coast Nurseries, Sardis, B. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Elgood, H., 74 Trans Canada Highway West, Chilliwack, B. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">English, H. A., Box 153, Duncan, B. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Filman, O., Aldershot, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gellatly, J. U., Box 19, Westbank, B. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Giegerich, H. C., Con-Mine, Trail, B. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Goodwin, Geoffrey L., Rt. 3, St. Catherines, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Harrhy, Ivor H., Rt. 1, Burgessville, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Housser, Levi, Beamsville, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lawes, E. H., 412 Westmoreland Ave., Toronto 4, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Little, Wm. J., Rt. 1, St. George, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Maillene, George, Rt. 1, Fulford Harbor, B. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Manten, Jacob, Rt. 1, White Rock, B. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">*Neilson, Mrs. Ellen, 5 McDonald Ave., Guelph, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Papple, Elton E., Rt. 3, Cainsville, Ontario</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Porter, Gordon, Y. M. C. A., Windsor, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stephenson, Mrs. J. H., 1539 Bellevue Ave., West Vancouver, B. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Trayling, E. J., 509 Richards St., Vancouver, B. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wagner, A. S., Delhi, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Willis, A. R., Rt. 1, Royal Oak, Vancouver Island, B. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wharton, H. W., Rt. 2, Guelph, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wood, C. F., Hobbs Glass, Ltd., 7 Dale Ave., Toronto, Ontario</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Yates, J., 2150 E. 65th Ave., Vancouver, B. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Young, A. H., Portage La Prairie, Manitoba</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Young, A. L., Brooks, Alta.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">COLORADO</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Colt, W. A., Lyons</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hyde, Arthur, P. O. Box 417, Dolores</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">CONNECTICUT</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Canfield, William G., 463 West Main St., New Britain</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">**Deming, Dr. W. C., 31 S. Highland, West Hartford 7</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gresecke, Paul, 379 Weed Ave., Stamford</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Graham, Mrs. Cooper, Darien</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Graves, Dr. A. H., 255 So. Main St., Wallingford</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Huntington, A. M., Stranerigg Farms, Bethel</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kydd, Dr. D. M., 19 Westwood Rd., New Haven 15</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">McSweet, Arthur, Clapboard Hill Rd., Guilford</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Milde, Karl F., Town Farm Rd., Litchfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Newmaker, Adolph, Rt. 1, Rockville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Page, Donald T., Box 391, Rt. 1, Danielson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rodgers, Raymond, Rt. 2, Westport</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rozanshi, Joseph, 130 La Salle St., New Britain</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Scazlia, Jos. A., 372 Matson Hill Rd., So. Glastonbury</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Senior, Sam P., Rt. 1, Bridgeport</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">White, George E., Rt. 2, Andover</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">DELAWARE</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Brugmann, Elmer W., 1904 Washington St., Wilmington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lake, Edward S., Sharpless Road, Hockessin</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wilkins, Lewis, Rt. 1, Newark</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Borchers, Perry E., 1329 Quincy St., N. W., Washington 11, D. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Graff, Geo. U., 242 Peabody St., N. W., Washington, D. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kaan, Dr. Helen W., National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Ave.,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Washington 25, D. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Librarian, American Potash Institute, Inc., 1155-16th St., N. W.,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Washington, D. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Reed, C. A., 7309 Piney Branch Rd., N. W., Washington 12, D. C.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">FLORIDA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Avant, C. A., 960 N. W. 10th Ave., Miami</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">GEORGIA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Eidson, G. Clyde, 1700 Westwood Ave., S. W., Atlanta</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hammar, Dr. Harold E., U. S. Pecan Field Sta., Box 84, Albany</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hunter, H. Reid, 561 Lake Shore Dr., N. E., Atlanta</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Neal, Homer A., Neal's Nursery, Rt. 1, Carnesville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Skyland Farms, S. C. Noland &amp; C. H. Crawford, 161 Spring St., N. W.,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Atlanta</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wilson, Wm. J., North Anderson Ave., Ft. Valley</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IDAHO</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Baisch, Fred, 627 E. Main St., Emmett</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dryden, Lynn, Peck</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Falin, Mrs. John, Riggins</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hazelbaker, Calvin, Lewiston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kudlac, Joe T., Box 147, Buhl</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">McGoran, J. E., Box 42, Spirit Lake, Idaho</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Swayne, Samuel F., Orofino</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ILLINOIS</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Albrecht, H. W., Delaven</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Allen, Theodore R., Delevan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Anthony, A. B., Rt. 3, Sterling</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Baber, Adin, Kansas</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Best, R. B., Eldred</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bolle, Dr. A. C., 324 E. State St., Jacksonville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bradley, James W., 1307 N. McKinley Ave., Champaign</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bronson, Earle A., 800 Simpson St., Evanston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Churchill, Woodford M., 4333 Oakenwold, Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Colby, Dr. Arthur S., University of Illinois, Urbana</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dietrich, Ernest, Rt. 2, Dundas</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dintelman, L. F., Belleville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Frey, Mrs. Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Frey, Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Frierdich, Fred, 3907 W. Main St., Belleville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gerardi, Louis, Rt. 1, Caseyville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Haeseler, L. M., 1959 W. Madison St., Chicago</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Heberlein, Edw. W., Rt. 1, Box 72 A, Roscoe</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Helmle, Herman C., 123 N. Walnut St., Springfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hockenyoo, G. L., 213 E. Jefferson St., Springfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Holland, Dr. W. W., 512 N. Randolf St., Macomb</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Johnson, Hjalmar W., 5811 Dorchester Ave., Chicago 37</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Jungk, Adolph, 817 Washington Ave., Alton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kilner, F. R., American Nurseryman, 343 S. Dearborn St., Chicago 4</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Klein, A. F., 1026 Harrison St., Galesburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Knobloch, Miss Margaret, Arthur</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kreider, Ralph, Jr., Hammond</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Langdoe, Wesley W., Erie Community High School, Erie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Leighton, L. C., Arthur</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Mandrell, C. Wayne, Box 642, Tolono</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Oakes, Royal, Bluffs</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pray, A. Lee, 502 North Main St., LeRoy</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Sonnemann, W. F., Experimental Gardens, Vandalia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Seaton, Earl D., 2313 6th, Peru</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Terril, Mark, 726 Greenleaf Ave., Wilmette</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Urush, R. A., 1022 N. Dearborn, Chicago 10</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Whitford, A. M., Farina</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Williams, Jerry F., 2704 Walnut St., Shelbyville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Youngberg, Harry W., Port Clinton Rd., Prairie View</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">INDIANA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Behr, J. E., Laconia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Boyer, Clyde C, Nabb</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cole, Chas. Jr., 220 West La Salle Ave., South Bend</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Garber, H. G., Indiana State Farm, Greencastle</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gentry, Herbert M., Rt. 2, Noblesville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Glaser, Peter, Rt. 1, Box 301, Evansville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hite, Charles Dean, Rt. 2, Bluffton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pritchett, Emery, 1340 Park Ave., Fort Wayne</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Prell, Carl F., 803 West Colfax Ave., South Bend</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ramsey, Arthur, Muncie Tree Surgery Co., Muncie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Simpson, Paul F., 5951 Indianola, Indianapolis 20</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Skinner, Dr. Charles H., Rt. 1, Thornton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Sly, Miss Barbara, Rt. 3, Rockport</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Sly, Donald R., Rt. 3, Rockport</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stephenson, Walter, Delta Electric Co., Marion</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stierwalt, G. W., Rt. 4, Greencastle</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wallick, Ford, Rt. 4, Peru</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Warren, E. L., New Richmond</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IOWA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Berhow, S., Berhow Nurseries, Huxley</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Boice, R. H., Rt. 1, Nashua</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cole, Edward P., 419 Chestnut St., Atlantic</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ferguson, Albert B., Center Point</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ferguson, Roy, Center Point</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ferris, Wayne, Hampton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gardner, Clark, Gardner Nurseries, Osage</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Harrison, L. E., Nashua</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Huen, E. F., Eldora</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Inter-State Nurseries, Hamburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Iowa Fruit Growers' Association, State House, Des Moines</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kaser, J. D., Winterset</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kivell, Ivan E., Rt. 3, Greene</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kyhl, Ira M., Box 236, Sabula</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lanman, Harry, Hamburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Last, Herman, Steamboat Rock</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lounsberry, C. C., 209 Howard Ave., Ames</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Martazahn, Frank A., Rt. 3, Davenport</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">McLeran, Harold F., Mt. Pleasant</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Meints, A. Rock, Dixon</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rodenberg, Henry, Guttenberg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rohrbacher, Dr. Wm., 811 East College St., Iowa City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Schlagenbusch Bros., Rt. 3, Ft. Madison</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Snyder, D. C., Center Point</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Steffen, R. F., Box 1302, Sioux City 7</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Swartzendruber, D. B., Kalona</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wade, Ida May, Rt. 3, LaPorte City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Widmer, H. R., Bloomfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Welch, H. S., Mt. Arbor Nurseries, Shenandoah</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wood, Roy A., Castana</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">KANSAS</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Baker, F. C., Troy</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Borst, Frank E., 1704 Shawnee St., Leavenworth</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Boyd, Elmer, Rt. 1, Box 95, Oskaloosa</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Burrichter, George W., c/o Mrs. James Stone, 3011 N. 36th St.,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Kansas City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Fisher, Richard W., 704 N. 12th St., Leavenworth</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Funk, M. D., 1501 N. Tyler St., Topeka</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gray, Dr. Clyde, 1045 Central Avenue, Horton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hofman, Rayburn, Rt. 5, Manhattan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Leavenworth Nurseries, Rt. 3, Leavenworth</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Mendere, John, Lansing</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Threlenhaus, W. F., Rt. 1, Buffalo</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">KENTUCKY</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Alves, Robert H., Nehi Bottling Co., Henderson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Baughn, Cullie, Rt. 6, Box 1, Franklin</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cornett, Chas. L., Box 566, Lynch</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Moss, Dr. C. A., Williamsburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Palmeter, Clarence, Rt 1, Mt. Sterling</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Tatum, W. G., Rt. 4, Lebanon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Whittinghill, Lonnie M., Box 10, Love</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">LOUISIANA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Fullilove, J. Hill, Box 157, Shreveport</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MARYLAND</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Crane, Dr. H. L., Bureau of Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc., Dover Rd., Easton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Fletcher, C. Hicks, Lulley's Hillside Farm, Bowie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gravatt, Dr. G. F., Forest Pathology, Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Harris, Walter B., Worton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hodgson, Wm. C, Rt. 1, White Hall</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hoopes, Wilmer P., Forest Hill</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kemp, Homer S., Bountiful Ridge Nurseries, Princess Anne</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Mannakee, N. H., Ashton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">McCollum, Blaine, White Hall</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">McKay, Dr. J. W., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Negus, Mrs. Herbert, 4514-32nd St., Mt. Rainier</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Purnell, J. Edgar, Spring Hill Road, Salisbury</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Shamer, Dr. Maurice E., 3300 W. North Ave., Baltimore</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Thomas, Kenneth D., 2826 Rosalie Ave., Baltimore 14</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MASSACHUSETTS</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Babbitt, Howard S., 321 Dawes Ave., Pittsfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Brown, Daniel L., Esq., 60 State St., Boston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Fitts, Walter H., 39 Baker St., Foxboro</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Fritze, E., Osterville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Garlock, Mott A., 17 Arlington Rd., Longmeadow</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gauthier, Louis R., Wood Hill Rd., Monson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hanchett, James L., Rt. 1, East Longmeadow</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kendall, Henry P., Moose Hill Farm, Sharon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">La Beau, Henry A., North Hoosic Rd., Williamstown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pinkerton, E. G., 177 Lowden St., Dedham</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rice, Horace J., 5 Elm St., Springfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">*Russell, Mrs. Newton H., 12 Burnett Ave., South Hadley</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Short, I. W., 299 Washington St., Taunton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stewart, O. W., 75 Milton Ave., Hyde Park</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Swartz, H. P., 206 Chicopee St., Chicopee</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Van Meter, Dr. R. A., French Hall, M.S.C., Amherst</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wellman, Sargent H., Esq., Windridge, Topsfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Westcott, Samuel K., 70 Richview Ave., North Adams</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Weston Nurseries, Inc., Brown &amp; Winters Sts., Weston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Weymouth, Paul W., 183 Plymouth St., Holbrook</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MEXICO</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Compean, Senor Federico, Gerente, Granjas "Cordelia" Apartado 141, San Luis Potosi, Mexico</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MICHIGAN</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Achenbach, W. N., Petoskey</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Andersen, Charles, Andersen Evergreen Nurseries, Scottsville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Barlow, Alfred L., 13079 Flanders Ave., Detroit 5</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Becker, Gilbert, Climax</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Blackman, Orrin C., Box 55, Jackson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bogart, Geo. C., Rt. 2, Three Oaks</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Boylan, P. B., Cloverdale</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bradley, L. J., Rt. 1, Springport</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bumler, Malcolm R., 1097 Lakeview, Detroit</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Rt. 2, Union City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Burgess, E. H., Burgess Seed &amp; Plant Co., Galesburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Burr, Redmond M., 320 S. 5th Ave., Ann Arbor</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Buskey, James, 2932 Marlborough, Detroit 15</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cook, E. A., M. D., Director, County Health Dept., Corunna</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Corsan, H. H., Rt. 1, Hillsdale</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Emerson, Ralph, 161 Cortland Ave., Highland Park 3</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Germer, C. F., Rt. 2, Burr Oak</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hackett, John C, 315 Diamond Ave., S. E., Grand Rapids 6</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hagelshaw, W. J., Box 314, Galesburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hay, Francis H., Ivanhoe Place, Lawrence</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Healey, Scott, Rt. 2, Otsego</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">*Kellogg, W. K., Battle Creek</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">King, Harold J., Sodus</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Korn, G. J., 140 N. Rose St., Kalamazoo 24</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lee, Michael, Lapeer</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lemke, Edwin W., 2432 Townsend Ave., Detroit 14</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Mann, Charles W., Box 357 Saugatuck</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Miller, Louis, 130 N. O'Keefe, Cassopolis</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">O'Rourke, Dr. F. L., Hort'l Dept., Michigan State College, E. Lansing</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Otto, Arnold G., 4150 Three Mile Drive, Detroit</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pickles, Arthur W., 760 Elmwood Ave., Jackson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Prushek, E., Rt. 3, Niles</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Scofield, Carl, Box 215, Woodland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stahelin, C. A., Bridgeman</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stocking, Frederick N., Harrisville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Tate, D. L., 959 Westchester St., Birmingham</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wiard, Everett W., 510 S. Huron St., Ypsilanti</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Witbeck, Mrs. V. H., Rt. 2, Woodland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Whallon, Archer P., Rt. 1, Stockbridge</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Zeket, Arnold, 1955 Catalpa Ct., Ferndale 20</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MINNESOTA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Andrews, Miss Frances E., 48 Park View Terrace, Minneapolis</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hodgson, R. E., Dept, of Agriculture, S. E. Exp. Sta., Waseca</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Mayo Forestry &amp; Horticultural Institute, Box 498, Rochester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Skrukrud, Baldwin, Sacred Heart</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Weschcke, Carl, 96 S. Wabasha St., St. Paul</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MISSISSIPPI</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Meyer, James R., Delta Branch Exper. Station, Stoneville</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MISSOURI</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bauch, G. D., Box 66, Farmington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Blake, R. E., c/o International Shoe Co., 1509 Washingtin Ave., St. Louis 3</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Campbell, A. T., Robinson Pike, Rt. 1, Grandview</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Fisher, J. B., R. R. H. 1, Pacific</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Giesson, Adolph, River Aux Vases</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hay, Leander, Gilliam</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Howe, John, Rt. I, Box 4, Pacific</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Huber, Frank J., Weingarten</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hudson, Perry H., Smithton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Johns, Mrs. Jeannette F., Rt. 1, Festus</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Nicholson, John W., Ash Grove</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ochs, C. T., Box 291, Salem</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Richterkessing, Ralph, Rt. 1, St. Charles</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Schmidt, Victor H., 4821 Virginia, Kansas City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stanage, John L., 135 So. Rock Hill Rd., Webster Groves</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stark Brothers Nurs. &amp; Orchard Co., Louisiana</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Tainter, Nat A., 714 N. Fifth St., Saint Charles</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Thompson, J. D., 600 West 63rd St., Kansas City 2</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Weil, A. E., c/o Dow Chemical Co., 3615 Olive St., St. Louis 8</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">NEBRASKA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Brand, George, Rt. 5, Box 60, Lincoln</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Caha, William, Wahoo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ginn, A. M., Box 6, Bayard</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hess, Harvey W., The Arrowhead Gardens, Box 209, Hebron</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hoyer, L. B., 7554 Maple St., Omaha</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lenz, Clifford Q., 3815 Maple St., Omaha 3</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Marshall's Nurseries, Arlington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Van Arsdale, D. N., 701 N. Fifth St., Beatrice</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">White, Bertha G., 7615 Leighton Ave., Lincoln 5</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">White, Warren E., 6920 Binney St., Omaha 4</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">NEW HAMPSHIRE</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lahti, Matthew, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Latimer, Prof. L. P., Dept of Horticulture, Durham</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Malcolm, Herbert L., The Waumbek Farm, Jefferson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Messier, Frank, Rt. 2, Nashua</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">NEW JERSEY</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bangs, Ralph E., Allamuchy</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Beck, Stanley, 12 South Monroe Ave., Wenonah</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Blake, Dr. Harold, Box 93, Saddle River</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bottom, R. J., 41 Robertson Rd., West Orange</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Brewer, J. L., 10 Allen Place, Fair Lawn</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Buch, Philip O., 106 Rockaway Ave., Rockaway</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Buckwalter, Mrs. Alan R., Flemington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Buckwalter, Geoffrey R., Route 1, Box 12, Flemington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Canfield, Roger I., 549 Fairview Ave., Cedar Grove</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cumberland Nursery, Rt. 1, Millville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Donnelly, John H., Mountain Ice Co., 51 Newark St., Hoboken</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dougherty, Wm. M., Broadacres-on-Bedens, Box 425, Princeton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Franek, Michael, 323 Rutherford Ave., Franklin</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gardenier, Dr. Harold C., Westwood</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hostetter, Amos B., 17 So. Beechcroft Rd., Short Hills</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">*Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly Place, Jersey City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Jewett, Edmund Gale, Rt. 1, Port Murray</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lovett's Nursery, Inc., Little Silver</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">McCulloch, J. D., 73 George St., Freehold</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">McDowell, Fred, 905 Ocean Ave., Belmar</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Mueller, R., Rt. 1, Box 81, Westwood</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ritchie, Walter M., Rt. 2, Box 122R, Rohway</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rocker, Louis P., The Rocker Farm, Andover</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Sorg, Henry, Chicago Ave., Egg Harbor City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Sutton, Ross J., Jr., Rt. 2, Lebanon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Szalay, Dr. S., 931 Garrisin Ave., Teaneck</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Van Doren, Durand H., 310 Redmond Rd., South Orange</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Yorks, A. S., Lamatonk Nurseries, Neshanic Station</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">NEW YORK</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Barber, Geo. H., Rt. 1, Stockton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Barton, Irving Titus, Montour Falls</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bassett, Charles K., 2917 Main St., Buffalo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Beck, Paul E., Beck's Guernsey Dairy, Transit Rd., E. Amherst</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Benton, William A., Wassaic</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bernath's Nursery, Rt. 1, Poughkeepsie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bixby, Henry D., East Drive, Halesite, L. I.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Blauner, Sidney H., 290 West End Ave., New York</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bradbury, Captain H. G., 30 Fifth Ave., New York 11</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Brinckeroff, John H., 161-19 Jamaica Ave., Jamaica</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Brook, Victor, 171 Rockingham St., Rochester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Brooks, William G., Monroe</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bundick, C. U., 35 Anderson Ave., Scarsdale</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Carter, George, 428 Avenue A, Rochester 5</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cowan, Harold, 643 Southern Bldg., The Bronx, New York 55.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dasey, Mrs. Eva B., 210 High Bridge St., Fayetteville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dutton, Walter, 264 Terrace Park, Rochester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ellwanger, Mrs. William D., 510 East Ave., Rochester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Elsbree, George Jr., Stanfordville, Dutchess Co., New York</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Engle, Mrs. Charle, Rt. 1, Port Crane</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Feil, Harry, 1270 Hilton-Spencerport Rd., Hilton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Flanigen, Charles F., 16 Greenfield St., Buffalo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Freer, H. J., 20 Midvale Rd., Fairport</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Fribance, A. E., 139 Elmdorf Ave., Rochester 11</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Fruch, Alfred, 34 Perry St., New York</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Garcia, M., c/o Garcia &amp; Diaz, 82 Beaver St., New York 5</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Graham, S. H., Rt. 5, Ithaca</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Graham, Mrs. S. H., Bostwick Road, Ithaca</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gressel, Henry, Rt. 2, Mohawk</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Haas, Dr. Sidney V., 47 West 86th St., New York City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hasbrouck, Walter, Jr., New Platz</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hubbell, James F., Mayro Bldg., Utica</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Iddings, William, 165 Ludlow St., New York</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Irish, G. Whitney, Valatie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kelly, Mortimer B., 17 Battery Place, New York</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Knorr, Mrs. Arthur, 15 Central Park, West, Apt. 1406, New York</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kraai, Dr. John, Fairport</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Larkin, Harry H., 189 Van Rensselaer St., Buffalo 10</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">*Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Ave., New York</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Little, George, Ripley</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lowerre, James D., 1121 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn 16</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">*MacDaniels, Dr. L. H., Cornell University, Ithaca</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Maloney Brothers Nursery Co., Inc., Dansville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Miller, J. E., Canandaigua</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Mitchell, Rudolph, 125 Riverside Drive, New York 24</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">*Montgomery, Robert H., 1 E. 44th St., New York</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Mossman, Dr. James K., Black Oaks, Ramapo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Muenscher, Prof. W. C., 1001 Highland Road, Ithaca</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Newell, P. F., Lake Road, Rt. 1, Westfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Oeder, Dr. Lambert R., 551 Fifth Ave., New York</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Overton, Willis W., 3 Lathrop St., Carthage</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Page, Charles E., Rt. 2, Oneida</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rauch, Basil, Barnard College Columbia U., New York 27</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rebillard, Frederick, 164 Lark St., Albany 5</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rightmyer, Harold, Rt. 4, Ithaca</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Salzer, George, 169 Garford Rd., Rochester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Sameth, Sigmund, 38 E 65th St., New York 21</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Schlegel, Charles B., 990 South Ave., Rochester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Schlick, Frank, Munnsville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Schmidt, Carl W., 180 Linwood Ave., Buffalo</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Shank, W., 141 Parkway Road, Room 9, Bronxville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Shannon, J. W., Box 90, Ithaca</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Sheffield, Lewis J., c/o Mrs. Edna C. Jones, Townline Rd., Orangeburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Slate, Prof. George L., Experiment Station, Geneva</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Smith, Gilbert L., State School, Wassaic</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Smith, Jay L., Chester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Steiger, Harwood, Red Hook</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stern-Montagny, Hubert, Erbonia Farm, Gardiner</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Szego, Alfred, 77-15 A 37th Ave., Jackson Heights, New York</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Timmerman, Karl G., 123 Chapel St., Fayetteville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Todd, E. Murray, 55 Liberty St., New York</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Waite, Dr. R. H., Willowwaite Moor, Perrysburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wichlac, Thaddeus, 3236 Genesee St., Cheektowaga (Buffalo) 21</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Windisch, Richard P., c/o W. E. Burnet &amp; Co., 11 Wall St., New York</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">*Wissman, Mrs. F. De R., G. W. 54th St., New York</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">NORTH CAROLINA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Brooks, J. R., Box 116, Enka</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dunstan, Dr. R. T., Greensboro College, Greensboro</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Finch, Jack R., Bailey</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Parks, C. H., Rt. 2, Asheville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rice, Clyde H., Rt. 2, Box 158, Mars Hill, N. C.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">OHIO</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Barden, C. A., 215 Morgan St., Oberlin</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bitler, W. A., 322 McPheron Ave., Lima</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bungart, A. A., Avon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bush, David G., Rt. 3, Warren</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Chapman, Floyd B., 1944 Denune Ave., Columbus 3</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cinadr, Mrs. Katherine, 13514 Coath Ave., Cleveland 20</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Clark, R. L., 1184 Melbourne Rd., East Cleveland 12</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cook, H. C., Rt. 1, Box 125, Leetonia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cranz, Eugene F., Mount Tom Farm, Ira</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Davidson, John, 234 E. 2nd St., Xenia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Davidson, Mrs. John, 234 E. 2nd St., Xenia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">De Leon, Donald, Box 244, Sta. G., Columbus 7</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Diller, Dr. Oliver D., Dept. of Forestry, Experiment Sta., Wooster</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dubois, Miss Frances M., 4623 Glenshade Ave., Cincinnati 27</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Elliott, Donald W., Rogers</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Emch, F. E., Genoa</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Evans, Maurice G., 335 S. Main St., Akron 8</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Fickes, Mrs. W. R., Rt. 1, Wooster</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Foraker, Maj. C. Merle, 152 Elmwood Ave., Barberton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Foss, H. D., 875 Hamlin St., Akron 2</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Franks, M. L., Rt. 1, Montpelier</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Frederick, Geo. F., 3925 W. 17th, Cleveland 9</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Garden Center of Greater Cleveland, 11190 East Blvd., Cleveland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gauly, Dr. Edward, 1110 Euclid Ave., Cleveland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gerber, E. P., Kidron</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gerstenmaier, John A., 13 Pond S. W., Massilon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Goss, C. E., 922 Dover Ave., Akron 2</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gray, G. A., 3317 Jefferson Ave., Cincinnati 20</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Grad, Dr. Edw. A., 1506 Chase St., Cincinnati 23</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Haydeck, Carl, 3213 West 73rd St., Cleveland 2</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hill, Dr. Albert A., 4187 Pearl Rd., Cleveland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hoch, Gordon F., 6292 Glade Ave., Cincinnati 30</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hunt, Kenneth W., Yellow Springs</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Irish, Charles F., 418 E. 105th St., Cleveland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Jacobs, Homer L., Davey Tree Expert Co., Kent</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Jacobs, Mason, 3003 Jacobs Rd., Youngstown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kappel, Owen, Bolivar</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kintzel, Frank M., 2506 Briarcliffe Ave., Cincinnati 13</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kirby, R. L., Rt. 2, Blanchester</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kratzer, George, Rt. 1, Dalton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Krok, Walter P., 925 W. 29th St., Lorain</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Laditka, Nicholas G., 5322 Stickney Ave., Cleveland 9</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lashley, Charles V., 216 S. Main, Wellington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lehmann, Carl, Union Trust Bldg., Cincinnati</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lorenz, R. C., 121 N. Arch St., Fremont</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Madson, Arthur E., 13608 5th Ave., E. Cleveland 12</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">McBride, William B., 2398 Brandon Rd., Columbus 8</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Metzger, A. J., 724 Euclid Ave., Toledo 5</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Neff, William, Martel</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Nicolay, Chas., 2259 Hess Ave., Cincinnati 11</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Oches, Norman M., Rt. 2, Brunswick</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Osborn, Frank C, 4040 W. 160th St., Cleveland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pomerene, W. H., Coshocton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Poston, E. M., Jr., 2640 E. Main, Columbus</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ranke, William, Rt. 1, Amelia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rowe, Stanley M., Rt. 1, Box 73, Cincinnati 27</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rummel, E. T., 16613 Laverne Ave., Cleveland 11</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Scarff's Sons, W. N., New Carlisle</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Schaufelberger, Hugo, Rt. 2, Sandusky</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Seas, D. Edw., 721 South Main St., Orrville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Shelton, Dr. E. M., 1468 W. Clifton Blvd., Lakewood 7</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Sherman, L. Walter, Mahoning Co., Exp. Farm, Canfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Shessler, Sylvester M., Genoa</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Silvis, Raymond E., 1725 Lindbergh Ave., N. E., Massillon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Smith, L. A., Rt. 1, Uniontown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Smith, Sterling A., 630 W. South St., Vermilion</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Spring Hill Nurseries Co., Tipp City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Strauss, Jos., 3640 Epworth Ave., Cincinnati 11</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stocker, C. P., Lorain Products Corp., 1122 F. St., Lorain</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Sylvarium Gardens, L. E. Crawford, 5499 Columbia Rd., North Olmsted</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Thomas, W. F., 406 S. Main St., Findlay</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Toops, Herbert A., 1430 Cambridge Blvd., Columbus</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Urban, George, 4518 Ardendale Rd., South Euclid 21</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Van Voorhis, J. F., 215 Hudson Ave., Apt. B-1, Newark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Walker, Carl F., 2851 E. Overlook Rd., Cleveland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Weaver, Arthur W., 318 Oliver St., Toledo 4</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">*Weber, Harry R., Esq., 123 E. 6th St., Cincinnati</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Weber, Mrs. Martha R., Rt. 1, Morgan Rd., Cleves</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Whitney, Charles E., West Mansfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Willett, Dr. G. P., Elmore</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">William, Harry M., 221 Grandon Rd., Dayton 9, Ohio</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wischhusen, J. F., 15031 Shore Acres Dr., N. E., Cleveland 10</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Yoder, Emmet, Smithville</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">OKLAHOMA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Butler, Roy, Rt. 2, Hydro</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cross, Prof. Frank B., Dept, of Hort., Stillwater</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hirschi's Nursery, 414 N. Robinson, Oklahoma City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hubbard, Orie B., Kingston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hughes, C. V., Rt. 3, Box 564, Oklahoma City 8</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Jarrett, C. F., 2208 W. 40th, Tulsa</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Meek, E. B., Rt. 2, Wynnewood</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pulliam, Gordon, 407 Osage Ave., Bartlesville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ruhlen, Dr. Chas. A., 114 W. Steele, Cushing</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Swan, Oscar E., Jr., 1226 E. 30th St., Tulsa 5</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">OREGON</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Borland, Robert E., 219 Mill St., Silverton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Butler, Joe C., Sherwood</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Carlton Nursery Co., Forest Grove</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dohanian, S. M., P. O. Box 246, Eugene</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Miller, John E., Rt. 1, Box 312-A, Oswego</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pearcy, Harry L., H. L. Pearcy Nursery Co., Rt. 2, Box 190, Salem</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Schuster, C. E., Horticulturist, Corvallis</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Sheppard, Chas. M., Tucker Road, Hood River</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">PENNSYLVANIA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Allaman, R. P., Rt. 1, Harrisburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Anundson, Lester, 2630 Chestnut St., Erie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Banks, H. C., Rt. 1, Hellertown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Beard, H. K., Rt. 1, Sheridan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Berst, Chas. B., 655 Brown Ave., Erie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bowen, John C., Rt. 1, Macungie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Breneiser, Amos P., 427 N. 5th St., Reading</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Buckman, C. M., Schwenkville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Catterall, Karl P., 734 Frank St., Pittsburgh 10</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Clarke, Wm. S., Jr., Box 167, State College</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Colwell, F. A., R.F.D., Collegeville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Creasy, Luther P., Catawissa</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Damask, Henry, 1632 Doyle St., Wilkinsburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dewey, Richard, Box 41, Peckville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dible, Samuel E., Rt. 3, Shelocta</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Eckhart, Pierce, 573 Haddington St., Philadelphia 31</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Etter, Fayette, P. O. Box 57, Lemasters</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gardner, Ralph D., Box 425, Colonial Park</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gibson, Ralph, 331 Center St., Williamsport</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Good, Orren S., 316 N. Fairview St., Lock Haven</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gorton, F. B., Rt. 1, East Lake Road, Harbor Creek, Erie Co.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Heasley, George S., Rt. 3, Beaver Falls</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Heckler, George Snyder, Hatfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hershey, John W., Nut Tree Nurseries, Downingtown</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hostetter, C. F., Bird-In-Hand</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hostetter, L. K., Rt. 5, Lancaster</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hughes, Douglas, 1230 East 21st St., Erie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Johnson, Robert F., Rt. 5, Box 56, Crafton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Jones, Mildred M., 301 N. West End Ave., Lancaster</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Jones, Dr. Truman W., Coatesville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kaufman, M. M., Clarion</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kirk, DeNard B., Forest Grove</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Knouse, Chas. W., Colonial Park</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Laboski, George T., Rt. 1, Harbor Creek</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Leach, Hon. Will, Court House, Scranton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Long, Carleton C., 138 College Ave., Beaver</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Mattoon, H. Gleason, Narbeth</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">McCartney, J. Lupton, Rm. 1, Horticultural Bldg., State College</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Mercer, Robert A., Rt. 1, Perkesmenville, New Hanover</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Miller, Elwood B., c/o The Hazleton Bleaching &amp; Dyeing Works, Hazleton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Miller, Elwood B., c/o The Hazleton Bleaching &amp; Dyeing Works,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Moyer, Philip S., U. S. F. &amp; G. Bldg., Harrisburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Niederriter, Leonard, 1726 State St., Erie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Parloff, Robert, 2018 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ranson, Flavel, 728 Monroe Ave., Scranton 10</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Reece, W. S., Clearfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Reidler, Paul G., Ashland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rial, John, 528 Harrison Ave., Greensburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">*Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Sq., Reading</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rupp, Edward E., Jr., 57 W. Pomfret St., Carlisle</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Schaible, Percy, Upper Black Eddy</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Smith, Dr. J. Russell, 550 Elm Ave., Swarthmore</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stewart, E. L., Pine Hill Farms Nursery, Rt. 2, Homer City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stewart, John H., Yule Tree Farm, Akeley</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stinson, George, Box 77, Bedminster</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Theiss, Dr. Lewis E., Bucknell University, Lewisburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Twist, Frank S., Northumberland</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Washick, Dr. Frank A., S. W. Welsh &amp; Veree Rds., Philadelphia 11</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Weinrich, Whitney, 134 S. Lansdowne Ave., Lansdowne</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">*Wister, John C., Scott Foundation, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wood, Wayne, Rt. 1, Newville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wright, Ross Pier, 235 West 6th St., Erie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Zimmerman, Mrs. G. A., Piketown, R. D., Linglestown</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">RHODE ISLAND</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">*Allen, Philip, 178 Dorance St., Providence</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">R. I. State College, Library Dept., Green Hall, Kingston</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">SOUTH CAROLINA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bregger, John T., Clemson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gordon, G. Henry, Union, Union Co.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Poole, M. C., Cross Anchor</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">SOUTH DAKOTA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bradley, Homer L., Sand Lake Refuge, Columbia</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">TENNESSEE</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Chase, S. B., Norris</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Garrett, Dr. Sam Young, Dixon Springs</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Holdeman, J. E., 208 Shrine Bldg., Memphis 3</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Howell Nurseries, Sweetwater</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lowe, Dr. Jere., Thayer Vet. Hospital, Nashville 5</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">McDaniel, J. C., Tenn. Dept. of Agriculture, 403 State Office Bldg., Nashville 3</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rhodes, G. B., Rt. 2, Covington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Richards, Dr. A., Whiteville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Shadow, Willis A., County Agt., Decatur</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Roark, W. F., Malesus</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Zarger, Thomas G., Norris</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">TEXAS</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Arford, Charles A., Box 1230, Dalhart</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bailey, L. B., Box 1436, Phillips</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Buser, C. J., Rt. 1, Arp</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Florida, Kaufman, Box 154, Rotan</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gray, O. S., P. O. Box 513, Arlington</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kidd, Clark, Arp Nursery Co., Tyler</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Price, W. S., Jr., Gustine</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Winkler, Andrew, Moody</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">UTAH</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Jeppeson, Chris, Wildwood Hollow Farm Nursery, Provo City</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Oleson, Granville, 1210 Laird Ave., Salt Lake City 5</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Peterson, Harlan D., 2164 Jefferson Ave., Ogden</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">VERMONT</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Aldrich, A. W., Rt. 3, Springfield</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Collins, Jos. N., Rt. 3, Pultney</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven, Perpetual Membership "In Memoriam"</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Farrington, Robert A., Vermont Forest Service, Montpelier</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Foster, Forest K., West Topsham</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ladd, Paul, Hilltop Farm, Jamaica</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">VIRGINIA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Acker, E. D., Co., Broadway</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Burton, George L., 728 College St., Bedford</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Case, Lynn B., Rt. 1, Fredericksburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dickerson, T. C., 316-56th St., Newport News</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gibbs, H. R., McLean</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gunther, Eric F., Rt. 1, Box 31, Onancock</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Nelson, C. L., 964 Avenel Ave., Lee Hy. Ct., Roanoke</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Nix, Robert W., Jr., Lucketts</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pertzoff, Dr. V. A., Carter's Bridge</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pinner, H. McR., P. O. Box 155, Suffolk</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stoke, H. F., 1420 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stoke, Mrs. H. F., 1420 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stoke, Dr. John H., 408-10 Boxley Bldg., Roanoke</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Thompson, B. H., Harrisonburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Variety Products Co., 5 Middlebrook Ave., Staunton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Webb, John, Hillsville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Zimmerman, Ruth, Bridgewater</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">WEST VIRGINIA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cannaday, Dr. John E., Charleston General Hospital, Charleston 25</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cross, Andrew, Ripley</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Frye, Wilbert M., Pleasant Dale</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Glenmount Nurseries, Arthur M. Reed, Moundsville</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gold Chestnut Nursery, Arthur A. Gold, Cowen</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hoover, Wendell W., Webster Springs</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">White, Roscoe R., 635 Mulberry Ave., Clarksburg</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">White, Wayne G., 833 Glendale Ave., So. Charleston 3</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">WASHINGTON</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Altman, Mrs. H. E., 2338 King St., Bellingham 9</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Barth, J. H., Box 1827, Rt. 3, Spokane 16</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bartleson, C. J., Box 25, Chattaroy</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Biddle, Miss Gertrude W., W. 923 Gordon Ave., Spokane 12</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Brown, H. B., Greenacres</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bush, Carroll D., Grapeview</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Clark, R. W., 4221 Phinney Ave., Seattle</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Denman, George L., 1319 East Nina Ave., Spokane 10</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Garvin, Mrs. Mildred S., W. 3408 2nd Ave., Spokane 9</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Harrison, Geo. C., Greenacres</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hyatt, L. W., 2826 West La Crosse, Spokane 12</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Jessup, J. M., Cook</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kling, William L., Rt. 2, Box 230, Clarkston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Latterell, Ethel, Greenacres</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Linkletter, F. D., 8034-35th Ave., N. E., Seattle 5</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lynn Tuttle Nursery, The Heights, Clarkston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Naderman, G. W., Rt. 1, Box 381, Olympia</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rodgers, W. R., N. 1411 Mamer, Opportunity</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Shane Bros., Vashon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Watt, Mrs. L. J., W. 203 16th Ave., Spokane 9</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">WISCONSIN</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bassett, W. S., 1522 Main St., La Crosse</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Brust, John J., 135 W. Wells St., Milwaukee 3</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dopkins, Marvin, Rt. 1, River Falls</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Heberlein, Edw. W., Box 747, Milwaukee</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Johnson, Albert G., Rt. 2, Box 457, Waukesha</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Koelsch, Norman, Jackson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ladwig, C. F., 2221 St. Lawrence, Beloit</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Mortensen, M. C., 2117 Stanson Ave., Racine</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Reische, Frank C., Rt. 1, Plymouth</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Zinn, Walter G., P. O. Box 747, Milwaukee</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">WYOMING</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Greene, W. D., Box 348, Greybull</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>* Life Member ** Honorary member<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CONSTITUTION" id="CONSTITUTION"></a>CONSTITUTION</h2>
+
+
+<blockquote><h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> I&mdash;NAME</h4>
+
+<p>This Society shall be known as the <b>Northern Nut Growers Association,
+Incorporated</b>.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> II&mdash;OBJECT</h4>
+
+<p>Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants,
+their products and their culture.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> III&mdash;MEMBERSHIP</h4>
+
+<p>Membership in this society shall be open to all persons who desire to
+further nut culture, without reference to place of residence or
+nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on
+membership.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> IV&mdash;OFFICERS</h4>
+
+<p>There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary and a
+treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting; and a
+board of directors consisting of six persons, of which the president,
+the two last retiring presidents, the vice-president, the secretary and
+the treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state vice-president
+from each state, dependency, or country represented in the membership of
+the association, who shall be appointed by the president.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> V&mdash;ELECTION OF OFFICERS</h4>
+
+<p>A committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for
+the purpose of nominating officers for the following year.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> VI&mdash;MEETINGS</h4>
+
+<p>The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the
+membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made at
+this time, the board of directors shall choose the place and time for
+the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may seem
+desirable may be called by the president and board of directors.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> VII&mdash;QUORUM</h4>
+
+<p>Ten members of the Association shall constitute a quorum but must
+include two of the four officers.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> VIII&mdash;AMENDMENTS</h4>
+
+<p>This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members
+present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment having been read
+at the previous annual meeting, or copy of the proposed amendment having
+been mailed by any member to each member thirty days before the date of
+the annual meeting.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3><a name="BY-LAWS" id="BY-LAWS"></a>BY-LAWS</h3>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> I&mdash;COMMITTEES</h4>
+
+<p>The Association shall appoint standing committees as follows: On
+membership, on finance, on programme, on press and publication, on
+exhibits, on varieties and contests, on survey, and an auditing
+committee. The committee on membership may make recommendations to the
+Association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> II&mdash;FEES</h4>
+
+<p>Annual members shall pay two dollars annually. Contributing members
+shall pay ten dollars annually. Life members shall make one payment of
+fifty dollars and shall be exempt from further dues and shall be
+entitled to the same benefits as annual members. Honorary members shall
+be exempt from dues. "Perpetual" membership is eligible to any one who
+leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and such
+membership on payment of said sum to the Association shall entitle the
+name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as
+"Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds received
+therefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearing
+securities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only the
+interest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are in
+the Treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided: that in the event
+the Association becomes defunct or dissolves then, in that event, the
+Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose
+for such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at
+the time he makes the bequest or the donation.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> III&mdash;MEMBERSHIP</h4>
+
+<p>All annual memberships shall begin September 1st. Annual dues received
+from new members shall entitle the new member to full membership until
+the next August 31st, including a copy of the Annual Report published
+for the fiscal year in which he joins the Association.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> IV&mdash;AMENDMENTS</h4>
+
+<p>By-Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members present at any
+meeting.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Article</span> V</h4>
+
+<p>Members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are
+due and, if not paid within two months, they shall be sent a second
+notice, telling them that they are not in good standing on account of
+non-payment of dues and are not entitled to receive the annual report.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, a third
+notice shall be sent notifying such members that, unless dues are paid
+within ten days from the receipt of this notice, their names will be
+dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a href="images/img026full.jpg">
+             <img   src="images/img026-tb.jpg" width="600" height="380"
+             alt="NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INC. CONVENTION ONTARIO
+AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SEPTEMBER 3-5, 1947" /></a><br />
+      <b>NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INC. CONVENTION ONTARIO
+AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SEPTEMBER 3-5, 1947</b>
+    </div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PROCEEDINGS" id="PROCEEDINGS"></a>PROCEEDINGS</h2>
+
+<h4>of the</h4>
+
+<h3>Thirty-eighth Annual Convention</h3>
+
+<h4>of the</h4>
+
+<h3>Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc.</h3>
+
+<h4>Meeting At</h4>
+
+<h3>ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE GUELPH, ONTARIO, CANADA</h3>
+
+<h3>SEPTEMBER 3-5, 1947</h3>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p>The meeting was called to order by Dr. L. H. MacDaniels in the absence
+of Clarence A. Reed, our President, who was ill and could not attend the
+meeting.</p>
+
+<p>Telegram from the Rev. Paul C. Crath: "Let the Lord bless you and keep
+you. I am sorry I am unable to attend the present meetings."</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Address_of_Welcome" id="Address_of_Welcome"></a>Address of Welcome</h2>
+
+<h3>DR. J. S. SHOEMAKER, Head of Horticulture Department, Ontario
+Agricultural College.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Our President, Mr. W. R. Reek, had hoped to be here in person to extend
+this welcome to you but he has found it necessary to go to Toronto
+today. He regrets that he cannot meet with you at this time, and has
+asked me to welcome you. Mr. Reek has shown a great deal of interest in
+this convention and I am sure you will find definite evidence of this in
+our hospitality while you are here.</p>
+
+<p>In looking through your 37th Annual Report I noticed that the address of
+welcome at your meeting in Wooster, Ohio, last year was given by Dr. L.
+H. Gourley. I held the position of Associate Horticulturist at Wooster
+and Columbus for some 10 years, and so knew Dr. Gourley intimately. His
+sudden death was a great shock to myself and his many other friends, and
+a great loss to horticulture. My 10 years with Dr. Gourley was a very
+pleasant, helpful, and exceedingly important part of my career.</p>
+
+<p>I am very happy that you have come to the Ontario Agricultural College
+for your convention this year. As a simple matter of fact, the O. A. C.
+is one of the oldest and largest colleges of agriculture in the British
+Empire. It is the second oldest agriculture college in North America,
+Michigan State being the only older one.</p>
+
+<p>We are an affiliated college of the University of Toronto and function
+as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Toronto. I believe
+the enrollment at the University of Toronto is in the neighborhood of
+18,000 students.</p>
+
+<p>There will be about 1,500 students on this campus in a few weeks. Most
+of these will be in the four-year course which leads to the B.S.A.
+degree. Some will be in the two-year course. The Ontario Veterinary
+College is also located on this campus, as is the MacDonald Institute
+which provides courses for girls.</p>
+
+<p>The O. A. C, like the Horticultural Experiment Station at Vineland,
+comes under the Minister of Agriculture, the Honourable T. L. Kennedy.
+The Vineland Station and we ourselves co-operate closely in
+horticultural work. No doubt many of you have visited Vineland and met
+Director E. F. Palmer. You will hear from two members of the Vineland
+staff, Mr. Strong and Mr. Van Haarlem on tomorrow's programme.</p>
+
+<p>I spent some 13 years in the United States&mdash;at Ames, Iowa; East Lansing,
+Michigan; St. Paul, Minnesota; and Wooster and Columbus, Ohio. There are
+in this audience some good friends of long standing whom I first met in
+the United States. They are probably surprised to hear that I graduated
+from this institution, but as an Irishman would say "That I did," some
+26 years ago.</p>
+
+<p>I expect that all of you are familiar with the contributions made by
+James A. Neilson in the field of nut growing. Mr. Neilson was a member
+of the staff here some years ago. He left his mark throughout Ontario,
+and in the field of nut growing in general. We are happy that Mrs.
+Neilson, who is a life member of the Association, is attending this
+Convention.</p>
+
+<p>I am sure you will agree that the campus here is a very beautiful one.
+The dining hall and the residence may surpass what you expected to find.
+It is a real privilege to have you in our Horticulture building. We made
+certain plans for your entertainment at the mixer and banquet. In brief,
+we are delighted that you have come, we know from the programme that the
+meetings will be good ones, and we hope that our hospitality will meet
+with your full approval. We indeed welcome you here.</p>
+
+
+<h4>RESPONSE</h4>
+
+<p>Dr. L. H. MacDaniels: "In reply to Dr. Shoemaker's address of welcome we
+are certainly happy to be here and appreciate the excellent arrangements
+which have been made for our entertainment. Dr. Shoemaker spoke about
+the work done on nut trees several years ago by Mr. Neilson in Canada. I
+am familiar with the work of Mr. Neilson and hope that at some time
+someone on the staff in Canada will give more time to the culture of nut
+trees. That goes for the United States as well. Nut trees, if you have
+the facilities and good varieties, are something that will make living
+more enjoyable and worthwhile. I do appreciate very heartily the trouble
+you have gone to in making facilities so acceptable and useful."</p>
+
+<p><b>Presidential Address</b>&mdash;Mr. Reed was unable to be present and preside at
+the meeting because of illness. This telegram was sent to him:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Telegram to Clarence A. Reed, Garfield Hospital, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>"The Northern Nut Growers Association last night received the news of
+your illness with deepest regret. We appreciate your long and earnest
+work in our field. You have been one of the 'spark plugs' of our
+organization and we all miss your presence.</p>
+
+<p class="author">SECRETARY."</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>COMMITTEES APPOINTED</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>Resolutions Committee&mdash;W. Rohrbacher, Sterling Smith, J. Russell Smith,
+Wm. Hodgson.</p>
+
+<p>Auditing Committee&mdash;Royal Oakes, R. P. Allaman, Gilbert Smith.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>SECRETARY'S REPORT, SEPT. 3, 1947</h2>
+
+<h4>Miss Mildred M. Jones</h4>
+
+<p>The duties of the Secretary during the year were of the usual routine
+nature. Three separate mailings of information to all members were made.
+The 1944 report is now exhausted, partly because of the long season in
+which it was current, and partly because there were several articles in
+it which were of vital interest to a number of people who were not
+members of the Association. In March of this year an article appeared in
+Organic Gardening magazine which referred to our report and the Hemming
+chestnut trees which were described in the 1944 report. As a result of
+this one article I was obliged to return more than $30.00 which had been
+sent to me, a dollar from each person, for this report. I returned the
+money with a letter to each person telling them Mr. Hemming would bring
+his report up to date at our meeting this year, telling them about the
+work of our Association, and inviting them to join our group so they
+could keep up with progress being made in nut tree culture as the
+information became available. The sale of reports other than membership
+this past year amounted to $135.00. This amount includes 5 sets of
+reports which sell for $8.00 per set. About $95.00 of this amount was
+for single copies at $1.00 per copy to non-members. Since our printing
+costs have increased considerably, and since we are handling the mailing
+and printing of these reports at $1.00 per copy at almost a loss, it
+would seem advisable to raise the price to non-members.</p>
+
+<p>Every member can help us increase our membership. We have a number of
+members who are equipped with writing ability and by writing articles
+about interesting nut trees and mentioning our Association and the
+Secretary many, many inquiries are received. To these inquiries we can
+send our four page information folder or answer questions and thus we
+can increase our membership by letting people who are interested in nut
+trees know about our Association. On February 28, 1947, Mr. George L.
+Denman wrote me that at different times he had two articles about nuts
+and nut trees in the Spokesman-Review of Spokane. He said the result was
+rather surprising and he requested fifty copies of our folder to assist
+him and make it easier to answer inquiries. If our Association can be
+mentioned in the article, many inquiries will come direct to the
+Secretary and thus save the author the work<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> of answering questions if
+he does not have time to do so. The article written by Mr. Davidson in
+December, 1946, American Fruit Grower brought in over 100 inquiries to
+the Secretary's office.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary's office has a number of calls for information regarding
+sources of nuts and nut kernels for private consumption or planting.
+Chestnuts seem to head the list the past year&mdash;mostly for planting.
+Requests are also received regarding information for market outlets, nut
+cracking equipment, nut shelling plants, trees, budwood and graftwood.
+Anything you may do to supply this and other kinds of information about
+nut trees will be appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary of the American Horticultural Society, Inc., with whom we
+are affiliated, has expressed the desire of that Society for ideas as to
+how we may both profit more from this affiliation. Their need, like
+ours, is for more members, more and better articles for the National
+Horticultural Magazine. Mr. Reed has contributed several worthwhile
+articles to this magazine. The Editor would like to have more articles
+about nut trees from our members. The National Horticultural Magazine is
+nicely printed and bound, issued four times a year, and is well
+illustrated with pictures of the horticultural subjects described in
+each issue. Dues in this society are $2.00 per year if you are a member
+of our Society, $3.00 if you are not. You can ask our Treasurer to bill
+you for membership at the same time membership in our Association is
+billed, or membership may be sent direct to The American Horticultural
+Society, 821 Washington Loan and Trust Building, Washington 4, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>Our membership at present is 621 according to my present mailing list
+which has been corrected to paid-up members. During the war all members
+who were thought to be in the armed forces were carried along without
+the payment of dues according to our Treasurer's report of last year.
+For this reason we can use only our income as an indication of our
+growth during those years.</p>
+
+<p>The question of a seal for the Association came up at the time of the
+Ellis legacy. Our member, Sargent H. Wellman, Boston, Mass., represented
+the Association, and payment was made finally without our seal being
+shown. It may be well to consider whether we may need a seal in the
+future and if so to take the necessary steps to have one made.</p>
+
+<p>The American Fruit Grower magazine has printed quite regularly the
+column "Nut Growers News". They also refer nut tree inquiries to us and
+have indicated their interest and further cooperation. They devoted an
+entire issue to nuts last December.</p>
+
+<p>A number of our members during the year do much work for the Association
+and it is here that I wish to acknowledge all of the help and assistance
+the Secretary has had from the various committees and members. The
+printing of the report for 1946 and the responsibility of getting it
+mailed was due mostly to the work and effort of Mr. Stoke, and Mr. Reed.</p>
+
+<p>It was a real pleasure to work with the members of the Staff at Ontario
+Agricultural College with whom I had considerable correspondence during
+the year in arranging for our meeting this year.</p>
+
+<p>It has been a real pleasure to serve in the capacity of Secretary to
+this organization and I regret that lack of time to do this work as it
+should be done makes me feel it is necessary to relinquish this post. I
+shall always continue my interest in the Association.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. MacDaniels: "More articles should be written for magazines as one
+way in which to increase membership."</p>
+
+<p>Telegram from Dr. W. C. Deming was read:</p>
+
+<p>"Infirmities of age detain me. Congratulations on membership and on
+accomplishments. Everything depends on good officers. Present officers
+are ideal but young members should now take over. Don't wear out the old
+ones.</p>
+
+<p class="author">W. C. DEMING, Dean."</p>
+
+<p><br />This telegram was sent to Dr. W. C. Deming:</p>
+
+<p class="author">Sept. 3, 1947.</p>
+
+<p>"We had hoped you would be with us. Your telegram evoked many warm
+appreciations of your great and long service to our organization and the
+cause of nut growers in the North. Warmest greetings from N.N.G.A.</p>
+
+<p class="author">SECRETARY."</p>
+
+<p>J. Russell Smith: "Dr. Deming was one of the five founders of the
+Association. He did an excellent job on the reports and in compiling the
+cumulative index. He is Dean of the Association."</p>
+
+<p>Report of Committee on Time and Place: Prof. Slate reported three
+invitations, the most attractive at the present time being the
+invitation to meet at Norris, Tenn.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Slate: "In order to bring the matter to a head, I move we hold our
+1948 meeting at Norris, Tenn., or wherever arrangements can be made
+convenient to that point."</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "Second."</p>
+
+<p>Passed with unanimous approval.</p>
+
+<p>Report on the Ohio Contest&mdash;Sterling Smith: "The Ohio contest had 692
+entries. Mr. Chase helped with the judging. A number of good walnuts
+were brought out. The data for the first ten is given in the 1946 annual
+report. We are trying to find out what the parent trees are doing&mdash;what
+they were bearing in the past and also this year. This is to be done for
+5 years. Ohio has 90 members which puts them in the lead&mdash;ahead of New
+York."</p>
+
+<p>J. Russell Smith: "I greatly appreciate the report given. I approve of
+the 5 year plan. It would bring in members."</p>
+
+<p>Sterling Smith: "Couldn't we offer $100.00 or more for a really
+outstanding black walnut that would meet certain specifications? Our
+good walnuts now run about 25 grams and 32% kernel."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. MacDaniels: "Is there anyone present who helped with the judging of
+this contest?"</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Chase: "It required over 2 weeks with 4 to 6 persons to crack and
+cull out the ones we knew were not worth further consideration.
+One-tenth passed the screening test. The nut selected is one in
+ten-thousand expectancy. This contest brought out some outstanding nuts.
+The judges didn't have much trouble selecting No. 1. The next four were
+harder to place. The third prize went to Pennsylvania and the eighth
+prize to West Virginia."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Report_of_Treasurer" id="Report_of_Treasurer"></a>Report of Treasurer</h2>
+
+
+<h4>For Period from September 1, 1946 to August 30, 1947.</h4>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="70%" cellspacing="0" summary="Treasurer's report">
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='left'>INCOME:</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Annual Memberships</td><td align='right'>$1,212.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Philip Allen Life Membership</td><td align='right'>50.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sale of Reports</td><td align='right'>44.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ellis Legacy</td><td align='right'>12.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Miscellaneous</td><td align='right'>5.60</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total Income</span></td><td align='right'>$1,324.10</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="2" align='left'>DISBURSEMENTS:</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fruit Grower Subscriptions</td><td align='right'>$80.80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>President's Expense</td><td align='right'>10.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Secretary's Expense</td><td align='right'>59.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Treasurer's Expense</td><td align='right'>45.80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Supplies</td><td align='right'>77.66</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Banquet 1946 Meeting</td><td align='right'>22.32</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Reporter 1946 Meeting</td><td align='right'>25.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ellis Legacy Bond &amp; Addition</td><td align='right'>1,000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Treasurer's Bond</td><td align='right'>12.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Report for 1945</td><td align='right'>569.84</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Report for 1946</td><td align='right'>821.83</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Postage &amp; Envelopes</td><td align='right'>49.03</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Miscellaneous</td><td align='right'>19.20</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total Disbursements</span></td><td align='right'>$2,793.54</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">Balance on Hand September 3, 1946</td><td align='right'>$3,259.88</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">Receipts for the Year</td><td align='right'>1,324.10</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total</span></td><td align='right'>$4,583.98</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">Disbursements for Year</td><td align='right'>2,793.54</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">Balance August 30, 1947</td><td align='right'>$1,790.44</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">In Walker Savings Bank</td><td align='right'>$633.92</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">In Peoples Savings Bank</td><td align='right'>1,056.44</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">Cash and Checks on hand</td><td align='right'>100.08</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Subtotal</span></td><td align='right'>$1,790.44</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">Secretary has on hand</td><td align='right'>26.71</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Balance</span></td><td align='right'>$1,817.15</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p class="author"><span class="smcap">D. C. Snyder</span>, <i>Treasurer</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Member: "The charge of $1.00 to non-members for the current
+report&mdash;shouldn't the price of the reports be increased to cover the
+increased costs of printing?"</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Snyder: "I think the amount should be increased as the cost of the
+report is almost $1.00 now, and with handling and mailing we are doing
+this at a loss if we continue to sell the report for $1.00."</p>
+
+<p>McCollum: "Shouldn't the price of a full set of reports be raised? They
+are sold at the same price now as they were a number of years ago.
+Several volumes have been added. I believe the price should be
+increased."</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Slate: "Some years go out of print about as soon as new ones come
+along."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Rohrbacher: "I move we sell our current and last year's report at
+$2.00 per copy."</p>
+
+<p>Second by Mr. Silvis.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: "Nut enthusiasts and nut groups haven't the slightest
+hesitancy in parting with $2.00."</p>
+
+<p>Member: "A non-member paying $2.00 for the annual report would
+automatically become a member."</p>
+
+<p>J. Russell Smith: "I would like to recommend that if at all possible an
+index be included in each volume of our report as it is published. A
+volume like this has 50 or 75 different articles but no mention in the
+title reveals the content of the article which makes it a job to try to
+refer back to or use these reports for reference. An index would make
+them much more valuable. This is not a job for the Secretary, it is a
+technical job. I would like to make a motion, if the Executive Committee
+finds it feasible, that this be done."</p>
+
+<p>Second by Mr. Silvis.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Colby: "Don't you think that index should begin with the volume Dr.
+Deming finished? I suggest that the executive Committee arrange for
+compiling of the index subsequent to and including 1940."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: "I would like to suggest that the nut exhibit be left at
+O.A.C. permanently because of the large number of visitors who come here
+and who would see it. This would help to increase our membership."</p>
+
+
+<h4>Report from the Constitution and By-Laws Committee&mdash;Dr. MacDaniels.</h4>
+
+
+<p>Dr. Crane: "I move we accept the report of the Committee and suggested
+changes be voted on item by item."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Silvis: "Second."</p>
+
+<p>The question of whether the entire Constitution and By-Laws should be
+read at this meeting or mimeographed and mailed to each member was
+considered.</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Slate: "I move the Constitution be taken up now."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Colby: "Second."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The motion was carried. Dr. MacDaniels read the Constitution and By-Laws
+and they will be voted on at the 1948 meeting.</p>
+
+<p>J. Russell Smith: "I move that '10 days' notice for change in the
+Constitution be changed to '30 days'."</p>
+
+<p>Seconded by Mr. Silvis.</p>
+
+<p>Motion carried.</p>
+
+<p>On fiscal year&mdash;Dr. Rohrbacher: "I suggest the fiscal year be changed to
+January 1 through to the end of December."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Snyder: "I can see no improvement in changing the fiscal year. If we
+are to hold our meetings the first part of September each year it would
+be better to have our fiscal year ended August 31."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. MacDaniels: "I move that our fiscal year be from September 1st to
+August 31st and I move that the annual dues include a report for only
+the year you join."</p>
+
+<p>Motion carried.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Factors_Influencing_the_Hardiness_of_Woody_Plants" id="Factors_Influencing_the_Hardiness_of_Woody_Plants"></a>Factors Influencing the Hardiness of Woody Plants</h2>
+
+<h4>H. L. CRANE, Principal Horticulturist<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h4>
+
+
+<p>There is hardly any soil or climatic condition found in the world where
+it is not possible for at least one or more kinds of plants to be grown.
+This is possible because the plants that can be grown under the most
+adverse conditions have special structures and adaptations with regard
+to periods of growth and rest or dormancy. One of the most important
+adaptations of nearly all trees and shrubs that shed their leaves in
+autumn and survive freezing weather without injury for a part of the
+year, is that of rest. This rest in plants is somewhat similar to sleep
+in animals in that it is a period in which the life process activities
+take place slowly. In other words, the plant physiologist defines rest
+in living plants as that period in which their buds will not open and
+grow even though the temperature, moisture, and other external
+environmental conditions are highly suitable for growth.</p>
+
+
+<p>Different kinds of deciduous plants have or require rest periods of
+different lengths, just as some people require more sleep than do
+others. Two or three weeks may be enough for soft-shelled almonds but
+three or four months may be required for butternuts, to cite extremes.
+The Eastern black walnut requires more rest than most Persian walnut
+clones, and they more than the Southern California black walnut. Even
+within a species there is considerable difference in the rest period of
+individual seedling trees and certain clones. For example, it has been
+found that the varieties of Persian walnut grown in northern California
+and in Oregon, such as Franquette and Mayette, have the longest rest
+period; and those grown in Southern Califor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>nia, such as Placentia,
+Ehrhardt, Chase, and others, have the shortest rest period. It is quite
+possible that the clones and seedlings of the Persian walnut brought to
+this country a few years ago by the Rev. Paul Crath from the Carpathian
+Mountains of Poland may require the longest rest period of all.</p>
+
+<p>The question may be asked what causes or brings on this rest period in
+plants and what breaks it? The scientific answers to these questions are
+not known at this time, but we do know some of the factors which cause
+the initiation of rest and how it is broken.</p>
+
+<p>Tree growth is initiated in the spring with coming of warm weather and
+other suitable conditions. At first the rate of growth is slow; but the
+rate increases and goes through a maximum and then slows up again and
+finally ceases. On the cessation of growth in length, a terminal bud is
+formed and the tree begins to go into rest. This period of growth is
+determined by the age of the tree, the suitability of moisture and
+nutrient supply. Young trees grow longer during the spring and summer
+than do old ones. Deficiencies of soil moisture or nutrients or both
+cause the cessation of growth and the beginning of rest. In some trees,
+such as tung, cessation of growth and the initiation of rest is caused
+by the change from long to short day-lengths.</p>
+
+<p>After rest has begun, the longer it continues the more profound or
+deeper it becomes until a maximum is reached, i.e., it becomes
+increasingly difficult, up to a certain time, to make the trees start
+growth again even though optimum conditions are provided. Some trees
+such as Persian walnuts and pecans, for example, are slow to go into
+deep or profound rest in late summer or fall. For this reason, there may
+be several cycles or periods of growth during the summer and early fall,
+depending on weather conditions and whether the leaves on the trees have
+remained in a healthy condition. Under conditions of dry weather growth
+stops on the Persian walnut and pecan and when this is followed by a
+rainy period and warm weather growth begins again. In fact in early
+summer a walnut or pecan tree may form terminal buds on all the shoots
+and remain without growth long enough for an apple or pear tree to go
+into complete or profound rest; then later, new shoot growth may be made
+from all or nearly all of the walnut or pecan shoots. Not only is this
+an important factor in promoting susceptibility to cold injury but in
+the case of bearing trees more often than not this late growth prevents
+the proper development of the kernels in the nuts and they are poorly
+filled or shriveled at harvest. Should the leaves of these trees in
+midsummer or later be so seriously damaged by disease or insects as to
+result in partial or complete defoliation, new growth is generally sure
+to follow even in late fall if growing conditions are suitable. This
+habit permits such trees to grow so late that there is much greater
+danger of severe injury from late fall or early winter than is the case
+with most other deciduous fruit trees. Furthermore, it explains why we
+see so much cold injury in the shoots and limbs of trees; they had grown
+late and had no chance to develop hardiness before killing temperatures
+occurred.</p>
+
+<p>After the rest in trees has become deep or profound a certain amount of
+chilling temperature must prevail before the rest period is broken so as
+to permit the buds to open and grow normally on the approach of warm
+weather. This is often spoken of as the chilling requirement. If the
+rest period is not broken by a suitable amount of chilling, tree growth
+is very slow to start in the spring, and then only certain of the longer
+and stronger twigs may force into growth; water sprouts may develop on
+the trunks and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> main limbs; flower buds may not open but fall off; and
+even though the trees may flower the flowering period is long and few or
+no fruits or nuts may be set. The most effective chilling temperature is
+not known but we can be reasonably certain that temperatures of 45&deg;F. to
+32&deg;F. are just as effective in breaking the winter rest period as are
+those well below freezing, if not more so.</p>
+
+<p>This chilling requirement is essentially the same as the rest period.
+Almonds have a short rest period and require 2 to 3 weeks of chilling,
+while butternuts, with a long rest period, may require 3 or 4 months.
+When the tree has been subjected to adequate chilling the rest period is
+broken and with the oncoming of warm weather growth, blossoming and
+fruit setting is normal.</p>
+
+<p>A distinction of great importance from a physiological and a practical
+point of view is made between rest and dormancy in plants. This
+difference can be simply stated: plants, trees, or seeds that will not
+grow when external environmental conditions are favorable for growth are
+in rest, but after the rest period has been broken and they do not grow
+because of unfavorable conditions they are said to be dormant.</p>
+
+<p>The difference between rest period and dormancy is of great importance
+in the United States in determining the amount of cold injury that may
+be sustained by woody plants. Furthermore, it explains why certain
+plants may be successfully grown in much colder parts of the world and
+yet fail here. Our winter weather conditions are not uniform, in that it
+is quite common for us to have quite long periods of alternating warm
+and cold weather. Too often during mid-or late winter the weather may be
+quite warm for several days, with above-freezing temperatures even at
+night, only to be quickly followed by a sudden and extreme drop in
+temperature. Such conditions are almost certain to result in cold injury
+to at least certain kinds of woody plants in which the rest period had
+been broken prior to the occurrence of warm weather, especially so if
+conditions are favorable for initiation of growth. The plants that were
+still in the rest period at the time of the warm weather or those with
+high heat requirement to start growth (as for example, the pecan) would
+be the only ones that would escape injury. To illustrate with an
+example: The Chinese chestnut tree has a shorter rest period or less
+chilling requirement than does the average Persian walnut tree. Now
+suppose that during the months of November and December a sufficient
+number of hours of chilling temperatures were experienced to break the
+rest period or to satisfy the chilling requirement of the Chinese
+chestnut but not that of the Persian walnut. Then suppose there was a
+period of two weeks or more of warm weather in January and it was ended
+by a very sudden drop to below freezing temperatures. Later we would
+expect to find that some parts or tissues of the Chinese chestnut trees
+had been injured while the Persian walnut trees had survived without
+injury. Similar differences would be expected with other crops, such as
+peaches and apples, that have a difference in rest period or chilling
+requirement. Under the conditions just described the parts or tissues of
+the tree that are most likely to be injured are those that first become
+active with the coming of warm weather, such as the pith in the wood,
+the lower buds, and later the cambium or the leaf buds. This explains
+why peach fruit buds and the catkins of the European filbert are often
+killed in the East during the winter.</p>
+
+<p>Some kinds of woody plants are very much hardier than are other kinds.
+For example, the butternut is hardier than the eastern black walnut and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+the almond is hardier than the tung tree. Hardiness is only a relative
+term and can be determined only when the different kinds of plants are
+in the same physiological condition as regards growth or activity. Just
+what it is that makes a difference in the hardiness or ability to
+withstand low temperatures without injury is not known. However, over
+the years, experience and research have taught us that there are a
+number of factors that affect the hardiness of woody plants.</p>
+
+<p>There is a very great difference between the temperature that will cause
+injury to a tree tissue when it is in active growth and most tender in
+the spring and that required when it is most resistant in midwinter.
+With some trees this difference in temperature is as much as 50&deg; to
+60&deg;F. or even more. With woody plants, the tissues are least hardy in
+spring when they are growing rapidly, and as the season progresses
+hardiness normally increases provided that second or late growth does
+not occur. There are many changes that take place in the tissues of a
+tree as hardiness is developed: the moisture content is reduced; cell
+walls are thickened; the concentration of sugars, starches, and other
+carbohydrates becomes greater; there is the formation of pentosans,
+gums, and waxes; and the respiration and other life processes become
+slower. However, none of these offer a full and satisfactory explanation
+of why the plant becomes as resistant to cold as it does. All of these
+changes and probably many others play a part in developing hardiness in
+woody plants.</p>
+
+<p>Maximum hardiness is developed only by trees that support a large area
+of normal leaves continuously from the time of foliation in the spring
+until late fall when they are killed by frost. Attacks by insects or
+diseases that injure the leave or cause partial or complete defoliation
+at any time during the spring, summer, or before the occurrence of frost
+in the fall, not only prevent the development of maximum hardiness of
+the trees, but such defoliation results in reduced growth of the trees
+and in poor filling of the nuts. The importance of maintaining a large
+area of healthy leaves on the trees during the entire growing season can
+hardly be too strongly stressed. This is because trees that hold their
+leaves are strong, vigorous trees and are the ones best able to
+withstand cold, as well as other adversities, without injury. This,
+however, does not mean that fertilizer applications should be made in
+late summer or that cultivation should be practiced at that time, which
+would tend under suitable conditions to stimulate late growth of the
+trees. This is because some trees like the Persian walnut are slow to go
+into rest at best and practices that stimulate late growth of the trees
+cause them to be susceptible to cold injury especially in late fall or
+early winter. I have seen very severe injury and killing of pecan trees
+in south Georgia as a result of spring fertilizer applications which,
+because of drouth, did not become available to the trees until late
+August and early September and then caused second growth of the trees.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of walnuts and pecans, especially, but also others than are
+not sprayed for the control of diseases and insects, it is not uncommon
+for the trees to become defoliated in late summer and while bearing a
+crop of nuts. Very often this premature defoliation results in the
+production of a new crop of leaves and some shoot growth. This is one of
+the worst conditions one can have in an orchard, for the nuts are
+certain to be very poorly filled and the trees especially susceptible to
+cold injury.</p>
+
+<p>In such a case as this, the nuts withdraw carbohydrates, proteins and
+minerals from the leaves and wood of the tree for their development and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+the production of new leaves and shoots has a like effect. This all
+results in such a severe removal or using up of the materials involved
+in the development? of hardiness that such trees are very susceptible to
+cold injury.</p>
+
+<p>Woody plants to be resistant to cold injury must be well nourished.
+Unbalanced mineral nutrition of trees is a very important factor in
+determining the amount of injury they may sustain from cold weather. In
+the various parts of the United States the soils on which fruit and nut
+trees are grown generally do not supply in adequate amounts some one or
+more of the essential elements required in their nutrition. This
+condition results in unbalanced nutrition, in that too much of certain
+elements is absorbed by the trees and too little of certain other
+elements. Under severe conditions this causes the leaves to be abnormal
+in size or in form, for them to be chlorotic or to scorch or burn, or
+for them to drop prematurely. Such leaves do not function properly, they
+are not able to carry on photosynthesis at a normal rate and hence do
+not make sufficient plant foods of the proper kinds to properly nourish
+the trees. This results in disorders of various kinds said to be due to
+mineral deficiencies. Among these deficiencies that have been found to
+reduce tree growth and yield and to increase susceptibility to cold
+injury are (1) boron, (2) copper, (3) iron, (4) magnesium, (5)
+manganese, (6) nitrogen, (7) phosphorus, (8) potassium, (9) zinc, and
+others. In all cases the corrective treatment to be given consists in
+supplying the trees with the element or elements in which they are
+deficient. These must be supplied in an available form and by such
+methods that they can be absorbed by the trees.</p>
+
+<p>The size of the crop of fruit or nuts borne by a tree and the length of
+time between harvest and a killing freeze are important factors in
+determining the cold resistance of fruit or nut trees. In test winters
+many cases have been observed in which trees that matured heavy crops
+during the previous summer were severely injured. Cases have been
+observed in which the degree of cold injury sustained has been largely
+in proportion to the size of crop matured the previous growing season.
+Trees that mature the crop of fruits or nuts late in the season may be
+less hardy than those that mature the crop early. It seems not only that
+some material or materials are made in the leaves during late summer or
+early fall which move out of them into the wood and cause it become
+resistant to low temperatures, but that when a tree is maturing a crop
+so much of this material goes into the fruits or nuts that if the season
+is not a favorable one the wood may not attain its maximum hardiness. We
+have learned that a high percentage of certain of the minerals,
+carbohydrates, and oil that go to make up the kernels of the oily nuts
+are transported into them during a period comprising a month to six
+weeks before they are mature. In the production of a heavy crop the
+amount of minerals and elaborated food materials such as proteins,
+carbohydrates, and fats removed from a tree is very large. If the trees
+do not carry a large healthy leaf area at the time of harvest or if
+there is a killing frost at that time, the leaves have no opportunity to
+elaborate more carbohydrates and other materials to replace those
+removed in the crop, and as a result the trees do not develop maximum
+hardiness.</p>
+
+<p>To cite an outstanding example of this effect of the crop on hardiness,
+I want to describe some observations I made several years ago. The late
+J. B. Wight of Cairo, Ga., had a few hundred Satsuma orange trees that
+bore a very heavy crop of fruit. The fruit had all been harvested from
+certain of these trees for two weeks or more before the occurrence of a
+freeze the last of November. From other trees the fruit crop had only
+been partially<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> harvested and none had been harvested from most of them.
+The day and night temperatures had been warm but there was a rather
+sudden drop into the low 20's during one night with the result that all
+of the trees from which no fruit had been harvested were killed to the
+ground. The trees from which a part of the fruit had been removed were
+defoliated and all but the large limbs were killed. The trees from which
+all the fruit had been removed two weeks or more before the freeze were
+defoliated, but little or no injury to the woods occurred. The severe
+injury was probably because the materials making for hardiness in the
+wood had been transported to the maturing fruits and the temperature
+dropped quickly before the trees had time to develop cold resistance.</p>
+
+<p>It is a well-known fact that many kinds of non-woody as well as many
+woody plants develop hardiness or cold resistance on exposure to very
+gradually falling temperatures. This change, in the case of non-woody
+plants such as cabbage or wheat, is spoken of as "hardening off." It is
+not known how important this is in developing cold resistance in flower
+and leaf buds of woody plants. It is quite possible that buds that have
+become extremely tender as a result of rapid growth might, if held for
+some time at temperatures too low for further growth, become quite
+resistant to low temperatures just as do wheat or cabbage.</p>
+
+<p>Generally speaking, the greatest amount of cold injury to the buds or
+above-ground portions of a tree occurs on a single night. The length of
+the cold period is of only indirect importance as influencing the rate
+of temperature fall or the acquiring of cold resistance by the trees.
+Trees that are subjected to low temperatures over a considerable period
+of time are not nearly so likely to be injured as are those that are
+subjected to a low temperature suddenly. That is really why there is so
+much severe cold injury to woody plants in the South. In the deep South
+freezing weather may be uncommon but when freezes do occur usually they
+follow a period of comparatively warm weather and the temperature falls
+quickly. It is this sudden change in temperature that causes the severe
+injury. Two different places may have had the same mean monthly
+temperature yet at one place severe injury may have occurred and no
+injury at the other place with plants normally having equal hardiness. A
+careful analysis of the situation, however, would probably show that at
+the place where the injury occurred a period of warm weather had existed
+which was followed by a rapid drop in temperature to a killing low on a
+single night, whereas the trees at the place where no injury occurred
+were not subjected to such changes in temperature. On the other hand,
+injury to the roots usually occurs only after prolonged periods of cold
+weather. This is largely because the soil cools slowly and it requires a
+long period of cold weather to reduce the soil temperature sufficiently
+and to such depths as to cause injury to the roots.</p>
+
+<p>Under northern conditions where low temperatures for a rather long
+period are sometimes experienced, injury to the portion of the trees
+above ground may occur as a result of drying out of the wood. It is well
+known that a cake of ice will gradually evaporate and disappear when in
+the open and exposed continuously to below-freezing temperatures. We all
+know that the family wetwash when hung on a line and frozen will soon
+dry, especially if the wind blows. The principles operating in these
+cases may cause severe injury to trees. In the wintertime the root
+systems of trees take up water from the soil that is not frozen and this
+water moves in the tree to replace that lost by evaporation. Under
+conditions where the soil is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> frozen to such an extent that the water
+absorbed by the roots is continually less than that lost by the top of
+the trees by evaporation, drying out of the top occurs. If this is
+continued over a period of time a dryness of the wood and other tissues
+occurs that causes death of the dried-out portions. This type of injury
+does not show the typical symptoms of cold injury but rather those of
+drying out. The conditions that are most likely to cause such injury are
+a soil frozen to the effective rooting depths, a dry atmosphere, and a
+moderately high wind velocity. Injury of a similar nature to that just
+described very often affects trees transplanted in late fall or early
+winter, especially those that did not have their tops cut back to
+balance the loss of roots sustained in transplanting. During even very
+mild winters the tops of such trees dry out to such an extent that the
+small branches and even the leader may die. In extreme cases the entire
+top may die back to the root. In planting bare-root trees regardless of
+the time of the year they should be rather severely cut back immediately
+after transplanting to prevent such drying out and dying back of the
+wood. Cut-back trees generally will make more growth the first season
+following transplanting than will similar trees not cut back.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most common types of injury to young nut trees as well as
+others is that known as "sun scald" or "winter injury". This occurs
+generally on the south or southwest sides of the trunk and for some
+distance between the ground and the head of the tree. Usually the injury
+is not evident until a year or so after it occurred and then it may be
+observed as a narrow strip of discolored and sunken bark which may crack
+where it meets the live tissue. This dead or injured area is usually
+invaded by borers of one or more kinds. This so-called sun scald injury
+is thought to be caused by the alternate freezing and thawing of the
+tissues on the south and southwest sides of the tree. On a bright,
+sunshiny day, even though cold, the sun's rays striking the bark of the
+tree quickly raise the temperature of the bark and wood. When the sun is
+obscured by clouds or at nightfall the temperature of the tissues drops
+rapidly and they may freeze again. It is thought that the rapid and
+rather great change in temperature of the bark and wood is the primary
+cause of sun scald. Whatever the cause, we know that it can be prevented
+by shading the tree trunk. This can be done by heading the trees low so
+that the branches shade the trunk, or by shading the south side of the
+trunk with a board 6 or 8 inches wide, or by wrapping the trunk with
+burlap or similar material. Much of the injury to Chinese chestnut,
+pecan, and hickory trees, especially, is caused by inexperienced growers
+who cut off the low branches in an effort to raise the head of young
+trees. The Chinese chestnut generally forms a very low-headed or
+bush-type tree. Most of the cold or winter injury I have seen on Chinese
+chestnut trees has been on the trunks and has resulted from removing the
+lower limbs so that they were not shaded.</p>
+
+<p>Hardiness in woody plants is only a relative term and is determined by
+the condition of the plant at the time the low temperature occurs. Woody
+plants are most tender when they are most actively growing and most
+resistant to cold injury when they are in deep or profound rest. Strong,
+vigorous, well-nourished trees are much more resistant to cold injury
+than weak, poorly-nourished trees. Hence, the successful grower makes an
+effort through disease and insect control and proper fertilization and
+cultivation to keep his trees strong. These practices should be so
+carried out that the trees will make a strong, vigorous growth in the
+spring and early summer and then<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> go into rest without a second or third
+flush of growth. The trees should carry their leaves until frost as
+there are some things made in them that cause the trees to develop
+resistance to cold injury. Winter or cold injury can destroy in a single
+night the hopes and expectations of several years' work but, in the
+main, if one grows well only those trees that are suited to the
+environment such losses are only rarely experienced.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Nut_Culture_In_Ontario" id="Nut_Culture_In_Ontario"></a>Nut Culture In Ontario</h2>
+
+<h4>I. C. MARRITT, District Forester, Ontario Department of Lands and
+Forests</h4>
+
+
+<p>It was suggested to me that a paper be prepared on nut culture in
+Ontario. The Department of Land and Forests of Ontario has not done
+specialized work on nut culture. The reason for this neglect is not that
+various members did not realize the importance of nut culture, but that
+there was always more work on general reforestation and woodlot
+extension than could be done. The work with nut trees has been along
+with their general work. We have not, as yet, had a member of the staff
+who has gone "nutty" over nuts. It is hoped that your meeting here will
+stir up interest in this worthy subject.</p>
+
+<p>We are very proud in Ontario of the work that has been done on general
+reforestation and woodlot management. This is a subject that all nut
+enthusiasts are interested in, and we would like you to know what is
+being done in Ontario.</p>
+
+<p>The Province of Ontario has been distributing trees free to landowners
+since 1907. There are three well-equipped tree nurseries, and a fourth
+is being developed in the eastern part of the province. A fifth nursery
+has been started in the northwest at Fort William on Lake Superior. The
+number of trees distributed varies considerably from year to year. The
+high distribution years were 1939 and 1940, when approximately seventeen
+million trees were planted each year. During the war years, on account
+of the labour situation and war activities, the distribution declined to
+between ten and eleven million trees. This past season, the demand was
+much larger than the supply. All the nurseries are expanding, as it is
+anticipated there will be a heavy demand by private planters, and also
+most of the counties are enlarging the area of their county forests.</p>
+
+<p>The application form for forest trees includes seven evergreens and
+nineteen deciduous trees. Walnut and butternut are the only nut trees on
+the application form. Shagbark hickory has also been grown, but not in
+large enough quantity to include it in the list of available trees. The
+St. Williams tree nursery near Lake Erie has grown named varieties of
+walnuts and hickories. These have been given out to interested parties,
+and, in future years, will further the growing of the more desirable nut
+trees. About ten years ago, the citizens of St. Thomas planted nut trees
+two or three feet in height for seventy miles along No. 3 Highway which
+crosses Elgin County. A large number of these trees have survived.</p>
+
+<p>A large acreage of forest trees has also been planted under the Counties
+Reforestation Act. Under this act the county purchases the land and the
+province plants and looks after the plantations for thirty years. The
+county then has three options <i>re</i> paying back the cost of planting and
+supervision.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> All the options are without interest charges. The county
+forests are largely on light sandy soils that, in most cases, are a
+liability to the municipalities if they are not growing trees.</p>
+
+<p>The Ontario Government passed an act in 1946 that gave the counties the
+right to pass a by-law to regulate cutting on privately-owned woodlots.
+You will be interested to know that eleven counties have passed by-laws
+to regulate cutting. They are all based on a diameter limit. We realize
+that a diameter limit is a poor substitute for good forestry practice,
+but it is better than unrestricted cutting. The diameter limits range
+from ten to sixteen inches for most trees, and five to six inches for
+cedars.</p>
+
+<p>Considerable extension work was done on nut growing in the period from
+1920 to 1930. Mr. James A. Neilson, an Extension Horticulturist
+stationed at Vineland, became very interested and located many
+individual trees and gave numerous lectures on nut culture. A bulletin
+by Mr. Neilson on nut culture was published in 1925, and reprinted in
+1930, by the Ontario Department of Agriculture. Mr. Neilson went to
+Michigan and did extension work on this subject until his untimely
+death. Mr. G. H. Corsan has also done considerable work to keep nut
+culture before the public by writing letters to the different
+newspapers.</p>
+
+<p>There has always been a large demand for black walnut. The reason for
+this is the high value placed on this wood and the planting of these
+trees for shade and nut production, although the consumption of native
+nuts is comparatively low. The black walnut grew, originally, south of a
+line from Toronto to Sarnia. It has been planted as far north as Ottawa,
+and is distributed quite widely in Old Ontario now&mdash;being planted
+largely as shade trees. These shade trees are producing nuts, and with
+the aid of squirrels, the walnuts are seeding up along fence rows,
+around farm homes, and in woodlots. Walnut has been observed coming up
+in a woodlot, and the only possible source is a shade tree half a mile
+away. The walnut caterpillar defoliates the trees but seldom kills them,
+although it does lower their value as shade trees.</p>
+
+<p>Walnut has been a favorite species for forest tree planting. It is
+planted in pure stands and in mixtures. The largest and best known
+walnut plantation was put out by Sir William Mullock in 1926 on the
+highway north of Toronto. There are numerous small plantations
+throughout the province. Foresters in Ontario generally recommend mixing
+walnut with other hardwoods and evergreens rather than planting in pure
+stands.</p>
+
+<p>It has been advocated to plant walnuts with white spruce. The idea is
+that spruce will shade the ground, kill the side branches of the walnut,
+and help to force the walnuts to grow long slender poles. It is
+understood, and expected, that the spruce will be ruined, as their
+leaders would grow into the branches of the walnut. As far as we know,
+this experiment has not been undertaken.</p>
+
+<p>The butternut tree is found growing naturally farther north than the
+walnut tree. Its northern boundary is roughly a line drawn from Midland
+on Georgian Bay to Ottawa. It is widely distributed, but is not in large
+enough quantity to have commercial value for lumber. An expert wood
+carver, who is employed by the Department of Lands and Forests, uses
+butternut largely in his work.</p>
+
+<p>The shagbark and bitternut hickories make up the large percentage of the
+hickories growing in Ontario. The northern limit of the bitternut is
+approximately the same as the butternut&mdash;that is, Midland on Georgian<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+Bay and Ottawa on the east; while the northern limit of the shagbark is
+thirty to forty miles south of the bitternut. The pignut and the
+mockernut hickories are found in the southern hardwood belt along Lake
+Erie.</p>
+
+<p>The American chestnut was quite plentiful in different sections of the
+southern hardwood belt. It was valued quite highly for the nuts. It has
+been killed out by the chestnut blight and it is very rarely that live
+suckers are seen.</p>
+
+<p>The beech was widely distributed in the woodland of southern Ontario. It
+has rarely been planted as a shade tree and it is not seeding up
+extensively in woodlots. There are many stories of hogs being fattened
+on beechnuts in pioneer days.</p>
+
+<p>The Japanese heartnut has been planted in various parts of the province.
