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diff --git a/22721.txt b/22721.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ebbe20 --- /dev/null +++ b/22721.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7861 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of +the Proceedings at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting + Guelph, Ontario, September 3, 4, 5, 1947 + +Author: Northern Nut Growers Association + +Release Date: September 22, 2007 [EBook #22721] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROCEEDINGS, 38TH ANNUAL MEETING, 1947 *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Janet Blenkinship +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + ++------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +|DISCLAIMER | +| | +|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers| +|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are | +|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers | +|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is | +|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not| +|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may | +|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide| +|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current | +|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion | +|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut | +|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular | +|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere. | +| | ++------------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + + + Northern Nut Growers + + Association + + INCORPORATED + + Affiliated with + The American Horticultural Society + + 38th Annual Report + + [Illustration] + + CONVENTION AT GUELPH, ONTARIO + + SEPTEMBER 3, 4, 5 + + 1947 + + + + + TABLE OF CONTENTS + + Officers and Committees 3 + + State Vice Presidents 4 + + List of Members 5 + + Constitution 21 + + By-Laws 22 + + Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention 23 + + Address of Welcome--Dr. J. S. Shoemaker 23 + + Response--Dr. L. H. MacDaniels 24 + + Report of Secretary--Mildred M. Jones 25 + + Report on the Ohio Contest--Sterling Smith 27 + + Report of Treasurer--D. C. Snyder 28 + + Other Business of the Association 29 + + Factors Influencing the Hardiness of Woody Plants--H. L. Crane 30 + + Nut Culture in Ontario--I. C. Marritt 37 + + Nut Growing at the Hort. Sta., Vineland Station, + Ont.--W. J. Strong 39 + + Soil Management for Nut Plantations in Ontario--J. R. van Haarlem 43 + + Report from Southern Ontario--Alex Troup 45 + + Nut Trees Hardy at Aldershot, Ontario, Canada--O. Filman 45 + + Report from Echo Valley, 1947--George Hebden Corsan 48 + + Report from Beamsville, Ontario--Levi Housser 50 + + Nut Growing in New Hampshire--L. P. Latimer 51 + + Nut Notes from New Hampshire--Matthew Lahti 52 + + A Simplified Schedule for Judging Black Walnut Varieties--L. H. + MacDaniels and S. S. Atwood 55 + + Test Plantings of Thomas Black Walnut in the Tennessee + Valley--Spencer B. Chase 60 + + West Tennessee Variety, Breeding and Propagation Tests, 1947--Aubrey + Richards, M. D. 68 + + Notes on Some Kansas and Kentucky Pecans in Central Texas--O. S. + Gray 69 + + Experiences of a Nut Tree Nurseryman--J. F. Wilkinson 70 + + Morphology and Structure of the Walnut--C. C. Lounsberry 72 + + A Method of Budding Walnuts--H. Lynn Tuttle 74 + + Questions asked Mr. Stoke after his demonstration of grafting and + budding 76 + + Importance of Bud Selection in the Grafting of Nut + Trees--G. J. Korn 78 + + The Hemming Chinese Chestnuts--E. Sam Hemming 79 + + Results of a Chinese Chestnut Rootstock Experiment--J. W. McKay 83 + + Breeding Chestnut Trees: Report for 1946 and 1947--Arthur + Harmount Graves 85 + + Chinese Chestnuts in the Chattahoochie Valley--G. S. Jones 92 + + Some Results with Filbert Breeding at Geneva, + N. Y.--George L. Slate 94 + + Nut News from Wisconsin--Carl Weschcke 101 + + Home Preparation of Filbert Butter and Other Products--Mrs. + Jeanne M. Altman 102 + + Notes from Central New York--S. H. Graham 103 + + Experience with the Crath Carpathian Walnuts--Gilbert L. Smith 104 + + Observations on Hardiness of the Carpathian Walnuts at Poughkeepsie, + New York--Stephen Bernath 106 + + Discussion after Graham, Smith, and Bernath Persian walnut papers 107 + + Nuts About Trees--R. E. Hodgson 108 + + Report on Nut Trees at Massillon--Raymond E. Silvis 111 + + Planting of Nut Trees on Highways Undesirable--R. P. Allaman 113 + + Nut Growing for the Farm Owner--H. Gleason Mattoon 114 + + Tree Crop and Nut Notes from Southern Pennsylvania--John + W. Hershey 116 + + Notes from the New Jersey Section of the Northern Nut Growers + Association--Mrs. Alan R. Buckwalter 119 + + Report of Resolutions Committee 120 + + Report of the Necrology Committee--Gerardi, Ferris 121 + + Exhibitors 123 + + Attendance 125 + + Pictures Made on 1947 Tour 124, 126, 127 + + Announcements 128 + + + + +OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION + + + _President_--JOHN DAVIDSON, 234 E. Second St., Xenia, Ohio + + _Vice President_--DR. L. H. MACDANIELS, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. + + _Treasurer_--D. C. SNYDER, Center Point, Iowa + + _Secretary_--J. C. MCDANIEL, Tennessee Dept. of Agr., State Office Bldg., + Nashville 3, Tenn. + + _Director_--CLARENCE A. REED, 7309 Piney Branch Rd., N. W., Washington, + D. C. + + _Director_--CARL WESCHCKE, 96 S. Wabasha St., Saint Paul, Minn. + + _Dean_--DR. W. C. DEMING, 31 S. Highland, W. Hartford 7, Conn. + + _Constitution Committee_--L. H. MACDANIELS, GEORGE L. SLATE, MISS MILDRED + JONES + + +EXECUTIVE APPOINTMENTS + + _Press and Publication_---Editorial Section: Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, + Dr. W. C. Deming, Miss Mildred Jones, Dr. J. Russell Smith, + Dr. A. S. Colby, George L. Slate, H. F. Stoke + + Publicity Section: Dr. J. Russell Smith, H. F. Stoke, C. A. Reed, + A. A. Bungart, J. C. McDaniel + Printing Section: J. C. McDaniel, H. F. Stoke + + _Program_--Spencer B. Chase, J. C. McDaniel, C. A. Reed, + Dr. O. D. Diller, Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Miss Mildred Jones + + _Place of Meeting_--George L. Slate, D. C. Snyder, Royal Oakes, Dr. A. H. + Graves + + _Varieties and Contests_--T. G. Zarger, L. Walter Sherman, Sterling + Smith, J. F. Wilkinson, Gilbert Becker, Gilbert L. Smith, + A. G. Hirschi, Seward Berhow. Standards and Judging Section of this + Committee: Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Spencer Chase, C. A. Reed, + H. F. Stoke + + _Survey and Research_--R. E. Silvis, S. H. Graham, G. A. Gray, + E. F. Huen, Dr. Kenneth W. Hunt, Dr. C. H. Skinner, H. S. Wise, + Dr. G. F. Gravatt, John T. Bregger, Dr. A. H. Graves + + _Membership_--Mrs. S. H. Graham, Mrs. Herbert Negus, Mrs. Harry Weber + + _Exhibits_--H. F. Stoke, Jay L. Smith, L. Walter Sherman, J. F. + Wilkinson, G. L. Smith, H. H. Corsan, G. H. Corsan, Carl Weschcke, + Royal Oakes, H. G. Mattoon, George Brand, Seward Berhow + + _Necrology_--Mrs. William Rohrbacher, Mrs. John Hershey, Mrs. J. F. Johns + + _Audit_--Dr. William Rohrbacher, E. P. Gerber, R. P. Allaman + + _Finance_--Carl Weschcke, Harry Weber, Carl F. Walker, D. C. Snyder + + _Legal Advisers_--Harry Weber, Sargent Wellman + + _Official Journal_--American Fruit Grower, 1370 Ontario St., + Cleveland 13, Ohio + + + + +State Vice-Presidents + + Alabama LOVIC ORR + Alberta, Canada A. L. YOUNG + Arkansas A. C. HALE + British Columbia, Canada J. U. GELLATLY + California DR. THOMAS R. HAIG + Colorado W. A. COLT + Connecticut WILLIAM G. CANFIELD + Delaware EDWARD S. LAKE + Florida C. A. AVANT + Georgia G. CLYDE EIDSON + Idaho FRED BAISCH + Illinois LOUIS GERARDI + Indiana CARL F. PRELL + Iowa IRA M. KYHL + Kansas FRANK E. BORST + Kentucky DR. C. A. MOSS + Louisiana J. HILL FULLILOVE + Manitoba, Canada A. H. YOUNG + Maryland WILMER P. HOOPES + Massachusetts DR. R. A. VAN METER + Mexico FREDERICO COMPEAN + Michigan GILBERT BECKER + Minnesota R. E. HODGSON + Mississippi JAMES R. MEYER + Missouri ADOLPH GIESSON + Nebraska GEORGE BRAND + New Hampshire MATTHEW LAHTI + New Jersey MRS. A. R. BUCKWALTER + New York CLARENCE LEWIS + North Carolina DR. R. T. DUNSTAN + Ohio A. A. BUNGART + Oklahoma A. G. HIRSCHI + Ontario, Canada G. H. CORSAN + Oregon S. M. DOHANIAN + Pennsylvania H. GLEASON MATTOON + Rhode Island PHILIP ALLEN + South Carolina JOHN T. BREGGER + South Dakota HOMER L. BRADLEY + Tennessee THOMAS G. ZARGER + Texas KAUFMAN FLORIDA + Utah GRANVILLE OLESON + Vermont A. W. ALDRICH + Virginia DR. V. A. PERTZOFF + Washington F. D. LINKLETTER + West Virginia WENDELL W. HOOVER + Wisconsin W. S. BASSETT + Wyoming W. D. GREENE + + + + +Northern Nut Growers Association + +Membership List as of December 1, 1947 + + + ALABAMA + + Orr, Lovic, Penn-Orr-McDaniel Orchards, Rt. 1, Danville + + + ARKANSAS + + Hale, A. C., Rt. 2, Box 322, Camden + Harris, Lt. Col. Oscar B., Rt. 1, Fayetteville + Stanley, Julian G., Rt. 1, Box 239, Camden + Winn, J. B., Westfork + + + CALIFORNIA + + Armstrong Nurseries, 408 N. Euclid Ave., Ontario + Gaston, Eugene T., Rt. 2, Box 771, Turlock + Haig, Dr. Thomas R., 3344 H. St., Sacramento + Kemple, W. H., 22 West Ralston St., Ontario + Logan, George F., 16125 Hoover Street, Gardena + Parsons, Chas. E., Felix Gillet Nursery, Nevada City + Pozzi, P. H., 2875 S. Dutton Ave., Santa Rosa. + Walter, E. D., 899 Alameda, Berkeley + Welby, Harry S., 500 Buchanan St., Taft + + + CANADA + + Brown, Alger, Rt. 1, Harley, Ontario + Cahoon, Dr. E. B., 333 O'Connor Dr., Toronto 6, Ontario + Casanave, John A., 909 Patterson Rd., Lulu Island, Vancouver, B. C. + Corsan, George H., Echo Valley, Islington, Ontario + Crath, Rev. Paul C., Rt. 2, Connington, Ontario + Eddie & Sons, Ltd., Pacific Coast Nurseries, Sardis, B. C. + Elgood, H., 74 Trans Canada Highway West, Chilliwack, B. C. + English, H. A., Box 153, Duncan, B. C. + Filman, O., Aldershot, Ontario + Gellatly, J. U., Box 19, Westbank, B. C. + Giegerich, H. C., Con-Mine, Trail, B. C. + Goodwin, Geoffrey L., Rt. 3, St. Catherines, Ontario + Harrhy, Ivor H., Rt. 1, Burgessville, Ontario + Housser, Levi, Beamsville, Ontario + Lawes, E. H., 412 Westmoreland Ave., Toronto 4, Ontario + Little, Wm. J., Rt. 1, St. George, Ontario + Maillene, George, Rt. 1, Fulford Harbor, B. C. + Manten, Jacob, Rt. 1, White Rock, B. C. + *Neilson, Mrs. Ellen, 5 McDonald Ave., Guelph, Ontario + Papple, Elton E., Rt. 3, Cainsville, Ontario + Porter, Gordon, Y. M. C. A., Windsor, Ontario + Stephenson, Mrs. J. H., 1539 Bellevue Ave., West Vancouver, B. C. + Trayling, E. J., 509 Richards St., Vancouver, B. C. + Wagner, A. S., Delhi, Ontario + Willis, A. R., Rt. 1, Royal Oak, Vancouver Island, B. C. + Wharton, H. W., Rt. 2, Guelph, Ontario + Wood, C. F., Hobbs Glass, Ltd., 7 Dale Ave., Toronto, Ontario + Yates, J., 2150 E. 65th Ave., Vancouver, B. C. + Young, A. H., Portage La Prairie, Manitoba + Young, A. L., Brooks, Alta. + + + COLORADO + + Colt, W. A., Lyons + Hyde, Arthur, P. O. Box 417, Dolores + + + CONNECTICUT + + Canfield, William G., 463 West Main St., New Britain + **Deming, Dr. W. C., 31 S. Highland, West Hartford 7 + Gresecke, Paul, 379 Weed Ave., Stamford + Graham, Mrs. Cooper, Darien + Graves, Dr. A. H., 255 So. Main St., Wallingford + Huntington, A. M., Stranerigg Farms, Bethel + Kydd, Dr. D. M., 19 Westwood Rd., New Haven 15 + McSweet, Arthur, Clapboard Hill Rd., Guilford + Milde, Karl F., Town Farm Rd., Litchfield + Newmaker, Adolph, Rt. 1, Rockville + Page, Donald T., Box 391, Rt. 1, Danielson + Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater + Rodgers, Raymond, Rt. 2, Westport + Rozanshi, Joseph, 130 La Salle St., New Britain + Scazlia, Jos. A., 372 Matson Hill Rd., So. Glastonbury + Senior, Sam P., Rt. 1, Bridgeport + White, George E., Rt. 2, Andover + + + DELAWARE + + Brugmann, Elmer W., 1904 Washington St., Wilmington + Lake, Edward S., Sharpless Road, Hockessin + Wilkins, Lewis, Rt. 1, Newark + + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA + + Borchers, Perry E., 1329 Quincy St., N. W., Washington 11, D. C. + Graff, Geo. U., 242 Peabody St., N. W., Washington, D. C. + Kaan, Dr. Helen W., National Research Council, 2101 Constitution + Ave., Washington 25, D. C. Librarian, American Potash Institute, + Inc., 1155-16th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. + Reed, C. A., 7309 Piney Branch Rd., N. W., Washington 12, D. C. + + + FLORIDA + + Avant, C. A., 960 N. W. 10th Ave., Miami + + GEORGIA + + Eidson, G. Clyde, 1700 Westwood Ave., S. W., Atlanta + Hammar, Dr. Harold E., U. S. Pecan Field Sta., Box 84, Albany + Hunter, H. Reid, 561 Lake Shore Dr., N. E., Atlanta + Neal, Homer A., Neal's Nursery, Rt. 1, Carnesville + Skyland Farms, S. C. Noland & C. H. Crawford, 161 Spring St., N. W., + Atlanta + Wilson, Wm. J., North Anderson Ave., Ft. Valley + + + IDAHO + + Baisch, Fred, 627 E. Main St., Emmett + Dryden, Lynn, Peck + Falin, Mrs. John, Riggins + Hazelbaker, Calvin, Lewiston + Kudlac, Joe T., Box 147, Buhl + McGoran, J. E., Box 42, Spirit Lake, Idaho + Swayne, Samuel F., Orofino + + + ILLINOIS + + Albrecht, H. W., Delaven + Allen, Theodore R., Delevan + Anthony, A. B., Rt. 3, Sterling + Baber, Adin, Kansas + Best, R. B., Eldred + Bolle, Dr. A. C., 324 E. State St., Jacksonville + Bradley, James W., 1307 N. McKinley Ave., Champaign + Bronson, Earle A., 800 Simpson St., Evanston + Churchill, Woodford M., 4333 Oakenwold, Chicago + Colby, Dr. Arthur S., University of Illinois, Urbana + Dietrich, Ernest, Rt. 2, Dundas + Dintelman, L. F., Belleville + Frey, Mrs. Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago + Frey, Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago + Frierdich, Fred, 3907 W. Main St., Belleville + Gerardi, Louis, Rt. 1, Caseyville + Haeseler, L. M., 1959 W. Madison St., Chicago + Heberlein, Edw. W., Rt. 1, Box 72 A, Roscoe + Helmle, Herman C., 123 N. Walnut St., Springfield + Hockenyoo, G. L., 213 E. Jefferson St., Springfield + Holland, Dr. W. W., 512 N. Randolf St., Macomb + Johnson, Hjalmar W., 5811 Dorchester Ave., Chicago 37 + Jungk, Adolph, 817 Washington Ave., Alton + Kilner, F. R., American Nurseryman, 343 S. Dearborn St., Chicago 4 + Klein, A. F., 1026 Harrison St., Galesburg + Knobloch, Miss Margaret, Arthur + Kreider, Ralph, Jr., Hammond + Langdoe, Wesley W., Erie Community High School, Erie + Leighton, L. C., Arthur + Mandrell, C. Wayne, Box 642, Tolono + Oakes, Royal, Bluffs + Pray, A. Lee, 502 North Main St., LeRoy + Sonnemann, W. F., Experimental Gardens, Vandalia + Seaton, Earl D., 2313 6th, Peru + Terril, Mark, 726 Greenleaf Ave., Wilmette + Urush, R. A., 1022 N. Dearborn, Chicago 10 + Whitford, A. M., Farina + Williams, Jerry F., 2704 Walnut St., Shelbyville + Youngberg, Harry W., Port Clinton Rd., Prairie View + + + INDIANA + + Behr, J. E., Laconia + Boyer, Clyde C, Nabb + Cole, Chas. Jr., 220 West La Salle Ave., South Bend + Garber, H. G., Indiana State Farm, Greencastle + Gentry, Herbert M., Rt. 2, Noblesville + Glaser, Peter, Rt. 1, Box 301, Evansville + Hite, Charles Dean, Rt. 2, Bluffton + Pritchett, Emery, 1340 Park Ave., Fort Wayne + Prell, Carl F., 803 West Colfax Ave., South Bend + Ramsey, Arthur, Muncie Tree Surgery Co., Muncie + Simpson, Paul F., 5951 Indianola, Indianapolis 20 + Skinner, Dr. Charles H., Rt. 1, Thornton + Sly, Miss Barbara, Rt. 3, Rockport + Sly, Donald R., Rt. 3, Rockport + Stephenson, Walter, Delta Electric Co., Marion + Stierwalt, G. W., Rt. 4, Greencastle + Wallick, Ford, Rt. 4, Peru + Warren, E. L., New Richmond + Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport + + + IOWA + + Berhow, S., Berhow Nurseries, Huxley + Boice, R. H., Rt. 1, Nashua + Cole, Edward P., 419 Chestnut St., Atlantic + Ferguson, Albert B., Center Point + Ferguson, Roy, Center Point + Ferris, Wayne, Hampton + Gardner, Clark, Gardner Nurseries, Osage + Harrison, L. E., Nashua + Huen, E. F., Eldora + Inter-State Nurseries, Hamburg + Iowa Fruit Growers' Association, State House, Des Moines + Kaser, J. D., Winterset + Kivell, Ivan E., Rt. 3, Greene + Kyhl, Ira M., Box 236, Sabula + Lanman, Harry, Hamburg + Last, Herman, Steamboat Rock + Lounsberry, C. C., 209 Howard Ave., Ames + Martazahn, Frank A., Rt. 3, Davenport + McLeran, Harold F., Mt. Pleasant + Meints, A. Rock, Dixon + Rodenberg, Henry, Guttenberg + Rohrbacher, Dr. Wm., 811 East College St., Iowa City + Schlagenbusch Bros., Rt. 3, Ft. Madison + Snyder, D. C., Center Point + Steffen, R. F., Box 1302, Sioux City 7 + Swartzendruber, D. B., Kalona + Wade, Ida May, Rt. 3, LaPorte City + Widmer, H. R., Bloomfield + Welch, H. S., Mt. Arbor Nurseries, Shenandoah + Wood, Roy A., Castana + + + KANSAS + + Baker, F. C., Troy + Borst, Frank E., 1704 Shawnee St., Leavenworth + Boyd, Elmer, Rt. 1, Box 95, Oskaloosa + Burrichter, George W., c/o Mrs. James Stone, 3011 N. 36th St., + Kansas City + Fisher, Richard W., 704 N. 12th St., Leavenworth + Funk, M. D., 1501 N. Tyler St., Topeka + Gray, Dr. Clyde, 1045 Central Avenue, Horton + Hofman, Rayburn, Rt. 5, Manhattan + Leavenworth Nurseries, Rt. 3, Leavenworth + Mendere, John, Lansing + Threlenhaus, W. F., Rt. 1, Buffalo + + + KENTUCKY + + Alves, Robert H., Nehi Bottling Co., Henderson + Baughn, Cullie, Rt. 6, Box 1, Franklin + Cornett, Chas. L., Box 566, Lynch + Moss, Dr. C. A., Williamsburg + Palmeter, Clarence, Rt 1, Mt. Sterling + Tatum, W. G., Rt. 4, Lebanon + Whittinghill, Lonnie M., Box 10, Love + + + LOUISIANA + + Fullilove, J. Hill, Box 157, Shreveport + + + MARYLAND + + Crane, Dr. H. L., Bureau of Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville + Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc., Dover Rd., Easton + Fletcher, C. Hicks, Lulley's Hillside Farm, Bowie + Gravatt, Dr. G. F., Forest Pathology, Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville + Harris, Walter B., Worton + Hodgson, Wm. C, Rt. 1, White Hall + Hoopes, Wilmer P., Forest Hill + Kemp, Homer S., Bountiful Ridge Nurseries, Princess Anne + Mannakee, N. H., Ashton + McCollum, Blaine, White Hall + McKay, Dr. J. W., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville + Negus, Mrs. Herbert, 4514-32nd St., Mt. Rainier + Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown + Purnell, J. Edgar, Spring Hill Road, Salisbury + Shamer, Dr. Maurice E., 3300 W. North Ave., Baltimore + Thomas, Kenneth D., 2826 Rosalie Ave., Baltimore 14 + + + MASSACHUSETTS + + Babbitt, Howard S., 321 Dawes Ave., Pittsfield + Brown, Daniel L., Esq., 60 State St., Boston + Fitts, Walter H., 39 Baker St., Foxboro + Fritze, E., Osterville + Garlock, Mott A., 17 Arlington Rd., Longmeadow + Gauthier, Louis R., Wood Hill Rd., Monson + Hanchett, James L., Rt. 1, East Longmeadow + Kendall, Henry P., Moose Hill Farm, Sharon + La Beau, Henry A., North Hoosic Rd., Williamstown + Pinkerton, E. G., 177 Lowden St., Dedham + Rice, Horace J., 5 Elm St., Springfield + *Russell, Mrs. Newton H., 12 Burnett Ave., South Hadley + Short, I. W., 299 Washington St., Taunton + Stewart, O. W., 75 Milton Ave., Hyde Park + Swartz, H. P., 206 Chicopee St., Chicopee + Van Meter, Dr. R. A., French Hall, M.S.C., Amherst + Wellman, Sargent H., Esq., Windridge, Topsfield + Westcott, Samuel K., 70 Richview Ave., North Adams + Weston Nurseries, Inc., Brown & Winters Sts., Weston + Weymouth, Paul W., 183 Plymouth St., Holbrook + + + MEXICO + + Compean, Senor Federico, Gerente, Granjas "Cordelia" Apartado 141, + San Luis Potosi, Mexico + + + MICHIGAN + + Achenbach, W. N., Petoskey + Andersen, Charles, Andersen Evergreen Nurseries, Scottsville + Barlow, Alfred L., 13079 Flanders Ave., Detroit 5 + Becker, Gilbert, Climax + Blackman, Orrin C., Box 55, Jackson + Bogart, Geo. C., Rt. 2, Three Oaks + Boylan, P. B., Cloverdale + Bradley, L. J., Rt. 1, Springport + Bumler, Malcolm R., 1097 Lakeview, Detroit + Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Rt. 2, Union City + Burgess, E. H., Burgess Seed & Plant Co., Galesburg + Burr, Redmond M., 320 S. 5th Ave., Ann Arbor + Buskey, James, 2932 Marlborough, Detroit 15 + Cook, E. A., M. D., Director, County Health Dept., Corunna + Corsan, H. H., Rt. 1, Hillsdale + Emerson, Ralph, 161 Cortland Ave., Highland Park 3 + Germer, C. F., Rt. 2, Burr Oak + Hackett, John C, 315 Diamond Ave., S. E., Grand Rapids 6 + Hagelshaw, W. J., Box 314, Galesburg + Hay, Francis H., Ivanhoe Place, Lawrence + Healey, Scott, Rt. 2, Otsego + *Kellogg, W. K., Battle Creek + King, Harold J., Sodus + Korn, G. J., 140 N. Rose St., Kalamazoo 24 + Lee, Michael, Lapeer + Lemke, Edwin W., 2432 Townsend Ave., Detroit 14 + Mann, Charles W., Box 357 Saugatuck + Miller, Louis, 130 N. O'Keefe, Cassopolis + O'Rourke, Dr. F. L., Hort'l Dept., Michigan State College, E. Lansing + Otto, Arnold G., 4150 Three Mile Drive, Detroit + Pickles, Arthur W., 760 Elmwood Ave., Jackson + Prushek, E., Rt. 3, Niles + Scofield, Carl, Box 215, Woodland + Stahelin, C. A., Bridgeman + Stocking, Frederick N., Harrisville + Tate, D. L., 959 Westchester St., Birmingham + Wiard, Everett W., 510 S. Huron St., Ypsilanti + Witbeck, Mrs. V. H., Rt. 2, Woodland + Whallon, Archer P., Rt. 1, Stockbridge + Zeket, Arnold, 1955 Catalpa Ct., Ferndale 20 + + + MINNESOTA + + Andrews, Miss Frances E., 48 Park View Terrace, Minneapolis + Hodgson, R. E., Dept, of Agriculture, S. E. Exp. Sta., Waseca + Mayo Forestry & Horticultural Institute, Box 498, Rochester + Skrukrud, Baldwin, Sacred Heart + Weschcke, Carl, 96 S. Wabasha St., St. Paul + + + MISSISSIPPI + + Meyer, James R., Delta Branch Exper. Station, Stoneville + + + MISSOURI + + Bauch, G. D., Box 66, Farmington + Blake, R. E., c/o International Shoe Co., 1509 Washingtin Ave., + St. Louis 3 + Campbell, A. T., Robinson Pike, Rt. 1, Grandview + Fisher, J. B., R. R. H. 1, Pacific + Giesson, Adolph, River Aux Vases + Hay, Leander, Gilliam + Howe, John, Rt. I, Box 4, Pacific + Huber, Frank J., Weingarten + Hudson, Perry H., Smithton + Johns, Mrs. Jeannette F., Rt. 1, Festus + Nicholson, John W., Ash Grove + Ochs, C. T., Box 291, Salem + Richterkessing, Ralph, Rt. 1, St. Charles + Schmidt, Victor H., 4821 Virginia, Kansas City + Stanage, John L., 135 So. Rock Hill Rd., Webster Groves + Stark Brothers Nurs. & Orchard Co., Louisiana + Tainter, Nat A., 714 N. Fifth St., Saint Charles + Thompson, J. D., 600 West 63rd St., Kansas City 2 + Weil, A. E., c/o Dow Chemical Co., 3615 Olive St., St. Louis 8 + + + NEBRASKA + + Brand, George, Rt. 5, Box 60, Lincoln + Caha, William, Wahoo + Ginn, A. M., Box 6, Bayard + Hess, Harvey W., The Arrowhead Gardens, Box 209, Hebron + Hoyer, L. B., 7554 Maple St., Omaha + Lenz, Clifford Q., 3815 Maple St., Omaha 3 + Marshall's Nurseries, Arlington + Van Arsdale, D. N., 701 N. Fifth St., Beatrice + White, Bertha G., 7615 Leighton Ave., Lincoln 5 + White, Warren E., 6920 Binney St., Omaha 4 + + + NEW HAMPSHIRE + + Lahti, Matthew, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro + Latimer, Prof. L. P., Dept of Horticulture, Durham + Malcolm, Herbert L., The Waumbek Farm, Jefferson + Messier, Frank, Rt. 2, Nashua + + + NEW JERSEY + + Bangs, Ralph E., Allamuchy + Beck, Stanley, 12 South Monroe Ave., Wenonah + Blake, Dr. Harold, Box 93, Saddle River + Bottom, R. J., 41 Robertson Rd., West Orange + Brewer, J. L., 10 Allen Place, Fair Lawn + Buch, Philip O., 106 Rockaway Ave., Rockaway + Buckwalter, Mrs. Alan R., Flemington + Buckwalter, Geoffrey R., Route 1, Box 12, Flemington + Canfield, Roger I., 549 Fairview Ave., Cedar Grove + Cumberland Nursery, Rt. 1, Millville + Donnelly, John H., Mountain Ice Co., 51 Newark St., Hoboken + Dougherty, Wm. M., Broadacres-on-Bedens, Box 425, Princeton + Franek, Michael, 323 Rutherford Ave., Franklin + Gardenier, Dr. Harold C., Westwood + Hostetter, Amos B., 17 So. Beechcroft Rd., Short Hills + *Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly Place, Jersey City + Jewett, Edmund Gale, Rt. 1, Port Murray + Lovett's Nursery, Inc., Little Silver + McCulloch, J. D., 73 George St., Freehold + McDowell, Fred, 905 Ocean Ave., Belmar + Mueller, R., Rt. 1, Box 81, Westwood + Ritchie, Walter M., Rt. 2, Box 122R, Rohway + Rocker, Louis P., The Rocker Farm, Andover + Sorg, Henry, Chicago Ave., Egg Harbor City + Sutton, Ross J., Jr., Rt. 2, Lebanon + Szalay, Dr. S., 931 Garrisin Ave., Teaneck + Van Doren, Durand H., 310 Redmond Rd., South Orange + Yorks, A. S., Lamatonk Nurseries, Neshanic Station + + + NEW YORK + + Barber, Geo. H., Rt. 1, Stockton + Barton, Irving Titus, Montour Falls + Bassett, Charles K., 2917 Main St., Buffalo + Beck, Paul E., Beck's Guernsey Dairy, Transit Rd., E. Amherst + Benton, William A., Wassaic + Bernath's Nursery, Rt. 1, Poughkeepsie + Bixby, Henry D., East Drive, Halesite, L. I. + Blauner, Sidney H., 290 West End Ave., New York + Bradbury, Captain H. G., 30 Fifth Ave., New York 11 + Brinckeroff, John H., 161-19 Jamaica Ave., Jamaica + Brook, Victor, 171 Rockingham St., Rochester + Brooks, William G., Monroe + Bundick, C. U., 35 Anderson Ave., Scarsdale + Carter, George, 428 Avenue A, Rochester 5 + Cowan, Harold, 643 Southern Bldg., The Bronx, New York 55. + Dasey, Mrs. Eva B., 210 High Bridge St., Fayetteville + Dutton, Walter, 264 Terrace Park, Rochester + Ellwanger, Mrs. William D., 510 East Ave., Rochester + Elsbree, George Jr., Stanfordville, Dutchess Co., New York + Engle, Mrs. Charle, Rt. 1, Port Crane + Feil, Harry, 1270 Hilton-Spencerport Rd., Hilton + Flanigen, Charles F., 16 Greenfield St., Buffalo + Freer, H. J., 20 Midvale Rd., Fairport + Fribance, A. E., 139 Elmdorf Ave., Rochester 11 + Fruch, Alfred, 34 Perry St., New York + Garcia, M., c/o Garcia & Diaz, 82 Beaver St., New York 5 + Graham, S. H., Rt. 5, Ithaca + Graham, Mrs. S. H., Bostwick Road, Ithaca + Gressel, Henry, Rt. 2, Mohawk + Haas, Dr. Sidney V., 47 West 86th St., New York City + Hasbrouck, Walter, Jr., New Platz + Hubbell, James F., Mayro Bldg., Utica + Iddings, William, 165 Ludlow St., New York + Irish, G. Whitney, Valatie + Kelly, Mortimer B., 17 Battery Place, New York + Knorr, Mrs. Arthur, 15 Central Park, West, Apt. 1406, New York + Kraai, Dr. John, Fairport + Larkin, Harry H., 189 Van Rensselaer St., Buffalo 10 + *Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Ave., New York + Little, George, Ripley + Lowerre, James D., 1121 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn 16 + *MacDaniels, Dr. L. H., Cornell University, Ithaca + Maloney Brothers Nursery Co., Inc., Dansville + Miller, J. E., Canandaigua + Mitchell, Rudolph, 125 Riverside Drive, New York 24 + *Montgomery, Robert H., 1 E. 44th St., New York + Mossman, Dr. James K., Black Oaks, Ramapo + Muenscher, Prof. W. C., 1001 Highland Road, Ithaca + Newell, P. F., Lake Road, Rt. 1, Westfield + Oeder, Dr. Lambert R., 551 Fifth Ave., New York + Overton, Willis W., 3 Lathrop St., Carthage + Page, Charles E., Rt. 2, Oneida + Rauch, Basil, Barnard College Columbia U., New York 27 + Rebillard, Frederick, 164 Lark St., Albany 5 + Rightmyer, Harold, Rt. 4, Ithaca + Salzer, George, 169 Garford Rd., Rochester + Sameth, Sigmund, 38 E 65th St., New York 21 + Schlegel, Charles B., 990 South Ave., Rochester + Schlick, Frank, Munnsville + Schmidt, Carl W., 180 Linwood Ave., Buffalo + Shank, W., 141 Parkway Road, Room 9, Bronxville + Shannon, J. W., Box 90, Ithaca + Sheffield, Lewis J., c/o Mrs. Edna C. Jones, Townline Rd., Orangeburg + Slate, Prof. George L., Experiment Station, Geneva + Smith, Gilbert L., State School, Wassaic + Smith, Jay L., Chester + Steiger, Harwood, Red Hook + Stern-Montagny, Hubert, Erbonia Farm, Gardiner + Szego, Alfred, 77-15 A 37th Ave., Jackson Heights, New York + Timmerman, Karl G., 123 Chapel St., Fayetteville + Todd, E. Murray, 55 Liberty St., New York + Waite, Dr. R. H., Willowwaite Moor, Perrysburg + Wichlac, Thaddeus, 3236 Genesee St., Cheektowaga (Buffalo) 21 + Windisch, Richard P., c/o W. E. Burnet & Co., 11 Wall St., New York + *Wissman, Mrs. F. De R., G. W. 54th St., New York + + + NORTH CAROLINA + + Brooks, J. R., Box 116, Enka + Dunstan, Dr. R. T., Greensboro College, Greensboro + Finch, Jack R., Bailey + Parks, C. H., Rt. 2, Asheville + Rice, Clyde H., Rt. 2, Box 158, Mars Hill, N. C. + + + OHIO + + Barden, C. A., 215 Morgan St., Oberlin + Bitler, W. A., 322 McPheron Ave., Lima + Bungart, A. A., Avon + Bush, David G., Rt. 3, Warren + Chapman, Floyd B., 1944 Denune Ave., Columbus 3 + Cinadr, Mrs. Katherine, 13514 Coath Ave., Cleveland 20 + Clark, R. L., 1184 Melbourne Rd., East Cleveland 12 + Cook, H. C., Rt. 1, Box 125, Leetonia + Cranz, Eugene F., Mount Tom Farm, Ira + Davidson, John, 234 E. 2nd St., Xenia + Davidson, Mrs. John, 234 E. 2nd St., Xenia + De Leon, Donald, Box 244, Sta. G., Columbus 7 + Diller, Dr. Oliver D., Dept. of Forestry, Experiment Sta., Wooster + Dubois, Miss Frances M., 4623 Glenshade Ave., Cincinnati 27 + Elliott, Donald W., Rogers + Emch, F. E., Genoa + Evans, Maurice G., 335 S. Main St., Akron 8 + Fickes, Mrs. W. R., Rt. 1, Wooster + Foraker, Maj. C. Merle, 152 Elmwood Ave., Barberton + Foss, H. D., 875 Hamlin St., Akron 2 + Franks, M. L., Rt. 1, Montpelier + Frederick, Geo. F., 3925 W. 17th, Cleveland 9 + Garden Center of Greater Cleveland, 11190 East Blvd., Cleveland + Gauly, Dr. Edward, 1110 Euclid Ave., Cleveland + Gerber, E. P., Kidron + Gerstenmaier, John A., 13 Pond S. W., Massilon + Goss, C. E., 922 Dover Ave., Akron 2 + Gray, G. A., 3317 Jefferson Ave., Cincinnati 20 + Grad, Dr. Edw. A., 1506 Chase St., Cincinnati 23 + Haydeck, Carl, 3213 West 73rd St., Cleveland 2 + Hill, Dr. Albert A., 4187 Pearl Rd., Cleveland + Hoch, Gordon F., 6292 Glade Ave., Cincinnati 30 + Hunt, Kenneth W., Yellow Springs + Irish, Charles F., 418 E. 105th St., Cleveland + Jacobs, Homer L., Davey Tree Expert Co., Kent + Jacobs, Mason, 3003 Jacobs Rd., Youngstown + Kappel, Owen, Bolivar + Kintzel, Frank M., 2506 Briarcliffe Ave., Cincinnati 13 + Kirby, R. L., Rt. 2, Blanchester + Kratzer, George, Rt. 1, Dalton + Krok, Walter P., 925 W. 29th St., Lorain + Laditka, Nicholas G., 5322 Stickney Ave., Cleveland 9 + Lashley, Charles V., 216 S. Main, Wellington + Lehmann, Carl, Union Trust Bldg., Cincinnati + Lorenz, R. C., 121 N. Arch St., Fremont + Madson, Arthur E., 13608 5th Ave., E. Cleveland 12 + McBride, William B., 2398 Brandon Rd., Columbus 8 + Metzger, A. J., 724 Euclid Ave., Toledo 5 + Neff, William, Martel + Nicolay, Chas., 2259 Hess Ave., Cincinnati 11 + Oches, Norman M., Rt. 2, Brunswick + Osborn, Frank C, 4040 W. 160th St., Cleveland + Pomerene, W. H., Coshocton + Poston, E. M., Jr., 2640 E. Main, Columbus + Ranke, William, Rt. 1, Amelia + Rowe, Stanley M., Rt. 1, Box 73, Cincinnati 27 + Rummel, E. T., 16613 Laverne Ave., Cleveland 11 + Scarff's Sons, W. N., New Carlisle + Schaufelberger, Hugo, Rt. 2, Sandusky + Seas, D. Edw., 721 South Main St., Orrville + Shelton, Dr. E. M., 1468 W. Clifton Blvd., Lakewood 7 + Sherman, L. Walter, Mahoning Co., Exp. Farm, Canfield + Shessler, Sylvester M., Genoa + Silvis, Raymond E., 1725 Lindbergh Ave., N. E., Massillon + Smith, L. A., Rt. 1, Uniontown + Smith, Sterling A., 630 W. South St., Vermilion + Spring Hill Nurseries Co., Tipp City + Strauss, Jos., 3640 Epworth Ave., Cincinnati 11 + Stocker, C. P., Lorain Products Corp., 1122 F. St., Lorain + Sylvarium Gardens, L. E. Crawford, 5499 Columbia Rd., North Olmsted + Thomas, W. F., 406 S. Main St., Findlay + Toops, Herbert A., 1430 Cambridge Blvd., Columbus + Urban, George, 4518 Ardendale Rd., South Euclid 21 + Van Voorhis, J. F., 215 Hudson Ave., Apt. B-1, Newark + Walker, Carl F., 2851 E. Overlook Rd., Cleveland + Weaver, Arthur W., 318 Oliver St., Toledo 4 + *Weber, Harry R., Esq., 123 E. 6th St., Cincinnati + Weber, Mrs. Martha R., Rt. 1, Morgan Rd., Cleves + Whitney, Charles E., West Mansfield + Willett, Dr. G. P., Elmore + William, Harry M., 221 Grandon Rd., Dayton 9, Ohio + Wischhusen, J. F., 15031 Shore Acres Dr., N. E., Cleveland 10 + Yoder, Emmet, Smithville + + + OKLAHOMA + + Butler, Roy, Rt. 2, Hydro + Cross, Prof. Frank B., Dept, of Hort., Stillwater + Hirschi's Nursery, 414 N. Robinson, Oklahoma City + Hubbard, Orie B., Kingston + Hughes, C. V., Rt. 3, Box 564, Oklahoma City 8 + Jarrett, C. F., 2208 W. 40th, Tulsa + Meek, E. B., Rt. 2, Wynnewood + Pulliam, Gordon, 407 Osage Ave., Bartlesville + Ruhlen, Dr. Chas. A., 114 W. Steele, Cushing + Swan, Oscar E., Jr., 1226 E. 30th St., Tulsa 5 + + + OREGON + + Borland, Robert E., 219 Mill St., Silverton + Butler, Joe C., Sherwood + Carlton Nursery Co., Forest Grove + Dohanian, S. M., P. O. Box 246, Eugene + Miller, John E., Rt. 1, Box 312-A, Oswego + Pearcy, Harry L., H. L. Pearcy Nursery Co., Rt. 2, Box 190, Salem + Schuster, C. E., Horticulturist, Corvallis + Sheppard, Chas. M., Tucker Road, Hood River + + + PENNSYLVANIA + + Allaman, R. P., Rt. 1, Harrisburg + Anundson, Lester, 2630 Chestnut St., Erie + Banks, H. C., Rt. 1, Hellertown + Beard, H. K., Rt. 1, Sheridan + Berst, Chas. B., 655 Brown Ave., Erie + Bowen, John C., Rt. 1, Macungie + Breneiser, Amos P., 427 N. 5th St., Reading + Buckman, C. M., Schwenkville + Catterall, Karl P., 734 Frank St., Pittsburgh 10 + Clarke, Wm. S., Jr., Box 167, State College + Colwell, F. A., R.F.D., Collegeville + Creasy, Luther P., Catawissa + Damask, Henry, 1632 Doyle St., Wilkinsburg + Dewey, Richard, Box 41, Peckville + Dible, Samuel E., Rt. 3, Shelocta + Eckhart, Pierce, 573 Haddington St., Philadelphia 31 + Etter, Fayette, P. O. Box 57, Lemasters + Gardner, Ralph D., Box 425, Colonial Park + Gibson, Ralph, 331 Center St., Williamsport + Good, Orren S., 316 N. Fairview St., Lock Haven + Gorton, F. B., Rt. 1, East Lake Road, Harbor Creek, Erie Co. + Heasley, George S., Rt. 3, Beaver Falls + Heckler, George