+A heartnut tree in Bruce County lived through a hard winter that killed
+many sugar maples and beech in the same area. Nut trees are seeding up
+in many pastured woodlots in southwestern Ontario. The reason for this
+is that stock do not relish their foliage as they do the maple, beech
+and basswood, etc., and because of this, it is likely that nut trees
+will make up a larger percentage of trees in Ontario woodlots than
+originally, as it is a sad fact that at least seventy-five percent on
+the farm woodlots in Ontario are still being pastured.</p>
+
+<p>It is hoped that more interest will be shown in planting nut trees by
+farmers and home owners. The Department of Lands and Forests is
+enlarging its staff of Extension Foresters, and no doubt they will
+include the propagation of nut trees in their extension work.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Nut_Growing_at_the_Horticultural_Experiment_Station_Vineland_Station" id="Nut_Growing_at_the_Horticultural_Experiment_Station_Vineland_Station"></a>Nut Growing at the Horticultural Experiment Station, Vineland Station, Ontario</h2>
+
+
+<h4>W. J. STRONG</h4>
+
+
+<p>There was very little interest in nut growing in the early days of the
+Horticultural Experiment Station although back in 1914 a few filberts
+and Persian (English) walnuts were planted.</p>
+
+<p>The first nut orchard at the Station was set out in 1922 and since then
+several lots of nut trees have been added from time to time, principally
+filberts and Persian walnuts. Also a few black walnuts, Japanese
+heartnuts, Chinese chestnuts, hickories, pecan and several hybrids were
+planted.</p>
+
+<p>In 1922 twenty varieties of filberts were obtained from a nursery near
+Rochester, N. Y. These were reputed to be some of the better sorts
+imported from Germany but when they came into bearing only one was true
+to name, this being Italian Red. Another un-named variety in this lot
+(field number 3 R 1 A T 10, 11, 12), proved to be hardy and very
+vigorous. The nuts were only of medium size but very well filled and of
+good quality. The rest of these were a nondescript lot of worthless
+varieties or seedlings and so after a few years nearly all were uprooted
+and discarded.</p>
+
+<p>At this time (1922) four varieties of Persian walnuts were planted,
+Franquette, Mayette, Hall and Rush. The Franquette and Mayette have not
+grown very well here and have given very poor yields. Both Hall and Rush
+made good growth the first 15 or 20 years from planting but latterly,
+growth has been poor and yields have fallen off considerably, although
+this year<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> (1947) there is a very fair crop showing, but with rather
+much dropping. The nut of the Hall variety is quite large but the husk
+is thick and the shell is thick and coarse, also in some seasons the
+kernel has not filled out very well. The Rush has given good crops of
+medium-size nuts. It seems to be rather susceptible to bacterial blight.</p>
+
+<p>Five named varieties of black walnuts also were planted at this time
+(1922), Thomas, Ohio, Stabler, Ten Eyck and McCoy. The Thomas has proven
+to be the best of these and the value of the others was pretty much in
+the order named. The last two were quite inferior as to nut, while the
+Stabler lacked vigour and did not yield very well, although it is a nice
+nut and the kernel comparatively easy to extract.</p>
+
+<p>Eight Persian walnut seedlings in the same plantation, set out in 1926,
+have made poor to fair growth. They have given very few nuts until this
+year (1947) when two of them are showing a very fair crop.</p>
+
+<p>About 1928 twenty Japanese walnuts and hybrids with the butternut, and
+about the same number of Persian walnut seedlings, which have been
+brought in by the late Professor Jas. A. Neilson, were transplanted to
+the permanent fruiting positions. The Japanese walnuts and hybrids were
+worthless and so were discarded. The Persian walnuts, however, seemed to
+be of more value, several are quite nice nuts and one, at least, looks
+to be worthy of increase for further trial or limited distribution. This
+seedling (field number 13R3T14) has made very fair growth and has shown
+only slight winter injury. For the last five or six years it has given
+moderately good yields of very nice looking nuts. The nuts are large,
+rather long and oval, resembling somewhat the Franquette. The shell is
+smooth and moderately thick, well sealed but easy to crack. Usually they
+are quite well filled and the kernel is mild in flavour and of nice
+quality.</p>
+
+<p>Another Persian walnut, set out about the same time, is the McDermid.
+The original tree was found on the property of a Mr. McDermid at St.
+Catharines, Out. One grafted tree and four seedlings were planted on the
+Station grounds. They grew well and showed very little killing back and
+for several years gave quite nice crops of nuts, but of recent years the
+yield has been rather small. The nut is blunt-oval in shape and of good
+size with a fairly hard shell which is well sealed but not any too easy
+to open. The quality is fairly good but the pellicle is rather strong
+flavoured.</p>
+
+<p>The year 1936 may be considered the high water mark in nut planting at
+the Station. A variety block of filberts was set out that year and fifty
+one-year-old Persian walnut seedlings (Carpathian strain) were planted
+in a nursery row, and in permanent location in 1937. The filbert
+planting consisted of from three to nine bushes each of twelve
+varieties, including Aveline (white), Barcelona, Bixby, Bolwyller,
+Buchanan, Cosford, Daviana, Du Chilly, Medium Long, Red Lambert (?) and
+Jones hybrid. These were planted in a compact block, 18 feet apart each
+way on the square. A lesser distance no doubt would be sufficient for
+upright growing sorts like Du Chilly but some of the more spreading
+kinds can use the greater distance.</p>
+
+<p>Most of these filberts started to yield a few nuts at five to seven
+years from planting and at nine or ten years were giving good crops.
+Yields have fluctuated considerably from year to year, and also between
+varieties and different bushes of the same variety. Yields obtained from
+individual ten-year-old bushes and size of nut are given in the
+following table.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="ten-year-old bushes and size of nut">
+<tr><th align='left'>Name</th><th align='right'>Quarts<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a><br />(with husks)</th><th align='right'>Pints, nuts<br />(without husks)</th><th align='right'>Size of nut<br />No. per pint</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='right'>8</td><td align='right'>101</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bixby (1)</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='right'>9</td><td align='right'>130</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bixby (2)</td><td align='right'>22</td><td align='right'>12</td><td align='right'>148</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Daviana (1)</td><td align='right'>10</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>94</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Daviana (2)</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='right'>90</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Du Chilly (1)</td><td align='right'>20</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='right'>93</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Du Chilly (2)</td><td align='right'>17</td><td align='right'>12</td><td align='right'>92</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Medium Long</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='right'>8</td><td align='right'>115</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>Higher yields have undoubtedly been obtained from other plantations and
+from other individual bushes and certainly lower yields, also, may be
+expected. Those given above are for 1946 from the best ten-year-old
+bushes in a plantation of forty plants.</p>
+
+<p>Yield and size of nut while of major importance are not the only
+criteria for appraising the value of a nut variety. In filberts, such
+points as ease of husking, amount of fibre and, of course, quality must
+be considered. Also, as in other nuts, thickness of shell and
+proportions of kernel to shell are quite important. Vigour and hardiness
+of bush and hardiness of flower, male and female, are assumed, as
+without these high yields are not to be expected.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the filbert varieties in bearing at the Horticultural Experiment
+Station with a few of their outstanding qualities are noted below.</p>
+
+<p>Barcelona has a rather thick shell and too much fibre. It matures early,
+first week of September, and the nuts drop out of the husk fairly
+readily. The plant is strong and vigorous and somewhat spreading in
+habit of growth. It appears to be hardy.</p>
+
+<p>Du Chilly is not always hardy and it is difficult to husk. Some bushes
+of this variety have given quite low yields.</p>
+
+<p>Medium Long is a useful nut. It is not as large as the former two, but
+it fills well and there is very little fibre; also the shell is thin. It
+ripens somewhat later than Barcelona and is easy to husk.</p>
+
+<p>Bixby is of medium size, somewhat pointed with a medium thick shell but
+almost no fibre. It is late in maturing, first week of October, and does
+not husk readily.</p>
+
+<p>Daviana is a large, attractive nut with a moderately thin shell and has
+very little fibre. The quality is good. The nuts are mostly borne singly
+but with some pairs and they are apt to cling to the husk.</p>
+
+<p>Cosford is a very nice nut. It is similar to Medium Long, somewhat
+smaller and of good appearance. It has a thin shell and is of good
+quality. It ripens early and separates readily from the husk. Perhaps
+not always hardy.</p>
+
+<p>Bolwyller is hardy, yields moderately well and has nice quality.</p>
+
+<p>Buchanan, much like Bixby, but a more vigorous grower. Rather difficult
+to pick. The nut has good quality and very little fibre.</p>
+
+<p>Italian Red, one of the best but not hardy.</p>
+
+<p>The filbert plantings have been added to from time to time. In 1942, 200
+open-pollinated seedlings of the hardy seedling (3R1AT 10, 11, 12&mdash;1922
+planting) were set out and are now (1947) beginning to bear a few nuts.
+The main purpose of growing these seedlings is to find a larger nut of
+good quality with the vigour and hardiness of the female parent.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In 1944 a bush each of Beethe, Buchanan, Luisen and Volkugel varieties
+were set out, also bushes of the following hybrids:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rush x White Aveline No. 21</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rush x Kentish Cob&nbsp;  No. 110 and 111</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rush x Barcelona&nbsp; &nbsp;  No. 157 and 159</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rush x Bolwyller&nbsp; &nbsp;  No. 200</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rush x Red Lambert&nbsp;  No. 394 and 398</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rush x Du Chilly&nbsp; &nbsp;  No. 485 and 555</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rush x Daviana&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  No. 529 and 521</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>This material was supplied by the New York State Agricultural Experiment
+Station for test purposes. So far none of these has come into bearing.</p>
+
+<p>The seedling Carpathian walnuts (1937 planting) are nearly all bearing a
+few nuts. Some began in 1943 while other bore nothing until several
+years later. One tree in 1946 gave six pints of nuts, without the husks,
+another four pints and several two pints, but most of them much less. As
+in other seedling trees there is much variation in this lot of walnuts.
+They vary considerably in habit of growth and vigour, also in nut
+characteristics. They have shown little or no winter injury. It is too
+early yet to pass judgment on these seedlings. Undoubtedly many of them
+are worthless, others are on the border line, and a few may be better
+than seedlings already growing in the Niagara fruit belt. It is possible
+that some may have sufficient hardiness for planting in the less
+favoured sections of Ontario.</p>
+
+<p>Other types of nuts growing at the Horticultural Experiment Station are
+of general interest. The chestnuts and most of the pecans are very young
+and so are not bearing. Several hickories, <b>Carya ovata</b> and <b>C. laciniosa</b>,
+and Japanese walnuts bear some nuts occasionally. The Persian walnut x
+black walnut hybrids bear a few nuts sometimes but are worthless; the
+trees however, are nice as ornamentals. The Japanese walnut x butternut
+hybrids usually have a nice crop but the nuts are of questionable value.
+The trees are nice ornamentals although subject to wind injury.</p>
+
+<p>Several seedling Chinese chestnuts were topworked to selected Chinese
+chestnuts, grafts of which were obtained from the Division of Forest
+Pathology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Unfortunately these
+were all destroyed at the result of construction work.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to plantings made at this Station, nuts and nut seedlings
+have been distributed to people who wished to grow a few nut trees on
+their own places.</p>
+
+<p>Cultural practices have been very simple at the Station. After planting,
+the trees were cultivated for a year or two, then the space between sown
+to grass and clover and the space just around the trees was mulched with
+manure, hay, etc. The grass is cut several times a year and placed
+around the trees as additional mulch. Small quantities of a good
+commercial fertilizer such as 4-8-10 have been applied occasionally and
+some nitrogen also has been used.</p>
+
+<p>Pruning has been reduced to a minimum, a light thinning out of branches
+being given as required. Very little attempt has been made to keep
+filberts to a single stem, but the walnuts have been kept to a single
+low-headed trunk.</p>
+
+<p>There has been a marked increase in interest in the planting of nut
+trees in Ontario since the first plantings were made at the Station.
+These Station plantings serve to demonstrate in a small way that nut
+trees can be grown<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> in the Niagara fruit belt of Ontario. The
+feasibilty, however, of growing nut crops in a commercial way, even in
+this district, is still open to question, although it is felt that
+farmers and others should be encouraged to plant a few nut trees on
+their property both for the sake of the nuts and because of the
+ornamental nature of the trees.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Soil_Management_for_Nut_Plantations_in_Ontario" id="Soil_Management_for_Nut_Plantations_in_Ontario"></a>Soil Management for Nut Plantations in Ontario</h2>
+
+<h4>J. R. van HAARLEM, Horticultural Experiment Station, Vineland Station,
+Ontario</h4>
+
+
+<p>Fruitgrowers with high priced land, such as we have in the Niagara
+Peninsula, are not much interested in using such land for a crop not yet
+proven commercially sound. Plantings, whether large or small, are likely
+to be made on low-priced marginal land needing good care. It is doubtful
+if these locations are best suited to proper nut culture since most nut
+trees are deep rooted with extensive root systems requiring the best
+soils.</p>
+
+<p>At the Vineland Station we have three plantations made up of 110
+walnuts, 240 filberts, 14 chestnuts and 6 pecans. These comprise named
+varieties and seedlings of black, Carpathian, and other Persian walnuts,
+filberts, chestnuts and pecans.</p>
+
+<p>During the first years of the life of these plantations we maintained a
+clean cultivation program during the spring and early summer followed by
+the planting of a green-manure crop about July 1st each year. Such crops
+as buckwheat, millet, rye, and weeds, have been used on occasion. We
+soon found that the treatment was not good enough for the trees and we
+then changed to a grass sod with mulch around each tree within the
+spread of the branches. Since this sod-mulch treatment was applied the
+trees have done very much better, making fine growth and maintaining a
+large leaf area of good color. This treatment is fairly representative
+of the many trees planted in dooryards under sod conditions, where the
+grass is cut and left on top.</p>
+
+<p>Most of our Ontario soils are deficient in organic matter and, depending
+on location, deficient in phosphate or potash, or both together. The
+mineral deficiency should first be corrected by liberal applications of
+the required fertilizer before placing the plantations in sod, in fact
+it would pay to do this several years before setting out the trees,
+growing alfalfa on this land and returning all the hay back into the
+soil. For plantations already set out these minerals could be placed in
+a furrow cut just under the outer spread of the branches. Our soils have
+a high fixation factor for phosphate and potash and we have found that
+the best practice is to place the fertilizer under the surface either
+with a deep-placement machine or as outlined above.</p>
+
+<p>After the plantation is in sod an application of 500 to 1,000 lbs. of a
+4-8-10 fertilizer every fifth year should take care of the mineral
+requirements. However, our experience with fruit in general where
+planted in sod is that not sufficient care is taken to keep the trees
+well supplied with nitrogen, many growers laboring under the mistaken
+idea that just the sod is sufficient. Liberal applications of either
+manure or nitrate in the spring is necessary to make sure that the tree
+gets its required nitrogen and not just the sod alone. Mineral
+fertilizers should be applied in the late fall, for under our conditions
+fixation of phosphate and potash is considerably less at that time. The
+plantation may be seeded down in the early spring but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> mulch should not
+be added until late fall. Applying the mulch in late fall will allow the
+material to fill up with water from the fall rains and winter snows, and
+so prevent the serious withholding of water from the trees during dry
+spells in the summer, because the light summer rains are seldom
+sufficient to soak through the dry mulch material. We have had several
+instances where a summer-applied mulch has seriously robbed the tree of
+needed moisture during dry weather. Do not look for immediate
+improvement from sod-mulch, it will take at least two years to become
+well established. Improvement should begin to show up the second year
+after applying.</p>
+
+<p>We sometimes see a chlorotic condition of the foliage, different from
+the pale yellow foliage due to nitrogen deficiency, which occurs on
+marginal or shallow soil and often where the soil remains too moist, as
+along a water course or low spot. We frequently see this same trouble on
+grape foliage in such locations. This is probably due to a lack of
+sufficient iron intake caused by a deficiency of manganese. It can be
+cured by either spraying with a 1% solution of magananese sulphate or
+applying the dry salt under the spread of the branches. The spraying
+method seems to give better and faster results.</p>
+
+<p>It has been reported from British Columbia that some die-back is due to
+deficiency of boron. Perhaps some of the die-back we see on nut trees
+during the summer is due to this cause and not all to winter injury. The
+very erratic results from ground application of borax would indicate
+that borax should be incorporated with one of the regular sprays as a 1%
+mixture.</p>
+
+<p>Our conclusions therefore are that nut plantations should be placed in
+sod as soon as possible and a mulch established the fall of the year the
+grass is sown. Each year cut the grass and draw in around the tree to
+supplement the mulch. If not enough material is gathered in this way it
+can be supplemented by straw or old hay. Manure or nitrate should be
+applied each spring and trace elements where needed can be incorporated
+in the regular spray program.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Discussion after J. R. van Haarlem's paper.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. MacDaniels: "I realize that there are more trees which are starving
+to death than are being overfed."</p>
+
+<p>Silvis: "Do you recommend that freshly cut hay be used as mulch?"</p>
+
+<p>Van Haarlem: "Any crop refuse can be used as mulch. Anything that will
+rot down. The pH of the soil should be 6.2 to 6.5."</p>
+
+<p>O'Rourke: "Would you use clean cultivation for the first year?"</p>
+
+<p>Van Haarlem: "There is nothing against it. We use sod mulch at Vineland.
+The reason that our growers are not growing nut plantations is that good
+land, that is good soil, sells for $1,000 per acre. Nut trees grown on
+poor land, cheap land, do not produce."</p>
+
+<p>McCollum: "I am surprised that rain would not go through loose straw and
+will go through old straw. Where does the rain go when it falls on the
+loose straw?"</p>
+
+<p>Van Haarlem: "It is absorbed before it gets through the straw. Dry mulch
+should be 18 inches deep."</p>
+
+<p>Member: "How would you prevent erosion on rolling land?"</p>
+
+<p>Van Haarlem: "Plant on the contour."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Crane: "How often do you renew mulch under trees?"</p>
+
+<p>Van Haarlem: "After first application additional may be needed but after
+that enough is grown under trees which when cut and raked will
+suffice."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Report_from_Southern_Ontario" id="Report_from_Southern_Ontario"></a>Report from Southern Ontario</h2>
+
+<h4>ALEX TROUP, Jordan Station, Ontario</h4>
+
+
+<p>Here in southern Ontario we find that most of the northern nuts do well
+in most seasons. Among black walnuts the Thomas, Ohio, and many others
+do well. The Thomas does not always fill. The Ohio seems to be the
+favorite among Persian (English) walnuts. Franquette, Broadview and a
+few others are satisfactory but sometimes do not fill well. Of Japanese
+heartnut walnuts nearly all do well. The Mitchell, Stranger, Bates and
+others are satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>All the shagbarks and shellbarks are doing well, although only the young
+shagbarks are bearing, and then only lightly.</p>
+
+<p>Chestnuts have done well at times but some trees have been killed by the
+blight. We have Japanese, Chinese and some other seedlings. They are
+sometimes winter injured.</p>
+
+<p>Filberts are satisfactory and usually bear well. We have Barcelona, Du
+Chilly, Troup, White Aveline, Italian Red, Kentish Cob, Daviana, Mosier,
+Guy Smith, Nonpariel and Brixnut. The Barcelona drops nearly free of the
+husk and is a fine nut. Most are of this variety. We do not have hazels.</p>
+
+<p>Pecans will grow and bear but do not fill.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Nut_Trees_Hardy_at_Aldershot_Ontario_Canada" id="Nut_Trees_Hardy_at_Aldershot_Ontario_Canada"></a>Nut Trees Hardy at Aldershot, Ontario, Canada</h2>
+
+<h4>O. FILMAN, Aldershot</h4>
+
+
+<p>During the past nine or ten years I have planted a few trees of some of
+the better known varieties of northern nut species, some of them chosen
+from the lists of promising selections in the annual reports of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association, some on the recommendation of reliable
+nut nurserymen. These trees have been planted here and there in various
+locations where space permitted on a small fruit and vegetable farm, not
+in orchard form nor in a solid nut tree planting.</p>
+
+<p>Editor's Note: Anyone reading this paper should remember that it applies
+to an area of intensive growth of peaches, pears, and other fruits in a
+bit of Canadian land west of Niagara Falls and protected spring and fall
+from extremes of temperatures by Lake Ontario on the north and Lake Erie
+on the south. The paper by H. L. Crane in this report should be read in
+connection with it.</p>
+
+<p>Aldershot is a fruit and vegetable growing district, about six miles
+from Hamilton, below the escarpment, on the Toronto-Hamilton lake shore
+highway. This district is almost at the western tip of Lake Ontario and
+is more or less a continuation of the Niagara fruit belt which borders
+the lake. Consequently the climate is not so severe as that of
+localities situated a few miles farther from the lake and above the
+Niagara escarpment at higher altitudes. Winter temperatures seldom go
+much below zero, although, in occasional seasons, temperatures of-20
+degrees F., and sometimes even somewhat lower, are experienced.</p>
+
+<p>The soil is a deep, well-drained, light sandy loam, known as Fox sandy
+loam, considered a good fruit and vegetable soil, if organic matter and
+fertility are maintained with manure, fertilizers and green manure
+crops.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Nut trees, which I have planted, include Chinese chestnut, heart nut,
+filbert, hickories, butternut, Persian walnut, a few black walnut
+seedlings and two seedling pecans.</p>
+
+<p><b>Chestnuts.</b> The native chestnut grew in the woods of this locality before
+the blight reached it. I have tried eight varieties of Oriental
+chestnuts, and I have trees surviving of five: Abundance, Hobson, Carr,
+Zimmerman, and one of Mr. Carroll D. Bush's called Chinese Sweet No. 3.
+They all came through a temperature of about-20 degrees, early in 1943
+(with the exception of Zimmerman which was planted later) without
+showing any sign of killing back or other visible injury. Unfortunately,
+I have kept no records of crops but expect to do so.</p>
+
+<p><b>Abundance.</b> One bearing tree, purchased from Mr. Bush of Oregon, and
+planted in the spring of 1938. Bore a few burs in 1941. Bore a crop in
+1944, missed 1945, a good crop in 1946. It is bearing what appears to me
+to be quite a heavy crop this year, 1947. Blossoms in July. Bears a
+good-size, attractive nut, which falls free from the bur, ripening in
+early October. Abundance has made the best growth of any of the
+varieties and appears the most promising.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hobson.</b> Two trees, one, planted in 1940, bore its first crop in 1946;
+the other, planted in 1943, not yet bearing. Has been a little
+disappointing, in view of the very favourable reports of its performance
+in more southern locations in the United States. Probably it is a little
+too far north of its natural environment. In some seasons it has made
+rather good growth, but not as vigorous as that of Abundance. It bore a
+fair crop in 1946, however, of attractive nuts of about the same size as
+Abundance. It ripened in late October about two weeks later than
+Abundance. These nuts germinated well this spring when planted in pots
+in the greenhouse.</p>
+
+<p><b>Carr.</b> One tree surviving, planted in 1940. Two others, planted in 1943,
+have died, but I do not believe that winter injury was the cause of
+their death. Has grown slowly, bearing in 1944 and 1946. The nut is much
+smaller than that produced by the same variety at more southern
+latitudes, judging from descriptions of it which I have read. The nut is
+much smaller than that of Hobson, as grown here. This small tree bore a
+tremendous crop in 1946, more than I thought any tree of its size could
+support. The tree was literally covered with burs. The nuts were very
+small, not larger than a small native chestnut. They ripened early,
+beginning to drop from the burs by September 25th. I stratified most of
+the nuts in pots of soil and planted 206 nuts from this little tree,
+which is only about seven feet high and not at all spreading.
+Germination was good.</p>
+
+<p><b>Zimmerman.</b> One small tree planted spring of 1945. Not bearing yet. Is
+not growing fast but appears healthy with good foliage.</p>
+
+<p><b>Chinese Sweet No. 3.</b> Purchased from Mr. Bush in 1938. Planted at the
+same time as Abundance, which Mr. Bush at that time called Chinese Sweet
+No. 1. He later named No. 1 Abundance, but did not consider No. 3 worthy
+of naming. Has grown well, but has borne very few nuts. Mr. Bush
+discarded it for the same fault. [See comment following.&mdash;Ed.]</p>
+
+<p>I have also tried and lost the following varieties: Connecticut Yankee,
+Austin Japanese and Stoke hybrid.</p>
+
+<p>I have quite a number of young seedlings of Abundance, Carr and a few<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+of Hobson, from seed produced on my own trees, some of which I hope to
+allow to bear in order to see if anything promising shows up among them.
+The Abundance seedlings seem to inherit the superior vigour of their
+female parent.</p>
+
+<p><b>Heartnuts.</b> The Japanese walnut grows vigorously. I have planted a few of
+Mr. J. U. Gellatly's varieties, as well as the Wright heartnut. All of
+the ones planted seem perfectly hardy and at home. I have only one tree
+of each variety.</p>
+
+<p><b>O.K.</b> From J. U. Gellatly, planted in 1942. Transplanted 1944. Bore its
+first nuts, one cluster, in 1946. Cracking and extraction of kernel were
+excellent. The flavour was fine. Size of nut about medium.</p>
+
+<p><b>Okanda.</b> From J. U. Gellatly, 1942. Said by Mr. Gellatly to be a hybrid
+between heartnut and native butternut. Tree vigorous. Nut has a smooth
+shell like a heartnut. Cracking and extraction good. Flavour excellent.
+Nut about size and shape of a medium-sized heartnut. Bore its first crop
+in 1946 and is repeating this year with a fair crop.</p>
+
+<p><b>Crofter.</b> From J. U. Gellatly, 1942. Also said by Mr. Gellatly to be a
+hybrid between heartnut and butternut. Tree vigorous. Bore its first
+crop in 1946 and has a few nuts this year. The nut has a comparatively
+smooth shell like a heartnut, is somewhat larger than that of Okanda but
+does not crack as well, or rather the kernel does not come out of the
+cavity nearly so well as that of Okanda. Flavour fine.</p>
+
+<p><b>Canoka.</b> From J. U. Gellatly, 1944. A pure heartnut. Tree very vigorous.
+Bearing its first crop this year, several clusters.</p>
+
+<p><b>Slioka.</b> A new heartnut from Mr. Gellatly, planted in 1945. Tree growth
+is vigorous. Is bearing one nut, its first, this year.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wright.</b> From Benton and Smith nurseries 1946. Seems to be hardy. Tree
+growth has not been very strong but appears healthy.</p>
+
+<p><b>New, un-named heartnut.</b> From J. U. Gellatly, planted in the spring of
+1944. A new selection which Mr. Gellatly has not named. The tree has
+grown vigorously and it is bearing its first crop of several clusters of
+nuts.</p>
+
+<p><b>Butternuts.</b> I have only one grafted butternut tree, a Crax-ezy, from the
+Michigan Nut Nurseries in 1940, transplanted in 1942. The tree has been
+hardy and healthy but has not grown very vigorously. It is bearing its
+first crop this year.</p>
+
+<p>I had one tree of the Sherwood butternut, planted in 1938, which died
+last winter as a result, I believe, of a heavy infestation of oyster
+shell scale which I did not control soon enough. Sherwood bore early and
+heavily. The nut was extremely large but did not crack at all well.</p>
+
+<p><b>Persian walnut.</b> Only one grafted tree, a Broadview, from Mr. Gellatly,
+planted in 1942, transplanted in 1944. Has been hardy, but has just
+begun to make really good growth, this year. Has not borne.</p>
+
+<p><b>Filberts.</b> I have planted four of Mr. Gellatly's varieties, namely Craig,
+Brag, Comet and Holder, as well as Barcelona, Cosford, Medium Long and
+Buchanan. Craig and Brag are the only ones which have borne. Trees of
+those varieties planted in 1942 bore their first crop in 1946. They have
+very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> few nuts on them this year. All varieties seem to be winter-hardy
+in the wood. Craig, Brag and Comet, the only ones which have borne
+staminate flowers do not seem too hardy in the catkins however. Nearly
+all were killed, last winter, although the temperature scarcely went as
+low as zero. Mr. Gellatly states that their catkins survive much lower
+temperatures than that in the west. Some other factor than low
+temperature probably is accountable. (See paper by H. L. Crane in this
+report.&mdash;Ed.)</p>
+
+<p>Cosford, Medium Long and Buchanan were planted in the fall of 1946, and
+hence it is too early to have any information on their hardiness. They
+survived their first winter in good condition and have grown vigorously
+this summer.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hickories.</b> Only three grafted trees surviving.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pleas hybrid.</b> One tree, planted in 1938, has been perfectly hardy,
+having come through several severe winters without any sign of injury.
+It has made good growth and has developed into a fine shade tree for the
+lawn but has not borne. It has had many staminate catkins for several
+years.</p>
+
+<p><b>Barnes.</b> One small tree, planted in the spring of 1946, has made slow but
+healthy growth and appears to be hardy thus far.</p>
+
+<p><b>Miller.</b> One tree, planted in 1946, is still living but very weak.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to these named varieties I have a number of seedling black
+walnuts, butternuts and heartnuts, which I hope to topwork to named
+varieties; also two seedling pecans which are making surprisingly good,
+thrifty growth. The pecan seedlings have been quite hardy.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><b>Discussion after Mr. Filman's paper.</b></p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "Hobson is not as large as Abundance. Abundance is always larger
+than Hobson. Carr always produced better nuts than Hobson. Mr. Filman
+finds that Carr has very small nuts. I am surprised to see a reversal of
+performance between Ontario and Virginia."</p>
+
+<p>McDaniel: "Mr. Bush now reports that his No. 3 chestnut has borne better
+crops recently. Abundance has not survived in TVA tests at Norris."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Report_from_Echo_Valley_1947" id="Report_from_Echo_Valley_1947"></a>Report from Echo Valley, 1947</h2>
+
+<h4>GEORGE HEBDEN CORSAN, Islington, Ontario</h4>
+
+
+<p>The Northern Nut Growers Association visited Echo Valley, Islington,
+Ontario, September 5th on the field trip following their annual
+convention at Guelph. Some 15 species of nuts and nearly 400 varieties
+are growing there. The filberts drew a lot of attention, as the most of
+them were seedlings and quite large, some larger than the largest Oregon
+varieties. The seeds planted were: Italian Red. Du Chilly, Giant de
+Halle, Brixnut, Bollwyller, Cosford, Daviana, and Jones No. 1 Hybrid.
+The policy followed has been not to discard a plant because it bears
+small nuts or no nuts at all, because such trees may bear hardy catkins
+that live through the winter. The female blossoms of filberts are very
+hardy but many male blossoms may be killed during cold winters.</p>
+
+<p>Years ago the Dominion Department of Agriculture declared that filberts,
+chestnuts and Persian (English) walnuts could not be grown north of Lake
+Ontario. I would grant that they grow better south of the lake.
+However,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> the filbert crop this fall south of the lake was very poor and
+scanty, whereas mine was large and in fact the largest I ever had. My
+Winkler and Rush hazelnuts are crowded on the branches. And the same
+with the English walnuts. My crop on the larger trees could not be
+better. The Thomas black walnut, as well as other black walnuts, Jap
+heartnuts, hybrid butternut x Japanese heartnut cross, chestnuts and
+hickories are very large.</p>
+
+<p>Hicans and northern pecans do not develop north of Lake Ontario. Down in
+the very southwest corner of Ontario, north of Lake Erie, some small
+pecans have cropped well on trees. As a curiosity pecan trees are quite
+hardy here, but we lack length of season to mature the nuts properly. No
+Weiker hickory hybrid crops and ripens well here. This nut is one of the
+very few crosses between shellbark and shagbark hickories, (<b>Carya
+laciniosa</b>) western and (<b>Carya ovata</b>) eastern, hickories.</p>
+
+<p>I have some crosses between the Chinese and Japanese chestnuts that I am
+watching. I have one European x American cross chestnut, the Gibbons,
+and one native (<b>Castanea dentata</b>) that have escaped the blight. So far
+this year I have found only one blighted chestnut limb and I promptly
+cut it off and tarred the cut well.</p>
+
+<p>At least I have persimmons hardy enough to stand the winters north of
+Lake Ontario, but I am not sure about the pawpaw. This fruit seems to
+require shade from the winter's sun.</p>
+
+<p>Many but not all of the Crath importations of Persian walnuts from the
+Carpathians are hardy and much more so than the Pomeroy varieties. Even
+the Broadview is not hardy as many of the Crath varieties. Rev. Crath
+did an immense service to us by his importations which far exceeded our
+highest expectations. I have here nearly half a hundred varieties of
+<b>Juglans regia</b> that are doing well, especially the three Rumanian giants
+that ripen so well here.</p>
+
+
+<p>List of Some of the Larger and More Important Trees at Echo Valley,
+Islington, Ontario</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Black Walnut</b></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Stambaugh 1926&mdash;1st prize.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Thomas from J. F. Jones, late ripener.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Troup, cracks out whole in spring.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Hepler, from Miss Riehl, a long nut.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Elmer Myers, excellent flavor, the thinest shell.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Snyder, medium size, large kernel.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Tasterite, a small nut, origin New York State.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Clark, origin Iowa, very large nut.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Gifford, bears very heavy crop every second year, ripens before Thomas.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Persian (English) Walnut</b></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">David Fairchild, seedling Rumanian giant.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Senator Pepper, seedling Rumanian giant.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Paul de Kruif, seedling Rumanian giant.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Chinese, very hardy, medium size.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Broadview, from British Columbia but originally from Russia.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Hickory</b></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Neilson, a true shagbark, nut large flat and very thin shell, flavor is</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">wonderful. A big tree on highway 24 not far south of where Alexander</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Graham Bell perfected the telephone.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Hagen, a true shagbark, a fast grower.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Hand, a shagbark.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Weiker, a shellbark and shagbark cross, a large, heavy bearing nut that</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">ripens here north of Lake Ontario. Excellent flavor, grafted on pecan.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Papple, a small good shagbark, cracks out whole.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Anthony No. 1 shagbark.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Glover, from Miss Riehl.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Heartnut</b></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Wright, a good bearer and excellent cracker.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Stranger, very heavy bearer, excellent cracker.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Gellatly.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Filbert</b></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Italian Red, medium long with wide base.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Bollwyller, large round.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Du Chilly, long smooth.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Many seedlings of named varieties.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Chestnut</b></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Gibbons, Miss Riehl, hybrid European American.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Chinese, test not completed.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>Jap Butternut</b></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Helmick, from Miss Riehl, 14 cluster, regular bearer, very thin shell,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">grafted on black walnut.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Report_from_Beamsville_Ontario" id="Report_from_Beamsville_Ontario"></a>Report from Beamsville, Ontario</h2>
+
+<h4>LEVI HOUSSER</h4>
+
+
+<p>About twenty years ago I started to plant nut trees, as I decided nuts
+were the solution to good health, which I later found was correct. Most
+of my first trees died. I started gathering nuts all over the country
+until at last, near my own home, I found a neighbor who had ten trees
+and two out of the ten were bearing large size nuts of an excellent
+flavor. I also added filberts to my collection.</p>
+
+<p>About this time I learned of Prof. Neilson, so I went to see him in
+Guelph. He told me about the Northern Nut Growers Association. I also
+learned about Mr. Corsan and his work at Islington so I went to see him.
+He also told me about the Association so I went to the next meeting and
+joined up. I began to add more varieties to my plantings. My first four
+acre planting was seeded with oats the second year. All my tress had a
+nice start. I spent some three hundred dollars that year for grafted nut
+trees. That second fall I hired a man to watch and stand by each tree as
+the binder passed. It was impossible for me to be there. The man who cut
+the oats in his own stubborn way went alone and cut everything as he
+went, trees and all. My heart was nearly broken! I started again. I
+bought nuts of good varieties from all over. I decided to make a little
+nursery this time then plant out after the trees got bigger. Just as I
+got this started nicely the war came. I also had a fruit farm where I
+now live besides also planting some grafted stock here. My nursery,
+seventy-eight miles away on my fifty acres, I had to leave as gas was
+rationed and I was forced to sell, so remaining there are about one
+hundred trees which I shall watch. My<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> best trees died but I kept going
+on planting every year. Today, after all the calamities I had, I have
+around two hundred trees living.</p>
+
+<p>This year I expect two bushels of heartnuts; about two bushels of
+filberts; some extra nice ones that ripened early, large and well
+filled; about two bushels of black walnuts, some very promising. Besides
+these I have about fifty trees of the Carpathian walnuts from which I
+have gathered about two quarts of nuts. My oldest tree is ten years old.
+One I grafted on black walnut stock and it is a very large nut. I
+gathered five nuts from this. The graft is now five years old. Hundreds
+of nuts started; nearly all dropped off. Possibly as the tree gets older
+it will do better as I have planted several other nut trees not far away
+to help with cross pollination.</p>
+
+<p>I have some good sized butternuts and I gathered about 17 quarts of
+these so I expect to have enough nuts to supply my daily needs from now
+on from my own plantings. After twenty years of hard work and with an
+outlay of at least $1,000, my trees, as they grow up around me, are like
+children to me. They supply me with food. My nervousness was cured by
+them and my health has returned.</p>
+
+<p>My worst enemy here with filberts is they start to grow too early, then
+a frost comes and they are done after a week or two of nice weather.
+Even though we have this trouble we gathered nearly two bushels from 25
+trees which are eight years old.</p>
+
+<p>Our lowest temperature here was 20 below zero a few years ago. My
+Carpathians did not seem to mind that nor did the heartnuts. From now on
+I am planning my own little nursery and do my own grafting as well. I
+top work my young trees that show poor nuts.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Nut_Growing_in_New_Hampshire" id="Nut_Growing_in_New_Hampshire"></a>Nut Growing in New Hampshire</h2>
+
+<h4>L. P. LATIMER, Assistant Horticulturist, University of New Hampshire,
+Durham, New Hampshire</h4>
+
+
+<p>At the present time there are no nuts grown commercially in New
+Hampshire. Those gathered by the residents of this state for home use or
+local consumption are comprised almost entirely of butternuts from wild
+seedling trees and nuts of the native hickory. The butternut is the most
+highly prized among our native nuts. It grows wild over a large portion
+of the state. The hickory nuts take second place, probably because of
+their smaller size and the greater difficulty involved in removing the
+meat from the shells. Black walnuts are occasionally found but do not
+seem generally as popular.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. A. F. Yeager of the Horticultural Department of the University of
+New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, has several times called for
+specimens of superior butternuts grown in the state. These have been
+tested for their cracking ability, and size of kernel and ease of
+removal from the shell in halves or as whole meats. Several very fine
+specimens have been collected, but progress in the development of these
+better types has been impeded by the difficulty involved in trying to
+propagate them vegetatively. The New Hampshire Horticultural Department
+would gladly welcome any information concerning the propagation of the
+butternut that would make grafting or budding successful.</p>
+
+<p>The best possibility in developing commercial nut crops in New
+Hamp<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>shire apparently lies first in the use of the hazel or filbert.
+Although the European filbert has not been very successful, such
+varieties of the American hazel as Winkler and Rush look promising. The
+Winkler has borne heavy crops but in a short summer season the nuts do
+not always mature fully in the fall. Although we have had much less
+experience with the Rush variety, this does mature earlier in the fall
+and seems promising. Some of the Jones hybrids have been tested at the
+Experiment Station in Durham, a few of which have done quite well. Of
+these Jones hybrids No. 1181, 1154, and 1094 have made quite vigorous
+growth. Seedling No. 1094 has been outstanding, producing good sized
+nuts which mature well and shell out easily from the husks. In type and
+flavor of nut it resembles the European hazel quite strongly under our
+conditions.</p>
+
+<p>So far, none of the chestnuts, including the Chinese species, have shown
+great enough resistance to chestnut blight to warrant their
+recommendation. We still hope that we may discover a good chestnut for
+this section. The hardy Persian or English walnuts have not been tested
+long enough to warrant any conclusion as to their promise for New
+Hampshire; one difficulty will probably lie in the fact that the nuts of
+some do not ripen properly under our cool, short summer conditions.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Matthew Lahti of Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, has been experimenting
+with various species and varieties of nuts for that section. His
+location on the shore of Lake Winnipesaukee undoubtedly presents a more
+favorable site for growing certain types of nut plants than exists here
+in Durham, or most other parts of New Hampshire. At the present moment I
+have on my desk a parcel received from Mr. Lahti containing some fine
+specimens of one of the hardy Persian walnuts which he is growing in
+Wolfeboro. The unusually warm and dry late summer and fall of this year
+have favored the maturity of this walnut. (For a detailed description of
+Mr. Lahti's experience with nut varieties, please refer to his paper
+printed below.)</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Nut_Notes_from_New_Hampshire" id="Nut_Notes_from_New_Hampshire"></a>Nut Notes from New Hampshire</h2>
+
+<h4>MATTHEW LAHTI</h4>
+
+
+<p>Not being able to attend the annual convention I thought possibly some
+of the members might be interested in the following random notes of an
+amateur nut grower.</p>
+
+<p>My place is in Wolfeboro, N. H., which is situated in the eastern end of
+Lake Winnepesaukee, 43 degrees, 35 minutes north latitude; elevation
+above sea level, 687'. The elevation of the lake is 504'. Wolfeboro is
+just about at the northern fringe of the climate where peaches will
+ripen, that is during favorable years in favored locations. Improved
+varieties of field corn will ripen during favorable seasons. It also
+happens to be the northern fringe of the American chestnut, in favored
+location. I have discovered a number of saplings that are still alive.
+As a matter of fact, three or four years ago I was fortunate in finding
+some ripened nuts, but the trees that bore those nuts have since died of
+the blight. While a certain variety of old fashioned sweet cherry will
+live and bear fruit, some of the recent improved varieties will not
+live. Every one that I have planted was winter-killed. The Montmorency
+cherry, however, does well. It is also the northern limit of the pignut.
+Butternuts do very well.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>DDT Dust versus Butternut Curculio</h4>
+
+<p>I was prompted to write this note by reading Mr. S. H. Graham's article
+entitled "An Experiment with DDT" appearing on page 101 of the 1945
+annual report, in which he states that the butternut curculio did not
+survive DDT powder.</p>
+
+<p>In the past four or five years the butternut curculio (identified as
+such by Prof. Conklin of the University of N. H.) has all but ruined my
+Crath Persian walnuts and heartnuts, so, acting on the basis of Mr.
+Graham's experiment, I had my trees dusted early in the morning when the
+dew was on the leaves, using a 10% DDT powder, the first time about May
+30 and again two weeks later, and I am happy to say that this dusting
+has been very effective. I have been unable to find any sign of curculio
+injury this year, although I have seen it nearby on some native
+butternut trees.</p>
+
+<p>My Gellatly heartnut was riddled by the curculio last year. This year,
+when the dusting was done, this tree was overlooked, so I undertook to
+dust it myself, and not realizing that the Niagara duster which I used
+was set in the closed position, I dusted the tree with considerable
+effort. In spite of the small amount of dust that came out, it proved
+sufficient to keep the curculios away or else to kill them so that there
+is no sign of any damage at this writing.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Persian Walnuts</h4>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1938 I planted a number of Crath Persian walnut
+seedlings. Out of possibly eight or ten, only two survive. (I gave each
+one about three years, and if it showed serious winter injury, I pulled
+it up.) I was pleasantly surprised the other day to discover that one of
+them has borne a single nut this year. This particular tree is at least
+300' from any other Persian walnut, so it looks as if it were
+self-fertile. It now remains to be seen whether or not the nut will
+ripen.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1940, I planted a Broadview Persian walnut graft on
+black walnut stock, and this tree is bearing for the first time with
+eighteen nuts showing. Three or four years ago this Broadview suffered
+some winter damage by a split trunk and split lower branch. I painted
+over the cracks with gasket cement, and they are now healed. The
+Broadview has also shown some winter-kill of terminal twigs, but not
+enough to affect its bearing this year. There has been no splitting of
+the trunks or branches of the two surviving Crath Persian walnut trees
+and no winter injury to terminal twigs. The Crath walnut trees are now
+18" in circumference a foot from the ground and about 12 to 15' tall.
+The Broadview on the black walnut stock has a circumference of 16" above
+the graft and 15&frac14;" below the graft, tending to show that the
+Broadview grows faster than the black walnut.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to note that the Broadview blooms a week or ten days
+later than the Crath Persian walnut, and at the same time as the native
+butternut.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Black Walnuts</h4>
+
+<p>I have planted a few Thomas black walnut seedlings, two grafts, and a
+Tasterite black walnut graft. A Thomas black walnut graft has borne nuts
+in three different years, including this year. The graft was sent out in
+the spring of 1939, and the seedlings were set out in the spring of
+1940. The seedlings have not yet borne. The Thomas black walnut graft
+last bore three years ago, when the nuts on the whole ripened and were
+well filled. We<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> had a very cold spring in 1945, so much so that apples
+were almost a total failure.</p>
+
+<p>I also planted a Tasterite black walnut in the spring of 1939, and this
+is the first year that it has borne any nuts. It remains to be seen
+whether they will be filled out or not. There is, however, an important
+difference between the Thomas and the Tasterite, which are growing only
+50' apart, namely that the Thomas suffers from winter injury to the
+terminal twigs each year, whereas there has not been any sign of such
+injury to the Tasterite.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Hickories</h4>
+
+<p>I have planted possibly two dozen of a number of varieties of hickories,
+of which only nine survive to date, the cause being not winter injury
+but what appears to me to have been improper circulation through the
+graft union. They would struggle along for three or four years
+(producing suckers from the root stock which I broke off), and then die.
+None of these has borne any nuts yet except the Weschcke, which was
+planted in the fall of 1941, and which is now bearing one nut. This nut
+is a mystery to me because the tree bore no catkins. There are no
+hickory trees within thirty miles of the vicinity to my knowledge, and
+the nearest pignut tree is perhaps three-quarters of a mile distant, in
+a direction against the prevailing winds, the intervening space being
+forest. Could it be possible that the Weschcke hickory was pollinated by
+a butternut or the Broadview Persian walnut? A big butternut tree stands
+within 60' and the Broadview is situated about 150' distant.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Heartnuts</h4>
+
+<p>I have tried a number of heartnuts, including the Gellatly and the
+Wright. Only a single Gellatly survives. Here again the cause was not
+winter injury so much as either the butternut curculio or other causes.
+The Gellatly, while suffering some terminal twig winter injury and deer
+damage by rubbing of horns, has borne and ripened nuts.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Filberts and Hazelnuts</h4>
+
+<p>I planted a number of Winkler hazels in the fall of 1940, and this is
+the second year of bearing. The nuts hardly have time to ripen in our
+climate and a good many of the catkins get winter-killed.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1939 I planted a number of filbert seeds received from
+Mr. Slate such as No. 128 Rush Barcelona; Medium Long; and Red Lambert.
+These are bearing for the first time this year, and judging from the
+size of the nuts now, it looks as if they will mature. Many of the
+catkins were winter-killed.</p>
+
+<p>Bixby and Buchanan planted in the spring of 1939: While the plants did
+very well, most of the catkins invariably were winter-killed, so I was
+obliged to pull them up.</p>
+
+<p>I have a feeling that filberts would do better here if it were not for
+the very cold winds that blow off the lake in winter, killing most of
+the catkins.</p>
+
+<p>I discovered a wild hazel in Lexington, Mass., (which town is located in
+a so-called cold air pocket) the nuts of which are almost equal to the
+Winkler. I have transplanted some of these to Wolfeboro and shall know
+more about them later. I also discovered some wild hazels in
+northeastern Maine, between Lincoln and Vanceboro on the border of New
+Brunswick, Canada,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> which two weeks ago had good sized, well filled nuts
+on them. I have also transplanted some of these to Wolfeboro.</p>
+
+<p>In closing I should like to thank all officers, committee members, and
+others who are responsible for the annual report. To those of us who do
+not get to the conventions very often, the report is the Northern Nut
+Growers Association, and a source of very valuable and interesting
+information, especially to an amateur like myself.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="A_Simplified_Schedule_for_Judging_Black_Walnut_Varieties" id="A_Simplified_Schedule_for_Judging_Black_Walnut_Varieties"></a>A Simplified Schedule for Judging Black Walnut Varieties</h2>
+
+<h4>L. H. MacDANIELS and S. S. ATWOOD, Cornell University</h4>
+
+
+<p>All its members would agree that the Northern Nut Growers Association
+should have an officially accepted schedule for judging black walnuts
+and the other kinds of nuts with which it is concerned. Some yardstick
+is needed to serve as a basis for the comparison of varieties which the
+members of the Association will use. Persons familiar with nut varieties
+are freqeuntly asked to answer questions about the best varieties to
+plant. Of course there is no simple answer to such a question as many
+factors besides the nuts themselves determine the value of a variety.
+The quality and value of the nuts are, however, the most important
+initial consideration in selecting a variety on its merit and there
+should be some objective test adopted to aid in evaluating nut samples.</p>
+
+<p>During the many years that the Northern Nut Growers Association has been
+operating more than a hundred and fifty varieties of black walnuts have
+been named. Yet at the present time we are not certain which are the
+better varieties except in a very general way. There is no widely
+accepted judging schedule being used as is evident in the tables
+published by Seward Berhow in his paper in the 1945 Proceedings (2). In
+these tables scores are given but these come from several sources and
+are not comparable and hence are of little value in making comparisons.</p>
+
+<p>There have been many schedules for judging black walnuts presented in
+the past. One of the first was proposed by the late Willard G. Bixby (3,
+4). This was complicated and never came into general use although the
+testing done by Mr. Bixby was a valuable contribution to our knowledge
+of varieties. The late N. F. Drake tested many varieties through the
+years according to a schedule of his own devising (5, 6). Professor
+Drake's schedule was related to his concept of a perfect walnut and the
+various values were related to this on a percentage basis. This schedule
+never had wider acceptance, chiefly because it was too complicated and
+required too much figuring.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. C. A. Reed has probably tested more varieties of nuts and is more
+familiar with varieties than any other person but he does not have a
+definite scoring schedule. Kline and Chase (7) summarized results of the
+testing work that had been done and Kline (8) compared varieties
+according to a system which he devised in which they were rated in terms
+of return per hour of labor spent in cracking and extracting the
+kernels. Mr. C. C. Lounsberry has proposed a method of scoring which was
+related to kernel cavity measurement (9).</p>
+
+<p>In 1935, a Committee on Varieties and Standards endeavored to formu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>late
+a working schedule that would be adopted as official. This committee set
+up a score that represented the best thinking of the group at that time
+(1). Twenty-five nut samples were used. The score was the sum of the
+weight of an individual nut in grams plus twice the per cent kernel of
+the weight of the nuts recovered in the first crack plus the total
+percentage of kernel plus 1/10 of a point for each quarter kernel
+recovered. Penalties were proposed for shrunken kernels and empty nuts.
+Through the years a large number of samples have been tested according
+to this scoring schedule (11). In 1943, MacDaniels and Wilde (12)
+summarized the previous work done, added many tests and evaluated the
+scoring system. This was not considered to be altogether satisfactory.
+In the first place, it was somewhat cumbersome and had never been
+adopted by the Association nor had it been used much by others. The
+figuring of percentages and penalties made a score too involved for wide
+aceptance. A very serious difficulty was the problem of shrunken kernels
+and empty nuts. Obviously, with a score related to the weight of the
+sample before cracking, the inclusion of a number of empty nuts made it
+impossible to make any accurate correction in the percentages that were
+used in the score. Penalties did not solve the problem. Also the initial
+weight of the sample varied with the amount of husk clinging to the
+shells. From this work it was evident that an acceptable score would
+have to be formulated on some other basis.</p>
+
+<p>The next approach was to analyze data of this type statistically in an
+attempt to devise a better scoring system (1). The results from such a
+study proved valuable in answering such questions as 1) the size of
+sample necessary to obtain significant differences between samples; 2)
+the significance of small differences in measurements or in scores and
+3) the amount of variation that is normal and without significance in
+comparing varieties.</p>
+
+<p>The following qualifications were considered essential to a workable
+schedule:</p>
+
+<p>1) The schedule must be easy to use.</p>
+
+<p>2) The schedule must concern itself with objective qualities or
+characters which can be weighed or measured. It cannot be concerned with
+flavor and other characters upon which there may be disagreement and
+which depend upon personal preference.</p>
+
+<p>3) Characters must be avoided which vary with the treatment of the
+samples themselves such as color of kernels.</p>
+
+<p>4) It must give a score that will separate samples on small differences.</p>
+
+<p>Considering the problem from these angles and scrutinizing the older
+schedules, a number of ideas came out. First of all, why include the
+shells? If shells are discarded a number of problems would be solved,
+such as the cleaning of the nuts and adjustments for shrivelled and
+empty nuts. Also, why reduce any of the weights or measures to
+percentages which only add to the complexity of the score? The actual
+amount of kernels recovered reflects both the size of nuts and the yield
+of kernels. Plumpness of the kernels is reflected in the total weight of
+kernels and does not need to be considered separately.</p>
+
+<p>The important elements in a score were considered to be:</p>
+
+<p>1) The crackability of the nuts of the variety. This is measured by the
+weight of kernels obtained in the first crack.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>2) The yield of the variety. This is measured in the total weight of
+kernels.</p>
+
+<p>3) The marketability of the product. This can be measured by the number
+of pieces in the sample. In general, the smaller the number and the
+larger the size of the pieces the better the marketability.</p>
+
+<p>With this general background in mind, many samples were tested and the
+results published in the 1945 report[1]. In order to secure the data
+needed the kernels of the individual nuts in the samples were weighed
+separately.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>NOTE: All samples were cracked with the (John W.) Hershey nut
+cracker.</p></div>
+
+<p>Some of the conclusions drawn from these tests were as follows:</p>
+
+<p>1) Using kernel weights only gives a rapid and accurate test of
+differences between varieties.</p>
+
+<p>2) Ten nuts are adequate for a single sample.</p>
+
+<p>3) The location of the tree with reference to climate and soil is
+probably the most important single factor influencing kernel yield. No
+evidence was obtained, however, to indicate that the varieties ranked
+significantly different at different locations.</p>
+
+<p>4) If reasonable care is used in cracking the differences due to
+different operators tend to be non-significant.</p>
+
+<p>The statistical proof that a ten-nut sample is adequate and that
+differences between operators are not significant are two findings that
+are important in setting up a schedule.</p>
+
+<p>During the past year further testing has been done, in which scores were
+computed from ten-nut samples.[A] The samples had preliminary cool, dry
+storage to assure comparable moisture content. Enough nuts were cracked
+in each sample to secure ten that were well filled. Empty nuts were
+recorded. The following data were kept for each sample:</p>
+
+<p>1) The weight of the kernels recovered in first crack in grams.</p>
+
+<p>2) The total weight of the kernels in grams.</p>
+
+<p>3) The number of quarters and number of halves recovered.</p>
+
+<p>Scores were computed as 1) the weight of the first crack in grams plus
+2) half of the total weight of the kernels recovered in grams plus 3)
+the number of quarters divided by four and, 4) the number of halves
+divided by two. In this score, it was considered that the crackability
+of the sample was measured by the weight of the first crack; the yield,
+by the total weight of kernels secured from the sample; the
+marketability by the number of quarters and halves. From the use of this
+schedule scores were secured ranging from 83.9 for the variety Thomas
+grown in Maryland to 37.4 for the variety Huen, which is a small nut
+giving relatively small kernel yield.</p>
+
+<p>Analyses of the data to determine the percentage of the score that was
+derived from each component showed that crackability as measured by the
+weight of the kernels recovered in first crack gave an average of 54% of
+the score with a range of 49 to 58 for the different samples; yield, as
+measured by total weight of kernels divided by two, 31% with range of 27
+to 34%; marketability measured by number of quarters divided by four 14%
+with range of 10 to 22% and number of halves divided by two 1%. The
+percentage of the score derived from the number of halves was so small
+as to be negligible. It seemed better, therefore, to base the score on
+only three elements, namely, the weight of the first crack, the total
+yield of kernels and the number of quarters recovered from the sample.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On this basis the problem becomes that of deciding the weights that
+should be given to these three components. The score as set up
+emphasizes the crackability of the variety much more than its
+marketability. This seems logical because the value of a variety is in
+large part dependent upon the ease of recovery of the kernels on first
+cracking. Several different combinations of the weighting of these three
+components were considered and it was decided that the most logical was
+to weight the elements as follows: 1) The weight of first crack in
+grams. 2) The total weight of the kernels divided by two and 3) the
+number of quarters recovered divided by 2. If there are halves, each
+half would count as two quarters.</p>
+
+
+
+  <h4>Table I. Average scores from 18 black walnut samples cracked by three
+  operators and computed by two scoring systems.</h4>
+
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="Table I.">
+<tr><th align='left'>Variety</th><th align='left'>Source</th><th align='right'>Year</th><th align='right'>Scoring</th><th align='right'>Systems<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><th align='right'>I</th><th align='right'>II</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>points</td><td align='right'>points</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas</td><td align='left'>Maryland</td><td align='right'>'46</td><td align='right'>83.9</td><td align='right'>93.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Snyder</td><td align='left'>Ithaca, N. Y. (A)</td><td align='right'>'46</td><td align='right'>81.8</td><td align='right'>89.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ohio</td><td align='left'>Maryland</td><td align='right'>'46</td><td align='right'>79.5</td><td align='right'>88.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas</td><td align='left'>Ithaca, N. Y. (A)</td><td align='right'>'46</td><td align='right'>76.4</td><td align='right'>85.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Norris</td><td align='left'>Tennessee</td><td align='right'>'45</td><td align='right'>76.1</td><td align='right'>83.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stambaugh</td><td align='left'>Ithaca, N. Y. (A)</td><td align='right'>'46</td><td align='right'>75.9</td><td align='right'>81.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stambaugh</td><td align='left'>Ithaca, N. Y. (A)</td><td align='right'>'46</td><td align='right'>74.0</td><td align='right'>83.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas</td><td align='left'>Tennessee</td><td align='right'>'45</td><td align='right'>71.5</td><td align='right'>79.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas</td><td align='left'>Ithaca, N. Y. (B)</td><td align='right'>'46</td><td align='right'>65.7</td><td align='right'>74.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cornell</td><td align='left'>Ithaca, N. Y. (C)</td><td align='right'>'46</td><td align='right'>59.3</td><td align='right'>67.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stabler</td><td align='left'>Maryland</td><td align='right'>'45</td><td align='right'>56.9</td><td align='right'>64.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cresco</td><td align='left'>Ithaca, N. Y. (A)</td><td align='right'>'46</td><td align='right'>55.8</td><td align='right'>65.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seedling No. 1</td><td align='left'>Geneva, N. Y.</td><td align='right'>'46</td><td align='right'>52.7</td><td align='right'>62.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seedling No. 3</td><td align='left'>Geneva, N. Y.</td><td align='right'>'46</td><td align='right'>50.6</td><td align='right'>59.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brown</td><td align='left'>Ohio</td><td align='right'>'45</td><td align='right'>49.7</td><td align='right'>59.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Stabler</td><td align='left'>Tennessee</td><td align='right'>'45</td><td align='right'>47.5</td><td align='right'>51.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seedling No. 2</td><td align='left'>Geneva, N. Y.</td><td align='right'>'46</td><td align='right'>44.4</td><td align='right'>52.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Huen</td><td align='left'>Iowa</td><td align='right'>'46</td><td align='right'>37.4</td><td align='right'>44.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Least significant difference (5%)</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>6.3</td><td align='right'>6.6</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+<p>Calculating the percentage of each component in the total score on this
+basis gives crackability 48%, yield 27%, marketability 25%. This
+schedule gives relatively more weight to marketability as against the
+other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> two components. The average scores of 18 samples cracked by three
+operators and calculated on both the above described schedules are given
+in table I.</p>
+
+<p>The table shows that the rank of the different samples was not changed
+materially by using only the three components, except in a few cases in
+which there were an appreciable number of halves. The Stabler has many
+one-lobed nuts which increase the number of halves recovered. It is to
+be noted that with both schedules the least significant difference at
+the 5% level is about 6 score points.</p>
+
+<p>Table II gives the score calculated by schedule II for five samples,
+each cracked by six operators. The difference between operators is not
+significant but the difference between varieties is highly significant.</p>
+
+<h4>Table II. Scores from five samples of black walnuts each cracked by six
+operators according to scoring schedule II.</h4>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="Table II.">
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><th align='center' colspan="8">Operators</th></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>Variety</th><th align='left'>Location</th><th align='right'>Year</th><th align='right'>1</th><th align='right'>2</th><th align='right'>3</th><th align='right'>4</th><th align='right'>5</th><th align='right'>6</th><th align='right'>Average</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Snyder</td><td align='left'>Ithaca, N. Y.</td><td align='right'>'46</td><td align='right'>89.2</td><td align='right'>87.3</td><td align='right'>78.9</td><td align='right'>94.4</td><td align='right'>87.5</td><td align='right'>91.5</td><td align='right'>86.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas</td><td align='left'>Ithaca, N. Y. (A)</td><td align='right'>'46</td><td align='right'>83.5</td><td align='right'>79.2</td><td align='right'>83.1</td><td align='right'>78.0</td><td align='right'>84.2</td><td align='right'>83.8</td><td align='right'>83.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Thomas</td><td align='left'>Ithaca, N. Y. (B)</td><td align='right'>'46</td><td align='right'>73.1</td><td align='right'>67.4</td><td align='right'>73.4</td><td align='right'>74.1</td><td align='right'>69.6</td><td align='right'>83.8</td><td align='right'>73.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cresco</td><td align='left'>Ithaca, N. Y.</td><td align='right'>'46</td><td align='right'>66.0</td><td align='right'>69.2</td><td align='right'>63.1</td><td align='right'>67.2</td><td align='right'>68.5</td><td align='right'>60.2</td><td align='right'>65.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Brown</td><td align='left'>Ohio</td><td align='right'>'45</td><td align='right'>62.5</td><td align='right'>51.0</td><td align='right'>65.4</td><td align='right'>60.4</td><td align='right'>48.1</td><td align='right'>64.8</td><td align='right'>58.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="3">Average</td><td align='right'>74.9</td><td align='right'>70.8</td><td align='right'>72.8</td><td align='right'>72.8</td><td align='right'>71.6</td><td align='right'>78.8</td><td align='right'>73.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="9">Least significant difference (5%) for variety averages</td><td align='right'>6.2</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>A third scoring system, involving 1) weight of kernels in grams for the
+first crack, plus 2) total weight of kernels, 3) all divided by the
+number of marketable pieces (as counted following sifting on a &frac14;"
+round hole screen) was tried, and the resulting ranking of the varieties
+was very similar to that obtained with systems I and II. The results
+from this system appeared to be the most precise, but it was not
+considered as generally acceptable as system II, since the latter would
+be easier to record and calculate.</p>
+
+<p>It is the opinion of the authors that Schedule II gives a score that
+estimates very well the relative merit of the samples tested as to
+crackability, yield and marketability. It is simple to use and the only
+equipment required is a scale accurate to 1/10 gram. Calculations are
+reduced to a minimum and the characters used are not dependent on
+judgment of the individual making the test. It should be pointed out,
+however, that differences in score of less than six points are not
+significant on the basis of testing done to date. As more tests are made
+this value may be reduced. The schedule should serve as a measure to
+establish differences between varieties, particularly when a
+considerable number of tests are made. It can also be relied upon to
+measure differences due to the location of trees of the same variety,
+variation of the same variety from year to year in the same and in
+different locations and differences of a similar nature. In ranking
+varieties which have scores within the limits of variability, it will be
+necessary to use judgment as to small differences of appearance. No
+scoring schedule can be expected to entirely eliminate the judgment of
+experts. Also it must be realized that characters other than the nuts,
+such as bearing habit, hardi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>ness, yield of trees, disease resistance
+and the like must be considered in finally establishing the value of a
+variety.</p>
+
+
+<h4>References Cited</h4>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1. Atwood. S. S. and L. H. MacDaniels. Tests of black walnut varieties for differences</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in kernel yields. N.N.G.A Rept. 36: 44-50, 1945.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">2. Berhow, Seward. Black walnut variety tabulations. N.N.G.A Rept. 36: 38-43, 1945.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">3. Bixby, W. G. Judging nuts. N.N.G.A. Rept. 10: 122-133, 1919.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">4. &mdash;&mdash;. The 1929 contests and the method of testing used. N.N.G.A. Rept.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">22: 42-63, 1931.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">5. Drake, N. F. Judging black walnuts. N.N.G.A. Rept. 22: 130-137, 1931.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">6. &mdash;&mdash;. Black walnut varieties. N.N.G.A. Rept. 26: 66-71, 1935.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">7. Kline, L. V., and S. B. Chase. Compilation of data on nut weight and kernel percentage</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of black walnut selections. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 38: 166-174, 1941.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">8. Kline, L. V. A method of evaluating the nuts of black walnut varieties. Am. Soc.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hort. Sci. Proc. 41: 136-144, 1942.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">9. Lounsberry, C. C. Measurements of walnuts of United States. N.N.G.A. Rept.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">31: 162-127, 1940</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">10. MacDaniels, L. H. Report of committee on varieties and judging standards. N.N.G.A.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rept. 28: 20-23, 1937.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">11. &mdash;&mdash;. Is it possible to devise a satisfactory judging schedule for black</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">walnuts? N.N.G.A. Rept. 30: 24-27, 1939.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">12. &mdash;&mdash;, and J. E. Wilde. Further tests with black walnut varieties. N.N.G.A.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rept. 34: 64-82, 1943.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Test_Plantings_of_Thomas_Black_Walnut_in_the_Tennessee_Valley" id="Test_Plantings_of_Thomas_Black_Walnut_in_the_Tennessee_Valley"></a>Test Plantings of Thomas Black Walnut in the Tennessee Valley</h2>
+
+<h4>SPENCER B. CHASE, Tennessee Valley Authority</h4>
+
+
+<p>Native black walnut occurs abundantly throughout most of the Tennessee
+Valley. Practically every farmer has at least one "favorite tree" and
+each fall he collects nuts from that tree and stores them for cracking
+during the winter. In some sections of the Valley walnut cracking in the
+home is of considerable importance. Each year, some million and a
+quarter pounds of kernels are cracked out at the five modern cracking
+plants located in or adjacent to the Valley. Utilization of the crop is
+becoming more and more complete.</p>
+
+<p>In early studies of native nut trees, TVA recognized the possibilities
+of black walnut, especially the improved varieties. Here was a tree that
+produced not only valuable nut crops but also cabinet wood without
+equal; in addition, it was a desirable pasture shade tree. Black walnut
+has long been a favorite among farmers, but few of them had ever heard
+of <b>improved</b> black walnuts. Along with TVA, the state agricultural
+extension services saw the advantages of the improved varieties and were
+eager to test them under Valley conditions. And so it was that a
+cooperative testing project was developed. TVA produced the trees and
+the seven Valley state extension services distributed them to farmers
+for test planting.</p>
+
+
+<h4>The Test</h4>
+
+<p>The Thomas walnut was used in these test plantings for several reasons.
+In the first place, it produces large, rather thin-shelled nuts with
+good cracking qualities. Few varieties are more easily cracked with a
+hammer or a hand-operated cracking machine. In addition, fast growth is
+characteristic of the variety and it should produce merchantable sawlogs
+earlier than the common walnut. Despite its northern origin, 5-year-old
+plantings at Norris,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> Tennessee, seemed well adapted to Valley
+conditions. No other variety at the time offered as many advantages.</p>
+
+<p>Test planting was begun in Tennessee in 1939 and then it was extended to
+the other Valley states as more trees were propagated. For the most
+part, planting sites were selected by extension foresters and county
+agents. If the tests were successful they would automatically become
+demonstrations, so special attention was given those areas where walnut
+cracking in the home was an important enterprise. Many of the test
+plantings were located in communities that had been organized for the
+study and application of improved farming methods. In general, farmers
+planted the trees in low, fertile spots not suitable for other uses,
+along fences, or in pastures if they could be protected from livestock.</p>
+
+<p>Through 1946, 9,614 trees were planted in 3,286 test plantings. They
+were scattered all over the Valley, in 92 of its 125 counties. The
+number of trees per planting varied with the availability of good walnut
+sites. Generally, there were 2 to 4 trees in each planting.</p>
+
+
+<h4>The Results</h4>
+
+<p>Getting survival and performance data on these widely scattered
+experimental plantings presented quite a problem. Examination of a few
+plantings showed that trees given reasonable care had survived and were
+beginning to bear nuts. So in 1946, the farmers who had planted the
+trees were polled by mail for an overall evaluation of the plantings.
+Questionnaires asking for information on survival, growth, and bearing
+were sent by the state extension foresters to 3,274 farmers. The return
+of questionnaires was excellent. Forty-two percent came back and
+three-fourths of them were filled out completely.</p>
+
+<p><b>Survival and Mortality Causes.</b> Eighty-one percent of the 1,373 plantings
+reported on were still active in 1946; that is, they still had at least
+one living tree. Survival reports received on 3,831 trees planted showed
+that 2,439 or 64 percent of the trees were living in 1946. Survival was
+best in the portion of the Valley north and east of Chattanooga; 84
+percent in Virginia, 71 percent in North Carolina, and 66 percent in
+eastern Tennessee. South and west of Chattanooga survival percent was
+lower: 62 in Georgia, 61 in western Tennessee, 54 in Kentucky, 45 in
+Alabama, and 26 in Mississippi (Table 1).</p>
+
+<p>Causes of mortality, as reported, were classified in five categories;
+losses prior to establishment, livestock and destruction, drought,
+insects and disease, and unknown (Table 1). Cause of mortality was
+listed as unknown for 42 percent of all trees reported dead. Field
+experience leads us to believe that most of the trees in this category
+probably succumbed to improper planting or complete neglect following
+planting. Many persons do not follow planting instructions; they often
+substitute their own methods with disastrous results.</p>
+
+<p>Among the reported known causes, drought killed most of the trees&mdash;29
+percent. We know black walnut is very susceptible to dry weather after
+transplanting. Weather records for the area show that the early growing
+season of 1941 was exceptionally dry; 1942 was also drier that average;
+in 1943 and 1944 near drought and drought conditions prevailed
+throughout most of the Tennessee Valley. Weather is usually blamed when
+a tree dies without apparent cause, but in this case the reported
+mortality due to drought appears reasonable.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Livestock, mowing, fire, and intentional removal were reported to have
+caused 13 percent of total mortality. Cows are curious animals and newly
+set trees seem to arouse all the curiosity in their make-up. Horses and
+cows apparently do not relish the foliage of walnut trees but they do
+bite at it, and in so doing usually break down the branches to such an
+extent that the tree dies. Some trees were accidentally destroyed simply
+because they had been forgotten. The next highest mortality cause
+reported was pre-establishment loss; this was blamed for 9 percent of
+the deaths. Losses resulting from delayed planting were placed in this
+category, also those where the report was "trees failed to leaf out."
+Insects and diseases were reported as causing 7 percent of the
+mortality.</p>
+
+<p><b>Growth and Bearing.</b> Those who plant improved black walnut trees
+naturally want to know how soon they will begin bearing. This survey
+shows that bearing begins much earlier than most people thought. Trees
+in 32 percent of the plantings established between 1939 and 1944 were
+bearing by 1946. Of these 342, 113 began bearing 2 to 4 years after
+planting; 120 bore their first crop after 5 years; 109 began bearing
+after 6 to 8 years (Table 2). According to the reports, the earlier
+plantings were slower to come into bearing than the later plantings.
+This probably is not a true picture. We suspect that after six or eight
+years the actual date of first bearing had been forgotten in many cases.</p>
+
+<p>Growth was reported in terms of total height for each tree. These
+heights were then converted to annual growth rates for trees 3 to 8
+years old and placed in arbitrary classes are follows: low (less than 1
+foot) medium (1 to 2 feet), and high (over 2 feet). Test plantings in
+North Carolina had the highest growth rate; those in Mississippi, the
+lowest. In other states, growth rates fell between these two and were
+quite similar for the most part (Table 3). Average for all trees was 1.6
+feet per year. Trees averaging less than one foot of height growth per
+year were slow to come into bearing. Only 14 percent of the trees in the
+low growth rate class were bearing. On the other hand, 71 percent of the
+trees with a high growth rate had come into bearing. Growth of black
+walnut, following recovery from transplanting shock, depends on site
+conditions and tree care. Trees set in fertile soil with an adequate
+moisture supply and kept free of livestock and other damage make rapid
+growth. Trees set in poor, thin or droughty soil do not make much growth
+if they survive at all. Black walnut is very sensitive to any wounds
+and, if subject to mechanical or livestock damage, growth is retarded.</p>
+
+<p>Cases of exceptional growth and bearing were reported. One in eastern
+Tennessee is worthy of brief description. There were two trees in this
+planting set approximately 40 feet apart. One was on the edge of a
+garden; the other, in a chicken run. In seven years the first tree grew
+to a height of 32 feet&mdash;an average growth of 4.5 feet a year. It began
+bearing in 1943 and produced a crop of nuts each year up to the time of
+the survey. The 1946 crop, reported as a light one, yielded 3.5 pounds
+of kernels. The other tree, shown in Figure 1, was 18 feet tall, having
+averaged 2.5 feet a year. It also began bearing annual crops in 1943,
+and in 1946 it had a very heavy crop for its size, yielding 2.5 pounds
+of kernels. Here are two Thomas trees of the same age planted
+practically side by side; one is almost twice the size of the other, but
+they both began bearing annual crops three years after planting.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Field Survey in Sample Area.</b> To check on the adequacy of the
+questionnaire survey, 108 test plantings in eastern Tennessee were
+visited and inspected. Forty of these had been reported on by mail; 68
+had not. In general, the trees had been planted on the best sites
+available. Some were set out in farm orchards (Figure 2); a large number
+were planted in yards as combination nut and shade trees (Figure 3).</p>
+
+<p>Field examination of the 40 plantings which had returned questionnaires
+revealed conditions very similar to those reported (Table 4). Survival
+was found to be 75 percent compared with a reported 77 percent. Average
+tree height was reported as 9 feet; actual height averaged 11 feet.
+There was some hesitancy in reporting tree deaths caused by livestock; 4
+percent was reported while 23 percent was found. Such mortality was
+usually listed as unknown on questionnaires.</p>
+
+<p>Information collected by field examination of 68 plantings which had not
+returned questionnaires and the 40 plantings which had returned
+questionnaires is shown in Table 4. Trees were found to be 2 feet taller
+in the 68 plantings but these trees averaged one year older than trees
+in the 40 plantings. Trees in the 68 plantings averaged 13 feet in
+height compared with 11 feet. Average age at first bearing was very
+similar. And here is a revealing discovery; livestock, mowing, and fire
+were responsible for 47 percent of the tree mortality in the 68-planting
+group, compared with 23 percent in the 40 plantings. This is perhaps one
+reason why the persons involved in these 68 plantings did not return
+questionnaires; it also explains most of the poorer survival. A large
+number of trees were planted in pastures and elsewhere without adequate
+protection from livestock. Even when cattle guards were used they were
+generally too small or weak for tree protection. Severe livestock damage
+resulting in poor growth and eventual death of trees was encountered
+frequently. We are inclined to believe that livestock accounted for a
+much higher percent of tree mortality than that reported in this survey.</p>
+
+<p>The high percent return of questionnaires in this survey, followed by a
+field check in a sample area, provides a good picture of Valley-wide
+plantings. Since survival was found to be lower in plantings which did
+not return questionnaires, an actual overall survival of 64 percent may
+be slightly high. Other spot checks in the field will give more
+information on this point.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Discussion</h4>
+
+<p>Interest in improved black walnut is mounting in the Valley. As the test
+plantings came into bearing farmers were quick to see the superiority of
+these nuts over the wild ones to which they had been accustomed. Word
+spread from farm to farm, and as a result there has been an increasingly
+large number of inquiries about sources of improved varieties and
+cultural treatments. The interest was reflected in the questionnaire
+survey. Nineteen percent of the questionnaires returned contained
+unsolicited comments of one kind or another. A large percentage of them
+showed evidence of interest such as: "the nuts are large and easy to
+crack," "where can I get more grafted trees?" Only 7 percent implied
+disinterest: "the trees are slow growing," "the nuts are faulty."</p>
+
+<p>This test-planting project will be completed in 1948. The plantings have
+already yielded much valuable information on the Thomas variety; they
+will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> yield much more as the trees become older. Further studies are
+planned on nut yield, nut quality, and tree growth in relation to the
+varying conditions existing in the Tennessee Valley.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Summary</h4>
+
+<p>Farmers in the seven Tennessee Valley states established 3,286 test
+plantings of Thomas black walnut in cooperation with state extension
+services and TVA during the period 1939-1946. A questionnaire survey in
+1946 showed 81 per cent of the plantings still active and 64 percent of
+the trees living. Tree growth averaged 1.6 feet per year. Age at first
+bearing varied from 2 to 8 years, with 5 years most frequently reported.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img067.jpg" width="519" height="600"
+             alt="Figure 1." /><br />
+
+    </div>
+
+<h4>Figure 1. The Thomas variety appears well adapted to
+Tennessee conditions. This 7-year-old tree began bearing annual crops 3
+years after planting. In 1946 it was 18 feet tall and heavily laden with
+nuts yielding 2&frac12; pounds of cracked-out kernels. (Hancock County,
+Tenn.)</h4>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img068.jpg" width="368" height="600"
+             alt="Figure 2." /><br />
+
+    </div>
+<h4>Figure 2. Black walnut makes an ideal combination nut and
+ornamental tree. This 8-year-old Thomas has been producing nut crops for
+3 years. In addition, it has enhanced the beauty of the lawn and
+provided welcome shade. (Anderson County, Tenn.)</h4>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Table 1.&mdash;Number of Questionnaires Sent and Returned, Reported Tree Survival and Cause of Tree Mortality by State.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="2" width="60%" cellspacing="0" summary="Table 1.">
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><th align='center' colspan="2">Questionnaires</th><th align='center' colspan="2">Trees Reported</th></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>State</th><th align='right'>Sent</th><th align='right'>Returned</th><th align='right'>Planted</th><th align='right'>Living</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>no.</td><td align='right'>pct.</td><td align='right'>no.</td><td align='right'>pct.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Alabama</td><td align='right'>161</td><td align='right'>44</td><td align='right'>274</td><td align='right'>45</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Georgia</td><td align='right'>50</td><td align='right'>28</td><td align='right'>26</td><td align='right'>62</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kentucky</td><td align='right'>174</td><td align='right'>49</td><td align='right'>241</td><td align='right'>54</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mississippi</td><td align='right'>19</td><td align='right'>58</td><td align='right'>72</td><td align='right'>26</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>North Carolina</td><td align='right'>586</td><td align='right'>40</td><td align='right'>733</td><td align='right'>71</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tennessee, East</td><td align='right'>1,386</td><td align='right'>40</td><td align='right'>1,516</td><td align='right'>66</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tennessee, West</td><td align='right'>720</td><td align='right'>44</td><td align='right'>809</td><td align='right'>61</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Virginia</td><td align='right'>180</td><td align='right'>48</td><td align='right'>160</td><td align='right'>84</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>All</td><td align='right'>3,276</td><td align='right'>42</td><td align='right'>3,831</td><td align='right'>64</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Figure</span> 3. Thomas tree planted in the farm orchard. This
+young tree has received excellent care and began bearing at 5 years of
+age. (Hancock County, Tenn.)</p>
+
+<div class="trans-note">
+
+<p class="center">Transcriber's note:</p>
+
+<p>It is regretted that Fig 3 was unable to be placed.</p>
+
+      </div>
+
+
+<h4>
+Reported cause of tree mortality</h4>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="2" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="Reported cause of tree mortality">
+<tr><td align='left' style="width: 5%;">&nbsp;</td><th style="width: 15%;" align='right'>Pre-<br />establishment</th><th style="width: 15%;" align='right'>Livestock,<br />destruction</th><th style="width: 15%;" align='right'>Drought</th><th style="width: 15%;" align='right'>Unknown</th><th align='right'>Insects,<br />diseases</th><th style="width: 20%;" align='right'>Total Planted<br />Trees Lost</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>pct.</td><td align='right'>pct.</td><td align='right'>pct.</td><td align='right'>pct.</td><td align='right'>pct.</td><td align='right'>no.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ala.</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='right'>51</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>29</td><td align='right'>150</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ga.</td><td align='right'>30</td><td align='right'>10</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>20</td><td align='right'>40</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ky.</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>46</td><td align='right'>4</td><td align='right'>46</td><td align='right'>112</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Miss.</td><td align='right'>19</td><td align='right'>4</td><td align='right'>49</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>28</td><td align='right'>53</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N. C.</td><td align='right'>15</td><td align='right'>16</td><td align='right'>12</td><td align='right'>13</td><td align='right'>44</td><td align='right'>223</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tenn. (E.)</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='right'>18</td><td align='right'>20</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='right'>48</td><td align='right'>515</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tenn. (W.)</td><td align='right'>8</td><td align='right'>9</td><td align='right'>38</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='right'>38</td><td align='right'>318</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Va.</td><td align='right'>32</td><td align='right'>12</td><td align='right'>12</td><td align='right'>4</td><td align='right'>40</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>All</td><td align='right'>9</td><td align='right'>13</td><td align='right'>29</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='right'>42</td><td align='right'>1,406</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+  <h4>Table 2. Number of Bearing Thomas Plantings Established 1939-44,
+  by Age of First Bearing and Growth Class.</h4>
+
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="2" width="85%" cellspacing="0" summary="Table 2.">
+<tr><th align='center' colspan="3">Plantings</th><th align='center' colspan="6">Age in years at first bearing</th><th align='left' colspan="3">Growth rate</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Year</td><td align='right'>Number</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>4</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='right'>8</td><th align='right'>Low</th><th align='right'>Medium</th><th align='right'>High</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1939</td><td align='right'>27</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>10</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>4</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>19</td><td align='right'>7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1940</td><td align='right'>112</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>14</td><td align='right'>39</td><td align='right'>41</td><td align='right'>16</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>9</td><td align='right'>58</td><td align='right'>45</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>1941</td><td align='right'>89</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>4</td><td align='right'>17</td><td align='right'>35</td><td align='right'>32</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>58</td><td align='right'>30</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1942</td><td align='right'>71</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>12</td><td align='right'>18</td><td align='right'>40</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>34</td><td align='right'>36</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>1943</td><td align='right'>38</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>13</td><td align='right'>24</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>21</td><td align='right'>16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1944</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>All</td><td align='right'>342</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>36</td><td align='right'>74</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>83</td><td align='right'>22</td><td align='right'>4</td><td align='right'>13</td><td align='right'>192</td><td align='right'>137</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+  <h4>Table 3. Tree Survival, Growth, and Percent Bearing
+  by State and Year of Planting</h4>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="Table 3.">
+<tr><th align='left'>State</th><th align='right'>Plantings<br />reported number</th><th align='right'>Trees,<br />number</th><th align='right'>Growth,<br />feet</th><th align='right'>Bearing percent</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Alabama</td><td align='right'>71</td><td align='right'>124</td><td align='right'>1.6</td><td align='right'>65</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Georgia</td><td align='right'>14</td><td align='right'>16</td><td align='right'>1.5</td><td align='right'>18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kentucky</td><td align='right'>85</td><td align='right'>129</td><td align='right'>1.5</td><td align='right'>71</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Mississippi</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='right'>19</td><td align='right'>1.0</td><td align='right'>29</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>North Carolina</td><td align='right'>235</td><td align='right'>518</td><td align='right'>1.9</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tennessee, East</td><td align='right'>553</td><td align='right'>1,007</td><td align='right'>1.5</td><td align='right'>32</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tennessee, West</td><td align='right'>318</td><td align='right'>491</td><td align='right'>1.6</td><td align='right'>32</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Virginia</td><td align='right'>86</td><td align='right'>135</td><td align='right'>1.6</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><th align='left' colspan="6"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Year of planting</span></th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1939, 1940</td><td align='right'>255</td><td align='right'>627</td><td align='right'>1.6</td><td align='right'>64</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1941, 1942</td><td align='right'>499</td><td align='right'>693</td><td align='right'>1.6</td><td align='right'>44</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1943, 1944</td><td align='right'>326</td><td align='right'>558</td><td align='right'>1.6</td><td align='right'>18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1945, 1946</td><td align='right'>293</td><td align='right'>561</td><td align='right'>1.5</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>All</td><td align='right'>1,373</td><td align='right'>2,439</td><td align='right'>1.6</td><td align='right'>32</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+
+
+  <h4>Table 4. Data Obtained from Returned Questionnaires and Actual Field
+  Examination of 40 Plantings and Field Data Only on 68 Plantings.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="Table 4.">
+<tr><td class="tdd"></td><td class="tdb" align='right'>Data on<br />40 Plantings</td><td class="tdb" align='center' colspan="2">Data on<br />68 Plantings</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdd" align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>Questionnaire</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>Field</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>Field</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdb" align='left'>Tree Survival, percent</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>77</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>75</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>51</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdb" align='left'>Average Height, feet</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>9</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>11</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>13</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdb" align='left' colspan="4">Cause of Tree Mortality, percent</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdb" align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pre-establishment</span></td><td class="tdb" align='right'>33</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>42</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>11</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdb" align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Livestock and Other Destruction</span></td><td class="tdb" align='right'>4</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>23</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>47</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdb" align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Drought</span></td><td class="tdb" align='right'>13</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>0</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdb" align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Insects and Diseases</span></td><td class="tdb" align='right'>8</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>4</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdb" align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Unknown</span></td><td class="tdb" align='right'>42</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>31</td><td class="tdb" align='right'>40</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="West_Tennessee_Variety_Breeding_and_Propagation_Tests_1947" id="West_Tennessee_Variety_Breeding_and_Propagation_Tests_1947"></a>West Tennessee Variety, Breeding and Propagation Tests, 1947</h2>
+
+<h4>AUBREY RICHARDS, M.D., Whiteville, Tennessee</h4>
+
+
+<p>I surely wish I could have made the trip to the Northern Nut Growers
+Association meeting, but I simply had "too many hens setting" at that
+time. I've been waiting for you [the Secretary] to show up down here for
+the big news&mdash;at least it is to me&mdash;if it holds up. If you have ever
+tried to propagate heartnuts on Japanese walnut you know what it means.</p>
+
+<p>Here it is: Rhodes, Wright and Fodermaier heartnuts patch-budded on 10
+Japanese understocks (all I had) took 100%. The same 3 varieties as a
+control on black walnut gave a take of only 80%.</p>
+
+<p>These trees give me a chance to check on the performance of black versus
+Japanese stocks for these varieties. From last year's propagation,
+Rhodes on black is beating Rhodes on Japanese and Bates (which was not
+used this year) seems fully as good on black walnut stocks.</p>
+
+<p>An isolated tree of Bates did not set a nut. Its pollen all shed before
+the pistils were receptive. An isolated tree of Rhodes bore a full crop.</p>
+
+<p>Incidentally, a weak chlorine bleach (Clorox) after these heartnuts are
+hulled does for them what peroxide does for the ladies and makes them
+look very inviting.</p>
+
+<p>Stambaugh again led in topworked black walnuts, bearing its second
+consecutive full crop on a 3-year graft. It seems to be immune to
+whatever it is that causes the other nuts to turn black, shrivel and
+drop off from the time they set until near maturity. Thomas was second.
+Snyder, Sparrow and Myers had no crop. I budded 25 more trees of
+Stambaugh this year.</p>
+
+<p>The Carpathian Persian walnut that we pollinated this spring with Wright
+heartnuts [no other walnuts were shedding at the time] matured a nice,
+large, rather pointed, heavy nut. It also matured another nut higher on
+the tree than we could reach with the catkins, but I'm sure it's a
+blank. It is still more pointed than the well-filled nut. The good nut
+is stored for planting.</p>
+
+<p>Rush hazel that set fruit last year with the help of a bouquet of native
+[West Tennessee] catkins set only 5 nuts this year "on its own." These I
+have also stored to plant.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I didn't have enough stocks to utilize all the pollen-sterile Japanese
+chestnut buds you sent me [in early September]. I put in most of them,
+even in some cases several to the stock to see what percentage of takes
+we would get with the twin T. [See 1946 Report of N. N. G. A., pp.
+87-88, for a description of the Twin T budding method.&mdash;Ed.]</p>
+
+<p>Here are the percentage takes for chestnut propagation this year. Of
+course I don't know how many of these buds will later drop off.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="percentage takes for chestnut propagation">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Pollen-sterile Japanese on Japanese stock. Late summer buds</td><td align='right'>100%</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Austin Japanese on Japanese Stock. Late summer buds</td><td align='right'>86%</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. Hobson Chinese on Chinese. Late summer buds</td><td align='right'>75%</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. Zimmerman Chinese on Chinese. Late summer buds</td><td align='right'>50%</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. Colossal hybrid on Japanese stock. Spring grafts</td><td align='right'>60%</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>I had a nice crop of Chinese chestnuts on my young Hobson and Zimmerman
+trees. The 1947 nuts were exceptionally large. One 3-year seedling bore
+1 bur with 3 nuts fully as large. Connecticut Yankee bore for the first
+time, 3 nuts to a bur, but very small, scarcely &frac12;" in diameter. (You
+will notice I budded none of this variety!) (Perhaps mislabeled
+seedling.&mdash;Ed.)</p>
+
+<p>I have about 100 nuts from isolated trees that were hand pollinated, as
+follows: Austin x Hobson, Austin x Zimmerman, Hobson x Austin and Hobson
+x Zimmerman.</p>
+
+<p>I have altogether 3 quarts of select nuts stored in the refrigerator. So
+far they are keeping nicely. (I dusted them with Fermate, hope it
+doesn't affect germination.)</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Notes_on_Some_Kansas_and_Kentucky_Pecans_in_Central_Texas" id="Notes_on_Some_Kansas_and_Kentucky_Pecans_in_Central_Texas"></a>Notes on Some Kansas and Kentucky Pecans in Central Texas</h2>
+
+
+<p>A letter to the Secretary from O. S. Gray, nurseryman at Arlington,
+Texas, October 28, 1947, has some interesting notes on two standard
+northern pecans, three new varieties from Kansas, and the Moore variety,
+one of the earliest maturing among southern pecans:</p>
+
+<p>We are propagating Major and Greenriver from Kentucky; Coy, Tissue Paper
+and Johnson from southeastern Kansas; and Brake from eastern North
+Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>Several years ago we used quite a few pecan trees of the Moore variety
+in planting around Tulsa. We though it would be a dandy because of its
+early maturity in the fall. I find that early fall maturity is only one
+important factor. The other is the date of starting growth in the
+spring. Moore seems to start out a little early in the spring and that
+disadvantage seems to limit it in the Tulsa, Oklahoma area. I also
+believe this might be a factor in using this variety in northern
+locations. [Moore originated in north Florida from Texas seed&mdash;Ed.]</p>
+
+<p>I have been considerably impressed with the Johnson variety. It matures
+two or three weeks ahead of Moore in the fall. The only data that I have
+was made in 1944 when Moore buds began to put out on March 25, Stuart
+and Success&mdash;April 5, Johnson&mdash;April 5, Coy and Major&mdash;April 8,
+Greenriver and Tissue Paper&mdash;April 10.</p>
+
+<p>The Johnson matures on our place several weeks ahead of Major and
+Greenriver although I don't have the exact date on maturity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Experiences_of_a_Nut_Tree_Nurseryman" id="Experiences_of_a_Nut_Tree_Nurseryman"></a>Experiences of a Nut Tree Nurseryman</h2>
+
+<h4>J. F. WILKINSON, Rockport, Indiana</h4>
+
+
+<p>In pioneering a nursery as we did in the early days of propagation of
+Northern nut trees, especially the pecan, it was necessary to first
+locate parent trees in this section that were worthy of propagation, in
+order that the nursery stock produced from them would be hardy in this
+and more northern territory.</p>
+
+<p>Along the Ohio and Wabash rivers and their tributaries many thousands of
+large seedling pecan trees grew naturally, and to locate some of the
+most worthy ones for propagation took the combined efforts of all of us
+in this section who were interested, as well as the aid of the tree
+owners and nut gatherers.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1910 three nut nurseries were established here in Southern
+Indiana, two of which have long since been discontinued. Before that
+time a very few propagated pecan trees had been produced in an
+experimental way by some fruit tree nurserymen.</p>
+
+<p>Little did I realize at that time the trials and headaches that lay in
+the path I was to travel in this venture, such as locating the parent
+trees, securing the graft and budwood from them, learning to keep this
+wood from time of cutting until used, methods of propagation, trying to
+educate the prospective tree buyer as to the value of these trees, and
+to believe that pecan trees could be transplanted, and that they would
+bear if the taproot had been cut, and many other things.</p>
+
+<p>Production of nut trees in nurseries in this northern territory is so
+different, and more difficult than in the Gulf Coast country, where I
+spent a part of two seasons hoping to get information that would be of
+value here. What I learned there was of little or no value here, so it
+was up to us to solve our own problems in this section by experience, as
+there was very little in print at that time on Northern nut tree
+propagation.</p>
+
+<p>One of our first problems was to learn to keep cions from time of
+cutting until time of use, not knowing when that time was. We tried all
+times from March until May, having little success at any time. At first
+we kept the scions in a cold storage plant in Evansville, and at a
+temperature of around 32 degrees, and in wet moss. Later we found it
+much better to keep scions at home in a cellar at a higher temperature,
+and in only slightly dampened sphagnum moss.</p>
+
+<p>In the beginning our efforts were mostly in grafting, then after a year
+or two of failure, probably largely due to the way we kept our scions,
+we had some results at the McCoy Nursery, with scions kept at home. The
+McCoy Nursery was about four miles from my place, and located in a sandy
+soil with a near quicksand sub-soil. At that location they were later
+reasonably successful in grafting, using the modified cleft graft.</p>
+
+<p>My nursery is in clay soil with a hard stratum of soil three or four
+feet below the surface, and because of this I have been unable to graft
+pecans in the nursery, though I have tried every known method, and under
+all conditions. I could successfully graft at the McCoy Nursery, then
+use the same scion wood and the same method at home, but have a complete
+failure; therefore, I turned to budding entirely on pecans in the
+nursery.</p>
+
+<p>It is somewhat different with walnut&mdash;I can get fair results with
+walnut<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> grafting at times, though I do very little of this, as more than
+95% of my walnut trees are produced by budding.</p>
+
+<p>I do a lot of topworking on native seedling nut trees for others. Mr.
+Sly, who is with me, and I make one or more of these trips each spring.
+For this work I use only the slip-bark method, shaping the scion a
+little differently from any other I have ever seen used. This has given
+splendid results everywhere I have used it, which has been over the
+territory from Ohio to Oklahoma.</p>
+
+<p>A certain amount of allowance is made in this work as to safe drainage
+of the stock, depending on weather and soil conditions, which vary as,
+to season and location.</p>
+
+<p>I do practically all of my nursery propagating by budding, and one of
+the most essential things is to have favorable sap conditions in budwood
+as well as in stocks.</p>
+
+<p>On walnut I use only the current season's growth of wood for budwood,
+and it must be reasonably well matured. Very often sap in the stock may
+show signs of leaving before budwood is matured enough for use, and only
+the riper buds near the base of the bud stick can be used, in which case
+the rest of the buds on the bud stick are lost. Sometimes sap in the
+stocks can be held a few days longer by cutting a ring around the stock
+above the place where the bud is to be placed, which checks the flow of
+sap to the upper part of the stock. Sap in the stock must be in a
+favorable condition to hope for good results.</p>
+
+<p>In budding pecan it is different. Either the current or the past
+season's growth may be used with about equal results, though the current
+season's buds must be well matured. Very often in a dry season when
+there is evidence of sap leaving the pecan stocks earlier than usual and
+the current season's buds are not well matured, I use the past season's
+growth until the new growth is mature.</p>
+
+<p>A nut tree nurseryman has experiences that are both pleasant and
+unpleasant in selling trees as well as producing them. This is probably
+well known to all of you who have produced and sold nut trees. It is
+astonishing how many questions (some of which are amusing) the public
+can ask, and very often those that ask the most questions, leading one
+to believe they are a good prospect for a large order, may order only
+one or two trees, or none at all. Then there are those who have never
+bought a nut tree before, and when they see their first one are
+dissatisfied because it does not have a root system like a fruit tree;
+and there are a few who will try to get replacements whether they are
+entitled to them or not, and usually they are not; for, regardless of
+the instructions given for the planting and after-care, they will
+neglect them, then complain if they have a loss, and certain experiences
+have led me to believe they claim loss before having it.</p>
+
+<p>Many seem to think that a nurseryman should guarantee his trees to live
+when planted by the purchaser. To do this would be assuming the
+responsibility of the handling, planting and after-care of the planter,
+which would make it necessary for the nurseryman to put a price on his
+trees that would take care of a lot of replacements to the more careless
+ones who would have losses, and be very unfair to those who take good
+care of their trees, and have little or no loss, as they would be
+standing part of the loss of the careless ones.</p>
+
+<p>The most a nurseryman can do is to produce the best trees possible, dig
+them carefully, pack them in first class condition and ship them
+immediately.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Discussion after Mr. Wilkinson's paper.</h4>
+
+<p>Dr. Crane: "Minor elements are important in plant nutrition The problem
+of deficiencies is going to become very important. We do not keep the
+livestock we did and we are not returning to the land the manure and
+other fertilizers that contain the elements the trees need. Nitrogen,
+phosphorus, and potash, also magnesium are needed. We are taking more
+from the soil than we are putting back."</p>
+
+<p>Corsan: "In Cuba there are hundreds of sharks. These make fine manure,
+wonderful for nut trees."</p>
+
+<p>Prof. Slate: "How many sharks would you need for an acre of land?"</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Morphology_and_Structure_of_the_Walnut" id="Morphology_and_Structure_of_the_Walnut"></a>Morphology and Structure of the Walnut</h2>
+
+<h4>C. C. LOUNSBERRY, Iowa State College</h4>
+
+
+<p>This subject, the structure of the walnut, is discussed in its relation
+to propagation. Catkin bearing nut trees, such as the walnut, have a
+refined structure that makes grafting difficult. Structure, rather than
+form of walnuts, suggests treatment under the headings, bark, cambium,
+wood, roots, pith and buds, as well as the sap that permeates them.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bark:</b> When the bark of the walnut is cut, as in budding, it is difficult
+to tie down so it will not curl and yet not strangle the bud. The
+wax-like covering of the bark is thin. However, the bark itself will
+stay green two months or more if weather is cool.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cambium:</b> The cambium dries quickly when exposed to air, and must be kept
+covered. Grafted walnuts show callus growth from the cambium, and also
+from the pith of stems and the endodermis of the root.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wood:</b> The wood of the walnut is diffuse porous, brittle, straight
+grained, and easily split. The wood must be cut diagonally to get
+sufficient tension to hold the scion in grafting. The branch grows
+rapidly in a short season, May 15th to July 1st in central Iowa. The
+upper two-thirds of the one year growth is usually light weight with
+pith of large diameter. The base of the one-year growth is the best for
+scions. Some varieties of walnut as for example the Thomas, have
+relatively large one-year growth and more scions can be cut from its
+branches than from the wood of Ohio which is small and willow-like.</p>
+
+<p>Measurements taken in 1940 on 118 common black walnut seedlings planted
+in 1939 showed 9/16" average diameter of seedling at crown, 5/16"
+average diameter of pith at crown; 3/8" average diameter of seedling at
+top; and &frac14;" average diameter of pith at top; 3.26 inches average
+length of solid pith above crown; 2.91 inches average length of solid
+pith in root below crown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pith:</b> Pith in the black walnut is chambered (lamellate) in the older
+wood, but solid in the younger, growing wood. The plates are a light
+brown color, getting larger in diameter toward the top of the year's
+growth. The leaf traces from the leaf rachis to the pith show heavier
+from the bottom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> buds of the branch than at the tip, and the pith is
+usually solid at the bottom of the branch.</p>
+
+<p><b>Roots:</b> When the nut of the black walnut germinates in the soil the lobes
+or cotyledons do not rise above the ground like the cotyledons of the
+bean but remain in the nut shell under ground, and are broken off in the
+growth of the seedling, the root going down and the stem rising above
+the ground. Where the cotyledons are broken off, the so-called crown of
+the walnut, two rough places appear, nearly opposite on the stem. In
+these rough places, two groups of buds are formed, rarely three groups.</p>
+
+<p>Cytological studies at Iowa State College have not shown why there are
+not stem initials in the tap roots of the walnut. When the root is cut
+off a foot underground, root initials develop but no stem initials. The
+sensitivity of walnut leaf buds to water may have something to do with
+it.</p>
+
+<p><b>Buds:</b> Buds of the walnut are in vertical groups of two or three in the
+axils of the leaves. They have few scales. They appear on seedlings and
+current year branches. Some have short stalks. If broken off they do not
+usually grow back again. The second year, these buds usually drop off in
+mid-season. In cutting off buds, unless the group of buds is taken out
+as a chip, some may grow out again.</p>
+
+<p><b>Leaf arrangement:</b> There is a three rank arrangement of leaves in the
+walnut, the ninth leaf coming in the same position as the first.
+According to the work of Caesalpino, the buds should then rise in three
+places at the crown. Only in rare cases does this occur in the black
+walnut, although it is usual with the Persian walnut. If the nut is
+planted deep this causes much suckering and a tendency to etiolate the
+buds so they will stand water.</p>
+
+<p><b>Buds are sensitive:</b> Buds are sensitive to water, and storage material
+must be fairly dry and cool. In two large boxes of scions received last
+year from Germany, some 20 varieties of Persian walnut, all had dead
+buds when received. They were packed in German peat. When buds are
+covered with wax the wax must not be too hot or it will kill the buds.
+In placing grafted walnuts in sphagnum or sand they should not stay wet
+or the buds will die. Either unions must be above damp sand or sphagnum,
+or the buds be protected by wax or adhesive.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sap:</b> In spring grafting there is an enormous flow of sap which will
+sometimes tear the plates out of the pith. Grafts may be protected by
+girdling the stock a few inches below the place where the graft is set,
+or both above and below it. In 1937 259 walnuts three years old were cut
+off six inches above the ground and girdled two inches above the ground.
+171 crown buds came up, 88 started above the girdling. 207 trees were
+cut off three feet above the ground, and the trunk girdled six inches
+above the ground. 153 started above the crown, and 90 started above the
+girdle. The same year (1937) 195 trees three years old were cut off four
+feet above the ground, and all buds above ground were cut flush with the
+surface of the bark. This was repeated twice, finally taking buds out as
+a chip, except the top bud; 126 died; 69 grew from the top but. 203
+trees three years old were cut off five feet above ground and all buds
+cut off except upper one; 64 died; 139 grew from top bud. 200 trees
+three years old were cut off six feet above ground, and all buds kept
+rubbed off except top one; 33 died, and 167 grew from top bud.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Vitality and sap:</b> Black walnut sap changes color from oxidation almost
+instantly. Bench grafts must be made quickly and put in place at once or
+the unions will dry out. If the root does not stain hands in grafting
+the graft usually fails. In outdoor grafting if the sap stands in
+pockets the sugar will ferment, killing the graft. There is a new Jersey
+(3) bulletin which shows black walnut sap as unstable, quickly forming
+sugar when exposed to warm weather.</p>
+
+<p><b>Vegetative propagation of greenwood cuttings:</b> Witt and Spence (4) in
+England working with greenwood cuttings attained 75 per cent success
+with Persian walnut and Royal walnut in July and August. They had no
+success with black walnut at that time (1926). The Germans in 1936 (1)
+working on greenwood cuttings had most success with the Persian walnut,
+but used greenwood taken in September.</p>
+
+<p><b>Vegetative propagation or hardwood cuttings:</b> In 1938 the author (2)
+using growth substance on saddle grafts of various walnuts found Asiatic
+and western walnuts went on their own roots. At this time the Tasterite
+black walnut went on its own root. In 1946 and 1947 using about 25
+varieties of black walnut, Persian, western and Asiatic walnuts, eight
+inch hardwood cuttings were used beginning in December and repeated in
+the spring of 1947. Nearly all the cuttings of the larger size (about
+&frac12;") started in about a month and grew about two months. Then all died.
+There were balls of callus on many of them. One on Thomas was an inch in
+diameter. The bottom heat was held at 70 degrees F. This may have been
+too high, as on raising the cuttings it was found the callus had rotted.
+This procedure has possibilities.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Literature Cited</h4>
+
+<p>1. Institut fur Obstbau, Berlin. Die Walnusz veredlung. (Vegetative
+propagation of walnuts). Merkbl. Inst. Obstb. Berlin 5, pp. 15, 1936.</p>
+
+<p>2. Lounsberry, C. C. Use of Growth Substance in Bench Grafting Walnuts
+and Hickories. Northern Nut Growers Association 1938 Report, p. 63.</p>
+
+<p>3. Nelson, Julius. Fermentation and Germ Life. N. J. Ag. Exp. Sta. Bul.
+134, 1899.</p>
+
+<p>4. Witt, A. W. and Howard Spence. Vegetative Propagation of Walnuts.
+Ann. Rep. East Malling Res. Station 1926-27.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="A_Method_of_Budding_Walnuts" id="A_Method_of_Budding_Walnuts"></a>A Method of Budding Walnuts</h2>
+
+<h4>H. LYNN TUTTLE, Clarkston, Wash.</h4>
+
+
+<p>It took man some thirty thousand years to learn to build a
+fire&mdash;conveniently. I thought it was going to take me that long to learn
+how to bud walnuts, but fortunately the period has been somewhat
+shortened.</p>
+
+<p>When I first began to propagate, or try to propagate, walnuts, I
+naturally looked to the approved and accepted methods. For me, they did
+not work. Before I was through I think I tried them all. I patch-budded
+with variations and improvisations. I shield-budded and bark-grafted. I
+coated the wounds with grafting-wax, latex, cellophane, asphalt and
+paraffine. I trimmed off the bud shoulders to make a smoother tie and
+trimmed around the edges to make more contact. I wrapped with raffia,
+strings, rags and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> rubber strips and tacked with small nails. Whatever I
+did or however I did it results were all about the same&mdash;the sap soured.
+In fact over a period of years I tried every way I could think up or
+read about to bring the bud and the cambium layer together and make them
+stick. Results were surprisingly uniform&mdash;the sap soured.</p>
+
+<p>But we must not dwell too long on the shots that missed. As with a
+refractory engine that will suddenly sputter, there came some elements
+of success. The point to learn was, why? Concentrating on the shield bud
+entirely we determined to find these whys. So we tried taking big slabs
+of bark along with the bud, peeling out the wood, breaking off the leaf
+stem entirely and waxing the scar and making an unnecessarily long cut
+for the bud. The bark stuck fairly well but the buds died. This was some
+encouragement and I knew that with enough time, reason and a little luck
+we would eventually hit the mark.</p>
+
+<p>Now Dame Fortune had decreed that I be raised on a grain and stock ranch
+where the only trees we could see were in the distant mountains, or, if
+we rode in the canyons, cottonwoods and choke-cherries. My experience
+and training was with animals, and animals, especially horses, seem
+quite susceptible to accident. The first principle of treating almost
+any wound is to give it drainage, otherwise, both literally and
+figuratively, the "sap" soured. Thus it dawned on me that a tree-wound,
+even if only skin deep should have the same treatment as a flesh wound.
+And drainage, being desirable, should be ample.</p>
+
+<p>It was quite late in the season but I went out and set a dozen Schafer
+walnut buds on eastern black stocks. These buds HAD DRAINAGE. The
+vertical cut of the T extended at least two inches below the bud.
+Success ensued, they grew. The following spring we budded as soon as the
+bark would slip and continued at intervals all summer. Results were
+good. Some of the steps we now use are probably not essential and
+perhaps not even the best, but there are two points that cannot be
+over-emphasized, namely, drainage and contact. The complete method is as
+follows: 1. Trim bud sticks to leave an inch of petiole on the bud. 2.
+Make the T cut with a long vertical slash that will extend at least an
+inch below the bottom of the bud. 3. Cut the bud long and deep and peel
+it from the wood by pinching the sides. Be carefull not to injure the
+bark just below the bud. 4. Insert the bud either flush with or below
+the cross-cut. 5. Wrap with large sized rubber budding strips just
+firmly enough to make good contact. Too tight wrappings curtail
+circulation. Do not cover the cut below the bud. The wound must have
+<b>drainage</b>. 6. Be sure that the center of the bud-cut is firm against the
+cambium layer. If it humps of bows and won't stay down insert a
+tooth-pick or bit of leaf stem or something along the center line to
+hold it down. We usually do this during the wrapping process.</p>
+
+<p>We use no wax. We throw a wrap over the bud, shoulders even though it
+may press the petiole forward against the bud. If the center of the bud
+pulls out it will not grow although an adventitious bud may eventually
+start. Budding seems about equally successful any time that the bark
+slips freely. On walnuts this is all summer if not too dry.</p>
+
+<p>Early-placed buds may make several feet growth before fall if sufficient
+moisture is available. On walnuts there are always dormant buds. We have
+used storage wood but now just cut it fresh. We have not tried draining
+patch-bud or grafts. Although we have not tried it we think cherries and
+other trees inclined to drown the buds might be better handled in this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>
+manner. Climate is a factor in the type of propagation advisable. One
+very fine grower using buds in California could propagate only by grafts
+when he moved to Western Oregon.</p>
+
+<p>The kernel of my walnut budding experience may well be summarized in one
+word&mdash;drainage.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Questions asked Mr. Stoke after his demonstration of grafting and
+budding.<br />[See his paper in 1946 Report, pp. 99-103.&mdash;Ed.]</h4>
+
+<p>Member: "How do you keep your scions?"</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "I prefer 'orange' cold storage for scionwood. This is just above
+freezing. Walnuts should be in full leaf before spring budding."</p>
+
+<p>McDaniel: "What percentage of chestnuts did well with the 'plate' method
+of budding?"</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "I don't use it with chestnuts for spring budding, but sometimes
+for summer budding. It will work well on any variety of Persian walnut,
+heartnut and black walnut. Place buds on the north and northeast side of
+tree to prevent sun injury."</p>
+
+<p>Question: "Do you find any difference in using buds from an eight or ten
+year old tree as against a younger tree?"</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "No, not so long as it is healthy. For spring budding I don't
+care to have any trees too vigorous. Cut tops off young trees three to
+five days after budding, and force the buds into growth. If you delay
+too long the bud will die. I wouldn't try to bud trees unless bark is
+slipping."</p>
+
+<p>Member: "I have used parapin wax and covered it with old bread paper."</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "That may work because the wax was shaded. Southern sun may melt
+parapin and paraffin waxes."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Corsan: "Dentists, surgeons and wood carvers make the best
+grafters."</p>
+
+<p>Question: "Can the scions be cut with a small plane?"</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "Anything you have to cut with a plane is too big. I never use a
+plane."</p>
+
+<p>Question: "What do you use a splice graft for?"</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "Anything except walnut. In walnut I use a modified cleft graft,
+and I take care of the sap flow by placing the graft down about 1" or
+1&frac14;" below the cut (where the tree is cut off). Wax the scion but do
+not wax the cut. Let it bleed."</p>
+
+<p>Question: "What is the value of cut leaf black walnut?"</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "Purely ornamental. Weschcke reports that it is very hardy with
+him."</p>
+
+<p>Rick: "What about the Lamb walnut?"</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "We don't know whether the wood of grafted trees is curly or not.
+I sent Mr. Reed a limb from Lamb and he gave it to the forest laboratory
+and they found no evidence of curly grain."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Rick: "Shouldn't it be propagated until we are sure?"</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "We had Mr. Lamb himself talk before us at Roanoke and he told us
+about the parent tree. He doesn't know what makes one tree curly and
+another not."</p>
+
+<p>Korn: "Is that uncommon?"</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "Not so very. Trees are most curly at the base and in the outer
+wood."</p>
+
+<p>Question: "Do you always leave that stub on black walnut?"</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "Yes, but it should be removed later in the first summer."</p>
+
+<p>Question: "Where do you use your splice graft."</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "On anything other than walnut, if scion and stock are the same
+size. Where stock is larger than scion I use the modified cleft graft up
+to sizes approaching one inch in the stock. For topworking larger stocks
+I use one of the forms of bark graft. For the large hickory stock Dr.
+Morris' bark slot graft is preferred. For large, thin-barked stocks the
+simple bark graft may be used. My original grafts of the Carr and Hobson
+Chinese chestnuts, made with scions received from Messrs. Carr and
+Hobson in the winter of 1932, are still perfect unions.</p>
+
+<p>"I believe that grafted chestnuts growing in frost pockets are most
+likely to develop faulty unions; possibly frost injury to immature cells
+at the junction point may occur. Dr. Crane mentions a similar failure of
+unions between Persian and black walnuts on the Pacific Coast."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Crane: "What cut did you use in grafting those chestnuts?"</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "Modified cleft. In using Dr. Morris' bark slot graft I find it
+best to leave just a little of the cut face of the scion wedge above the
+top of the stock. This, with top of the stock cut sloping away from the
+scion, as illustrated, promotes quick healing with no 'die-back.'"</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Smith: "Is that top slanting?"</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "Yes, I cut it slanting."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. MacDaniels: "That is a good graft for walnuts, too."</p>
+
+<p>Note: Mr. Stoke showed the group a picture of a mockernut tree in one of
+his fields which he had girdled to kill it. The tree lived four years
+and during those years the moisture had to go up through the inner wood.</p>
+
+<p>The substance of Mr. Stoke's talk, together with illustrations, may be
+found on page 99 of the 1946 report.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Importance_of_Bud_Selection_in_the_Grafting_of_Nut_Trees" id="Importance_of_Bud_Selection_in_the_Grafting_of_Nut_Trees"></a>Importance of Bud Selection in the Grafting of Nut Trees</h2>
+
+<h4>G. J. KORN, Kalamazoo, Michigan</h4>
+
+
+<p>For many years the fruit growers have been improving the qualities of
+their fruits in several ways. The early pioneers of our country selected
+the best fruits from seedling trees. Chance seedlings that were found in
+pastures, by roadsides, or possibly in some out-of-the-way place,
+selected because of some special quality or group of qualities, still
+dominate our commercial plantings of fruits and nuts. Several of the
+apple varieties to be found in the market today are from these chance
+seedlings.</p>
+
+<p>In more recent years some of our agricultural colleges have been
+breeding fruits. Such breeding has given us several of our more
+promising named varieties. In this way a great improvement has been
+brought about in our fruits.</p>
+
+<p>Environment too appears to have played an important part in making
+changes in fruits and nuts. Nuts that are extremely hardy in the more
+northern latitudes, appear to have developed this hardiness gradually
+throughout many generations. Because of this quality we are now able to
+select varieties that are most likely to succeed in any particular
+locality.</p>
+
+<p>More rapid and satisfactory methods of improving our fruits and nuts
+have been brought about through breeding. This development of the
+science of plant breeding has made it possible to blend the good
+qualities of two seedlings into a new variety. Man does not have to
+follow nature's slow hit-and-miss method of developing more desirable
+qualities in her products. Controlled breeding, as brought about by man,
+produces faster and more satisfactory results. Man's improvement over
+nature has come about through his choice of the qualities to be blended,
+and his ability to bring together two parents from widely separated
+parts of the earth, if necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Besides breeding, we are able also to use some of the mutations or bud
+sports to improve our nuts as well as fruits. Although our progress in
+improving nuts may not yet be as spectacular as cross-breeding with
+apples, bud selection has already modified the list of our commercial
+varieties.</p>
+
+<p>One of the first requisites in bud selection is so thorough a knowledge
+of the variety that any departure from the type will be detected. Then
+it will be necessary to start propagation to determine whether the
+variation was caused by some environmental factor, or is really a sport
+which can be perpetuated by vegetative propagation. You may wonder if
+many of our nut growers know nut varieties well enough to detect any but
+the most obvious sports. Nut improvement through bud selection within
+the variety lies ahead of us.</p>
+
+<p>Among fruit growers the search seems to have been for fruits of
+different or more pleasing color. As nut growers we are more likely to
+be interested in nut sports having better size, kernel, cracking
+qualities, etc. Trees that are able to ripen their nuts in short or cool
+seasons are especially desirable in some of our more northern states.</p>
+
+<p>My attention was especially called to the importance of bud selection
+several years ago while buying my winter's supply of apples. I was
+examining the splendid crop of Jonathan apples in a neighbor's large
+commercial orchard. On most of the Jonathan trees the apples were large
+and well colored and the crop was heavy. However, a few trees bore
+apples of in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>ferior size and color. Upon questioning the fruit grower as
+to the difference in the performance of the two types of Jonathan apple
+trees, he explained that the better apples came from trees supplied by a
+nurseryman who was very particular in selecting a good bud strain. The
+other trees were just the ordinary strain of Jonathan.</p>
+
+<p>It was while working in a commercial orchard of the grafted varieties of
+black walnuts that I noticed one especially promising Thomas tree.
+During the few years that I have observed this tree, its nuts have been
+of splendid size and very uniform. The kernels from the nuts from this
+tree were somewhat better than those from most of the other trees. I now
+have some grafts growing from this promising tree.</p>
+
+<p>There appears to be much promise for nut improvement by cross-breeding
+to regroup desired qualities. Although many of us enjoy the nut contests
+that are conducted from time to time, it appears that our nut
+improvement program might move along faster if more attention were given
+to nut breeding and searching out desirable bud sports.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Discussion after G. J. Korn's paper.</h4>
+
+<p>Corsan: "Farmers should be encouraged to plant nut trees along boundary
+lines. Enormous amounts of fertilizer there."</p>
+
+<p>J. R. Smith: "One tree in ten thousand seedlings is worth while."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Lounsberry: "We have two trees planted close together&mdash;one bears
+small nuts and the other large nuts. They are from the same grafting. It
+would seem that the trouble is in the stock. The stock makes a vast
+difference."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="The_Hemming_Chinese_Chestnuts" id="The_Hemming_Chinese_Chestnuts"></a>The Hemming Chinese Chestnuts</h2>
+
+<h4>E. SAM HEMMING, Easton, Maryland</h4>
+
+
+<p>The bearing record of our row of 18 Chinese chestnuts has attracted so
+much attention that I thought the Association would be interested in
+seeing some slides of these trees, also of our experimental orchard, as
+well as the large quantity of small trees we grow in our nursery and the
+manner in which we raise them.</p>
+
+<p>You will see a number of slides of chestnut trees and hear a lot about
+the bearing qualities, but you won't see a single nut, for unfortunately
+all these slides were taken between December 1946 and July 1947. You
+will just have to let the numerous little trees attest to the fact that
+these trees bear. We have 50,000 trees in our nursery.</p>
+
+<p>These trees are now nineteen years old and have borne rather remarkably
+since 1937. They are spaced too close&mdash;an accident&mdash;but I believe that
+helps thorough pollination. They are now 12 and more inches in diameter,
+some are 30' high and the spread is at least 35' where they have the
+room. All but No. 14 are spreading in character; spreading character and
+good bearing seemed to be connected.</p>
+
+<p>The bearing record of these trees has been given before but I will
+summarize them by years again: 1937&mdash;118 pounds; 1938 (no records);
+1939-463 pounds; 1940&mdash;250 pounds; 1941&mdash;564 pounds; 1942&mdash;658 pounds;
+1943<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>&mdash;749 pounds; 1944&mdash;678 pounds; 1945&mdash;250 pounds; 1946&mdash;1,100
+pounds; this year's crop will probably run 700 to 800 pounds.</p>
+
+<p>The trees seem to bear much the same, with No. 14 the poorest and No. 19
+the best and, like many other tree crops, they tend to alternate good
+and poor crops on each tree. The nuts are of good size, averaging 40 to
+50 per pound (green) with No. 6 and No. 19 bearing the smallest nuts.
+They ripen in September with the exception of No. 19 which is a month
+later. Mr. Reed likes No. 16 which has a wrinkled shell. All the nuts
+are medium sweet to sweet and all of them fall free of the bur. I think
+the most significant thing is that at least 12 of the trees have nut
+characteristics so near alike that they are about indistinguishable,
+which certainly makes them a good source of seed.</p>
+
+<p>The similarity of the nuts brings up the controversial subject of the
+seedling raised tree, and I will make some remarks in defense of this
+method.</p>
+
+<p>1. All our parent trees are good bearers.</p>
+
+<p>2. There is no extraneous pollen in the vicinity.</p>
+
+<p>3. I will present as a question: Has the Chinese chestnut, like the rose
+and the apple been hybridized out of all semblance of the wild form?</p>
+
+<p>4. The seedling tree should bring chestnuts to the average householder's
+table 30 years sooner than grafting will.</p>
+
+<p>5. We now produce a 3'-4' tree for a very reasonable figure.</p>
+
+<p>6. All varietal forms at present are as yet unstabilized (most varieties
+of 10 years ago have been discarded). There will probably be some duds
+in seedling trees, but we've had no local complaints and I wonder if
+they will exceed the "troubles" found in the grafted tree. We have had
+customers brag about what their 2 or 3 or 6 trees bore.</p>
+
+<p>To prove our faith in this method we planted a test orchard. When the
+trees were 3 years old from 2 year transplants they bore 25 pounds. Next
+year, 1944, they bore 800 pounds or an average of 1 pound per tree.
+Right then and there we thought that we would have a real story to tell,
+but we had misfortune in another direction. Three years in a row we have
+had frosts when 6 inches of new growth were on these trees (the orchard
+is not as well situated as the parent trees in this respect). So we had
+no crops worth mentioning but neither did we have strawberries or
+similar fruits. This year the orchard was frosted 2/3 the way to the top
+so we will get quite a few nuts, maybe 500 pounds. Incidentally, we have
+been here 25 years and we've not had frosts like these before.</p>
+
+<p>We use all of our good nuts for seed purposes, grading out all small or
+damaged nuts. In raising these trees, even from seed, we've had our
+troubles. We let them cure several weeks then plant them in well fed
+soil in a narrow trench about 2 inches deep. We place the nuts 5 or 6
+inches apart; we fill the trench with sawdust level with the surface. We
+mound the soil over this about 4 inches until spring. Then it is
+removed. This method lets the shoots through, otherwise they tend to
+send 3 or 4 stems. The nut sends down the root very early in the spring.
+We have some trouble with the mole-mice combination; for this reason
+heavy soil and sawdust is better than sandy soil. As you know neither
+the nut nor the tree likes wet soil.</p>
+
+<p>In raising the young tree the principal difficulty is in getting a
+trunked upright tree. A seedling, especially when transplanted the first
+year, flops all over like a flowering shrub. To get them up we plant
+them fairly close, prune them, and feed them. Our 1 year trees are
+usually two feet high and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> 2 year trees are 4 to 5 feet high. We
+wholesale our trees mostly to mail order nurseries and the largest had a
+5% request for replacements.</p>
+
+<p>There are troubles in growing Chinese chestnuts just as there are in
+most fruits and nut crops and, in a way, I am glad there are because I
+am of the opinion there is no such thing as harvesting without
+cultivation. For instance, if you plant them and let nature take its
+course&mdash;it will. It will on an apple, too.</p>
+
+<p>We have found a few small lesions of chestnut blight which were removed
+by pruning and then painted with pine tar. They usually occurred at a
+previous point of pruning. Some of the transplanted seedlings have
+developed a twig canker at a bud, but I've never seen them kill one and
+even when we don't prune it out, the tree overcomes it by new growth.</p>
+
+<p>The Japanese beetle attacks the chestnut but, although they were bad
+this year, one spraying of DDT was effective. The weevil (curculio) was
+bad enough last year so we are spraying this year. Small growers should
+put the nuts in metal containers and thus destroy the larvae, if any.</p>
+
+<p>I would like to remark here that we are a nursery growing many
+ornamentals, and the Chinese chestnut, although low branched, is a very
+ornamental tree. I know of no tree that has a handsomer dark, shiny
+green leaf or one whose green color holds so well until frost.</p>
+
+<p>Now I think you will agree I have reported the behavior of our trees
+fairly, the difficulties of raising the trees, and have emphasized that
+I doubt if you will get success with the Chinese chestnut without
+effort; yet in conclusion I would like to step into "fantasy". Our No.
+19 tree bore 124 pounds; suppose you had 50 trees per acre bearing that
+quantity. You would get 6,000 pounds per acre. The European chestnut,
+which is not as good, brought 30c on the Baltimore market last year.
+That would mean $1,800.00 per acre. Imagine having 10 acres!</p>
+
+
+<h3>1947 CROP</h3>
+
+<h4>Pounds of Chestnuts from Original Trees at Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc.</h4>
+
+<p>No. 1, 78; No. 2, 58; No. 3, 51&frac14;; No. 4, 7&frac12;; No. 5, 49; No. 6, 31;
+No. 7, 34; No. 8, 31&frac12;; No. 9, 63; No. 10, 40&frac12; No. 11, 61&frac12;; No.
+12, 64&frac12;; No. 13, 56; No. 14, 47&frac12;; No. 15, 74; No. 16, 60; No. 18,
+106; No. 19, 25&frac12;&mdash;Total, 938&frac34; pounds.</p>
+
+<p><b>Young Orchard:</b> 225&frac12; pounds.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Discussion after E. Sam Hemming's paper</h4>
+
+<p>Corsan: "Do you recommend the use of lime?"</p>
+
+<p>Hemming: "We do not use lime. We use Vigoro at the rate of 1 to 1&frac12;
+lbs. to inch of diameter per tree."</p>
+
+<p>Corsan: "Why do you use Vigoro?"</p>
+
+<p>Hemming: "No particular reason, just that it is available."</p>
+
+<p>Member: "What time of year do you fertilize your trees?"</p>
+
+<p>Hemming: "We fertilize during the winter&mdash;usually during December."</p>
+
+<p>Crane: "Last year we used a method of storing Chinese chestnuts which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
+proved very satisfactory. Two thousand pounds of nuts were stored last
+year. Fall planting is good where one can use it but in a lot of areas
+it can not be used because of rats robbing the plantings. We have to
+store the nuts. The procedure we follow is to harvest every other day.
+Nuts are placed in tin cans with friction top lids. The lids should have
+one to three holes of 1/16" diameter in them to provide air. Cans are
+placed in storage at a temperature of 32 to 40 degrees F."</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "I keep chestnuts in the cellar in a can with an open top in what
+we call limestone sand. Keep wonderfully well. Chestnuts must have air."</p>
+
+<p>Gravatt: "Down south we have a lot of trouble with decay. We take nuts
+right from the bur and put them in the soil. They give much better
+germination."</p>
+
+<p>Crane: "The Chinese harvest their chestnuts just as soon as the bur
+cracks. They do not wait for the nuts to drop from the trees but harvest
+the nuts from the trees and store in covered pottery jars. They plant in
+the fall of the year. They do not hold nuts for any length of time."</p>
+
+<p>Corsan: "How about charcoal?"</p>
+
+<p>G. Smith: "Charcoal is good to store nuts in. They are shipped from
+China that way."</p>
+
+<p>Smith: "Would chestnuts stand carbon bisulphide for getting the weevil
+out, or is the hot water treatment better?"</p>
+
+<p>Crane: "Carbon bisulphide treatment is dangerous, it will kill weevils
+but it will also kill the nuts so they will not germinate. Unless
+precautions are used it may cause an explosion and fire. Methyl bromide
+treatment is better."</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "The hot water treatment is the best. It consists of immersing
+the nuts in water at 120 degrees F. for forty minutes."</p>
+
+<p>Hemming: "I have raised about 100,000 seedlings and have never seen
+blight on any of my seedlings."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Smith: "A tree needs usually to be as big as the small end of a
+baseball bat before the bark opens enough to let in the blight spores."</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "Blight begins where there is rough bark which provides lodgment
+for the spores. Rough bark and moisture result in blight, hence the
+disease usually starts near the ground."</p>
+
+<p>Crane: "The blight problem in the growing of chestnuts has often been
+stressed. I think you will have more loss from sunscald and root rot
+than you will from blight. Blight is a minor trouble with us. The
+Chinese chestnut naturally grows with a low head. It is a mistake to cut
+off the low branches on the trees until they attain some size, they can
+then be cut off."</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "Regarding the protection of nut trees against winter sun scald,
+I find that if you take ordinary aluminum paint and paint the south and
+southwest side of nut trees it will last for two years."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Smith: "Chestnut trees have blighted for me where the water table
+was too high and trees of same origin or better drained ground nearby
+did not blight. Blight is often a sign that the tree wants something it
+lacks&mdash;much like disease in humans."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Results_of_a_Chinese_Chestnut_Rootstock_Experiment" id="Results_of_a_Chinese_Chestnut_Rootstock_Experiment"></a>Results of a Chinese Chestnut Rootstock Experiment</h2>
+
+<h4>J. W. McKAY<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></h4>
+
+<h4>Introduction</h4>
+
+
+<p>The propagation of chestnut species by budding or grafting has been
+performed by different workers with varying degrees of success. Many
+have found that grafted trees could be produced and grown successfully
+but that graft union troubles developed in a certain percentage of the
+trees either soon after grafting or a few years later. The variety
+"Carr" is known to graft with difficulty in certain localities and to
+give a high percentage of poor unions both at the time of grafting and
+after a few years of growth. The question of relationship of scion and
+stock has been considered by many workers to have an important bearing
+on the success of grafting operations but no critical work has been done
+to determine this point. Some investigators hold that scions of one
+species may be grafted upon stock of another species without harmful
+effects. The results of the budding experiment with Chinese chestnut
+reported in this paper are the first of a series of tests designed to
+contribute needed information about stock-scion relationship in
+chestnuts.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Description and Results</h4>
+
+<p>The five seedling Chinese chestnut trees used in the experiment were
+selected because of their heavy-bearing tendency and because of the
+excellent keeping quality of the nuts. Two of the trees bear nuts of
+large size while the other three bear nuts of medium to small size.
+Seeds from the five trees were planted before the use of the seedlings
+as stocks in the budding experiment was planned, and since the seedlings
+from each tree were planted together replication of the experiment was
+not possible. However, the stock was grown in thoroughly mixed soil in a
+coldframe and differences in performance of seedlings could hardly be
+attributed to soil heterogeneity.</p>
+
+<p>Buds from the five parent trees were placed on the five lots of their
+own seedlings in all combinations of budwood and stock. The work was
+done during the first week of September when the bark of both budwood
+and stock was slipping yet growth had slowed down to some extent. Buds
+were placed about two inches below soil level on the one-year-old
+seedlings and the soil pulled back to cover the buds. Budding was done
+by means of the familiar shield or T-bud method and rubber budding
+strips were used as a wrap. Budwood was shipped from Albany, Ga., to
+Beltsville, Md., and was damaged somewhat by high temperature in
+transit, a factor which may be partially responsible for the overall low
+percentage of buds that grew.</p>
+
+<p>In referring to the results presented in table I, it will be noted that
+considerable variation occurred in the performance of the five lots of
+seedlings as stock, as well as in the take of buds from the five parent
+trees. The totals in the last column on the right are all equivalent to
+percentage since 100 buds were placed on each lot of seedlings. In like
+manner, the totals<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> in the bottom line are all equivalent to percentages
+since 100 buds of each parent tree were used.</p>
+
+<p>Seedlings of stock D were decidedly inferior to seedlings of stock C in
+take of buds, and both of these lots of seedlings originated from large
+nuts. Also, scion e gave a significantly lower take of buds on all lots
+of seedlings than scions c or d. The scion e tree produces small nuts
+whereas the scion c and d trees produce large nuts. Scions a and b are
+intermediate in take of buds, and the source trees both produce small
+nuts.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Discussion</h4>
+
+<p>At least one significant interpretation may be made from the results of
+this experiment, that may partially explain the difficulties encountered
+heretofore in propagating chestnuts. Using the take of buds as a
+criterion it can be stated that in this experiment the five lots of
+seedlings from known parents differed in their performance as stocks.
+Moreover, the five parent trees used as a source of budwood differed
+among themselves in the capacity of their buds to grow when placed on
+comparable lots of stocks. If these results are correctly interpreted it
+is clear that both the stock and the scion may influence the success or
+failure of propagation technique. Doubtless both of these variables have
+operated together in the propagation of existing varieties and, as would
+be expected, the results have been unpredictable. It seems likely that
+the grafting and budding of chestnut varieties should be worked out in
+the future on the basis of using understocks derived from the seed of
+special trees or clones found to be suitable sources by tests for
+grafting performance.</p>
+
+<p>It should be pointed out that the five trees used in this work
+originated from two lots of seed imported from neighboring localities in
+China and probably are closely related. The fact that significant
+differences were obtained in this material furnishes basis for the
+belief that great variability in the budding performance of the Chinese
+chestnut is to be encountered in the many introductions that have been
+made into this country.</p>
+
+
+  <h4>Table I. Results of budding each of five Chinese chestnut clones on its own
+  seedlings and on the seedlings of four other clones. The figure for
+  each combination represents the number of buds that grew out of
+  20 buds placed.</h4>
+
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="Table I.">
+<tr><th colspan="8" align="center">SCION</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' style="width: 9%;">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 13%;" align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right' style="width: 13%;">a</td><td align='right' style="width: 13%;">b</td><td align='right' style="width: 13%;">c</td><td align='right' style="width: 13%;">d</td><td align='right' style="width: 13%;">e</td><td align='right' style="width: 13%;">Totals</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>S</td><td align='right'>A</td><td align='right'>4</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>4</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>T</td><td align='right'>B</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>8</td><td align='right'>4</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>O</td><td align='right'>C</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>8</td><td align='right'>9</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>C</td><td align='right'>D</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>K</td><td align='right'>E</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='right'>9</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>TOTALS</td><td align='right'>10</td><td align='right'>15</td><td align='right'>30</td><td align='right'>28</td><td align='right'>8</td><td align='right'>91</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h4>Discussion After Dr. McKay's Paper</h4>
+
+<p>Dr. MacDaniels: "A good scion on chestnut is one problem which we have
+not solved."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Smith: "I find both Carr and Hobson difficult to graft and have
+discontinued them."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Crane: "In California and Oregon they are having quite a lot of
+difficulty with graft union failure with Persian walnuts. They have used
+the Northern California black or Hinds walnut as root stocks. Now they
+find that in some cases the union fails and results in what is known as
+the black line disease. At the present time this trouble is the most
+important cause of the loss of their trees."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Smith: "Zimmerman is a good bearing variety with a good nut. I find
+that soil makes some difference with this variety."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Breeding_Chestnut_Trees_Report_for_1946_and_1947" id="Breeding_Chestnut_Trees_Report_for_1946_and_1947"></a>Breeding Chestnut Trees: Report for 1946 and 1947</h2>
+
+<h4>ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></h4>
+
+
+<p>The chief aim of this breeding work is the development of a chestnut
+tree of timber type to replace the now practically defunct American
+species, <i>Castanea dentata</i>. For the principal economic value of the
+chestnut was not in its edible nuts but its valuable timber, the loss of
+which means at present many millions of dollars subtracted from the
+assets of the American people; and when we consider the loss for all
+time in the future the figures become astronomical.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Chestnut Blight in Italy.</i> Early in 1946 we received a visit from
+Captain John B. Woodruff, of Wilton, Connecticut, who told us that while
+serving as Chairman of the Department of Agriculture and Forestry, and
+Instructor in Forestry at the Army University Study Center in Florence,
+Italy, he visited chestnut stands infected with the blight. <i>Endothia
+parasitica</i> was first discovered by Professor Guido Paoli in 1938 on a
+private estate in Busalla, about twenty miles north of the seaport city
+of Genoa. Since then the blight has been detected throughout the
+province of Genoa in the legion of Liguria; and other widely separated
+infections have been found. The fungus has been cultured and identified
+by Professor Biraghi of the Royal Pathological Station in Rome, as
+<i>Endothia parasitica</i>. It is believed to have been present in this
+region for from five to eight years previous to its discovery. The
+manner of its introduction into Italy is not known, but since Japan and
+the U. S. have carried on considerable commerce with Italy, either or
+both countries are possible sources.</p>
+
+<p>The disease is spreading in Italy at a rapid rate. "By 1942 one half of
+the 190,000 acres of chestnut in the province of Genoa had been infected
+and spot infections had been discovered in the adjoining coastal
+province of La Spezia, also in the region of Liguria."</p>
+
+<p>I am devoting some space to this situation because it means so much to
+the Italian people. In Italy fifteen percent of the forest is composed
+of chestnut. Not only does the country use the nuts as a source of food
+and income, approximately sixty million pounds being exported annually
+in former years, but the young coppice shoots are used for the weaving
+of baskets, older ones for poles for vineyards, still older for staves
+of wine casks, and the oldest for telephone and telegraph poles. "Before
+the war,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> chestnut flour was the principal food in many localities, but
+during the war a serious food shortage forced the people in many other
+areas to rely solely upon chestnut flour for weeks at a time."</p>
+
+<p>Professor Aldo Pavari, Director of the <i>Stazione Sperimentale di
+Selvicoltura</i> at Florence, visited this country in the summer and fall
+of 1946, under the sponsorship of the UNRRA, and spent four days with me
+at our plantations, learning our methods and getting acquainted with the
+blight resistant hybrids we have been developing by the breeding
+together of oriental and native chestnuts. Prof. Pavari visited also the
+plantation of the Division of Forest Pathology at Beltsville and
+elsewhere, and other plantations in the west. In December we shipped to
+Florence, Italy, nuts of our best hybrids, and in March, scions for
+grafting&mdash;also this summer (1947) pollen of some of our best trees. On
+October 15 of this year (1947) we sent another shipment of nuts. Thus we
+may be able to give Italy the advantage of the progress we have made to
+date.</p>
+
+<p>Regarding the susceptibility to the blight of the European or Spanish
+Chestnut (<i>C. sativa</i>) we have had the following experience. Our winter
+temperatures appear to be too severe for this species. Dying back is
+sure to occur, at least at our Hamden, Connecticut plantations, marked
+more or less according to the degree of cold; and on the dead parts
+<i>Endothia</i> then appears, to later invade the parts still living. In 1932
+I received nuts of <i>C. sativa</i> from France from Professor Hochreutiner
+of the Geneva Botanic Garden, from Professor Uldrich of the Berlin
+Botanic Garden, and also from France from Dr. Guillaumin of the Jardin
+de Plantes at Paris. Although I have given the resulting plants much
+attention they continually die back each year so that we have only two
+or three individuals that are more than six feet high. But Professor
+Pavari says in recent correspondence (July 15, 1947) "Referring to
+Spanish chestnuts, after we have been assured that the fungus we have
+found and observed on <i>Castanea crenata</i> in Spain is really <i>Endothia
+parasitica</i>, we must admit that our hypothesis may be exact that
+<i>Castanea vesca</i> [<i>sativa</i>] presents in Spain races or types resistant
+to the disease." He goes on to say that the fact that the chestnut
+blight is so widespread at Naples and Avellino is at variance with my
+theory that cold winters are the predisposing cause, for in the regions
+mentioned the winters are mild and "very warm in comparison with those
+of Connecticut." The essential fact seems to be that the European or
+Spanish chestnut is very susceptible to the blight, perhaps as much so
+as is our native species, but that evidently certain individuals or
+races exist that are more or less resistant.</p>
+
+<p>During the early part of 1947 we had a visit from Professor Cristos
+Moulopoulos of the University of Salonika, Greece. Although the disease
+had not then appeared in Greece, the pathologists there would like to be
+ready for it when it does come.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pollinations in 1946 and 1947.</i> Without going into details, the general
+purpose of the pollinations during these last two years has been to
+incorporate more and more of the resistant Chinese stock into our
+hybrids. Beginning in 1937, we crossed our best Japanese-American
+hybrids with Chinese, and we now have a considerable number of young
+saplings of flowering age, which have the pedigree: Chinese x
+Japanese-American. Unfortunately, in this cross the Chinese is usually
+dominant as regards habit, but not always. We have some tall,
+straight-growing individuals of this combination which may well be the
+forerunners of a blight-resistant forest stock for America.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Therefore, during 1946 and 1947 we have been crossing these fine Chinese
+x (Japanese-Americans) with the following:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1. Our best Chinese</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">2. American-Chinese and Chinese-American</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">3. American (C. dentata)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">4. Our best Japanese-Americans</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">5. Among themselves</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>For it is the ultimate aim of this work to develop a race of tall,
+hardy, blight resistant individuals which will breed true and thus of
+themselves re-establish the chestnut tree in the forests of Eastern
+North America. As everyone knows, the re-establishment of the chestnut
+as a forest tree can not be done in a few years or even a score of
+years, but by continued breeding and patience and perseverance it can be
+done. The materials are at hand, i.e. tall, erect growth, and blight
+resistance; and with persistent effort the desired combination can be
+made.</p>
+
+<p>For (1) above we were fortunate in 1946 in receiving a supply of pollen
+from tall-growing Chinese trees, through the kindness of Mr. Michael
+Evans of Greenville, Delaware and Professor Maurice A. Blake of the New
+Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station.</p>
+
+<p>As a result of our pollinations in 1946, in which 72 combinations were
+made, we harvested and planted in our cold frames in October 479 hybrid
+nuts, a large proportion of which germinated, so that this summer (1947)
+we have set out in our nurseries about 325 hybrid seedlings.</p>
+
+<p>In 1947 we have made 58 combinations in which 213 branches were bagged;
+October 10-13 we gathered 380 hybrid nuts resulting from these cross
+pollinations. The large yield of 1947 is doubtless the result in part of
+a good growing season, for there was plenty of rain&mdash;at times almost too
+much&mdash;in southern Connecticut. One drawback was the cold period during
+the latter part of June. From the fifteenth to the twenty-sixth the
+minimum temperatures were 55 or below&mdash;on three days as low as 50. This
+set back the flowering period four days to a week later than usual,
+depending upon the species or hybrid.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cooperation in Diller's Underplanting and Girdling Method for the
+Establishment of Chestnut Forest Stands.</i> In the 37th Annual Report of
+our Association for 1946 is printed a paper by Dr. Jesse D. Diller of
+the Division of Forest Pathology, U.S.D.A. entitled "Growing Chestnuts
+for Timber" pp. 66-68. Many people seem to think that all you need to do
+when planting a tree is to stick it in the ground&mdash;just <i>any</i> ground.
+This may be true of some kinds, but is certainly not true of the
+chestnut. For best growth and development the chestnut requires a fairly
+deep, well-drained soil, rich in mineral elements and humus, with a fair
+degree of moisture and plenty of sunlight. Two things chestnuts will
+<i>not</i> endure are shallow soil and drought, the latter often depending on
+the former.</p>
+
+<p>As tree indicators of the kind of site required for the establishment of
+a chestnut forest Dr. Diller has chosen yellow poplar, northern red oak,
+white ash, sugar maple, and yellow birch, with spice bush as a shrub
+indicator and maiden hair fern, bloodroot and other herbs as herbaceous
+indicators. Using a small area of about one eighth of an acre, Dr.
+Diller's plan is to girdle all the trees and then underplant with
+chestnut seedlings. He says: "As the girdled overstory trees die they
+gradually yield the site to the planted chestnuts in a transition that
+does not greatly disturb the ecological conditions, particularly of the
+forest floor. Rapid disintegration of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> mantle of leaf mold is
+prevented by the partial shading which the dead or dying overstory,
+girdled trees cast." This may seem to some a rather drastic method, but
+when so much is at stake, namely the re-establishment of the chestnut in
+our forests, it would seem a justifiable experiment on a small area.</p>
+
+<p>In March, 1947, we supplied Dr. Diller with one hundred seedlings, one
+or two years old, of our best stock, for underplanting in two of these
+selected sites, fifty seedlings each, namely on the estate of Mr. E. C.
+Childs at Norfolk, Connecticut, and on lands of the T. V. A. at Norris,
+Tennessee. Our best wishes for a successful blight-resistant future go
+with these little trees.</p>
+
+<p><i>Grafting Work.</i> We are continuing with our method of "inarching" young
+"suckers" from below a blighted area into the trunk above the lesion,
+the diseased tissue of the lesion being first cut out. This method (see
+Brooklyn Botanic Garden Chestnut Breeding Project. 35th Annual Report of
+Northern Nut Growers Association for 1945. pp. 22-31&mdash;1945) is entirely
+successful in case we desire to preserve partly resistant hybrids of
+good parentage for future breeding and for scions. (Figs. 1 and 2) But
+inarching of the native chestnut is for the most part unsuccessful
+because the fungus grows too rapidly and girdles the stem, killing the
+parts above before the inarched tips of the suckers can take hold. There
+seems to be a certain relation between the amount of disease resistance
+in the tree and the possibility of restoring it to health by the
+inarching method.</p>
+
+<p>By the common ordinary cleft-graft method, using Japanese, or better,
+Chinese stock we are adding to the supply of our most desirable hybrids.</p>
+
+<p><i>Insect Pests.</i> The spring canker worm, <i>Paleacrita vernata</i>, has not
+been destructive either in 1946 or 1947 and no special preventive
+measures have been taken. Japanese beetles have done a little damage.
+This year the first one appeared July 11. We find the best method with
+these is to pick them off at dusk after they have settled themselves for
+a night's sleep, dropping them into kerosene oil. Under these conditions
+they will usually slip readily off the leaf into the oil. One thing I
+should like to emphasize (which probably others also have noticed) is
+that new beetles keep coming, day after day. Apparently the adults are
+issuing from the ground all summer. Last year I found a few Japanese
+beetles in November. So one must keep continually on the job all through
+the season. This summer (1947) we have had a spray program of three
+sprayings, August 15, 30, and September 10, with "Deenate" (fifty
+percent DDT) to destroy the chestnut weevils which appeared for the
+first time rather extensively in our Hamden plantations last year. (See
+E. R. Leeuwen; DDT for chestnut weevils, American Fruit Grower 67: 28.
+1946) This spray, which we have used on the ground as well as on the
+young burs, kills Japanese beetles as well as the weevils. This fall I
+have seen very few weevils in our whole crop of nuts.</p>
+
+<p>The louse, <i>Callaphis castaneae</i>, appeared on July 5, 1947, at least the
+leaves became so much curled that its presence was then noticed. Two
+spraying on successive days with nicotine sulphate ("Black Leaf 40")
+were sufficient to control it. With us this insect attacks leaves of
+American stock only. Japanese-American hybrids are also susceptible, but
+not Chinese-American or American-Chinese. The lice, of an orange color,
+congregate in great numbers along the midrib of the leaf, sucking out
+its juices.</p>
+
+<p>This summer, perhaps on account of the unusual almost tropical weather<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>
+conditions&mdash;hot and humid with continually recurring showers&mdash;we have
+been harassed by a new pest which has appeared in one of our plantations
+only sparingly for five or six years&mdash;a mite, which Connecticut
+Agricultural Experiment Station authorities say is <i>Paratetranychus
+bicolor</i>. Affected leaves have a whitish or grayish color chiefly along
+midrib and principal veins, due partly to the deposit of the creature's
+shells on molting, and partly to injury to the tissues of the leaf.
+Hexa-ethyl tetraphosphate, known in the trade as "Killex 100," was used
+effectually twice as a spray. Unfortunately this chemical has no
+ovicidal properties, so that a second spraying was necessary to kill the
+mites newly hatched out from thousands of eggs. We are informed that DN
+111 will kill the eggs as well as the mites and will kill aphids at the
+same time. The mites seem to prefer Chinese chestnut leaves, but this
+summer they didn't seem particular and spread from one badly infested
+tree as a center.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img092.jpg" width="505" height="600"
+             alt="Fig. 1" /><br />
+
+    </div>
+<h4>Fig. 1&mdash;Japanese-American hybrid chestnut (Hammond 86-31)
+34&frac12; feet in height, 16 years old. This is the same tree three years
+later as that shown in figures 1 and 2, in 35th Ann. Rept. of Northern
+Nut Growers Assoc. for 1944. Note healthy development, as shown by
+foliage and long yearly growth. Hamden, Conn. Photo. Sept. 13, 1947 by
+Louis Buhle.</h4><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Chinese Chestnuts.</i> I am enthusiastic about Chinese chestnuts as a nut
+substitute for our old native chestnuts. The Chinese are quite blight
+resistant. They are attacked by the blight fungus&mdash;at least most
+individuals suffer at some time in their lives, and yet the fungus
+doesn't thrive and the trees are able to overcome its attacks, in many
+cases forming a healing wound callus around the lesions; in others the
+lesion becomes simply a granular mass in which the fungus appears to be
+living only in the outer bark. Cultivation, fertilization, and judicious
+pruning certainly help these trees to withstand these fungus attacks. We
+harvested a bumper crop last year and this from trees given us in 1929
+by the Division of Forest Pathology, U.S.D.A.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img093.jpg" width="487" height="600"
+             alt="Fig. 2" /><br />
+
+    </div>
+
+<h4>Fig. 2.&mdash;Close-up of lower part of tree in fig. 1,
+showing inarched basal shoots which at the beginning were as slender as
+the leafless shoot now showing on right side, below, coming from base of
+trunk. Note exposed dead part of trunk showing old canker disease. Photo
+Sept. 13, 1947, by Louis Buhle.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Public Interest in the Problem.</i> Last fall, September 1946, in an
+article in the Yankee Magazine, I asked for nuts and pollen of the
+American chestnut. As a result the following persons from many different
+parts of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> country sent in nuts: Mr. Henry Hartung, Methuen, Mass.;
+Mrs. Marie Garlichs, Brooklyn, from Lake Minnewaska, N. Y.; Mr. Charles
+Ericson, Brooklyn, nuts from Staten Island, N. Y.; Mrs. Jay B. Nash, N.
+Y. City, from Lake Sebago, Sloatsburg, N. Y.; Mr. H. W. Donnelly,
+Tacoma, Wash.; Mr. George M. Hindmarsh, Kent County, R. I.; Mrs.
+Steiner, Niota, Tenn.; Miss Marjorie Bacon, New Haven, Conn. from
+Litchfield, Conn. through Dr. Edgar Heermance; Mr. Harold E. Willmott,
+Bethel, Conn.; Mr. W. F. Jacobs, Tallahassee, Fla. (<i>Castanea crenata</i>);
+Mr. P. P. Pirone, New Brunswick, N. J. (<i>C. crenata</i>); Mr. Morton F.
+Sweet, Seattle, Wash. (<i>C. sativa</i>), nuts, and scions in March '47; Mr.
+John I. Shafer, Sparta, Tenn. This lists shows not only the widespread
+interest in the subject but also that the chestnut sprouts are still
+bearing nuts. In some cases the nuts were "blind," i.e. sterile,
+containing no kernel or embryo. In order to develop a good nut there
+must be two chestnut trees within a reasonable distance of each other so
+that cross fertilization may take place. Isolated trees will usually not
+bear nuts. In other words, the chestnut is usually self sterile. We are
+still planting all nuts received, labeled with the name and address of
+the sender. The resulting trees are being set out in the Yale Forest in
+Tolland and Windham Counties, Conn. under the direction of Mr. Basil
+Plusnin, Forester in charge. Thus the possibility is being explored of
+the existence of blight resistant strains of the American chestnut. When
+nuts are sent they should be mailed within a few days after harvesting
+and wrapped in moist cotton, peat moss or something similar. Drying of
+the nut kills the embryo so that it will no longer germinate. Nuts
+should be mailed to me at Chestnut Plantations, Wallingford, Conn.</p>
+
+<p>Pollen of the American chestnut is getting scarce. After scouring the
+vicinity of Hamden, Conn. this summer, we found a good supply at
+Bethany, Conn. from native shoots. The following persons also sent us
+American pollen, for which we are indeed grateful: Mr. George Gilmer,
+Charlottesville, Va.; Mrs. M. E. Garlichs, Lake Minnewaska, N. Y.; Mr.
+Alfred Szego, Pine Plains, N. Y.; Mr. Seward Pauley, Sumerco, W. Va.;
+and Mr. Charles W. Mann, Fennville, Mich. To ship the pollen it is
+necessary only to wrap small branches bearing the catkins in oiled paper
+and mail to me, preferably by air mail. The catkins should be ripe, i.e.
+shedding the pollen.</p>
+
+<p><i>Acknowledgments.</i> It is a pleasure to have this opportunity to express
+our appreciation of the cooperation of the above mentioned persons. The
+interest of these and many other persons and institutions is
+encouraging. During 1946 and 1947 this project has been sponsored by the
+Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey, and we have as usual
+enjoyed the cordial cooperation of the Division of Forest Pathology,
+U.S.D.A. Dept. of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>Beginning as of October 1, 1947, the work is also being sponsored by the
+Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn. On July 1
+I retired from my position as Curator of Public Instructor at the
+Brooklyn Botanic Garden and shall now be able to devote my entire time
+to the chestnut work. My permanent address will be: Chestnut
+Plantations, Wallingford, Conn.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Chinese_Chestnuts_in_the_Chattahoochee_Valley" id="Chinese_Chestnuts_in_the_Chattahoochee_Valley"></a>Chinese Chestnuts in the Chattahoochee Valley</h2>
+
+<h4>G. S. JONES, Route 1, Box 140, Phenix City, Alabama</h4>
+
+
+<p>(Excerpts from letter to Secretary, Oct. 23, 1947.)</p>
+
+<p>Growing trees is a work dear to my heart for I have been interested in
+it since childhood. Dr. J. Russell Smith's book on "Tree Crops" is one
+of the best I have ever read along the lines of growing trees to produce
+food for man and beast as well as producing many other useful products,
+and much of the work of your Association seems to be along the same
+line. I am sure we can live easier and better on this earth when we
+learn to use the trees in their proper place. Man often acts in a
+shortsighted way by depending largely on annual crops for the main
+source of food for himself and his animals and neglects the long lived
+trees which may not have to be planted but once in a lifetime and which,
+if given a little intelligent management, will improve instead of
+deplete his land and at the same time make a far more beautiful
+landscape.</p>
+
+<p>I only have a few trees (maybe 200 or 250) in my nursery which I usually
+dispose of at the farm or use to set on my place. I have not attempted
+to grow many seedlings as I don't wish to get into this phase of work.
+It would take too much time from other work which I like to do. This
+fall I have sold over 600 pounds of nuts to various nurseries for
+planting so I would prefer that they grow and sell trees from my
+orchard. I gather planting nuts from the trees which show the best
+qualities, consistently, and sell the nuts from the other trees for
+eating purposes. The trees from which I sell eating nuts have some bad
+qualities such as some of the nuts being retained in burs, irregular or
+poor production, and nuts that seem to be too dry at ripening so I would
+not offer these for sale although the pollen from these trees does mix
+with the others causing some of the nuts to carry these bad features, a
+thing which will hardly be avoided in open-pollinated seedlings.</p>
+
+<p>Your letter made me more proud of my orchard than ever when you made the
+statement that my last year's production of 1,722 pounds for 22 trees so
+young as mine may have set a record for production. [See 1946 NNGA
+Report, p. 128&mdash;Ed.] I had little idea how my trees compared with other
+orchards, for Mr. Gravatt had not told me anything about this. In fact I
+have never seen him nor did I take the trouble to write and ask this
+question. I knew my trees were producing much better than an orchard of
+the Soil Conservation Service at Auburn but I attributed that to the
+better type of soil (for chestnuts) in which my trees are set, and
+better air drainage. I had also heard about an orchard near Blue Springs
+above Columbus, Ga., which was not doing so well because the soil was
+maybe too heavy or damp. I can say one thing and that is that my Chinese
+chestnuts have surely surpassed my fondest hopes and dreams, for that
+small area has certainly made me lots of money and has given me much joy
+in tending it and watching it grow.</p>
+
+<p>You asked me to give some information about my 1947 crop. This has not
+been quite as large as last year as I have harvested only a little over
+1,554 pounds (I say a little over for it is hard to get all the nuts) of
+weighed nuts. This includes some that were beginning to spoil. I include
+these since it is sometimes due to my failure to gather promptly and I
+think can be fairly included in production records. I might state here
+in fairness to last<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> year's report of a yield of 1,722 pounds of nuts
+that I recorded 1,557 as being sold which leaves a difference of 165
+pounds, which were either discarded as spoiling or were unaccounted for.
+This gives me a loss of approximately 10% for last year.</p>
+
+<p>Although my total production was lower than last year I had one tree (ML
+No. 2) which produced 150 pounds of weighed nuts and a few pounds more
+(maybe 2 or 3) which were not included. This tree has been a consistent
+heavy bearer for several years but I had not checked its yield
+separately before. Since it is so early it was easy to keep the nuts
+separate (as I was keeping these to sell for seed nuts). In about 2
+weeks time it had produced about 130 pounds so I made a special effort
+to check the remainder since I was astonished at so large a yield. When
+most of the nuts had fallen I had the above figure, to my surprise.</p>
+
+<p>The tree in size is not my largest but about average being 12&frac12;" in
+diameter 3' above the ground with a limb spread of 30' and a height of
+24'. It has a very symmetrical shape with enough rigidity in the limbs
+to hold them off the ground so the tree does not appear very large.</p>
+
+<p>I just had to laugh when I got a letter yesterday from Mr. Ralph D.
+Gardner, whom I had written previously about the yield of this tree and
+sent 2 pounds of nuts from it, asking me if the tree produced two crops
+in one year. He said Mr. James Hobson had told him that he gets two
+crops from his tree each year. Mr. Gardner had a good reason to ask this
+question since knowing about the Hobson chestnut, but I reckon he might
+have thought about what I would have thought under similar
+circumstances, i.e., surely a tree so young (13&frac12; years from setting)
+couldn't produce that many nuts at one time, so must have two ripening
+periods to contain the fruit. I will have to say that all these were
+produced in one crop. Most of these ripened in just a little over two
+weeks. I might say that I do have one tree (ML No. 1) which has on a few
+occasions bloomed the second time and had burs which remained green
+until near frost but these did not amount to anything and I consider it
+undesirable. I have never seen No. 2 tree produce late blooms and burs.</p>
+
+<p>I might tell a few things as to how I handle my nuts. As is well said by
+Mr. Reed in his 1946 article about chestnuts they should be gathered
+daily (although I sometimes don't carry this out). After weighing I dump
+the nuts in a tub of water. The nuts which are beginning to spoil will
+practically all float and the sound nuts will sink. This is where the
+largest percentage of my culls is eliminated. Some good nuts will float
+but very few if the nuts are gathered daily. I then put 20 to 25 pounds
+of nuts in a coarse mesh burlap bag. I use chicken scratch feed bags
+mostly as these are a nice size, and ties a string near the top of the
+bag. Then I place these on a lath frame which is about 12" above the
+ground under a large pecan tree which furnishes shade about &frac34; of the
+day. I arrange the nuts in the bag so it will be flat, which does not
+allow more than 2 or 3 nuts to be on top of each other.</p>
+
+<p>On days of moderate temperature I wet these bags thoroughly with water
+once a day but on very hot or windy days I often wet them twice. This
+keeps the nuts moist most of the time and lowers the temperature
+considerably from the evaporation. In this way I can keep the nuts days
+and days and even weeks with very little change except a slight drying.
+If any spoiled nuts were missed by the water these too will show up in
+about 10 days with specks of white mold and can be eliminated. The other
+nuts seem to be as good as the day they were gathered. I only use this
+to keep them tempera<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>rily (as it is some trouble to wet them) and mostly
+for the eating nuts until I can take them to market or put them on cold
+storage (30&deg; to 35&deg;F.) If I attempt to hold seed nuts about a week or
+more I pack in damp sphagnum in crates and keep these under the shade
+tree with excellent results. This year I used green sphagnum with all
+its water and the nuts seemed to keep well in it. Some nuts have been in
+damp sphagnum for over 5 weeks now and are in excellent shape except for
+a few that spoiled at first (which I am quite sure were bad to begin
+with). If too much water is used some nuts will begin sprouting but it
+is surprising how much they can stand and show no tendency to sour.</p>
+
+<p>I am of the opinion that the chestnuts in my section get ripe
+prematurely and that at a time when we often have our hottest and dryest
+weather. These nuts seem to need a period to continue their ripening
+under cool moist conditions which the wet sack treatment gives (or the
+damp sphagnum.) Even if this is not the case I have had splendid results
+with it whereas before I began using this method with lots of water I
+often became so discouraged that I thought I would have to abandon
+trying to put my chestnuts on the market. Now if I can get them gathered
+promptly I have little trouble holding them until I am ready to dispose
+of them.</p>
+
+<p>I failed to tell you that the bad feature about my ML No. 2 tree which
+produced the 150 pounds of nuts is its early ripening period (the latter
+part of August and first part of September) which causes some of the
+nuts to be spoiled almost when they fall. A few hours of too hot sun
+seems to start the spoiling process. The tree has no other objectionable
+features except the nuts are only small to medium in size but nearly
+every one falls freely from the burs. [Nuts about 70 to the pound.&mdash;Ed.]</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Some_Results_with_Filbert_Breeding_at_Geneva_NY6" id="Some_Results_with_Filbert_Breeding_at_Geneva_NY6"></a>Some Results with Filbert Breeding at Geneva, N.Y.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></h2>
+
+<h4>GEORGE L. SLATE New York (Geneva) Agricultural Experiment Station</h4>
+
+
+<p>This paper reports the results of attempts to improve filberts by
+hybridization at the Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y. The filbert
+project was started at Geneva in the spring of 1925 when a collection of
+varieties from American sources was established. In later years
+additional varieties from European and other sources were added until
+about 120 were under test. As soon as the varieties had fruited for
+several years it became evident that many of them were inferior and not
+adapted to New York conditions. A few exhibited considerable merit and
+the range of characteristics in the different varieties indicated that
+it might be worth while to start a filbert breeding project with the
+object of combining the desirable characteristics of the better sorts.</p>
+
+<p>It was decided first to cross Rush, a selected form of <i>Corylus
+americana</i>, with the best varieties of <i>Corylus Avellana</i>, Rush
+contributing the hardiness of the native hazel, possible resistance to
+filbert blight, and the hybrid vigor that sometimes results from the
+crossing of two species. The European filberts were expected to furnish
+large-sized nuts as well as dessert and cracking quality.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The first crosses were made in 1930 when two trees of the Rush variety
+growing on Dr. MacDaniels' place in Ithaca were pollinated with pollen
+of several varieties of <i>Corylus Avellana</i> that was brought from Geneva.
+Additional crosses were made at Ithaca in 1931 and 1933. In 1932 the
+pollinations were made at Geneva, using a Barcelona tree covered with a
+tightly woven cloth. No pollinations have been made since 1933.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1932, 535 seedlings were received from Willard G.
+Bixby, of Baldwin, Long Island, N. Y., which had resulted from crosses
+made by C. A. Reed of the United States Department of Agriculture, at
+Baldwin. Including these U.S.D.A. seedlings and those resulting from the
+breeding work at Geneva, 1,999 seedlings have fruited.</p>
+
+<p>The nuts from these crosses were stratified in sand in a cold frame, dug
+up, and planted in the greenhouse in early March. After one
+transplanting they were moved to the nursery to grow for two years, when
+they were moved to the seedling orchard. The nuts from one year's
+crosses were planted directly in the nursery but germination was low due
+to drought.</p>
+
+<p>The seedlings were spaced 10 x 5 feet in the orchard. This spacing was
+satisfactory if the trees came into bearing the fourth year, but if
+unfavorable weather eliminated the first or second crops the trees
+became too crowded to permit satisfactory fruiting. Usually, however,
+the trees fruited sufficiently to make it possible to evaluate them and
+remove the inferior trees so that the better seedlings would have enough
+room to remain for several additional crops.</p>
+
+<p>During the first few years the orchard was clean cultivated until cover
+crops were sown in August. In later years the orchards were not
+cultivated but nitrogen fertilization was substituted. Satisfactory
+growth was maintained, but the grass and weeds made harvesting more
+difficult. No pruning was done except at planting time as the seedlings
+were all evaluated before pruning was needed. Suckers were removed
+around the young trees, but as they became older this was not done and
+some of the plants now have several stems.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Evaluating the Seedlings</h4>
+
+<p>The nuts were harvested in the fall after they had dropped, or, with the
+later maturing seedlings and those which tended to cling to the tree,
+they were harvested by picking or shaking them from the tree. As soon as
+practicable the nuts were husked and the crop of each tree weighed and
+recorded. Samples of nuts of every seedling fruiting were placed on
+paper plates, each population being by itself, and eight or ten nuts of
+each sample were cracked and left on the plate. The seedlings were then
+divided into three classes, those that were obviously good, those that
+were poor, and an intermediate class that received further attention.
+The poor seedlings were marked for discard and if so marked for two or
+three years they were pulled out.</p>
+
+<p>The good seedlings were then examined more carefully and sorted into
+three groups, as follows:</p>
+
+<p>1. Those that were outstanding in both nut and tree characters.</p>
+
+<p>2. Those that were good enough to propagate for a second test, but not
+equal to the best.</p>
+
+<p>3. Seedlings good enough to keep for further observation. These were
+usually good in one or more characteristics but deficient or doubtful in
+one important feature. If upon further testing these third group<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> plants
+proved to be outstandingly productive or hardy they were given a higher
+rating.</p>
+
+<p>In examining the nuts, emphasis was placed on size and color of the nut,
+the large, bright brown nuts being considered more desirable than the
+smaller, duller colored, pubescent nuts. The amount of space between the
+shell and the kernel was important. If the kernel fitted tightly it was
+easily broken or chipped in cracking the nut. Thickness of shell was of
+minor importance as only a few were thick enough to make cracking
+difficult.</p>
+
+<p>The kernel characters were of most importance since the kernel is the
+reason for producing the nut. The kernel must be plump, smooth, light
+brown in color, and free of the superfluous pellicle, or fibrous
+material that is characteristic of the Barcelona kernels. Generally,
+seedlings with Rush as one parent had very little of this superfluous
+fibrous material and the best of them were much superior to Barcelona in
+appearance and dessert quality. Flavor received less consideration since
+most of the seedlings were reasonably good in that respect.</p>
+
+<p>Given a good kernel, and there were many of them, it became necessary to
+rely upon other characteristics to eliminate the less desirable of these
+seedlings. It was here that the records of yields and catkin hardiness
+were valuable. After several years it became evident that certain
+seedlings were consistently high yielding while others were low
+yielding. Hardiness of catkin also varied greatly and rather
+consistently from year to year. Weather conditions influenced catkin
+killing greatly. Catkin hardiness is important since the pollen is
+necessary for nut production and must be present in abundance as its
+movement in the orchard is subject to the vagaries of the wind, and only
+a small percentage of that in the air ever comes in contact with the
+stigmas of the other varieties.</p>
+
+<p>It is the purpose of this paper to indicate the value, insofar as it may
+be estimated from the available data, of the different varietal crosses
+in obtaining desirable filbert hybrids. Table 1 contains a list of
+crosses made, the number of seedlings raised, and the percentage of
+these which were of sufficient merit to be retained for further study.
+The percentage of seedlings propagated indicates even more definitely
+which crosses are of the greatest value in producing superior seedlings
+as only the outstanding seedlings were propagated for a second test.
+Selections included in Table 1 are there by virtue of their all-around
+merit.</p>
+
+<p>Crosses between Rush and Littlepage and Rush and Winkler produced
+nothing of value. The populations were small, but other equally small
+populations from other crosses produced seedlings of value. The
+inter-crossing of selections of <i>Corylus americana</i> does not appear to
+be a promising line of attack in filbert breeding where hybrids with <i>C.
+Avellana</i> will thrive.</p>
+
+<p>Rush and Barcelona were each used as seed parents in crosses with the
+same eight varieties. In the crosses involving Rush 1,232 seedlings were
+produced and of these 39, or 3.2%, were good enough to propagate. Of the
+306 seedlings raised from the same varieties combined with Barcelona
+only 4, or 1.3% were worth propagating. None of these Barcelona
+seedlings are among the best. Under the conditions of the experiment it
+would seem that Rush is much superior to Barcelona as a parent in
+crosses with varieties of <i>Corylus Avellana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The cross between Kentish Cob and Cosford failed to produce any
+seedlings of outstanding merit.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In considering the productiveness and hardiness of the catkins of the
+seedlings resulting from the different crosses the data have been
+assembled in Tables 2 to 5, each table containing the summarized records
+for different plantings. These plantings were started at different times
+and the records are not directly comparable as they are for different
+years and varying lengths of time. In Table 1 the total number of
+seedlings is given, but in Table 2 to 5 only the data for the selections
+are used. Records for the selections are available for several years,
+whereas the inferior seedlings were discarded and limited data only are
+available. Furthermore, the filbert breeder is interested primarily in
+the worthwhile material that may be taken from populations of known
+parentage.</p>
+
+<p>Assuming that we have a fairly good nut productiveness is the most
+important characteristic in a filbert. If the plant is productive it
+must of necessity be reasonably vigorous and hardy. For that reason much
+emphasis has been placed on productiveness in the final evaluation of
+the selections.</p>
+
+<p>The selections in Table 2 are from the U.S.D.A. Bixby plants which were
+the first to fruit at Geneva. Considerable variation in productiveness
+is evident in the different populations. Rush x Kentish Cob and Rush x
+White Aveline selections were only about half as productive on the
+average as Rush x Barcelona, Bollwiller, Red Lambert, and Daviana. Rush
+x Italian Red also failed to produce high-yielding selections. In a
+later planting in the same orchard, as shown in Table 3, the Rush x
+Kentish Cob selections performed no better, the Rush x Red Lambert
+selections outyielding them by a substantial margin. The Barcelona x
+Italian Red selections were very low yielding.</p>
+
+<p>In orchard 22, as shown in Table 4, where Rush and Barcelona are crossed
+with the same varieties, the resulting selections from the Rush crosses
+are about one third more productive if mean yields are considered, or
+one-half more productive if only highest yielding selections are
+considered than with the Barcelona crosses. Cosford has been outstanding
+in transmitting productiveness in crosses with Rush, Italian Red, and
+Nottingham. Rush x Kentish Cob selections in this orchard as in the
+other planting, were only about one half as productive on the average.