Snyder, Hatfield + Hershey, John W., Nut Tree Nurseries, Downingtown + Hostetter, C. F., Bird-In-Hand + Hostetter, L. K., Rt. 5, Lancaster + Hughes, Douglas, 1230 East 21st St., Erie + Johnson, Robert F., Rt. 5, Box 56, Crafton + Jones, Mildred M., 301 N. West End Ave., Lancaster + Jones, Dr. Truman W., Coatesville + Kaufman, M. M., Clarion + Kirk, DeNard B., Forest Grove + Knouse, Chas. W., Colonial Park + Laboski, George T., Rt. 1, Harbor Creek + Leach, Hon. Will, Court House, Scranton + Long, Carleton C., 138 College Ave., Beaver + Mattoon, H. Gleason, Narbeth + McCartney, J. Lupton, Rm. 1, Horticultural Bldg., State College + Mercer, Robert A., Rt. 1, Perkesmenville, New Hanover + Miller, Elwood B., c/o The Hazleton Bleaching & Dyeing Works, + Hazleton + Miller, Elwood B., c/o The Hazleton Bleaching & Dyeing Works, + Moyer, Philip S., U. S. F. & G. Bldg., Harrisburg + Niederriter, Leonard, 1726 State St., Erie + Parloff, Robert, 2018 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, Pa. + Ranson, Flavel, 728 Monroe Ave., Scranton 10 + Reece, W. S., Clearfield + Reidler, Paul G., Ashland + Rial, John, 528 Harrison Ave., Greensburg + *Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Sq., Reading + Rupp, Edward E., Jr., 57 W. Pomfret St., Carlisle + Schaible, Percy, Upper Black Eddy + Smith, Dr. J. Russell, 550 Elm Ave., Swarthmore + Stewart, E. L., Pine Hill Farms Nursery, Rt. 2, Homer City + Stewart, John H., Yule Tree Farm, Akeley + Stinson, George, Box 77, Bedminster + Theiss, Dr. Lewis E., Bucknell University, Lewisburg + Twist, Frank S., Northumberland + Washick, Dr. Frank A., S. W. Welsh & Veree Rds., Philadelphia 11 + Weinrich, Whitney, 134 S. Lansdowne Ave., Lansdowne + *Wister, John C., Scott Foundation, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore + Wood, Wayne, Rt. 1, Newville + Wright, Ross Pier, 235 West 6th St., Erie + Zimmerman, Mrs. G. A., Piketown, R. D., Linglestown + + + RHODE ISLAND + + *Allen, Philip, 178 Dorance St., Providence + R. I. State College, Library Dept., Green Hall, Kingston + + + SOUTH CAROLINA + + Bregger, John T., Clemson + Gordon, G. Henry, Union, Union Co. + Poole, M. C., Cross Anchor + + + SOUTH DAKOTA + + Bradley, Homer L., Sand Lake Refuge, Columbia + + + TENNESSEE + + Chase, S. B., Norris + Garrett, Dr. Sam Young, Dixon Springs + Holdeman, J. E., 208 Shrine Bldg., Memphis 3 + Howell Nurseries, Sweetwater + Lowe, Dr. Jere., Thayer Vet. Hospital, Nashville 5 + McDaniel, J. C., Tenn. Dept. of Agriculture, 403 State Office Bldg., + Nashville 3 + Rhodes, G. B., Rt. 2, Covington + Richards, Dr. A., Whiteville + Shadow, Willis A., County Agt., Decatur + Roark, W. F., Malesus + Zarger, Thomas G., Norris + + + TEXAS + + Arford, Charles A., Box 1230, Dalhart + Bailey, L. B., Box 1436, Phillips + Buser, C. J., Rt. 1, Arp + Florida, Kaufman, Box 154, Rotan + Gray, O. S., P. O. Box 513, Arlington + Kidd, Clark, Arp Nursery Co., Tyler + Price, W. S., Jr., Gustine + Winkler, Andrew, Moody + + UTAH + + Jeppeson, Chris, Wildwood Hollow Farm Nursery, Provo City + Oleson, Granville, 1210 Laird Ave., Salt Lake City 5 + Peterson, Harlan D., 2164 Jefferson Ave., Ogden + + + VERMONT + + Aldrich, A. W., Rt. 3, Springfield + Collins, Jos. N., Rt. 3, Pultney + Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven, Perpetual Membership "In Memoriam" + Farrington, Robert A., Vermont Forest Service, Montpelier + Foster, Forest K., West Topsham + Ladd, Paul, Hilltop Farm, Jamaica + + + VIRGINIA + + Acker, E. D., Co., Broadway + Burton, George L., 728 College St., Bedford + Case, Lynn B., Rt. 1, Fredericksburg + Dickerson, T. C., 316-56th St., Newport News + Gibbs, H. R., McLean + Gunther, Eric F., Rt. 1, Box 31, Onancock + Nelson, C. L., 964 Avenel Ave., Lee Hy. Ct., Roanoke + Nix, Robert W., Jr., Lucketts + Pertzoff, Dr. V. A., Carter's Bridge + Pinner, H. McR., P. O. Box 155, Suffolk + Stoke, H. F., 1420 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke + Stoke, Mrs. H. F., 1420 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke + Stoke, Dr. John H., 408-10 Boxley Bldg., Roanoke + Thompson, B. H., Harrisonburg + Variety Products Co., 5 Middlebrook Ave., Staunton + Webb, John, Hillsville + Zimmerman, Ruth, Bridgewater + + + WEST VIRGINIA + + Cannaday, Dr. John E., Charleston General Hospital, Charleston 25 + Cross, Andrew, Ripley + Frye, Wilbert M., Pleasant Dale + Glenmount Nurseries, Arthur M. Reed, Moundsville + Gold Chestnut Nursery, Arthur A. Gold, Cowen + Hoover, Wendell W., Webster Springs + White, Roscoe R., 635 Mulberry Ave., Clarksburg + White, Wayne G., 833 Glendale Ave., So. Charleston 3 + + + WASHINGTON + + Altman, Mrs. H. E., 2338 King St., Bellingham 9 + Barth, J. H., Box 1827, Rt. 3, Spokane 16 + Bartleson, C. J., Box 25, Chattaroy + Biddle, Miss Gertrude W., W. 923 Gordon Ave., Spokane 12 + Brown, H. B., Greenacres + Bush, Carroll D., Grapeview + Clark, R. W., 4221 Phinney Ave., Seattle + Denman, George L., 1319 East Nina Ave., Spokane 10 + Garvin, Mrs. Mildred S., W. 3408 2nd Ave., Spokane 9 + Harrison, Geo. C., Greenacres + Hyatt, L. W., 2826 West La Crosse, Spokane 12 + Jessup, J. M., Cook + Kling, William L., Rt. 2, Box 230, Clarkston + Latterell, Ethel, Greenacres + Linkletter, F. D., 8034-35th Ave., N. E., Seattle 5 + Lynn Tuttle Nursery, The Heights, Clarkston + Naderman, G. W., Rt. 1, Box 381, Olympia + Rodgers, W. R., N. 1411 Mamer, Opportunity + Shane Bros., Vashon + Watt, Mrs. L. J., W. 203 16th Ave., Spokane 9 + + + WISCONSIN + + Bassett, W. S., 1522 Main St., La Crosse + Brust, John J., 135 W. Wells St., Milwaukee 3 + Dopkins, Marvin, Rt. 1, River Falls + Heberlein, Edw. W., Box 747, Milwaukee + Johnson, Albert G., Rt. 2, Box 457, Waukesha + Koelsch, Norman, Jackson + Ladwig, C. F., 2221 St. Lawrence, Beloit + Mortensen, M. C., 2117 Stanson Ave., Racine + Reische, Frank C., Rt. 1, Plymouth + Zinn, Walter G., P. O. Box 747, Milwaukee + + + WYOMING + + Greene, W. D., Box 348, Greybull + + =* Life Member ** Honorary member= + + + + +CONSTITUTION + + +ARTICLE I--NAME + +This Society shall be known as the =Northern Nut Growers Association, +Incorporated=. + + +ARTICLE II--OBJECT + +Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants, +their products and their culture. + + +ARTICLE III--MEMBERSHIP + +Membership in this society shall be open to all persons who desire to +further nut culture, without reference to place of residence or +nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on +membership. + + +ARTICLE IV--OFFICERS + +There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary and a +treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting; and a +board of directors consisting of six persons, of which the president, +the two last retiring presidents, the vice-president, the secretary and +the treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state vice-president +from each state, dependency, or country represented in the membership of +the association, who shall be appointed by the president. + + +ARTICLE V--ELECTION OF OFFICERS + +A committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for +the purpose of nominating officers for the following year. + + +ARTICLE VI--MEETINGS + +The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the +membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made at +this time, the board of directors shall choose the place and time for +the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may seem +desirable may be called by the president and board of directors. + + +ARTICLE VII--QUORUM + +Ten members of the Association shall constitute a quorum but must +include two of the four officers. + + +ARTICLE VIII--AMENDMENTS + +This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members +present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment having been read +at the previous annual meeting, or copy of the proposed amendment having +been mailed by any member to each member thirty days before the date of +the annual meeting. + + + + +BY-LAWS + + +ARTICLE I--COMMITTEES + +The Association shall appoint standing committees as follows: On +membership, on finance, on programme, on press and publication, on +exhibits, on varieties and contests, on survey, and an auditing +committee. The committee on membership may make recommendations to the +Association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member. + + +ARTICLE II--FEES + +Annual