+In the crosses with Barcelona the combination with Medium Long, Red
+Lambert, and Italian Red were considerably more productive than crosses
+with Purple Aveline, Halle, Daviana, and Bollwiller.</p>
+
+<p>The Kentish Cob x Cosford cross was less productive than most of the
+other combinations made. Kentish Cob definitely appears to transmit
+unproductiveness when crossed with Rush, Barcelona, and Cosford.</p>
+
+<p>In orchard 8 as shown in Table 5, the trees soon became very crowded as
+the discards were not removed and the yield records were less reliable
+than in the other plantings.</p>
+
+<p>Winterkilling of catkins were recorded on the selections for several
+years. In early April the percentage of winter-killed catkins was
+recorded by estimate. Tables 2 to 5 contain the mean of these estimates
+and a considerable variation in catkin hardiness in the different
+populations is evident. Red Lambert, which had the hardiest catkins of
+any variety of <i>C. Avellana</i> tried at Geneva, produced a higher
+proportion of catkin-hardy seedlings than any other variety. Cosford was
+fairly good in this respect and in orchard 16 Bollwiller, Italian Red,
+and Barcelona when crossed with Rush produced selections with moderately
+hardy catkins.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Winter injury of catkins was nearly always very high in crosses between
+varieties of <i>Corylus Avellana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 1,970 seedlings included in Table 1, 340 or 17%, were retained
+for further observation and of these, 52, or 2.6%, were considered good
+enough to propagate for a more extensive test. Of these 52 a few thus
+far have been outstanding when compared with the others. Possibly the
+best and most productive selection is No. 1265, Rush x Purple Aveline,
+that is the heaviest yielding of all and the nuts are also among the
+best, being of medium size, plump, and free from fiber. This seedling is
+far superior to any others from the same cross. Nos. 1408 and 1467, both
+selected from a Rush x Cosford population, are close seconds to No.
+1265. In the Rush x Cosford population are several others nearly as
+good, the general level of merit in this combination being fairly high.
+Farther down the list, but still among the best, are No. 110 Rush x
+Kentish Cob, and No. 157, Rush x Barcelona. Filbert breeders working
+under similar conditions would probably find it worthwhile to make these
+crosses and also to produce more seedlings from Rush x Red Lambert than
+were raised at Geneva.</p>
+
+<p>No crosses have been made at Geneva in recent years, but all of the nuts
+from the selections, sometimes several hundred pounds a year, have been
+planted by the Soil Conservation Service and the resulting seedlings
+planted in various parts of the country. Undoubtedly, if these could be
+examined when in fruit, some worthwhile selections could be made. Those
+in New York State will probably be worked over during the next few
+years.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Table</span> 1. Results from filbert crosses.</h4>
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="90%" cellspacing="0" summary="Table 1">
+<tr><th align='left'>Cross</th><th align='right'>Number of<br />Seedlings Fruited</th><th align='left'>Number<br />Retained</th><th align='left'>Percentage<br />Retained</th><th align='left'>Number<br />Propagated</th><th align='left'>Percentage<br />Propagated</th></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly</td><td align='right'>430</td><td align='right'>63</td><td align='right'>14</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Cosford</td><td align='right'>447</td><td align='right'>52</td><td align='right'>12</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Bollwiller</td><td align='right'>165</td><td align='right'>18</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Italian Red</td><td align='right'>118</td><td align='right'>17</td><td align='right'>16</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Red Lambert</td><td align='right'>36</td><td align='right'>10</td><td align='right'>28</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Daviana</td><td align='right'>13</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>15</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Purple Aveline</td><td align='right'>12</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>25</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x White Lambert</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Barcelona</td><td align='right'>119</td><td align='right'>20</td><td align='right'>16</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x White Aveline</td><td align='right'>54</td><td align='right'>10</td><td align='right'>18</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Imperial deTrebizond</td><td align='right'>24</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>21</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Nottingham</td><td align='right'>23</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='right'>30</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Brixnut</td><td align='right'>8</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>25</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Littlepage</td><td align='right'>12</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Winkler</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly)</td><td align='right'>42</td><td align='right'>21</td><td align='right'>50</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Cosford</td><td align='right'>57</td><td align='right'>27</td><td align='right'>48</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Bollwiller</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>18</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Italian Red</td><td align='right'>66</td><td align='right'>9</td><td align='right'>13</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Red Lambert</td><td align='right'>41</td><td align='right'>12</td><td align='right'>29</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Daviana</td><td align='right'>21</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>24</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Purple Aveline</td><td align='right'>25</td><td align='right'>8</td><td align='right'>32</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x White Lambert</td><td align='right'>43</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Medium Long</td><td align='right'>45</td><td align='right'>16</td><td align='right'>35</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Early Globe</td><td align='right'>78</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Halle</td><td align='right'>12</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>50</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Red Aveline</td><td align='right'>9</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) x Cosford</td><td align='right'>35</td><td align='right'>22</td><td align='right'>63</td><td align='right'>0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total</span></td><td align='right'>1970</td><td align='right'>340</td><td align='right'>17</td><td align='right'>52</td><td align='right'>2.6</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h4>
+<span class="smcap">Table</span> 2. Yields and winterkilling of filbert catkins, Orchard 16, 1935
+1937, 1938 and 1939. Yields are 4 year total. Catkin injury is
+5 year mean</h4>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="100%" cellspacing="0" summary="Table 2.">
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><th align='right'>Number of<br />Selections</th><th align='right'>Mean Yield<br />per Selection<br />in Ounces</th><th align='right'>Highest Yield<br />per Selection<br />in Ounces</th><th align='right'>Mean Percentage<br />Catkins Winter<br />Killed per<br />Selection</th><th align='right'>Lowest Percentage<br />Catkins Winter<br />Killed</th></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>Cross</th><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Bollwiller</td><td align='right'>18</td><td align='right'>81</td><td align='right'>143</td><td align='right'>21</td><td align='right'>4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bush x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) 12</td><td align='right'>38</td><td align='right'>117</td><td align='right'>36</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x White Aveline</td><td align='right'>9</td><td align='right'>44</td><td align='right'>73</td><td align='right'>42</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Barcelona</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>94</td><td align='right'>147</td><td align='right'>26</td><td align='right'>8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Imperial de Trebizond</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>81</td><td align='right'>100</td><td align='right'>28</td><td align='right'>10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Italian Red</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>80</td><td align='right'>15</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Red Lambert</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>88</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='right'>3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Daviana</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>82</td><td align='right'>110</td><td align='right'>33</td><td align='right'>26</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Purple Maxima</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>37</td><td align='right'>37</td><td align='right'>17</td><td align='right'>17</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Table</span> 3. Yields and winter injury of filbert catkins, Orchard 16, 1937-41
+inclusive.</h4>
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="100%" cellspacing="0" summary="Table 3.">
+<tr><th align='left'>&nbsp;</th><th align='right'>No. of<br />Selections</th><th align='right'>Mean Yield<br />per Selection<br />in Ounces</th><th align='right'>Highest Yield<br />per Selection<br />in Ounces</th><th align='right'>Mean Percentage<br />Catkins Winter<br />Killed per<br />Selection</th><th align='right'>Lowest Percentage<br />of Catkins<br />Winter Killed</th></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>Cross</th><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly)</td><td align='right'>26</td><td align='right'>38</td><td align='right'>102</td><td align='right'>68</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Barcelona</td><td align='right'>14</td><td align='right'>52</td><td align='right'>89</td><td align='right'>90</td><td align='right'>38</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Red Lambert</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>67</td><td align='right'>117</td><td align='right'>12</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Italian Red</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>18</td><td align='right'>20</td><td align='right'>83</td><td align='right'>73</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Table</span> 4. Filbert selections. Orchard 22. Yields 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942,
+1944, 1945 and 1946. Catkin injury records 1939-42, inclusive.</h4>
+
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="100%" cellspacing="0" summary="Table 4.">
+<tr><th align='left'>&nbsp;</th><th align='right'>No. of<br />Selections</th><th align='right'>Mean Yield<br />per Selection<br />in Ounces</th><th align='right'>Highest Yield<br />per Selection<br />in Ounces</th><th align='right'>Mean Percentage<br />Catkins Winter<br />Killed per<br />Selection</th><th align='right'>Lowest Percentage<br />of Catkins<br />Winter Killed</th></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>Cross</th><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Cosford</td><td align='right'>26</td><td align='right'>129</td><td align='right'>229</td><td align='right'>42</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly)</td><td align='right'>25</td><td align='right'>68</td><td align='right'>185</td><td align='right'>70</td><td align='right'>13</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Nottingham</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='right'>96</td><td align='right'>180</td><td align='right'>31</td><td align='right'>14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Italian Red</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>114</td><td align='right'>181</td><td align='right'>45</td><td align='right'>30</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Purple Aveline</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>114</td><td align='right'>240</td><td align='right'>42</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Red Lambert</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>90</td><td align='right'>127</td><td align='right'>21</td><td align='right'>8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Brixnut</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>49</td><td align='right'>51</td><td align='right'>62</td><td align='right'>58</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Cosford</td><td align='right'>27</td><td align='right'>90</td><td align='right'>138</td><td align='right'>62</td><td align='right'>32</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly)</td><td align='right'>21</td><td align='right'>69</td><td align='right'>126</td><td align='right'>69</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Medium Long</td><td align='right'>16</td><td align='right'>93</td><td align='right'>257</td><td align='right'>83</td><td align='right'>71</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Red Lambert</td><td align='right'>12</td><td align='right'>83</td><td align='right'>147</td><td align='right'>52</td><td align='right'>13</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Purple Aveline</td><td align='right'>8</td><td align='right'>50</td><td align='right'>73</td><td align='right'>78</td><td align='right'>55</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Italian Red</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>84</td><td align='right'>133</td><td align='right'>90</td><td align='right'>81</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Halle</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>52</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>52</td><td align='right'>23</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Daviana</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>53</td><td align='right'>75</td><td align='right'>67</td><td align='right'>59</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Bollwiller</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>66</td><td align='right'>94</td><td align='right'>62</td><td align='right'>58</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x Red Aveline</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>91</td><td align='right'>91</td><td align='right'>56</td><td align='right'>56</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Barcelona x White Lambert</td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>103</td><td align='right'>103</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) x Cosford</td><td align='right'>22</td><td align='right'>62</td><td align='right'>151</td><td align='right'>64</td><td align='right'>33</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h4>
+<span class="smcap">Table</span> 5. Filbert selections. Orchard 8. Yields 1940, 1941, 1942 and 1944.
+Catkin injury records 1940, 1941 and 1942.</h4>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class='centered'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="100%" cellspacing="0" summary="Table 5.">
+<tr><th align='left'>&nbsp;</th><th align='right'>No. of<br />Selections</th><th align='right'>Mean Yield<br />per Selection<br />in Ounces</th><th align='right'>Highest Yield<br />per Selection<br />in Ounces</th><th align='right'>Mean Percentage<br />Catkins Winter<br />Killed per<br />Selection</th><th align='right'>Lowest Percentage<br />of Catkins<br />Winter Killed</th></tr>
+<tr><th align='left'>Cross</th><td colspan="6">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Cosford</td><td align='right'>26</td><td align='right'>25</td><td align='right'>47</td><td align='right'>30</td><td align='right'>2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rush x Italian Red</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='right'>25</td><td align='right'>39</td><td align='right'>27</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<h4>Discussion after Mr. Slate's paper&mdash;</h4>
+
+<p><i>MacDaniels: "Of the 1999 seedlings tested at Geneva, 52 are being
+carried on for further observations. Prof. Slate is doing a fine work."</i></p>
+
+<p><i>J. R. Smith: "I want to express my appreciation of the work Prof. Slate
+is doing. To care for 1999 seedlings and keep the performance records is
+a big job and just the kind of thing on which progress depends."</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Nut_News_from_Wisconsin" id="Nut_News_from_Wisconsin"></a>Nut News from Wisconsin</h2>
+
+<h4>CARL WESCHCKE</h4>
+
+
+<p>This year at River Falls, Wisconsin, which is only 35 miles southeast of
+St. Paul, Minnesota, the season started off with much rain and a delayed
+cold spring. All the grafting had to be postponed from two to four weeks
+later than normal. The stored scion wood suffered some because of this
+long storage period, and some of it was quite dry when taken out. This
+was particularly true of the Weschcke butternut and these scions looked
+so dry that I was tempted to throw them all away, but instead I gave
+them to two young horticulture students to practice with. None of them
+grew, however, so we had a 100% failure on butternut grafting. About a
+dozen years ago I had much success grafting butternut on black walnuts
+and was unimpressed, therefore I did not make any notes as to the
+process I used. This was a mistake for apparently I have lost the art.
+The last five years has probably produced only about five or six plants
+successfully grafted on black walnut. Hickories respond much better and
+I usually get about 50% successful grafts on my native butternut stocks.</p>
+
+<p>Although the insect pests, such as the butternut curculio, were delayed
+in their attacks, they eventually caught up and destroyed most of the
+big butternut crop and did their usual damage to heartnut and Persian
+walnut growth. I noticed in the American Fruit Grower that plum curculio
+was controlled in the peach orchards through the use of hexaethyl
+tetraphosphate. If this chemical poison controls plum curculio, it ought
+to control any of the curculio family, such as the hazel curculio,
+chestnut curculio and butternut curculio. The butternut and hazel
+curculio appear to me to be the same insect. I am not troubled with the
+chestnut curculio yet, but if this chemical gives control over the
+curculio insect family we will certainly be able to raise large crops of
+all of the nuts mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>Quite a few of my grafted test trees, both in the forest and in the
+orchard, which in some cases were grafted on bitternut hickory stocks
+fifteen years ago, are beginning to bear. These varieties are the Woods,
+Fox, Taylor, Platman and Davis. Others which have borne a few times
+previously also have good crops set. These are Bridgewater, Glover,
+Beaver, Kirtland, Deveaux and Fairbanks. The trees setting the largest
+crops of hickory nuts are the Weschcke, and they are the only ones that
+I can really count on maturing early enough to escape our usual early
+fall frosts.</p>
+
+<p>I derive great pleasure in observing new seedling plants of filberts,
+hazels and their hybrids coming into bearing for the first time this
+year. There are about two hundred of these new varieties. Of course most
+of them will be worthless commercially. The ideal hybrid hazilbert has
+not yet appeared, but when it does we will propagate it for sale as
+rapidly as possible.</p>
+
+<p>At this date, August 20, we have suffered from an extremely dry August
+and will apparently lose many trees that we cannot reach by irrigation
+or some other means of watering.</p>
+
+<p>We have been busy at the farm and nursery erecting a small pilot plant
+for grinding filbert butter which we expect to be able to put on the
+market between October 15 and November 1.</p>
+
+<p>There is about a one-fourth crop of black walnuts in my orchard trees,
+with the Thomas leading. Many of the Ohio trees are barren. Usually the
+Ohio bears freely.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is my observation here that the wild hazels and some of their hybrids
+will drop their crop of nuts when it becomes too dry. This probably is
+an excellent feature from the standpoint of the plant as it no doubt
+saves the plant from being killed by drouth.</p>
+
+<p>There is no doubt in my mind but that the hazel-filbert hybrids
+(hazilberts) will make a large agricultural crop in the corn belt. When
+these crops are shelled in local plants and ground into butter the
+industry will fall into much the same category as country creameries.
+However, we have not reached the point where we have the right
+commercial plants for this purpose and for the time being will have to
+use the Pacific Coast filberts until such large crops of the ideal
+hybrids appear.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Home_Preparation_of_Filbert_Butter_and_Other_Products" id="Home_Preparation_of_Filbert_Butter_and_Other_Products"></a>Home Preparation of Filbert Butter and Other Products</h2>
+
+<h4>MRS. JEANNE M. ALTMAN, Bellingham, Washington</h4>
+
+
+<p>Filberts may be prepared in different ways at home to make a delicious
+food. To make filbert butter first shell a roasting pan two-thirds full
+of kernels and put it in a 325&deg; oven. Stir the kernels thoroughly and
+often to get an even tan. Cut a few in half to determine when they are
+brown enough. Cook about thirty minutes. Do not leave in oven any longer
+than necessary because the kernels begin to brown rapidly upon further
+cooking. Cool and stir when not too hot. Most of the brown pellicle can
+be removed by rubbing kernels between one's hands. Run the kernels
+through a food chopper or meat grinder to make a Crunchy butter. To make
+a more delicious product, however, first run the kernels through a
+coarse knife, salt them and then run through a fine knife. This results
+in a butter with enough oil of its own to make a delicious dish. It
+takes lots of nuts to make much filbert butter.</p>
+
+<p>In preparing salted filberts in quantity I cook them in a strainer in a
+kettle of deep fat. Check the temperature with a thermometer and do not
+let them get too hot. Cool them quickly by putting them into a cold dish
+and stirring. When salting the whole kernels put only enough fat with
+them to coat the pellicle. After they are sufficiently brown take them
+out and salt them as they are cooling. Stir just enough to coat the
+kernels with salt. Eat pellicle and all; it holds the salt. Stirring too
+much tends to remove the salt.</p>
+
+<p>You can treat a pound of nuts at a time in a heavy iron skillet on top
+of the stove stirring constantly. When we follow that practice we eat
+them salted just as they were instead of grinding them. I think they are
+better than salted peanuts.</p>
+
+<p>I sent a recipe to one of our west coast papers and they added a note to
+drain them on a paper towel. That is wasteful and unnecessary. A
+Bellingham dentist put whole nuts into his false-teeth baking oven in
+the evening. I do not know what temperature was maintained but it must
+have been low because he left the nuts there all night and the next
+morning he found them all roasted and ready to eat.</p>
+
+<p>Filberts, even the green ones just as they come from the tree, may be
+boiled and then salted and buttered. They may be used to advantage in
+many cooking and baking recipes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Notes_from_Central_New_York" id="Notes_from_Central_New_York"></a>Notes from Central New York</h2>
+
+<h4>S. H. GRAHAM, Ithaca, N. Y.</h4>
+
+
+<p>This summer has been a difficult one for black walnuts. A late spring
+delayed starting and three freezes during the week beginning Sept. 22
+prematurely checked development so that poor filling seems to be the
+rule. The Persian walnuts again demonstrated their ability to ripen
+their nuts in a short season.</p>
+
+<p>Some of our Persian walnut trees are growing in the partial shade of
+larger black walnut trees. We prefer to keep these larger trees as they
+may be valuable stocks to be grafted to the superior varieties that one
+is always hoping will appear later on. This condition gives a good
+opportunity to observe the effect of shade. There seems to be no doubt
+that even light shade is detrimental in our latitude to the Persian
+walnut and results not only in more spindling and unsymmetrical growth
+but also interferes with proper ripening of the wood making it more
+subject to winter injury.</p>
+
+<p>One difficulty with the Persian walnuts in the East is premature falling
+of the nuts. The female flowers on the young Persian trees that we have
+seen are usually more numerous than with black walnuts of the same size
+and age, but even hand pollinating often fails to give a good set of
+nuts. Last spring we took pollen from eight of our Persian trees to the
+pomology department of our State College of Agriculture for germinating.
+The best sample showed 45% viable pollen; the next best 15% and the rest
+from O to 5%. This had been collected and stored for several weeks
+according to the methods given by Dr. Cox in the annual report for 1943,
+page 58. It is possible that this lack of viability may be due to some
+soil deficiency such as insufficient lime or boron. Prof. Schuster of
+the Oregon station writes that they find that Persian walnuts readily
+accept good Persian pollen but not black walnut or butternut pollen. If
+the viability of the pollen falls below 50% they consider it
+unsatisfactory. On some of the Oregon soils an application of boron in
+the form of ordinary borax under the trees in the spring has greatly
+helped in getting a crop of nuts. This should be well worth trying in
+the eastern states.</p>
+
+<p>The filbert crop this year is better than usual. Out of over a thousand
+crosses between Rush and Winkler with European and Pacific Coast
+varieties, in our estimation, only one has proven worthy of propagation
+considering size, flavor, abundance of bearing and resistance to filbert
+blight. Some growers think lightly of blight but our experience in
+fighting it through the years in cutting out cankered wood has convinced
+us of the futility of this means of control in infested areas. Control
+measures may apparently succeed for a time but when conditions of
+moisture, heat and air movement are just right it can spread like
+wildfire. Therefore, to us, resistance to this disease (Cryptosporella
+anomala) seems of paramount importance. The prevalence of blight has
+been almost universal in the scattered plantings which we have visited
+in central New York, usually without the owner knowing why his trees
+were dying. All our European and Coast varieties, as well as most of the
+hybrids, take blight readily but there is an occasional hybrid that is
+clearly resistant. Bixby is one of these.</p>
+
+<p>We have always used a knapsack sprayer equipped with a mist nozzle for
+our trees but this is inadequate as the trees grow taller. This summer a
+much more satisfactory nozzle was found that may be quickly adjusted to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
+throw a mist for low trees or a far reaching one for the taller trees.
+This is made by the D. B. Smith Co. of Utica, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>From time to time articles appear on insects injurious to nut trees.
+Frequently mentioned are the web worms and the walnut caterpillars. With
+us, the damage they do is as nothing compared to that caused by the
+curculios, the strawberry root worm beetles and the leaf hoppers. We are
+getting the upper hand of the curculios by the use of cryolite spray but
+the root-worm beetle problem is still unsolved. Until Rev. Crath wrote
+of leaf hopper damage (Annual Report 1938 p. 111) we had not regarded
+them as at all serious. Subsequent observation has convinced us that he
+was right and that they are often the cause of the blackening and dying
+of the tender young leaves of Persian walnuts and the curling up of
+older leaves. We were especially impressed during the Wooster, Ohio,
+field trip last year and, later on, in seeing how Mr. Sherman had
+overcome this trouble on the Mahoning Co. farm simply by adding DDT to
+his spray mixture.</p>
+
+<p>In closing, we would like to call the attention of new members to the
+wealth of information that is to be found in the old Association annual
+reports.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Experience_with_the_Crath_Carpathian_Walnuts" id="Experience_with_the_Crath_Carpathian_Walnuts"></a>Experience with the Crath Carpathian Walnuts</h2>
+
+<h4>GILBERT L. SMITH, Wassaic, New York</h4>
+
+
+<p>In the spring of 1935 we purchased from the Wisconsin Horticultural
+Society two pounds of the nuts which Rev. Paul Crath had imported from
+Poland. We planted these nuts in the nursery row. Sixty-two seedlings
+resulted. We assigned a number of each of these seedlings and
+transplanted them when they were two years old. Here we made our first
+mistake. We selected what proved to be a very poor site for them,
+adjacent to and nearly surrounded by woodland, in which were a goodly
+supply of butternut curculios which we have found to be by far the worst
+insect enemy of the Persian walnut. It attacks the terminal growth doing
+some damage by feeding but principally by laying eggs in the terminals
+and the fleshy base of the leaf stems. From these eggs grub-like larvae
+hatch which bore into the terminal and the leaf bases, greatly dwarfing
+the terminal growth. We have found as many as six larvae in a single
+terminal. Of course they also like to lay their eggs in the young nuts
+which then drop from the tree in mid-summer.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1937 we started to graft from these seedlings on black
+walnut stocks, giving each the same number as that of the seedling from
+which the wood was taken. It is too bad that we did not start this work
+sooner as we lost a few of the seedlings, largely through the ravages of
+the curculio, but possibly some of them were just not rugged enough to
+stand our climate. We still have 49 of these varieties living, either as
+grafts or the original trees. To this collection we have added a few
+varieties, securing wood from seedlings being grown by others. We have
+had living grafts of some of the named Crath varieties which we suppose
+developed from some of the wood imported from Poland by Rev. Crath. All
+of these have failed with us except one, Carpathian D. Apparently they
+were not hardy enough for our climate.</p>
+
+<p>So far we have had only one severe test of our Crath seedlings, as to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>
+hardiness. This was on February 16th, 1943, when the temperature at Mr.
+Benton's farm was thirty-four degrees below zero. This was not official
+but was registered by two thermometers which Mr. Benton knew to be very
+accurate. Many of our Crath seedlings showed no injury at all on this
+occasion while others showed varying degrees of injury. Our grafts of
+Broadview were damaged quite severely, Carpathian D to just about the
+same extent. One other named Crath variety, Crath No. 1, was killed
+outright. Only one of our seedling varieties showed as severe injury as
+did Broadview. This was S 12. This tree has now fully recovered but we
+will not grow any trees from it except for more southern latitudes and
+then only if it shows exceptional merit when it begins to bear.
+Therefore, according to our experience so far, there is quite definite
+evidence that these Crath seedlings are hardier than Broadview. McDermid
+was killed outright.</p>
+
+<p>We have found that practically all Persian walnut trees, when young,
+will bear pistillate blossoms for several years before they bear
+staminate blossoms (catkins). This fact has delayed us in securing nuts
+from these seedling varieties and has compelled us to resort to hand
+pollination. However, they are now beginning to produce both kinds of
+blossoms.</p>
+
+<p>The first one to bear was in 1944, when one tree bore twelve nuts which
+had resulted from hand pollination with pollen sent us by Mr. Reed. This
+variety appears to be the most promising one that has borne so far. We
+have named it Littlepage and have had a booklet printed which describes
+it fully. We will be glad to mail a copy to anyone who wishes. We have
+now found a good pollinizer for Littlepage, our No. S22 seedling. This
+variety produces pollen at just the right time, some of which I used
+this spring to hand pollenize the Littlepage tree. A fine crop of nuts
+is now on this tree as the result of this pollination.</p>
+
+<p>Last year (1946) we had a few nuts from each of five other seedling
+varieties. While we did not consider any of them equal to Littlepage,
+they were all worth growing and compare quite favorably with English
+walnuts as found in our markets. This year we have nuts on each of
+eleven varieties, five of them and the same ones that bore last year and
+six new ones. Now that these seedlings are beginning to bear we are able
+to cull out any that prove to be very inferior. As our facilities are
+far too limited to thoroughly test the promising varieties, we have
+started to propagate them and offer them in many parts of the country
+and subject them to many different conditions. Thus it should be only a
+matter of time until the truly worthy varieties will prove themselves.
+If we were wealthy we could propagate them and distribute them free of
+charge but I doubt if it would prove as satisfactory as it is to charge
+for them, as it seems to be a trait of human nature to take better care
+of that which costs us something. We will not name these new varieties
+at present but will put them out under their test numbers. Later the
+ones that prove best can be named.</p>
+
+<p>To facilitate the distribution of these new varieties we are getting out
+a folder showing natural size pictures of the nuts of the six varieties
+which were produced last year, with a brief description of each. I am
+very sorry that I was unable to get these folders from the printer
+before coming to this convention. However we will have them very soon
+and will be glad to mail a copy to anyone who requests it.</p>
+
+<p>As stated before we have found that the butternut curculio is a very bad
+pest with the Persian walnuts, also heartnuts and butternuts. It does
+not injure the black walnut at all. There are also several other insects
+which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> feed on the Persian walnut, most of these chewing insects that
+simply injure the foliage more or less severely. Last winter I was
+advised by Dr. Dean of our experiment station staff, to try benzene
+hexachloride (hexachlorocyclohexane) for control of the curculio. He
+stated that in California they have found out that the Persian walnut is
+quite susceptible to arsenical injury when a spray containing arsenate
+of lead is used on it. Also tests so far indicate that D.D.T. is not
+very effective against the apple and plum curculio, therefore not likely
+to be effective against the butternut curculio. So last spring we
+secured a supply of benzene hexachloride. Just as we were about to spray
+the trees I discovered a swarm of orange colored insects with black wing
+covers, feeding on them. So I checked the compatibility chart in the
+February issue of the American Fruit Grower and found that benzene
+hexachloride and D.D.T. were compatible when used together in the spray
+mixture. I thought it would be well to use a double barreled dose. So we
+made up a spray of four pounds of benzene hexachloride, four pounds of
+D.D.T., 50% wettable powder, and 6 pounds of wettable sulfur to 100
+gallons of water. This first spray showed a slight burning of the
+leaves, which I suspected was due to the sulfur. We omitted sulfur from
+the later sprays and did not note any more burning. We put on three
+sprays at about two week intervals and a fourth spray about the middle
+of July. The result of these sprays appears to be excellent. I have
+found only one nut showing any insect injury and this one was only
+slightly injured, whereas last summer we lost a considerable percentage
+of the nuts from curculio injury. A day or two after applying the first
+spray, I wanted to secure a specimen of the orange-colored insects with
+black wing covers, but I could not find a single specimen.</p>
+
+<p>We did not apply our first spray quite soon enough and curculio larvae
+had already invaded a few of the terminals. The first spray should be
+applied about as soon as the leaf buds separate and quite likely should
+be followed by the second spray in about a week, as new growth is very
+rapid at this time and the scant foliage at the time of the first spray
+would hardly hold enough of the chemicals to give control for more than
+a few days.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Observations_on_Hardiness_of_the_Carpathian_Walnuts_at_Poughkeepsie_New" id="Observations_on_Hardiness_of_the_Carpathian_Walnuts_at_Poughkeepsie_New"></a>Observations on Hardiness of the Carpathian Walnuts at Poughkeepsie, New York</h2>
+
+
+<h4>STEPHEN BERNATH</h4>
+
+
+<p>In our section we have very good Persian walnut varieties of Carpathian
+and other European sources. I have planted some of all strains and
+varieties. My place faces northwest on a good elevation. My experience
+with trees there is that we have no winter injury. We can grow trees
+there that cannot be grown on some place which is situated low, and
+therefore does not have enough air circulation. Damage is done after
+heavy frosts when the sun comes out suddenly. That is what damages the
+trees&mdash;not the cold.</p>
+
+<p>If you take trees and put them in a temperature of 35 to 40 degrees
+below zero and bring them out to thaw gradually no harm is done. Most
+people buy trees and plant them in low places; that is the error. We
+have planted trees where the wind is very heavy throughout the winter
+and in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> the spring I found that these trees stood up wonderfully well;
+whereas, we have European walnut trees with a trunk diameter of about 12
+to 14 inches that in one year froze two to six feet&mdash;about three to four
+years growth. If you plant your trees on a fairly good elevation you can
+be assured of a good nut crop. In planting nut trees I do not know what
+kind of fertilizer you use, but I always use well decayed cow manure and
+put a little right around the root system. I never use fresh manure and
+never use poultry, sheep, or horse manure. They are bad for trees as
+they are very high in ammonia and this does damage to the trees.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Discussion after Graham, Smith, and Bernath Persian walnut papers.</h4>
+
+<p>Corsan: "Is using lime a good idea? I always use a lot of wood ashes."</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "Use ground agricultural limestone. Burned lime may cause
+injury."</p>
+
+<p>J. R. Smith: "Barnyard manure is the best."</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "With the Carpathian walnuts there is no uniformity in winter
+injury. I have had the Crath variety kill back to two inch wood. Most
+others have never shown winter injury."</p>
+
+<p>Corsan: "When is it practical to take mulch away?"</p>
+
+<p>MacDaniels: "If you take mulch away too late you will get more injury
+than if you don't take it away at all."</p>
+
+<p>Member: "Why does my young walnut tree not bear?"</p>
+
+<p>Bernath: "English walnut trees may produce pistillate blooms for a
+number of years before they produce pollen so that if you have only one
+tree it may be due to lack of pollination."</p>
+
+<p>Member: "With English walnut is more than one tree necessary for
+pollination? The male blossom appears a week or 10 days before the
+female."</p>
+
+<p>Crane: "Persian walnuts should be used to pollinate Persian walnuts&mdash;do
+not depend on black walnuts. In growing Persian walnuts it is best to
+have trees of two or more varieties in a planting so as to provide cross
+pollination."</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "Persian walnuts may not pollinate black walnut, but black walnut
+has pollinated the Persian walnut in known instances."</p>
+
+<p>MacDaniels: "Control or uncontrol of pollination is very complex."</p>
+
+<p>Crane: "We find that we can not readily produce Persian x Eastern black
+hybrids under conditions of controlled pollination. We have found a
+number of natural hybrid trees but they bear very few nuts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>"</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Nuts_About_Trees" id="Nuts_About_Trees"></a>Nuts About Trees</h2>
+
+<h4>R. E. HODGSON, Superintendent, Southeast Experiment Station, University
+of Minnesota.</h4>
+
+
+<p>When hiking with a Boy Scout troop, they often asked me, "What tree is
+that?" In summer I could usually tell an oak from a box elder but had
+never had much reason to go further into the subject until the boys
+exposed my ignorance. In self defense I began to hunt up the names and
+found it a most interesting hobby.</p>
+
+<p>The University of Minnesota has a branch experiment station some 80
+miles south of the Twin Cities and it is here that a few acres have been
+roped off as a testing site for whatever trees of interest we can
+persuade to grow. My job is with field crops and livestock but my golf,
+fishing, hunting and bridge are mostly played with a spade and pruning
+shears or wandering around in the brush somewhere looking for something
+new. Our soil is a heavy clay loam of Clarion type containing plenty of
+lime but often poorly drained. It is very rich and productive being at
+one time part of Minnesota's big woods. Native trees are basswood, oak,
+elm, ash, walnut and their associates.</p>
+
+<p>My ignorance concerning trees is still profound and becomes more
+apparent as acquaintance matures, but it has been a lot of fun to start
+about 130 varieties of trees and shrubs and watch their development. The
+Latin names are mostly a mystery to me, but their habits, methods and
+rate of growth along with soil preferences and winter survival have
+furnished more entertainment for me than picking shot out of a dead bird
+or furrowing the turf on a putting green. It has been a real thrill to
+see cypress, sycamore and even a few yellow poplars, survive our rugged
+winters.</p>
+
+<p>The project began with an attempt to collect native trees and expanded
+to make room for some exotics, just to see what would happen to them.
+Detours and by-paths included attempts to grow various conifers from
+seed and persuade cuttings to root. Somewhere along the line nut trees
+began to enter the picture and now these have an alcove all to
+themselves. Perhaps it started when a neighbor offered me $5.00 if I
+could tell whether a young sprout in his yard was butternut or walnut.
+He died before I found the answer which was probably common knowledge to
+most people. The color of the pith did not seem reliable, but at last a
+book pointed out the little moustache a butternut wears just above each
+leaf scar. It worked, and the thrill was equal to catching a 10 pound
+wall eye!</p>
+
+<p>I was raised on the prairie part of southwestern Minnesota and it was a
+delightful surprise when I moved 140 miles east to find that one could
+gather almost any desired quantity of black walnuts from remnants of the
+old forest. After a few years these trips to the woods became less
+glamourous and the pickeruppers more critical. Many of the wild nuts
+were small and hard to crack. Perhaps a friend's Thomas tree in full
+bearing with its heavy crop of huge, tasty nuts inspired a wish to grow
+bigger and better producing trees near at home.</p>
+
+<p>It looked easy to transplant vigorous, 6 foot black walnut whips which
+could be had for the digging. It took 10 years to learn that nuts
+properly planted would make larger trees in a decade than transplants.
+Digging 2 deep holes to move one tree seemed a waste of labor when one
+planted nut would better serve the purpose. Of course nut planting led
+to a contest of wits with the squirrels.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It was a funny sight to watch a helper carefully placing nuts at regular
+intervals in an open furrow and a big fox squirrel following 10 feet
+behind him, removing the prizes as fast as he could scamper up and down
+a nearby hollow oak. Our ideas concerning appropriate locations for
+walnut trees did not coincide with those of Mr. Bushytail. We learned
+that the simple way to plant walnuts in the woods was to pile a half a
+bushel here and there. The tree climbers took their toll, but did a good
+job of planting. Survival seemed better than when we placed individual
+nuts and "stepped them in."</p>
+
+<p>The desire for bigger, better and more useful nuts led to the planting
+of a couple of acres to seed from various trees of known value. These
+will not come true of course but it is hoped that some day they may
+serve as material for a small nut breeding project in which an attempt
+will be made to combine some of the more desirable chromosomes into a
+single tree that retains the best of what we have in present selections,
+and adds a little more hardiness between growing seasons. Who can tell?
+We might find a tree that the walnut worms didn't like!</p>
+
+<p>The squirrels didn't fancy our plans to grow trees in rows according to
+parentage, so they tried to improve our technique. We almost called in
+the F. B. I. to circumvent their machinations. Jamming an open tin can
+over the planted nut seemed to help. When the sprout came up we turned
+up the edges of the split can bottom just enough to let the tree
+through, but the sharp jagged edges seemed to discourage marauders. A
+lot of other methods were also tried.</p>
+
+<p>From the Wisconsin Horticultural Society we obtained a pound of English
+or Persian walnuts in 1937. So far we have some 23 seedlings struggling
+to keep alive. They range in height from 18 inches to 7 feet and are
+definitely out of their range. Some years they grow 4 feet of new wood
+and some winters it all kills back. There seem to be differences in
+hardiness and&mdash;who can tell?&mdash;they might even bear a nut some day. Bark
+injury, which may be winter sun scald, has damaged some of the trees.
+One tree of the Broadview selection is alive after four years and may
+make a go of it.</p>
+
+<p>Hickories grow wild in certain parts of Minnesota, but this doesn't
+happen to be one of those parts. They seem to do best where soil is acid
+in reaction and here we are amply supplied with lime. That may account
+for the slow growth of a grafted Hales hickory tree. It was 3 years old
+when set out in 1921. For the first 9 years it had just 2 leaves per
+year. Now approaching 30, the tree is 7 to 8 feet high and going up at
+the rate of 8 to 12 inches a year.</p>
+
+<p>Nuts from Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota wild hickories, have done
+better. At 8 years the trees are from 1 to 2 feet high, with a couple of
+Shakespeares, (geniuses) towering a foot above them. This may not be
+hickory country, but, by gum, they're growing! A couple of years ago,
+Dr. Brierley from the Central Station, Division of Horticulture, who has
+nut propagation as one of his minor projects, gave us 7 seedlings of
+shellbark hickory, (Carya laciniosa), from a tree planted many years ago
+by Peter Gideon of Wealthy apple fame. After 2 winters, these 7
+seedlings are still with us and seem to grow faster than the shagbarks
+(ovata).</p>
+
+<p>Other attempts to vary our diet (if we live long enough) are a few
+Chinese chestnut seedlings. A couple secured from the Nut Tree
+Nurseries, Downington, Pa., in 1940 are now 3 and 4 feet high and
+apparently in a good state of health. They are leisurely growing, which
+may be a good<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> thing. Trees like the Manchurian walnut which grow 6 to 8
+feet of new wood in a year, seem to freeze back and start over more
+frequently than the trees which poke along but harden their wood before
+cold weather. In 1946, a few more seedlings from D. C. Snyder, Center
+Point, Iowa, were set out and most of them have survived the first
+winter. Carl Weschcke reports that chestnuts do best for him at River
+Falls, Wisconsin, in sandy soil with an acid reaction. If I ever raise a
+chestnut, I'd like to send him one.</p>
+
+<p>Fooling with nuts has led to another activity which has been pleasant
+though not very practical so far. Each spring, Dr. Brierley spends a
+couple of days with me trying to graft some of the named varieties to
+our available wild trees. We have raised nuts on some of the hickory
+scions grafted to the plentiful native bitternuts, but in general our
+grafts have failed. We have had good advice from many sources and have
+tried most everything but our successes have not been numerous enough to
+cause any inflation of the ego. We're inclined to think that the sudden
+wide variations of temperature which are common here in May, can be the
+controlling factor. We've made a few walnuts, hickories, and hicans
+grow, but still have too many zeroes for any complacency. This year may
+be our bonanza. Most of the grafts on some 40 trees are shooting buds.
+Perhaps it's the grafting tape we tried this spring. In 1948 we'll be
+able to write it all down in the book&mdash;and try again.</p>
+
+<p>Nuts are not the only food crops growing on trees. We have read the
+glowing reports of sweet pods of honey locust grown on such varieties as
+Millwood and Calhoun, as told by John Hershey and J. Russell Smith. Our
+Millwoods all killed the second winter and this year we're trying
+Calhoun. Meanwhile, we're hunting for a hardy, northern grown sweet
+tree. Miss Jones asked nut growers to tell me what they had and several
+interesting replies and samples were received. The quality of the pods
+varied all the way from the sweet Millwood to our native honey locusts,
+most of which are so bitter and astringent that they remind us of a
+combination of green persimmons and red pepper. No sensible animal will
+touch them. Cions were received from a tree in Omaha, Nebraska, through
+the courtesy of F. J. Adams. These were grafted on local trees this
+spring and perhaps they will answer all of our needs.</p>
+
+<p>Our attempts to grow better nuts in southern Minnesota have not caused
+even a ripple in the local economic situation, but it has been a lot of
+fun. Perhaps the greatest return so far is the interesting
+correspondence with like minded people in many localities. Amos Workman
+of Hurricane, Utah, sent seed of his best black and Persian walnuts,
+pecans and figs. The figs didn't even start (probably my ignorance), but
+we have trees coming from all the rest. J. Russell Smith has been most
+helpful with suggestions and the "Minnesota Horse Thief" as he calls me,
+has enjoyed his letters immensely. John Hershey has passed along some of
+his enthusiasm for trees and many others have contributed to the
+pleasure of a fascinating hobby.</p>
+
+<p>It's fun to grow trees even though some of the unusual things provide
+only exercise and entertainment. Our persimmons grew from seed, were
+transplanted and came through the first winter! One pawpaw is still
+trying to get ahead of the winter set-backs, and a Macedonian white pine
+(said to produce edible nuts) is doing fine. Perhaps I'm the biggest nut
+of all, but I'm happy about it!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Report_on_Nut_Trees_at_Massillon" id="Report_on_Nut_Trees_at_Massillon"></a>Report on Nut Trees at Massillon</h2>
+
+<h4>RAYMOND E. SILVIS, Massillon, Ohio</h4>
+
+
+<p>I will first give an account of plantings observed recently in or near
+Massillon, and, secondly, a condensation of my own introduction to nut
+growing.</p>
+
+<p>Louis Bromfield in his richly descriptive book "The Farm" writes, "On
+the way one passed the big orchard which was Jamie's pride, and beyond
+one came to the field where the big hickory stood. It was a memorable
+tree, famous in the countryside for bearing enormous nuts with shells so
+soft that the faintest tap of a rock or a hammer would lay open the
+bisque-colored kernels." He also writes a reference to the ingredients
+of candy making at Christmas time in which a good many recipes called
+for hickory nuts and walnuts.</p>
+
+<p>In Massillon Mr. Alvin Schott, when he drove by the farm of Mr. Lester
+Hawk and read his sign, "Chinese Chestnut Trees for Sale," thought of
+the chestnuts he used to eat. Since he, like the rest of us, cannot go
+out along the road in the fall and pick up chestnuts as of old, he
+declared to plant some nut trees on city park land so that the younger
+generation could in a small measure recapture that which now is only a
+memory.</p>
+
+<p>After making numerous talks and speeches to all the lodges, civic clubs
+and P. T. A.'s, he received donations and publicity to help him in his
+project. He enlisted the help of other civic nut-minded personnel to
+help him select the trees and locations for planting. Boy Scouts and
+school children dug some of the holes. When it rained (it seems to rain
+every time a shipment came in) Mr. Schott would call us away from our
+work and have us dig holes. We have planted in city parks: 13 Hawk
+chestnuts, 10 Thomas black walnuts, 8 hazel, 4 mulberries, 2 Broadview
+Persians, 2 Josephine persimmons, 3 pecan seedlings, 1 hican, 9 large
+seedling black walnuts and several hickories.</p>
+
+<p>We have additional money for another spring planting. Thus Massillon has
+joined the list of cities that own trees that will produce something
+else besides leaves.</p>
+
+<p>On August 17th Mr. Gerstenmaier and I drove to Ira, Ohio, to visit Mr.
+Cranz and take advantage of his invitation to inspect his nut planting.
+At this moment I believe that his invitation was made with the subtle
+purpose of bragging about his excellent crop of Thomas black walnuts and
+filberts. The trees were originally planted by squirrels and later
+grafted by Mr. Cranz. They grow at the bottom of a huge hill or
+escarpment 200 feet high at the top of which is his planting of 20
+<i>mollissima</i> chestnuts. It's a long climb through his neatly scythed
+pathways on a hot day. Afterwards I felt like I needed the can which he
+usually carries.</p>
+
+<p>Recently I found a young black walnut which I hope may be a good
+selection for further work. It is too early to make any predictions, but
+I can assure you that a careful check on the tree's performance will be
+interesting. Thin shell, good kernel cavity, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Near Bolivar, Ohio, stands a young shagbark hickory which bears a nut
+about the size of a Pleas hican with a very smooth kernel cavity and a
+thin shell. Even though small this is another nut which will bear
+watching.</p>
+
+<p>I believe the greatest interest in nut trees will develop when a
+definite program of controlled crossing is instituted.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When I became a member of this organization in 1939 I was managing
+almost 1,000 acres of farm land. My own 90 acre farm was being farmed up
+and down the hill because the fences were built that way. My plan was to
+change over to a contour operation. After reading "Nut Growing" and
+"Tree Crops" I decided to plant nut trees at 100' intervals along the
+edges of the contour strips. I had a twofold purpose, to produce more
+revenue and preserve the contour method of farming.</p>
+
+<p>I ordered grafted nut trees from Jones Nurseries, Crath seedlings from
+Graham and 200 northern pecan nuts from Wilkinson. Homer Jacobs, really
+"sold me" on the Nut Growers Association and then sent me scions of the
+Wilcox hickory. I was successful in getting two to grow about 100'
+apart. Miss Jones sent me Pleas hican wood and one graft grew between
+the two Wilcox. All were grafted on shagbark stock, breast high using
+the late Mr. Fickes' method. The pecan nuts were stratified and given
+the usual nursery care and at three years of age were transplanted to
+the farm along with 200 seedling black walnuts and 100 chestnuts. These
+seedlings were to be used as stocks for grafting the newer and superior
+productive varieties. This was 1943. The farmer became dissatisfied with
+my soil conservation tendencies and moved away. The war developed in
+earnest and I matriculated at a defense plant. The farm just grew up. I
+was not dissatisfied. I was just tired. I couldn't find enough time to
+manage 1,000 acres of farm land 20 miles south; work at a defense plant
+20 miles north and operate my insurance and real estate business. So I
+sold all the farms including mine with the nut trees.</p>
+
+<p>Now it is 1947. It was only two years ago that I made a decision to
+relinquish the 90 acre farm. A short time ago I found all the grafted
+trees bearing fruit except the hickories and hican. The grafted
+Zimmerman, Stoke and Hobson chestnuts have died and most of the pecan,
+walnut and chestnut seedlings planted on the contour strips have
+succumbed to the mower, etc. I could find none of the grafted hickories
+purchased through the years except one Fairbanks. The present owners are
+enthusiastic over the early bearing chestnuts and are taking care of all
+the remaining survivor trees.</p>
+
+<p>I have reached the conclusion that any farm in this section of the U. S.
+with enough hope to warrant contour farming is usually marginal land.
+This is land which barely pays the cost of working or using; land
+whereon the costs of labor, coordination and capital approximately equal
+the gross income. I believe that a planting of grafted nut trees on the
+edges of contour strips will increase the value of that farm and should
+have the attention of every county agent and farm owner.</p>
+
+<p>I am no doubt the worst "grafter" in the business. When I get one out of
+20 sets to grow I am startled, not so much with the statistical
+percentages but because a small stick of wood from Kentucky can make its
+home on the roots of an Ohio cousin. I believe that scion storage is
+important and I wish to report that the method which Dr. Shelton
+explained in the 1945 report is very satisfactory. The next best is John
+Gerstenmaier's apple storage cellar, which he and I have used ever since
+my interest in nut bearing trees brought us together.</p>
+
+<p>It is still 1947. I'm still in the real estate business. I recently
+purchased 160 acres of land in an adjoining county and placed title in
+my son's name. He is six years old. I should be free of any inclination
+to sell this for fifteen years. Since there are no buildings I won't
+have a tenant problem. This spring I purchased and planted grafted
+hickories and grafted black walnuts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> and set them in supposedly
+favorable locations where I hope they will maintain themselves. In
+addition I planted about 200 Hawk seedling chestnuts spaced about 20 to
+30 feet apart. These were planted in three different locations. One
+group was planted under the canopy of a locust grove, another on an
+exposed hilltop which faces the prevailing westerly winds. The third is
+on a broad hilltop field which does not have the best drainage since the
+top soil is clay underlaid with sandstone shale. All of these groups
+grow on land abandoned some years ago. The soil fertility is generally
+low. Volunteer native growth of cheery, ash, dogwood and hawthorn
+prevails.</p>
+
+<p>If I can continue to plant for the next fifteen years I should have
+quite an orchard, or else my son will have a good hardwood forest. I
+hope that all of us here can meet there then.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Discussion after R. E. Silvis' paper.</h4>
+
+<p>Mr. MacDaniels: "It is a good idea to have nut trees established in the
+parks. In your home town there is usually a park in which nut trees can
+be used. Very often it just takes initiative to get these things
+started. Boy Scout organization is very good at starting projects like
+this. Chestnuts are more difficult to establish than other trees."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Gravatt: "Nut trees should not be grown along the curbs because
+people will gather the nuts that fall on the road. This is very
+dangerous where there is much traffic."</p>
+
+<p>Stoke: "Walnuts are much more satisfactory as park trees than Chinese
+chestnuts. People are so prone to break off branches bearing immature
+chestnuts."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. MacDaniels: "Wire guards are excellent to keep mice, rabbits, etc.,
+away from your nut trees."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Planting_of_Nut_Trees_on_Highways_Undesirable" id="Planting_of_Nut_Trees_on_Highways_Undesirable"></a>Planting of Nut Trees on Highways Undesirable</h2>
+
+<h4>R. P. ALLAMAN, Harrisburg, Pa.</h4>
+
+
+<p>Having always opposed this practice when it was under discussion, I have
+been asked to prepare an article on the subject. This paper was prepared
+in collaboration with Mr. Wilbur H. Simonson, Senior Landscape
+Architect, U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>Since the beginning of the roadside improvement demonstration program in
+1933 the policy of the Public Roads Administration has never favored
+planting of the showy, garden type of fruit and nut trees on highway
+roadsides for several reasons:</p>
+
+<p>1. <b>Traffic Hazards</b>&mdash;Dropping of fruits and nuts on pavements tends to
+make surface conditions slippery and dangerous to traffic.</p>
+
+<p>2. <b>Police Problems</b>&mdash;Ripening of fruits and nuts tends to invite passing
+motorists to stop on side of highway pavements to gather the fruits,
+adding to traffic hazard. Also such trees tend to invite vandalism by
+boys together with clubbing the trees to get down the fruits with the
+possible results of not only injury and damage to the trees themselves,
+but throwing sticks, stones<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> and clubs into the tree branches is likely
+to result in hitting or striking passing motorists and otherwise cause
+loss of control of vehicles by drivers, a very dangerous road condition
+especially because it is an unexpected situation to have clubs or fruit
+come down on the highway when driving through.</p>
+
+<p>This all means more intensive policing of the highway by the responsible
+authorities with added costs in maintenance budgets.</p>
+
+<p>3. <b>Maintenance Problems</b>&mdash;Not only do dropping of fruits, and the results
+of vandalism, cause extra cleanup of pavements and drainageways,
+(clogging of pipes and gutters with debris from the trees) all hazardous
+to traffic; but also the questions of insects and disease problems are
+added. This all complicates public maintenance problems and especially
+the proper pruning and spraying of the trees.</p>
+
+<p>It is not considered a proper function of public authorities to carry on
+operations that compete with private property developments.</p>
+
+<p>Administrative policy and procedures shall encourage the planting of
+shade tree types along public highways, and avoid the above described
+difficulties that are <b>bound</b> to occur if nut-bearing types of trees are
+placed on highway areas.</p>
+
+<p>References: Bennett's book on Roadside Development, 1929, pages 6 and
+52, also page 527 of the proceedings for the twentieth annual meeting of
+the Highway Research Board in 1940, regarding the selection and use of
+trees on highway areas, as recommended by the Committee on Roadside
+Development. I quote from these the following extracts:</p>
+
+<p>"Profusely flowering fruit or nut-bearing trees are not desirable, as a
+rule; very showy garden types of flowering, fruit or nut-bearing trees
+should be avoided in roadside planting. Experience indicates than
+vandalism is encouraged by planting any species of tree commonly used in
+garden, commercial fruit, or nut orchard planting."</p>
+
+<p>"Trees which drop heavy masses of petals, fruit or nuts on highway
+surfaces are not desirable. Horticultural varieties of flowering trees
+(particularly those of exotic origin such as the Japanese cherries)
+should be avoided in roadside planting because a too garden-like
+appearance of planted roadsides will usually indicate excessive annual
+maintenance costs, and probably heavy future losses of planted material
+because of competition with superior and more rugged native tree
+species." <i>Re:</i> Vandalism, parents are responsible for acts of their
+children and public plantings should not encourage children towards acts
+of a vandalistic nature, with trouble not only for the tree but also for
+the parents in keeping the children in order.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Nut_Growing_for_the_Farm_Owner" id="Nut_Growing_for_the_Farm_Owner"></a>Nut Growing for the Farm Owner</h2>
+
+<h4>H. GLEASON MATTOON</h4>
+
+
+<p>It is with trepidation that I present a paper on nut growing before a
+group so much more learned in the subject than I. But two things impel
+me to do so. First, the firm conviction that nut trees, carefully
+chosen, properly planted and intelligently cared for, have a place on
+many farms as a cash crop for the market and a food crop for the farm
+family and, second, the poor results from many nut tree plantings on
+farms. As may be imagined, my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> conviction is not based upon results seen
+but upon the possibilities I know are inherent in nut trees.</p>
+
+<p>When the first wave of publicity for soil conservation was at its zenith
+back in the late 30s, I listened to a talk, the substance of which was
+that there are no such things as submarginal land, and problem areas.
+There are only submarginal people and problem people. Land does not
+destroy itself nor is squalor self-created. Human qualities create both
+conditions. Therefore the problem to be tackled is the ignorance,
+cupidity or stupidity of those who create such conditions.</p>
+
+<p>This made a profound impression on me. It has influenced my thinking in
+all things connected with our renewable resources. Our success in
+growing anything, whether it be cotton, corn or nut trees, depends
+largely upon ourselves. If we mix three parts of intelligence with one
+part of effort, the yield will be manifold.</p>
+
+<p>Much of this intelligence should be of the "green thumb" variety, a
+mixture of common sense and keen observation. The one using this kind of
+intelligence would plant black walnuts in a deep, rich, well-drained
+loam, because he has observed that this species grows best and yields
+more heavily in that type of soil. He would plant the trees with top
+roots not more than one inch under the surface of the soil because he
+has noted that is the way they grow naturally. He would strive to keep
+foliage on the tree as long as possible because he knows that the leaves
+are the manufacturing part of the tree. Without them the tree could not
+grow and would not produce filled nuts. He would do many other things
+essential for proper tree growth and yield.</p>
+
+<p>But unfortunately several of the farm nut tree plantings I have seen
+show a woeful lack of "green thumb" intelligence. I recall one in
+particular because of the condition of both the trees and the owner. The
+planting originally consisted of twenty Chinese chestnuts, fifteen named
+black walnuts, four hicans and four Persian walnuts. The owner
+originally was an enthusiastic convert to nut growing. Today the
+planting is a failure, while the owner is an irate backslider who would
+not plant another nut tree even though it bore ten dollar bills. Four
+years after planting, nineteen of the twenty chestnuts, all hican, three
+Persian walnuts and ten black walnuts were dead. Of the remaining seven
+trees only one could be called healthy. Examination soon focused the
+picture. Most of the trees had been planted on an eroded hillside
+deficient in humus. In addition, many of them were planted from three to
+ten inches too deep. The only thriving walnut was planted at the proper
+depth and in a pocket of top soil at the base of the slope. Under
+questioning, the owner said that he had purposely planted them deep to
+"keep their roots cool." That is a widely held horticultural fallacy
+which is unconsciously fostered by many nurseryman. In their
+instructions they say to plant the tree one inch deeper than it was in
+the nursery. Too many laymen reason that, if planting the tree one inch
+deeper will help, then the tree should do even better if planted six
+inches deeper.</p>
+
+<p>After eighteen years of trying to learn why transplanted trees do not
+thrive, I am convinced there are four main causes. I list them in the
+order of their prevalence. First and foremost, too deep planting.
+Second, fibrous roots allowed to become dry. This may occur in transit,
+in the hands of the purchaser or because of air space around the roots
+after planting. Third, deficiency of moisture due to low humus content
+of the soil or drought. Four, rodent damage. While some nut trees are
+possibly more difficult to re-estab<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>lish than a few other species, if
+care is used to see that none of these four conditions occurs, there is
+no reason why a well-rooted tree should not grow and remain healthy.</p>
+
+<p>Up to this point I have been dwelling on the negative side. Though it
+must be confessed that the preponderance of such planting has not
+fulfilled the owner's expectations, we must remember that the fault does
+not lie in the trees but in the human element. If the purchaser of nut
+trees has received proper instructions and carries them out faithfully,
+the trees will grow. Not all of the fault, however, can be placed upon
+the purchaser. The nurserymen should remember that there is a place for
+gilded pictures and glowing generalities but that place is not in the
+directions for planting and care. These directions should be practical,
+precise and detailed, with no implications of Midas returns from a half
+acre grove. Every grower of nut trees knows that problems and troubles
+continue to arise which tax his knowledge and experience. How much more
+baffling such difficulties are to the layman who is just embarking on
+the venture of growing trees.</p>
+
+<p>I have planted nut trees and have seen them grow to maturity and yield
+bountifully. I have seen a few farm tree plantings which have more than
+repaid the time and effort. Though the varieties now grown by nurserymen
+are inferior to those that I am confident will be produced at some
+future time, they still have sufficient merit to warrant planting.</p>
+
+<p>You who are interested in nut trees which thrive in the northern states,
+must recognize that two factors contribute to the development of
+superior strains. One is hybridizing and the other sport development.
+The former is a long term project which should have institutional
+backing. The opportunity for the latter, that is, chance development of
+a superior or unique variation, is in direct ratio to the number of nut
+trees growing in the area. Successful farm nut growers, dotted over the
+region, will, therefore, increase the chance that finer strains will
+appear.</p>
+
+<p>But whether the farm nut grove ever abets science and produces the long
+sought superior nut, is of little importance compared to its value to
+the farm. It is incumbent, therefore, upon every nut enthusiast, who has
+a hand in bringing to the attention of farm owners the value of nut
+trees, to be meticulous in giving instructions for their planting and
+care.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Tree_Crop_and_Nut_Notes_from_Southern_Pennsylvania" id="Tree_Crop_and_Nut_Notes_from_Southern_Pennsylvania"></a>Tree Crop and Nut Notes from Southern Pennsylvania</h2>
+
+<h4>JOHN W. HERSHEY</h4>
+
+
+<p><i>Broadview English Walnut</i>&mdash;This hardy variety seemed so good it took a
+lot of effort to keep from recommending it commercially. The oldest tree
+in our section, owned by my brother, bore lightly for several years.
+With its fine flavor, tree beauty and hardiness it edges closer and
+closer to where we can recommend it commercially. In its seventh year it
+bore a half bushel; the 8th, this year, it's really loaded. I have
+planted 30 trees.</p>
+
+<p><i>A Southern Persian Walnut</i> The northern man in the south loves the cool
+climate, Persian walnut. I have found chance seedlings here and there,
+even down to northern Alabama. One tree, northeast of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> Knoxville,
+Tennessee, had a good quality nut and was seemingly resistant to sun
+scald. Starting late in the spring it avoids the late frosts so damaging
+to horticulture in the south.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cornell Black Walnut</i>&mdash;This new variety, a Thomas seedling, named
+Cornell by its originator at Ithaca, New York, bore one nut for us in
+1946. The boys at Cornell like it because it fills even in an abnormally
+cool season of the Finger Lakes region when natives fail. You can't
+decide an issue with one nut, but our specimen was as large and full of
+high-flavored, white meat as the Thomas, and as thin-shelled as the
+Stabler. So attractive does this variety appear that I am reserving it
+this fall in order to plant several in orchard form to produce scion
+wood.</p>
+
+<p><i>Honey Locusts</i>&mdash;The latest report on their performance comes from J. C.
+Moore, Soil Conservation Service at Auburn, Alabama, on February 3,
+1947. Their laboratory tests of Millwood show a sugar content of 36.65%,
+and Calhoun 38.95%. The animal husbandry department of the Alabama
+Experiment Station at Auburn has found the pods equal to oats, pound for
+pound, in a dairy ration. A team of mules fed for 30 days on pods showed
+satisfactory results. Cows and hogs showed equal success. At 5 years of
+age, Millwood averages 58 pounds and Calhoun 26 pounds per year. At
+eight years, Millwood bore 200 pounds, and Calhoun 60. The pods fall
+from October 15th to December 30th. Lespedeza sericea planted between
+the trees yields 2&frac12; tons per acre annually. This gives us courage to
+continue emphasizing their great value for pasture and rough land
+planting. The trees we planted in our swampy, worn-out meadow are doing
+fine.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mulberries</i>&mdash;This great chicken, bird and hog feed will some day fill a
+definite place in the sun of the American farmer, just as it does in
+Asia. The drawbacks are lack of hardiness and short bearing season in
+the north. The Hicks variety bears for six to eight weeks but is not
+hardy north of the Mason-Dixon line. This year we have grafted eight
+varieties of which seven are new. One from southern Indiana, an American
+seedling selected by a mulberry enthusiast, bears for six to eight
+weeks. Will it be hardy farther north? We shall know soon. Six are from
+select seedlings of L. K. Hostetter, of Lancaster, Pa., the mulberry
+king of America. The other is a fine white, a chance seedling from 75
+miles north of Pittsburgh. It has not borne yet but was far hardier than
+Downing last winter. I have a few of these to sell this fall. Mulberries
+need sweet soil to prevent winter killing. On worn out soils we have
+discovered that they do well until established, by applying a few
+handfuls of lime around the tree at planting time. Not only are they
+excellent for the above mentioned uses but the right varieties are
+better than raisins when dried.</p>
+
+<p>In 1945 we set a leaky corner of sandy meadow to honey locusts. I saw
+them growing in semi-swamp land in Alabama, but here all but two of the
+18 trees died. When replanted in 1946 also they died. I found the two
+that were living were carelessly planted too shallow, with the top roots
+sticking out of the ground. We replanted more trees in the spring of
+1947 with the top roots above the ground level, mounded soil over them
+about 6 to 10 inches, then mulched. They are all growing fine.</p>
+
+<p><i>Starting a Tree Crop Farm. What Is It?</i>&mdash;It consists of a blended,
+balanced program of cattle, hogs, poultry and sheep pasturing under
+mulberries, honey locust, persimmons, oaks, etc., plus the hog feed from
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> refuse chestnuts, walnuts and Chinese dates. The great secret of
+nature is that your security lies in a balanced land use between animal
+and plant production with crops for animals, and animal manure for the
+crops, with a margin of each for the profit book. I bought this
+abandoned swampy, rocky, sandy soil farm of 72 acres, to show how it can
+be done on land too rough for the plow. The first requirement was to
+work out a program with permanent crops to bring in a continuous return,
+while planting and developing the slower bearing nuts and crop trees. I
+have found you must live on the farm a year to learn which soils and
+sites are best for a species. For instance, the field that fitted my
+plan to plant walnuts is too wet, so there we shall plant the hickories,
+pecans and hicans with persimmons as fillers. The place where I wanted
+walnuts was too sandy, so we shall plant chestnuts and filberts, and
+where I wanted chestnuts the soil is good for walnuts.</p>
+
+<p><i>Starting a Profit Cycle</i>&mdash;To create a return as quickly as possible on
+such a cycle we started a small flock of chickens, ducks and geese. The
+next step was to decide what to plant of a permanent nature to make a
+succession of crop income from spring until the nut crop comes in
+autumn. In the spring of 1945 we planted an acre of asparagus and one of
+raspberries. In 1947 both started bringing in returns. In 1948 they will
+be in full production. In 1946 and 1947 we set an acre or more of
+blueberries. Half of the blueberries were planted in a semi-swamp,
+useless to farm or pasture, but the home of blueberries after we drained
+it. These will start bearing in 1948 and increase in production for ten
+years. We have 2 cows for family milk as I nearly live on it. The
+surplus we use in vealing calves as well as to start a herd.</p>
+
+<p>The first year we took in about $100, the second $150; to date we've
+taken in $850, plus an inventory increase of 5 nine months old bulls and
+6 year old heifers. No soil can live without manure and, due to the
+results of over 20 years of organic soil management, we use no chemical
+fertilizers. Hence, we need lots of manure. I can not afford to buy
+straw so we use shavings and sawdust for bedding.</p>
+
+<p>We apply to the manure in the stables about 100 pounds per animal of raw
+phosphate rock a week, which sweetens the dust and helps feed the soil.
+We also buy straw for seven riding horses for the manure, as this is
+great fox hunting country. While this young stock is supplying manure
+for the soil it is increasing in value. Our program is expensive because
+time needed in the nursery and orchard prevents us from growing grain,
+but when you start you can grow grain. We shall soon be having stock to
+sell each year which will add to our income.</p>
+
+<p>While these crops are contributing to our keep, our time is used in
+developing the slower-bearing, permanent tree crops, 600 mulberries for
+hogs and cattle, 350 honey locusts, nearly a 100 persimmons, 50 oaks, 50
+Chinese Jujubes and 90 filberts, all going well. To this we added in the
+spring of 1947 5 acres of Persian and black walnuts with chestnuts
+interplanted in the row. These are our future feeds for a bigger and
+cheaper hog, cattle, sheep and poultry feeding program, as well as
+providing food and cover for wild life. We have yet to plant 5 acres of
+mixed hickory, hicans and pecans interplanted with over 100 seedling
+persimmons and a six acre boulder field of black walnuts interplanted
+with chestnuts and a 5 acre sandy field of chestnuts interplanted with
+filberts.</p>
+
+<p>The rest of the farm will be in nursery, hay and cereals. Now hold in
+mind these vital factors. To get rich just planting a farm of nuts or
+any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> other one crop is a delusion, with the bankers eventually holding
+the bag, the soil and owner taking a licking. Nature is a balanced
+force, soil undisturbed is a delicately balanced flour barrel of never
+ending life. Learn of nature how to protect this soil, that shallow
+insulation board between man and disaster.</p>
+
+<p>After feeling our way over 3 years this is what we found best in
+handling trees. In the meadow where we planted honey locust, and on a
+rocky knoll with oaks, the first year we applied a shovelful of night
+soil and a light mulch of leaf compost. The second summer we mowed,
+raked, and forked the hay to the tree in a wide circle. It was amazing
+the life activity that was created under this mulch by the next spring.
+Mice were controlled by pulling the mulch 3 inches from the tree in
+early fall and with poisoned wheat under the mulch. In the spring of
+1947 we mulched a 4 to 5 ft. circle around each tree with manure two or
+three inches thick. You should see the trees growing. One-half was mowed
+for hay and on the other half electric fences were put up along the tree
+rows and the field was pastured. We planted the walnuts and chestnuts in
+a sod of natural white clover and timothy. Walnuts were planted in 60
+ft. rows with a chestnut tree every 30 ft. Here, three rounds were made
+with the plow and disk and the ground was manured before the trees were
+planted. After planting one shovelful of night soil, or two or three
+shovelfuls of cured slaughter house tankage, were applied to each tree.
+The rows were kept clean until June and then sowed to soy beans.
+Sufficient manure was available to make it possible to complete a manure
+mulch around these trees. The field where the hickory and pecans are to
+go has the tree rows plowed, manured and soy beaned ready for planting.
+We plan to use the same method in future plantings.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Notes_from_the_New_Jersey_Section_of_the_Northern_Nut_Growers" id="Notes_from_the_New_Jersey_Section_of_the_Northern_Nut_Growers"></a>Notes from the New Jersey Section of the Northern Nut Growers Association</h2>
+
+
+<h4>MRS. ALAN R. BUCKWALTER</h4>
+
+
+<p>(As a suggestion to some other State Vice-Presidents the editors print
+parts of a letter from Mrs. Buckwalter whose husband was long a valued
+and active member of the N. N. G. A.</p>
+
+<p>"After receiving the annual report I sent reply post cards to each of
+the members in New Jersey. I received answers from about one-third of
+them and have assembled some of their reports and questions to send you,
+along with a few notes about our orchard.")</p>
+
+<p>Wm. M. Daugherty of Princeton reports that his three hundred
+ten-year-old black walnut trees had a fine set of nuts this spring.
+However, a hail storm in midsummer stripped the trees of both leaves and
+nuts.</p>
+
+<p>From Saddle River, Dr. Harold Blake reports that his black walnuts are
+doing well, but a late spring frost killed the catkins on the Cosford,
+Medium Long and Italian Red filberts. Mr. Blake suggests a theory of
+bark rot and asks the opinion of other nut growers. He noticed that in
+several instances of bark rot on Thomas and Stambaugh black walnuts the
+diameter of the scion was larger than that of the stock. He concludes
+that the scion was taken from a faster growing tree than the one that
+was used for the stock and that the so-called bark rot is cambium rot
+due to the fact that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> the smaller stock does not completely feed the
+cells of the naturally faster growing section. Dr. Blake therefore
+suggests more study of the compatibility of scion to stock, especially
+in regard to growth and bearing. He notes that in fruit trees the root
+stock is of importance in this regard and it may be that the variance in
+reports from different localities on black walnuts and other nut trees
+may be due to the difference in root stock as well as climate and soil
+conditions.</p>
+
+<p>Edward Fuhlbruegge of Scotch Plains has long tried to grow pawpaw
+seedlings with no success. He wants to know if any other New Jersey
+members have been able to raise pawpaws from seed.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>(Ed.&mdash;He should keep the seedbed moist through the summer. These
+seeds germinate slowly and the seedlings cannot emerge through a
+hard soil surface.)</p></div>
+
+<p>The observation of Gilbert V. P. Terhune of Newfoundland is that the
+native chestnuts continue to sprout and occasionally produce nuts. He
+predicts that in years to come we will again have our native chestnuts.
+[Ed.&mdash;Someone should carefully save his nuts and grow trees from them.]</p>
+
+<p>John H. Donnelly of Hoboken asks other nut growers for their opinion of
+using cut grass as a mulch for nut trees. [Ed.&mdash;Excellent.]</p>
+
+<p>From Fairlawn J. L. Brewer states that his black walnuts do not seem to
+have any bad effects on raspberries and strawberries, thus adding
+another note to the long controversy as to the deleterious effects of
+black walnuts on the soil. His Texas pecan and Indiana hickory
+seedlings, although planted in favorable location, have not made a good
+growth. [Ed.&mdash;Did he feed them?]</p>
+
+<p>Louis P. Rocker of Andover reports his Thomas and Stabler walnuts had a
+good crop in 1946 but this year have few nuts.</p>
+
+<p>This planting (Buckwalter) consists of <i>Castanea mollissima</i>,
+<i>mollissima</i> hybrids and <i>Japonica</i> (crenata). Due to circumstances
+during the war years, we have not been able to do much with this
+orchard; however, we hope gradually to build it up.</p>
+
+<p>In 1946 the part of the chestnut crop that was harvested was infested
+with the chestnut curculios. About fifty per cent of the nuts were
+affected. No infestation had been noted in previous years, although in
+1945 the crop was not harvested at all. [Ed.&mdash;That gave the worms their
+chance to propagate.]</p>
+
+<p>We will not be able to spray our entire chestnut orchard this year;
+however, a few of the trees will be sprayed to determine the
+effectiveness of DDT as a control. In the December, 1946 issue of "The
+American Fruit Grower" it was stated that DDT as a wettable power (four
+pounds of fifty per cent DDT to one hundred gallons of water) should be
+used. Three applications gave best results, and this will be tried on
+our trees.</p>
+
+<p>This year we have a good crop of nuts and hope to select the best of our
+trees, which will be included in next year's report.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Report_of_Resolutions_Committee" id="Report_of_Resolutions_Committee"></a>Report of Resolutions Committee</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc., is bringing to a close the
+38th annual convention with deep appreciation of the complete and
+satisfying hospitality which we have enjoyed at the hands of our hosts,
+the Ontario Agricultural College. We have enjoyed the beautiful, well
+kept, and spacious grounds, the substantial and well planned buildings,
+the thoughtful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> and pleasant help of all of the personnel with whom we
+have come in contact, especially Dr. J. S. Shoemaker, head of the
+Department of Horticulture in whose building we have had satisfactory
+meeting place, display room, use of lantern and operator, and the
+esthetic satisfaction of looking at beautiful flowers harmoniously
+arranged.</p>
+
+<p>We have been well nourished with good food, well prepared and
+expeditiously served.</p>
+
+<p>We especially appreciate the courteous entertainment that the faculty
+ladies have so kindly arranged for the ladies who accompany us.</p>
+
+<p>For many years Clarence Reed has been one of the "war horses" of the N.
+N. G. A. We were expecting to see him cap this long service by presiding
+over this session, and it was with great sorrow that we learned of his
+inability to be with us.</p>
+
+<p>Your Resolutions Committee wishes to call attention to the excellent
+manner in which Dr. L. H. MacDaniels has conducted the sessions of this
+convention.</p>
+
+<p>It is with great regret that the members of this Association learned of
+the resignation of Miss Mildred Jones as Secretary. Her work in that
+office has been of an unusually high order of efficiency and devotion.
+It was the kind of work which shows the enthusiasm that arises from deep
+personal interest. Her services will be greatly missed.</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+Dr. W. Rohrbacher,<br />
+Dr. J. Russell Smith,<br />
+Wm. Hodgson.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Report_of_the_Necrology_Committee" id="Report_of_the_Necrology_Committee"></a>Report of the Necrology Committee</h2>
+
+<h4>JOSEPH GERARDI</h4>
+
+
+<p>Mr. Joseph Gerardi, 78 year old nurseryman, died at his home in
+O'Fallon, Ill., on April 3rd, 1947.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gerardi was an enthusiastic and especially well informed student of
+nut culture. He was always looking for new and better seedlings, some of
+which were named as they were found worthy. His Gerardi hican is
+probably one of the best in that group. He also introduced the Gildig
+pecans (Gildig Nos. 1 and 2) and the Fisher pecan. Mr. Gerardi was quite
+successful as a propagator and always tried to have nursery stock of the
+best varieties. His loss will be keenly felt. His son, Louis Gerardi,
+will continue the propagation of nut trees at Caseyville, Ill.</p>
+
+<p>(The following notes are supplied by Louis Gerardi.&mdash;Ed.)</p>
+
+<p>Joseph Gerardi was born in the year 1868 on the old Hagamann farm, five
+and one-half miles northwest of Lebanon, Ill., in O'Fallon Township. He
+was the fourth child of John and Catherine (Haas) Gerardi.</p>
+
+<p>When he reached the age of five years, his parents moved on a farm three
+and one-half miles southeast of Trenton, Illinois, in Clinton County.
+His early schooling was obtained in the McKee School near his home and
+in St. Mary's School in the town of Trenton, Illinois. After graduating
+from the eighth grade, he helped his father through the spring and
+summer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> months with the farm work, but in the winter attended McKee
+school.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1894 at the age of 25 years he left the home farm in Clinton
+County, and moved to a farm two and one-half miles southeast of
+Jerseyville, Illinois, in Jersey County. Here he began the study of
+fruit growing, and became an agent for the Stark Bros. Nursery.</p>
+
+<p>In 1907 he married Eleanor Collignon of Trenton, Illinois. To this union
+six children were born: Eleanor Barbara, Sharlotte Catherine, Eugenia
+Ruth, Louis Joseph, Bernice Marie, and Gertrude Beatrice.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1918 he sold this farm and moved to Trenton, Ill.,
+where he worked with his father-in-law, John Martin Collignon, doing
+construction work. During this year he searched for a farm with soil
+suitable for fruit growing.</p>
+
+<p>In 1919 he purchased a 110 acre farm situated two and one-half miles
+west of O'Fallon, Illinois. The next year he set out twenty acres of
+Stark Bros. trees.</p>
+
+<p>While living on this farm in the fall of 1920 the little family had its
+first great loss. Here the oldest girl, Eleanor Barbara, died from a
+railroad accident.</p>
+
+<p>Julius Rohr, watching him work with his trees, encouraged him to start
+his own nursery because he knew so much about trees. With this
+encouragement, he started his own nursery in 1923. As demand increased
+he added a general line of nursery stock.</p>
+
+<p>Being interested in better varieties of fruit trees, he also became
+interested in better varieties of nuts. Having some native nut trees on
+his farm, he began to buy the better varieties of nut trees grown by
+other nurseries. When these came into bearing, not being satisfied with
+the known varieties of nuts on the market, he began his search for
+better nuts.</p>
+
+<p>In the fall of 1930 while searching in the river bottoms of Clinton
+County, Illinois, he discovered the Gerardi hican, and began its
+propagation and distributed it among other nurseries. It is now known
+the country over.</p>
+
+<p>A few years later while hunting in the same river bottoms with a friend
+named Frank Gildig, he was shown a very fine pecan which now bears the
+name of the Gildig pecan. And also the Queens Lake Pecan originated in
+the same locality. These were introduced in the year 1936. His health
+failed and in 1942 he discontinued growing general nursery stock and
+grew only nut trees, until his death, which was caused by cancer in the
+spring of 1947.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="MAJOR_HIRAM_B_FERRIS" id="MAJOR_HIRAM_B_FERRIS"></a>MAJOR HIRAM B. FERRIS</h2>
+
+
+<p>Our Major Hiram B. Ferris, of Spokane, Washington, died May 14th, 1947.
+He was a valued member, and his loss is keenly felt. He has been a
+source of inspiration, and a highly esteemed bank of information and
+instruction. His passing is very much regretted.</p>
+
+<p>(Submitted by George L. Denman, Spokane, Washington.)</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+  Mrs. William Rohrbacher,<br />
+  Mrs. John Hershey,<br />
+  Mrs. J. F. Johns.<br />
+  (<i>Committee Members</i>)
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Exhibitors_At_the_Annual_Meeting_of_the_Northern_Nut_Growers" id="Exhibitors_At_the_Annual_Meeting_of_the_Northern_Nut_Growers"></a>Exhibitors At the Annual Meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association, Guelph, Ontario, Sept. 3, 4, 5, 1947</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. B. Anthony, Sterling, Ill.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Black walnuts, Anthony shagbark hickory.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. F. L. Baum, Yellow House, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Black walnut kernels.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">G. H. Corsan, "Echo Valley", Islington, Ont.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Black walnuts, Persian walnuts, Japanese walnuts, heartnuts, filberts,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">shellbark and shagbark hickories.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. H. Corsan, Hillsdale, Mich.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Black walnuts, Persian walnuts, Japanese heartnuts and walnuts,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">pecans, hicans, butternuts, butternut hybrids, shagbark and shellbark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">hickories.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. R. T. Dunstan, Greensboro College, Greensboro, N. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Black walnuts, filberts, shagbark hickories, pecans.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fayette Etter, Lemasters, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Black walnuts, Persian walnuts, Chinese chestnuts, filberts, shagbark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">and shellbark hickories.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. U. Gellatly, Westbank, B. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Hybrid filberts, hybrid butternuts, photographs.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A. G. Hirschi, Oklahoma City, Okla.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Pecan clusters, various varieties.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. F. Huen, Eldora, Iowa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Black walnuts.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">G. J. Korn, Kalamazoo, Mich.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Black walnut kernels, black walnuts, Persian walnuts, Persian walnut</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">hybrids, shagbark hickories.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Black walnuts, Japanese heartnuts, Turkish filbert, shagbark and</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">shellbark hickories.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. C. McDaniel, Nashville 3, Tenn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Shagbark hickories, heartnut, Texas walnut.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Papple Brothers, Brantford, Ont.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Black walnuts, Japanese heartnuts, filberts.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jay L. Smith, Chester, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Filberts, Japanese chestnuts.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. F. Stoke, Roanoke, Va.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Black and Persian walnuts, heartnuts, filberts, shagbark and shellbark</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">hickories, Chinese, Japanese, American and hybrid chestnuts, papaws,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">chestnut grafts.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kenneth Thomas, Baltimore, Md.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Black walnuts.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lynn Tuttle, Clarkston, Wash.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Persian walnut nuts and shield buds, filberts.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">U. S. Department of Agriculture, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Persian walnuts, heartnuts, pecans, Chinese and Japanese chestnuts,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Allegheny chinkapin.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vineland Experiment Station, Vineland, Ont.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Persian walnuts, filberts, almonds.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Ind.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Black walnuts, hicans.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img127.jpg" width="600" height="376"
+             alt="Fig. 2" /><br />
+
+    </div>
+<h4><span class="smcap">Pictures Made on the <i>1947</i> Tour</span></h4>
+
+<h4>The photograph on this page was taken by Sterling Smith, those on pp.
+<a href='#Page_127'><b>126-7</b></a> are by Dorothy Milne. Groups of NNGA members are shown examining
+nut trees and other items of interest on G. H. Corsan's place, "Echo
+Valley," Islington, Ontario.</h4><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Attendance" id="Attendance"></a>Attendance</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. and Mrs. Royal Oakes, Bluffs, Ill.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. and Mrs. Henry Gressel, Mohawk, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. and Mrs. F. L. O'Rourke, East Lansing, Mich.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Ford Wallick, Peru, Ind.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Carl Prell, South Bend, Ind.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Arthur S. Colby, U. of Ill., Urbana, Ill.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rosamond H. Waite, M.D., Perrysburg, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. and Mrs. Raymond E. Silvis, Massillon, O.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Herbert Negus, Mt. Rainier, Md.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. and Mrs. G. F. Gravatt, U. S. Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville, Md.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. M. Churchill, Chicago, Ill.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edwin W. Lemke, Detroit, Mich.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wm. C. Hodgson, White Hall, Md.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ivor H. Harrhy, Burgessville, Ont.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gordon Porter, Windsor, Ont.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. and Mrs. Wm. Rohrbacher, Iowa City, Ia.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Betty Rohrbacher, Iowa City, Ia.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Clarke, Columbus, Ohio.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">G. L. Slate, Geneva, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. and Mrs. John H. Connelly, Milford, N. J.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Ind.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sterling A. Smith, Vermilion, Ohio</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">D. C. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. and Mrs. H. F. Stoke, Roanoke, Va.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eugene F. Cranz, Ira, Ohio</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victor Brook, Rochester, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George Salzer, Rochester, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. and Mrs. H. L. Crane, Hyattsville, Md.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spencer B. Chase, Norris, Tenn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ira M. Kyhl, Sabula, Iowa</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. and Mrs. R. P. Allaman, Harrisburg, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. A. English, Duncan, B. C.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wm. J. Little, St. George</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. J. Strong, Vineland, Ont.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">G. J. Korn, Kalamazoo, Mich.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roy E. Ferguson, Center Point, Iowa</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elton E. Papple, Cainsville, Ont.</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Merle H. Papple, Cainsville, Ont.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. F. Huen, Eldora, Iowa</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. C. Lounsberry, Ames, Iowa</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ralph Emerson, Highland Park, Mich.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph C. McDaniel, Nashville 3, Tenn.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. and Mrs. Blaine McCollum, White Hall, Md.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. W. Guengerich, Louisiana, Mo.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. S. Shoemaker, Guelph, Ont.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Bernath, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William S. Clarke, Jr., State College, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. Sam Hemming, Easton, Md.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Rick, Reading, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lewis E. Theiss, Lewisburg, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ralph Gibson, Williamsport 15, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilbert L. Smith, Wassaic, N. Y.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Levi Housser, Beamsville, Ont.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. and Mrs. Philip S. Moyer, Harrisburg, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ernest Chitton, Norwich, Ont.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. Lynn Tuttle, Clarkston, Wash.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. J. A. Neilson, Guelph, Ont.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mildred Jones, Lancaster, Pa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. R. VanHaarlem, Vineland Station, Ontario</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img129.jpg" width="600" height="468"
+             alt="Fig. 2" /><br />
+
+    </div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img130a.jpg" width="600" height="482"
+             alt="Fig. 2" /><br />
+
+    </div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+             <img   src="images/img130b.jpg" width="600" height="477"
+             alt="Fig. 2" /><br />
+
+    </div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Announcements" id="Announcements"></a>Announcements</h2>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Publications</span></h4>
+
+<p>Fall, 1947 and Winter, 1947-48 numbers of "The Nutshell", news bulletin
+of the NNGA, have been issued by the Secretary's office. It is intended
+to have this bulletin distributed to members four times a year. It will
+carry news of the Association's activities, supplementing the "Nut
+Growers News" column in the American Fruit Grower magazine, as well as
+reprints of items from other sources that concern nut growers in the
+northern two-thirds of the United States plus southern Canada. Beginning
+with the Winter, 1947-48 issue, advertising is being accepted in "The
+Nutshell." Members who have not received the first two issues, and
+others who want additional copies, may obtain them by writing to the
+Secretary.</p>
+
+<p>This Report is a few pages short of its anticipated size, because of the
+withdrawal for additional entries of a "Bibliography of References on
+Nuts of Special Interest in the North." We hope to have this brought up
+to date for publication in the next Annual Report.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Publicity</span></h4>
+
+<p>All members can contribute to the strength of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, Inc., by showing its publications to their neighbors, and
+by calling them to the attention of local farm paper and newspaper
+editors.</p>
+
+<p>Several of our members have helped swell the NNGA membership by
+mentioning it in nut tree articles for local and regional publications.