members shall pay two dollars annually. Contributing members +shall pay ten dollars annually. Life members shall make one payment of +fifty dollars and shall be exempt from further dues and shall be +entitled to the same benefits as annual members. Honorary members shall +be exempt from dues. "Perpetual" membership is eligible to any one who +leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and such +membership on payment of said sum to the Association shall entitle the +name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as +"Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds received +therefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearing +securities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only the +interest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are in +the Treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided: that in the event +the Association becomes defunct or dissolves then, in that event, the +Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose +for such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at +the time he makes the bequest or the donation. + + +ARTICLE III--MEMBERSHIP + +All annual memberships shall begin September 1st. Annual dues received +from new members shall entitle the new member to full membership until +the next August 31st, including a copy of the Annual Report published +for the fiscal year in which he joins the Association. + + +ARTICLE IV--AMENDMENTS + +By-Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members present at any +meeting. + + +ARTICLE V + +Members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are +due and, if not paid within two months, they shall be sent a second +notice, telling them that they are not in good standing on account of +non-payment of dues and are not entitled to receive the annual report. + +At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, a third +notice shall be sent notifying such members that, unless dues are paid +within ten days from the receipt of this notice, their names will be +dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues. + + + + +PROCEEDINGS + +of the + +Thirty-eighth Annual Convention + +of the + +Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc. + +Meeting At + +ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE GUELPH, ONTARIO, CANADA + +SEPTEMBER 3-5, 1947 + + +[Illustration: NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INC. CONVENTION ONTARIO +AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SEPTEMBER 3-5, 1947] + +The meeting was called to order by Dr. L. H. MacDaniels in the absence +of Clarence A. Reed, our President, who was ill and could not attend the +meeting. + +Telegram from the Rev. Paul C. Crath: "Let the Lord bless you and keep +you. I am sorry I am unable to attend the present meetings." + + + + +Address of Welcome + +DR. J. S. SHOEMAKER, Head of Horticulture Department, Ontario +Agricultural College. + + +Our President, Mr. W. R. Reek, had hoped to be here in person to extend +this welcome to you but he has found it necessary to go to Toronto +today. He regrets that he cannot meet with you at this time, and has +asked me to welcome you. Mr. Reek has shown a great deal of interest in +this convention and I am sure you will find definite evidence of this in +our hospitality while you are here. + +In looking through your 37th Annual Report I noticed that the address of +welcome at your meeting in Wooster, Ohio, last year was given by Dr. L. +H. Gourley. I held the position of Associate Horticulturist at Wooster +and Columbus for some 10 years, and so knew Dr. Gourley intimately. His +sudden death was a great shock to myself and his many other friends, and +a great loss to horticulture. My 10 years with Dr. Gourley was a very +pleasant, helpful, and exceedingly important part of my career. + +I am very happy that you have come to the Ontario Agricultural College +for your convention this year. As a simple matter of fact, the O. A. C. +is one of the oldest and largest colleges of agriculture in the British +Empire. It is the second oldest agriculture college in North America, +Michigan State being the only older one. + +We are an affiliated college of the University of Toronto and function +as the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Toronto. I believe +the enrollment at the University of Toronto is in the neighborhood of +18,000 students. + +There will be about 1,500 students on this campus in a few weeks. Most +of these will be in the four-year course which leads to the B.S.A. +degree. Some will be in the two-year course. The Ontario Veterinary +College is also located on this campus, as is the MacDonald Institute +which provides courses for girls. + +The O. A. C, like the Horticultural Experiment Station at Vineland, +comes under the Minister of Agriculture, the Honourable T. L. Kennedy. +The Vineland Station and we ourselves co-operate closely in +horticultural work. No doubt many of you have visited Vineland and met +Director E. F. Palmer. You will hear from two members of the Vineland +staff, Mr. Strong and Mr. Van Haarlem on tomorrow's programme. + +I spent some 13 years in the United States--at Ames, Iowa; East Lansing, +Michigan; St. Paul, Minnesota; and Wooster and Columbus, Ohio. There are +in this audience some good friends of long standing whom I first met in +the United States. They are probably surprised to hear that I graduated +from this institution, but as an Irishman would say "That I did," some +26 years ago. + +I expect that all of you are familiar with the contributions made by +James A. Neilson in the field of nut growing. Mr. Neilson was a member +of the staff here some years ago. He left his mark throughout Ontario, +and in the field of nut growing in general. We are happy that Mrs. +Neilson, who is a life member of the Association, is attending this +Convention. + +I am sure you will agree that the campus here is a very beautiful one. +The dining hall and the residence may surpass what you expected to find. +It is a real privilege to have you in our Horticulture building. We made +certain plans for your entertainment at the mixer and banquet. In brief, +we are delighted that you have come, we know from the programme that the +meetings will be good ones, and we hope that our hospitality will meet +with your full approval. We indeed welcome you here. + + +RESPONSE + +Dr. L. H. MacDaniels: "In reply to Dr. Shoemaker's address of welcome we +are certainly happy to be here and appreciate the excellent arrangements +which have been made for our entertainment. Dr. Shoemaker spoke about +the work done on nut trees several years ago by Mr. Neilson in Canada. I +am familiar with the work of Mr. Neilson and hope that at some time +someone on the staff in Canada will give more time to the culture of nut +trees. That goes for the United States as well. Nut trees, if you have +the facilities and good varieties, are something that will make living +more enjoyable and worthwhile. I do appreciate very heartily the trouble +you have gone to in making facilities so acceptable and useful." + +=Presidential Address=--Mr. Reed was unable to be present and preside at +the meeting because of illness. This telegram was sent to him: + +Telegram to Clarence A. Reed, Garfield Hospital, Washington, D. C. + +"The Northern Nut Growers Association last night received the news of +your illness with deepest regret. We appreciate your long and earnest +work in our field. You have been one of the 'spark plugs' of our +organization and we all miss your presence. + SECRETARY." + + +COMMITTEES APPOINTED + +Resolutions Committee--W. Rohrbacher, Sterling Smith, J. Russell Smith, +Wm. Hodgson. + +Auditing Committee--Royal Oakes, R. P. Allaman, Gilbert Smith. + + +SECRETARY'S REPORT, SEPT. 3, 1947 + +Miss Mildred M. Jones + +The duties of the Secretary during the year were of the usual routine +nature. Three separate mailings of information to all members were made. +The 1944 report is now exhausted, partly because of the long season in +which it was current, and partly because there were several articles in +it which were of vital interest to a number of people who were not +members of the Association. In March of this year an article appeared in +Organic Gardening magazine which referred to our report and the Hemming +chestnut trees which were described in the 1944 