+As an example, Mr. H. F. Stoke wrote a short article on Chinese
+chestnuts for the "Southern Agriculturist", February, 1948 issue. At the
+end he stated that a list of nurseries selling Chinese chestnut and
+other nut trees could be obtained from the NNGA Secretary's office. To
+date (January 26, 1948) more than 50 requests have been received and
+each day brings more. Along with the nursery list, these correspondents
+receive information about the Northern Nut Growers Association, so any
+sudden increase in our membership in the States from North Carolina to
+Texas can be ascribed to this bit of publicity.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Style Manual</span></h4>
+
+<p>Mr. Clarence A. Reed, our retiring President (1946-47), has a suggestion
+for writers for publication:</p>
+
+<p>"An authoritative guide for writers is the <i>STYLE MANUAL</i> issued by the
+U. S. Government Printing Office (Washington 25, D. C.) Its use by
+Association writers would go far toward standardizing their papers and
+in simplifying the work of editing. The 1945 edition contains 435 pages.
+Cloth bound $1.50. Paper cover 35c. There is no charge for postage."</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">1948 Meeting</span></h4>
+
+<p>The dates selected by the Directors for the 39th Annual Meeting of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc. are September 13, 14, and 15. The
+place is Norris, Tennessee. Norris is about 25 miles from Knoxville.</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+J. C. McDANIEL, Secretary,<br />
+c/o Tennessee Department of Agriculture,<br />
+Nashville 3, Tennessee.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4>Hybrid Walnut Scions Offered for Nut Breeding</h4>
+
+<p>(The following note seems to me to belong in the NNGA Report, even
+though it wasn't on the program. It is an invitation to the
+experimenters to get something they might want.&mdash;J. Russell Smith.)</p>
+
+<p>Thomas R. Haig, M.D., 3344 H. St., Sacramento, California, reports a
+promising cross of northern California black X Persian walnut: "The nuts
+are fertile. This hybrid produces <b>pistillate flowers only</b>, lending
+itself easily to pollination with the various varieties of Persian.
+Should any experimenter wish scions he is welcome. Such scions could
+save considerable time.</p>
+
+<p>"The tree is now 9-10 years old. I obtained 5 nuts in 1947, by
+back-crossing the hybrid to Persian walnut. One seedling obtained
+previously by this hybridization is not yet bearing."</p>
+
+<p>Other members who have available scions of promising hybrids or other
+new varieties of nut trees are invited to communicate promptly with the
+Secretary. A list of these will be published in <b>THE NUTSHELL</b> for Spring,
+1948.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Hybrid Oak Information</h4>
+
+<p>Mr. Thomas Q. Mitchell, 16 East 48th Street, New York 17, New York,
+calls our attention to his article on "Hybrid Oak Crop Trees," in
+Harper's Magazine for February, 1948. He adds: "A much longer article is
+in preparation (in collaboration with Mr. Charles Morrow Wilson) for
+Scientific Monthly. Can you report any hybrid or exotic oaks there, or
+put me in touch with any Dendrophiles interested in oak hybrids as crop
+trees?"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h3>FOOTNOTES</h3>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Disease, Bureau
+of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural
+Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Canadian measure.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p>Score I = Weight (grams)<br /><br />
+
+1st crack + Total weight (grams) +<br />
+&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">2</span><br /><br />
+
+Number quarters +  Number halves<br />
+&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">4</span>  <span style="margin-left: 4em;">2</span><br /><br />
+
+
+Score II=Weight (grams) 1st crack +<br /><br />
+Total weight (grams) +<br />
+&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">2</span><br /><br />
+Number quarters<br />
+&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">2</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Associate cytologist, Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops
+and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural
+Engineering, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of
+Agriculture.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Consulting Pathologist, Conn. Agric. Expt. Station; Special
+Agent, Conn. Geological and Natural History Survey; and Collaborator,
+Division of Forest Pathology, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Journal Paper No. 719, New York State Agricultural
+Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Report of the Proceedings at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROCEEDINGS, 38TH ANNUAL MEETING, 1947 ***
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,7861 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of
+the Proceedings at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting
+       Guelph, Ontario, September 3, 4, 5, 1947
+
+Author: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: September 22, 2007 [EBook #22721]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROCEEDINGS, 38TH ANNUAL MEETING, 1947 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Janet Blenkinship
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|DISCLAIMER                                                              |
+|                                                                        |
+|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers|
+|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are |
+|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers       |
+|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is  |
+|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not|
+|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may   |
+|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide|
+|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current     |
+|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion  |
+|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut   |
+|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular   |
+|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.      |
+|                                                                        |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+  Northern Nut Growers
+
+  Association
+
+  INCORPORATED
+
+  Affiliated with
+  The American Horticultural Society
+
+  38th Annual Report
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+  CONVENTION AT GUELPH, ONTARIO
+
+  SEPTEMBER 3, 4, 5
+
+  1947
+
+
+
+
+  TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  Officers and Committees                                              3
+
+  State Vice Presidents                                                4
+
+  List of Members                                                      5
+
+  Constitution                                                        21
+
+  By-Laws                                                             22
+
+  Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention                  23
+
+      Address of Welcome--Dr. J. S. Shoemaker                         23
+
+      Response--Dr. L. H. MacDaniels                                  24
+
+      Report of Secretary--Mildred M. Jones                           25
+
+      Report on the Ohio Contest--Sterling Smith                      27
+
+      Report of Treasurer--D. C. Snyder                               28
+
+      Other Business of the Association                               29
+
+  Factors Influencing the Hardiness of Woody Plants--H. L. Crane      30
+
+  Nut Culture in Ontario--I. C. Marritt                               37
+
+  Nut Growing at the Hort. Sta., Vineland Station,
+      Ont.--W. J. Strong                                              39
+
+  Soil Management for Nut Plantations in Ontario--J. R. van Haarlem   43
+
+  Report from Southern Ontario--Alex Troup                            45
+
+  Nut Trees Hardy at Aldershot, Ontario, Canada--O. Filman            45
+
+  Report from Echo Valley, 1947--George Hebden Corsan                 48
+
+  Report from Beamsville, Ontario--Levi Housser                       50
+
+  Nut Growing in New Hampshire--L. P. Latimer                         51
+
+  Nut Notes from New Hampshire--Matthew Lahti                         52
+
+  A Simplified Schedule for Judging Black Walnut Varieties--L. H.
+  MacDaniels and S. S. Atwood                                         55
+
+  Test Plantings of Thomas Black Walnut in the Tennessee
+     Valley--Spencer B. Chase                                         60
+
+  West Tennessee Variety, Breeding and Propagation Tests, 1947--Aubrey
+  Richards, M. D.                                                     68
+
+  Notes on Some Kansas and Kentucky Pecans in Central Texas--O. S.
+  Gray                                                                69
+
+  Experiences of a Nut Tree Nurseryman--J. F. Wilkinson               70
+
+  Morphology and Structure of the Walnut--C. C. Lounsberry            72
+
+  A Method of Budding Walnuts--H. Lynn Tuttle                         74
+
+  Questions asked Mr. Stoke after his demonstration of grafting and
+  budding                                                             76
+
+  Importance of Bud Selection in the Grafting of Nut
+      Trees--G. J. Korn                                               78
+
+  The Hemming Chinese Chestnuts--E. Sam Hemming                       79
+
+  Results of a Chinese Chestnut Rootstock Experiment--J. W. McKay     83
+
+  Breeding Chestnut Trees: Report for 1946 and 1947--Arthur
+  Harmount Graves                                                     85
+
+  Chinese Chestnuts in the Chattahoochie Valley--G. S. Jones          92
+
+  Some Results with Filbert Breeding at Geneva,
+      N. Y.--George L. Slate                                          94
+
+  Nut News from Wisconsin--Carl Weschcke                             101
+
+  Home Preparation of Filbert Butter and Other Products--Mrs.
+  Jeanne M. Altman                                                   102
+
+  Notes from Central New York--S. H. Graham                          103
+
+  Experience with the Crath Carpathian Walnuts--Gilbert L. Smith     104
+
+  Observations on Hardiness of the Carpathian Walnuts at Poughkeepsie,
+  New York--Stephen Bernath                                          106
+
+  Discussion after Graham, Smith, and Bernath Persian walnut papers  107
+
+  Nuts About Trees--R. E. Hodgson                                    108
+
+  Report on Nut Trees at Massillon--Raymond E. Silvis                111
+
+  Planting of Nut Trees on Highways Undesirable--R. P. Allaman       113
+
+  Nut Growing for the Farm Owner--H. Gleason Mattoon                 114
+
+  Tree Crop and Nut Notes from Southern Pennsylvania--John
+  W. Hershey                                                         116
+
+  Notes from the New Jersey Section of the Northern Nut Growers
+  Association--Mrs. Alan R. Buckwalter                               119
+
+  Report of Resolutions Committee                                    120
+
+  Report of the Necrology Committee--Gerardi, Ferris                 121
+
+  Exhibitors                                                         123
+
+  Attendance                                                         125
+
+  Pictures Made on 1947 Tour                               124, 126, 127
+
+  Announcements                                                      128
+
+
+
+
+OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION
+
+
+  _President_--JOHN DAVIDSON, 234 E. Second St., Xenia, Ohio
+
+  _Vice President_--DR. L. H. MACDANIELS, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
+
+  _Treasurer_--D. C. SNYDER, Center Point, Iowa
+
+  _Secretary_--J. C. MCDANIEL, Tennessee Dept. of Agr., State Office Bldg.,
+  Nashville 3, Tenn.
+
+  _Director_--CLARENCE A. REED, 7309 Piney Branch Rd., N. W., Washington,
+  D. C.
+
+  _Director_--CARL WESCHCKE, 96 S. Wabasha St., Saint Paul, Minn.
+
+  _Dean_--DR. W. C. DEMING, 31 S. Highland, W. Hartford 7, Conn.
+
+  _Constitution Committee_--L. H. MACDANIELS, GEORGE L. SLATE, MISS MILDRED
+  JONES
+
+
+EXECUTIVE APPOINTMENTS
+
+  _Press and Publication_---Editorial Section: Dr. L. H. MacDaniels,
+  Dr. W. C. Deming, Miss Mildred Jones, Dr. J. Russell Smith,
+  Dr. A. S. Colby, George L. Slate, H. F. Stoke
+
+  Publicity Section: Dr. J. Russell Smith, H. F. Stoke, C. A. Reed,
+  A. A. Bungart, J. C. McDaniel
+  Printing Section: J. C. McDaniel, H. F. Stoke
+
+  _Program_--Spencer B. Chase, J. C. McDaniel, C. A. Reed,
+  Dr. O. D. Diller, Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Miss Mildred Jones
+
+  _Place of Meeting_--George L. Slate, D. C. Snyder, Royal Oakes, Dr. A. H.
+  Graves
+
+  _Varieties and Contests_--T. G. Zarger, L. Walter Sherman, Sterling
+  Smith, J. F. Wilkinson, Gilbert Becker, Gilbert L. Smith,
+  A. G. Hirschi, Seward Berhow. Standards and Judging Section of this
+  Committee: Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Spencer Chase, C. A. Reed,
+  H. F. Stoke
+
+  _Survey and Research_--R. E. Silvis, S. H. Graham, G. A. Gray,
+  E. F. Huen, Dr. Kenneth W. Hunt, Dr. C. H. Skinner, H. S. Wise,
+  Dr. G. F. Gravatt, John T. Bregger, Dr. A. H. Graves
+
+  _Membership_--Mrs. S. H. Graham, Mrs. Herbert Negus, Mrs. Harry Weber
+
+  _Exhibits_--H. F. Stoke, Jay L. Smith, L. Walter Sherman, J. F.
+  Wilkinson, G. L. Smith, H. H. Corsan, G. H. Corsan, Carl Weschcke,
+  Royal Oakes, H. G. Mattoon, George Brand, Seward Berhow
+
+  _Necrology_--Mrs. William Rohrbacher, Mrs. John Hershey, Mrs. J. F. Johns
+
+  _Audit_--Dr. William Rohrbacher, E. P. Gerber, R. P. Allaman
+
+  _Finance_--Carl Weschcke, Harry Weber, Carl F. Walker, D. C. Snyder
+
+  _Legal Advisers_--Harry Weber, Sargent Wellman
+
+  _Official Journal_--American Fruit Grower, 1370 Ontario St.,
+  Cleveland 13, Ohio
+
+
+
+
+State Vice-Presidents
+
+  Alabama                             LOVIC ORR
+  Alberta, Canada                   A. L. YOUNG
+  Arkansas                           A. C. HALE
+  British Columbia, Canada       J. U. GELLATLY
+  California                 DR. THOMAS R. HAIG
+  Colorado                           W. A. COLT
+  Connecticut               WILLIAM G. CANFIELD
+  Delaware                       EDWARD S. LAKE
+  Florida                           C. A. AVANT
+  Georgia                       G. CLYDE EIDSON
+  Idaho                             FRED BAISCH
+  Illinois                        LOUIS GERARDI
+  Indiana                         CARL F. PRELL
+  Iowa                              IRA M. KYHL
+  Kansas                         FRANK E. BORST
+  Kentucky                       DR. C. A. MOSS
+  Louisiana                   J. HILL FULLILOVE
+  Manitoba, Canada                  A. H. YOUNG
+  Maryland                     WILMER P. HOOPES
+  Massachusetts             DR. R. A. VAN METER
+  Mexico                      FREDERICO COMPEAN
+  Michigan                       GILBERT BECKER
+  Minnesota                       R. E. HODGSON
+  Mississippi                    JAMES R. MEYER
+  Missouri                       ADOLPH GIESSON
+  Nebraska                         GEORGE BRAND
+  New Hampshire                   MATTHEW LAHTI
+  New Jersey              MRS. A. R. BUCKWALTER
+  New York                       CLARENCE LEWIS
+  North Carolina              DR. R. T. DUNSTAN
+  Ohio                            A. A. BUNGART
+  Oklahoma                        A. G. HIRSCHI
+  Ontario, Canada                  G. H. CORSAN
+  Oregon                         S. M. DOHANIAN
+  Pennsylvania               H. GLEASON MATTOON
+  Rhode Island                     PHILIP ALLEN
+  South Carolina                JOHN T. BREGGER
+  South Dakota                 HOMER L. BRADLEY
+  Tennessee                    THOMAS G. ZARGER
+  Texas                         KAUFMAN FLORIDA
+  Utah                         GRANVILLE OLESON
+  Vermont                         A. W. ALDRICH
+  Virginia                   DR. V. A. PERTZOFF
+  Washington                   F. D. LINKLETTER
+  West Virginia               WENDELL W. HOOVER
+  Wisconsin                       W. S. BASSETT
+  Wyoming                          W. D. GREENE
+
+
+
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Membership List as of December 1, 1947
+
+
+  ALABAMA
+
+      Orr, Lovic, Penn-Orr-McDaniel Orchards, Rt. 1, Danville
+
+
+  ARKANSAS
+
+      Hale, A. C., Rt. 2, Box 322, Camden
+      Harris, Lt. Col. Oscar B., Rt. 1, Fayetteville
+      Stanley, Julian G., Rt. 1, Box 239, Camden
+      Winn, J. B., Westfork
+
+
+  CALIFORNIA
+
+      Armstrong Nurseries, 408 N. Euclid Ave., Ontario
+      Gaston, Eugene T., Rt. 2, Box 771, Turlock
+      Haig, Dr. Thomas R., 3344 H. St., Sacramento
+      Kemple, W. H., 22 West Ralston St., Ontario
+      Logan, George F., 16125 Hoover Street, Gardena
+      Parsons, Chas. E., Felix Gillet Nursery, Nevada City
+      Pozzi, P. H., 2875 S. Dutton Ave., Santa Rosa.
+      Walter, E. D., 899 Alameda, Berkeley
+      Welby, Harry S., 500 Buchanan St., Taft
+
+
+  CANADA
+
+      Brown, Alger, Rt. 1, Harley, Ontario
+      Cahoon, Dr. E. B., 333 O'Connor Dr., Toronto 6, Ontario
+      Casanave, John A., 909 Patterson Rd., Lulu Island, Vancouver, B. C.
+      Corsan, George H., Echo Valley, Islington, Ontario
+      Crath, Rev. Paul C., Rt. 2, Connington, Ontario
+      Eddie & Sons, Ltd., Pacific Coast Nurseries, Sardis, B. C.
+      Elgood, H., 74 Trans Canada Highway West, Chilliwack, B. C.
+      English, H. A., Box 153, Duncan, B. C.
+      Filman, O., Aldershot, Ontario
+      Gellatly, J. U., Box 19, Westbank, B. C.
+      Giegerich, H. C., Con-Mine, Trail, B. C.
+      Goodwin, Geoffrey L., Rt. 3, St. Catherines, Ontario
+      Harrhy, Ivor H., Rt. 1, Burgessville, Ontario
+      Housser, Levi, Beamsville, Ontario
+      Lawes, E. H., 412 Westmoreland Ave., Toronto 4, Ontario
+      Little, Wm. J., Rt. 1, St. George, Ontario
+      Maillene, George, Rt. 1, Fulford Harbor, B. C.
+      Manten, Jacob, Rt. 1, White Rock, B. C.
+     *Neilson, Mrs. Ellen, 5 McDonald Ave., Guelph, Ontario
+      Papple, Elton E., Rt. 3, Cainsville, Ontario
+      Porter, Gordon, Y. M. C. A., Windsor, Ontario
+      Stephenson, Mrs. J. H., 1539 Bellevue Ave., West Vancouver, B. C.
+      Trayling, E. J., 509 Richards St., Vancouver, B. C.
+      Wagner, A. S., Delhi, Ontario
+      Willis, A. R., Rt. 1, Royal Oak, Vancouver Island, B. C.
+      Wharton, H. W., Rt. 2, Guelph, Ontario
+      Wood, C. F., Hobbs Glass, Ltd., 7 Dale Ave., Toronto, Ontario
+      Yates, J., 2150 E. 65th Ave., Vancouver, B. C.
+      Young, A. H., Portage La Prairie, Manitoba
+      Young, A. L., Brooks, Alta.
+
+
+  COLORADO
+
+      Colt, W. A., Lyons
+      Hyde, Arthur, P. O. Box 417, Dolores
+
+
+  CONNECTICUT
+
+      Canfield, William G., 463 West Main St., New Britain
+    **Deming, Dr. W. C., 31 S. Highland, West Hartford 7
+      Gresecke, Paul, 379 Weed Ave., Stamford
+      Graham, Mrs. Cooper, Darien
+      Graves, Dr. A. H., 255 So. Main St., Wallingford
+      Huntington, A. M., Stranerigg Farms, Bethel
+      Kydd, Dr. D. M., 19 Westwood Rd., New Haven 15
+      McSweet, Arthur, Clapboard Hill Rd., Guilford
+      Milde, Karl F., Town Farm Rd., Litchfield
+      Newmaker, Adolph, Rt. 1, Rockville
+      Page, Donald T., Box 391, Rt. 1, Danielson
+      Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater
+      Rodgers, Raymond, Rt. 2, Westport
+      Rozanshi, Joseph, 130 La Salle St., New Britain
+      Scazlia, Jos. A., 372 Matson Hill Rd., So. Glastonbury
+      Senior, Sam P., Rt. 1, Bridgeport
+      White, George E., Rt. 2, Andover
+
+
+  DELAWARE
+
+      Brugmann, Elmer W., 1904 Washington St., Wilmington
+      Lake, Edward S., Sharpless Road, Hockessin
+      Wilkins, Lewis, Rt. 1, Newark
+
+
+  DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+
+      Borchers, Perry E., 1329 Quincy St., N. W., Washington 11, D. C.
+      Graff, Geo. U., 242 Peabody St., N. W., Washington, D. C.
+      Kaan, Dr. Helen W., National Research Council, 2101 Constitution
+      Ave., Washington 25, D. C. Librarian, American Potash Institute,
+      Inc., 1155-16th St., N. W., Washington, D. C.
+      Reed, C. A., 7309 Piney Branch Rd., N. W., Washington 12, D. C.
+
+
+  FLORIDA
+
+      Avant, C. A., 960 N. W. 10th Ave., Miami
+
+  GEORGIA
+
+      Eidson, G. Clyde, 1700 Westwood Ave., S. W., Atlanta
+      Hammar, Dr. Harold E., U. S. Pecan Field Sta., Box 84, Albany
+      Hunter, H. Reid, 561 Lake Shore Dr., N. E., Atlanta
+      Neal, Homer A., Neal's Nursery, Rt. 1, Carnesville
+      Skyland Farms, S. C. Noland & C. H. Crawford, 161 Spring St., N. W.,
+        Atlanta
+      Wilson, Wm. J., North Anderson Ave., Ft. Valley
+
+
+  IDAHO
+
+      Baisch, Fred, 627 E. Main St., Emmett
+      Dryden, Lynn, Peck
+      Falin, Mrs. John, Riggins
+      Hazelbaker, Calvin, Lewiston
+      Kudlac, Joe T., Box 147, Buhl
+      McGoran, J. E., Box 42, Spirit Lake, Idaho
+      Swayne, Samuel F., Orofino
+
+
+  ILLINOIS
+
+      Albrecht, H. W., Delaven
+      Allen, Theodore R., Delevan
+      Anthony, A. B., Rt. 3, Sterling
+      Baber, Adin, Kansas
+      Best, R. B., Eldred
+      Bolle, Dr. A. C., 324 E. State St., Jacksonville
+      Bradley, James W., 1307 N. McKinley Ave., Champaign
+      Bronson, Earle A., 800 Simpson St., Evanston
+      Churchill, Woodford M., 4333 Oakenwold, Chicago
+      Colby, Dr. Arthur S., University of Illinois, Urbana
+      Dietrich, Ernest, Rt. 2, Dundas
+      Dintelman, L. F., Belleville
+      Frey, Mrs. Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago
+      Frey, Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago
+      Frierdich, Fred, 3907 W. Main St., Belleville
+      Gerardi, Louis, Rt. 1, Caseyville
+      Haeseler, L. M., 1959 W. Madison St., Chicago
+      Heberlein, Edw. W., Rt. 1, Box 72 A, Roscoe
+      Helmle, Herman C., 123 N. Walnut St., Springfield
+      Hockenyoo, G. L., 213 E. Jefferson St., Springfield
+      Holland, Dr. W. W., 512 N. Randolf St., Macomb
+      Johnson, Hjalmar W., 5811 Dorchester Ave., Chicago 37
+      Jungk, Adolph, 817 Washington Ave., Alton
+      Kilner, F. R., American Nurseryman, 343 S. Dearborn St., Chicago 4
+      Klein, A. F., 1026 Harrison St., Galesburg
+      Knobloch, Miss Margaret, Arthur
+      Kreider, Ralph, Jr., Hammond
+      Langdoe, Wesley W., Erie Community High School, Erie
+      Leighton, L. C., Arthur
+      Mandrell, C. Wayne, Box 642, Tolono
+      Oakes, Royal, Bluffs
+      Pray, A. Lee, 502 North Main St., LeRoy
+      Sonnemann, W. F., Experimental Gardens, Vandalia
+      Seaton, Earl D., 2313 6th, Peru
+      Terril, Mark, 726 Greenleaf Ave., Wilmette
+      Urush, R. A., 1022 N. Dearborn, Chicago 10
+      Whitford, A. M., Farina
+      Williams, Jerry F., 2704 Walnut St., Shelbyville
+      Youngberg, Harry W., Port Clinton Rd., Prairie View
+
+
+  INDIANA
+
+      Behr, J. E., Laconia
+      Boyer, Clyde C, Nabb
+      Cole, Chas. Jr., 220 West La Salle Ave., South Bend
+      Garber, H. G., Indiana State Farm, Greencastle
+      Gentry, Herbert M., Rt. 2, Noblesville
+      Glaser, Peter, Rt. 1, Box 301, Evansville
+      Hite, Charles Dean, Rt. 2, Bluffton
+      Pritchett, Emery, 1340 Park Ave., Fort Wayne
+      Prell, Carl F., 803 West Colfax Ave., South Bend
+      Ramsey, Arthur, Muncie Tree Surgery Co., Muncie
+      Simpson, Paul F., 5951 Indianola, Indianapolis 20
+      Skinner, Dr. Charles H., Rt. 1, Thornton
+      Sly, Miss Barbara, Rt. 3, Rockport
+      Sly, Donald R., Rt. 3, Rockport
+      Stephenson, Walter, Delta Electric Co., Marion
+      Stierwalt, G. W., Rt. 4, Greencastle
+      Wallick, Ford, Rt. 4, Peru
+      Warren, E. L., New Richmond
+      Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport
+
+
+  IOWA
+
+      Berhow, S., Berhow Nurseries, Huxley
+      Boice, R. H., Rt. 1, Nashua
+      Cole, Edward P., 419 Chestnut St., Atlantic
+      Ferguson, Albert B., Center Point
+      Ferguson, Roy, Center Point
+      Ferris, Wayne, Hampton
+      Gardner, Clark, Gardner Nurseries, Osage
+      Harrison, L. E., Nashua
+      Huen, E. F., Eldora
+      Inter-State Nurseries, Hamburg
+      Iowa Fruit Growers' Association, State House, Des Moines
+      Kaser, J. D., Winterset
+      Kivell, Ivan E., Rt. 3, Greene
+      Kyhl, Ira M., Box 236, Sabula
+      Lanman, Harry, Hamburg
+      Last, Herman, Steamboat Rock
+      Lounsberry, C. C., 209 Howard Ave., Ames
+      Martazahn, Frank A., Rt. 3, Davenport
+      McLeran, Harold F., Mt. Pleasant
+      Meints, A. Rock, Dixon
+      Rodenberg, Henry, Guttenberg
+      Rohrbacher, Dr. Wm., 811 East College St., Iowa City
+      Schlagenbusch Bros., Rt. 3, Ft. Madison
+      Snyder, D. C., Center Point
+      Steffen, R. F., Box 1302, Sioux City 7
+      Swartzendruber, D. B., Kalona
+      Wade, Ida May, Rt. 3, LaPorte City
+      Widmer, H. R., Bloomfield
+      Welch, H. S., Mt. Arbor Nurseries, Shenandoah
+      Wood, Roy A., Castana
+
+
+  KANSAS
+
+      Baker, F. C., Troy
+      Borst, Frank E., 1704 Shawnee St., Leavenworth
+      Boyd, Elmer, Rt. 1, Box 95, Oskaloosa
+      Burrichter, George W., c/o Mrs. James Stone, 3011 N. 36th St.,
+        Kansas City
+      Fisher, Richard W., 704 N. 12th St., Leavenworth
+      Funk, M. D., 1501 N. Tyler St., Topeka
+      Gray, Dr. Clyde, 1045 Central Avenue, Horton
+      Hofman, Rayburn, Rt. 5, Manhattan
+      Leavenworth Nurseries, Rt. 3, Leavenworth
+      Mendere, John, Lansing
+      Threlenhaus, W. F., Rt. 1, Buffalo
+
+
+  KENTUCKY
+
+      Alves, Robert H., Nehi Bottling Co., Henderson
+      Baughn, Cullie, Rt. 6, Box 1, Franklin
+      Cornett, Chas. L., Box 566, Lynch
+      Moss, Dr. C. A., Williamsburg
+      Palmeter, Clarence, Rt 1, Mt. Sterling
+      Tatum, W. G., Rt. 4, Lebanon
+      Whittinghill, Lonnie M., Box 10, Love
+
+
+  LOUISIANA
+
+      Fullilove, J. Hill, Box 157, Shreveport
+
+
+  MARYLAND
+
+      Crane, Dr. H. L., Bureau of Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville
+      Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc., Dover Rd., Easton
+      Fletcher, C. Hicks, Lulley's Hillside Farm, Bowie
+      Gravatt, Dr. G. F., Forest Pathology, Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville
+      Harris, Walter B., Worton
+      Hodgson, Wm. C, Rt. 1, White Hall
+      Hoopes, Wilmer P., Forest Hill
+      Kemp, Homer S., Bountiful Ridge Nurseries, Princess Anne
+      Mannakee, N. H., Ashton
+      McCollum, Blaine, White Hall
+      McKay, Dr. J. W., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville
+      Negus, Mrs. Herbert, 4514-32nd St., Mt. Rainier
+      Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown
+      Purnell, J. Edgar, Spring Hill Road, Salisbury
+      Shamer, Dr. Maurice E., 3300 W. North Ave., Baltimore
+      Thomas, Kenneth D., 2826 Rosalie Ave., Baltimore 14
+
+
+  MASSACHUSETTS
+
+      Babbitt, Howard S., 321 Dawes Ave., Pittsfield
+      Brown, Daniel L., Esq., 60 State St., Boston
+      Fitts, Walter H., 39 Baker St., Foxboro
+      Fritze, E., Osterville
+      Garlock, Mott A., 17 Arlington Rd., Longmeadow
+      Gauthier, Louis R., Wood Hill Rd., Monson
+      Hanchett, James L., Rt. 1, East Longmeadow
+      Kendall, Henry P., Moose Hill Farm, Sharon
+      La Beau, Henry A., North Hoosic Rd., Williamstown
+      Pinkerton, E. G., 177 Lowden St., Dedham
+      Rice, Horace J., 5 Elm St., Springfield
+     *Russell, Mrs. Newton H., 12 Burnett Ave., South Hadley
+      Short, I. W., 299 Washington St., Taunton
+      Stewart, O. W., 75 Milton Ave., Hyde Park
+      Swartz, H. P., 206 Chicopee St., Chicopee
+      Van Meter, Dr. R. A., French Hall, M.S.C., Amherst
+      Wellman, Sargent H., Esq., Windridge, Topsfield
+      Westcott, Samuel K., 70 Richview Ave., North Adams
+      Weston Nurseries, Inc., Brown & Winters Sts., Weston
+      Weymouth, Paul W., 183 Plymouth St., Holbrook
+
+
+  MEXICO
+
+      Compean, Senor Federico, Gerente, Granjas "Cordelia" Apartado 141,
+        San Luis Potosi, Mexico
+
+
+  MICHIGAN
+
+      Achenbach, W. N., Petoskey
+      Andersen, Charles, Andersen Evergreen Nurseries, Scottsville
+      Barlow, Alfred L., 13079 Flanders Ave., Detroit 5
+      Becker, Gilbert, Climax
+      Blackman, Orrin C., Box 55, Jackson
+      Bogart, Geo. C., Rt. 2, Three Oaks
+      Boylan, P. B., Cloverdale
+      Bradley, L. J., Rt. 1, Springport
+      Bumler, Malcolm R., 1097 Lakeview, Detroit
+      Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Rt. 2, Union City
+      Burgess, E. H., Burgess Seed & Plant Co., Galesburg
+      Burr, Redmond M., 320 S. 5th Ave., Ann Arbor
+      Buskey, James, 2932 Marlborough, Detroit 15
+      Cook, E. A., M. D., Director, County Health Dept., Corunna
+      Corsan, H. H., Rt. 1, Hillsdale
+      Emerson, Ralph, 161 Cortland Ave., Highland Park 3
+      Germer, C. F., Rt. 2, Burr Oak
+      Hackett, John C, 315 Diamond Ave., S. E., Grand Rapids 6
+      Hagelshaw, W. J., Box 314, Galesburg
+      Hay, Francis H., Ivanhoe Place, Lawrence
+      Healey, Scott, Rt. 2, Otsego
+     *Kellogg, W. K., Battle Creek
+      King, Harold J., Sodus
+      Korn, G. J., 140 N. Rose St., Kalamazoo 24
+      Lee, Michael, Lapeer
+      Lemke, Edwin W., 2432 Townsend Ave., Detroit 14
+      Mann, Charles W., Box 357 Saugatuck
+      Miller, Louis, 130 N. O'Keefe, Cassopolis
+      O'Rourke, Dr. F. L., Hort'l Dept., Michigan State College, E. Lansing
+      Otto, Arnold G., 4150 Three Mile Drive, Detroit
+      Pickles, Arthur W., 760 Elmwood Ave., Jackson
+      Prushek, E., Rt. 3, Niles
+      Scofield, Carl, Box 215, Woodland
+      Stahelin, C. A., Bridgeman
+      Stocking, Frederick N., Harrisville
+      Tate, D. L., 959 Westchester St., Birmingham
+      Wiard, Everett W., 510 S. Huron St., Ypsilanti
+      Witbeck, Mrs. V. H., Rt. 2, Woodland
+      Whallon, Archer P., Rt. 1, Stockbridge
+      Zeket, Arnold, 1955 Catalpa Ct., Ferndale 20
+
+
+  MINNESOTA
+
+      Andrews, Miss Frances E., 48 Park View Terrace, Minneapolis
+      Hodgson, R. E., Dept, of Agriculture, S. E. Exp. Sta., Waseca
+      Mayo Forestry & Horticultural Institute, Box 498, Rochester
+      Skrukrud, Baldwin, Sacred Heart
+      Weschcke, Carl, 96 S. Wabasha St., St. Paul
+
+
+  MISSISSIPPI
+
+      Meyer, James R., Delta Branch Exper. Station, Stoneville
+
+
+  MISSOURI
+
+      Bauch, G. D., Box 66, Farmington
+      Blake, R. E., c/o International Shoe Co., 1509 Washingtin Ave.,
+        St. Louis 3
+      Campbell, A. T., Robinson Pike, Rt. 1, Grandview
+      Fisher, J. B., R. R. H. 1, Pacific
+      Giesson, Adolph, River Aux Vases
+      Hay, Leander, Gilliam
+      Howe, John, Rt. I, Box 4, Pacific
+      Huber, Frank J., Weingarten
+      Hudson, Perry H., Smithton
+      Johns, Mrs. Jeannette F., Rt. 1, Festus
+      Nicholson, John W., Ash Grove
+      Ochs, C. T., Box 291, Salem
+      Richterkessing, Ralph, Rt. 1, St. Charles
+      Schmidt, Victor H., 4821 Virginia, Kansas City
+      Stanage, John L., 135 So. Rock Hill Rd., Webster Groves
+      Stark Brothers Nurs. & Orchard Co., Louisiana
+      Tainter, Nat A., 714 N. Fifth St., Saint Charles
+      Thompson, J. D., 600 West 63rd St., Kansas City 2
+      Weil, A. E., c/o Dow Chemical Co., 3615 Olive St., St. Louis 8
+
+
+  NEBRASKA
+
+      Brand, George, Rt. 5, Box 60, Lincoln
+      Caha, William, Wahoo
+      Ginn, A. M., Box 6, Bayard
+      Hess, Harvey W., The Arrowhead Gardens, Box 209, Hebron
+      Hoyer, L. B., 7554 Maple St., Omaha
+      Lenz, Clifford Q., 3815 Maple St., Omaha 3
+      Marshall's Nurseries, Arlington
+      Van Arsdale, D. N., 701 N. Fifth St., Beatrice
+      White, Bertha G., 7615 Leighton Ave., Lincoln 5
+      White, Warren E., 6920 Binney St., Omaha 4
+
+
+  NEW HAMPSHIRE
+
+      Lahti, Matthew, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro
+      Latimer, Prof. L. P., Dept of Horticulture, Durham
+      Malcolm, Herbert L., The Waumbek Farm, Jefferson
+      Messier, Frank, Rt. 2, Nashua
+
+
+  NEW JERSEY
+
+      Bangs, Ralph E., Allamuchy
+      Beck, Stanley, 12 South Monroe Ave., Wenonah
+      Blake, Dr. Harold, Box 93, Saddle River
+      Bottom, R. J., 41 Robertson Rd., West Orange
+      Brewer, J. L., 10 Allen Place, Fair Lawn
+      Buch, Philip O., 106 Rockaway Ave., Rockaway
+      Buckwalter, Mrs. Alan R., Flemington
+      Buckwalter, Geoffrey R., Route 1, Box 12, Flemington
+      Canfield, Roger I., 549 Fairview Ave., Cedar Grove
+      Cumberland Nursery, Rt. 1, Millville
+      Donnelly, John H., Mountain Ice Co., 51 Newark St., Hoboken
+      Dougherty, Wm. M., Broadacres-on-Bedens, Box 425, Princeton
+      Franek, Michael, 323 Rutherford Ave., Franklin
+      Gardenier, Dr. Harold C., Westwood
+      Hostetter, Amos B., 17 So. Beechcroft Rd., Short Hills
+     *Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly Place, Jersey City
+      Jewett, Edmund Gale, Rt. 1, Port Murray
+      Lovett's Nursery, Inc., Little Silver
+      McCulloch, J. D., 73 George St., Freehold
+      McDowell, Fred, 905 Ocean Ave., Belmar
+      Mueller, R., Rt. 1, Box 81, Westwood
+      Ritchie, Walter M., Rt. 2, Box 122R, Rohway
+      Rocker, Louis P., The Rocker Farm, Andover
+      Sorg, Henry, Chicago Ave., Egg Harbor City
+      Sutton, Ross J., Jr., Rt. 2, Lebanon
+      Szalay, Dr. S., 931 Garrisin Ave., Teaneck
+      Van Doren, Durand H., 310 Redmond Rd., South Orange
+      Yorks, A. S., Lamatonk Nurseries, Neshanic Station
+
+
+  NEW YORK
+
+      Barber, Geo. H., Rt. 1, Stockton
+      Barton, Irving Titus, Montour Falls
+      Bassett, Charles K., 2917 Main St., Buffalo
+      Beck, Paul E., Beck's Guernsey Dairy, Transit Rd., E. Amherst
+      Benton, William A., Wassaic
+      Bernath's Nursery, Rt. 1, Poughkeepsie
+      Bixby, Henry D., East Drive, Halesite, L. I.
+      Blauner, Sidney H., 290 West End Ave., New York
+      Bradbury, Captain H. G., 30 Fifth Ave., New York 11
+      Brinckeroff, John H., 161-19 Jamaica Ave., Jamaica
+      Brook, Victor, 171 Rockingham St., Rochester
+      Brooks, William G., Monroe
+      Bundick, C. U., 35 Anderson Ave., Scarsdale
+      Carter, George, 428 Avenue A, Rochester 5
+      Cowan, Harold, 643 Southern Bldg., The Bronx, New York 55.
+      Dasey, Mrs. Eva B., 210 High Bridge St., Fayetteville
+      Dutton, Walter, 264 Terrace Park, Rochester
+      Ellwanger, Mrs. William D., 510 East Ave., Rochester
+      Elsbree, George Jr., Stanfordville, Dutchess Co., New York
+      Engle, Mrs. Charle, Rt. 1, Port Crane
+      Feil, Harry, 1270 Hilton-Spencerport Rd., Hilton
+      Flanigen, Charles F., 16 Greenfield St., Buffalo
+      Freer, H. J., 20 Midvale Rd., Fairport
+      Fribance, A. E., 139 Elmdorf Ave., Rochester 11
+      Fruch, Alfred, 34 Perry St., New York
+      Garcia, M., c/o Garcia & Diaz, 82 Beaver St., New York 5
+      Graham, S. H., Rt. 5, Ithaca
+      Graham, Mrs. S. H., Bostwick Road, Ithaca
+      Gressel, Henry, Rt. 2, Mohawk
+      Haas, Dr. Sidney V., 47 West 86th St., New York City
+      Hasbrouck, Walter, Jr., New Platz
+      Hubbell, James F., Mayro Bldg., Utica
+      Iddings, William, 165 Ludlow St., New York
+      Irish, G. Whitney, Valatie
+      Kelly, Mortimer B., 17 Battery Place, New York
+      Knorr, Mrs. Arthur, 15 Central Park, West, Apt. 1406, New York
+      Kraai, Dr. John, Fairport
+      Larkin, Harry H., 189 Van Rensselaer St., Buffalo 10
+     *Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Ave., New York
+      Little, George, Ripley
+      Lowerre, James D., 1121 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn 16
+     *MacDaniels, Dr. L. H., Cornell University, Ithaca
+      Maloney Brothers Nursery Co., Inc., Dansville
+      Miller, J. E., Canandaigua
+      Mitchell, Rudolph, 125 Riverside Drive, New York 24
+     *Montgomery, Robert H., 1 E. 44th St., New York
+      Mossman, Dr. James K., Black Oaks, Ramapo
+      Muenscher, Prof. W. C., 1001 Highland Road, Ithaca
+      Newell, P. F., Lake Road, Rt. 1, Westfield
+      Oeder, Dr. Lambert R., 551 Fifth Ave., New York
+      Overton, Willis W., 3 Lathrop St., Carthage
+      Page, Charles E., Rt. 2, Oneida
+      Rauch, Basil, Barnard College Columbia U., New York 27
+      Rebillard, Frederick, 164 Lark St., Albany 5
+      Rightmyer, Harold, Rt. 4, Ithaca
+      Salzer, George, 169 Garford Rd., Rochester
+      Sameth, Sigmund, 38 E 65th St., New York 21
+      Schlegel, Charles B., 990 South Ave., Rochester
+      Schlick, Frank, Munnsville
+      Schmidt, Carl W., 180 Linwood Ave., Buffalo
+      Shank, W., 141 Parkway Road, Room 9, Bronxville
+      Shannon, J. W., Box 90, Ithaca
+      Sheffield, Lewis J., c/o Mrs. Edna C. Jones, Townline Rd., Orangeburg
+      Slate, Prof. George L., Experiment Station, Geneva
+      Smith, Gilbert L., State School, Wassaic
+      Smith, Jay L., Chester
+      Steiger, Harwood, Red Hook
+      Stern-Montagny, Hubert, Erbonia Farm, Gardiner
+      Szego, Alfred, 77-15 A 37th Ave., Jackson Heights, New York
+      Timmerman, Karl G., 123 Chapel St., Fayetteville
+      Todd, E. Murray, 55 Liberty St., New York
+      Waite, Dr. R. H., Willowwaite Moor, Perrysburg
+      Wichlac, Thaddeus, 3236 Genesee St., Cheektowaga (Buffalo) 21
+      Windisch, Richard P., c/o W. E. Burnet & Co., 11 Wall St., New York
+     *Wissman, Mrs. F. De R., G. W. 54th St., New York
+
+
+  NORTH CAROLINA
+
+      Brooks, J. R., Box 116, Enka
+      Dunstan, Dr. R. T., Greensboro College, Greensboro
+      Finch, Jack R., Bailey
+      Parks, C. H., Rt. 2, Asheville
+      Rice, Clyde H., Rt. 2, Box 158, Mars Hill, N. C.
+
+
+  OHIO
+
+      Barden, C. A., 215 Morgan St., Oberlin
+      Bitler, W. A., 322 McPheron Ave., Lima
+      Bungart, A. A., Avon
+      Bush, David G., Rt. 3, Warren
+      Chapman, Floyd B., 1944 Denune Ave., Columbus 3
+      Cinadr, Mrs. Katherine, 13514 Coath Ave., Cleveland 20
+      Clark, R. L., 1184 Melbourne Rd., East Cleveland 12
+      Cook, H. C., Rt. 1, Box 125, Leetonia
+      Cranz, Eugene F., Mount Tom Farm, Ira
+      Davidson, John, 234 E. 2nd St., Xenia
+      Davidson, Mrs. John, 234 E. 2nd St., Xenia
+      De Leon, Donald, Box 244, Sta. G., Columbus 7
+      Diller, Dr. Oliver D., Dept. of Forestry, Experiment Sta., Wooster
+      Dubois, Miss Frances M., 4623 Glenshade Ave., Cincinnati 27
+      Elliott, Donald W., Rogers
+      Emch, F. E., Genoa
+      Evans, Maurice G., 335 S. Main St., Akron 8
+      Fickes, Mrs. W. R., Rt. 1, Wooster
+      Foraker, Maj. C. Merle, 152 Elmwood Ave., Barberton
+      Foss, H. D., 875 Hamlin St., Akron 2
+      Franks, M. L., Rt. 1, Montpelier
+      Frederick, Geo. F., 3925 W. 17th, Cleveland 9
+      Garden Center of Greater Cleveland, 11190 East Blvd., Cleveland
+      Gauly, Dr. Edward, 1110 Euclid Ave., Cleveland
+      Gerber, E. P., Kidron
+      Gerstenmaier, John A., 13 Pond S. W., Massilon
+      Goss, C. E., 922 Dover Ave., Akron 2
+      Gray, G. A., 3317 Jefferson Ave., Cincinnati 20
+      Grad, Dr. Edw. A., 1506 Chase St., Cincinnati 23
+      Haydeck, Carl, 3213 West 73rd St., Cleveland 2
+      Hill, Dr. Albert A., 4187 Pearl Rd., Cleveland
+      Hoch, Gordon F., 6292 Glade Ave., Cincinnati 30
+      Hunt, Kenneth W., Yellow Springs
+      Irish, Charles F., 418 E. 105th St., Cleveland
+      Jacobs, Homer L., Davey Tree Expert Co., Kent
+      Jacobs, Mason, 3003 Jacobs Rd., Youngstown
+      Kappel, Owen, Bolivar
+      Kintzel, Frank M., 2506 Briarcliffe Ave., Cincinnati 13
+      Kirby, R. L., Rt. 2, Blanchester
+      Kratzer, George, Rt. 1, Dalton
+      Krok, Walter P., 925 W. 29th St., Lorain
+      Laditka, Nicholas G., 5322 Stickney Ave., Cleveland 9
+      Lashley, Charles V., 216 S. Main, Wellington
+      Lehmann, Carl, Union Trust Bldg., Cincinnati
+      Lorenz, R. C., 121 N. Arch St., Fremont
+      Madson, Arthur E., 13608 5th Ave., E. Cleveland 12
+      McBride, William B., 2398 Brandon Rd., Columbus 8
+      Metzger, A. J., 724 Euclid Ave., Toledo 5
+      Neff, William, Martel
+      Nicolay, Chas., 2259 Hess Ave., Cincinnati 11
+      Oches, Norman M., Rt. 2, Brunswick
+      Osborn, Frank C, 4040 W. 160th St., Cleveland
+      Pomerene, W. H., Coshocton
+      Poston, E. M., Jr., 2640 E. Main, Columbus
+      Ranke, William, Rt. 1, Amelia
+      Rowe, Stanley M., Rt. 1, Box 73, Cincinnati 27
+      Rummel, E. T., 16613 Laverne Ave., Cleveland 11
+      Scarff's Sons, W. N., New Carlisle
+      Schaufelberger, Hugo, Rt. 2, Sandusky
+      Seas, D. Edw., 721 South Main St., Orrville
+      Shelton, Dr. E. M., 1468 W. Clifton Blvd., Lakewood 7
+      Sherman, L. Walter, Mahoning Co., Exp. Farm, Canfield
+      Shessler, Sylvester M., Genoa
+      Silvis, Raymond E., 1725 Lindbergh Ave., N. E., Massillon
+      Smith, L. A., Rt. 1, Uniontown
+      Smith, Sterling A., 630 W. South St., Vermilion
+      Spring Hill Nurseries Co., Tipp City
+      Strauss, Jos., 3640 Epworth Ave., Cincinnati 11
+      Stocker, C. P., Lorain Products Corp., 1122 F. St., Lorain
+      Sylvarium Gardens, L. E. Crawford, 5499 Columbia Rd., North Olmsted
+      Thomas, W. F., 406 S. Main St., Findlay
+      Toops, Herbert A., 1430 Cambridge Blvd., Columbus
+      Urban, George, 4518 Ardendale Rd., South Euclid 21
+      Van Voorhis, J. F., 215 Hudson Ave., Apt. B-1, Newark
+      Walker, Carl F., 2851 E. Overlook Rd., Cleveland
+      Weaver, Arthur W., 318 Oliver St., Toledo 4
+     *Weber, Harry R., Esq., 123 E. 6th St., Cincinnati
+      Weber, Mrs. Martha R., Rt. 1, Morgan Rd., Cleves
+      Whitney, Charles E., West Mansfield
+      Willett, Dr. G. P., Elmore
+      William, Harry M., 221 Grandon Rd., Dayton 9, Ohio
+      Wischhusen, J. F., 15031 Shore Acres Dr., N. E., Cleveland 10
+      Yoder, Emmet, Smithville
+
+
+  OKLAHOMA
+
+      Butler, Roy, Rt. 2, Hydro
+      Cross, Prof. Frank B., Dept, of Hort., Stillwater
+      Hirschi's Nursery, 414 N. Robinson, Oklahoma City
+      Hubbard, Orie B., Kingston
+      Hughes, C. V., Rt. 3, Box 564, Oklahoma City 8
+      Jarrett, C. F., 2208 W. 40th, Tulsa
+      Meek, E. B., Rt. 2, Wynnewood
+      Pulliam, Gordon, 407 Osage Ave., Bartlesville
+      Ruhlen, Dr. Chas. A., 114 W. Steele, Cushing
+      Swan, Oscar E., Jr., 1226 E. 30th St., Tulsa 5
+
+
+  OREGON
+
+      Borland, Robert E., 219 Mill St., Silverton
+      Butler, Joe C., Sherwood
+      Carlton Nursery Co., Forest Grove
+      Dohanian, S. M., P. O. Box 246, Eugene
+      Miller, John E., Rt. 1, Box 312-A, Oswego
+      Pearcy, Harry L., H. L. Pearcy Nursery Co., Rt. 2, Box 190, Salem
+      Schuster, C. E., Horticulturist, Corvallis
+      Sheppard, Chas. M., Tucker Road, Hood River
+
+
+  PENNSYLVANIA
+
+      Allaman, R. P., Rt. 1, Harrisburg
+      Anundson, Lester, 2630 Chestnut St., Erie
+      Banks, H. C., Rt. 1, Hellertown
+      Beard, H. K., Rt. 1, Sheridan
+      Berst, Chas. B., 655 Brown Ave., Erie
+      Bowen, John C., Rt. 1, Macungie
+      Breneiser, Amos P., 427 N. 5th St., Reading
+      Buckman, C. M., Schwenkville
+      Catterall, Karl P., 734 Frank St., Pittsburgh 10
+      Clarke, Wm. S., Jr., Box 167, State College
+      Colwell, F. A., R.F.D., Collegeville
+      Creasy, Luther P., Catawissa
+      Damask, Henry, 1632 Doyle St., Wilkinsburg
+      Dewey, Richard, Box 41, Peckville
+      Dible, Samuel E., Rt. 3, Shelocta
+      Eckhart, Pierce, 573 Haddington St., Philadelphia 31
+      Etter, Fayette, P. O. Box 57, Lemasters
+      Gardner, Ralph D., Box 425, Colonial Park
+      Gibson, Ralph, 331 Center St., Williamsport
+      Good, Orren S., 316 N. Fairview St., Lock Haven
+      Gorton, F. B., Rt. 1, East Lake Road, Harbor Creek, Erie Co.
+      Heasley, George S., Rt. 3, Beaver Falls
+      Heckler, George Snyder, Hatfield
+      Hershey, John W., Nut Tree Nurseries, Downingtown
+      Hostetter, C. F., Bird-In-Hand
+      Hostetter, L. K., Rt. 5, Lancaster
+      Hughes, Douglas, 1230 East 21st St., Erie
+      Johnson, Robert F., Rt. 5, Box 56, Crafton
+      Jones, Mildred M., 301 N. West End Ave., Lancaster
+      Jones, Dr. Truman W., Coatesville
+      Kaufman, M. M., Clarion
+      Kirk, DeNard B., Forest Grove
+      Knouse, Chas. W., Colonial Park
+      Laboski, George T., Rt. 1, Harbor Creek
+      Leach, Hon. Will, Court House, Scranton
+      Long, Carleton C., 138 College Ave., Beaver
+      Mattoon, H. Gleason, Narbeth
+      McCartney, J. Lupton, Rm. 1, Horticultural Bldg., State College
+      Mercer, Robert A., Rt. 1, Perkesmenville, New Hanover
+      Miller, Elwood B., c/o The Hazleton Bleaching & Dyeing Works,
+        Hazleton
+      Miller, Elwood B., c/o The Hazleton Bleaching & Dyeing Works,
+      Moyer, Philip S., U. S. F. & G. Bldg., Harrisburg
+      Niederriter, Leonard, 1726 State St., Erie
+      Parloff, Robert, 2018 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, Pa.
+      Ranson, Flavel, 728 Monroe Ave., Scranton 10
+      Reece, W. S., Clearfield
+      Reidler, Paul G., Ashland
+      Rial, John, 528 Harrison Ave., Greensburg
+     *Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Sq., Reading
+      Rupp, Edward E., Jr., 57 W. Pomfret St., Carlisle
+      Schaible, Percy, Upper Black Eddy
+      Smith, Dr. J. Russell, 550 Elm Ave., Swarthmore
+      Stewart, E. L., Pine Hill Farms Nursery, Rt. 2, Homer City
+      Stewart, John H., Yule Tree Farm, Akeley
+      Stinson, George, Box 77, Bedminster
+      Theiss, Dr. Lewis E., Bucknell University, Lewisburg
+      Twist, Frank S., Northumberland
+      Washick, Dr. Frank A., S. W. Welsh & Veree Rds., Philadelphia 11
+      Weinrich, Whitney, 134 S. Lansdowne Ave., Lansdowne
+     *Wister, John C., Scott Foundation, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore
+      Wood, Wayne, Rt. 1, Newville
+      Wright, Ross Pier, 235 West 6th St., Erie
+      Zimmerman, Mrs. G. A., Piketown, R. D., Linglestown
+
+
+  RHODE ISLAND
+
+     *Allen, Philip, 178 Dorance St., Providence
+      R. I. State College, Library Dept., Green Hall, Kingston
+
+
+  SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+      Bregger, John T., Clemson
+      Gordon, G. Henry, Union, Union Co.
+      Poole, M. C., Cross Anchor
+
+
+  SOUTH DAKOTA
+
+      Bradley, Homer L., Sand Lake Refuge, Columbia
+
+
+  TENNESSEE
+
+      Chase, S. B., Norris
+      Garrett, Dr. Sam Young, Dixon Springs
+      Holdeman, J. E., 208 Shrine Bldg., Memphis 3
+      Howell Nurseries, Sweetwater
+      Lowe, Dr. Jere., Thayer Vet. Hospital, Nashville 5
+      McDaniel, J. C., Tenn. Dept. of Agriculture, 403 State Office Bldg.,
+        Nashville 3
+      Rhodes, G. B., Rt. 2, Covington
+      Richards, Dr. A., Whiteville
+      Shadow, Willis A., County Agt., Decatur
+      Roark, W. F., Malesus
+      Zarger, Thomas G., Norris
+
+
+  TEXAS
+
+      Arford, Charles A., Box 1230, Dalhart
+      Bailey, L. B., Box 1436, Phillips
+      Buser, C. J., Rt. 1, Arp
+      Florida, Kaufman, Box 154, Rotan
+      Gray, O. S., P. O. Box 513, Arlington
+      Kidd, Clark, Arp Nursery Co., Tyler
+      Price, W. S., Jr., Gustine
+      Winkler, Andrew, Moody
+
+  UTAH
+
+      Jeppeson, Chris, Wildwood Hollow Farm Nursery, Provo City
+      Oleson, Granville, 1210 Laird Ave., Salt Lake City 5
+      Peterson, Harlan D., 2164 Jefferson Ave., Ogden
+
+
+  VERMONT
+
+      Aldrich, A. W., Rt. 3, Springfield
+      Collins, Jos. N., Rt. 3, Pultney
+      Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven, Perpetual Membership "In Memoriam"
+      Farrington, Robert A., Vermont Forest Service, Montpelier
+      Foster, Forest K., West Topsham
+      Ladd, Paul, Hilltop Farm, Jamaica
+
+
+  VIRGINIA
+
+      Acker, E. D., Co., Broadway
+      Burton, George L., 728 College St., Bedford
+      Case, Lynn B., Rt. 1, Fredericksburg
+      Dickerson, T. C., 316-56th St., Newport News
+      Gibbs, H. R., McLean
+      Gunther, Eric F., Rt. 1, Box 31, Onancock
+      Nelson, C. L., 964 Avenel Ave., Lee Hy. Ct., Roanoke
+      Nix, Robert W., Jr., Lucketts
+      Pertzoff, Dr. V. A., Carter's Bridge
+      Pinner, H. McR., P. O. Box 155, Suffolk
+      Stoke, H. F., 1420 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke
+      Stoke, Mrs. H. F., 1420 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke
+      Stoke, Dr. John H., 408-10 Boxley Bldg., Roanoke
+      Thompson, B. H., Harrisonburg
+      Variety Products Co., 5 Middlebrook Ave., Staunton
+      Webb, John, Hillsville
+      Zimmerman, Ruth, Bridgewater
+
+
+  WEST VIRGINIA
+
+      Cannaday, Dr. John E., Charleston General Hospital, Charleston 25
+      Cross, Andrew, Ripley
+      Frye, Wilbert M., Pleasant Dale
+      Glenmount Nurseries, Arthur M. Reed, Moundsville
+      Gold Chestnut Nursery, Arthur A. Gold, Cowen
+      Hoover, Wendell W., Webster Springs
+      White, Roscoe R., 635 Mulberry Ave., Clarksburg
+      White, Wayne G., 833 Glendale Ave., So. Charleston 3
+
+
+  WASHINGTON
+
+      Altman, Mrs. H. E., 2338 King St., Bellingham 9
+      Barth, J. H., Box 1827, Rt. 3, Spokane 16
+      Bartleson, C. J., Box 25, Chattaroy
+      Biddle, Miss Gertrude W., W. 923 Gordon Ave., Spokane 12
+      Brown, H. B., Greenacres
+      Bush, Carroll D., Grapeview
+      Clark, R. W., 4221 Phinney Ave., Seattle
+      Denman, George L., 1319 East Nina Ave., Spokane 10
+      Garvin, Mrs. Mildred S., W. 3408 2nd Ave., Spokane 9
+      Harrison, Geo. C., Greenacres
+      Hyatt, L. W., 2826 West La Crosse, Spokane 12
+      Jessup, J. M., Cook
+      Kling, William L., Rt. 2, Box 230, Clarkston
+      Latterell, Ethel, Greenacres
+      Linkletter, F. D., 8034-35th Ave., N. E., Seattle 5
+      Lynn Tuttle Nursery, The Heights, Clarkston
+      Naderman, G. W., Rt. 1, Box 381, Olympia
+      Rodgers, W. R., N. 1411 Mamer, Opportunity
+      Shane Bros., Vashon
+      Watt, Mrs. L. J., W. 203 16th Ave., Spokane 9
+
+
+  WISCONSIN
+
+      Bassett, W. S., 1522 Main St., La Crosse
+      Brust, John J., 135 W. Wells St., Milwaukee 3
+      Dopkins, Marvin, Rt. 1, River Falls
+      Heberlein, Edw. W., Box 747, Milwaukee
+      Johnson, Albert G., Rt. 2, Box 457, Waukesha
+      Koelsch, Norman, Jackson
+      Ladwig, C. F., 2221 St. Lawrence, Beloit
+      Mortensen, M. C., 2117 Stanson Ave., Racine
+      Reische, Frank C., Rt. 1, Plymouth
+      Zinn, Walter G., P. O. Box 747, Milwaukee
+
+
+  WYOMING
+
+      Greene, W. D., Box 348, Greybull
+
+  =* Life Member ** Honorary member=
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTION
+
+
+ARTICLE I--NAME
+
+This Society shall be known as the =Northern Nut Growers Association,
+Incorporated=.
+
+
+ARTICLE II--OBJECT
+
+Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants,
+their products and their culture.
+
+
+ARTICLE III--MEMBERSHIP
+
+Membership in this society shall be open to all persons who desire to
+further nut culture, without reference to place of residence or
+nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on
+membership.
+
+
+ARTICLE IV--OFFICERS
+
+There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary and a
+treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting; and a
+board of directors consisting of six persons, of which the president,
+the two last retiring presidents, the vice-president, the secretary and
+the treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state vice-president
+from each state, dependency, or country represented in the membership of
+the association, who shall be appointed by the president.
+
+
+ARTICLE V--ELECTION OF OFFICERS
+
+A committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for
+the purpose of nominating officers for the following year.
+
+
+ARTICLE VI--MEETINGS
+
+The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the
+membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made at
+this time, the board of directors shall choose the place and time for
+the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may seem
+desirable may be called by the president and board of directors.
+
+
+ARTICLE VII--QUORUM
+
+Ten members of the Association shall constitute a quorum but must
+include two of the four officers.
+
+
+ARTICLE VIII--AMENDMENTS
+
+This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members
+present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment having been read
+at the previous annual meeting, or copy of the proposed amendment having
+been mailed by any member to each member thirty days before the date of
+the annual meeting.
+
+
+
+
+BY-LAWS
+
+
+ARTICLE I--COMMITTEES
+
+The Association shall appoint standing committees as follows: On
+membership, on finance, on programme, on press and publication, on
+exhibits, on varieties and contests, on survey, and an auditing
+committee. The committee on membership may make recommendations to the
+Association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member.
+
+
+ARTICLE II--FEES
+
+Annual members shall pay two dollars annually. Contributing members
+shall pay ten dollars annually. Life members shall make one payment of
+fifty dollars and shall be exempt from further dues and shall be
+entitled to the same benefits as annual members. Honorary members shall
+be exempt from dues. "Perpetual" membership is eligible to any one who
+leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and such
+membership on payment of said sum to the Association shall entitle the
+name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as
+"Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds received
+therefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearing
+securities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only the
+interest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are in
+the Treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided: that in the event
+the Association becomes defunct or dissolves then, in that event, the
+Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose
+for such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at
+the time he makes the bequest or the donation.
+
+
+ARTICLE III--MEMBERSHIP
+
+All annual memberships shall begin September 1st. Annual dues received
+from new members shall entitle the new member to full membership until
+the next August 31st, including a copy of the Annual Report published
+for the fiscal year in which he joins the Association.
+
+
+ARTICLE IV--AMENDMENTS
+
+By-Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members present at any
+meeting.
+
+
+ARTICLE V
+
+Members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are
+due and, if not paid within two months, they shall be sent a second
+notice, telling them that they are not in good standing on account of
+non-payment of dues and are not entitled to receive the annual report.
+
+At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, a third
+notice shall be sent notifying such members that, unless dues are paid
+within ten days from the receipt of this notice, their names will be
+dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues.
+
+
+
+
+PROCEEDINGS
+
+of the
+
+Thirty-eighth Annual Convention
+
+of the
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc.
+
+Meeting At
+
+ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE GUELPH, ONTARIO, CANADA
+
+SEPTEMBER 3-5, 1947
+
+
+[Illustration: NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INC. CONVENTION ONTARIO
+AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SEPTEMBER 3-5, 1947]
+
+The meeting was called to order by Dr. L. H. MacDaniels in the absence
+of Clarence A. Reed, our President, who was ill and could not attend the
+meeting.
+
+Telegram from the Rev. Paul C. Crath: "Let the Lord bless you and keep
+you. I am sorry I am unable to attend the present meetings."
+
+
+
+
+Address of Welcome
+
+DR. J. S. SHOEMAKER, Head of Horticulture Department, Ontario
+Agricultural College.
+
+
+Our President, Mr. W. R. Reek, had hoped to be here in person to extend
+this welcome to you but he has found it necessary to go to Toronto
+today. He regrets that he cannot meet with you at this time, and has
+asked me to welcome you. Mr. Reek has shown a great deal of interest in
+this convention and I am sure you will find definite evidence of this in
+our hospitality while you are here.
+
+In looking through your 37th Annual Report I noticed that the address of
+welcome at your meeting in Wooster, Ohio, last year was given by Dr. L.
+H. Gourley. I held the position of Associate Horticulturist at Wooster
+and Columbus for some 10 years, and so knew Dr. Gourley intimately. His
+sudden death was a great shock to myself and his many other friends, and
+a great loss to horticulture. My 10 years with Dr. Gourley was a very
+pleasant, helpful, and exceedingly important part of my career.
+
+I am very happy that you have come to the Ontario Agricultural College
+for your convention this year. As a simple matter of fact, the O. A. C.
+is one of the oldest and largest colleges of agriculture in the British
+Empire. It is the second oldest agriculture college in North America,
+Michigan State being the only older one.
+
+We are an affiliated college of the University of Toronto and function
+as the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Toronto. I believe
+the enrollment at the University of Toronto is in the neighborhood of
+18,000 students.
+
+There will be about 1,500 students on this campus in a few weeks. Most
+of these will be in the four-year course which leads to the B.S.A.
+degree. Some will be in the two-year course. The Ontario Veterinary
+College is also located on this campus, as is the MacDonald Institute
+which provides courses for girls.
+
+The O. A. C, like the Horticultural Experiment Station at Vineland,
+comes under the Minister of Agriculture, the Honourable T. L. Kennedy.
+The Vineland Station and we ourselves co-operate closely in
+horticultural work. No doubt many of you have visited Vineland and met
+Director E. F. Palmer. You will hear from two members of the Vineland
+staff, Mr. Strong and Mr. Van Haarlem on tomorrow's programme.
+
+I spent some 13 years in the United States--at Ames, Iowa; East Lansing,
+Michigan; St. Paul, Minnesota; and Wooster and Columbus, Ohio. There are
+in this audience some good friends of long standing whom I first met in
+the United States. They are probably surprised to hear that I graduated
+from this institution, but as an Irishman would say "That I did," some
+26 years ago.
+
+I expect that all of you are familiar with the contributions made by
+James A. Neilson in the field of nut growing. Mr. Neilson was a member
+of the staff here some years ago. He left his mark throughout Ontario,
+and in the field of nut growing in general. We are happy that Mrs.
+Neilson, who is a life member of the Association, is attending this
+Convention.
+
+I am sure you will agree that the campus here is a very beautiful one.
+The dining hall and the residence may surpass what you expected to find.
+It is a real privilege to have you in our Horticulture building. We made
+certain plans for your entertainment at the mixer and banquet. In brief,
+we are delighted that you have come, we know from the programme that the
+meetings will be good ones, and we hope that our hospitality will meet
+with your full approval. We indeed welcome you here.
+
+
+RESPONSE
+
+Dr. L. H. MacDaniels: "In reply to Dr. Shoemaker's address of welcome we
+are certainly happy to be here and appreciate the excellent arrangements
+which have been made for our entertainment. Dr. Shoemaker spoke about
+the work done on nut trees several years ago by Mr. Neilson in Canada. I
+am familiar with the work of Mr. Neilson and hope that at some time
+someone on the staff in Canada will give more time to the culture of nut
+trees. That goes for the United States as well. Nut trees, if you have
+the facilities and good varieties, are something that will make living
+more enjoyable and worthwhile. I do appreciate very heartily the trouble
+you have gone to in making facilities so acceptable and useful."
+
+=Presidential Address=--Mr. Reed was unable to be present and preside at
+the meeting because of illness. This telegram was sent to him:
+
+Telegram to Clarence A. Reed, Garfield Hospital, Washington, D. C.
+
+"The Northern Nut Growers Association last night received the news of
+your illness with deepest regret. We appreciate your long and earnest
+work in our field. You have been one of the 'spark plugs' of our
+organization and we all miss your presence.
+                                                      SECRETARY."
+
+
+COMMITTEES APPOINTED
+
+Resolutions Committee--W. Rohrbacher, Sterling Smith, J. Russell Smith,
+Wm. Hodgson.
+
+Auditing Committee--Royal Oakes, R. P. Allaman, Gilbert Smith.
+
+
+SECRETARY'S REPORT, SEPT. 3, 1947
+
+Miss Mildred M. Jones
+
+The duties of the Secretary during the year were of the usual routine
+nature. Three separate mailings of information to all members were made.
+The 1944 report is now exhausted, partly because of the long season in
+which it was current, and partly because there were several articles in
+it which were of vital interest to a number of people who were not
+members of the Association. In March of this year an article appeared in
+Organic Gardening magazine which referred to our report and the Hemming
+chestnut trees which were described in the 1944 report. As a result of
+this one article I was obliged to return more than $30.00 which had been
+sent to me, a dollar from each person, for this report. I returned the
+money with a letter to each person telling them Mr. Hemming would bring
+his report up to date at our meeting this year, telling them about the
+work of our Association, and inviting them to join our group so they
+could keep up with progress being made in nut tree culture as the
+information became available. The sale of reports other than membership
+this past year amounted to $135.00. This amount includes 5 sets of
+reports which sell for $8.00 per set. About $95.00 of this amount was
+for single copies at $1.00 per copy to non-members. Since our printing
+costs have increased considerably, and since we are handling the mailing
+and printing of these reports at $1.00 per copy at almost a loss, it
+would seem advisable to raise the price to non-members.
+
+Every member can help us increase our membership. We have a number of
+members who are equipped with writing ability and by writing articles
+about interesting nut trees and mentioning our Association and the
+Secretary many, many inquiries are received. To these inquiries we can
+send our four page information folder or answer questions and thus we
+can increase our membership by letting people who are interested in nut
+trees know about our Association. On February 28, 1947, Mr. George L.
+Denman wrote me that at different times he had two articles about nuts
+and nut trees in the Spokesman-Review of Spokane. He said the result was
+rather surprising and he requested fifty copies of our folder to assist
+him and make it easier to answer inquiries. If our Association can be
+mentioned in the article, many inquiries will come direct to the
+Secretary and thus save the author the work of answering questions if
+he does not have time to do so. The article written by Mr. Davidson in
+December, 1946, American Fruit Grower brought in over 100 inquiries to
+the Secretary's office.
+
+The Secretary's office has a number of calls for information regarding
+sources of nuts and nut kernels for private consumption or planting.
+Chestnuts seem to head the list the past year--mostly for planting.
+Requests are also received regarding information for market outlets, nut
+cracking equipment, nut shelling plants, trees, budwood and graftwood.
+Anything you may do to supply this and other kinds of information about
+nut trees will be appreciated.
+
+The Secretary of the American Horticultural Society, Inc., with whom we
+are affiliated, has expressed the desire of that Society for ideas as to
+how we may both profit more from this affiliation. Their need, like
+ours, is for more members, more and better articles for the National
+Horticultural Magazine. Mr. Reed has contributed several worthwhile
+articles to this magazine. The Editor would like to have more articles
+about nut trees from our members. The National Horticultural Magazine is
+nicely printed and bound, issued four times a year, and is well
+illustrated with pictures of the horticultural subjects described in
+each issue. Dues in this society are $2.00 per year if you are a member
+of our Society, $3.00 if you are not. You can ask our Treasurer to bill
+you for membership at the same time membership in our Association is
+billed, or membership may be sent direct to The American Horticultural
+Society, 821 Washington Loan and Trust Building, Washington 4, D. C.
+
+Our membership at present is 621 according to my present mailing list
+which has been corrected to paid-up members. During the war all members
+who were thought to be in the armed forces were carried along without
+the payment of dues according to our Treasurer's report of last year.
+For this reason we can use only our income as an indication of our
+growth during those years.
+
+The question of a seal for the Association came up at the time of the
+Ellis legacy. Our member, Sargent H. Wellman, Boston, Mass., represented
+the Association, and payment was made finally without our seal being
+shown. It may be well to consider whether we may need a seal in the
+future and if so to take the necessary steps to have one made.
+
+The American Fruit Grower magazine has printed quite regularly the
+column "Nut Growers News". They also refer nut tree inquiries to us and
+have indicated their interest and further cooperation. They devoted an
+entire issue to nuts last December.
+
+A number of our members during the year do much work for the Association
+and it is here that I wish to acknowledge all of the help and assistance
+the Secretary has had from the various committees and members. The
+printing of the report for 1946 and the responsibility of getting it
+mailed was due mostly to the work and effort of Mr. Stoke, and Mr. Reed.
+
+It was a real pleasure to work with the members of the Staff at Ontario
+Agricultural College with whom I had considerable correspondence during
+the year in arranging for our meeting this year.
+
+It has been a real pleasure to serve in the capacity of Secretary to
+this organization and I regret that lack of time to do this work as it
+should be done makes me feel it is necessary to relinquish this post. I
+shall always continue my interest in the Association.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: "More articles should be written for magazines as one
+way in which to increase membership."
+
+Telegram from Dr. W. C. Deming was read:
+
+"Infirmities of age detain me. Congratulations on membership and on
+accomplishments. Everything depends on good officers. Present officers
+are ideal but young members should now take over. Don't wear out the old
+ones.
+
+W. C. DEMING, Dean."
+
+This telegram was sent to Dr. W. C. Deming:
+
+Sept. 3, 1947.
+
+"We had hoped you would be with us. Your telegram evoked many warm
+appreciations of your great and long service to our organization and the
+cause of nut growers in the North. Warmest greetings from N.N.G.A.
+
+SECRETARY."
+
+J. Russell Smith: "Dr. Deming was one of the five founders of the
+Association. He did an excellent job on the reports and in compiling the
+cumulative index. He is Dean of the Association."
+
+Report of Committee on Time and Place: Prof. Slate reported three
+invitations, the most attractive at the present time being the
+invitation to meet at Norris, Tenn.
+
+Prof. Slate: "In order to bring the matter to a head, I move we hold our
+1948 meeting at Norris, Tenn., or wherever arrangements can be made
+convenient to that point."
+
+Stoke: "Second."
+
+Passed with unanimous approval.
+
+Report on the Ohio Contest--Sterling Smith: "The Ohio contest had 692
+entries. Mr. Chase helped with the judging. A number of good walnuts
+were brought out. The data for the first ten is given in the 1946 annual
+report. We are trying to find out what the parent trees are doing--what
+they were bearing in the past and also this year. This is to be done for
+5 years. Ohio has 90 members which puts them in the lead--ahead of New
+York."
+
+J. Russell Smith: "I greatly appreciate the report given. I approve of
+the 5 year plan. It would bring in members."
+
+Sterling Smith: "Couldn't we offer $100.00 or more for a really
+outstanding black walnut that would meet certain specifications? Our
+good walnuts now run about 25 grams and 32% kernel."
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: "Is there anyone present who helped with the judging of
+this contest?"
+
+Mr. Chase: "It required over 2 weeks with 4 to 6 persons to crack and
+cull out the ones we knew were not worth further consideration.
+One-tenth passed the screening test. The nut selected is one in
+ten-thousand expectancy. This contest brought out some outstanding nuts.
+The judges didn't have much trouble selecting No. 1. The next four were
+harder to place. The third prize went to Pennsylvania and the eighth
+prize to West Virginia."
+
+
+
+
+Report of Treasurer
+
+
+For Period from September 1, 1946 to August 30, 1947.
+
+  INCOME:
+
+     Annual Memberships                    $1,212.00
+     Philip Allen Life Membership              50.00
+     Sale of Reports                           44.00
+     Ellis Legacy                              12.50
+     Miscellaneous                              5.60
+                                           ---------
+        Total Income                       $1,324.10
+
+
+  DISBURSEMENTS:
+
+     Fruit Grower Subscriptions            $   80.80
+     President's Expense                       10.00
+     Secretary's Expense                       59.50
+     Treasurer's Expense                       45.80
+     Supplies                                  77.66
+     Banquet 1946 Meeting                      22.32
+     Reporter 1946 Meeting                     25.00
+     Ellis Legacy Bond & Addition           1,000.00
+     Treasurer's Bond                          12.50
+     Report for 1945                          569.84
+     Report for 1946                          821.83
+     Postage & Envelopes                       49.03
+     Miscellaneous                             19.20
+                                           ---------
+        Total Disbursements                $2,793.54
+
+
+  Balance on Hand September 3, 1946                   $3,259.88
+  Receipts for the Year                                1,324.10
+                                                      ---------
+     Total                                            $4,583.98
+  Disbursements for Year                               2,793.54
+  Balance August 30, 1947                             $1,790.44
+                                                      ---------
+  In Walker Savings Bank                              $  633.92
+  In Peoples Savings Bank                              1,056.44
+  Cash and Checks on hand                                100.08
+                                                      ---------
+     Subtotal                                         $1,790.44
+  Secretary has on hand                                   26.71
+                                                      ---------
+     Balance                                          $1,817.15
+
+D. C. SNYDER, _Treasurer_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Member: "The charge of $1.00 to non-members for the current
+report--shouldn't the price of the reports be increased to cover the
+increased costs of printing?"
+
+Mr. Snyder: "I think the amount should be increased as the cost of the
+report is almost $1.00 now, and with handling and mailing we are doing
+this at a loss if we continue to sell the report for $1.00."
+
+McCollum: "Shouldn't the price of a full set of reports be raised? They
+are sold at the same price now as they were a number of years ago.
+Several volumes have been added. I believe the price should be
+increased."
+
+Prof. Slate: "Some years go out of print about as soon as new ones come
+along."
+
+Dr. Rohrbacher: "I move we sell our current and last year's report at
+$2.00 per copy."
+
+Second by Mr. Silvis.
+
+Mr. Corsan: "Nut enthusiasts and nut groups haven't the slightest
+hesitancy in parting with $2.00."
+
+Member: "A non-member paying $2.00 for the annual report would
+automatically become a member."
+
+J. Russell Smith: "I would like to recommend that if at all possible an
+index be included in each volume of our report as it is published. A
+volume like this has 50 or 75 different articles but no mention in the
+title reveals the content of the article which makes it a job to try to
+refer back to or use these reports for reference. An index would make
+them much more valuable. This is not a job for the Secretary, it is a
+technical job. I would like to make a motion, if the Executive Committee
+finds it feasible, that this be done."
+
+Second by Mr. Silvis.
+
+Dr. Colby: "Don't you think that index should begin with the volume Dr.
+Deming finished? I suggest that the executive Committee arrange for
+compiling of the index subsequent to and including 1940."
+
+Mr. Corsan: "I would like to suggest that the nut exhibit be left at
+O.A.C. permanently because of the large number of visitors who come here
+and who would see it. This would help to increase our membership."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Report from the Constitution and By-Laws Committee--Dr. MacDaniels.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Crane: "I move we accept the report of the Committee and suggested
+changes be voted on item by item."
+
+Mr. Silvis: "Second."
+
+The question of whether the entire Constitution and By-Laws should be
+read at this meeting or mimeographed and mailed to each member was
+considered.
+
+Prof. Slate: "I move the Constitution be taken up now."
+
+Dr. Colby: "Second."
+
+The motion was carried. Dr. MacDaniels read the Constitution and By-Laws
+and they will be voted on at the 1948 meeting.
+
+J. Russell Smith: "I move that '10 days' notice for change in the
+Constitution be changed to '30 days'."
+
+Seconded by Mr. Silvis.
+
+Motion carried.
+
+On fiscal year--Dr. Rohrbacher: "I suggest the fiscal year be changed to
+January 1 through to the end of December."
+
+Mr. Snyder: "I can see no improvement in changing the fiscal year. If we
+are to hold our meetings the first part of September each year it would
+be better to have our fiscal year ended August 31."
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: "I move that our fiscal year be from September 1st to
+August 31st and I move that the annual dues include a report for only
+the year you join."
+
+Motion carried.
+
+
+
+
+Factors Influencing the Hardiness of Woody Plants
+
+H. L. CRANE, Principal Horticulturist[1]
+
+
+There is hardly any soil or climatic condition found in the world where
+it is not possible for at least one or more kinds of plants to be grown.
+This is possible because the plants that can be grown under the most
+adverse conditions have special structures and adaptations with regard
+to periods of growth and rest or dormancy. One of the most important
+adaptations of nearly all trees and shrubs that shed their leaves in
+autumn and survive freezing weather without injury for a part of the
+year, is that of rest. This rest in plants is somewhat similar to sleep
+in animals in that it is a period in which the life process activities
+take place slowly. In other words, the plant physiologist defines rest
+in living plants as that period in which their buds will not open and
+grow even though the temperature, moisture, and other external
+environmental conditions are highly suitable for growth.
+
+[Footnote 1: Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Disease, Bureau
+of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural
+Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture.]
+
+Different kinds of deciduous plants have or require rest periods of
+different lengths, just as some people require more sleep than do
+others. Two or three weeks may be enough for soft-shelled almonds but
+three or four months may be required for butternuts, to cite extremes.
+The Eastern black walnut requires more rest than most Persian walnut
+clones, and they more than the Southern California black walnut. Even
+within a species there is considerable difference in the rest period of
+individual seedling trees and certain clones. For example, it has been
+found that the varieties of Persian walnut grown in northern California
+and in Oregon, such as Franquette and Mayette, have the longest rest
+period; and those grown in Southern California, such as Placentia,
+Ehrhardt, Chase, and others, have the shortest rest period. It is quite
+possible that the clones and seedlings of the Persian walnut brought to
+this country a few years ago by the Rev. Paul Crath from the Carpathian
+Mountains of Poland may require the longest rest period of all.
+
+The question may be asked what causes or brings on this rest period in
+plants and what breaks it? The scientific answers to these questions are
+not known at this time, but we do know some of the factors which cause
+the initiation of rest and how it is broken.
+
+Tree growth is initiated in the spring with coming of warm weather and
+other suitable conditions. At first the rate of growth is slow; but the
+rate increases and goes through a maximum and then slows up again and
+finally ceases. On the cessation of growth in length, a terminal bud is
+formed and the tree begins to go into rest. This period of growth is
+determined by the age of the tree, the suitability of moisture and
+nutrient supply. Young trees grow longer during the spring and summer
+than do old ones. Deficiencies of soil moisture or nutrients or both
+cause the cessation of growth and the beginning of rest. In some trees,
+such as tung, cessation of growth and the initiation of rest is caused
+by the change from long to short day-lengths.
+
+After rest has begun, the longer it continues the more profound or
+deeper it becomes until a maximum is reached, i.e., it becomes
+increasingly difficult, up to a certain time, to make the trees start
+growth again even though optimum conditions are provided. Some trees
+such as Persian walnuts and pecans, for example, are slow to go into
+deep or profound rest in late summer or fall. For this reason, there may
+be several cycles or periods of growth during the summer and early fall,
+depending on weather conditions and whether the leaves on the trees have
+remained in a healthy condition. Under conditions of dry weather growth
+stops on the Persian walnut and pecan and when this is followed by a
+rainy period and warm weather growth begins again. In fact in early
+summer a walnut or pecan tree may form terminal buds on all the shoots
+and remain without growth long enough for an apple or pear tree to go
+into complete or profound rest; then later, new shoot growth may be made
+from all or nearly all of the walnut or pecan shoots. Not only is this
+an important factor in promoting susceptibility to cold injury but in
+the case of bearing trees more often than not this late growth prevents
+the proper development of the kernels in the nuts and they are poorly
+filled or shriveled at harvest. Should the leaves of these trees in
+midsummer or later be so seriously damaged by disease or insects as to
+result in partial or complete defoliation, new growth is generally sure
+to follow even in late fall if growing conditions are suitable. This
+habit permits such trees to grow so late that there is much greater
+danger of severe injury from late fall or early winter than is the case
+with most other deciduous fruit trees. Furthermore, it explains why we
+see so much cold injury in the shoots and limbs of trees; they had grown
+late and had no chance to develop hardiness before killing temperatures
+occurred.
+
+After the rest in trees has become deep or profound a certain amount of
+chilling temperature must prevail before the rest period is broken so as
+to permit the buds to open and grow normally on the approach of warm
+weather. This is often spoken of as the chilling requirement. If the
+rest period is not broken by a suitable amount of chilling, tree growth
+is very slow to start in the spring, and then only certain of the longer
+and stronger twigs may force into growth; water sprouts may develop on
+the trunks and main limbs; flower buds may not open but fall off; and
+even though the trees may flower the flowering period is long and few or
+no fruits or nuts may be set. The most effective chilling temperature is
+not known but we can be reasonably certain that temperatures of 45 deg.F. to
+32 deg.F. are just as effective in breaking the winter rest period as are
+those well below freezing, if not more so.
+
+This chilling requirement is essentially the same as the rest period.
+Almonds have a short rest period and require 2 to 3 weeks of chilling,
+while butternuts, with a long rest period, may require 3 or 4 months.
+When the tree has been subjected to adequate chilling the rest period is
+broken and with the oncoming of warm weather growth, blossoming and
+fruit setting is normal.
+
+A distinction of great importance from a physiological and a practical
+point of view is made between rest and dormancy in plants. This
+difference can be simply stated: plants, trees, or seeds that will not
+grow when external environmental conditions are favorable for growth are
+in rest, but after the rest period has been broken and they do not grow
+because of unfavorable conditions they are said to be dormant.
+
+The difference between rest period and dormancy is of great importance
+in the United States in determining the amount of cold injury that may
+be sustained by woody plants. Furthermore, it explains why certain
+plants may be successfully grown in much colder parts of the world and
+yet fail here. Our winter weather conditions are not uniform, in that it
+is quite common for us to have quite long periods of alternating warm
+and cold weather. Too often during mid-or late winter the weather may be
+quite warm for several days, with above-freezing temperatures even at
+night, only to be quickly followed by a sudden and extreme drop in
+temperature. Such conditions are almost certain to result in cold injury
+to at least certain kinds of woody plants in which the rest period had
+been broken prior to the occurrence of warm weather, especially so if
+conditions are favorable for initiation of growth. The plants that were
+still in the rest period at the time of the warm weather or those with
+high heat requirement to start growth (as for example, the pecan) would
+be the only ones that would escape injury. To illustrate with an
+example: The Chinese chestnut tree has a shorter rest period or less
+chilling requirement than does the average Persian walnut tree. Now
+suppose that during the months of November and December a sufficient
+number of hours of chilling temperatures were experienced to break the
+rest period or to satisfy the chilling requirement of the Chinese
+chestnut but not that of the Persian walnut. Then suppose there was a
+period of two weeks or more of warm weather in January and it was ended
+by a very sudden drop to below freezing temperatures. Later we would
+expect to find that some parts or tissues of the Chinese chestnut trees
+had been injured while the Persian walnut trees had survived without
+injury. Similar differences would be expected with other crops, such as
+peaches and apples, that have a difference in rest period or chilling
+requirement. Under the conditions just described the parts or tissues of
+the tree that are most likely to be injured are those that first become
+active with the coming of warm weather, such as the pith in the wood,
+the lower buds, and later the cambium or the leaf buds. This explains
+why peach fruit buds and the catkins of the European filbert are often
+killed in the East during the winter.
+
+Some kinds of woody plants are very much hardier than are other kinds.
+For example, the butternut is hardier than the eastern black walnut and
+the almond is hardier than the tung tree. Hardiness is only a relative
+term and can be determined only when the different kinds of plants are
+in the same physiological condition as regards growth or activity. Just
+what it is that makes a difference in the hardiness or ability to
+withstand low temperatures without injury is not known. However, over
+the years, experience and research have taught us that there are a
+number of factors that affect the hardiness of woody plants.
+
+There is a very great difference between the temperature that will cause
+injury to a tree tissue when it is in active growth and most tender in
+the spring and that required when it is most resistant in midwinter.
+With some trees this difference in temperature is as much as 50 deg. to
+60 deg.F. or even more. With woody plants, the tissues are least hardy in
+spring when they are growing rapidly, and as the season progresses
+hardiness normally increases provided that second or late growth does
+not occur. There are many changes that take place in the tissues of a
+tree as hardiness is developed: the moisture content is reduced; cell
+walls are thickened; the concentration of sugars, starches, and other
+carbohydrates becomes greater; there is the formation of pentosans,
+gums, and waxes; and the respiration and other life processes become
+slower. However, none of these offer a full and satisfactory explanation
+of why the plant becomes as resistant to cold as it does. All of these
+changes and probably many others play a part in developing hardiness in
+woody plants.
+
+Maximum hardiness is developed only by trees that support a large area
+of normal leaves continuously from the time of foliation in the spring
+until late fall when they are killed by frost. Attacks by insects or
+diseases that injure the leave or cause partial or complete defoliation
+at any time during the spring, summer, or before the occurrence of frost
+in the fall, not only prevent the development of maximum hardiness of
+the trees, but such defoliation results in reduced growth of the trees
+and in poor filling of the nuts. The importance of maintaining a large
+area of healthy leaves on the trees during the entire growing season can
+hardly be too strongly stressed. This is because trees that hold their
+leaves are strong, vigorous trees and are the ones best able to
+withstand cold, as well as other adversities, without injury. This,
+however, does not mean that fertilizer applications should be made in
+late summer or that cultivation should be practiced at that time, which
+would tend under suitable conditions to stimulate late growth of the
+trees. This is because some trees like the Persian walnut are slow to go
+into rest at best and practices that stimulate late growth of the trees
+cause them to be susceptible to cold injury especially in late fall or
+early winter. I have seen very severe injury and killing of pecan trees
+in south Georgia as a result of spring fertilizer applications which,
+because of drouth, did not become available to the trees until late
+August and early September and then caused second growth of the trees.
+
+In the case of walnuts and pecans, especially, but also others than are
+not sprayed for the control of diseases and insects, it is not uncommon
+for the trees to become defoliated in late summer and while bearing a
+crop of nuts. Very often this premature defoliation results in the
+production of a new crop of leaves and some shoot growth. This is one of
+the worst conditions one can have in an orchard, for the nuts are
+certain to be very poorly filled and the trees especially susceptible to
+cold injury.
+
+In such a case as this, the nuts withdraw carbohydrates, proteins and
+minerals from the leaves and wood of the tree for their development and
+the production of new leaves and shoots has a like effect. This all
+results in such a severe removal or using up of the materials involved
+in the development? of hardiness that such trees are very susceptible to
+cold injury.
+
+Woody plants to be resistant to cold injury must be well nourished.
+Unbalanced mineral nutrition of trees is a very important factor in
+determining the amount of injury they may sustain from cold weather. In
+the various parts of the United States the soils on which fruit and nut
+trees are grown generally do not supply in adequate amounts some one or
+more of the essential elements required in their nutrition. This
+condition results in unbalanced nutrition, in that too much of certain
+elements is absorbed by the trees and too little of certain other
+elements. Under severe conditions this causes the leaves to be abnormal
+in size or in form, for them to be chlorotic or to scorch or burn, or
+for them to drop prematurely. Such leaves do not function properly, they
+are not able to carry on photosynthesis at a normal rate and hence do
+not make sufficient plant foods of the proper kinds to properly nourish
+the trees. This results in disorders of various kinds said to be due to
+mineral deficiencies. Among these deficiencies that have been found to
+reduce tree growth and yield and to increase susceptibility to cold
+injury are (1) boron, (2) copper, (3) iron, (4) magnesium, (5)
+manganese, (6) nitrogen, (7) phosphorus, (8) potassium, (9) zinc, and
+others. In all cases the corrective treatment to be given consists in
+supplying the trees with the element or elements in which they are
+deficient. These must be supplied in an available form and by such
+methods that they can be absorbed by the trees.
+
+The size of the crop of fruit or nuts borne by a tree and the length of
+time between harvest and a killing freeze are important factors in
+determining the cold resistance of fruit or nut trees. In test winters
+many cases have been observed in which trees that matured heavy crops
+during the previous summer were severely injured. Cases have been
+observed in which the degree of cold injury sustained has been largely
+in proportion to the size of crop matured the previous growing season.
+Trees that mature the crop of fruits or nuts late in the season may be
+less hardy than those that mature the crop early. It seems not only that
+some material or materials are made in the leaves during late summer or
+early fall which move out of them into the wood and cause it become
+resistant to low temperatures, but that when a tree is maturing a crop
+so much of this material goes into the fruits or nuts that if the season
+is not a favorable one the wood may not attain its maximum hardiness. We
+have learned that a high percentage of certain of the minerals,
+carbohydrates, and oil that go to make up the kernels of the oily nuts
+are transported into them during a period comprising a month to six
+weeks before they are mature. In the production of a heavy crop the
+amount of minerals and elaborated food materials such as proteins,
+carbohydrates, and fats removed from a tree is very large. If the trees
+do not carry a large healthy leaf area at the time of harvest or if
+there is a killing frost at that time, the leaves have no opportunity to
+elaborate more carbohydrates and other materials to replace those
+removed in the crop, and as a result the trees do not develop maximum
+hardiness.
+
+To cite an outstanding example of this effect of the crop on hardiness,
+I want to describe some observations I made several years ago. The late
+J. B. Wight of Cairo, Ga., had a few hundred Satsuma orange trees that
+bore a very heavy crop of fruit. The fruit had all been harvested from
+certain of these trees for two weeks or more before the occurrence of a
+freeze the last of November. From other trees the fruit crop had only
+been partially harvested and none had been harvested from most of them.
+The day and night temperatures had been warm but there was a rather
+sudden drop into the low 20's during one night with the result that all
+of the trees from which no fruit had been harvested were killed to the
+ground. The trees from which a part of the fruit had been removed were
+defoliated and all but the large limbs were killed. The trees from which
+all the fruit had been removed two weeks or more before the freeze were
+defoliated, but little or no injury to the woods occurred. The severe
+injury was probably because the materials making for hardiness in the
+wood had been transported to the maturing fruits and the temperature
+dropped quickly before the trees had time to develop cold resistance.
+
+It is a well-known fact that many kinds of non-woody as well as many
+woody plants develop hardiness or cold resistance on exposure to very
+gradually falling temperatures. This change, in the case of non-woody
+plants such as cabbage or wheat, is spoken of as "hardening off." It is
+not known how important this is in developing cold resistance in flower
+and leaf buds of woody plants. It is quite possible that buds that have
+become extremely tender as a result of rapid growth might, if held for
+some time at temperatures too low for further growth, become quite
+resistant to low temperatures just as do wheat or cabbage.
+
+Generally speaking, the greatest amount of cold injury to the buds or
+above-ground portions of a tree occurs on a single night. The length of
+the cold period is of only indirect importance as influencing the rate
+of temperature fall or the acquiring of cold resistance by the trees.
+Trees that are subjected to low temperatures over a considerable period
+of time are not nearly so likely to be injured as are those that are
+subjected to a low temperature suddenly. That is really why there is so
+much severe cold injury to woody plants in the South. In the deep South
+freezing weather may be uncommon but when freezes do occur usually they
+follow a period of comparatively warm weather and the temperature falls
+quickly. It is this sudden change in temperature that causes the severe
+injury. Two different places may have had the same mean monthly
+temperature yet at one place severe injury may have occurred and no
+injury at the other place with plants normally having equal hardiness. A
+careful analysis of the situation, however, would probably show that at
+the place where the injury occurred a period of warm weather had existed
+which was followed by a rapid drop in temperature to a killing low on a
+single night, whereas the trees at the place where no injury occurred
+were not subjected to such changes in temperature. On the other hand,
+injury to the roots usually occurs only after prolonged periods of cold
+weather. This is largely because the soil cools slowly and it requires a
+long period of cold weather to reduce the soil temperature sufficiently
+and to such depths as to cause injury to the roots.
+
+Under northern conditions where low temperatures for a rather long
+period are sometimes experienced, injury to the portion of the trees
+above ground may occur as a result of drying out of the wood. It is well
+known that a cake of ice will gradually evaporate and disappear when in
+the open and exposed continuously to below-freezing temperatures. We all
+know that the family wetwash when hung on a line and frozen will soon
+dry, especially if the wind blows. The principles operating in these
+cases may cause severe injury to trees. In the wintertime the root
+systems of trees take up water from the soil that is not frozen and this
+water moves in the tree to replace that lost by evaporation. Under
+conditions where the soil is frozen to such an extent that the water
+absorbed by the roots is continually less than that lost by the top of
+the trees by evaporation, drying out of the top occurs. If this is
+continued over a period of time a dryness of the wood and other tissues
+occurs that causes death of the dried-out portions. This type of injury
+does not show the typical symptoms of cold injury but rather those of
+drying out. The conditions that are most likely to cause such injury are
+a soil frozen to the effective rooting depths, a dry atmosphere, and a
+moderately high wind velocity. Injury of a similar nature to that just
+described very often affects trees transplanted in late fall or early
+winter, especially those that did not have their tops cut back to
+balance the loss of roots sustained in transplanting. During even very
+mild winters the tops of such trees dry out to such an extent that the
+small branches and even the leader may die. In extreme cases the entire
+top may die back to the root. In planting bare-root trees regardless of
+the time of the year they should be rather severely cut back immediately
+after transplanting to prevent such drying out and dying back of the
+wood. Cut-back trees generally will make more growth the first season
+following transplanting than will similar trees not cut back.
+
+One of the most common types of injury to young nut trees as well as
+others is that known as "sun scald" or "winter injury". This occurs
+generally on the south or southwest sides of the trunk and for some
+distance between the ground and the head of the tree. Usually the injury
+is not evident until a year or so after it occurred and then it may be
+observed as a narrow strip of discolored and sunken bark which may crack
+where it meets the live tissue. This dead or injured area is usually
+invaded by borers of one or more kinds. This so-called sun scald injury
+is thought to be caused by the alternate freezing and thawing of the
+tissues on the south and southwest sides of the tree. On a bright,
+sunshiny day, even though cold, the sun's rays striking the bark of the
+tree quickly raise the temperature of the bark and wood. When the sun is
+obscured by clouds or at nightfall the temperature of the tissues drops
+rapidly and they may freeze again. It is thought that the rapid and
+rather great change in temperature of the bark and wood is the primary
+cause of sun scald. Whatever the cause, we know that it can be prevented
+by shading the tree trunk. This can be done by heading the trees low so
+that the branches shade the trunk, or by shading the south side of the
+trunk with a board 6 or 8 inches wide, or by wrapping the trunk with
+burlap or similar material. Much of the injury to Chinese chestnut,
+pecan, and hickory trees, especially, is caused by inexperienced growers
+who cut off the low branches in an effort to raise the head of young
+trees. The Chinese chestnut generally forms a very low-headed or
+bush-type tree. Most of the cold or winter injury I have seen on Chinese
+chestnut trees has been on the trunks and has resulted from removing the
+lower limbs so that they were not shaded.
+
+Hardiness in woody plants is only a relative term and is determined by
+the condition of the plant at the time the low temperature occurs. Woody
+plants are most tender when they are most actively growing and most
+resistant to cold injury when they are in deep or profound rest. Strong,
+vigorous, well-nourished trees are much more resistant to cold injury
+than weak, poorly-nourished trees. Hence, the successful grower makes an
+effort through disease and insect control and proper fertilization and
+cultivation to keep his trees strong. These practices should be so
+carried out that the trees will make a strong, vigorous growth in the
+spring and early summer and then go into rest without a second or third
+flush of growth. The trees should carry their leaves until frost as
+there are some things made in them that cause the trees to develop
+resistance to cold injury. Winter or cold injury can destroy in a single
+night the hopes and expectations of several years' work but, in the
+main, if one grows well only those trees that are suited to the
+environment such losses are only rarely experienced.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Culture In Ontario
+
+I. C. MARRITT, District Forester, Ontario Department of Lands and
+Forests
+
+
+It was suggested to me that a paper be prepared on nut culture in
+Ontario. The Department of Land and Forests of Ontario has not done
+specialized work on nut culture. The reason for this neglect is not that
+various members did not realize the importance of nut culture, but that
+there was always more work on general reforestation and woodlot
+extension than could be done. The work with nut trees has been along
+with their general work. We have not, as yet, had a member of the staff
+who has gone "nutty" over nuts. It is hoped that your meeting here will
+stir up interest in this worthy subject.
+
+We are very proud in Ontario of the work that has been done on general
+reforestation and woodlot management. This is a subject that all nut
+enthusiasts are interested in, and we would like you to know what is
+being done in Ontario.
+
+The Province of Ontario has been distributing trees free to landowners
+since 1907. There are three well-equipped tree nurseries, and a fourth
+is being developed in the eastern part of the province. A fifth nursery
+has been started in the northwest at Fort William on Lake Superior. The
+number of trees distributed varies considerably from year to year. The
+high distribution years were 1939 and 1940, when approximately seventeen
+million trees were planted each year. During the war years, on account
+of the labour situation and war activities, the distribution declined to
+between ten and eleven million trees. This past season, the demand was
+much larger than the supply. All the nurseries are expanding, as it is
+anticipated there will be a heavy demand by private planters, and also
+most of the counties are enlarging the area of their county forests.
+
+The application form for forest trees includes seven evergreens and
+nineteen deciduous trees. Walnut and butternut are the only nut trees on
+the application form. Shagbark hickory has also been grown, but not in
+large enough quantity to include it in the list of available trees. The
+St. Williams tree nursery near Lake Erie has grown named varieties of
+walnuts and hickories. These have been given out to interested parties,
+and, in future years, will further the growing of the more desirable nut
+trees. About ten years ago, the citizens of St. Thomas planted nut trees
+two or three feet in height for seventy miles along No. 3 Highway which
+crosses Elgin County. A large number of these trees have survived.
+
+A large acreage of forest trees has also been planted under the Counties
+Reforestation Act. Under this act the county purchases the land and the
+province plants and looks after the plantations for thirty years. The
+county then has three options _re_ paying back the cost of planting and
+supervision. All the options are without interest charges. The county
+forests are largely on light sandy soils that, in most cases, are a
+liability to the municipalities if they are not growing trees.
+
+The Ontario Government passed an act in 1946 that gave the counties the
+right to pass a by-law to regulate cutting on privately-owned woodlots.
+You will be interested to know that eleven counties have passed by-laws
+to regulate cutting. They are all based on a diameter limit. We realize
+that a diameter limit is a poor substitute for good forestry practice,
+but it is better than unrestricted cutting. The diameter limits range
+from ten to sixteen inches for most trees, and five to six inches for
+cedars.
+
+Considerable extension work was done on nut growing in the period from
+1920 to 1930. Mr. James A. Neilson, an Extension Horticulturist
+stationed at Vineland, became very interested and located many
+individual trees and gave numerous lectures on nut culture. A bulletin
+by Mr. Neilson on nut culture was published in 1925, and reprinted in
+1930, by the Ontario Department of Agriculture. Mr. Neilson went to
+Michigan and did extension work on this subject until his untimely
+death. Mr. G. H. Corsan has also done considerable work to keep nut
+culture before the public by writing letters to the different
+newspapers.
+
+There has always been a large demand for black walnut. The reason for
+this is the high value placed on this wood and the planting of these
+trees for shade and nut production, although the consumption of native
+nuts is comparatively low. The black walnut grew, originally, south of a
+line from Toronto to Sarnia. It has been planted as far north as Ottawa,
+and is distributed quite widely in Old Ontario now--being planted
+largely as shade trees. These shade trees are producing nuts, and with
+the aid of squirrels, the walnuts are seeding up along fence rows,
+around farm homes, and in woodlots. Walnut has been observed coming up
+in a woodlot, and the only possible source is a shade tree half a mile
+away. The walnut caterpillar defoliates the trees but seldom kills them,
+although it does lower their value as shade trees.
+
+Walnut has been a favorite species for forest tree planting. It is
+planted in pure stands and in mixtures. The largest and best known
+walnut plantation was put out by Sir William Mullock in 1926 on the
+highway north of Toronto. There are numerous small plantations
+throughout the province. Foresters in Ontario generally recommend mixing
+walnut with other hardwoods and evergreens rather than planting in pure
+stands.
+
+It has been advocated to plant walnuts with white spruce. The idea is
+that spruce will shade the ground, kill the side branches of the walnut,
+and help to force the walnuts to grow long slender poles. It is
+understood, and expected, that the spruce will be ruined, as their
+leaders would grow into the branches of the walnut. As far as we know,
+this experiment has not been undertaken.
+
+The butternut tree is found growing naturally farther north than the
+walnut tree. Its northern boundary is roughly a line drawn from Midland
+on Georgian Bay to Ottawa. It is widely distributed, but is not in large
+enough quantity to have commercial value for lumber. An expert wood
+carver, who is employed by the Department of Lands and Forests, uses
+butternut largely in his work.
+
+The shagbark and bitternut hickories make up the large percentage of the
+hickories growing in Ontario. The northern limit of the bitternut is
+approximately the same as the butternut--that is, Midland on Georgian
+Bay and Ottawa on the east; while the northern limit of the shagbark is
+thirty to forty miles south of the bitternut. The pignut and the
+mockernut hickories are found in the southern hardwood belt along Lake
+Erie.
+
+The American chestnut was quite plentiful in different sections of the
+southern hardwood belt. It was valued quite highly for the nuts. It has
+been killed out by the chestnut blight and it is very rarely that live
+suckers are seen.
+
+The beech was widely distributed in the woodland of southern Ontario. It
+has rarely been planted as a shade tree and it is not seeding up
+extensively in woodlots. There are many stories of hogs being fattened
+on beechnuts in pioneer days.
+
+The Japanese heartnut has been planted in various parts of the province.
+A heartnut tree in Bruce County lived through a hard winter that killed
+many sugar maples and beech in the same area. Nut trees are seeding up
+in many pastured woodlots in southwestern Ontario. The reason for this
+is that stock do not relish their foliage as they do the maple, beech
+and basswood, etc., and because of this, it is likely that nut trees
+will make up a larger percentage of trees in Ontario woodlots than
+originally, as it is a sad fact that at least seventy-five percent on
+the farm woodlots in Ontario are still being pastured.
+
+It is hoped that more interest will be shown in planting nut trees by
+farmers and home owners. The Department of Lands and Forests is
+enlarging its staff of Extension Foresters, and no doubt they will
+include the propagation of nut trees in their extension work.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Growing at the Horticultural Experiment Station, Vineland Station,
+Ontario
+
+W. J. STRONG
+
+
+There was very little interest in nut growing in the early days of the
+Horticultural Experiment Station although back in 1914 a few filberts
+and Persian (English) walnuts were planted.
+
+The first nut orchard at the Station was set out in 1922 and since then
+several lots of nut trees have been added from time to time, principally
+filberts and Persian walnuts. Also a few black walnuts, Japanese
+heartnuts, Chinese chestnuts, hickories, pecan and several hybrids were
+planted.
+
+In 1922 twenty varieties of filberts were obtained from a nursery near
+Rochester, N. Y. These were reputed to be some of the better sorts
+imported from Germany but when they came into bearing only one was true
+to name, this being Italian Red. Another un-named variety in this lot
+(field number 3 R 1 A T 10, 11, 12), proved to be hardy and very
+vigorous. The nuts were only of medium size but very well filled and of
+good quality. The rest of these were a nondescript lot of worthless
+varieties or seedlings and so after a few years nearly all were uprooted
+and discarded.
+
+At this time (1922) four varieties of Persian walnuts were planted,
+Franquette, Mayette, Hall and Rush. The Franquette and Mayette have not
+grown very well here and have given very poor yields. Both Hall and Rush
+made good growth the first 15 or 20 years from planting but latterly,
+growth has been poor and yields have fallen off considerably, although
+this year (1947) there is a very fair crop showing, but with rather
+much dropping. The nut of the Hall variety is quite large but the husk
+is thick and the shell is thick and coarse, also in some seasons the
+kernel has not filled out very well. The Rush has given good crops of
+medium-size nuts. It seems to be rather susceptible to bacterial blight.
+
+Five named varieties of black walnuts also were planted at this time
+(1922), Thomas, Ohio, Stabler, Ten Eyck and McCoy. The Thomas has proven
+to be the best of these and the value of the others was pretty much in
+the order named. The last two were quite inferior as to nut, while the
+Stabler lacked vigour and did not yield very well, although it is a nice
+nut and the kernel comparatively easy to extract.
+
+Eight Persian walnut seedlings in the same plantation, set out in 1926,
+have made poor to fair growth. They have given very few nuts until this
+year (1947) when two of them are showing a very fair crop.
+
+About 1928 twenty Japanese walnuts and hybrids with the butternut, and
+about the same number of Persian walnut seedlings, which have been
+brought in by the late Professor Jas. A. Neilson, were transplanted to
+the permanent fruiting positions. The Japanese walnuts and hybrids were
+worthless and so were discarded. The Persian walnuts, however, seemed to
+be of more value, several are quite nice nuts and one, at least, looks
+to be worthy of increase for further trial or limited distribution. This
+seedling (field number 13R3T14) has made very fair growth and has shown
+only slight winter injury. For the last five or six years it has given
+moderately good yields of very nice looking nuts. The nuts are large,
+rather long and oval, resembling somewhat the Franquette. The shell is
+smooth and moderately thick, well sealed but easy to crack. Usually they
+are quite well filled and the kernel is mild in flavour and of nice
+quality.
+
+Another Persian walnut, set out about the same time, is the McDermid.
+The original tree was found on the property of a Mr. McDermid at St.
+Catharines, Out. One grafted tree and four seedlings were planted on the
+Station grounds. They grew well and showed very little killing back and
+for several years gave quite nice crops of nuts, but of recent years the
+yield has been rather small. The nut is blunt-oval in shape and of good
+size with a fairly hard shell which is well sealed but not any too easy
+to open. The quality is fairly good but the pellicle is rather strong
+flavoured.
+
+The year 1936 may be considered the high water mark in nut planting at
+the Station. A variety block of filberts was set out that year and fifty
+one-year-old Persian walnut seedlings (Carpathian strain) were planted
+in a nursery row, and in permanent location in 1937. The filbert
+planting consisted of from three to nine bushes each of twelve
+varieties, including Aveline (white), Barcelona, Bixby, Bolwyller,
+Buchanan, Cosford, Daviana, Du Chilly, Medium Long, Red Lambert (?) and
+Jones hybrid. These were planted in a compact block, 18 feet apart each
+way on the square. A lesser distance no doubt would be sufficient for
+upright growing sorts like Du Chilly but some of the more spreading
+kinds can use the greater distance.
+
+Most of these filberts started to yield a few nuts at five to seven
+years from planting and at nine or ten years were giving good crops.
+Yields have fluctuated considerably from year to year, and also between
+varieties and different bushes of the same variety. Yields obtained from
+individual ten-year-old bushes and size of nut are given in the
+following table.
+
+                    Quarts[2]      Pints, nuts      Size of nut
+    Name         (with husks)    (without husks)    No. per pint
+
+  Barcelona           11                8                101
+  Bixby (1)           11                9                130
+  Bixby (2)           22               12                148
+  Daviana (1)         10                6                 94
+  Daviana (2)         11                7                 90
+  Du Chilly (1)       20               11                 93
+  Du Chilly (2)       17               12                 92
+  Medium Long         11                8                115
+
+[Footnote 2: Canadian measure.]
+
+Higher yields have undoubtedly been obtained from other plantations and
+from other individual bushes and certainly lower yields, also, may be
+expected. Those given above are for 1946 from the best ten-year-old
+bushes in a plantation of forty plants.
+
+Yield and size of nut while of major importance are not the only
+criteria for appraising the value of a nut variety. In filberts, such
+points as ease of husking, amount of fibre and, of course, quality must
+be considered. Also, as in other nuts, thickness of shell and
+proportions of kernel to shell are quite important. Vigour and hardiness
+of bush and hardiness of flower, male and female, are assumed, as
+without these high yields are not to be expected.
+
+Most of the filbert varieties in bearing at the Horticultural Experiment
+Station with a few of their outstanding qualities are noted below.
+
+Barcelona has a rather thick shell and too much fibre. It matures early,
+first week of September, and the nuts drop out of the husk fairly
+readily. The plant is strong and vigorous and somewhat spreading in
+habit of growth. It appears to be hardy.
+
+Du Chilly is not always hardy and it is difficult to husk. Some bushes
+of this variety have given quite low yields.
+
+Medium Long is a useful nut. It is not as large as the former two, but
+it fills well and there is very little fibre; also the shell is thin. It
+ripens somewhat later than Barcelona and is easy to husk.
+
+Bixby is of medium size, somewhat pointed with a medium thick shell but
+almost no fibre. It is late in maturing, first week of October, and does
+not husk readily.
+
+Daviana is a large, attractive nut with a moderately thin shell and has
+very little fibre. The quality is good. The nuts are mostly borne singly
+but with some pairs and they are apt to cling to the husk.
+
+Cosford is a very nice nut. It is similar to Medium Long, somewhat
+smaller and of good appearance. It has a thin shell and is of good
+quality. It ripens early and separates readily from the husk. Perhaps
+not always hardy.
+
+Bolwyller is hardy, yields moderately well and has nice quality.
+
+Buchanan, much like Bixby, but a more vigorous grower. Rather difficult
+to pick. The nut has good quality and very little fibre.
+
+Italian Red, one of the best but not hardy.
+
+The filbert plantings have been added to from time to time. In 1942, 200
+open-pollinated seedlings of the hardy seedling (3R1AT 10, 11, 12--1922
+planting) were set out and are now (1947) beginning to bear a few nuts.
+The main purpose of growing these seedlings is to find a larger nut of
+good quality with the vigour and hardiness of the female parent.
+
+In 1944 a bush each of Beethe, Buchanan, Luisen and Volkugel varieties
+were set out, also bushes of the following hybrids:
+
+  Rush x White Aveline No. 21
+
+  Rush x Kentish Cob   No. 110 and 111
+
+  Rush x Barcelona     No. 157 and 159
+
+  Rush x Bolwyller     No. 200
+
+  Rush x Red Lambert   No. 394 and 398
+
+  Rush x Du Chilly     No. 485 and 555
+
+  Rush x Daviana       No. 529 and 521
+
+This material was supplied by the New York State Agricultural Experiment
+Station for test purposes. So far none of these has come into bearing.
+
+The seedling Carpathian walnuts (1937 planting) are nearly all bearing a
+few nuts. Some began in 1943 while other bore nothing until several
+years later. One tree in 1946 gave six pints of nuts, without the husks,
+another four pints and several two pints, but most of them much less. As
+in other seedling trees there is much variation in this lot of walnuts.
+They vary considerably in habit of growth and vigour, also in nut
+characteristics. They have shown little or no winter injury. It is too
+early yet to pass judgment on these seedlings. Undoubtedly many of them
+are worthless, others are on the border line, and a few may be better
+than seedlings already growing in the Niagara fruit belt. It is possible
+that some may have sufficient hardiness for planting in the less
+favoured sections of Ontario.
+
+Other types of nuts growing at the Horticultural Experiment Station are
+of general interest. The chestnuts and most of the pecans are very young
+and so are not bearing. Several hickories, =Carya ovata= and
+=C. laciniosa=, and Japanese walnuts bear some nuts occasionally. The
+Persian walnut x black walnut hybrids bear a few nuts sometimes but are
+worthless; the trees however, are nice as ornamentals. The Japanese
+walnut x butternut hybrids usually have a nice crop but the nuts are of
+questionable value. The trees are nice ornamentals although subject to
+wind injury.
+
+Several seedling Chinese chestnuts were topworked to selected Chinese
+chestnuts, grafts of which were obtained from the Division of Forest
+Pathology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Unfortunately these
+were all destroyed at the result of construction work.
+
+In addition to plantings made at this Station, nuts and nut seedlings
+have been distributed to people who wished to grow a few nut trees on
+their own places.
+
+Cultural practices have been very simple at the Station. After planting,
+the trees were cultivated for a year or two, then the space between sown
+to grass and clover and the space just around the trees was mulched with
+manure, hay, etc. The grass is cut several times a year and placed
+around the trees as additional mulch. Small quantities of a good
+commercial fertilizer such as 4-8-10 have been applied occasionally and
+some nitrogen also has been used.
+
+Pruning has been reduced to a minimum, a light thinning out of branches
+being given as required. Very little attempt has been made to keep
+filberts to a single stem, but the walnuts have been kept to a single
+low-headed trunk.
+
+There has been a marked increase in interest in the planting of nut
+trees in Ontario since the first plantings were made at the Station.
+These Station plantings serve to demonstrate in a small way that nut
+trees can be grown in the Niagara fruit belt of Ontario. The
+feasibilty, however, of growing nut crops in a commercial way, even in
+this district, is still open to question, although it is felt that
+farmers and others should be encouraged to plant a few nut trees on
+their property both for the sake of the nuts and because of the
+ornamental nature of the trees.
+
+
+
+
+Soil Management for Nut Plantations in Ontario
+
+J. R. van HAARLEM, Horticultural Experiment Station, Vineland Station,
+Ontario
+
+
+Fruitgrowers with high priced land, such as we have in the Niagara
+Peninsula, are not much interested in using such land for a crop not yet
+proven commercially sound. Plantings, whether large or small, are likely
+to be made on low-priced marginal land needing good care. It is doubtful
+if these locations are best suited to proper nut culture since most nut
+trees are deep rooted with extensive root systems requiring the best
+soils.
+
+At the Vineland Station we have three plantations made up of 110
+walnuts, 240 filberts, 14 chestnuts and 6 pecans. These comprise named
+varieties and seedlings of black, Carpathian, and other Persian walnuts,
+filberts, chestnuts and pecans.
+
+During the first years of the life of these plantations we maintained a
+clean cultivation program during the spring and early summer followed by
+the planting of a green-manure crop about July 1st each year. Such crops
+as buckwheat, millet, rye, and weeds, have been used on occasion. We
+soon found that the treatment was not good enough for the trees and we
+then changed to a grass sod with mulch around each tree within the
+spread of the branches. Since this sod-mulch treatment was applied the
+trees have done very much better, making fine growth and maintaining a
+large leaf area of good color. This treatment is fairly representative
+of the many trees planted in dooryards under sod conditions, where the
+grass is cut and left on top.
+
+Most of our Ontario soils are deficient in organic matter and, depending
+on location, deficient in phosphate or potash, or both together. The
+mineral deficiency should first be corrected by liberal applications of
+the required fertilizer before placing the plantations in sod, in fact
+it would pay to do this several years before setting out the trees,
+growing alfalfa on this land and returning all the hay back into the
+soil. For plantations already set out these minerals could be placed in
+a furrow cut just under the outer spread of the branches. Our soils have
+a high fixation factor for phosphate and potash and we have found that
+the best practice is to place the fertilizer under the surface either
+with a deep-placement machine or as outlined above.
+
+After the plantation is in sod an application of 500 to 1,000 lbs. of a
+4-8-10 fertilizer every fifth year should take care of the mineral
+requirements. However, our experience with fruit in general where
+planted in sod is that not sufficient care is taken to keep the trees
+well supplied with nitrogen, many growers laboring under the mistaken
+idea that just the sod is sufficient. Liberal applications of either
+manure or nitrate in the spring is necessary to make sure that the tree
+gets its required nitrogen and not just the sod alone. Mineral
+fertilizers should be applied in the late fall, for under our conditions
+fixation of phosphate and potash is considerably less at that time. The
+plantation may be seeded down in the early spring but mulch should not
+be added until late fall. Applying the mulch in late fall will allow the
+material to fill up with water from the fall rains and winter snows, and
+so prevent the serious withholding of water from the trees during dry
+spells in the summer, because the light summer rains are seldom
+sufficient to soak through the dry mulch material. We have had several
+instances where a summer-applied mulch has seriously robbed the tree of
+needed moisture during dry weather. Do not look for immediate
+improvement from sod-mulch, it will take at least two years to become
+well established. Improvement should begin to show up the second year
+after applying.
+
+We sometimes see a chlorotic condition of the foliage, different from
+the pale yellow foliage due to nitrogen deficiency, which occurs on
+marginal or shallow soil and often where the soil remains too moist, as
+along a water course or low spot. We frequently see this same trouble on
+grape foliage in such locations. This is probably due to a lack of
+sufficient iron intake caused by a deficiency of manganese. It can be
+cured by either spraying with a 1% solution of magananese sulphate or
+applying the dry salt under the spread of the branches. The spraying
+method seems to give better and faster results.
+
+It has been reported from British Columbia that some die-back is due to
+deficiency of boron. Perhaps some of the die-back we see on nut trees
+during the summer is due to this cause and not all to winter injury. The
+very erratic results from ground application of borax would indicate
+that borax should be incorporated with one of the regular sprays as a 1%
+mixture.
+
+Our conclusions therefore are that nut plantations should be placed in
+sod as soon as possible and a mulch established the fall of the year the
+grass is sown. Each year cut the grass and draw in around the tree to
+supplement the mulch. If not enough material is gathered in this way it
+can be supplemented by straw or old hay. Manure or nitrate should be
+applied each spring and trace elements where needed can be incorporated
+in the regular spray program.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Discussion after J. R. van Haarlem's paper.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: "I realize that there are more trees which are starving
+to death than are being overfed."
+
+Silvis: "Do you recommend that freshly cut hay be used as mulch?"
+
+Van Haarlem: "Any crop refuse can be used as mulch. Anything that will
+rot down. The pH of the soil should be 6.2 to 6.5."
+
+O'Rourke: "Would you use clean cultivation for the first year?"
+
+Van Haarlem: "There is nothing against it. We use sod mulch at Vineland.
+The reason that our growers are not growing nut plantations is that good
+land, that is good soil, sells for $1,000 per acre. Nut trees grown on
+poor land, cheap land, do not produce."
+
+McCollum: "I am surprised that rain would not go through loose straw and
+will go through old straw. Where does the rain go when it falls on the
+loose straw?"
+
+Van Haarlem: "It is absorbed before it gets through the straw. Dry mulch
+should be 18 inches deep."
+
+Member: "How would you prevent erosion on rolling land?"
+
+Van Haarlem: "Plant on the contour."
+
+Dr. Crane: "How often do you renew mulch under trees?"
+
+Van Haarlem: "After first application additional may be needed but after
+that enough is grown under trees which when cut and raked will
+suffice."
+
+
+
+
+Report from Southern Ontario
+
+ALEX TROUP, Jordan Station, Ontario
+
+
+Here in southern Ontario we find that most of the northern nuts do well
+in most seasons. Among black walnuts the Thomas, Ohio, and many others
+do well. The Thomas does not always fill. The Ohio seems to be the
+favorite among Persian (English) walnuts. Franquette, Broadview and a
+few others are satisfactory but sometimes do not fill well. Of Japanese
+heartnut walnuts nearly all do well. The Mitchell, Stranger, Bates and
+others are satisfactory.
+
+All the shagbarks and shellbarks are doing well, although only the young
+shagbarks are bearing, and then only lightly.
+
+Chestnuts have done well at times but some trees have been killed by the
+blight. We have Japanese, Chinese and some other seedlings. They are
+sometimes winter injured.
+
+Filberts are satisfactory and usually bear well. We have Barcelona, Du
+Chilly, Troup, White Aveline, Italian Red, Kentish Cob, Daviana, Mosier,
+Guy Smith, Nonpariel and Brixnut. The Barcelona drops nearly free of the
+husk and is a fine nut. Most are of this variety. We do not have hazels.
+
+Pecans will grow and bear but do not fill.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Trees Hardy at Aldershot, Ontario, Canada
+
+O. FILMAN, Aldershot
+
+
+During the past nine or ten years I have planted a few trees of some of
+the better known varieties of northern nut species, some of them chosen
+from the lists of promising selections in the annual reports of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association, some on the recommendation of reliable
+nut nurserymen. These trees have been planted here and there in various
+locations where space permitted on a small fruit and vegetable farm, not
+in orchard form nor in a solid nut tree planting.
+
+Editor's Note: Anyone reading this paper should remember that it applies
+to an area of intensive growth of peaches, pears, and other fruits in a
+bit of Canadian land west of Niagara Falls and protected spring and fall
+from extremes of temperatures by Lake Ontario on the north and Lake Erie
+on the south. The paper by H. L. Crane in this report should be read in
+connection with it.
+
+Aldershot is a fruit and vegetable growing district, about six miles
+from Hamilton, below the escarpment, on the Toronto-Hamilton lake shore
+highway. This district is almost at the western tip of Lake Ontario and
+is more or less a continuation of the Niagara fruit belt which borders
+the lake. Consequently the climate is not so severe as that of
+localities situated a few miles farther from the lake and above the
+Niagara escarpment at higher altitudes. Winter temperatures seldom go
+much below zero, although, in occasional seasons, temperatures of-20
+degrees F., and sometimes even somewhat lower, are experienced.
+
+The soil is a deep, well-drained, light sandy loam, known as Fox sandy
+loam, considered a good fruit and vegetable soil, if organic matter and
+fertility are maintained with manure, fertilizers and green manure
+crops.
+
+Nut trees, which I have planted, include Chinese chestnut, heart nut,
+filbert, hickories, butternut, Persian walnut, a few black walnut
+seedlings and two seedling pecans.
+
+=Chestnuts.= The native chestnut grew in the woods of this locality before
+the blight reached it. I have tried eight varieties of Oriental
+chestnuts, and I have trees surviving of five: Abundance, Hobson, Carr,
+Zimmerman, and one of Mr. Carroll D. Bush's called Chinese Sweet No. 3.
+They all came through a temperature of about-20 degrees, early in 1943
+(with the exception of Zimmerman which was planted later) without
+showing any sign of killing back or other visible injury. Unfortunately,
+I have kept no records of crops but expect to do so.
+
+=Abundance.= One bearing tree, purchased from Mr. Bush of Oregon, and
+planted in the spring of 1938. Bore a few burs in 1941. Bore a crop in
+1944, missed 1945, a good crop in 1946. It is bearing what appears to me
+to be quite a heavy crop this year, 1947. Blossoms in July. Bears a
+good-size, attractive nut, which falls free from the bur, ripening in
+early October. Abundance has made the best growth of any of the
+varieties and appears the most promising.
+
+=Hobson.= Two trees, one, planted in 1940, bore its first crop in 1946;
+the other, planted in 1943, not yet bearing. Has been a little
+disappointing, in view of the very favourable reports of its performance
+in more southern locations in the United States. Probably it is a little
+too far north of its natural environment. In some seasons it has made
+rather good growth, but not as vigorous as that of Abundance. It bore a
+fair crop in 1946, however, of attractive nuts of about the same size as
+Abundance. It ripened in late October about two weeks later than
+Abundance. These nuts germinated well this spring when planted in pots
+in the greenhouse.
+
+=Carr.= One tree surviving, planted in 1940. Two others, planted in 1943,
+have died, but I do not believe that winter injury was the cause of
+their death. Has grown slowly, bearing in 1944 and 1946. The nut is much
+smaller than that produced by the same variety at more southern
+latitudes, judging from descriptions of it which I have read. The nut is
+much smaller than that of Hobson, as grown here. This small tree bore a
+tremendous crop in 1946, more than I thought any tree of its size could
+support. The tree was literally covered with burs. The nuts were very
+small, not larger than a small native chestnut. They ripened early,
+beginning to drop from the burs by September 25th. I stratified most of
+the nuts in pots of soil and planted 206 nuts from this little tree,
+which is only about seven feet high and not at all spreading.
+Germination was good.
+
+=Zimmerman.= One small tree planted spring of 1945. Not bearing yet. Is
+not growing fast but appears healthy with good foliage.
+
+=Chinese Sweet No. 3.= Purchased from Mr. Bush in 1938. Planted at the
+same time as Abundance, which Mr. Bush at that time called Chinese Sweet
+No. 1. He later named No. 1 Abundance, but did not consider No. 3 worthy
+of naming. Has grown well, but has borne very few nuts. Mr. Bush
+discarded it for the same fault. [See comment following.--Ed.]
+
+I have also tried and lost the following varieties: Connecticut Yankee,
+Austin Japanese and Stoke hybrid.
+
+I have quite a number of young seedlings of Abundance, Carr and a few
+of Hobson, from seed produced on my own trees, some of which I hope to
+allow to bear in order to see if anything promising shows up among them.
+The Abundance seedlings seem to inherit the superior vigour of their
+female parent.
+
+=Heartnuts.= The Japanese walnut grows vigorously. I have planted a few of
+Mr. J. U. Gellatly's varieties, as well as the Wright heartnut. All of
+the ones planted seem perfectly hardy and at home. I have only one tree
+of each variety.
+
+=O.K.= From J. U. Gellatly, planted in 1942. Transplanted 1944. Bore its
+first nuts, one cluster, in 1946. Cracking and extraction of kernel were
+excellent. The flavour was fine. Size of nut about medium.
+
+=Okanda.= From J. U. Gellatly, 1942. Said by Mr. Gellatly to be a hybrid
+between heartnut and native butternut. Tree vigorous. Nut has a smooth
+shell like a heartnut. Cracking and extraction good. Flavour excellent.
+Nut about size and shape of a medium-sized heartnut. Bore its first crop
+in 1946 and is repeating this year with a fair crop.
+
+=Crofter.= From J. U. Gellatly, 1942. Also said by Mr. Gellatly to be a
+hybrid between heartnut and butternut. Tree vigorous. Bore its first
+crop in 1946 and has a few nuts this year. The nut has a comparatively
+smooth shell like a heartnut, is somewhat larger than that of Okanda but
+does not crack as well, or rather the kernel does not come out of the
+cavity nearly so well as that of Okanda. Flavour fine.
+
+=Canoka.= From J. U. Gellatly, 1944. A pure heartnut. Tree very vigorous.
+Bearing its first crop this year, several clusters.
+
+=Slioka.= A new heartnut from Mr. Gellatly, planted in 1945. Tree growth
+is vigorous. Is bearing one nut, its first, this year.
+
+=Wright.= From Benton and Smith nurseries 1946. Seems to be hardy. Tree
+growth has not been very strong but appears healthy.
+
+=New, un-named heartnut.= From J. U. Gellatly, planted in the spring of
+1944. A new selection which Mr. Gellatly has not named. The tree has
+grown vigorously and it is bearing its first crop of several clusters of
+nuts.
+
+=Butternuts.= I have only one grafted butternut tree, a Crax-ezy, from the
+Michigan Nut Nurseries in 1940, transplanted in 1942. The tree has been
+hardy and healthy but has not grown very vigorously. It is bearing its
+first crop this year.
+
+I had one tree of the Sherwood butternut, planted in 1938, which died
+last winter as a result, I believe, of a heavy infestation of oyster
+shell scale which I did not control soon enough. Sherwood bore early and
+heavily. The nut was extremely large but did not crack at all well.
+
+=Persian walnut.= Only one grafted tree, a Broadview, from Mr. Gellatly,
+planted in 1942, transplanted in 1944. Has been hardy, but has just
+begun to make really good growth, this year. Has not borne.
+
+=Filberts.= I have planted four of Mr. Gellatly's varieties, namely Craig,
+Brag, Comet and Holder, as well as Barcelona, Cosford, Medium Long and
+Buchanan. Craig and Brag are the only ones which have borne. Trees of
+those varieties planted in 1942 bore their first crop in 1946. They have
+very few nuts on them this year. All varieties seem to be winter-hardy
+in the wood. Craig, Brag and Comet, the only ones which have borne
+staminate flowers do not seem too hardy in the catkins however. Nearly
+all were killed, last winter, although the temperature scarcely went as
+low as zero. Mr. Gellatly states that their catkins survive much lower
+temperatures than that in the west. Some other factor than low
+temperature probably is accountable. (See paper by H. L. Crane in this
+report.--Ed.)
+
+Cosford, Medium Long and Buchanan were planted in the fall of 1946, and
+hence it is too early to have any information on their hardiness. They
+survived their first winter in good condition and have grown vigorously
+this summer.
+
+=Hickories.= Only three grafted trees surviving.
+
+=Pleas hybrid.= One tree, planted in 1938, has been perfectly hardy,
+having come through several severe winters without any sign of injury.
+It has made good growth and has developed into a fine shade tree for the
+lawn but has not borne. It has had many staminate catkins for several
+years.
+
+=Barnes.= One small tree, planted in the spring of 1946, has made slow but
+healthy growth and appears to be hardy thus far.
+
+=Miller.= One tree, planted in 1946, is still living but very weak.
+
+In addition to these named varieties I have a number of seedling black
+walnuts, butternuts and heartnuts, which I hope to topwork to named
+varieties; also two seedling pecans which are making surprisingly good,
+thrifty growth. The pecan seedlings have been quite hardy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+=Discussion after Mr. Filman's paper.=
+
+Stoke: "Hobson is not as large as Abundance. Abundance is always larger
+than Hobson. Carr always produced better nuts than Hobson. Mr. Filman
+finds that Carr has very small nuts. I am surprised to see a reversal of
+performance between Ontario and Virginia."
+
+McDaniel: "Mr. Bush now reports that his No. 3 chestnut has borne better
+crops recently. Abundance has not survived in TVA tests at Norris."
+
+
+
+
+Report from Echo Valley, 1947
+
+GEORGE HEBDEN CORSAN, Islington, Ontario
+
+
+The Northern Nut Growers Association visited Echo Valley, Islington,
+Ontario, September 5th on the field trip following their annual
+convention at Guelph. Some 15 species of nuts and nearly 400 varieties
+are growing there. The filberts drew a lot of attention, as the most of
+them were seedlings and quite large, some larger than the largest Oregon
+varieties. The seeds planted were: Italian Red. Du Chilly, Giant de
+Halle, Brixnut, Bollwyller, Cosford, Daviana, and Jones No. 1 Hybrid.
+The policy followed has been not to discard a plant because it bears
+small nuts or no nuts at all, because such trees may bear hardy catkins
+that live through the winter. The female blossoms of filberts are very
+hardy but many male blossoms may be killed during cold winters.
+
+Years ago the Dominion Department of Agriculture declared that filberts,
+chestnuts and Persian (English) walnuts could not be grown north of Lake
+Ontario. I would grant that they grow better south of the lake.
+However, the filbert crop this fall south of the lake was very poor and
+scanty, whereas mine was large and in fact the largest I ever had. My
+Winkler and Rush hazelnuts are crowded on the branches. And the same
+with the English walnuts. My crop on the larger trees could not be
+better. The Thomas black walnut, as well as other black walnuts, Jap
+heartnuts, hybrid butternut x Japanese heartnut cross, chestnuts and
+hickories are very large.
+
+Hicans and northern pecans do not develop north of Lake Ontario. Down in
+the very southwest corner of Ontario, north of Lake Erie, some small
+pecans have cropped well on trees. As a curiosity pecan trees are quite
+hardy here, but we lack length of season to mature the nuts properly. No
+Weiker hickory hybrid crops and ripens well here. This nut is one of the
+very few crosses between shellbark and shagbark hickories, (=Carya
+laciniosa=) western and (=Carya ovata=) eastern, hickories.
+
+I have some crosses between the Chinese and Japanese chestnuts that I am
+watching. I have one European x American cross chestnut, the Gibbons,
+and one native (=Castanea dentata=) that have escaped the blight. So far
+this year I have found only one blighted chestnut limb and I promptly
+cut it off and tarred the cut well.
+
+At least I have persimmons hardy enough to stand the winters north of
+Lake Ontario, but I am not sure about the pawpaw. This fruit seems to
+require shade from the winter's sun.
+
+Many but not all of the Crath importations of Persian walnuts from the
+Carpathians are hardy and much more so than the Pomeroy varieties. Even
+the Broadview is not hardy as many of the Crath varieties. Rev. Crath
+did an immense service to us by his importations which far exceeded our
+highest expectations. I have here nearly half a hundred varieties of
+=Juglans regia= that are doing well, especially the three Rumanian giants
+that ripen so well here.
+
+
+List of Some of the Larger and More Important Trees at Echo Valley,
+Islington, Ontario
+
+  =Black Walnut=
+     Stambaugh 1926--1st prize.
+     Thomas from J. F. Jones, late ripener.
+     Troup, cracks out whole in spring.
+     Hepler, from Miss Riehl, a long nut.
+     Elmer Myers, excellent flavor, the thinest shell.
+     Snyder, medium size, large kernel.
+     Tasterite, a small nut, origin New York State.
+     Clark, origin Iowa, very large nut.
+     Gifford, bears very heavy crop every second year, ripens before
+     Thomas.
+
+  =Persian (English) Walnut=
+     David Fairchild, seedling Rumanian giant.
+     Senator Pepper, seedling Rumanian giant.
+     Paul de Kruif, seedling Rumanian giant.
+     Chinese, very hardy, medium size.
+     Broadview, from British Columbia but originally from Russia.
+
+  =Hickory=
+     Neilson, a true shagbark, nut large flat and very thin shell, flavor
+       is wonderful. A big tree on highway 24 not far south of where
+       Alexander Graham Bell perfected the telephone.
+     Hagen, a true shagbark, a fast grower.
+     Hand, a shagbark.
+     Weiker, a shellbark and shagbark cross, a large, heavy bearing nut
+       that ripens here north of Lake Ontario. Excellent flavor, grafted
+       on pecan.
+     Papple, a small good shagbark, cracks out whole.
+     Anthony No. 1 shagbark.
+     Glover, from Miss Riehl.
+
+  =Heartnut=
+     Wright, a good bearer and excellent cracker.
+     Stranger, very heavy bearer, excellent cracker.
+     Gellatly.
+
+  =Filbert=
+     Italian Red, medium long with wide base.
+     Bollwyller, large round.
+     Du Chilly, long smooth.
+     Many seedlings of named varieties.
+
+  =Chestnut=
+     Gibbons, Miss Riehl, hybrid European American.
+     Chinese, test not completed.
+
+  =Jap Butternut=
+     Helmick, from Miss Riehl, 14 cluster, regular bearer, very thin shell,
+  grafted on black walnut.
+
+
+
+
+Report from Beamsville, Ontario
+
+LEVI HOUSSER
+
+
+About twenty years ago I started to plant nut trees, as I decided nuts
+were the solution to good health, which I later found was correct. Most
+of my first trees died. I started gathering nuts all over the country
+until at last, near my own home, I found a neighbor who had ten trees
+and two out of the ten were bearing large size nuts of an excellent
+flavor. I also added filberts to my collection.
+
+About this time I learned of Prof. Neilson, so I went to see him in
+Guelph. He told me about the Northern Nut Growers Association. I also
+learned about Mr. Corsan and his work at Islington so I went to see him.
+He also told me about the Association so I went to the next meeting and
+joined up. I began to add more varieties to my plantings. My first four
+acre planting was seeded with oats the second year. All my tress had a
+nice start. I spent some three hundred dollars that year for grafted nut
+trees. That second fall I hired a man to watch and stand by each tree as
+the binder passed. It was impossible for me to be there. The man who cut
+the oats in his own stubborn way went alone and cut everything as he
+went, trees and all. My heart was nearly broken! I started again. I
+bought nuts of good varieties from all over. I decided to make a little
+nursery this time then plant out after the trees got bigger. Just as I
+got this started nicely the war came. I also had a fruit farm where I
+now live besides also planting some grafted stock here. My nursery,
+seventy-eight miles away on my fifty acres, I had to leave as gas was
+rationed and I was forced to sell, so remaining there are about one
+hundred trees which I shall watch. My best trees died but I kept going
+on planting every year. Today, after all the calamities I had, I have
+around two hundred trees living.
+
+This year I expect two bushels of heartnuts; about two bushels of
+filberts; some extra nice ones that ripened early, large and well
+filled; about two bushels of black walnuts, some very promising. Besides
+these I have about fifty trees of the Carpathian walnuts from which I
+have gathered about two quarts of nuts. My oldest tree is ten years old.
+One I grafted on black walnut stock and it is a very large nut. I
+gathered five nuts from this. The graft is now five years old. Hundreds
+of nuts started; nearly all dropped off. Possibly as the tree gets older
+it will do better as I have planted several other nut trees not far away
+to help with cross pollination.
+
+I have some good sized butternuts and I gathered about 17 quarts of
+these so I expect to have enough nuts to supply my daily needs from now
+on from my own plantings. After twenty years of hard work and with an
+outlay of at least $1,000, my trees, as they grow up around me, are like
+children to me. They supply me with food. My nervousness was cured by
+them and my health has returned.
+
+My worst enemy here with filberts is they start to grow too early, then
+a frost comes and they are done after a week or two of nice weather.
+Even though we have this trouble we gathered nearly two bushels from 25
+trees which are eight years old.
+
+Our lowest temperature here was 20 below zero a few years ago. My
+Carpathians did not seem to mind that nor did the heartnuts. From now on
+I am planning my own little nursery and do my own grafting as well. I
+top work my young trees that show poor nuts.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Growing in New Hampshire
+
+L. P. LATIMER, Assistant Horticulturist, University of New Hampshire,
+Durham, New Hampshire
+
+
+At the present time there are no nuts grown commercially in New
+Hampshire. Those gathered by the residents of this state for home use or
+local consumption are comprised almost entirely of butternuts from wild
+seedling trees and nuts of the native hickory. The butternut is the most
+highly prized among our native nuts. It grows wild over a large portion
+of the state. The hickory nuts take second place, probably because of
+their smaller size and the greater difficulty involved in removing the
+meat from the shells. Black walnuts are occasionally found but do not
+seem generally as popular.
+
+Dr. A. F. Yeager of the Horticultural Department of the University of
+New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, has several times called for
+specimens of superior butternuts grown in the state. These have been
+tested for their cracking ability, and size of kernel and ease of
+removal from the shell in halves or as whole meats. Several very fine
+specimens have been collected, but progress in the development of these
+better types has been impeded by the difficulty involved in trying to
+propagate them vegetatively. The New Hampshire Horticultural Department
+would gladly welcome any information concerning the propagation of the
+butternut that would make grafting or budding successful.
+
+The best possibility in developing commercial nut crops in New
+Hampshire apparently lies first in the use of the hazel or filbert.
+Although the European filbert has not been very successful, such
+varieties of the American hazel as Winkler and Rush look promising. The
+Winkler has borne heavy crops but in a short summer season the nuts do
+not always mature fully in the fall. Although we have had much less
+experience with the Rush variety, this does mature earlier in the fall
+and seems promising. Some of the Jones hybrids have been tested at the
+Experiment Station in Durham, a few of which have done quite well. Of
+these Jones hybrids No. 1181, 1154, and 1094 have made quite vigorous
+growth. Seedling No. 1094 has been outstanding, producing good sized
+nuts which mature well and shell out easily from the husks. In type and
+flavor of nut it resembles the European hazel quite strongly under our
+conditions.
+
+So far, none of the chestnuts, including the Chinese species, have shown
+great enough resistance to chestnut blight to warrant their
+recommendation. We still hope that we may discover a good chestnut for
+this section. The hardy Persian or English walnuts have not been tested
+long enough to warrant any conclusion as to their promise for New
+Hampshire; one difficulty will probably lie in the fact that the nuts of
+some do not ripen properly under our cool, short summer conditions.
+
+Mr. Matthew Lahti of Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, has been experimenting
+with various species and varieties of nuts for that section. His
+location on the shore of Lake Winnipesaukee undoubtedly presents a more
+favorable site for growing certain types of nut plants than exists here
+in Durham, or most other parts of New Hampshire. At the present moment I
+have on my desk a parcel received from Mr. Lahti containing some fine
+specimens of one of the hardy Persian walnuts which he is growing in
+Wolfeboro. The unusually warm and dry late summer and fall of this year
+have favored the maturity of this walnut. (For a detailed description of
+Mr. Lahti's experience with nut varieties, please refer to his paper
+printed below.)
+
+
+
+
+Nut Notes from New Hampshire
+
+MATTHEW LAHTI
+
+
+Not being able to attend the annual convention I thought possibly some
+of the members might be interested in the following random notes of an
+amateur nut grower.
+
+My place is in Wolfeboro, N. H., which is situated in the eastern end of
+Lake Winnepesaukee, 43 degrees, 35 minutes north latitude; elevation
+above sea level, 687'. The elevation of the lake is 504'. Wolfeboro is
+just about at the northern fringe of the climate where peaches will
+ripen, that is during favorable years in favored locations. Improved
+varieties of field corn will ripen during favorable seasons. It also
+happens to be the northern fringe of the American chestnut, in favored
+location. I have discovered a number of saplings that are still alive.
+As a matter of fact, three or four years ago I was fortunate in finding
+some ripened nuts, but the trees that bore those nuts have since died of
+the blight. While a certain variety of old fashioned sweet cherry will
+live and bear fruit, some of the recent improved varieties will not
+live. Every one that I have planted was winter-killed. The Montmorency
+cherry, however, does well. It is also the northern limit of the pignut.
+Butternuts do very well.
+
+
+DDT Dust versus Butternut Curculio
+
+I was prompted to write this note by reading Mr. S. H. Graham's article
+entitled "An Experiment with DDT" appearing on page 101 of the 1945
+annual report, in which he states that the butternut curculio did not
+survive DDT powder.
+
+In the past four or five years the butternut curculio (identified as
+such by Prof. Conklin of the University of N. H.) has all but ruined my
+Crath Persian walnuts and heartnuts, so, acting on the basis of Mr.
+Graham's experiment, I had my trees dusted early in the morning when the
+dew was on the leaves, using a 10% DDT powder, the first time about May
+30 and again two weeks later, and I am happy to say that this dusting
+has been very effective. I have been unable to find any sign of curculio
+injury this year, although I have seen it nearby on some native
+butternut trees.
+
+My Gellatly heartnut was riddled by the curculio last year. This year,
+when the dusting was done, this tree was overlooked, so I undertook to
+dust it myself, and not realizing that the Niagara duster which I used
+was set in the closed position, I dusted the tree with considerable
+effort. In spite of the small amount of dust that came out, it proved
+sufficient to keep the curculios away or else to kill them so that there
+is no sign of any damage at this writing.
+
+
+Persian Walnuts
+
+In the spring of 1938 I planted a number of Crath Persian walnut
+seedlings. Out of possibly eight or ten, only two survive. (I gave each
+one about three years, and if it showed serious winter injury, I pulled
+it up.) I was pleasantly surprised the other day to discover that one of
+them has borne a single nut this year. This particular tree is at least
+300' from any other Persian walnut, so it looks as if it were
+self-fertile. It now remains to be seen whether or not the nut will
+ripen.
+
+In the spring of 1940, I planted a Broadview Persian walnut graft on
+black walnut stock, and this tree is bearing for the first time with
+eighteen nuts showing. Three or four years ago this Broadview suffered
+some winter damage by a split trunk and split lower branch. I painted
+over the cracks with gasket cement, and they are now healed. The
+Broadview has also shown some winter-kill of terminal twigs, but not
+enough to affect its bearing this year. There has been no splitting of
+the trunks or branches of the two surviving Crath Persian walnut trees
+and no winter injury to terminal twigs. The Crath walnut trees are now
+18" in circumference a foot from the ground and about 12 to 15' tall.
+The Broadview on the black walnut stock has a circumference of 16" above
+the graft and 15-1/4" below the graft, tending to show that the
+Broadview grows faster than the black walnut.
+
+It is interesting to note that the Broadview blooms a week or ten days
+later than the Crath Persian walnut, and at the same time as the native
+butternut.
+
+
+Black Walnuts
+
+I have planted a few Thomas black walnut seedlings, two grafts, and a
+Tasterite black walnut graft. A Thomas black walnut graft has borne nuts
+in three different years, including this year. The graft was sent out in
+the spring of 1939, and the seedlings were set out in the spring of
+1940. The seedlings have not yet borne. The Thomas black walnut graft
+last bore three years ago, when the nuts on the whole ripened and were
+well filled. We had a very cold spring in 1945, so much so that apples
+were almost a total failure.
+
+I also planted a Tasterite black walnut in the spring of 1939, and this
+is the first year that it has borne any nuts. It remains to be seen
+whether they will be filled out or not. There is, however, an important
+difference between the Thomas and the Tasterite, which are growing only
+50' apart, namely that the Thomas suffers from winter injury to the
+terminal twigs each year, whereas there has not been any sign of such
+injury to the Tasterite.
+
+
+Hickories
+
+I have planted possibly two dozen of a number of varieties of hickories,
+of which only nine survive to date, the cause being not winter injury
+but what appears to me to have been improper circulation through the
+graft union. They would struggle along for three or four years
+(producing suckers from the root stock which I broke off), and then die.
+None of these has borne any nuts yet except the Weschcke, which was
+planted in the fall of 1941, and which is now bearing one nut. This nut
+is a mystery to me because the tree bore no catkins. There are no
+hickory trees within thirty miles of the vicinity to my knowledge, and
+the nearest pignut tree is perhaps three-quarters of a mile distant, in
+a direction against the prevailing winds, the intervening space being
+forest. Could it be possible that the Weschcke hickory was pollinated by
+a butternut or the Broadview Persian walnut? A big butternut tree stands
+within 60' and the Broadview is situated about 150' distant.
+
+
+Heartnuts
+
+I have tried a number of heartnuts, including the Gellatly and the
+Wright. Only a single Gellatly survives. Here again the cause was not
+winter injury so much as either the butternut curculio or other causes.
+The Gellatly, while suffering some terminal twig winter injury and deer
+damage by rubbing of horns, has borne and ripened nuts.
+
+
+Filberts and Hazelnuts
+
+I planted a number of Winkler hazels in the fall of 1940, and this is
+the second year of bearing. The nuts hardly have time to ripen in our
+climate and a good many of the catkins get winter-killed.
+
+In the spring of 1939 I planted a number of filbert seeds received from
+Mr. Slate such as No. 128 Rush Barcelona; Medium Long; and Red Lambert.
+These are bearing for the first time this year, and judging from the
+size of the nuts now, it looks as if they will mature. Many of the
+catkins were winter-killed.
+
+Bixby and Buchanan planted in the spring of 1939: While the plants did
+very well, most of the catkins invariably were winter-killed, so I was
+obliged to pull them up.
+
+I have a feeling that filberts would do better here if it were not for
+the very cold winds that blow off the lake in winter, killing most of
+the catkins.
+
+I discovered a wild hazel in Lexington, Mass., (which town is located in
+a so-called cold air pocket) the nuts of which are almost equal to the
+Winkler. I have transplanted some of these to Wolfeboro and shall know
+more about them later. I also discovered some wild hazels in
+northeastern Maine, between Lincoln and Vanceboro on the border of New
+Brunswick, Canada, which two weeks ago had good sized, well filled nuts
+on them. I have also transplanted some of these to Wolfeboro.
+
+In closing I should like to thank all officers, committee members, and
+others who are responsible for the annual report. To those of us who do
+not get to the conventions very often, the report is the Northern Nut
+Growers Association, and a source of very valuable and interesting
+information, especially to an amateur like myself.
+
+
+
+
+A Simplified Schedule for Judging Black Walnut Varieties
+
+L. H. MacDANIELS and S. S. ATWOOD, Cornell University
+
+
+All its members would agree that the Northern Nut Growers Association
+should have an officially accepted schedule for judging black walnuts
+and the other kinds of nuts with which it is concerned. Some yardstick
+is needed to serve as a basis for the comparison of varieties which the
+members of the Association will use. Persons familiar with nut varieties
+are freqeuntly asked to answer questions about the best varieties to
+plant. Of course there is no simple answer to such a question as many
+factors besides the nuts themselves determine the value of a variety.
+The quality and value of the nuts are, however, the most important
+initial consideration in selecting a variety on its merit and there
+should be some objective test adopted to aid in evaluating nut samples.
+
+During the many years that the Northern Nut Growers Association has been
+operating more than a hundred and fifty varieties of black walnuts have
+been named. Yet at the present time we are not certain which are the
+better varieties except in a very general way. There is no widely
+accepted judging schedule being used as is evident in the tables
+published by Seward Berhow in his paper in the 1945 Proceedings (2). In
+these tables scores are given but these come from several sources and
+are not comparable and hence are of little value in making comparisons.
+
+There have been many schedules for judging black walnuts presented in
+the past. One of the first was proposed by the late Willard G. Bixby (3,
+4). This was complicated and never came into general use although the
+testing done by Mr. Bixby was a valuable contribution to our knowledge
+of varieties. The late N. F. Drake tested many varieties through the
+years according to a schedule of his own devising (5, 6). Professor
+Drake's schedule was related to his concept of a perfect walnut and the
+various values were related to this on a percentage basis. This schedule
+never had wider acceptance, chiefly because it was too complicated and
+required too much figuring.
+
+Mr. C. A. Reed has probably tested more varieties of nuts and is more
+familiar with varieties than any other person but he does not have a
+definite scoring schedule. Kline and Chase (7) summarized results of the
+testing work that had been done and Kline (8) compared varieties
+according to a system which he devised in which they were rated in terms
+of return per hour of labor spent in cracking and extracting the
+kernels. Mr. C. C. Lounsberry has proposed a method of scoring which was
+related to kernel cavity measurement (9).
+
+In 1935, a Committee on Varieties and Standards endeavored to formulate
+a working schedule that would be adopted as official. This committee set
+up a score that represented the best thinking of the group at that time
+(1). Twenty-five nut samples were used. The score was the sum of the
+weight of an individual nut in grams plus twice the per cent kernel of
+the weight of the nuts recovered in the first crack plus the total
+percentage of kernel plus 1/10 of a point for each quarter kernel
+recovered. Penalties were proposed for shrunken kernels and empty nuts.
+Through the years a large number of samples have been tested according
+to this scoring schedule (11). In 1943, MacDaniels and Wilde (12)
+summarized the previous work done, added many tests and evaluated the
+scoring system. This was not considered to be altogether satisfactory.
+In the first place, it was somewhat cumbersome and had never been
+adopted by the Association nor had it been used much by others. The
+figuring of percentages and penalties made a score too involved for wide
+aceptance. A very serious difficulty was the problem of shrunken kernels
+and empty nuts. Obviously, with a score related to the weight of the
+sample before cracking, the inclusion of a number of empty nuts made it
+impossible to make any accurate correction in the percentages that were
+used in the score. Penalties did not solve the problem. Also the initial
+weight of the sample varied with the amount of husk clinging to the
+shells. From this work it was evident that an acceptable score would
+have to be formulated on some other basis.
+
+The next approach was to analyze data of this type statistically in an
+attempt to devise a better scoring system (1). The results from such a
+study proved valuable in answering such questions as 1) the size of
+sample necessary to obtain significant differences between samples; 2)
+the significance of small differences in measurements or in scores and
+3) the amount of variation that is normal and without significance in
+comparing varieties.
+
+The following qualifications were considered essential to a workable
+schedule:
+
+1) The schedule must be easy to use.
+
+2) The schedule must concern itself with objective qualities or
+characters which can be weighed or measured. It cannot be concerned with
+flavor and other characters upon which there may be disagreement and
+which depend upon personal preference.
+
+3) Characters must be avoided which vary with the treatment of the
+samples themselves such as color of kernels.
+
+4) It must give a score that will separate samples on small differences.
+
+Considering the problem from these angles and scrutinizing the older
+schedules, a number of ideas came out. First of all, why include the
+shells? If shells are discarded a number of problems would be solved,
+such as the cleaning of the nuts and adjustments for shrivelled and
+empty nuts. Also, why reduce any of the weights or measures to
+percentages which only add to the complexity of the score? The actual
+amount of kernels recovered reflects both the size of nuts and the yield
+of kernels. Plumpness of the kernels is reflected in the total weight of
+kernels and does not need to be considered separately.
+
+The important elements in a score were considered to be:
+
+1) The crackability of the nuts of the variety. This is measured by the
+weight of kernels obtained in the first crack.
+
+2) The yield of the variety. This is measured in the total weight of
+kernels.
+
+3) The marketability of the product. This can be measured by the number
+of pieces in the sample. In general, the smaller the number and the
+larger the size of the pieces the better the marketability.
+
+With this general background in mind, many samples were tested and the
+results published in the 1945 report[1]. In order to secure the data
+needed the kernels of the individual nuts in the samples were weighed
+separately.
+
+NOTE: All samples were cracked with the (John W.) Hershey nut
+cracker.
+
+Some of the conclusions drawn from these tests were as follows:
+
+1) Using kernel weights only gives a rapid and accurate test of
+differences between varieties.
+
+2) Ten nuts are adequate for a single sample.
+
+3) The location of the tree with reference to climate and soil is
+probably the most important single factor influencing kernel yield. No
+evidence was obtained, however, to indicate that the varieties ranked
+significantly different at different locations.
+
+4) If reasonable care is used in cracking the differences due to
+different operators tend to be non-significant.
+
+The statistical proof that a ten-nut sample is adequate and that
+differences between operators are not significant are two findings that
+are important in setting up a schedule.
+
+During the past year further testing has been done, in which scores were
+computed from ten-nut samples.[A] The samples had preliminary cool, dry
+storage to assure comparable moisture content. Enough nuts were cracked
+in each sample to secure ten that were well filled. Empty nuts were
+recorded. The following data were kept for each sample:
+
+1) The weight of the kernels recovered in first crack in grams.
+
+2) The total weight of the kernels in grams.
+
+3) The number of quarters and number of halves recovered.
+
+Scores were computed as 1) the weight of the first crack in grams plus
+2) half of the total weight of the kernels recovered in grams plus 3)
+the number of quarters divided by four and, 4) the number of halves
+divided by two. In this score, it was considered that the crackability
+of the sample was measured by the weight of the first crack; the yield,
+by the total weight of kernels secured from the sample; the
+marketability by the number of quarters and halves. From the use of this
+schedule scores were secured ranging from 83.9 for the variety Thomas
+grown in Maryland to 37.4 for the variety Huen, which is a small nut
+giving relatively small kernel yield.
+
+Analyses of the data to determine the percentage of the score that was
+derived from each component showed that crackability as measured by the
+weight of the kernels recovered in first crack gave an average of 54% of
+the score with a range of 49 to 58 for the different samples; yield, as
+measured by total weight of kernels divided by two, 31% with range of 27
+to 34%; marketability measured by number of quarters divided by four 14%
+with range of 10 to 22% and number of halves divided by two 1%. The
+percentage of the score derived from the number of halves was so small
+as to be negligible. It seemed better, therefore, to base the score on
+only three elements, namely, the weight of the first crack, the total
+yield of kernels and the number of quarters recovered from the sample.
+
+On this basis the problem becomes that of deciding the weights that
+should be given to these three components. The score as set up
+emphasizes the crackability of the variety much more than its
+marketability. This seems logical because the value of a variety is in
+large part dependent upon the ease of recovery of the kernels on first
+cracking. Several different combinations of the weighting of these three
+components were considered and it was decided that the most logical was
+to weight the elements as follows: 1) The weight of first crack in
+grams. 2) The total weight of the kernels divided by two and 3) the
+number of quarters recovered divided by 2. If there are halves, each
+half would count as two quarters.
+
+
+  Table I. Average scores from 18 black walnut samples cracked by three
+  operators and computed by two scoring systems.
+
+                                           Scoring   Systems[3]
+                                          --------------------
+  Variety         Source             Year     I         II
+                                            points    points
+  Thomas          Maryland           '46     83.9      93.1
+  Snyder          Ithaca, N. Y. (A)  '46     81.8      89.2
+  Ohio            Maryland           '46     79.5      88.9
+  Thomas          Ithaca, N. Y. (A)  '46     76.4      85.5
+  Norris          Tennessee          '45     76.1      83.9
+  Stambaugh       Ithaca, N. Y. (A)  '46     75.9      81.0
+  Stambaugh       Ithaca, N. Y. (A)  '46     74.0      83.2
+  Thomas          Tennessee          '45     71.5      79.6
+  Thomas          Ithaca, N. Y. (B)  '46     65.7      74.6
+  Cornell         Ithaca, N. Y. (C)  '46     59.3      67.6
+  Stabler         Maryland           '45     56.9      64.5
+  Cresco          Ithaca, N. Y. (A)  '46     55.8      65.2
+  Seedling No. 1  Geneva, N. Y.      '46     52.7      62.2
+  Seedling No. 3  Geneva, N. Y.      '46     50.6      59.0
+  Brown           Ohio               '45     49.7      59.4
+  Stabler         Tennessee          '45     47.5      51.4
+  Seedling No. 2  Geneva, N. Y.      '46     44.4      52.2
+  Huen            Iowa               '46     37.4      44.9
+  Least significant difference (5%)           6.3       6.6
+
+  [Footnote 3: Score I=Weight (grams) 1st crack + Total weight (grams)  +
+                                                  --------------------
+                                                           2
+
+  Number quarters + Number halves
+  ---------------   -------------
+        4                                                              2
+
+  Score II=Weight (grams) 1st crack +
+
+  Total weight (grams) +
+  --------------------
+            2
+
+  Number quarters
+  ---------------
+        2          ]
+
+Calculating the percentage of each component in the total score on this
+basis gives crackability 48%, yield 27%, marketability 25%. This
+schedule gives relatively more weight to marketability as against the
+other two components. The average scores of 18 samples cracked by three
+operators and calculated on both the above described schedules are given
+in table I.
+
+The table shows that the rank of the different samples was not changed
+materially by using only the three components, except in a few cases in
+which there were an appreciable number of halves. The Stabler has many
+one-lobed nuts which increase the number of halves recovered. It is to
+be noted that with both schedules the least significant difference at
+the 5% level is about 6 score points.
+
+Table II gives the score calculated by schedule II for five samples,
+each cracked by six operators. The difference between operators is not
+significant but the difference between varieties is highly significant.
+
+Table II. Scores from five samples of black walnuts each cracked by six
+operators according to scoring schedule II.
+
+                                              Operators
+                                  ----------------------------------
+  Variety  Location          Year  1     2     3     4     5     6  Average
+
+  Snyder  Ithaca, N. Y.      '46  89.2  87.3  78.9  94.4  87.5  91.5  86.5
+  Thomas  Ithaca, N. Y. (A)  '46  83.5  79.2  83.1  78.0  84.2  83.8  83.6
+  Thomas  Ithaca, N. Y. (B)  '46  73.1  67.4  73.4  74.1  69.6  83.8  73.6
+  Cresco  Ithaca, N. Y.      '46  66.0  69.2  63.1  67.2  68.5  60.2  65.7
+  Brown   Ohio               '45  62.5  51.0  65.4  60.4  48.1  64.8  58.7
+  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  Average                         74.9  70.8  72.8  72.8  71.6  78.8  73.6
+  Least significant difference (5%) for variety averages               6.2
+
+A third scoring system, involving 1) weight of kernels in grams for the
+first crack, plus 2) total weight of kernels, 3) all divided by the
+number of marketable pieces (as counted following sifting on a 1/4"
+round hole screen) was tried, and the resulting ranking of the varieties
+was very similar to that obtained with systems I and II. The results
+from this system appeared to be the most precise, but it was not
+considered as generally acceptable as system II, since the latter would
+be easier to record and calculate.
+
+It is the opinion of the authors that Schedule II gives a score that
+estimates very well the relative merit of the samples tested as to
+crackability, yield and marketability. It is simple to use and the only
+equipment required is a scale accurate to 1/10 gram. Calculations are
+reduced to a minimum and the characters used are not dependent on
+judgment of the individual making the test. It should be pointed out,
+however, that differences in score of less than six points are not
+significant on the basis of testing done to date. As more tests are made
+this value may be reduced. The schedule should serve as a measure to
+establish differences between varieties, particularly when a
+considerable number of tests are made. It can also be relied upon to
+measure differences due to the location of trees of the same variety,
+variation of the same variety from year to year in the same and in
+different locations and differences of a similar nature. In ranking
+varieties which have scores within the limits of variability, it will be
+necessary to use judgment as to small differences of appearance. No
+scoring schedule can be expected to entirely eliminate the judgment of
+experts. Also it must be realized that characters other than the nuts,
+such as bearing habit, hardiness, yield of trees, disease resistance
+and the like must be considered in finally establishing the value of a
+variety.
+
+
+References Cited
+
+  1. Atwood. S. S. and L. H. MacDaniels. Tests of black walnut varieties
+  for differences in kernel yields. N.N.G.A Rept. 36: 44-50, 1945.
+
+  2. Berhow, Seward. Black walnut variety tabulations. N.N.G.A Rept. 36:
+  38-43, 1945.
+
+  3. Bixby, W. G. Judging nuts. N.N.G.A. Rept. 10: 122-133, 1919.
+
+  4. ----. The 1929 contests and the method of testing used. N.N.G.A. Rept.
+  22: 42-63, 1931.
+
+  5. Drake, N. F. Judging black walnuts. N.N.G.A. Rept. 22: 130-137, 1931.
+
+  6. ----. Black walnut varieties. N.N.G.A. Rept. 26: 66-71, 1935.
+
+  7. Kline, L. V., and S. B. Chase. Compilation of data on nut weight and
+  kernel percentage of black walnut selections. Am. Soc. Hort.
+  Sci. Proc. 38: 166-174, 1941.
+
+  8. Kline, L. V. A method of evaluating the nuts of black walnut
+  varieties. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 41: 136-144, 1942.
+
+  9. Lounsberry, C. C. Measurements of walnuts of United States.
+  N.N.G.A. Rept. 31: 162-127, 1940
+
+  10. MacDaniels, L. H. Report of committee on varieties and judging
+  standards. N.N.G.A. Rept. 28: 20-23, 1937.
+
+  11. ----. Is it possible to devise a satisfactory judging schedule for
+  black walnuts? N.N.G.A. Rept. 30: 24-27, 1939.
+
+  12. ----, and J. E. Wilde. Further tests with black walnut varieties.
+  N.N.G.A. Rept. 34: 64-82, 1943.
+
+
+
+
+Test Plantings of Thomas Black Walnut in the Tennessee Valley
+
+SPENCER B. CHASE, Tennessee Valley Authority
+
+
+Native black walnut occurs abundantly throughout most of the Tennessee
+Valley. Practically every farmer has at least one "favorite tree" and
+each fall he collects nuts from that tree and stores them for cracking
+during the winter. In some sections of the Valley walnut cracking in the
+home is of considerable importance. Each year, some million and a
+quarter pounds of kernels are cracked out at the five modern cracking
+plants located in or adjacent to the Valley. Utilization of the crop is
+becoming more and more complete.
+
+In early studies of native nut trees, TVA recognized the possibilities
+of black walnut, especially the improved varieties. Here was a tree that
+produced not only valuable nut crops but also cabinet wood without
+equal; in addition, it was a desirable pasture shade tree. Black walnut
+has long been a favorite among farmers, but few of them had ever heard
+of =improved= black walnuts. Along with TVA, the state agricultural
+extension services saw the advantages of the improved varieties and were
+eager to test them under Valley conditions. And so it was that a
+cooperative testing project was developed. TVA produced the trees and
+the seven Valley state extension services distributed them to farmers
+for test planting.
+
+
+The Test
+
+The Thomas walnut was used in these test plantings for several reasons.
+In the first place, it produces large, rather thin-shelled nuts with
+good cracking qualities. Few varieties are more easily cracked with a
+hammer or a hand-operated cracking machine. In addition, fast growth is
+characteristic of the variety and it should produce merchantable sawlogs
+earlier than the common walnut. Despite its northern origin, 5-year-old
+plantings at Norris, Tennessee, seemed well adapted to Valley
+conditions. No other variety at the time offered as many advantages.
+
+Test planting was begun in Tennessee in 1939 and then it was extended to
+the other Valley states as more trees were propagated. For the most
+part, planting sites were selected by extension foresters and county
+agents. If the tests were successful they would automatically become
+demonstrations, so special attention was given those areas where walnut
+cracking in the home was an important enterprise. Many of the test
+plantings were located in communities that had been organized for the
+study and application of improved farming methods. In general, farmers
+planted the trees in low, fertile spots not suitable for other uses,
+along fences, or in pastures if they could be protected from livestock.
+
+Through 1946, 9,614 trees were planted in 3,286 test plantings. They
+were scattered all over the Valley, in 92 of its 125 counties. The
+number of trees per planting varied with the availability of good walnut
+sites. Generally, there were 2 to 4 trees in each planting.
+
+
+The Results
+
+Getting survival and performance data on these widely scattered
+experimental plantings presented quite a problem. Examination of a few
+plantings showed that trees given reasonable care had survived and were
+beginning to bear nuts. So in 1946, the farmers who had planted the
+trees were polled by mail for an overall evaluation of the plantings.
+Questionnaires asking for information on survival, growth, and bearing
+were sent by the state extension foresters to 3,274 farmers. The return
+of questionnaires was excellent. Forty-two percent came back and
+three-fourths of them were filled out completely.
+
+=Survival and Mortality Causes.= Eighty-one percent of the 1,373 plantings
+reported on were still active in 1946; that is, they still had at least
+one living tree. Survival reports received on 3,831 trees planted showed
+that 2,439 or 64 percent of the trees were living in 1946. Survival was
+best in the portion of the Valley north and east of Chattanooga; 84
+percent in Virginia, 71 percent in North Carolina, and 66 percent in
+eastern Tennessee. South and west of Chattanooga survival percent was
+lower: 62 in Georgia, 61 in western Tennessee, 54 in Kentucky, 45 in
+Alabama, and 26 in Mississippi (Table 1).
+
+Causes of mortality, as reported, were classified in five categories;
+losses prior to establishment, livestock and destruction, drought,
+insects and disease, and unknown (Table 1). Cause of mortality was
+listed as unknown for 42 percent of all trees reported dead. Field
+experience leads us to believe that most of the trees in this category
+probably succumbed to improper planting or complete neglect following
+planting. Many persons do not follow planting instructions; they often
+substitute their own methods with disastrous results.
+
+Among the reported known causes, drought killed most of the trees--29
+percent. We know black walnut is very susceptible to dry weather after
+transplanting. Weather records for the area show that the early growing
+season of 1941 was exceptionally dry; 1942 was also drier that average;
+in 1943 and 1944 near drought and drought conditions prevailed
+throughout most of the Tennessee Valley. Weather is usually blamed when
+a tree dies without apparent cause, but in this case the reported
+mortality due to drought appears reasonable.
+
+Livestock, mowing, fire, and intentional removal were reported to have
+caused 13 percent of total mortality. Cows are curious animals and newly
+set trees seem to arouse all the curiosity in their make-up. Horses and
+cows apparently do not relish the foliage of walnut trees but they do
+bite at it, and in so doing usually break down the branches to such an
+extent that the tree dies. Some trees were accidentally destroyed simply
+because they had been forgotten. The next highest mortality cause
+reported was pre-establishment loss; this was blamed for 9 percent of
+the deaths. Losses resulting from delayed planting were placed in this
+category, also those where the report was "trees failed to leaf out."
+Insects and diseases were reported as causing 7 percent of the
+mortality.
+
+=Growth and Bearing.= Those who plant improved black walnut trees
+naturally want to know how soon they will begin bearing. This survey
+shows that bearing begins much earlier than most people thought. Trees
+in 32 percent of the plantings established between 1939 and 1944 were
+bearing by 1946. Of these 342, 113 began bearing 2 to 4 years after
+planting; 120 bore their first crop after 5 years; 109 began bearing
+after 6 to 8 years (Table 2). According to the reports, the earlier
+plantings were slower to come into bearing than the later plantings.
+This probably is not a true picture. We suspect that after six or eight
+years the actual date of first bearing had been forgotten in many cases.