report. As a result of +this one article I was obliged to return more than $30.00 which had been +sent to me, a dollar from each person, for this report. I returned the +money with a letter to each person telling them Mr. Hemming would bring +his report up to date at our meeting this year, telling them about the +work of our Association, and inviting them to join our group so they +could keep up with progress being made in nut tree culture as the +information became available. The sale of reports other than membership +this past year amounted to $135.00. This amount includes 5 sets of +reports which sell for $8.00 per set. About $95.00 of this amount was +for single copies at $1.00 per copy to non-members. Since our printing +costs have increased considerably, and since we are handling the mailing +and printing of these reports at $1.00 per copy at almost a loss, it +would seem advisable to raise the price to non-members. + +Every member can help us increase our membership. We have a number of +members who are equipped with writing ability and by writing articles +about interesting nut trees and mentioning our Association and the +Secretary many, many inquiries are received. To these inquiries we can +send our four page information folder or answer questions and thus we +can increase our membership by letting people who are interested in nut +trees know about our Association. On February 28, 1947, Mr. George L. +Denman wrote me that at different times he had two articles about nuts +and nut trees in the Spokesman-Review of Spokane. He said the result was +rather surprising and he requested fifty copies of our folder to assist +him and make it easier to answer inquiries. If our Association can be +mentioned in the article, many inquiries will come direct to the +Secretary and thus save the author the work of answering questions if +he does not have time to do so. The article written by Mr. Davidson in +December, 1946, American Fruit Grower brought in over 100 inquiries to +the Secretary's office. + +The Secretary's office has a number of calls for information regarding +sources of nuts and nut kernels for private consumption or planting. +Chestnuts seem to head the list the past year--mostly for planting. +Requests are also received regarding information for market outlets, nut +cracking equipment, nut shelling plants, trees, budwood and graftwood. +Anything you may do to supply this and other kinds of information about +nut trees will be appreciated. + +The Secretary of the American Horticultural Society, Inc., with whom we +are affiliated, has expressed the desire of that Society for ideas as to +how we may both profit more from this affiliation. Their need, like +ours, is for more members, more and better articles for the National +Horticultural Magazine. Mr. Reed has contributed several worthwhile +articles to this magazine. The Editor would like to have more articles +about nut trees from our members. The National Horticultural Magazine is +nicely printed and bound, issued four times a year, and is well +illustrated with pictures of the horticultural subjects described in +each issue. Dues in this society are $2.00 per year if you are a member +of our Society, $3.00 if you are not. You can ask our Treasurer to bill +you for membership at the same time membership in our Association is +billed, or membership may be sent direct to The American Horticultural +Society, 821 Washington Loan and Trust Building, Washington 4, D. C. + +Our membership at present is 621 according to my present mailing list +which has been corrected to paid-up members. During the war all members +who were thought to be in the armed forces were carried along without +the payment of dues according to our Treasurer's report of last year. +For this reason we can use only our income as an indication of our +growth during those years. + +The question of a seal for the Association came up at the time of the +Ellis legacy. Our member, Sargent H. Wellman, Boston, Mass., represented +the Association, and payment was made finally without our seal being +shown. It may be well to consider whether we may need a seal in the +future and if so to take the necessary steps to have one made. + +The American Fruit Grower magazine has printed quite regularly the +column "Nut Growers News". They also refer nut tree inquiries to us and +have indicated their interest and further cooperation. They devoted an +entire issue to nuts last December. + +A number of our members during the year do much work for the Association +and it is here that I wish to acknowledge all of the help and assistance +the Secretary has had from the various committees and members. The +printing of the report for 1946 and the responsibility of getting it +mailed was due mostly to the work and effort of Mr. Stoke, and Mr. Reed. + +It was a real pleasure to work with the members of the Staff at Ontario +Agricultural College with whom I had considerable correspondence during +the year in arranging for our meeting this year. + +It has been a real pleasure to serve in the capacity of Secretary to +this organization and I regret that lack of time to do this work as it +should be done makes me feel it is necessary to relinquish this post. I +shall always continue my interest in the Association. + +Dr. MacDaniels: "More articles should be written for magazines as one +way in which to increase membership." + +Telegram from Dr. W. C. Deming was read: + +"Infirmities of age detain me. Congratulations on membership and on +accomplishments. Everything depends on good officers. Present officers +are ideal but young members should now take over. Don't wear out the old +ones. + +W. C. DEMING, Dean." + +This telegram was sent to Dr. W. C. Deming: + +Sept. 3, 1947. + +"We had hoped you would be with us. Your telegram evoked many warm +appreciations of your great and long service to our organization and the +cause of nut growers in the North. Warmest greetings from N.N.G.A. + +SECRETARY." + +J. Russell Smith: "Dr. Deming was one of the five founders of the +Association. He did an excellent job on the reports and in compiling the +cumulative index. He is Dean of the Association." + +Report of Committee on Time and Place: Prof. Slate reported three +invitations, the most attractive at the present time being the +invitation to meet at Norris, Tenn. + +Prof. Slate: "In order to bring the matter to a head, I move we hold our +1948 meeting at Norris, Tenn., or wherever arrangements can be made +convenient to that point." + +Stoke: "Second." + +Passed with unanimous approval. + +Report on the Ohio Contest--Sterling Smith: "The Ohio contest had 692 +entries. Mr. Chase helped with the judging. A number of good walnuts +were brought out. The data for the first ten is given in the 1946 annual +report. We are trying to find out what the parent trees are doing--what +they were bearing in the past and also this year. This is to be done for +5 years. Ohio has 90 members which puts them in the lead--ahead of New +York." + +J. Russell Smith: "I greatly appreciate the report given. I approve of +the 5 year plan. It would bring in members." + +Sterling Smith: "Couldn't we offer $100.00 or more for a really +outstanding black walnut that would meet certain specifications? Our +good walnuts now run about 25 grams and 32% kernel." + +Dr. MacDaniels: "Is there anyone present who helped with the judging of +this contest?" + +Mr. Chase: "It required over 2 weeks with 4 to 6 persons to crack and +cull out the ones we knew were not worth further consideration. +One-tenth passed the screening test. The nut selected is one in +ten-thousand expectancy. This contest brought out some outstanding nuts. +The judges didn't have much trouble selecting No. 1. The next four were +harder to place. The third prize went to Pennsylvania and the eighth +prize to West Virginia." + + + + +Report of Treasurer + + +For Period from September 1, 1946 to August 30, 1947. + + INCOME: + + Annual Memberships $1,212.00 + Philip Allen Life Membership 50.00 + Sale of Reports 44.00 + Ellis Legacy 12.50 + Miscellaneous 5.60 + --------- + Total Income $1,324.10 + + + DISBURSEMENTS: + + Fruit Grower Subscriptions $ 80.80 + President's Expense 10.00 + Secretary's Expense 59.50 + Treasurer's Expense 45.80 + Supplies 77.66 + Banquet 1946 Meeting 22.32 + Reporter 1946 Meeting 25.00 + Ellis Legacy Bond & Addition 1,000.00 + Treasurer's Bond 