+
+Growth was reported in terms of total height for each tree. These
+heights were then converted to annual growth rates for trees 3 to 8
+years old and placed in arbitrary classes are follows: low (less than 1
+foot) medium (1 to 2 feet), and high (over 2 feet). Test plantings in
+North Carolina had the highest growth rate; those in Mississippi, the
+lowest. In other states, growth rates fell between these two and were
+quite similar for the most part (Table 3). Average for all trees was 1.6
+feet per year. Trees averaging less than one foot of height growth per
+year were slow to come into bearing. Only 14 percent of the trees in the
+low growth rate class were bearing. On the other hand, 71 percent of the
+trees with a high growth rate had come into bearing. Growth of black
+walnut, following recovery from transplanting shock, depends on site
+conditions and tree care. Trees set in fertile soil with an adequate
+moisture supply and kept free of livestock and other damage make rapid
+growth. Trees set in poor, thin or droughty soil do not make much growth
+if they survive at all. Black walnut is very sensitive to any wounds
+and, if subject to mechanical or livestock damage, growth is retarded.
+
+Cases of exceptional growth and bearing were reported. One in eastern
+Tennessee is worthy of brief description. There were two trees in this
+planting set approximately 40 feet apart. One was on the edge of a
+garden; the other, in a chicken run. In seven years the first tree grew
+to a height of 32 feet--an average growth of 4.5 feet a year. It began
+bearing in 1943 and produced a crop of nuts each year up to the time of
+the survey. The 1946 crop, reported as a light one, yielded 3.5 pounds
+of kernels. The other tree, shown in Figure 1, was 18 feet tall, having
+averaged 2.5 feet a year. It also began bearing annual crops in 1943,
+and in 1946 it had a very heavy crop for its size, yielding 2.5 pounds
+of kernels. Here are two Thomas trees of the same age planted
+practically side by side; one is almost twice the size of the other, but
+they both began bearing annual crops three years after planting.
+
+=Field Survey in Sample Area.= To check on the adequacy of the
+questionnaire survey, 108 test plantings in eastern Tennessee were
+visited and inspected. Forty of these had been reported on by mail; 68
+had not. In general, the trees had been planted on the best sites
+available. Some were set out in farm orchards (Figure 2); a large number
+were planted in yards as combination nut and shade trees (Figure 3).
+
+Field examination of the 40 plantings which had returned questionnaires
+revealed conditions very similar to those reported (Table 4). Survival
+was found to be 75 percent compared with a reported 77 percent. Average
+tree height was reported as 9 feet; actual height averaged 11 feet.
+There was some hesitancy in reporting tree deaths caused by livestock; 4
+percent was reported while 23 percent was found. Such mortality was
+usually listed as unknown on questionnaires.
+
+Information collected by field examination of 68 plantings which had not
+returned questionnaires and the 40 plantings which had returned
+questionnaires is shown in Table 4. Trees were found to be 2 feet taller
+in the 68 plantings but these trees averaged one year older than trees
+in the 40 plantings. Trees in the 68 plantings averaged 13 feet in
+height compared with 11 feet. Average age at first bearing was very
+similar. And here is a revealing discovery; livestock, mowing, and fire
+were responsible for 47 percent of the tree mortality in the 68-planting
+group, compared with 23 percent in the 40 plantings. This is perhaps one
+reason why the persons involved in these 68 plantings did not return
+questionnaires; it also explains most of the poorer survival. A large
+number of trees were planted in pastures and elsewhere without adequate
+protection from livestock. Even when cattle guards were used they were
+generally too small or weak for tree protection. Severe livestock damage
+resulting in poor growth and eventual death of trees was encountered
+frequently. We are inclined to believe that livestock accounted for a
+much higher percent of tree mortality than that reported in this survey.
+
+The high percent return of questionnaires in this survey, followed by a
+field check in a sample area, provides a good picture of Valley-wide
+plantings. Since survival was found to be lower in plantings which did
+not return questionnaires, an actual overall survival of 64 percent may
+be slightly high. Other spot checks in the field will give more
+information on this point.
+
+
+Discussion
+
+Interest in improved black walnut is mounting in the Valley. As the test
+plantings came into bearing farmers were quick to see the superiority of
+these nuts over the wild ones to which they had been accustomed. Word
+spread from farm to farm, and as a result there has been an increasingly
+large number of inquiries about sources of improved varieties and
+cultural treatments. The interest was reflected in the questionnaire
+survey. Nineteen percent of the questionnaires returned contained
+unsolicited comments of one kind or another. A large percentage of them
+showed evidence of interest such as: "the nuts are large and easy to
+crack," "where can I get more grafted trees?" Only 7 percent implied
+disinterest: "the trees are slow growing," "the nuts are faulty."
+
+This test-planting project will be completed in 1948. The plantings have
+already yielded much valuable information on the Thomas variety; they
+will yield much more as the trees become older. Further studies are
+planned on nut yield, nut quality, and tree growth in relation to the
+varying conditions existing in the Tennessee Valley.
+
+
+Summary
+
+Farmers in the seven Tennessee Valley states established 3,286 test
+plantings of Thomas black walnut in cooperation with state extension
+services and TVA during the period 1939-1946. A questionnaire survey in
+1946 showed 81 per cent of the plantings still active and 64 percent of
+the trees living. Tree growth averaged 1.6 feet per year. Age at first
+bearing varied from 2 to 8 years, with 5 years most frequently reported.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 1. The Thomas variety appears well adapted to
+Tennessee conditions. This 7-year-old tree began bearing annual crops 3
+years after planting. In 1946 it was 18 feet tall and heavily laden with
+nuts yielding 2-1/2 pounds of cracked-out kernels. (Hancock County,
+Tenn.)]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 2. Black walnut makes an ideal combination nut and
+ornamental tree. This 8-year-old Thomas has been producing nut crops for
+3 years. In addition, it has enhanced the beauty of the lawn and
+provided welcome shade. (Anderson County, Tenn.)]
+
+
+  Table 1.--Number of Questionnaires Sent and Returned, Reported Tree
+  Survival and Cause of Tree Mortality by State.
+
+                         Questionnaires      Trees Reported
+    State               Sent  Returned      Planted   Living
+                        no.     pct.          no.      pct.
+  Alabama               161      44           274       45
+  Georgia                50      28            26       62
+  Kentucky              174      49           241       54
+  Mississippi            19      58            72       26
+  North Carolina        586      40           733       71
+  Tennessee, East     1,386      40         1,516       66
+  Tennessee, West       720      44           809       61
+  Virginia              180      48           160       84
+      All             3,276      42         3,831       64
+
+[Illustration: Figure 3. Thomas tree planted in the farm orchard. This
+young tree has received excellent care and began bearing at 5 years of
+age. (Hancock County, Tenn.)]
+
+
+                      Reported cause of tree mortality
+
+          Pre-estab   Livestock,           Insects,           Total Planted
+          -lishment  destruction  Drought  diseases  Unknown   Trees Lost
+             pct.        pct.      pct.      pct.      pct.        no.
+
+  Ala.        11           7        51         2        29           150
+  Ga.         30          10         0        20        40            10
+  Ky.          2           2        46         4        46           112
+  Miss.       19           4        49         0        28            53
+  N. C.       15          16        12        13        44           223
+  Tenn. (E.)   7          18        20         7        48           515
+  Tenn. (W.)   8           9        38         7        38           318
+  Va.         32          12        12         4        40            25
+  All          9          13        29         7        42       1,406
+
+
+  Table 2. Number of Bearing Thomas Plantings Established 1939-44,
+  by Age of First Bearing and Growth Class.
+
+   Plantings      Age in years at first bearing       Growth rate
+  Year  Number   2    3    4    5    6    7    8   Low  Medium  High
+
+  1939    27               1    6   10    6    4    1     19      7
+  1940   112          2   14   39   41   16         9     58     45
+  1941    89     1    4   17   35   32              1     58     30
+  1942    71     1   12   18   40                   1     34     36
+  1943    38     1   13   24                        1     21     16
+  1944     5          5                                    2      3
+  All    342     3   36   74  120   83   22    4   13    192    137
+
+
+  Table 3. Tree Survival, Growth, and Percent Bearing
+  by State and Year of Planting
+
+                 Plantings      Trees,      Growth,     Bearing
+    State        reported      survival     annual       trees
+                  number        number       feet       percent
+
+  Alabama           71            124         1.6          65
+  Georgia           14             16         1.5          18
+  Kentucky          85            129         1.5          71
+  Mississippi       11             19         1.0          29
+  North Carolina   235            518         1.9          25
+  Tennessee, East  553          1,007         1.5          32
+  Tennessee, West  318            491         1.6          32
+  Virginia          86            135         1.6           0
+
+    Year of planting
+
+  1939, 1940       255            627         1.6          64
+  1941, 1942       499            693         1.6          44
+  1943, 1944       326            558         1.6          18
+  1945, 1946       293            561         1.5           0
+    All          1,373          2,439         1.6          32
+
+
+  Table 4. Data Obtained from Returned Questionnaires and Actual Field
+  Examination of 40 Plantings and Field Data Only on 68 Plantings.
+
+                            Data on 40 Plantings       Data on
+                                                     68 Plantings
+                              Questionnaire   Field     Field
+  Tree Survival, percent            77          75        51
+  Average Height, feet               9          11        13
+  Cause of Tree Mortality, percent
+    Pre-establishment               33          42        11
+    Livestock and Other Destruction  4          23        47
+    Drought                         13           0         0
+    Insects and Diseases             8           4         2
+    Unknown                         42          31        40
+
+
+
+
+West Tennessee Variety, Breeding and Propagation Tests, 1947
+
+AUBREY RICHARDS, M.D., Whiteville, Tennessee
+
+
+I surely wish I could have made the trip to the Northern Nut Growers
+Association meeting, but I simply had "too many hens setting" at that
+time. I've been waiting for you [the Secretary] to show up down here for
+the big news--at least it is to me--if it holds up. If you have ever
+tried to propagate heartnuts on Japanese walnut you know what it means.
+
+Here it is: Rhodes, Wright and Fodermaier heartnuts patch-budded on 10
+Japanese understocks (all I had) took 100%. The same 3 varieties as a
+control on black walnut gave a take of only 80%.
+
+These trees give me a chance to check on the performance of black versus
+Japanese stocks for these varieties. From last year's propagation,
+Rhodes on black is beating Rhodes on Japanese and Bates (which was not
+used this year) seems fully as good on black walnut stocks.
+
+An isolated tree of Bates did not set a nut. Its pollen all shed before
+the pistils were receptive. An isolated tree of Rhodes bore a full crop.
+
+Incidentally, a weak chlorine bleach (Clorox) after these heartnuts are
+hulled does for them what peroxide does for the ladies and makes them
+look very inviting.
+
+Stambaugh again led in topworked black walnuts, bearing its second
+consecutive full crop on a 3-year graft. It seems to be immune to
+whatever it is that causes the other nuts to turn black, shrivel and
+drop off from the time they set until near maturity. Thomas was second.
+Snyder, Sparrow and Myers had no crop. I budded 25 more trees of
+Stambaugh this year.
+
+The Carpathian Persian walnut that we pollinated this spring with Wright
+heartnuts [no other walnuts were shedding at the time] matured a nice,
+large, rather pointed, heavy nut. It also matured another nut higher on
+the tree than we could reach with the catkins, but I'm sure it's a
+blank. It is still more pointed than the well-filled nut. The good nut
+is stored for planting.
+
+Rush hazel that set fruit last year with the help of a bouquet of native
+[West Tennessee] catkins set only 5 nuts this year "on its own." These I
+have also stored to plant.
+
+I didn't have enough stocks to utilize all the pollen-sterile Japanese
+chestnut buds you sent me [in early September]. I put in most of them,
+even in some cases several to the stock to see what percentage of takes
+we would get with the twin T. [See 1946 Report of N. N. G. A., pp.
+87-88, for a description of the Twin T budding method.--Ed.]
+
+Here are the percentage takes for chestnut propagation this year. Of
+course I don't know how many of these buds will later drop off.
+
+  1. Pollen-sterile Japanese on Japanese stock. Late summer buds    100%
+
+  2. Austin Japanese on Japanese Stock. Late summer buds             86%
+
+  3. Hobson Chinese on Chinese. Late summer buds                     75%
+
+  4. Zimmerman Chinese on Chinese. Late summer buds                  50%
+
+  5. Colossal hybrid on Japanese stock. Spring grafts                60%
+
+I had a nice crop of Chinese chestnuts on my young Hobson and Zimmerman
+trees. The 1947 nuts were exceptionally large. One 3-year seedling bore
+1 bur with 3 nuts fully as large. Connecticut Yankee bore for the first
+time, 3 nuts to a bur, but very small, scarcely 1/2" in diameter. (You
+will notice I budded none of this variety!) (Perhaps mislabeled
+seedling.--Ed.)
+
+I have about 100 nuts from isolated trees that were hand pollinated, as
+follows: Austin x Hobson, Austin x Zimmerman, Hobson x Austin and Hobson
+x Zimmerman.
+
+I have altogether 3 quarts of select nuts stored in the refrigerator. So
+far they are keeping nicely. (I dusted them with Fermate, hope it
+doesn't affect germination.)
+
+
+
+
+Notes on Some Kansas and Kentucky Pecans in Central Texas
+
+
+A letter to the Secretary from O. S. Gray, nurseryman at Arlington,
+Texas, October 28, 1947, has some interesting notes on two standard
+northern pecans, three new varieties from Kansas, and the Moore variety,
+one of the earliest maturing among southern pecans:
+
+We are propagating Major and Greenriver from Kentucky; Coy, Tissue Paper
+and Johnson from southeastern Kansas; and Brake from eastern North
+Carolina.
+
+Several years ago we used quite a few pecan trees of the Moore variety
+in planting around Tulsa. We though it would be a dandy because of its
+early maturity in the fall. I find that early fall maturity is only one
+important factor. The other is the date of starting growth in the
+spring. Moore seems to start out a little early in the spring and that
+disadvantage seems to limit it in the Tulsa, Oklahoma area. I also
+believe this might be a factor in using this variety in northern
+locations. [Moore originated in north Florida from Texas seed--Ed.]
+
+I have been considerably impressed with the Johnson variety. It matures
+two or three weeks ahead of Moore in the fall. The only data that I have
+was made in 1944 when Moore buds began to put out on March 25, Stuart
+and Success--April 5, Johnson--April 5, Coy and Major--April 8,
+Greenriver and Tissue Paper--April 10.
+
+The Johnson matures on our place several weeks ahead of Major and
+Greenriver although I don't have the exact date on maturity.
+
+
+
+
+Experiences of a Nut Tree Nurseryman
+
+J. F. WILKINSON, Rockport, Indiana
+
+
+In pioneering a nursery as we did in the early days of propagation of
+Northern nut trees, especially the pecan, it was necessary to first
+locate parent trees in this section that were worthy of propagation, in
+order that the nursery stock produced from them would be hardy in this
+and more northern territory.
+
+Along the Ohio and Wabash rivers and their tributaries many thousands of
+large seedling pecan trees grew naturally, and to locate some of the
+most worthy ones for propagation took the combined efforts of all of us
+in this section who were interested, as well as the aid of the tree
+owners and nut gatherers.
+
+In the year 1910 three nut nurseries were established here in Southern
+Indiana, two of which have long since been discontinued. Before that
+time a very few propagated pecan trees had been produced in an
+experimental way by some fruit tree nurserymen.
+
+Little did I realize at that time the trials and headaches that lay in
+the path I was to travel in this venture, such as locating the parent
+trees, securing the graft and budwood from them, learning to keep this
+wood from time of cutting until used, methods of propagation, trying to
+educate the prospective tree buyer as to the value of these trees, and
+to believe that pecan trees could be transplanted, and that they would
+bear if the taproot had been cut, and many other things.
+
+Production of nut trees in nurseries in this northern territory is so
+different, and more difficult than in the Gulf Coast country, where I
+spent a part of two seasons hoping to get information that would be of
+value here. What I learned there was of little or no value here, so it
+was up to us to solve our own problems in this section by experience, as
+there was very little in print at that time on Northern nut tree
+propagation.
+
+One of our first problems was to learn to keep cions from time of
+cutting until time of use, not knowing when that time was. We tried all
+times from March until May, having little success at any time. At first
+we kept the scions in a cold storage plant in Evansville, and at a
+temperature of around 32 degrees, and in wet moss. Later we found it
+much better to keep scions at home in a cellar at a higher temperature,
+and in only slightly dampened sphagnum moss.
+
+In the beginning our efforts were mostly in grafting, then after a year
+or two of failure, probably largely due to the way we kept our scions,
+we had some results at the McCoy Nursery, with scions kept at home. The
+McCoy Nursery was about four miles from my place, and located in a sandy
+soil with a near quicksand sub-soil. At that location they were later
+reasonably successful in grafting, using the modified cleft graft.
+
+My nursery is in clay soil with a hard stratum of soil three or four
+feet below the surface, and because of this I have been unable to graft
+pecans in the nursery, though I have tried every known method, and under
+all conditions. I could successfully graft at the McCoy Nursery, then
+use the same scion wood and the same method at home, but have a complete
+failure; therefore, I turned to budding entirely on pecans in the
+nursery.
+
+It is somewhat different with walnut--I can get fair results with
+walnut grafting at times, though I do very little of this, as more than
+95% of my walnut trees are produced by budding.
+
+I do a lot of topworking on native seedling nut trees for others. Mr.
+Sly, who is with me, and I make one or more of these trips each spring.
+For this work I use only the slip-bark method, shaping the scion a
+little differently from any other I have ever seen used. This has given
+splendid results everywhere I have used it, which has been over the
+territory from Ohio to Oklahoma.
+
+A certain amount of allowance is made in this work as to safe drainage
+of the stock, depending on weather and soil conditions, which vary as,
+to season and location.
+
+I do practically all of my nursery propagating by budding, and one of
+the most essential things is to have favorable sap conditions in budwood
+as well as in stocks.
+
+On walnut I use only the current season's growth of wood for budwood,
+and it must be reasonably well matured. Very often sap in the stock may
+show signs of leaving before budwood is matured enough for use, and only
+the riper buds near the base of the bud stick can be used, in which case
+the rest of the buds on the bud stick are lost. Sometimes sap in the
+stocks can be held a few days longer by cutting a ring around the stock
+above the place where the bud is to be placed, which checks the flow of
+sap to the upper part of the stock. Sap in the stock must be in a
+favorable condition to hope for good results.
+
+In budding pecan it is different. Either the current or the past
+season's growth may be used with about equal results, though the current
+season's buds must be well matured. Very often in a dry season when
+there is evidence of sap leaving the pecan stocks earlier than usual and
+the current season's buds are not well matured, I use the past season's
+growth until the new growth is mature.
+
+A nut tree nurseryman has experiences that are both pleasant and
+unpleasant in selling trees as well as producing them. This is probably
+well known to all of you who have produced and sold nut trees. It is
+astonishing how many questions (some of which are amusing) the public
+can ask, and very often those that ask the most questions, leading one
+to believe they are a good prospect for a large order, may order only
+one or two trees, or none at all. Then there are those who have never
+bought a nut tree before, and when they see their first one are
+dissatisfied because it does not have a root system like a fruit tree;
+and there are a few who will try to get replacements whether they are
+entitled to them or not, and usually they are not; for, regardless of
+the instructions given for the planting and after-care, they will
+neglect them, then complain if they have a loss, and certain experiences
+have led me to believe they claim loss before having it.
+
+Many seem to think that a nurseryman should guarantee his trees to live
+when planted by the purchaser. To do this would be assuming the
+responsibility of the handling, planting and after-care of the planter,
+which would make it necessary for the nurseryman to put a price on his
+trees that would take care of a lot of replacements to the more careless
+ones who would have losses, and be very unfair to those who take good
+care of their trees, and have little or no loss, as they would be
+standing part of the loss of the careless ones.
+
+The most a nurseryman can do is to produce the best trees possible, dig
+them carefully, pack them in first class condition and ship them
+immediately.
+
+
+Discussion after Mr. Wilkinson's paper.
+
+Dr. Crane: "Minor elements are important in plant nutrition The problem
+of deficiencies is going to become very important. We do not keep the
+livestock we did and we are not returning to the land the manure and
+other fertilizers that contain the elements the trees need. Nitrogen,
+phosphorus, and potash, also magnesium are needed. We are taking more
+from the soil than we are putting back."
+
+Corsan: "In Cuba there are hundreds of sharks. These make fine manure,
+wonderful for nut trees."
+
+Prof. Slate: "How many sharks would you need for an acre of land?"
+
+
+
+
+Morphology and Structure of the Walnut
+
+C. C. LOUNSBERRY, Iowa State College
+
+
+This subject, the structure of the walnut, is discussed in its relation
+to propagation. Catkin bearing nut trees, such as the walnut, have a
+refined structure that makes grafting difficult. Structure, rather than
+form of walnuts, suggests treatment under the headings, bark, cambium,
+wood, roots, pith and buds, as well as the sap that permeates them.
+
+=Bark:= When the bark of the walnut is cut, as in budding, it is difficult
+to tie down so it will not curl and yet not strangle the bud. The
+wax-like covering of the bark is thin. However, the bark itself will
+stay green two months or more if weather is cool.
+
+=Cambium:= The cambium dries quickly when exposed to air, and must be kept
+covered. Grafted walnuts show callus growth from the cambium, and also
+from the pith of stems and the endodermis of the root.
+
+=Wood:= The wood of the walnut is diffuse porous, brittle, straight
+grained, and easily split. The wood must be cut diagonally to get
+sufficient tension to hold the scion in grafting. The branch grows
+rapidly in a short season, May 15th to July 1st in central Iowa. The
+upper two-thirds of the one year growth is usually light weight with
+pith of large diameter. The base of the one-year growth is the best for
+scions. Some varieties of walnut as for example the Thomas, have
+relatively large one-year growth and more scions can be cut from its
+branches than from the wood of Ohio which is small and willow-like.
+
+Measurements taken in 1940 on 118 common black walnut seedlings planted
+in 1939 showed 9/16" average diameter of seedling at crown, 5/16"
+average diameter of pith at crown; 3/8" average diameter of seedling at
+top; and 1/4" average diameter of pith at top; 3.26 inches average
+length of solid pith above crown; 2.91 inches average length of solid
+pith in root below crown.
+
+=Pith:= Pith in the black walnut is chambered (lamellate) in the older
+wood, but solid in the younger, growing wood. The plates are a light
+brown color, getting larger in diameter toward the top of the year's
+growth. The leaf traces from the leaf rachis to the pith show heavier
+from the bottom buds of the branch than at the tip, and the pith is
+usually solid at the bottom of the branch.
+
+=Roots:= When the nut of the black walnut germinates in the soil the lobes
+or cotyledons do not rise above the ground like the cotyledons of the
+bean but remain in the nut shell under ground, and are broken off in the
+growth of the seedling, the root going down and the stem rising above
+the ground. Where the cotyledons are broken off, the so-called crown of
+the walnut, two rough places appear, nearly opposite on the stem. In
+these rough places, two groups of buds are formed, rarely three groups.
+
+Cytological studies at Iowa State College have not shown why there are
+not stem initials in the tap roots of the walnut. When the root is cut
+off a foot underground, root initials develop but no stem initials. The
+sensitivity of walnut leaf buds to water may have something to do with
+it.
+
+=Buds:= Buds of the walnut are in vertical groups of two or three in the
+axils of the leaves. They have few scales. They appear on seedlings and
+current year branches. Some have short stalks. If broken off they do not
+usually grow back again. The second year, these buds usually drop off in
+mid-season. In cutting off buds, unless the group of buds is taken out
+as a chip, some may grow out again.
+
+=Leaf arrangement:= There is a three rank arrangement of leaves in the
+walnut, the ninth leaf coming in the same position as the first.
+According to the work of Caesalpino, the buds should then rise in three
+places at the crown. Only in rare cases does this occur in the black
+walnut, although it is usual with the Persian walnut. If the nut is
+planted deep this causes much suckering and a tendency to etiolate the
+buds so they will stand water.
+
+=Buds are sensitive:= Buds are sensitive to water, and storage material
+must be fairly dry and cool. In two large boxes of scions received last
+year from Germany, some 20 varieties of Persian walnut, all had dead
+buds when received. They were packed in German peat. When buds are
+covered with wax the wax must not be too hot or it will kill the buds.
+In placing grafted walnuts in sphagnum or sand they should not stay wet
+or the buds will die. Either unions must be above damp sand or sphagnum,
+or the buds be protected by wax or adhesive.
+
+=Sap:= In spring grafting there is an enormous flow of sap which will
+sometimes tear the plates out of the pith. Grafts may be protected by
+girdling the stock a few inches below the place where the graft is set,
+or both above and below it. In 1937 259 walnuts three years old were cut
+off six inches above the ground and girdled two inches above the ground.
+171 crown buds came up, 88 started above the girdling. 207 trees were
+cut off three feet above the ground, and the trunk girdled six inches
+above the ground. 153 started above the crown, and 90 started above the
+girdle. The same year (1937) 195 trees three years old were cut off four
+feet above the ground, and all buds above ground were cut flush with the
+surface of the bark. This was repeated twice, finally taking buds out as
+a chip, except the top bud; 126 died; 69 grew from the top but. 203
+trees three years old were cut off five feet above ground and all buds
+cut off except upper one; 64 died; 139 grew from top bud. 200 trees
+three years old were cut off six feet above ground, and all buds kept
+rubbed off except top one; 33 died, and 167 grew from top bud.
+
+=Vitality and sap:= Black walnut sap changes color from oxidation almost
+instantly. Bench grafts must be made quickly and put in place at once or
+the unions will dry out. If the root does not stain hands in grafting
+the graft usually fails. In outdoor grafting if the sap stands in
+pockets the sugar will ferment, killing the graft. There is a new Jersey
+(3) bulletin which shows black walnut sap as unstable, quickly forming
+sugar when exposed to warm weather.
+
+=Vegetative propagation of greenwood cuttings:= Witt and Spence (4) in
+England working with greenwood cuttings attained 75 per cent success
+with Persian walnut and Royal walnut in July and August. They had no
+success with black walnut at that time (1926). The Germans in 1936 (1)
+working on greenwood cuttings had most success with the Persian walnut,
+but used greenwood taken in September.
+
+=Vegetative propagation or hardwood cuttings:= In 1938 the author (2)
+using growth substance on saddle grafts of various walnuts found Asiatic
+and western walnuts went on their own roots. At this time the Tasterite
+black walnut went on its own root. In 1946 and 1947 using about 25
+varieties of black walnut, Persian, western and Asiatic walnuts, eight
+inch hardwood cuttings were used beginning in December and repeated in
+the spring of 1947. Nearly all the cuttings of the larger size (about
+1/2") started in about a month and grew about two months. Then all died.
+There were balls of callus on many of them. One on Thomas was an inch in
+diameter. The bottom heat was held at 70 degrees F. This may have been
+too high, as on raising the cuttings it was found the callus had rotted.
+This procedure has possibilities.
+
+
+Literature Cited
+
+1. Institut fur Obstbau, Berlin. Die Walnusz veredlung. (Vegetative
+propagation of walnuts). Merkbl. Inst. Obstb. Berlin 5, pp. 15, 1936.
+
+2. Lounsberry, C. C. Use of Growth Substance in Bench Grafting Walnuts
+and Hickories. Northern Nut Growers Association 1938 Report, p. 63.
+
+3. Nelson, Julius. Fermentation and Germ Life. N. J. Ag. Exp. Sta. Bul.
+134, 1899.
+
+4. Witt, A. W. and Howard Spence. Vegetative Propagation of Walnuts.
+Ann. Rep. East Malling Res. Station 1926-27.
+
+
+
+
+A Method of Budding Walnuts
+
+H. LYNN TUTTLE, Clarkston, Wash.
+
+
+It took man some thirty thousand years to learn to build a
+fire--conveniently. I thought it was going to take me that long to learn
+how to bud walnuts, but fortunately the period has been somewhat
+shortened.
+
+When I first began to propagate, or try to propagate, walnuts, I
+naturally looked to the approved and accepted methods. For me, they did
+not work. Before I was through I think I tried them all. I patch-budded
+with variations and improvisations. I shield-budded and bark-grafted. I
+coated the wounds with grafting-wax, latex, cellophane, asphalt and
+paraffine. I trimmed off the bud shoulders to make a smoother tie and
+trimmed around the edges to make more contact. I wrapped with raffia,
+strings, rags and rubber strips and tacked with small nails. Whatever I
+did or however I did it results were all about the same--the sap soured.
+In fact over a period of years I tried every way I could think up or
+read about to bring the bud and the cambium layer together and make them
+stick. Results were surprisingly uniform--the sap soured.
+
+But we must not dwell too long on the shots that missed. As with a
+refractory engine that will suddenly sputter, there came some elements
+of success. The point to learn was, why? Concentrating on the shield bud
+entirely we determined to find these whys. So we tried taking big slabs
+of bark along with the bud, peeling out the wood, breaking off the leaf
+stem entirely and waxing the scar and making an unnecessarily long cut
+for the bud. The bark stuck fairly well but the buds died. This was some
+encouragement and I knew that with enough time, reason and a little luck
+we would eventually hit the mark.
+
+Now Dame Fortune had decreed that I be raised on a grain and stock ranch
+where the only trees we could see were in the distant mountains, or, if
+we rode in the canyons, cottonwoods and choke-cherries. My experience
+and training was with animals, and animals, especially horses, seem
+quite susceptible to accident. The first principle of treating almost
+any wound is to give it drainage, otherwise, both literally and
+figuratively, the "sap" soured. Thus it dawned on me that a tree-wound,
+even if only skin deep should have the same treatment as a flesh wound.
+And drainage, being desirable, should be ample.
+
+It was quite late in the season but I went out and set a dozen Schafer
+walnut buds on eastern black stocks. These buds HAD DRAINAGE. The
+vertical cut of the T extended at least two inches below the bud.
+Success ensued, they grew. The following spring we budded as soon as the
+bark would slip and continued at intervals all summer. Results were
+good. Some of the steps we now use are probably not essential and
+perhaps not even the best, but there are two points that cannot be
+over-emphasized, namely, drainage and contact. The complete method is as
+follows: 1. Trim bud sticks to leave an inch of petiole on the bud. 2.
+Make the T cut with a long vertical slash that will extend at least an
+inch below the bottom of the bud. 3. Cut the bud long and deep and peel
+it from the wood by pinching the sides. Be carefull not to injure the
+bark just below the bud. 4. Insert the bud either flush with or below
+the cross-cut. 5. Wrap with large sized rubber budding strips just
+firmly enough to make good contact. Too tight wrappings curtail
+circulation. Do not cover the cut below the bud. The wound must have
+=drainage=. 6. Be sure that the center of the bud-cut is firm against the
+cambium layer. If it humps of bows and won't stay down insert a
+tooth-pick or bit of leaf stem or something along the center line to
+hold it down. We usually do this during the wrapping process.
+
+We use no wax. We throw a wrap over the bud, shoulders even though it
+may press the petiole forward against the bud. If the center of the bud
+pulls out it will not grow although an adventitious bud may eventually
+start. Budding seems about equally successful any time that the bark
+slips freely. On walnuts this is all summer if not too dry.
+
+Early-placed buds may make several feet growth before fall if sufficient
+moisture is available. On walnuts there are always dormant buds. We have
+used storage wood but now just cut it fresh. We have not tried draining
+patch-bud or grafts. Although we have not tried it we think cherries and
+other trees inclined to drown the buds might be better handled in this
+manner. Climate is a factor in the type of propagation advisable. One
+very fine grower using buds in California could propagate only by grafts
+when he moved to Western Oregon.
+
+The kernel of my walnut budding experience may well be summarized in one
+word--drainage.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Questions asked Mr. Stoke after his demonstration of grafting and
+budding. [See his paper in 1946 Report, pp. 99-103.--Ed.]
+
+Member: "How do you keep your scions?"
+
+Stoke: "I prefer 'orange' cold storage for scionwood. This is just above
+freezing. Walnuts should be in full leaf before spring budding."
+
+McDaniel: "What percentage of chestnuts did well with the 'plate' method
+of budding?"
+
+Stoke: "I don't use it with chestnuts for spring budding, but sometimes
+for summer budding. It will work well on any variety of Persian walnut,
+heartnut and black walnut. Place buds on the north and northeast side of
+tree to prevent sun injury."
+
+Question: "Do you find any difference in using buds from an eight or ten
+year old tree as against a younger tree?"
+
+Stoke: "No, not so long as it is healthy. For spring budding I don't
+care to have any trees too vigorous. Cut tops off young trees three to
+five days after budding, and force the buds into growth. If you delay
+too long the bud will die. I wouldn't try to bud trees unless bark is
+slipping."
+
+Member: "I have used parapin wax and covered it with old bread paper."
+
+Stoke: "That may work because the wax was shaded. Southern sun may melt
+parapin and paraffin waxes."
+
+Mr. Corsan: "Dentists, surgeons and wood carvers make the best
+grafters."
+
+Question: "Can the scions be cut with a small plane?"
+
+Stoke: "Anything you have to cut with a plane is too big. I never use a
+plane."
+
+Question: "What do you use a splice graft for?"
+
+Stoke: "Anything except walnut. In walnut I use a modified cleft graft,
+and I take care of the sap flow by placing the graft down about 1" or
+1-1/4" below the cut (where the tree is cut off). Wax the scion but do
+not wax the cut. Let it bleed."
+
+Question: "What is the value of cut leaf black walnut?"
+
+Stoke: "Purely ornamental. Weschcke reports that it is very hardy with
+him."
+
+Rick: "What about the Lamb walnut?"
+
+Stoke: "We don't know whether the wood of grafted trees is curly or not.
+I sent Mr. Reed a limb from Lamb and he gave it to the forest laboratory
+and they found no evidence of curly grain."
+
+Rick: "Shouldn't it be propagated until we are sure?"
+
+Stoke: "We had Mr. Lamb himself talk before us at Roanoke and he told us
+about the parent tree. He doesn't know what makes one tree curly and
+another not."
+
+Korn: "Is that uncommon?"
+
+Stoke: "Not so very. Trees are most curly at the base and in the outer
+wood."
+
+Question: "Do you always leave that stub on black walnut?"
+
+Stoke: "Yes, but it should be removed later in the first summer."
+
+Question: "Where do you use your splice graft."
+
+Stoke: "On anything other than walnut, if scion and stock are the same
+size. Where stock is larger than scion I use the modified cleft graft up
+to sizes approaching one inch in the stock. For topworking larger stocks
+I use one of the forms of bark graft. For the large hickory stock Dr.
+Morris' bark slot graft is preferred. For large, thin-barked stocks the
+simple bark graft may be used. My original grafts of the Carr and Hobson
+Chinese chestnuts, made with scions received from Messrs. Carr and
+Hobson in the winter of 1932, are still perfect unions.
+
+"I believe that grafted chestnuts growing in frost pockets are most
+likely to develop faulty unions; possibly frost injury to immature cells
+at the junction point may occur. Dr. Crane mentions a similar failure of
+unions between Persian and black walnuts on the Pacific Coast."
+
+Dr. Crane: "What cut did you use in grafting those chestnuts?"
+
+Stoke: "Modified cleft. In using Dr. Morris' bark slot graft I find it
+best to leave just a little of the cut face of the scion wedge above the
+top of the stock. This, with top of the stock cut sloping away from the
+scion, as illustrated, promotes quick healing with no 'die-back.'"
+
+Dr. Smith: "Is that top slanting?"
+
+Stoke: "Yes, I cut it slanting."
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: "That is a good graft for walnuts, too."
+
+Note: Mr. Stoke showed the group a picture of a mockernut tree in one of
+his fields which he had girdled to kill it. The tree lived four years
+and during those years the moisture had to go up through the inner wood.
+
+The substance of Mr. Stoke's talk, together with illustrations, may be
+found on page 99 of the 1946 report.
+
+
+
+
+Importance of Bud Selection in the Grafting of Nut Trees
+
+G. J. KORN, Kalamazoo, Michigan
+
+
+For many years the fruit growers have been improving the qualities of
+their fruits in several ways. The early pioneers of our country selected
+the best fruits from seedling trees. Chance seedlings that were found in
+pastures, by roadsides, or possibly in some out-of-the-way place,
+selected because of some special quality or group of qualities, still
+dominate our commercial plantings of fruits and nuts. Several of the
+apple varieties to be found in the market today are from these chance
+seedlings.
+
+In more recent years some of our agricultural colleges have been
+breeding fruits. Such breeding has given us several of our more
+promising named varieties. In this way a great improvement has been
+brought about in our fruits.
+
+Environment too appears to have played an important part in making
+changes in fruits and nuts. Nuts that are extremely hardy in the more
+northern latitudes, appear to have developed this hardiness gradually
+throughout many generations. Because of this quality we are now able to
+select varieties that are most likely to succeed in any particular
+locality.
+
+More rapid and satisfactory methods of improving our fruits and nuts
+have been brought about through breeding. This development of the
+science of plant breeding has made it possible to blend the good
+qualities of two seedlings into a new variety. Man does not have to
+follow nature's slow hit-and-miss method of developing more desirable
+qualities in her products. Controlled breeding, as brought about by man,
+produces faster and more satisfactory results. Man's improvement over
+nature has come about through his choice of the qualities to be blended,
+and his ability to bring together two parents from widely separated
+parts of the earth, if necessary.
+
+Besides breeding, we are able also to use some of the mutations or bud
+sports to improve our nuts as well as fruits. Although our progress in
+improving nuts may not yet be as spectacular as cross-breeding with
+apples, bud selection has already modified the list of our commercial
+varieties.
+
+One of the first requisites in bud selection is so thorough a knowledge
+of the variety that any departure from the type will be detected. Then
+it will be necessary to start propagation to determine whether the
+variation was caused by some environmental factor, or is really a sport
+which can be perpetuated by vegetative propagation. You may wonder if
+many of our nut growers know nut varieties well enough to detect any but
+the most obvious sports. Nut improvement through bud selection within
+the variety lies ahead of us.
+
+Among fruit growers the search seems to have been for fruits of
+different or more pleasing color. As nut growers we are more likely to
+be interested in nut sports having better size, kernel, cracking
+qualities, etc. Trees that are able to ripen their nuts in short or cool
+seasons are especially desirable in some of our more northern states.
+
+My attention was especially called to the importance of bud selection
+several years ago while buying my winter's supply of apples. I was
+examining the splendid crop of Jonathan apples in a neighbor's large
+commercial orchard. On most of the Jonathan trees the apples were large
+and well colored and the crop was heavy. However, a few trees bore
+apples of inferior size and color. Upon questioning the fruit grower as
+to the difference in the performance of the two types of Jonathan apple
+trees, he explained that the better apples came from trees supplied by a
+nurseryman who was very particular in selecting a good bud strain. The
+other trees were just the ordinary strain of Jonathan.
+
+It was while working in a commercial orchard of the grafted varieties of
+black walnuts that I noticed one especially promising Thomas tree.
+During the few years that I have observed this tree, its nuts have been
+of splendid size and very uniform. The kernels from the nuts from this
+tree were somewhat better than those from most of the other trees. I now
+have some grafts growing from this promising tree.
+
+There appears to be much promise for nut improvement by cross-breeding
+to regroup desired qualities. Although many of us enjoy the nut contests
+that are conducted from time to time, it appears that our nut
+improvement program might move along faster if more attention were given
+to nut breeding and searching out desirable bud sports.
+
+
+Discussion after G. J. Korn's paper.
+
+Corsan: "Farmers should be encouraged to plant nut trees along boundary
+lines. Enormous amounts of fertilizer there."
+
+J. R. Smith: "One tree in ten thousand seedlings is worth while."
+
+Dr. Lounsberry: "We have two trees planted close together--one bears
+small nuts and the other large nuts. They are from the same grafting. It
+would seem that the trouble is in the stock. The stock makes a vast
+difference."
+
+
+
+
+The Hemming Chinese Chestnuts
+
+E. SAM HEMMING, Easton, Maryland
+
+
+The bearing record of our row of 18 Chinese chestnuts has attracted so
+much attention that I thought the Association would be interested in
+seeing some slides of these trees, also of our experimental orchard, as
+well as the large quantity of small trees we grow in our nursery and the
+manner in which we raise them.
+
+You will see a number of slides of chestnut trees and hear a lot about
+the bearing qualities, but you won't see a single nut, for unfortunately
+all these slides were taken between December 1946 and July 1947. You
+will just have to let the numerous little trees attest to the fact that
+these trees bear. We have 50,000 trees in our nursery.
+
+These trees are now nineteen years old and have borne rather remarkably
+since 1937. They are spaced too close--an accident--but I believe that
+helps thorough pollination. They are now 12 and more inches in diameter,
+some are 30' high and the spread is at least 35' where they have the
+room. All but No. 14 are spreading in character; spreading character and
+good bearing seemed to be connected.
+
+The bearing record of these trees has been given before but I will
+summarize them by years again: 1937--118 pounds; 1938 (no records);
+1939-463 pounds; 1940--250 pounds; 1941--564 pounds; 1942--658 pounds;
+1943--749 pounds; 1944--678 pounds; 1945--250 pounds; 1946--1,100
+pounds; this year's crop will probably run 700 to 800 pounds.
+
+The trees seem to bear much the same, with No. 14 the poorest and No. 19
+the best and, like many other tree crops, they tend to alternate good
+and poor crops on each tree. The nuts are of good size, averaging 40 to
+50 per pound (green) with No. 6 and No. 19 bearing the smallest nuts.
+They ripen in September with the exception of No. 19 which is a month
+later. Mr. Reed likes No. 16 which has a wrinkled shell. All the nuts
+are medium sweet to sweet and all of them fall free of the bur. I think
+the most significant thing is that at least 12 of the trees have nut
+characteristics so near alike that they are about indistinguishable,
+which certainly makes them a good source of seed.
+
+The similarity of the nuts brings up the controversial subject of the
+seedling raised tree, and I will make some remarks in defense of this
+method.
+
+1. All our parent trees are good bearers.
+
+2. There is no extraneous pollen in the vicinity.
+
+3. I will present as a question: Has the Chinese chestnut, like the rose
+and the apple been hybridized out of all semblance of the wild form?
+
+4. The seedling tree should bring chestnuts to the average householder's
+table 30 years sooner than grafting will.
+
+5. We now produce a 3'-4' tree for a very reasonable figure.
+
+6. All varietal forms at present are as yet unstabilized (most varieties
+of 10 years ago have been discarded). There will probably be some duds
+in seedling trees, but we've had no local complaints and I wonder if
+they will exceed the "troubles" found in the grafted tree. We have had
+customers brag about what their 2 or 3 or 6 trees bore.
+
+To prove our faith in this method we planted a test orchard. When the
+trees were 3 years old from 2 year transplants they bore 25 pounds. Next
+year, 1944, they bore 800 pounds or an average of 1 pound per tree.
+Right then and there we thought that we would have a real story to tell,
+but we had misfortune in another direction. Three years in a row we have
+had frosts when 6 inches of new growth were on these trees (the orchard
+is not as well situated as the parent trees in this respect). So we had
+no crops worth mentioning but neither did we have strawberries or
+similar fruits. This year the orchard was frosted 2/3 the way to the top
+so we will get quite a few nuts, maybe 500 pounds. Incidentally, we have
+been here 25 years and we've not had frosts like these before.
+
+We use all of our good nuts for seed purposes, grading out all small or
+damaged nuts. In raising these trees, even from seed, we've had our
+troubles. We let them cure several weeks then plant them in well fed
+soil in a narrow trench about 2 inches deep. We place the nuts 5 or 6
+inches apart; we fill the trench with sawdust level with the surface. We
+mound the soil over this about 4 inches until spring. Then it is
+removed. This method lets the shoots through, otherwise they tend to
+send 3 or 4 stems. The nut sends down the root very early in the spring.
+We have some trouble with the mole-mice combination; for this reason
+heavy soil and sawdust is better than sandy soil. As you know neither
+the nut nor the tree likes wet soil.
+
+In raising the young tree the principal difficulty is in getting a
+trunked upright tree. A seedling, especially when transplanted the first
+year, flops all over like a flowering shrub. To get them up we plant
+them fairly close, prune them, and feed them. Our 1 year trees are
+usually two feet high and 2 year trees are 4 to 5 feet high. We
+wholesale our trees mostly to mail order nurseries and the largest had a
+5% request for replacements.
+
+There are troubles in growing Chinese chestnuts just as there are in
+most fruits and nut crops and, in a way, I am glad there are because I
+am of the opinion there is no such thing as harvesting without
+cultivation. For instance, if you plant them and let nature take its
+course--it will. It will on an apple, too.
+
+We have found a few small lesions of chestnut blight which were removed
+by pruning and then painted with pine tar. They usually occurred at a
+previous point of pruning. Some of the transplanted seedlings have
+developed a twig canker at a bud, but I've never seen them kill one and
+even when we don't prune it out, the tree overcomes it by new growth.
+
+The Japanese beetle attacks the chestnut but, although they were bad
+this year, one spraying of DDT was effective. The weevil (curculio) was
+bad enough last year so we are spraying this year. Small growers should
+put the nuts in metal containers and thus destroy the larvae, if any.
+
+I would like to remark here that we are a nursery growing many
+ornamentals, and the Chinese chestnut, although low branched, is a very
+ornamental tree. I know of no tree that has a handsomer dark, shiny
+green leaf or one whose green color holds so well until frost.
+
+Now I think you will agree I have reported the behavior of our trees
+fairly, the difficulties of raising the trees, and have emphasized that
+I doubt if you will get success with the Chinese chestnut without
+effort; yet in conclusion I would like to step into "fantasy". Our No.
+19 tree bore 124 pounds; suppose you had 50 trees per acre bearing that
+quantity. You would get 6,000 pounds per acre. The European chestnut,
+which is not as good, brought 30c on the Baltimore market last year.
+That would mean $1,800.00 per acre. Imagine having 10 acres!
+
+
+1947 CROP
+
+Pounds of Chestnuts from Original Trees at Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc.
+
+No. 1, 78; No. 2, 58; No. 3, 51-1/4; No. 4, 7-1/2; No. 5, 49; No. 6, 31;
+No. 7, 34; No. 8, 31-1/2; No. 9, 63; No. 10, 40-1/2; No. 11, 61-1/2; No.
+12, 64-1/2; No. 13, 56; No. 14, 47-1/2; No. 15, 74; No. 16, 60; No. 18,
+106; No. 19, 25-1/2--Total, 938-3/4 pounds.
+
+=Young Orchard:= 225-1/2 pounds.
+
+
+Discussion after E. Sam Hemming's paper
+
+Corsan: "Do you recommend the use of lime?"
+
+Hemming: "We do not use lime. We use Vigoro at the rate of 1 to 1-1/2
+lbs. to inch of diameter per tree."
+
+Corsan: "Why do you use Vigoro?"
+
+Hemming: "No particular reason, just that it is available."
+
+Member: "What time of year do you fertilize your trees?"
+
+Hemming: "We fertilize during the winter--usually during December."
+
+Crane: "Last year we used a method of storing Chinese chestnuts which
+proved very satisfactory. Two thousand pounds of nuts were stored last
+year. Fall planting is good where one can use it but in a lot of areas
+it can not be used because of rats robbing the plantings. We have to
+store the nuts. The procedure we follow is to harvest every other day.
+Nuts are placed in tin cans with friction top lids. The lids should have
+one to three holes of 1/16" diameter in them to provide air. Cans are
+placed in storage at a temperature of 32 to 40 degrees F."
+
+Stoke: "I keep chestnuts in the cellar in a can with an open top in what
+we call limestone sand. Keep wonderfully well. Chestnuts must have air."
+
+Gravatt: "Down south we have a lot of trouble with decay. We take nuts
+right from the bur and put them in the soil. They give much better
+germination."
+
+Crane: "The Chinese harvest their chestnuts just as soon as the bur
+cracks. They do not wait for the nuts to drop from the trees but harvest
+the nuts from the trees and store in covered pottery jars. They plant in
+the fall of the year. They do not hold nuts for any length of time."
+
+Corsan: "How about charcoal?"
+
+G. Smith: "Charcoal is good to store nuts in. They are shipped from
+China that way."
+
+Smith: "Would chestnuts stand carbon bisulphide for getting the weevil
+out, or is the hot water treatment better?"
+
+Crane: "Carbon bisulphide treatment is dangerous, it will kill weevils
+but it will also kill the nuts so they will not germinate. Unless
+precautions are used it may cause an explosion and fire. Methyl bromide
+treatment is better."
+
+Stoke: "The hot water treatment is the best. It consists of immersing
+the nuts in water at 120 degrees F. for forty minutes."
+
+Hemming: "I have raised about 100,000 seedlings and have never seen
+blight on any of my seedlings."
+
+Dr. Smith: "A tree needs usually to be as big as the small end of a
+baseball bat before the bark opens enough to let in the blight spores."
+
+Stoke: "Blight begins where there is rough bark which provides lodgment
+for the spores. Rough bark and moisture result in blight, hence the
+disease usually starts near the ground."
+
+Crane: "The blight problem in the growing of chestnuts has often been
+stressed. I think you will have more loss from sunscald and root rot
+than you will from blight. Blight is a minor trouble with us. The
+Chinese chestnut naturally grows with a low head. It is a mistake to cut
+off the low branches on the trees until they attain some size, they can
+then be cut off."
+
+Stoke: "Regarding the protection of nut trees against winter sun scald,
+I find that if you take ordinary aluminum paint and paint the south and
+southwest side of nut trees it will last for two years."
+
+Dr. Smith: "Chestnut trees have blighted for me where the water table
+was too high and trees of same origin or better drained ground nearby
+did not blight. Blight is often a sign that the tree wants something it
+lacks--much like disease in humans."
+
+
+
+
+Results of a Chinese Chestnut Rootstock Experiment
+
+J. W. McKAY[4]
+
+Introduction
+
+
+The propagation of chestnut species by budding or grafting has been
+performed by different workers with varying degrees of success. Many
+have found that grafted trees could be produced and grown successfully
+but that graft union troubles developed in a certain percentage of the
+trees either soon after grafting or a few years later. The variety
+"Carr" is known to graft with difficulty in certain localities and to
+give a high percentage of poor unions both at the time of grafting and
+after a few years of growth. The question of relationship of scion and
+stock has been considered by many workers to have an important bearing
+on the success of grafting operations but no critical work has been done
+to determine this point. Some investigators hold that scions of one
+species may be grafted upon stock of another species without harmful
+effects. The results of the budding experiment with Chinese chestnut
+reported in this paper are the first of a series of tests designed to
+contribute needed information about stock-scion relationship in
+chestnuts.
+
+[Footnote 4: Associate cytologist, Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops
+and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural
+Engineering, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of
+Agriculture.]
+
+
+Description and Results
+
+The five seedling Chinese chestnut trees used in the experiment were
+selected because of their heavy-bearing tendency and because of the
+excellent keeping quality of the nuts. Two of the trees bear nuts of
+large size while the other three bear nuts of medium to small size.
+Seeds from the five trees were planted before the use of the seedlings
+as stocks in the budding experiment was planned, and since the seedlings
+from each tree were planted together replication of the experiment was
+not possible. However, the stock was grown in thoroughly mixed soil in a
+coldframe and differences in performance of seedlings could hardly be
+attributed to soil heterogeneity.
+
+Buds from the five parent trees were placed on the five lots of their
+own seedlings in all combinations of budwood and stock. The work was
+done during the first week of September when the bark of both budwood
+and stock was slipping yet growth had slowed down to some extent. Buds
+were placed about two inches below soil level on the one-year-old
+seedlings and the soil pulled back to cover the buds. Budding was done
+by means of the familiar shield or T-bud method and rubber budding
+strips were used as a wrap. Budwood was shipped from Albany, Ga., to
+Beltsville, Md., and was damaged somewhat by high temperature in
+transit, a factor which may be partially responsible for the overall low
+percentage of buds that grew.
+
+In referring to the results presented in table I, it will be noted that
+considerable variation occurred in the performance of the five lots of
+seedlings as stock, as well as in the take of buds from the five parent
+trees. The totals in the last column on the right are all equivalent to
+percentage since 100 buds were placed on each lot of seedlings. In like
+manner, the totals in the bottom line are all equivalent to percentages
+since 100 buds of each parent tree were used.
+
+Seedlings of stock D were decidedly inferior to seedlings of stock C in
+take of buds, and both of these lots of seedlings originated from large
+nuts. Also, scion e gave a significantly lower take of buds on all lots
+of seedlings than scions c or d. The scion e tree produces small nuts
+whereas the scion c and d trees produce large nuts. Scions a and b are
+intermediate in take of buds, and the source trees both produce small
+nuts.
+
+
+Discussion
+
+At least one significant interpretation may be made from the results of
+this experiment, that may partially explain the difficulties encountered
+heretofore in propagating chestnuts. Using the take of buds as a
+criterion it can be stated that in this experiment the five lots of
+seedlings from known parents differed in their performance as stocks.
+Moreover, the five parent trees used as a source of budwood differed
+among themselves in the capacity of their buds to grow when placed on
+comparable lots of stocks. If these results are correctly interpreted it
+is clear that both the stock and the scion may influence the success or
+failure of propagation technique. Doubtless both of these variables have
+operated together in the propagation of existing varieties and, as would
+be expected, the results have been unpredictable. It seems likely that
+the grafting and budding of chestnut varieties should be worked out in
+the future on the basis of using understocks derived from the seed of
+special trees or clones found to be suitable sources by tests for
+grafting performance.
+
+It should be pointed out that the five trees used in this work
+originated from two lots of seed imported from neighboring localities in
+China and probably are closely related. The fact that significant
+differences were obtained in this material furnishes basis for the
+belief that great variability in the budding performance of the Chinese
+chestnut is to be encountered in the many introductions that have been
+made into this country.
+
+
+  Table I. Results of budding each of five Chinese chestnut clones on
+  its own seedlings and on the seedlings of four other clones. The
+  figure for each combination represents the number of buds that grew
+  out of 20 buds placed.
+
+                        SCION
+
+               a     b     c     d     e     Totals
+  S     A      4     6     4     5     0       19
+  T     B      3     2     8     4     0       17
+  O     C      0     3     8     9     5       25
+  C     D      1     2     3     1     1        8
+  K     E      2     2     7     9     2       22
+     TOTALS   10    15    30    28     8       91
+
+
+Discussion After Dr. McKay's Paper
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: "A good scion on chestnut is one problem which we have
+not solved."
+
+Dr. Smith: "I find both Carr and Hobson difficult to graft and have
+discontinued them."
+
+Dr. Crane: "In California and Oregon they are having quite a lot of
+difficulty with graft union failure with Persian walnuts. They have used
+the Northern California black or Hinds walnut as root stocks. Now they
+find that in some cases the union fails and results in what is known as
+the black line disease. At the present time this trouble is the most
+important cause of the loss of their trees."
+
+Dr. Smith: "Zimmerman is a good bearing variety with a good nut. I find
+that soil makes some difference with this variety."
+
+
+
+
+Breeding Chestnut Trees: Report for 1946 and 1947
+
+ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES[5]
+
+
+The chief aim of this breeding work is the development of a chestnut
+tree of timber type to replace the now practically defunct American
+species, _Castanea dentata_. For the principal economic value of the
+chestnut was not in its edible nuts but its valuable timber, the loss of
+which means at present many millions of dollars subtracted from the
+assets of the American people; and when we consider the loss for all
+time in the future the figures become astronomical.
+
+[Footnote 5: Consulting Pathologist, Conn. Agric. Expt. Station; Special
+Agent, Conn. Geological and Natural History Survey; and Collaborator,
+Division of Forest Pathology, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.]
+
+_The Chestnut Blight in Italy._ Early in 1946 we received a visit from
+Captain John B. Woodruff, of Wilton, Connecticut, who told us that while
+serving as Chairman of the Department of Agriculture and Forestry, and
+Instructor in Forestry at the Army University Study Center in Florence,
+Italy, he visited chestnut stands infected with the blight. _Endothia
+parasitica_ was first discovered by Professor Guido Paoli in 1938 on a
+private estate in Busalla, about twenty miles north of the seaport city
+of Genoa. Since then the blight has been detected throughout the
+province of Genoa in the legion of Liguria; and other widely separated
+infections have been found. The fungus has been cultured and identified
+by Professor Biraghi of the Royal Pathological Station in Rome, as
+_Endothia parasitica_. It is believed to have been present in this
+region for from five to eight years previous to its discovery. The
+manner of its introduction into Italy is not known, but since Japan and
+the U. S. have carried on considerable commerce with Italy, either or
+both countries are possible sources.
+
+The disease is spreading in Italy at a rapid rate. "By 1942 one half of
+the 190,000 acres of chestnut in the province of Genoa had been infected
+and spot infections had been discovered in the adjoining coastal
+province of La Spezia, also in the region of Liguria."
+
+I am devoting some space to this situation because it means so much to
+the Italian people. In Italy fifteen percent of the forest is composed
+of chestnut. Not only does the country use the nuts as a source of food
+and income, approximately sixty million pounds being exported annually
+in former years, but the young coppice shoots are used for the weaving
+of baskets, older ones for poles for vineyards, still older for staves
+of wine casks, and the oldest for telephone and telegraph poles. "Before
+the war, chestnut flour was the principal food in many localities, but
+during the war a serious food shortage forced the people in many other
+areas to rely solely upon chestnut flour for weeks at a time."
+
+Professor Aldo Pavari, Director of the _Stazione Sperimentale di
+Selvicoltura_ at Florence, visited this country in the summer and fall
+of 1946, under the sponsorship of the UNRRA, and spent four days with me
+at our plantations, learning our methods and getting acquainted with the
+blight resistant hybrids we have been developing by the breeding
+together of oriental and native chestnuts. Prof. Pavari visited also the
+plantation of the Division of Forest Pathology at Beltsville and
+elsewhere, and other plantations in the west. In December we shipped to
+Florence, Italy, nuts of our best hybrids, and in March, scions for
+grafting--also this summer (1947) pollen of some of our best trees. On
+October 15 of this year (1947) we sent another shipment of nuts. Thus we
+may be able to give Italy the advantage of the progress we have made to
+date.
+
+Regarding the susceptibility to the blight of the European or Spanish
+Chestnut (_C. sativa_) we have had the following experience. Our winter
+temperatures appear to be too severe for this species. Dying back is
+sure to occur, at least at our Hamden, Connecticut plantations, marked
+more or less according to the degree of cold; and on the dead parts
+_Endothia_ then appears, to later invade the parts still living. In 1932
+I received nuts of _C. sativa_ from France from Professor Hochreutiner
+of the Geneva Botanic Garden, from Professor Uldrich of the Berlin
+Botanic Garden, and also from France from Dr. Guillaumin of the Jardin
+de Plantes at Paris. Although I have given the resulting plants much
+attention they continually die back each year so that we have only two
+or three individuals that are more than six feet high. But Professor
+Pavari says in recent correspondence (July 15, 1947) "Referring to
+Spanish chestnuts, after we have been assured that the fungus we have
+found and observed on _Castanea crenata_ in Spain is really _Endothia
+parasitica_, we must admit that our hypothesis may be exact that
+_Castanea vesca_ [_sativa_] presents in Spain races or types resistant
+to the disease." He goes on to say that the fact that the chestnut
+blight is so widespread at Naples and Avellino is at variance with my
+theory that cold winters are the predisposing cause, for in the regions
+mentioned the winters are mild and "very warm in comparison with those
+of Connecticut." The essential fact seems to be that the European or
+Spanish chestnut is very susceptible to the blight, perhaps as much so
+as is our native species, but that evidently certain individuals or
+races exist that are more or less resistant.
+
+During the early part of 1947 we had a visit from Professor Cristos
+Moulopoulos of the University of Salonika, Greece. Although the disease
+had not then appeared in Greece, the pathologists there would like to be
+ready for it when it does come.
+
+_Pollinations in 1946 and 1947._ Without going into details, the general
+purpose of the pollinations during these last two years has been to
+incorporate more and more of the resistant Chinese stock into our
+hybrids. Beginning in 1937, we crossed our best Japanese-American
+hybrids with Chinese, and we now have a considerable number of young
+saplings of flowering age, which have the pedigree: Chinese x
+Japanese-American. Unfortunately, in this cross the Chinese is usually
+dominant as regards habit, but not always. We have some tall,
+straight-growing individuals of this combination which may well be the
+forerunners of a blight-resistant forest stock for America.
+
+Therefore, during 1946 and 1947 we have been crossing these fine Chinese
+x (Japanese-Americans) with the following:
+
+  1. Our best Chinese
+  2. American-Chinese and Chinese-American
+  3. American (C. dentata)
+  4. Our best Japanese-Americans
+  5. Among themselves
+
+For it is the ultimate aim of this work to develop a race of tall,
+hardy, blight resistant individuals which will breed true and thus of
+themselves re-establish the chestnut tree in the forests of Eastern
+North America. As everyone knows, the re-establishment of the chestnut
+as a forest tree can not be done in a few years or even a score of
+years, but by continued breeding and patience and perseverance it can be
+done. The materials are at hand, i.e. tall, erect growth, and blight
+resistance; and with persistent effort the desired combination can be
+made.
+
+For (1) above we were fortunate in 1946 in receiving a supply of pollen
+from tall-growing Chinese trees, through the kindness of Mr. Michael
+Evans of Greenville, Delaware and Professor Maurice A. Blake of the New
+Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station.
+
+As a result of our pollinations in 1946, in which 72 combinations were
+made, we harvested and planted in our cold frames in October 479 hybrid
+nuts, a large proportion of which germinated, so that this summer (1947)
+we have set out in our nurseries about 325 hybrid seedlings.
+
+In 1947 we have made 58 combinations in which 213 branches were bagged;
+October 10-13 we gathered 380 hybrid nuts resulting from these cross
+pollinations. The large yield of 1947 is doubtless the result in part of
+a good growing season, for there was plenty of rain--at times almost too
+much--in southern Connecticut. One drawback was the cold period during
+the latter part of June. From the fifteenth to the twenty-sixth the
+minimum temperatures were 55 or below--on three days as low as 50. This
+set back the flowering period four days to a week later than usual,
+depending upon the species or hybrid.
+
+_Cooperation in Diller's Underplanting and Girdling Method for the
+Establishment of Chestnut Forest Stands._ In the 37th Annual Report of
+our Association for 1946 is printed a paper by Dr. Jesse D. Diller of
+the Division of Forest Pathology, U.S.D.A. entitled "Growing Chestnuts
+for Timber" pp. 66-68. Many people seem to think that all you need to do
+when planting a tree is to stick it in the ground--just _any_ ground.
+This may be true of some kinds, but is certainly not true of the
+chestnut. For best growth and development the chestnut requires a fairly
+deep, well-drained soil, rich in mineral elements and humus, with a fair
+degree of moisture and plenty of sunlight. Two things chestnuts will
+_not_ endure are shallow soil and drought, the latter often depending on
+the former.
+
+As tree indicators of the kind of site required for the establishment of
+a chestnut forest Dr. Diller has chosen yellow poplar, northern red oak,
+white ash, sugar maple, and yellow birch, with spice bush as a shrub
+indicator and maiden hair fern, bloodroot and other herbs as herbaceous
+indicators. Using a small area of about one eighth of an acre, Dr.
+Diller's plan is to girdle all the trees and then underplant with
+chestnut seedlings. He says: "As the girdled overstory trees die they
+gradually yield the site to the planted chestnuts in a transition that
+does not greatly disturb the ecological conditions, particularly of the
+forest floor. Rapid disintegration of the mantle of leaf mold is
+prevented by the partial shading which the dead or dying overstory,
+girdled trees cast." This may seem to some a rather drastic method, but
+when so much is at stake, namely the re-establishment of the chestnut in
+our forests, it would seem a justifiable experiment on a small area.
+
+In March, 1947, we supplied Dr. Diller with one hundred seedlings, one
+or two years old, of our best stock, for underplanting in two of these
+selected sites, fifty seedlings each, namely on the estate of Mr. E. C.
+Childs at Norfolk, Connecticut, and on lands of the T. V. A. at Norris,
+Tennessee. Our best wishes for a successful blight-resistant future go
+with these little trees.
+
+_Grafting Work._ We are continuing with our method of "inarching" young
+"suckers" from below a blighted area into the trunk above the lesion,
+the diseased tissue of the lesion being first cut out. This method (see
+Brooklyn Botanic Garden Chestnut Breeding Project. 35th Annual Report of
+Northern Nut Growers Association for 1945. pp. 22-31--1945) is entirely
+successful in case we desire to preserve partly resistant hybrids of
+good parentage for future breeding and for scions. (Figs. 1 and 2) But
+inarching of the native chestnut is for the most part unsuccessful
+because the fungus grows too rapidly and girdles the stem, killing the
+parts above before the inarched tips of the suckers can take hold. There
+seems to be a certain relation between the amount of disease resistance
+in the tree and the possibility of restoring it to health by the
+inarching method.
+
+By the common ordinary cleft-graft method, using Japanese, or better,
+Chinese stock we are adding to the supply of our most desirable hybrids.
+
+_Insect Pests._ The spring canker worm, _Paleacrita vernata_, has not
+been destructive either in 1946 or 1947 and no special preventive
+measures have been taken. Japanese beetles have done a little damage.
+This year the first one appeared July 11. We find the best method with
+these is to pick them off at dusk after they have settled themselves for
+a night's sleep, dropping them into kerosene oil. Under these conditions
+they will usually slip readily off the leaf into the oil. One thing I
+should like to emphasize (which probably others also have noticed) is
+that new beetles keep coming, day after day. Apparently the adults are
+issuing from the ground all summer. Last year I found a few Japanese
+beetles in November. So one must keep continually on the job all through
+the season. This summer (1947) we have had a spray program of three
+sprayings, August 15, 30, and September 10, with "Deenate" (fifty
+percent DDT) to destroy the chestnut weevils which appeared for the
+first time rather extensively in our Hamden plantations last year. (See
+E. R. Leeuwen; DDT for chestnut weevils, American Fruit Grower 67: 28.
+1946) This spray, which we have used on the ground as well as on the
+young burs, kills Japanese beetles as well as the weevils. This fall I
+have seen very few weevils in our whole crop of nuts.
+
+The louse, _Callaphis castaneae_, appeared on July 5, 1947, at least the
+leaves became so much curled that its presence was then noticed. Two
+spraying on successive days with nicotine sulphate ("Black Leaf 40")
+were sufficient to control it. With us this insect attacks leaves of
+American stock only. Japanese-American hybrids are also susceptible, but
+not Chinese-American or American-Chinese. The lice, of an orange color,
+congregate in great numbers along the midrib of the leaf, sucking out
+its juices.
+
+This summer, perhaps on account of the unusual almost tropical weather
+conditions--hot and humid with continually recurring showers--we have
+been harassed by a new pest which has appeared in one of our plantations
+only sparingly for five or six years--a mite, which Connecticut
+Agricultural Experiment Station authorities say is _Paratetranychus
+bicolor_. Affected leaves have a whitish or grayish color chiefly along
+midrib and principal veins, due partly to the deposit of the creature's
+shells on molting, and partly to injury to the tissues of the leaf.
+Hexa-ethyl tetraphosphate, known in the trade as "Killex 100," was used
+effectually twice as a spray. Unfortunately this chemical has no
+ovicidal properties, so that a second spraying was necessary to kill the
+mites newly hatched out from thousands of eggs. We are informed that DN
+111 will kill the eggs as well as the mites and will kill aphids at the
+same time. The mites seem to prefer Chinese chestnut leaves, but this
+summer they didn't seem particular and spread from one badly infested
+tree as a center.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1--Japanese-American hybrid chestnut (Hammond 86-31)
+34-1/2 feet in height, 16 years old. This is the same tree three years
+later as that shown in figures 1 and 2, in 35th Ann. Rept. of Northern
+Nut Growers Assoc. for 1944. Note healthy development, as shown by
+foliage and long yearly growth. Hamden, Conn. Photo. Sept. 13, 1947 by
+Louis Buhle.]
+
+_Chinese Chestnuts._ I am enthusiastic about Chinese chestnuts as a nut
+substitute for our old native chestnuts. The Chinese are quite blight
+resistant. They are attacked by the blight fungus--at least most
+individuals suffer at some time in their lives, and yet the fungus
+doesn't thrive and the trees are able to overcome its attacks, in many
+cases forming a healing wound callus around the lesions; in others the
+lesion becomes simply a granular mass in which the fungus appears to be
+living only in the outer bark. Cultivation, fertilization, and judicious
+pruning certainly help these trees to withstand these fungus attacks. We
+harvested a bumper crop last year and this from trees given us in 1929
+by the Division of Forest Pathology, U.S.D.A.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2.--Close-up of lower part of tree in fig. 1,
+showing inarched basal shoots which at the beginning were as slender as
+the leafless shoot now showing on right side, below, coming from base of
+trunk. Note exposed dead part of trunk showing old canker disease. Photo
+Sept. 13, 1947, by Louis Buhle.]
+
+_Public Interest in the Problem._ Last fall, September 1946, in an
+article in the Yankee Magazine, I asked for nuts and pollen of the
+American chestnut. As a result the following persons from many different
+parts of the country sent in nuts: Mr. Henry Hartung, Methuen, Mass.;
+Mrs. Marie Garlichs, Brooklyn, from Lake Minnewaska, N. Y.; Mr. Charles
+Ericson, Brooklyn, nuts from Staten Island, N. Y.; Mrs. Jay B. Nash, N.
+Y. City, from Lake Sebago, Sloatsburg, N. Y.; Mr. H. W. Donnelly,
+Tacoma, Wash.; Mr. George M. Hindmarsh, Kent County, R. I.; Mrs.
+Steiner, Niota, Tenn.; Miss Marjorie Bacon, New Haven, Conn. from
+Litchfield, Conn. through Dr. Edgar Heermance; Mr. Harold E. Willmott,
+Bethel, Conn.; Mr. W. F. Jacobs, Tallahassee, Fla. (_Castanea crenata_);
+Mr. P. P. Pirone, New Brunswick, N. J. (_C. crenata_); Mr. Morton F.
+Sweet, Seattle, Wash. (_C. sativa_), nuts, and scions in March '47; Mr.
+John I. Shafer, Sparta, Tenn. This lists shows not only the widespread
+interest in the subject but also that the chestnut sprouts are still
+bearing nuts. In some cases the nuts were "blind," i.e. sterile,
+containing no kernel or embryo. In order to develop a good nut there
+must be two chestnut trees within a reasonable distance of each other so
+that cross fertilization may take place. Isolated trees will usually not
+bear nuts. In other words, the chestnut is usually self sterile. We are
+still planting all nuts received, labeled with the name and address of
+the sender. The resulting trees are being set out in the Yale Forest in
+Tolland and Windham Counties, Conn. under the direction of Mr. Basil
+Plusnin, Forester in charge. Thus the possibility is being explored of
+the existence of blight resistant strains of the American chestnut. When
+nuts are sent they should be mailed within a few days after harvesting
+and wrapped in moist cotton, peat moss or something similar. Drying of
+the nut kills the embryo so that it will no longer germinate. Nuts
+should be mailed to me at Chestnut Plantations, Wallingford, Conn.
+
+Pollen of the American chestnut is getting scarce. After scouring the
+vicinity of Hamden, Conn. this summer, we found a good supply at
+Bethany, Conn. from native shoots. The following persons also sent us
+American pollen, for which we are indeed grateful: Mr. George Gilmer,
+Charlottesville, Va.; Mrs. M. E. Garlichs, Lake Minnewaska, N. Y.; Mr.
+Alfred Szego, Pine Plains, N. Y.; Mr. Seward Pauley, Sumerco, W. Va.;
+and Mr. Charles W. Mann, Fennville, Mich. To ship the pollen it is
+necessary only to wrap small branches bearing the catkins in oiled paper
+and mail to me, preferably by air mail. The catkins should be ripe, i.e.
+shedding the pollen.
+
+_Acknowledgments._ It is a pleasure to have this opportunity to express
+our appreciation of the cooperation of the above mentioned persons. The
+interest of these and many other persons and institutions is
+encouraging. During 1946 and 1947 this project has been sponsored by the
+Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey, and we have as usual
+enjoyed the cordial cooperation of the Division of Forest Pathology,
+U.S.D.A. Dept. of Agriculture.
+
+Beginning as of October 1, 1947, the work is also being sponsored by the
+Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn. On July 1
+I retired from my position as Curator of Public Instructor at the
+Brooklyn Botanic Garden and shall now be able to devote my entire time
+to the chestnut work. My permanent address will be: Chestnut
+Plantations, Wallingford, Conn.
+
+
+
+
+Chinese Chestnuts in the Chattahoochee Valley
+
+G. S. JONES, Route 1, Box 140, Phenix City, Alabama
+
+
+(Excerpts from letter to Secretary, Oct. 23, 1947.)
+
+Growing trees is a work dear to my heart for I have been interested in
+it since childhood. Dr. J. Russell Smith's book on "Tree Crops" is one
+of the best I have ever read along the lines of growing trees to produce
+food for man and beast as well as producing many other useful products,
+and much of the work of your Association seems to be along the same
+line. I am sure we can live easier and better on this earth when we
+learn to use the trees in their proper place. Man often acts in a
+shortsighted way by depending largely on annual crops for the main
+source of food for himself and his animals and neglects the long lived
+trees which may not have to be planted but once in a lifetime and which,
+if given a little intelligent management, will improve instead of
+deplete his land and at the same time make a far more beautiful
+landscape.
+
+I only have a few trees (maybe 200 or 250) in my nursery which I usually
+dispose of at the farm or use to set on my place. I have not attempted
+to grow many seedlings as I don't wish to get into this phase of work.
+It would take too much time from other work which I like to do. This
+fall I have sold over 600 pounds of nuts to various nurseries for
+planting so I would prefer that they grow and sell trees from my
+orchard. I gather planting nuts from the trees which show the best
+qualities, consistently, and sell the nuts from the other trees for
+eating purposes. The trees from which I sell eating nuts have some bad
+qualities such as some of the nuts being retained in burs, irregular or
+poor production, and nuts that seem to be too dry at ripening so I would
+not offer these for sale although the pollen from these trees does mix
+with the others causing some of the nuts to carry these bad features, a
+thing which will hardly be avoided in open-pollinated seedlings.
+
+Your letter made me more proud of my orchard than ever when you made the
+statement that my last year's production of 1,722 pounds for 22 trees so
+young as mine may have set a record for production. [See 1946 NNGA
+Report, p. 128--Ed.] I had little idea how my trees compared with other
+orchards, for Mr. Gravatt had not told me anything about this. In fact I
+have never seen him nor did I take the trouble to write and ask this
+question. I knew my trees were producing much better than an orchard of
+the Soil Conservation Service at Auburn but I attributed that to the
+better type of soil (for chestnuts) in which my trees are set, and
+better air drainage. I had also heard about an orchard near Blue Springs
+above Columbus, Ga., which was not doing so well because the soil was
+maybe too heavy or damp. I can say one thing and that is that my Chinese
+chestnuts have surely surpassed my fondest hopes and dreams, for that
+small area has certainly made me lots of money and has given me much joy
+in tending it and watching it grow.
+
+You asked me to give some information about my 1947 crop. This has not
+been quite as large as last year as I have harvested only a little over
+1,554 pounds (I say a little over for it is hard to get all the nuts) of
+weighed nuts. This includes some that were beginning to spoil. I include
+these since it is sometimes due to my failure to gather promptly and I
+think can be fairly included in production records. I might state here
+in fairness to last year's report of a yield of 1,722 pounds of nuts
+that I recorded 1,557 as being sold which leaves a difference of 165
+pounds, which were either discarded as spoiling or were unaccounted for.
+This gives me a loss of approximately 10% for last year.
+
+Although my total production was lower than last year I had one tree (ML
+No. 2) which produced 150 pounds of weighed nuts and a few pounds more
+(maybe 2 or 3) which were not included. This tree has been a consistent
+heavy bearer for several years but I had not checked its yield
+separately before. Since it is so early it was easy to keep the nuts
+separate (as I was keeping these to sell for seed nuts). In about 2
+weeks time it had produced about 130 pounds so I made a special effort
+to check the remainder since I was astonished at so large a yield. When
+most of the nuts had fallen I had the above figure, to my surprise.
+
+The tree in size is not my largest but about average being 12-1/2" in
+diameter 3' above the ground with a limb spread of 30' and a height of
+24'. It has a very symmetrical shape with enough rigidity in the limbs
+to hold them off the ground so the tree does not appear very large.
+
+I just had to laugh when I got a letter yesterday from Mr. Ralph D.
+Gardner, whom I had written previously about the yield of this tree and
+sent 2 pounds of nuts from it, asking me if the tree produced two crops
+in one year. He said Mr. James Hobson had told him that he gets two
+crops from his tree each year. Mr. Gardner had a good reason to ask this
+question since knowing about the Hobson chestnut, but I reckon he might
+have thought about what I would have thought under similar
+circumstances, i.e., surely a tree so young (13-1/2 years from setting)
+couldn't produce that many nuts at one time, so must have two ripening
+periods to contain the fruit. I will have to say that all these were
+produced in one crop. Most of these ripened in just a little over two
+weeks. I might say that I do have one tree (ML No. 1) which has on a few
+occasions bloomed the second time and had burs which remained green
+until near frost but these did not amount to anything and I consider it
+undesirable. I have never seen No. 2 tree produce late blooms and burs.
+
+I might tell a few things as to how I handle my nuts. As is well said by
+Mr. Reed in his 1946 article about chestnuts they should be gathered
+daily (although I sometimes don't carry this out). After weighing I dump
+the nuts in a tub of water. The nuts which are beginning to spoil will
+practically all float and the sound nuts will sink. This is where the
+largest percentage of my culls is eliminated. Some good nuts will float
+but very few if the nuts are gathered daily. I then put 20 to 25 pounds
+of nuts in a coarse mesh burlap bag. I use chicken scratch feed bags
+mostly as these are a nice size, and ties a string near the top of the
+bag. Then I place these on a lath frame which is about 12" above the
+ground under a large pecan tree which furnishes shade about 3/4 of the
+day. I arrange the nuts in the bag so it will be flat, which does not
+allow more than 2 or 3 nuts to be on top of each other.
+
+On days of moderate temperature I wet these bags thoroughly with water
+once a day but on very hot or windy days I often wet them twice. This
+keeps the nuts moist most of the time and lowers the temperature
+considerably from the evaporation. In this way I can keep the nuts days
+and days and even weeks with very little change except a slight drying.
+If any spoiled nuts were missed by the water these too will show up in
+about 10 days with specks of white mold and can be eliminated. The other
+nuts seem to be as good as the day they were gathered. I only use this
+to keep them temperarily (as it is some trouble to wet them) and mostly
+for the eating nuts until I can take them to market or put them on cold
+storage (30 deg. to 35 deg.F.) If I attempt to hold seed nuts about a week or
+more I pack in damp sphagnum in crates and keep these under the shade
+tree with excellent results. This year I used green sphagnum with all
+its water and the nuts seemed to keep well in it. Some nuts have been in
+damp sphagnum for over 5 weeks now and are in excellent shape except for
+a few that spoiled at first (which I am quite sure were bad to begin
+with). If too much water is used some nuts will begin sprouting but it
+is surprising how much they can stand and show no tendency to sour.
+
+I am of the opinion that the chestnuts in my section get ripe
+prematurely and that at a time when we often have our hottest and dryest
+weather. These nuts seem to need a period to continue their ripening
+under cool moist conditions which the wet sack treatment gives (or the
+damp sphagnum.) Even if this is not the case I have had splendid results
+with it whereas before I began using this method with lots of water I
+often became so discouraged that I thought I would have to abandon
+trying to put my chestnuts on the market. Now if I can get them gathered
+promptly I have little trouble holding them until I am ready to dispose
+of them.
+
+I failed to tell you that the bad feature about my ML No. 2 tree which
+produced the 150 pounds of nuts is its early ripening period (the latter
+part of August and first part of September) which causes some of the
+nuts to be spoiled almost when they fall. A few hours of too hot sun
+seems to start the spoiling process. The tree has no other objectionable
+features except the nuts are only small to medium in size but nearly
+every one falls freely from the burs. [Nuts about 70 to the pound.--Ed.]
+
+
+
+
+Some Results with Filbert Breeding at Geneva, N.Y.[6]
+
+GEORGE L. SLATE New York (Geneva) Agricultural Experiment Station
+
+
+This paper reports the results of attempts to improve filberts by
+hybridization at the Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y. The filbert
+project was started at Geneva in the spring of 1925 when a collection of
+varieties from American sources was established. In later years
+additional varieties from European and other sources were added until
+about 120 were under test. As soon as the varieties had fruited for
+several years it became evident that many of them were inferior and not
+adapted to New York conditions. A few exhibited considerable merit and
+the range of characteristics in the different varieties indicated that
+it might be worth while to start a filbert breeding project with the
+object of combining the desirable characteristics of the better sorts.
+
+[Footnote 6: Journal Paper No. 719, New York State Agricultural
+Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.]
+
+It was decided first to cross Rush, a selected form of _Corylus
+americana_, with the best varieties of _Corylus Avellana_, Rush
+contributing the hardiness of the native hazel, possible resistance to
+filbert blight, and the hybrid vigor that sometimes results from the
+crossing of two species. The European filberts were expected to furnish
+large-sized nuts as well as dessert and cracking quality.
+
+The first crosses were made in 1930 when two trees of the Rush variety
+growing on Dr. MacDaniels' place in Ithaca were pollinated with pollen
+of several varieties of _Corylus Avellana_ that was brought from Geneva.
+Additional crosses were made at Ithaca in 1931 and 1933. In 1932 the
+pollinations were made at Geneva, using a Barcelona tree covered with a
+tightly woven cloth. No pollinations have been made since 1933.
+
+In the spring of 1932, 535 seedlings were received from Willard G.
+Bixby, of Baldwin, Long Island, N. Y., which had resulted from crosses
+made by C. A. Reed of the United States Department of Agriculture, at
+Baldwin. Including these U.S.D.A. seedlings and those resulting from the
+breeding work at Geneva, 1,999 seedlings have fruited.
+
+The nuts from these crosses were stratified in sand in a cold frame, dug
+up, and planted in the greenhouse in early March. After one
+transplanting they were moved to the nursery to grow for two years, when
+they were moved to the seedling orchard. The nuts from one year's
+crosses were planted directly in the nursery but germination was low due
+to drought.
+
+The seedlings were spaced 10 x 5 feet in the orchard. This spacing was
+satisfactory if the trees came into bearing the fourth year, but if
+unfavorable weather eliminated the first or second crops the trees
+became too crowded to permit satisfactory fruiting. Usually, however,
+the trees fruited sufficiently to make it possible to evaluate them and
+remove the inferior trees so that the better seedlings would have enough
+room to remain for several additional crops.
+
+During the first few years the orchard was clean cultivated until cover
+crops were sown in August. In later years the orchards were not
+cultivated but nitrogen fertilization was substituted. Satisfactory
+growth was maintained, but the grass and weeds made harvesting more
+difficult. No pruning was done except at planting time as the seedlings
+were all evaluated before pruning was needed. Suckers were removed
+around the young trees, but as they became older this was not done and
+some of the plants now have several stems.
+
+
+Evaluating the Seedlings
+
+The nuts were harvested in the fall after they had dropped, or, with the
+later maturing seedlings and those which tended to cling to the tree,
+they were harvested by picking or shaking them from the tree. As soon as
+practicable the nuts were husked and the crop of each tree weighed and
+recorded. Samples of nuts of every seedling fruiting were placed on
+paper plates, each population being by itself, and eight or ten nuts of
+each sample were cracked and left on the plate. The seedlings were then
+divided into three classes, those that were obviously good, those that
+were poor, and an intermediate class that received further attention.
+The poor seedlings were marked for discard and if so marked for two or
+three years they were pulled out.
+
+The good seedlings were then examined more carefully and sorted into
+three groups, as follows:
+
+1. Those that were outstanding in both nut and tree characters.
+
+2. Those that were good enough to propagate for a second test, but not
+equal to the best.
+
+3. Seedlings good enough to keep for further observation. These were
+usually good in one or more characteristics but deficient or doubtful in
+one important feature. If upon further testing these third group plants
+proved to be outstandingly productive or hardy they were given a higher
+rating.
+
+In examining the nuts, emphasis was placed on size and color of the nut,
+the large, bright brown nuts being considered more desirable than the
+smaller, duller colored, pubescent nuts. The amount of space between the
+shell and the kernel was important. If the kernel fitted tightly it was
+easily broken or chipped in cracking the nut. Thickness of shell was of
+minor importance as only a few were thick enough to make cracking
+difficult.
+
+The kernel characters were of most importance since the kernel is the
+reason for producing the nut. The kernel must be plump, smooth, light
+brown in color, and free of the superfluous pellicle, or fibrous
+material that is characteristic of the Barcelona kernels. Generally,
+seedlings with Rush as one parent had very little of this superfluous
+fibrous material and the best of them were much superior to Barcelona in
+appearance and dessert quality. Flavor received less consideration since
+most of the seedlings were reasonably good in that respect.
+
+Given a good kernel, and there were many of them, it became necessary to
+rely upon other characteristics to eliminate the less desirable of these
+seedlings. It was here that the records of yields and catkin hardiness
+were valuable. After several years it became evident that certain
+seedlings were consistently high yielding while others were low
+yielding. Hardiness of catkin also varied greatly and rather
+consistently from year to year. Weather conditions influenced catkin
+killing greatly. Catkin hardiness is important since the pollen is
+necessary for nut production and must be present in abundance as its
+movement in the orchard is subject to the vagaries of the wind, and only
+a small percentage of that in the air ever comes in contact with the
+stigmas of the other varieties.
+
+It is the purpose of this paper to indicate the value, insofar as it may
+be estimated from the available data, of the different varietal crosses
+in obtaining desirable filbert hybrids. Table 1 contains a list of
+crosses made, the number of seedlings raised, and the percentage of
+these which were of sufficient merit to be retained for further study.
+The percentage of seedlings propagated indicates even more definitely
+which crosses are of the greatest value in producing superior seedlings
+as only the outstanding seedlings were propagated for a second test.
+Selections included in Table 1 are there by virtue of their all-around
+merit.
+
+Crosses between Rush and Littlepage and Rush and Winkler produced
+nothing of value. The populations were small, but other equally small
+populations from other crosses produced seedlings of value. The
+inter-crossing of selections of _Corylus americana_ does not appear to
+be a promising line of attack in filbert breeding where hybrids with _C.
+Avellana_ will thrive.
+
+Rush and Barcelona were each used as seed parents in crosses with the
+same eight varieties. In the crosses involving Rush 1,232 seedlings were
+produced and of these 39, or 3.2%, were good enough to propagate. Of the
+306 seedlings raised from the same varieties combined with Barcelona
+only 4, or 1.3% were worth propagating. None of these Barcelona
+seedlings are among the best. Under the conditions of the experiment it
+would seem that Rush is much superior to Barcelona as a parent in
+crosses with varieties of _Corylus Avellana_.
+
+The cross between Kentish Cob and Cosford failed to produce any
+seedlings of outstanding merit.
+
+In considering the productiveness and hardiness of the catkins of the
+seedlings resulting from the different crosses the data have been
+assembled in Tables 2 to 5, each table containing the summarized records
+for different plantings. These plantings were started at different times
+and the records are not directly comparable as they are for different
+years and varying lengths of time. In Table 1 the total number of
+seedlings is given, but in Table 2 to 5 only the data for the selections
+are used. Records for the selections are available for several years,
+whereas the inferior seedlings were discarded and limited data only are
+available. Furthermore, the filbert breeder is interested primarily in
+the worthwhile material that may be taken from populations of known
+parentage.
+
+Assuming that we have a fairly good nut productiveness is the most
+important characteristic in a filbert. If the plant is productive it
+must of necessity be reasonably vigorous and hardy. For that reason much
+emphasis has been placed on productiveness in the final evaluation of
+the selections.
+
+The selections in Table 2 are from the U.S.D.A. Bixby plants which were
+the first to fruit at Geneva. Considerable variation in productiveness
+is evident in the different populations. Rush x Kentish Cob and Rush x
+White Aveline selections were only about half as productive on the
+average as Rush x Barcelona, Bollwiller, Red Lambert, and Daviana. Rush
+x Italian Red also failed to produce high-yielding selections. In a
+later planting in the same orchard, as shown in Table 3, the Rush x
+Kentish Cob selections performed no better, the Rush x Red Lambert
+selections outyielding them by a substantial margin. The Barcelona x
+Italian Red selections were very low yielding.
+
+In orchard 22, as shown in Table 4, where Rush and Barcelona are crossed
+with the same varieties, the resulting selections from the Rush crosses
+are about one third more productive if mean yields are considered, or
+one-half more productive if only highest yielding selections are
+considered than with the Barcelona crosses. Cosford has been outstanding
+in transmitting productiveness in crosses with Rush, Italian Red, and
+Nottingham. Rush x Kentish Cob selections in this orchard as in the
+other planting, were only about one half as productive on the average.
+In the crosses with Barcelona the combination with Medium Long, Red
+Lambert, and Italian Red were considerably more productive than crosses
+with Purple Aveline, Halle, Daviana, and Bollwiller.
+
+The Kentish Cob x Cosford cross was less productive than most of the
+other combinations made. Kentish Cob definitely appears to transmit
+unproductiveness when crossed with Rush, Barcelona, and Cosford.
+
+In orchard 8 as shown in Table 5, the trees soon became very crowded as
+the discards were not removed and the yield records were less reliable
+than in the other plantings.
+
+Winterkilling of catkins were recorded on the selections for several
+years. In early April the percentage of winter-killed catkins was
+recorded by estimate. Tables 2 to 5 contain the mean of these estimates
+and a considerable variation in catkin hardiness in the different
+populations is evident. Red Lambert, which had the hardiest catkins of
+any variety of _C. Avellana_ tried at Geneva, produced a higher
+proportion of catkin-hardy seedlings than any other variety. Cosford was
+fairly good in this respect and in orchard 16 Bollwiller, Italian Red,
+and Barcelona when crossed with Rush produced selections with moderately
+hardy catkins.
+
+Winter injury of catkins was nearly always very high in crosses between
+varieties of _Corylus Avellana_.
+
+Of the 1,970 seedlings included in Table 1, 340 or 17%, were retained
+for further observation and of these, 52, or 2.6%, were considered good
+enough to propagate for a more extensive test. Of these 52 a few thus
+far have been outstanding when compared with the others. Possibly the
+best and most productive selection is No. 1265, Rush x Purple Aveline,
+that is the heaviest yielding of all and the nuts are also among the
+best, being of medium size, plump, and free from fiber. This seedling is
+far superior to any others from the same cross. Nos. 1408 and 1467, both
+selected from a Rush x Cosford population, are close seconds to No.
+1265. In the Rush x Cosford population are several others nearly as
+good, the general level of merit in this combination being fairly high.
+Farther down the list, but still among the best, are No. 110 Rush x
+Kentish Cob, and No. 157, Rush x Barcelona. Filbert breeders working
+under similar conditions would probably find it worthwhile to make these
+crosses and also to produce more seedlings from Rush x Red Lambert than
+were raised at Geneva.
+
+No crosses have been made at Geneva in recent years, but all of the nuts
+from the selections, sometimes several hundred pounds a year, have been
+planted by the Soil Conservation Service and the resulting seedlings
+planted in various parts of the country. Undoubtedly, if these could be
+examined when in fruit, some worthwhile selections could be made. Those
+in New York State will probably be worked over during the next few
+years.
+
+
+  TABLE 1. Results from filbert crosses.
+
+                              Number of  Num-   Percent- Number Percent-
+                              Seedlings  ber Re-  age Re-  Prop- age Prop-
+  Cross                        Fruited  tained   tained  agated  agated
+
+  Rush x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly  430      63       14      11          2
+  Rush x Cosford                 447      52       12      11          2
+  Rush x Bollwiller              165      18       11       6          3
+  Rush x Italian Red             118      17       16       2          1
+  Rush x Red Lambert              36      10       28       6         16
+  Rush x Daviana                  13       2       15       2         15
+  Rush x Purple Aveline           12       3       25       1          8
+  Rush x White Lambert            11       0        0       0          0
+  Rush x Barcelona               119      20       16       3          2
+  Rush x White Aveline            54      10       18       3          5
+  Rush x Imperial deTrebizond     24       5       21       1          4
+  Rush x Nottingham               23       7       30       2          8
+  Rush x Brixnut                   8       2       25       0          0
+  Rush x Littlepage               12       0        0       0          0
+  Rush x Winkler                   6       0        0       0          0
+  Barcelona x Kentish Cob (Du-
+     Chilly)                      42      21       50       3          7
+  Barcelona x Cosford             57      27       48       1          2
+  Barcelona x Bollwiller          11       2       18       0          0
+  Barcelona x Italian Red         66       9       13       0          0
+  Barcelona x Red Lambert         41      12       29       0          0
+  Barcelona x Daviana             21       5       24       0          0
+  Barcelona x Purple Aveline      25       8       32       0          0
+  Barcelona x White Lambert       43       1        2       0          0
+  Barcelona x Medium Long         45      16       35       0          0
+  Barcelona x Early Globe         78       0        0       0          0
+  Barcelona x Halle               12       6       50       0          0
+  Barcelona x Red Aveline          9       1       11       0          0
+  Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) x
+     Cosford                      35      22       63       0          0
+
+        Total                   1970     340       17      52     2.6
+
+
+  TABLE 2. Yields and winterkilling of filbert catkins, Orchard 16, 1935
+  1937, 1938 and 1939. Yields are 4 year total. Catkin injury is
+  5 year mean
+
+                              No. of   Mean    Highest    Mean     Lowest
+                               Selec-   Yield    Yield   Percent-  Percent-
+                               tions   per Se-  per Se-  age Cat-   age of
+                                       lection  lection    kins     Catkins
+                                         in       in      Winter-   Winter-
+  Cross                                Ounces   Ounces    killed    killed
+                                                          per Se-
+                                                          lection
+
+  Rush x Bollwiller              18       81      143         21       4
+  Bush x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) 12       38      117         36       3
+  Rush x White Aveline            9       44       73         42       0
+  Rush x Barcelona                6       94      147         26       8
+  Rush x Imperial de Trebizond    5       81      100         28      10
+  Rush x Italian Red              3       79       80         15       3
+  Rush x Red Lambert              3       88      116          7       3
+  Rush x Daviana                  2       82      110         33      26
+  Rush x Purple Maxima            1       37       37         17      17
+
+
+  TABLE 3. Yields and winter injury of filbert catkins, Orchard 16, 1937-41
+  inclusive.
+
+                                         Mean    Highest    Mean     Lowest
+                                        Yield    Yield   Percent-  Percent-
+                                       per Se-  per Se-  age Cat-   age of
+                               No. of  lection  lection    kins     Catkins
+                               Selec-    in       in      Winter-   Winter-
+  Cross                        tions   Ounces   Ounces    killed    killed
+                                                          per Se-
+                                                          lection
+
+  Rush x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) 26       38      102         68       5
+  Rush x Barcelona               14       52       89         90      38
+  Rush x Red Lambert              5       67      117         12       5
+  Barcelona x Italian Red         3       18       20         83      73
+
+
+  TABLE 4. Filbert selections. Orchard 22. Yields 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942,
+  1944, 1945 and 1946. Catkin injury records 1939-42, inclusive.
+
+                                        Mean    Highest    Mean     Lowest
+                                        Yield    Yield   Percent-  Percent-
+                                       per Se-  per Se-  age Cat-   age of
+                               No. of  lection  lection    kins     Catkins
+                               Selec-    in       in      Winter-   Winter-
+  Cross                        tions   Ounces   Ounces    killed    killed
+                                                          per Se-
+                                                          lection
+
+  Rush x Cosford                 26      129      229         42       0
+  Rush x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) 25       68      185         70      13
+  Rush x Nottingham               7       96      180         31      14
+  Rush x Italian Red              3      114      181         45      30
+  Rush x Purple Aveline           3      114      240         42      25
+  Rush x Red Lambert              2       90      127         21       8
+  Rush x Brixnut                  2       49       51         62      58
+  Barcelona x Cosford            27       90      138         62      32
+  Barcelona x Kentish Cob
+     (Du Chilly)                 21       69      126         69      25
+  Barcelona x Medium Long        16       93      257         83      71
+  Barcelona x Red Lambert        12       83      147         52      13
+  Barcelona x Purple Aveline      8       50       73         78      55
+  Barcelona x Italian Red         6       84      133         90      81
+  Barcelona x Halle               6       52       79         52      23
+  Barcelona x Daviana             5       53       75         67      59
+  Barcelona x Bollwiller          2       66       94         62      58
+  Barcelona x Red Aveline         1       91       91         56      56
+  Barcelona x White Lambert       1      103      103          5       5
+  Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) x
+     Cosford                     22       62      151         64      33
+
+
+  TABLE 5. Filbert selections. Orchard 8. Yields 1940, 1941, 1942 and 1944.
+  Catkin injury records 1940, 1941 and 1942.
+
+                                        Mean    Highest    Mean     Lowest
+                                        Yield    Yield   Percent-  Percent-
+                                       per Se-  per Se-  age Cat-   age of
+                               No. of  lection  lection    kins     Catkins
+                               Selec-    in       in      Winter-   Winter-
+  Cross                        tions   Ounces   Ounces    killed    killed
+                                                          per Se-
+                                                          lection
+
+  Rush x Cosford                 26       25       47         30       2
+  Rush x Italian Red             11       25       39         27       0
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Discussion after Mr. Slate's paper--
+
+_MacDaniels: "Of the 1999 seedlings tested at Geneva, 52 are being
+carried on for further observations. Prof. Slate is doing a fine work."_
+
+_J. R. Smith: "I want to express my appreciation of the work Prof. Slate
+is doing. To care for 1999 seedlings and keep the performance records is
+a big job and just the kind of thing on which progress depends."_
+
+
+
+
+Nut News from Wisconsin
+
+CARL WESCHCKE
+
+
+This year at River Falls, Wisconsin, which is only 35 miles southeast of
+St. Paul, Minnesota, the season started off with much rain and a delayed
+cold spring. All the grafting had to be postponed from two to four weeks
+later than normal. The stored scion wood suffered some because of this
+long storage period, and some of it was quite dry when taken out. This
+was particularly true of the Weschcke butternut and these scions looked
+so dry that I was tempted to throw them all away, but instead I gave
+them to two young horticulture students to practice with. None of them
+grew, however, so we had a 100% failure on butternut grafting. About a
+dozen years ago I had much success grafting butternut on black walnuts
+and was unimpressed, therefore I did not make any notes as to the
+process I used. This was a mistake for apparently I have lost the art.
+The last five years has probably produced only about five or six plants
+successfully grafted on black walnut. Hickories respond much better and
+I usually get about 50% successful grafts on my native butternut stocks.
+
+Although the insect pests, such as the butternut curculio, were delayed
+in their attacks, they eventually caught up and destroyed most of the
+big butternut crop and did their usual damage to heartnut and Persian
+walnut growth. I noticed in the American Fruit Grower that plum curculio
+was controlled in the peach orchards through the use of hexaethyl
+tetraphosphate. If this chemical poison controls plum curculio, it ought
+to control any of the curculio family, such as the hazel curculio,
+chestnut curculio and butternut curculio. The butternut and hazel
+curculio appear to me to be the same insect. I am not troubled with the
+chestnut curculio yet, but if this chemical gives control over the
+curculio insect family we will certainly be able to raise large crops of
+all of the nuts mentioned.
+
+Quite a few of my grafted test trees, both in the forest and in the
+orchard, which in some cases were grafted on bitternut hickory stocks
+fifteen years ago, are beginning to bear. These varieties are the Woods,
+Fox, Taylor, Platman and Davis. Others which have borne a few times
+previously also have good crops set. These are Bridgewater, Glover,
+Beaver, Kirtland, Deveaux and Fairbanks. The trees setting the largest
+crops of hickory nuts are the Weschcke, and they are the only ones that
+I can really count on maturing early enough to escape our usual early
+fall frosts.
+
+I derive great pleasure in observing new seedling plants of filberts,
+hazels and their hybrids coming into bearing for the first time this
+year. There are about two hundred of these new varieties. Of course most
+of them will be worthless commercially. The ideal hybrid hazilbert has
+not yet appeared, but when it does we will propagate it for sale as
+rapidly as possible.
+
+At this date, August 20, we have suffered from an extremely dry August
+and will apparently lose many trees that we cannot reach by irrigation
+or some other means of watering.
+
+We have been busy at the farm and nursery erecting a small pilot plant
+for grinding filbert butter which we expect to be able to put on the
+market between October 15 and November 1.
+
+There is about a one-fourth crop of black walnuts in my orchard trees,
+with the Thomas leading. Many of the Ohio trees are barren. Usually the
+Ohio bears freely.
+
+It is my observation here that the wild hazels and some of their hybrids
+will drop their crop of nuts when it becomes too dry. This probably is
+an excellent feature from the standpoint of the plant as it no doubt
+saves the plant from being killed by drouth.
+
+There is no doubt in my mind but that the hazel-filbert hybrids
+(hazilberts) will make a large agricultural crop in the corn belt. When
+these crops are shelled in local plants and ground into butter the
+industry will fall into much the same category as country creameries.
+However, we have not reached the point where we have the right
+commercial plants for this purpose and for the time being will have to
+use the Pacific Coast filberts until such large crops of the ideal
+hybrids appear.
+
+
+
+
+Home Preparation of Filbert Butter and Other Products
+
+MRS. JEANNE M. ALTMAN, Bellingham, Washington
+
+
+Filberts may be prepared in different ways at home to make a delicious
+food. To make filbert butter first shell a roasting pan two-thirds full
+of kernels and put it in a 325 deg. oven. Stir the kernels thoroughly and
+often to get an even tan. Cut a few in half to determine when they are
+brown enough. Cook about thirty minutes. Do not leave in oven any longer
+than necessary because the kernels begin to brown rapidly upon further
+cooking. Cool and stir when not too hot. Most of the brown pellicle can
+be removed by rubbing kernels between one's hands. Run the kernels
+through a food chopper or meat grinder to make a Crunchy butter. To make
+a more delicious product, however, first run the kernels through a
+coarse knife, salt them and then run through a fine knife. This results
+in a butter with enough oil of its own to make a delicious dish. It
+takes lots of nuts to make much filbert butter.
+
+In preparing salted filberts in quantity I cook them in a strainer in a
+kettle of deep fat. Check the temperature with a thermometer and do not
+let them get too hot. Cool them quickly by putting them into a cold dish
+and stirring. When salting the whole kernels put only enough fat with
+them to coat the pellicle. After they are sufficiently brown take them
+out and salt them as they are cooling. Stir just enough to coat the
+kernels with salt. Eat pellicle and all; it holds the salt. Stirring too
+much tends to remove the salt.
+
+You can treat a pound of nuts at a time in a heavy iron skillet on top
+of the stove stirring constantly. When we follow that practice we eat
+them salted just as they were instead of grinding them. I think they are
+better than salted peanuts.
+
+I sent a recipe to one of our west coast papers and they added a note to
+drain them on a paper towel. That is wasteful and unnecessary. A
+Bellingham dentist put whole nuts into his false-teeth baking oven in
+the evening. I do not know what temperature was maintained but it must
+have been low because he left the nuts there all night and the next
+morning he found them all roasted and ready to eat.
+
+Filberts, even the green ones just as they come from the tree, may be
+boiled and then salted and buttered. They may be used to advantage in
+many cooking and baking recipes.
+
+
+
+
+Notes from Central New York
+
+S. H. GRAHAM, Ithaca, N. Y.
+
+
+This summer has been a difficult one for black walnuts. A late spring
+delayed starting and three freezes during the week beginning Sept. 22
+prematurely checked development so that poor filling seems to be the
+rule. The Persian walnuts again demonstrated their ability to ripen
+their nuts in a short season.
+
+Some of our Persian walnut trees are growing in the partial shade of
+larger black walnut trees. We prefer to keep these larger trees as they
+may be valuable stocks to be grafted to the superior varieties that one
+is always hoping will appear later on. This condition gives a good
+opportunity to observe the effect of shade. There seems to be no doubt
+that even light shade is detrimental in our latitude to the Persian
+walnut and results not only in more spindling and unsymmetrical growth
+but also interferes with proper ripening of the wood making it more
+subject to winter injury.
+
+One difficulty with the Persian walnuts in the East is premature falling
+of the nuts. The female flowers on the young Persian trees that we have
+seen are usually more numerous than with black walnuts of the same size
+and age, but even hand pollinating often fails to give a good set of
+nuts. Last spring we took pollen from eight of our Persian trees to the
+pomology department of our State College of Agriculture for germinating.
+The best sample showed 45% viable pollen; the next best 15% and the rest
+from O to 5%. This had been collected and stored for several weeks
+according to the methods given by Dr. Cox in the annual report for 1943,
+page 58. It is possible that this lack of viability may be due to some
+soil deficiency such as insufficient lime or boron. Prof. Schuster of
+the Oregon station writes that they find that Persian walnuts readily
+accept good Persian pollen but not black walnut or butternut pollen. If
+the viability of the pollen falls below 50% they consider it
+unsatisfactory. On some of the Oregon soils an application of boron in
+the form of ordinary borax under the trees in the spring has greatly
+helped in getting a crop of nuts. This should be well worth trying in
+the eastern states.
+
+The filbert crop this year is better than usual. Out of over a thousand
+crosses between Rush and Winkler with European and Pacific Coast
+varieties, in our estimation, only one has proven worthy of propagation
+considering size, flavor, abundance of bearing and resistance to filbert
+blight. Some growers think lightly of blight but our experience in
+fighting it through the years in cutting out cankered wood has convinced
+us of the futility of this means of control in infested areas. Control
+measures may apparently succeed for a time but when conditions of
+moisture, heat and air movement are just right it can spread like
+wildfire. Therefore, to us, resistance to this disease (Cryptosporella
+anomala) seems of paramount importance. The prevalence of blight has
+been almost universal in the scattered plantings which we have visited
+in central New York, usually without the owner knowing why his trees
+were dying. All our European and Coast varieties, as well as most of the
+hybrids, take blight readily but there is an occasional hybrid that is
+clearly resistant. Bixby is one of these.
+
+We have always used a knapsack sprayer equipped with a mist nozzle for
+our trees but this is inadequate as the trees grow taller. This summer a
+much more satisfactory nozzle was found that may be quickly adjusted to
+throw a mist for low trees or a far reaching one for the taller trees.
+This is made by the D. B. Smith Co. of Utica, N. Y.
+
+From time to time articles appear on insects injurious to nut trees.
+Frequently mentioned are the web worms and the walnut caterpillars. With
+us, the damage they do is as nothing compared to that caused by the
+curculios, the strawberry root worm beetles and the leaf hoppers. We are
+getting the upper hand of the curculios by the use of cryolite spray but
+the root-worm beetle problem is still unsolved. Until Rev. Crath wrote
+of leaf hopper damage (Annual Report 1938 p. 111) we had not regarded
+them as at all serious. Subsequent observation has convinced us that he
+was right and that they are often the cause of the blackening and dying
+of the tender young leaves of Persian walnuts and the curling up of
+older leaves. We were especially impressed during the Wooster, Ohio,
+field trip last year and, later on, in seeing how Mr. Sherman had
+overcome this trouble on the Mahoning Co. farm simply by adding DDT to
+his spray mixture.
+
+In closing, we would like to call the attention of new members to the
+wealth of information that is to be found in the old Association annual
+reports.
+
+
+
+
+Experience with the Crath Carpathian Walnuts
+
+GILBERT L. SMITH, Wassaic, New York
+
+
+In the spring of 1935 we purchased from the Wisconsin Horticultural
+Society two pounds of the nuts which Rev. Paul Crath had imported from
+Poland. We planted these nuts in the nursery row. Sixty-two seedlings
+resulted. We assigned a number of each of these seedlings and
+transplanted them when they were two years old. Here we made our first
+mistake. We selected what proved to be a very poor site for them,
+adjacent to and nearly surrounded by woodland, in which were a goodly
+supply of butternut curculios which we have found to be by far the worst
+insect enemy of the Persian walnut. It attacks the terminal growth doing
+some damage by feeding but principally by laying eggs in the terminals
+and the fleshy base of the leaf stems. From these eggs grub-like larvae
+hatch which bore into the terminal and the leaf bases, greatly dwarfing
+the terminal growth. We have found as many as six larvae in a single
+terminal. Of course they also like to lay their eggs in the young nuts
+which then drop from the tree in mid-summer.
+
+In the spring of 1937 we started to graft from these seedlings on black
+walnut stocks, giving each the same number as that of the seedling from
+which the wood was taken. It is too bad that we did not start this work
+sooner as we lost a few of the seedlings, largely through the ravages of
+the curculio, but possibly some of them were just not rugged enough to
+stand our climate. We still have 49 of these varieties living, either as
+grafts or the original trees. To this collection we have added a few
+varieties, securing wood from seedlings being grown by others. We have
+had living grafts of some of the named Crath varieties which we suppose
+developed from some of the wood imported from Poland by Rev. Crath. All
+of these have failed with us except one, Carpathian D. Apparently they
+were not hardy enough for our climate.
+
+So far we have had only one severe test of our Crath seedlings, as to
+hardiness. This was on February 16th, 1943, when the temperature at Mr.
+Benton's farm was thirty-four degrees below zero. This was not official
+but was registered by two thermometers which Mr. Benton knew to be very
+accurate. Many of our Crath seedlings showed no injury at all on this
+occasion while others showed varying degrees of injury. Our grafts of
+Broadview were damaged quite severely, Carpathian D to just about the
+same extent. One other named Crath variety, Crath No. 1, was killed
+outright. Only one of our seedling varieties showed as severe injury as
+did Broadview. This was S 12. This tree has now fully recovered but we
+will not grow any trees from it except for more southern latitudes and
+then only if it shows exceptional merit when it begins to bear.
+Therefore, according to our experience so far, there is quite definite
+evidence that these Crath seedlings are hardier than Broadview. McDermid
+was killed outright.
+
+We have found that practically all Persian walnut trees, when young,
+will bear pistillate blossoms for several years before they bear
+staminate blossoms (catkins). This fact has delayed us in securing nuts
+from these seedling varieties and has compelled us to resort to hand
+pollination. However, they are now beginning to produce both kinds of
+blossoms.
+
+The first one to bear was in 1944, when one tree bore twelve nuts which
+had resulted from hand pollination with pollen sent us by Mr. Reed. This
+variety appears to be the most promising one that has borne so far. We
+have named it Littlepage and have had a booklet printed which describes
+it fully. We will be glad to mail a copy to anyone who wishes. We have
+now found a good pollinizer for Littlepage, our No. S22 seedling. This
+variety produces pollen at just the right time, some of which I used
+this spring to hand pollenize the Littlepage tree. A fine crop of nuts
+is now on this tree as the result of this pollination.
+
+Last year (1946) we had a few nuts from each of five other seedling
+varieties. While we did not consider any of them equal to Littlepage,
+they were all worth growing and compare quite favorably with English
+walnuts as found in our markets. This year we have nuts on each of
+eleven varieties, five of them and the same ones that bore last year and
+six new ones. Now that these seedlings are beginning to bear we are able
+to cull out any that prove to be very inferior. As our facilities are
+far too limited to thoroughly test the promising varieties, we have
+started to propagate them and offer them in many parts of the country
+and subject them to many different conditions. Thus it should be only a
+matter of time until the truly worthy varieties will prove themselves.
+If we were wealthy we could propagate them and distribute them free of
+charge but I doubt if it would prove as satisfactory as it is to charge
+for them, as it seems to be a trait of human nature to take better care
+of that which costs us something. We will not name these new varieties
+at present but will put them out under their test numbers. Later the
+ones that prove best can be named.
+
+To facilitate the distribution of these new varieties we are getting out
+a folder showing natural size pictures of the nuts of the six varieties
+which were produced last year, with a brief description of each. I am
+very sorry that I was unable to get these folders from the printer
+before coming to this convention. However we will have them very soon
+and will be glad to mail a copy to anyone who requests it.
+
+As stated before we have found that the butternut curculio is a very bad
+pest with the Persian walnuts, also heartnuts and butternuts. It does
+not injure the black walnut at all. There are also several other insects
+which feed on the Persian walnut, most of these chewing insects that
+simply injure the foliage more or less severely. Last winter I was
+advised by Dr. Dean of our experiment station staff, to try benzene
+hexachloride (hexachlorocyclohexane) for control of the curculio. He
+stated that in California they have found out that the Persian walnut is
+quite susceptible to arsenical injury when a spray containing arsenate
+of lead is used on it. Also tests so far indicate that D.D.T. is not
+very effective against the apple and plum curculio, therefore not likely
+to be effective against the butternut curculio. So last spring we
+secured a supply of benzene hexachloride. Just as we were about to spray
+the trees I discovered a swarm of orange colored insects with black wing
+covers, feeding on them. So I checked the compatibility chart in the
+February issue of the American Fruit Grower and found that benzene
+hexachloride and D.D.T. were compatible when used together in the spray
+mixture. I thought it would be well to use a double barreled dose. So we
+made up a spray of four pounds of benzene hexachloride, four pounds of
+D.D.T., 50% wettable powder, and 6 pounds of wettable sulfur to 100
+gallons of water. This first spray showed a slight burning of the
+leaves, which I suspected was due to the sulfur. We omitted sulfur from
+the later sprays and did not note any more burning. We put on three
+sprays at about two week intervals and a fourth spray about the middle
+of July. The result of these sprays appears to be excellent. I have
+found only one nut showing any insect injury and this one was only
+slightly injured, whereas last summer we lost a considerable percentage
+of the nuts from curculio injury. A day or two after applying the first
+spray, I wanted to secure a specimen of the orange-colored insects with
+black wing covers, but I could not find a single specimen.
+
+We did not apply our first spray quite soon enough and curculio larvae
+had already invaded a few of the terminals. The first spray should be
+applied about as soon as the leaf buds separate and quite likely should
+be followed by the second spray in about a week, as new growth is very
+rapid at this time and the scant foliage at the time of the first spray
+would hardly hold enough of the chemicals to give control for more than
+a few days.
+
+
+
+
+Observations on Hardiness of the Carpathian Walnuts at Poughkeepsie, New
+York
+
+STEPHEN BERNATH
+
+
+In our section we have very good Persian walnut varieties of Carpathian
+and other European sources. I have planted some of all strains and
+varieties. My place faces northwest on a good elevation. My experience
+with trees there is that we have no winter injury. We can grow trees
+there that cannot be grown on some place which is situated low, and
+therefore does not have enough air circulation. Damage is done after
+heavy frosts when the sun comes out suddenly. That is what damages the
+trees--not the cold.
+
+If you take trees and put them in a temperature of 35 to 40 degrees
+below zero and bring them out to thaw gradually no harm is done. Most
+people buy trees and plant them in low places; that is the error. We
+have planted trees where the wind is very heavy throughout the winter
+and in the spring I found that these trees stood up wonderfully well;
+whereas, we have European walnut trees with a trunk diameter of about 12
+to 14 inches that in one year froze two to six feet--about three to four
+years growth. If you plant your trees on a fairly good elevation you can
+be assured of a good nut crop. In planting nut trees I do not know what
+kind of fertilizer you use, but I always use well decayed cow manure and
+put a little right around the root system. I never use fresh manure and
+never use poultry, sheep, or horse manure. They are bad for trees as
+they are very high in ammonia and this does damage to the trees.
+
+
+Discussion after Graham, Smith, and Bernath Persian walnut papers.
+
+Corsan: "Is using lime a good idea? I always use a lot of wood ashes."
+
+Stoke: "Use ground agricultural limestone. Burned lime may cause
+injury."
+
+J. R. Smith: "Barnyard manure is the best."
+
+Stoke: "With the Carpathian walnuts there is no uniformity in winter
+injury. I have had the Crath variety kill back to two inch wood. Most
+others have never shown winter injury."
+
+Corsan: "When is it practical to take mulch away?"
+
+MacDaniels: "If you take mulch away too late you will get more injury
+than if you don't take it away at all."
+
+Member: "Why does my young walnut tree not bear?"
+
+Bernath: "English walnut trees may produce pistillate blooms for a
+number of years before they produce pollen so that if you have only one
+tree it may be due to lack of pollination."
+
+Member: "With English walnut is more than one tree necessary for
+pollination? The male blossom appears a week or 10 days before the
+female."
+
+Crane: "Persian walnuts should be used to pollinate Persian walnuts--do
+not depend on black walnuts. In growing Persian walnuts it is best to
+have trees of two or more varieties in a planting so as to provide cross
+pollination."
+
+Stoke: "Persian walnuts may not pollinate black walnut, but black walnut
+has pollinated the Persian walnut in known instances."
+
+MacDaniels: "Control or uncontrol of pollination is very complex."
+
+Crane: "We find that we can not readily produce Persian x Eastern black
+hybrids under conditions of controlled pollination. We have found a
+number of natural hybrid trees but they bear very few nuts."
+
+
+
+
+Nuts About Trees
+
+R. E. HODGSON, Superintendent, Southeast Experiment Station, University
+of Minnesota.
+
+
+When hiking with a Boy Scout troop, they often asked me, "What tree is
+that?" In summer I could usually tell an oak from a box elder but had
+never had much reason to go further into the subject until the boys
+exposed my ignorance. In self defense I began to hunt up the names and
+found it a most interesting hobby.
+
+The University of Minnesota has a branch experiment station some 80
+miles south of the Twin Cities and it is here that a few acres have been
+roped off as a testing site for whatever trees of interest we can
+persuade to grow. My job is with field crops and livestock but my golf,
+fishing, hunting and bridge are mostly played with a spade and pruning
+shears or wandering around in the brush somewhere looking for something
+new. Our soil is a heavy clay loam of Clarion type containing plenty of
+lime but often poorly drained. It is very rich and productive being at
+one time part of Minnesota's big woods. Native trees are basswood, oak,
+elm, ash, walnut and their associates.
+
+My ignorance concerning trees is still profound and becomes more
+apparent as acquaintance matures, but it has been a lot of fun to start
+about 130 varieties of trees and shrubs and watch their development. The
+Latin names are mostly a mystery to me, but their habits, methods and
+rate of growth along with soil preferences and winter survival have
+furnished more entertainment for me than picking shot out of a dead bird
+or furrowing the turf on a putting green. It has been a real thrill to
+see cypress, sycamore and even a few yellow poplars, survive our rugged
+winters.
+
+The project began with an attempt to collect native trees and expanded
+to make room for some exotics, just to see what would happen to them.
+Detours and by-paths included attempts to grow various conifers from
+seed and persuade cuttings to root. Somewhere along the line nut trees
+began to enter the picture and now these have an alcove all to
+themselves. Perhaps it started when a neighbor offered me $5.00 if I
+could tell whether a young sprout in his yard was butternut or walnut.
+He died before I found the answer which was probably common knowledge to
+most people. The color of the pith did not seem reliable, but at last a
+book pointed out the little moustache a butternut wears just above each
+leaf scar. It worked, and the thrill was equal to catching a 10 pound
+wall eye!
+
+I was raised on the prairie part of southwestern Minnesota and it was a
+delightful surprise when I moved 140 miles east to find that one could
+gather almost any desired quantity of black walnuts from remnants of the
+old forest. After a few years these trips to the woods became less
+glamourous and the pickeruppers more critical. Many of the wild nuts
+were small and hard to crack. Perhaps a friend's Thomas tree in full
+bearing with its heavy crop of huge, tasty nuts inspired a wish to grow
+bigger and better producing trees near at home.
+
+It looked easy to transplant vigorous, 6 foot black walnut whips which
+could be had for the digging. It took 10 years to learn that nuts
+properly planted would make larger trees in a decade than transplants.
+Digging 2 deep holes to move one tree seemed a waste of labor when one
+planted nut would better serve the purpose. Of course nut planting led
+to a contest of wits with the squirrels.
+
+It was a funny sight to watch a helper carefully placing nuts at regular
+intervals in an open furrow and a big fox squirrel following 10 feet
+behind him, removing the prizes as fast as he could scamper up and down
+a nearby hollow oak. Our ideas concerning appropriate locations for
+walnut trees did not coincide with those of Mr. Bushytail. We learned
+that the simple way to plant walnuts in the woods was to pile a half a
+bushel here and there. The tree climbers took their toll, but did a good
+job of planting. Survival seemed better than when we placed individual
+nuts and "stepped them in."
+
+The desire for bigger, better and more useful nuts led to the planting
+of a couple of acres to seed from various trees of known value. These
+will not come true of course but it is hoped that some day they may
+serve as material for a small nut breeding project in which an attempt
+will be made to combine some of the more desirable chromosomes into a
+single tree that retains the best of what we have in present selections,
+and adds a little more hardiness between growing seasons. Who can tell?
+We might find a tree that the walnut worms didn't like!
+
+The squirrels didn't fancy our plans to grow trees in rows according to
+parentage, so they tried to improve our technique. We almost called in
+the F. B. I. to circumvent their machinations. Jamming an open tin can
+over the planted nut seemed to help. When the sprout came up we turned
+up the edges of the split can bottom just enough to let the tree
+through, but the sharp jagged edges seemed to discourage marauders. A
+lot of other methods were also tried.
+
+From the Wisconsin Horticultural Society we obtained a pound of English
+or Persian walnuts in 1937. So far we have some 23 seedlings struggling
+to keep alive. They range in height from 18 inches to 7 feet and are
+definitely out of their range. Some years they grow 4 feet of new wood
+and some winters it all kills back. There seem to be differences in
+hardiness and--who can tell?--they might even bear a nut some day. Bark
+injury, which may be winter sun scald, has damaged some of the trees.
+One tree of the Broadview selection is alive after four years and may
+make a go of it.
+
+Hickories grow wild in certain parts of Minnesota, but this doesn't
+happen to be one of those parts. They seem to do best where soil is acid
+in reaction and here we are amply supplied with lime. That may account
+for the slow growth of a grafted Hales hickory tree. It was 3 years old
+when set out in 1921. For the first 9 years it had just 2 leaves per
+year. Now approaching 30, the tree is 7 to 8 feet high and going up at
+the rate of 8 to 12 inches a year.
+
+Nuts from Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota wild hickories, have done
+better. At 8 years the trees are from 1 to 2 feet high, with a couple of
+Shakespeares, (geniuses) towering a foot above them. This may not be
+hickory country, but, by gum, they're growing! A couple of years ago,
+Dr. Brierley from the Central Station, Division of Horticulture, who has
+nut propagation as one of his minor projects, gave us 7 seedlings of
+shellbark hickory, (Carya laciniosa), from a tree planted many years ago
+by Peter Gideon of Wealthy apple fame. After 2 winters, these 7
+seedlings are still with us and seem to grow faster than the shagbarks
+(ovata).
+
+Other attempts to vary our diet (if we live long enough) are a few
+Chinese chestnut seedlings. A couple secured from the Nut Tree
+Nurseries, Downington, Pa., in 1940 are now 3 and 4 feet high and
+apparently in a good state of health. They are leisurely growing, which
+may be a good thing. Trees like the Manchurian walnut which grow 6 to 8
+feet of new wood in a year, seem to freeze back and start over more
+frequently than the trees which poke along but harden their wood before
+cold weather. In 1946, a few more seedlings from D. C. Snyder, Center
+Point, Iowa, were set out and most of them have survived the first
+winter. Carl Weschcke reports that chestnuts do best for him at River
+Falls, Wisconsin, in sandy soil with an acid reaction. If I ever raise a
+chestnut, I'd like to send him one.
+
+Fooling with nuts has led to another activity which has been pleasant
+though not very practical so far. Each spring, Dr. Brierley spends a
+couple of days with me trying to graft some of the named varieties to
+our available wild trees. We have raised nuts on some of the hickory
+scions grafted to the plentiful native bitternuts, but in general our
+grafts have failed. We have had good advice from many sources and have
+tried most everything but our successes have not been numerous enough to
+cause any inflation of the ego. We're inclined to think that the sudden
+wide variations of temperature which are common here in May, can be the
+controlling factor. We've made a few walnuts, hickories, and hicans
+grow, but still have too many zeroes for any complacency. This year may
+be our bonanza. Most of the grafts on some 40 trees are shooting buds.
+Perhaps it's the grafting tape we tried this spring. In 1948 we'll be
+able to write it all down in the book--and try again.
+
+Nuts are not the only food crops growing on trees. We have read the
+glowing reports of sweet pods of honey locust grown on such varieties as
+Millwood and Calhoun, as told by John Hershey and J. Russell Smith. Our
+Millwoods all killed the second winter and this year we're trying
+Calhoun. Meanwhile, we're hunting for a hardy, northern grown sweet
+tree. Miss Jones asked nut growers to tell me what they had and several
+interesting replies and samples were received. The quality of the pods
+varied all the way from the sweet Millwood to our native honey locusts,
+most of which are so bitter and astringent that they remind us of a
+combination of green persimmons and red pepper. No sensible animal will
+touch them. Cions were received from a tree in Omaha, Nebraska, through
+the courtesy of F. J. Adams. These were grafted on local trees this
+spring and perhaps they will answer all of our needs.
+
+Our attempts to grow better nuts in southern Minnesota have not caused
+even a ripple in the local economic situation, but it has been a lot of
+fun. Perhaps the greatest return so far is the interesting
+correspondence with like minded people in many localities. Amos Workman
+of Hurricane, Utah, sent seed of his best black and Persian walnuts,
+pecans and figs. The figs didn't even start (probably my ignorance), but
+we have trees coming from all the rest. J. Russell Smith has been most
+helpful with suggestions and the "Minnesota Horse Thief" as he calls me,
+has enjoyed his letters immensely. John Hershey has passed along some of
+his enthusiasm for trees and many others have contributed to the
+pleasure of a fascinating hobby.
+
+It's fun to grow trees even though some of the unusual things provide
+only exercise and entertainment. Our persimmons grew from seed, were
+transplanted and came through the first winter! One pawpaw is still
+trying to get ahead of the winter set-backs, and a Macedonian white pine
+(said to produce edible nuts) is doing fine. Perhaps I'm the biggest nut
+of all, but I'm happy about it!
+
+
+
+
+Report on Nut Trees at Massillon
+
+RAYMOND E. SILVIS, Massillon, Ohio
+
+
+I will first give an account of plantings observed recently in or near
+Massillon, and, secondly, a condensation of my own introduction to nut
+growing.
+
+Louis Bromfield in his richly descriptive book "The Farm" writes, "On
+the way one passed the big orchard which was Jamie's pride, and beyond
+one came to the field where the big hickory stood. It was a memorable
+tree, famous in the countryside for bearing enormous nuts with shells so
+soft that the faintest tap of a rock or a hammer would lay open the
+bisque-colored kernels." He also writes a reference to the ingredients
+of candy making at Christmas time in which a good many recipes called
+for hickory nuts and walnuts.
+
+In Massillon Mr. Alvin Schott, when he drove by the farm of Mr. Lester
+Hawk and read his sign, "Chinese Chestnut Trees for Sale," thought of
+the chestnuts he used to eat. Since he, like the rest of us, cannot go
+out along the road in the fall and pick up chestnuts as of old, he
+declared to plant some nut trees on city park land so that the younger
+generation could in a small measure recapture that which now is only a
+memory.
+
+After making numerous talks and speeches to all the lodges, civic clubs
+and P. T. A.'s, he received donations and publicity to help him in his
+project. He enlisted the help of other civic nut-minded personnel to
+help him select the trees and locations for planting. Boy Scouts and
+school children dug some of the holes. When it rained (it seems to rain
+every time a shipment came in) Mr. Schott would call us away from our
+work and have us dig holes. We have planted in city parks: 13 Hawk
+chestnuts, 10 Thomas black walnuts, 8 hazel, 4 mulberries, 2 Broadview
+Persians, 2 Josephine persimmons, 3 pecan seedlings, 1 hican, 9 large
+seedling black walnuts and several hickories.
+
+We have additional money for another spring planting. Thus Massillon has
+joined the list of cities that own trees that will produce something
+else besides leaves.
+
+On August 17th Mr. Gerstenmaier and I drove to Ira, Ohio, to visit Mr.
+Cranz and take advantage of his invitation to inspect his nut planting.
+At this moment I believe that his invitation was made with the subtle
+purpose of bragging about his excellent crop of Thomas black walnuts and
+filberts. The trees were originally planted by squirrels and later
+grafted by Mr. Cranz. They grow at the bottom of a huge hill or
+escarpment 200 feet high at the top of which is his planting of 20
+_mollissima_ chestnuts. It's a long climb through his neatly scythed
+pathways on a hot day. Afterwards I felt like I needed the can which he
+usually carries.
+
+Recently I found a young black walnut which I hope may be a good
+selection for further work. It is too early to make any predictions, but
+I can assure you that a careful check on the tree's performance will be
+interesting. Thin shell, good kernel cavity, etc.
+
+Near Bolivar, Ohio, stands a young shagbark hickory which bears a nut
+about the size of a Pleas hican with a very smooth kernel cavity and a
+thin shell. Even though small this is another nut which will bear
+watching.
+
+I believe the greatest interest in nut trees will develop when a
+definite program of controlled crossing is instituted.
+
+When I became a member of this organization in 1939 I was managing
+almost 1,000 acres of farm land. My own 90 acre farm was being farmed up
+and down the hill because the fences were built that way. My plan was to
+change over to a contour operation. After reading "Nut Growing" and
+"Tree Crops" I decided to plant nut trees at 100' intervals along the
+edges of the contour strips. I had a twofold purpose, to produce more
+revenue and preserve the contour method of farming.
+
+I ordered grafted nut trees from Jones Nurseries, Crath seedlings from
+Graham and 200 northern pecan nuts from Wilkinson. Homer Jacobs, really
+"sold me" on the Nut Growers Association and then sent me scions of the
+Wilcox hickory. I was successful in getting two to grow about 100'
+apart. Miss Jones sent me Pleas hican wood and one graft grew between
+the two Wilcox. All were grafted on shagbark stock, breast high using
+the late Mr. Fickes' method. The pecan nuts were stratified and given
+the usual nursery care and at three years of age were transplanted to
+the farm along with 200 seedling black walnuts and 100 chestnuts. These
+seedlings were to be used as stocks for grafting the newer and superior
+productive varieties. This was 1943. The farmer became dissatisfied with
+my soil conservation tendencies and moved away. The war developed in
+earnest and I matriculated at a defense plant. The farm just grew up. I
+was not dissatisfied. I was just tired. I couldn't find enough time to
+manage 1,000 acres of farm land 20 miles south; work at a defense plant
+20 miles north and operate my insurance and real estate business. So I
+sold all the farms including mine with the nut trees.
+
+Now it is 1947. It was only two years ago that I made a decision to
+relinquish the 90 acre farm. A short time ago I found all the grafted
+trees bearing fruit except the hickories and hican. The grafted
+Zimmerman, Stoke and Hobson chestnuts have died and most of the pecan,
+walnut and chestnut seedlings planted on the contour strips have
+succumbed to the mower, etc. I could find none of the grafted hickories
+purchased through the years except one Fairbanks. The present owners are
+enthusiastic over the early bearing chestnuts and are taking care of all
+the remaining survivor trees.
+
+I have reached the conclusion that any farm in this section of the U. S.
+with enough hope to warrant contour farming is usually marginal land.
+This is land which barely pays the cost of working or using; land
+whereon the costs of labor, coordination and capital approximately equal
+the gross income. I believe that a planting of grafted nut trees on the
+edges of contour strips will increase the value of that farm and should
+have the attention of every county agent and farm owner.
+
+I am no doubt the worst "grafter" in the business. When I get one out of
+20 sets to grow I am startled, not so much with the statistical
+percentages but because a small stick of wood from Kentucky can make its
+home on the roots of an Ohio cousin. I believe that scion storage is
+important and I wish to report that the method which Dr. Shelton
+explained in the 1945 report is very satisfactory. The next best is John
+Gerstenmaier's apple storage cellar, which he and I have used ever since
+my interest in nut bearing trees brought us together.
+
+It is still 1947. I'm still in the real estate business. I recently
+purchased 160 acres of land in an adjoining county and placed title in
+my son's name. He is six years old. I should be free of any inclination
+to sell this for fifteen years. Since there are no buildings I won't
+have a tenant problem. This spring I purchased and planted grafted
+hickories and grafted black walnuts and set them in supposedly
+favorable locations where I hope they will maintain themselves. In
+addition I planted about 200 Hawk seedling chestnuts spaced about 20 to
+30 feet apart. These were planted in three different locations. One
+group was planted under the canopy of a locust grove, another on an
+exposed hilltop which faces the prevailing westerly winds. The third is
+on a broad hilltop field which does not have the best drainage since the
+top soil is clay underlaid with sandstone shale. All of these groups
+grow on land abandoned some years ago. The soil fertility is generally
+low. Volunteer native growth of cheery, ash, dogwood and hawthorn
+prevails.
+
+If I can continue to plant for the next fifteen years I should have
+quite an orchard, or else my son will have a good hardwood forest. I
+hope that all of us here can meet there then.
+
+
+Discussion after R. E. Silvis' paper.
+
+Mr. MacDaniels: "It is a good idea to have nut trees established in the
+parks. In your home town there is usually a park in which nut trees can
+be used. Very often it just takes initiative to get these things
+started. Boy Scout organization is very good at starting projects like
+this. Chestnuts are more difficult to establish than other trees."
+
+Dr. Gravatt: "Nut trees should not be grown along the curbs because
+people will gather the nuts that fall on the road. This is very
+dangerous where there is much traffic."
+
+Stoke: "Walnuts are much more satisfactory as park trees than Chinese
+chestnuts. People are so prone to break off branches bearing immature
+chestnuts."
+
+Dr. MacDaniels: "Wire guards are excellent to keep mice, rabbits, etc.,
+away from your nut trees."
+
+
+
+
+Planting of Nut Trees on Highways Undesirable
+
+R. P. ALLAMAN, Harrisburg, Pa.
+
+
+Having always opposed this practice when it was under discussion, I have
+been asked to prepare an article on the subject. This paper was prepared
+in collaboration with Mr. Wilbur H. Simonson, Senior Landscape
+Architect, U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, D. C.
+
+Since the beginning of the roadside improvement demonstration program in
+1933 the policy of the Public Roads Administration has never favored
+planting of the showy, garden type of fruit and nut trees on highway
+roadsides for several reasons:
+
+1. =Traffic Hazards=--Dropping of fruits and nuts on pavements tends to
+make surface conditions slippery and dangerous to traffic.
+
+2. =Police Problems=--Ripening of fruits and nuts tends to invite passing
+motorists to stop on side of highway pavements to gather the fruits,
+adding to traffic hazard. Also such trees tend to invite vandalism by
+boys together with clubbing the trees to get down the fruits with the
+possible results of not only injury and damage to the trees themselves,
+but throwing sticks, stones and clubs into the tree branches is likely
+to result in hitting or striking passing motorists and otherwise cause
+loss of control of vehicles by drivers, a very dangerous road condition
+especially because it is an unexpected situation to have clubs or fruit
+come down on the highway when driving through.
+
+This all means more intensive policing of the highway by the responsible
+authorities with added costs in maintenance budgets.
+
+3. =Maintenance Problems=--Not only do dropping of fruits, and the results
+of vandalism, cause extra cleanup of pavements and drainageways,
+(clogging of pipes and gutters with debris from the trees) all hazardous
+to traffic; but also the questions of insects and disease problems are
+added. This all complicates public maintenance problems and especially
+the proper pruning and spraying of the trees.
+
+It is not considered a proper function of public authorities to carry on
+operations that compete with private property developments.
+
+Administrative policy and procedures shall encourage the planting of
+shade tree types along public highways, and avoid the above described
+difficulties that are =bound= to occur if nut-bearing types of trees are
+placed on highway areas.
+
+References: Bennett's book on Roadside Development, 1929, pages 6 and
+52, also page 527 of the proceedings for the twentieth annual meeting of
+the Highway Research Board in 1940, regarding the selection and use of
+trees on highway areas, as recommended by the Committee on Roadside
+Development. I quote from these the following extracts:
+
+"Profusely flowering fruit or nut-bearing trees are not desirable, as a
+rule; very showy garden types of flowering, fruit or nut-bearing trees
+should be avoided in roadside planting. Experience indicates than
+vandalism is encouraged by planting any species of tree commonly used in
+garden, commercial fruit, or nut orchard planting."
+
+"Trees which drop heavy masses of petals, fruit or nuts on highway
+surfaces are not desirable. Horticultural varieties of flowering trees
+(particularly those of exotic origin such as the Japanese cherries)
+should be avoided in roadside planting because a too garden-like
+appearance of planted roadsides will usually indicate excessive annual
+maintenance costs, and probably heavy future losses of planted material
+because of competition with superior and more rugged native tree
+species." _Re:_ Vandalism, parents are responsible for acts of their
+children and public plantings should not encourage children towards acts
+of a vandalistic nature, with trouble not only for the tree but also for
+the parents in keeping the children in order.
+
+
+
+
+Nut Growing for the Farm Owner
+
+H. GLEASON MATTOON
+
+
+It is with trepidation that I present a paper on nut growing before a
+group so much more learned in the subject than I. But two things impel
+me to do so. First, the firm conviction that nut trees, carefully
+chosen, properly planted and intelligently cared for, have a place on
+many farms as a cash crop for the market and a food crop for the farm
+family and, second, the poor results from many nut tree plantings on
+farms. As may be imagined, my conviction is not based upon results seen
+but upon the possibilities I know are inherent in nut trees.
+
+When the first wave of publicity for soil conservation was at its zenith
+back in the late 30s, I listened to a talk, the substance of which was
+that there are no such things as submarginal land, and problem areas.
+There are only submarginal people and problem people. Land does not
+destroy itself nor is squalor self-created. Human qualities create both
+conditions. Therefore the problem to be tackled is the ignorance,
+cupidity or stupidity of those who create such conditions.
+
+This made a profound impression on me. It has influenced my thinking in
+all things connected with our renewable resources. Our success in
+growing anything, whether it be cotton, corn or nut trees, depends
+largely upon ourselves. If we mix three parts of intelligence with one
+part of effort, the yield will be manifold.
+
+Much of this intelligence should be of the "green thumb" variety, a
+mixture of common sense and keen observation. The one using this kind of
+intelligence would plant black walnuts in a deep, rich, well-drained
+loam, because he has observed that this species grows best and yields
+more heavily in that type of soil. He would plant the trees with top
+roots not more than one inch under the surface of the soil because he
+has noted that is the way they grow naturally. He would strive to keep
+foliage on the tree as long as possible because he knows that the leaves
+are the manufacturing part of the tree. Without them the tree could not
+grow and would not produce filled nuts. He would do many other things
+essential for proper tree growth and yield.
+
+But unfortunately several of the farm nut tree plantings I have seen
+show a woeful lack of "green thumb" intelligence. I recall one in
+particular because of the condition of both the trees and the owner. The
+planting originally consisted of twenty Chinese chestnuts, fifteen named
+black walnuts, four hicans and four Persian walnuts. The owner
+originally was an enthusiastic convert to nut growing. Today the
+planting is a failure, while the owner is an irate backslider who would
+not plant another nut tree even though it bore ten dollar bills. Four
+years after planting, nineteen of the twenty chestnuts, all hican, three
+Persian walnuts and ten black walnuts were dead. Of the remaining seven
+trees only one could be called healthy. Examination soon focused the
+picture. Most of the trees had been planted on an eroded hillside
+deficient in humus. In addition, many of them were planted from three to
+ten inches too deep. The only thriving walnut was planted at the proper
+depth and in a pocket of top soil at the base of the slope. Under
+questioning, the owner said that he had purposely planted them deep to
+"keep their roots cool." That is a widely held horticultural fallacy
+which is unconsciously fostered by many nurseryman. In their
+instructions they say to plant the tree one inch deeper than it was in
+the nursery. Too many laymen reason that, if planting the tree one inch
+deeper will help, then the tree should do even better if planted six
+inches deeper.
+
+After eighteen years of trying to learn why transplanted trees do not
+thrive, I am convinced there are four main causes. I list them in the
+order of their prevalence. First and foremost, too deep planting.
+Second, fibrous roots allowed to become dry. This may occur in transit,
+in the hands of the purchaser or because of air space around the roots
+after planting. Third, deficiency of moisture due to low humus content
+of the soil or drought. Four, rodent damage. While some nut trees are
+possibly more difficult to re-establish than a few other species, if
+care is used to see that none of these four conditions occurs, there is
+no reason why a well-rooted tree should not grow and remain healthy.
+
+Up to this point I have been dwelling on the negative side. Though it
+must be confessed that the preponderance of such planting has not
+fulfilled the owner's expectations, we must remember that the fault does
+not lie in the trees but in the human element. If the purchaser of nut
+trees has received proper instructions and carries them out faithfully,
+the trees will grow. Not all of the fault, however, can be placed upon
+the purchaser. The nurserymen should remember that there is a place for
+gilded pictures and glowing generalities but that place is not in the
+directions for planting and care. These directions should be practical,
+precise and detailed, with no implications of Midas returns from a half
+acre grove. Every grower of nut trees knows that problems and troubles
+continue to arise which tax his knowledge and experience. How much more
+baffling such difficulties are to the layman who is just embarking on
+the venture of growing trees.
+
+I have planted nut trees and have seen them grow to maturity and yield
+bountifully. I have seen a few farm tree plantings which have more than
+repaid the time and effort. Though the varieties now grown by nurserymen
+are inferior to those that I am confident will be produced at some
+future time, they still have sufficient merit to warrant planting.
+
+You who are interested in nut trees which thrive in the northern states,
+must recognize that two factors contribute to the development of
+superior strains. One is hybridizing and the other sport development.
+The former is a long term project which should have institutional
+backing. The opportunity for the latter, that is, chance development of
+a superior or unique variation, is in direct ratio to the number of nut
+trees growing in the area. Successful farm nut growers, dotted over the
+region, will, therefore, increase the chance that finer strains will
+appear.
+
+But whether the farm nut grove ever abets science and produces the long
+sought superior nut, is of little importance compared to its value to
+the farm. It is incumbent, therefore, upon every nut enthusiast, who has
+a hand in bringing to the attention of farm owners the value of nut
+trees, to be meticulous in giving instructions for their planting and
+care.
+
+
+
+
+Tree Crop and Nut Notes from Southern Pennsylvania
+
+JOHN W. HERSHEY
+
+
+_Broadview English Walnut_--This hardy variety seemed so good it took a
+lot of effort to keep from recommending it commercially. The oldest tree
+in our section, owned by my brother, bore lightly for several years.
+With its fine flavor, tree beauty and hardiness it edges closer and
+closer to where we can recommend it commercially. In its seventh year it
+bore a half bushel; the 8th, this year, it's really loaded. I have
+planted 30 trees.
+
+_A Southern Persian Walnut_ The northern man in the south loves the cool
+climate, Persian walnut. I have found chance seedlings here and there,
+even down to northern Alabama. One tree, northeast of Knoxville,
+Tennessee, had a good quality nut and was seemingly resistant to sun
+scald. Starting late in the spring it avoids the late frosts so damaging
+to horticulture in the south.
+
+_Cornell Black Walnut_--This new variety, a Thomas seedling, named
+Cornell by its originator at Ithaca, New York, bore one nut for us in
+1946. The boys at Cornell like it because it fills even in an abnormally
+cool season of the Finger Lakes region when natives fail. You can't
+decide an issue with one nut, but our specimen was as large and full of
+high-flavored, white meat as the Thomas, and as thin-shelled as the
+Stabler. So attractive does this variety appear that I am reserving it
+this fall in order to plant several in orchard form to produce scion
+wood.
+
+_Honey Locusts_--The latest report on their performance comes from J. C.
+Moore, Soil Conservation Service at Auburn, Alabama, on February 3,
+1947. Their laboratory tests of Millwood show a sugar content of 36.65%,
+and Calhoun 38.95%. The animal husbandry department of the Alabama
+Experiment Station at Auburn has found the pods equal to oats, pound for
+pound, in a dairy ration. A team of mules fed for 30 days on pods showed
+satisfactory results. Cows and hogs showed equal success. At 5 years of
+age, Millwood averages 58 pounds and Calhoun 26 pounds per year. At
+eight years, Millwood bore 200 pounds, and Calhoun 60. The pods fall
+from October 15th to December 30th. Lespedeza sericea planted between
+the trees yields 2-1/2 tons per acre annually. This gives us courage to
+continue emphasizing their great value for pasture and rough land
+planting. The trees we planted in our swampy, worn-out meadow are doing
+fine.
+
+_Mulberries_--This great chicken, bird and hog feed will some day fill a
+definite place in the sun of the American farmer, just as it does in
+Asia. The drawbacks are lack of hardiness and short bearing season in
+the north. The Hicks variety bears for six to eight weeks but is not
+hardy north of the Mason-Dixon line. This year we have grafted eight
+varieties of which seven are new. One from southern Indiana, an American
+seedling selected by a mulberry enthusiast, bears for six to eight
+weeks. Will it be hardy farther north? We shall know soon. Six are from
+select seedlings of L. K. Hostetter, of Lancaster, Pa., the mulberry
+king of America. The other is a fine white, a chance seedling from 75
+miles north of Pittsburgh. It has not borne yet but was far hardier than
+Downing last winter. I have a few of these to sell this fall. Mulberries
+need sweet soil to prevent winter killing. On worn out soils we have
+discovered that they do well until established, by applying a few
+handfuls of lime around the tree at planting time. Not only are they
+excellent for the above mentioned uses but the right varieties are
+better than raisins when dried.
+
+In 1945 we set a leaky corner of sandy meadow to honey locusts. I saw
+them growing in semi-swamp land in Alabama, but here all but two of the
+18 trees died. When replanted in 1946 also they died. I found the two
+that were living were carelessly planted too shallow, with the top roots
+sticking out of the ground. We replanted more trees in the spring of
+1947 with the top roots above the ground level, mounded soil over them
+about 6 to 10 inches, then mulched. They are all growing fine.
+
+_Starting a Tree Crop Farm. What Is It?_--It consists of a blended,
+balanced program of cattle, hogs, poultry and sheep pasturing under
+mulberries, honey locust, persimmons, oaks, etc., plus the hog feed from
+the refuse chestnuts, walnuts and Chinese dates. The great secret of
+nature is that your security lies in a balanced land use between animal
+and plant production with crops for animals, and animal manure for the
+crops, with a margin of each for the profit book. I bought this
+abandoned swampy, rocky, sandy soil farm of 72 acres, to show how it can
+be done on land too rough for the plow. The first requirement was to
+work out a program with permanent crops to bring in a continuous return,
+while planting and developing the slower bearing nuts and crop trees. I
+have found you must live on the farm a year to learn which soils and
+sites are best for a species. For instance, the field that fitted my
+plan to plant walnuts is too wet, so there we shall plant the hickories,
+pecans and hicans with persimmons as fillers. The place where I wanted
+walnuts was too sandy, so we shall plant chestnuts and filberts, and
+where I wanted chestnuts the soil is good for walnuts.
+
+_Starting a Profit Cycle_--To create a return as quickly as possible on
+such a cycle we started a small flock of chickens, ducks and geese. The
+next step was to decide what to plant of a permanent nature to make a
+succession of crop income from spring until the nut crop comes in
+autumn. In the spring of 1945 we planted an acre of asparagus and one of
+raspberries. In 1947 both started bringing in returns. In 1948 they will
+be in full production. In 1946 and 1947 we set an acre or more of
+blueberries. Half of the blueberries were planted in a semi-swamp,
+useless to farm or pasture, but the home of blueberries after we drained
+it. These will start bearing in 1948 and increase in production for ten
+years. We have 2 cows for family milk as I nearly live on it. The
+surplus we use in vealing calves as well as to start a herd.
+
+The first year we took in about $100, the second $150; to date we've
+taken in $850, plus an inventory increase of 5 nine months old bulls and
+6 year old heifers. No soil can live without manure and, due to the
+results of over 20 years of organic soil management, we use no chemical
+fertilizers. Hence, we need lots of manure. I can not afford to buy
+straw so we use shavings and sawdust for bedding.
+
+We apply to the manure in the stables about 100 pounds per animal of raw
+phosphate rock a week, which sweetens the dust and helps feed the soil.
+We also buy straw for seven riding horses for the manure, as this is
+great fox hunting country. While this young stock is supplying manure
+for the soil it is increasing in value. Our program is expensive because
+time needed in the nursery and orchard prevents us from growing grain,
+but when you start you can grow grain. We shall soon be having stock to
+sell each year which will add to our income.
+
+While these crops are contributing to our keep, our time is used in
+developing the slower-bearing, permanent tree crops, 600 mulberries for
+hogs and cattle, 350 honey locusts, nearly a 100 persimmons, 50 oaks, 50
+Chinese Jujubes and 90 filberts, all going well. To this we added in the
+spring of 1947 5 acres of Persian and black walnuts with chestnuts
+interplanted in the row. These are our future feeds for a bigger and
+cheaper hog, cattle, sheep and poultry feeding program, as well as
+providing food and cover for wild life. We have yet to plant 5 acres of
+mixed hickory, hicans and pecans interplanted with over 100 seedling
+persimmons and a six acre boulder field of black walnuts interplanted
+with chestnuts and a 5 acre sandy field of chestnuts interplanted with
+filberts.
+
+The rest of the farm will be in nursery, hay and cereals. Now hold in
+mind these vital factors. To get rich just planting a farm of nuts or
+any other one crop is a delusion, with the bankers eventually holding
+the bag, the soil and owner taking a licking. Nature is a balanced
+force, soil undisturbed is a delicately balanced flour barrel of never
+ending life. Learn of nature how to protect this soil, that shallow
+insulation board between man and disaster.
+
+After feeling our way over 3 years this is what we found best in
+handling trees. In the meadow where we planted honey locust, and on a
+rocky knoll with oaks, the first year we applied a shovelful of night
+soil and a light mulch of leaf compost. The second summer we mowed,
+raked, and forked the hay to the tree in a wide circle. It was amazing
+the life activity that was created under this mulch by the next spring.
+Mice were controlled by pulling the mulch 3 inches from the tree in
+early fall and with poisoned wheat under the mulch. In the spring of
+1947 we mulched a 4 to 5 ft. circle around each tree with manure two or
+three inches thick. You should see the trees growing. One-half was mowed
+for hay and on the other half electric fences were put up along the tree
+rows and the field was pastured. We planted the walnuts and chestnuts in
+a sod of natural white clover and timothy. Walnuts were planted in 60
+ft. rows with a chestnut tree every 30 ft. Here, three rounds were made
+with the plow and disk and the ground was manured before the trees were
+planted. After planting one shovelful of night soil, or two or three
+shovelfuls of cured slaughter house tankage, were applied to each tree.
+The rows were kept clean until June and then sowed to soy beans.
+Sufficient manure was available to make it possible to complete a manure
+mulch around these trees. The field where the hickory and pecans are to
+go has the tree rows plowed, manured and soy beaned ready for planting.
+We plan to use the same method in future plantings.
+
+
+
+
+Notes from the New Jersey Section of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association
+
+MRS. ALAN R. BUCKWALTER
+
+
+(As a suggestion to some other State Vice-Presidents the editors print
+parts of a letter from Mrs. Buckwalter whose husband was long a valued
+and active member of the N. N. G. A.
+
+"After receiving the annual report I sent reply post cards to each of
+the members in New Jersey. I received answers from about one-third of
+them and have assembled some of their reports and questions to send you,
+along with a few notes about our orchard.")
+
+Wm. M. Daugherty of Princeton reports that his three hundred
+ten-year-old black walnut trees had a fine set of nuts this spring.
+However, a hail storm in midsummer stripped the trees of both leaves and
+nuts.
+
+From Saddle River, Dr. Harold Blake reports that his black walnuts are
+doing well, but a late spring frost killed the catkins on the Cosford,
+Medium Long and Italian Red filberts. Mr. Blake suggests a theory of
+bark rot and asks the opinion of other nut growers. He noticed that in
+several instances of bark rot on Thomas and Stambaugh black walnuts the
+diameter of the scion was larger than that of the stock. He concludes
+that the scion was taken from a faster growing tree than the one that
+was used for the stock and that the so-called bark rot is cambium rot
+due to the fact that the smaller stock does not completely feed the
+cells of the naturally faster growing section. Dr. Blake therefore
+suggests more study of the compatibility of scion to stock, especially
+in regard to growth and bearing. He notes that in fruit trees the root
+stock is of importance in this regard and it may be that the variance in
+reports from different localities on black walnuts and other nut trees
+may be due to the difference in root stock as well as climate and soil
+conditions.
+
+Edward Fuhlbruegge of Scotch Plains has long tried to grow pawpaw
+seedlings with no success. He wants to know if any other New Jersey
+members have been able to raise pawpaws from seed.
+
+     (Ed.--He should keep the seedbed moist through the summer. These
+     seeds germinate slowly and the seedlings cannot emerge through a
+     hard soil surface.)
+
+The observation of Gilbert V. P. Terhune of Newfoundland is that the
+native chestnuts continue to sprout and occasionally produce nuts. He
+predicts that in years to come we will again have our native chestnuts.
+[Ed.--Someone should carefully save his nuts and grow trees from them.]
+
+John H. Donnelly of Hoboken asks other nut growers for their opinion of
+using cut grass as a mulch for nut trees. [Ed.--Excellent.]
+
+From Fairlawn J. L. Brewer states that his black walnuts do not seem to
+have any bad effects on raspberries and strawberries, thus adding
+another note to the long controversy as to the deleterious effects of
+black walnuts on the soil. His Texas pecan and Indiana hickory
+seedlings, although planted in favorable location, have not made a good
+growth. [Ed.--Did he feed them?]
+
+Louis P. Rocker of Andover reports his Thomas and Stabler walnuts had a
+good crop in 1946 but this year have few nuts.
+
+This planting (Buckwalter) consists of _Castanea mollissima_,
+_mollissima_ hybrids and _Japonica_ (crenata). Due to circumstances
+during the war years, we have not been able to do much with this
+orchard; however, we hope gradually to build it up.
+
+In 1946 the part of the chestnut crop that was harvested was infested
+with the chestnut curculios. About fifty per cent of the nuts were
+affected. No infestation had been noted in previous years, although in
+1945 the crop was not harvested at all. [Ed.--That gave the worms their
+chance to propagate.]
+
+We will not be able to spray our entire chestnut orchard this year;
+however, a few of the trees will be sprayed to determine the
+effectiveness of DDT as a control. In the December, 1946 issue of "The
+American Fruit Grower" it was stated that DDT as a wettable power (four
+pounds of fifty per cent DDT to one hundred gallons of water) should be
+used. Three applications gave best results, and this will be tried on
+our trees.
+
+This year we have a good crop of nuts and hope to select the best of our
+trees, which will be included in next year's report.
+
+
+
+
+Report of Resolutions Committee
+
+
+The Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc., is bringing to a close the
+38th annual convention with deep appreciation of the complete and
+satisfying hospitality which we have enjoyed at the hands of our hosts,
+the Ontario Agricultural College. We have enjoyed the beautiful, well
+kept, and spacious grounds, the substantial and well planned buildings,
+the thoughtful and pleasant help of all of the personnel with whom we
+have come in contact, especially Dr. J. S. Shoemaker, head of the
+Department of Horticulture in whose building we have had satisfactory
+meeting place, display room, use of lantern and operator, and the
+esthetic satisfaction of looking at beautiful flowers harmoniously
+arranged.
+
+We have been well nourished with good food, well prepared and
+expeditiously served.
+
+We especially appreciate the courteous entertainment that the faculty
+ladies have so kindly arranged for the ladies who accompany us.
+
+For many years Clarence Reed has been one of the "war horses" of the N.
+N. G. A. We were expecting to see him cap this long service by presiding
+over this session, and it was with great sorrow that we learned of his
+inability to be with us.
+
+Your Resolutions Committee wishes to call attention to the excellent
+manner in which Dr. L. H. MacDaniels has conducted the sessions of this
+convention.
+
+It is with great regret that the members of this Association learned of
+the resignation of Miss Mildred Jones as Secretary. Her work in that
+office has been of an unusually high order of efficiency and devotion.
+It was the kind of work which shows the enthusiasm that arises from deep
+personal interest. Her services will be greatly missed.
+
+  Dr. W. Rohrbacher,
+  Dr. J. Russell Smith,
+  Sterling Smith,
+  Wm. Hodgson.
+
+
+
+
+Report of the Necrology Committee
+
+JOSEPH GERARDI
+
+
+Mr. Joseph Gerardi, 78 year old nurseryman, died at his home in
+O'Fallon, Ill., on April 3rd, 1947.
+
+Mr. Gerardi was an enthusiastic and especially well informed student of
+nut culture. He was always looking for new and better seedlings, some of
+which were named as they were found worthy. His Gerardi hican is
+probably one of the best in that group. He also introduced the Gildig
+pecans (Gildig Nos. 1 and 2) and the Fisher pecan. Mr. Gerardi was quite
+successful as a propagator and always tried to have nursery stock of the
+best varieties. His loss will be keenly felt. His son, Louis Gerardi,
+will continue the propagation of nut trees at Caseyville, Ill.
+
+(The following notes are supplied by Louis Gerardi.--Ed.)
+
+Joseph Gerardi was born in the year 1868 on the old Hagamann farm, five
+and one-half miles northwest of Lebanon, Ill., in O'Fallon Township. He
+was the fourth child of John and Catherine (Haas) Gerardi.
+
+When he reached the age of five years, his parents moved on a farm three
+and one-half miles southeast of Trenton, Illinois, in Clinton County.
+His early schooling was obtained in the McKee School near his home and
+in St. Mary's School in the town of Trenton, Illinois. After graduating
+from the eighth grade, he helped his father through the spring and
+summer months with the farm work, but in the winter attended McKee
+school.
+
+In the year 1894 at the age of 25 years he left the home farm in Clinton
+County, and moved to a farm two and one-half miles southeast of
+Jerseyville, Illinois, in Jersey County. Here he began the study of
+fruit growing, and became an agent for the Stark Bros. Nursery.
+
+In 1907 he married Eleanor Collignon of Trenton, Illinois. To this union
+six children were born: Eleanor Barbara, Sharlotte Catherine, Eugenia
+Ruth, Louis Joseph, Bernice Marie, and Gertrude Beatrice.
+
+In the spring of 1918 he sold this farm and moved to Trenton, Ill.,
+where he worked with his father-in-law, John Martin Collignon, doing
+construction work. During this year he searched for a farm with soil
+suitable for fruit growing.
+
+In 1919 he purchased a 110 acre farm situated two and one-half miles
+west of O'Fallon, Illinois. The next year he set out twenty acres of
+Stark Bros. trees.
+
+While living on this farm in the fall of 1920 the little family had its
+first great loss. Here the oldest girl, Eleanor Barbara, died from a
+railroad accident.
+
+Julius Rohr, watching him work with his trees, encouraged him to start
+his own nursery because he knew so much about trees. With this
+encouragement, he started his own nursery in 1923. As demand increased
+he added a general line of nursery stock.
+
+Being interested in better varieties of fruit trees, he also became
+interested in better varieties of nuts. Having some native nut trees on
+his farm, he began to buy the better varieties of nut trees grown by
+other nurseries. When these came into bearing, not being satisfied with
+the known varieties of nuts on the market, he began his search for
+better nuts.
+
+In the fall of 1930 while searching in the river bottoms of Clinton
+County, Illinois, he discovered the Gerardi hican, and began its
+propagation and distributed it among other nurseries. It is now known
+the country over.
+
+A few years later while hunting in the same river bottoms with a friend
+named Frank Gildig, he was shown a very fine pecan which now bears the
+name of the Gildig pecan. And also the Queens Lake Pecan originated in
+the same locality. These were introduced in the year 1936. His health
+failed and in 1942 he discontinued growing general nursery stock and
+grew only nut trees, until his death, which was caused by cancer in the
+spring of 1947.
+
+
+
+
+MAJOR HIRAM B. FERRIS
+
+
+Our Major Hiram B. Ferris, of Spokane, Washington, died May 14th, 1947.
+He was a valued member, and his loss is keenly felt. He has been a
+source of inspiration, and a highly esteemed bank of information and
+instruction. His passing is very much regretted.
+
+(Submitted by George L. Denman, Spokane, Washington.)
+
+  Mrs. William Rohrbacher,
+  Mrs. John Hershey,
+  Mrs. J. F. Johns.
+  (_Committee Members_)
+
+
+
+
+Exhibitors At the Annual Meeting of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, Guelph, Ontario, Sept. 3, 4, 5, 1947
+
+
+  A. B. Anthony, Sterling, Ill.
+        Black walnuts, Anthony shagbark hickory.
+
+  Mrs. F. L. Baum, Yellow House, Pa.
+        Black walnut kernels.
+
+  G. H. Corsan, "Echo Valley", Islington, Ont.
+        Black walnuts, Persian walnuts, Japanese walnuts, heartnuts,
+        filberts, shellbark and shagbark hickories.
+
+  H. H. Corsan, Hillsdale, Mich.
+        Black walnuts, Persian walnuts, Japanese heartnuts and walnuts,
+        pecans, hicans, butternuts, butternut hybrids, shagbark and
+        shellbark hickories.
+
+  Dr. R. T. Dunstan, Greensboro College, Greensboro, N. C.
+        Black walnuts, filberts, shagbark hickories, pecans.
+
+  Fayette Etter, Lemasters, Pa.
+        Black walnuts, Persian walnuts, Chinese chestnuts, filberts,
+        shagbark and shellbark hickories.
+
+  J. U. Gellatly, Westbank, B. C.
+        Hybrid filberts, hybrid butternuts, photographs.
+
+  A. G. Hirschi, Oklahoma City, Okla.
+        Pecan clusters, various varieties.
+
+  E. F. Huen, Eldora, Iowa.
+        Black walnuts.
+
+  G. J. Korn, Kalamazoo, Mich.
+        Black walnut kernels, black walnuts, Persian walnuts, Persian
+        walnut hybrids, shagbark hickories.
+
+  Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, N. Y.
+        Black walnuts, Japanese heartnuts, Turkish filbert, shagbark and
+        shellbark hickories.
+
+  J. C. McDaniel, Nashville 3, Tenn.
+        Shagbark hickories, heartnut, Texas walnut.
+
+  Papple Brothers, Brantford, Ont.
+        Black walnuts, Japanese heartnuts, filberts.
+
+  Jay L. Smith, Chester, N. Y.
+        Filberts, Japanese chestnuts.
+
+  H. F. Stoke, Roanoke, Va.
+        Black and Persian walnuts, heartnuts, filberts, shagbark and
+        shellbark hickories, Chinese, Japanese, American and hybrid
+        chestnuts, papaws, chestnut grafts.
+
+  Kenneth Thomas, Baltimore, Md.
+        Black walnuts.
+
+  Lynn Tuttle, Clarkston, Wash.
+        Persian walnut nuts and shield buds, filberts.
+
+  U. S. Department of Agriculture, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.
+        Persian walnuts, heartnuts, pecans, Chinese and Japanese chestnuts,
+        Allegheny chinkapin.
+
+  Vineland Experiment Station, Vineland, Ont.
+        Persian walnuts, filberts, almonds.
+
+  J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Ind.
+        Black walnuts, hicans.
+
+[Illustration: PICTURES MADE ON THE _1947_ TOUR]
+
+The photograph on this page was taken by Sterling Smith, those on pp.
+126-7 are by Dorothy Milne. Groups of NNGA members are shown examining
+nut trees and other items of interest on G. H. Corsan's place, "Echo
+Valley," Islington, Ontario.
+
+
+
+
+Attendance
+
+
+  Mr. and Mrs. Royal Oakes, Bluffs, Ill.
+  Mr. and Mrs. Henry Gressel, Mohawk, N. Y.
+  Mr. and Mrs. F. L. O'Rourke, East Lansing, Mich.
+  Mr. Ford Wallick, Peru, Ind.
+  Mr. Carl Prell, South Bend, Ind.
+  Dr. Arthur S. Colby, U. of Ill., Urbana, Ill.
+  Rosamond H. Waite, M.D., Perrysburg, N. Y.
+  Mr. and Mrs. Raymond E. Silvis, Massillon, O.
+  Mrs. Herbert Negus, Mt. Rainier, Md.
+  Mr. and Mrs. G. F. Gravatt, U. S. Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville, Md.
+  W. M. Churchill, Chicago, Ill.
+  Edwin W. Lemke, Detroit, Mich.
+  Wm. C. Hodgson, White Hall, Md.
+  Ivor H. Harrhy, Burgessville, Ont.
+  Gordon Porter, Windsor, Ont.
+  Dr. and Mrs. Wm. Rohrbacher, Iowa City, Ia.
+  Betty Rohrbacher, Iowa City, Ia.
+  Anne Clarke, Columbus, Ohio.
+  G. L. Slate, Geneva, N. Y.
+  Mr. and Mrs. John H. Connelly, Milford, N. J.
+  J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Ind.
+  Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, N. Y.
+  Sterling A. Smith, Vermilion, Ohio
+  D. C. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa
+  Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa.
+  Mr. and Mrs. H. F. Stoke, Roanoke, Va.
+  Eugene F. Cranz, Ira, Ohio
+  Victor Brook, Rochester, N. Y.
+  George Salzer, Rochester, N. Y.
+  Dr. and Mrs. H. L. Crane, Hyattsville, Md.
+  Spencer B. Chase, Norris, Tenn.
+  Ira M. Kyhl, Sabula, Iowa
+  Mr. and Mrs. R. P. Allaman, Harrisburg, Pa.
+  H. A. English, Duncan, B. C.
+  Wm. J. Little, St. George
+  W. J. Strong, Vineland, Ont.
+  Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio
+  G. J. Korn, Kalamazoo, Mich.
+  Roy E. Ferguson, Center Point, Iowa
+  Elton E. Papple, Cainsville, Ont.
+  Merle H. Papple, Cainsville, Ont.
+  E. F. Huen, Eldora, Iowa
+  C. C. Lounsberry, Ames, Iowa
+  Ralph Emerson, Highland Park, Mich.
+  Joseph C. McDaniel, Nashville 3, Tenn.
+  Mr. and Mrs. Blaine McCollum, White Hall, Md.
+  H. W. Guengerich, Louisiana, Mo.
+  J. S. Shoemaker, Guelph, Ont.
+  Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Bernath, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
+  William S. Clarke, Jr., State College, Pa.
+  E. Sam Hemming, Easton, Md.
+  John Rick, Reading, Pa.
+  Lewis E. Theiss, Lewisburg, Pa.
+  Ralph Gibson, Williamsport 15, Pa.
+  Gilbert L. Smith, Wassaic, N. Y.
+  Levi Housser, Beamsville, Ont.
+  Mr. and Mrs. Philip S. Moyer, Harrisburg, Pa.
+  Ernest Chitton, Norwich, Ont.
+  H. Lynn Tuttle, Clarkston, Wash.
+  Mrs. J. A. Neilson, Guelph, Ont.
+  Mildred Jones, Lancaster, Pa.
+  J. R. VanHaarlem, Vineland Station, Ontario
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+Announcements
+
+
+PUBLICATIONS
+
+Fall, 1947 and Winter, 1947-48 numbers of "The Nutshell", news bulletin
+of the NNGA, have been issued by the Secretary's office. It is intended
+to have this bulletin distributed to members four times a year. It will
+carry news of the Association's activities, supplementing the "Nut
+Growers News" column in the American Fruit Grower magazine, as well as
+reprints of items from other sources that concern nut growers in the
+northern two-thirds of the United States plus southern Canada. Beginning
+with the Winter, 1947-48 issue, advertising is being accepted in "The
+Nutshell." Members who have not received the first two issues, and
+others who want additional copies, may obtain them by writing to the
+Secretary.
+
+This Report is a few pages short of its anticipated size, because of the
+withdrawal for additional entries of a "Bibliography of References on
+Nuts of Special Interest in the North." We hope to have this brought up
+to date for publication in the next Annual Report.
+
+
+PUBLICITY
+
+All members can contribute to the strength of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, Inc., by showing its publications to their neighbors, and
+by calling them to the attention of local farm paper and newspaper
+editors.
+
+Several of our members have helped swell the NNGA membership by
+mentioning it in nut tree articles for local and regional publications.
+As an example, Mr. H. F. Stoke wrote a short article on Chinese
+chestnuts for the "Southern Agriculturist", February, 1948 issue. At the
+end he stated that a list of nurseries selling Chinese chestnut and
+other nut trees could be obtained from the NNGA Secretary's office. To
+date (January 26, 1948) more than 50 requests have been received and
+each day brings more. Along with the nursery list, these correspondents
+receive information about the Northern Nut Growers Association, so any
+sudden increase in our membership in the States from North Carolina to
+Texas can be ascribed to this bit of publicity.
+
+
+STYLE MANUAL
+
+Mr. Clarence A. Reed, our retiring President (1946-47), has a suggestion
+for writers for publication:
+
+"An authoritative guide for writers is the _STYLE MANUAL_ issued by the
+U. S. Government Printing Office (Washington 25, D. C.) Its use by
+Association writers would go far toward standardizing their papers and
+in simplifying the work of editing. The 1945 edition contains 435 pages.
+Cloth bound $1.50. Paper cover 35c. There is no charge for postage."
+
+
+1948 MEETING
+
+The dates selected by the Directors for the 39th Annual Meeting of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc. are September 13, 14, and 15. The
+place is Norris, Tennessee. Norris is about 25 miles from Knoxville.
+
+  J. C. McDANIEL, Secretary,
+  c/o Tennessee Department of Agriculture,
+  Nashville 3, Tennessee.
+
+Hybrid Walnut Scions Offered for Nut Breeding
+
+(The following note seems to me to belong in the NNGA Report, even
+though it wasn't on the program. It is an invitation to the
+experimenters to get something they might want.--J. Russell Smith.)
+
+Thomas R. Haig, M.D., 3344 H. St., Sacramento, California, reports a
+promising cross of northern California black X Persian walnut: "The nuts
+are fertile. This hybrid produces =pistillate flowers only=, lending
+itself easily to pollination with the various varieties of Persian.
+Should any experimenter wish scions he is welcome. Such scions could
+save considerable time.
+
+"The tree is now 9-10 years old. I obtained 5 nuts in 1947, by
+back-crossing the hybrid to Persian walnut. One seedling obtained
+previously by this hybridization is not yet bearing."
+
+Other members who have available scions of promising hybrids or other
+new varieties of nut trees are invited to communicate promptly with the
+Secretary. A list of these will be published in =THE NUTSHELL= for Spring,
+1948.
+
+
+Hybrid Oak Information
+
+Mr. Thomas Q. Mitchell, 16 East 48th Street, New York 17, New York,
+calls our attention to his article on "Hybrid Oak Crop Trees," in
+Harper's Magazine for February, 1948. He adds: "A much longer article is
+in preparation (in collaboration with Mr. Charles Morrow Wilson) for
+Scientific Monthly. Can you report any hybrid or exotic oaks there, or
+put me in touch with any Dendrophiles interested in oak hybrids as crop
+trees?"
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Report of the Proceedings at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROCEEDINGS, 38TH ANNUAL MEETING, 1947 ***
+
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