12.50 + Report for 1945 569.84 + Report for 1946 821.83 + Postage & Envelopes 49.03 + Miscellaneous 19.20 + --------- + Total Disbursements $2,793.54 + + + Balance on Hand September 3, 1946 $3,259.88 + Receipts for the Year 1,324.10 + --------- + Total $4,583.98 + Disbursements for Year 2,793.54 + Balance August 30, 1947 $1,790.44 + --------- + In Walker Savings Bank $ 633.92 + In Peoples Savings Bank 1,056.44 + Cash and Checks on hand 100.08 + --------- + Subtotal $1,790.44 + Secretary has on hand 26.71 + --------- + Balance $1,817.15 + +D. C. SNYDER, _Treasurer_ + + * * * * * + +Member: "The charge of $1.00 to non-members for the current +report--shouldn't the price of the reports be increased to cover the +increased costs of printing?" + +Mr. Snyder: "I think the amount should be increased as the cost of the +report is almost $1.00 now, and with handling and mailing we are doing +this at a loss if we continue to sell the report for $1.00." + +McCollum: "Shouldn't the price of a full set of reports be raised? They +are sold at the same price now as they were a number of years ago. +Several volumes have been added. I believe the price should be +increased." + +Prof. Slate: "Some years go out of print about as soon as new ones come +along." + +Dr. Rohrbacher: "I move we sell our current and last year's report at +$2.00 per copy." + +Second by Mr. Silvis. + +Mr. Corsan: "Nut enthusiasts and nut groups haven't the slightest +hesitancy in parting with $2.00." + +Member: "A non-member paying $2.00 for the annual report would +automatically become a member." + +J. Russell Smith: "I would like to recommend that if at all possible an +index be included in each volume of our report as it is published. A +volume like this has 50 or 75 different articles but no mention in the +title reveals the content of the article which makes it a job to try to +refer back to or use these reports for reference. An index would make +them much more valuable. This is not a job for the Secretary, it is a +technical job. I would like to make a motion, if the Executive Committee +finds it feasible, that this be done." + +Second by Mr. Silvis. + +Dr. Colby: "Don't you think that index should begin with the volume Dr. +Deming finished? I suggest that the executive Committee arrange for +compiling of the index subsequent to and including 1940." + +Mr. Corsan: "I would like to suggest that the nut exhibit be left at +O.A.C. permanently because of the large number of visitors who come here +and who would see it. This would help to increase our membership." + + * * * * * + +Report from the Constitution and By-Laws Committee--Dr. MacDaniels. + + * * * * * + +Dr. Crane: "I move we accept the report of the Committee and suggested +changes be voted on item by item." + +Mr. Silvis: "Second." + +The question of whether the entire Constitution and By-Laws should be +read at this meeting or mimeographed and mailed to each member was +considered. + +Prof. Slate: "I move the Constitution be taken up now." + +Dr. Colby: "Second." + +The motion was carried. Dr. MacDaniels read the Constitution and By-Laws +and they will be voted on at the 1948 meeting. + +J. Russell Smith: "I move that '10 days' notice for change in the +Constitution be changed to '30 days'." + +Seconded by Mr. Silvis. + +Motion carried. + +On fiscal year--Dr. Rohrbacher: "I suggest the fiscal year be changed to +January 1 through to the end of December." + +Mr. Snyder: "I can see no improvement in changing the fiscal year. If we +are to hold our meetings the first part of September each year it would +be better to have our fiscal year ended August 31." + +Dr. MacDaniels: "I move that our fiscal year be from September 1st to +August 31st and I move that the annual dues include a report for only +the year you join." + +Motion carried. + + + + +Factors Influencing the Hardiness of Woody Plants + +H. L. CRANE, Principal Horticulturist[1] + + +There is hardly any soil or climatic condition found in the world where +it is not possible for at least one or more kinds of plants to be grown. +This is possible because the plants that can be grown under the most +adverse conditions have special structures and adaptations with regard +to periods of growth and rest or dormancy. One of the most important +adaptations of nearly all trees and shrubs that shed their leaves in +autumn and survive freezing weather without injury for a part of the +year, is that of rest. This rest in plants is somewhat similar to sleep +in animals in that it is a period in which the life process activities +take place slowly. In other words, the plant physiologist defines rest +in living plants as that period in which their buds will not open and +grow even though the temperature, moisture, and other external +environmental conditions are highly suitable for growth. + +[Footnote 1: Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Disease, Bureau +of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural +Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture.] + +Different kinds of deciduous plants have or require rest periods of +different lengths, just as some people require more sleep than do +others. Two or three weeks may be enough for soft-shelled almonds but +three or four months may be required for butternuts, to cite extremes. +The Eastern black walnut requires more rest than most Persian walnut +clones, and they more than the Southern California black walnut. Even +within a species there is considerable difference in the rest period of +individual seedling trees and certain clones. For example, it has been +found that the varieties of Persian walnut grown in northern California +and in Oregon, such as Franquette and Mayette, have the longest rest +period; and those grown in Southern California, such as Placentia, +Ehrhardt, Chase, and others, have the shortest rest period. It is quite +possible that the clones and seedlings of the Persian walnut brought to +this country a few years ago by the Rev. Paul Crath from the Carpathian +Mountains of Poland may require the longest rest period of all. + +The question may be asked what causes or brings on this rest period in +plants and what breaks it? The scientific answers to these questions are +not known at this time, but we do know some of the factors which cause +the initiation of rest and how it is broken. + +Tree growth is initiated in the spring with coming of warm weather and +other suitable conditions. At first the rate of growth is slow; but the +rate increases and goes through a maximum and then slows up again and +finally ceases. On the cessation of growth in length, a terminal bud is +formed and the tree begins to go into rest. This period of growth is +determined by the age of the tree, the suitability of moisture and +nutrient supply. Young trees grow longer during the spring and summer +than do old ones. Deficiencies of soil moisture or nutrients or both +cause the cessation of growth and the beginning of rest. In some trees, +such as tung, cessation of growth and the initiation of rest is caused +by the change from long to short day-lengths. + +After rest has begun, the longer it continues the more profound or +deeper it becomes until a maximum is reached, i.e., it becomes +increasingly difficult, up to a certain time, to make the trees start +growth again even though optimum conditions are provided. Some trees +such as Persian walnuts and pecans, for example, are slow to go into +deep or profound rest in late summer or fall. For this reason, there may +be several cycles or periods of growth during the summer and early fall, +depending on weather conditions and whether the leaves on the trees have +remained in a healthy condition. Under conditions of dry weather growth +stops on the Persian walnut and pecan and when this is followed by a +rainy period and warm weather growth begins again. In fact in early +summer a walnut or pecan tree may form terminal buds on all the shoots +and remain without growth long enough for an apple or pear tree to go +into complete or profound rest; then later, new shoot growth may be made +from all or nearly all of the walnut or pecan shoots. Not only is this +an important factor in promoting susceptibility to cold injury but in +the case of bearing trees more often than not this late growth prevents +the proper development of the kernels in the nuts and they are poorly +filled or shriveled at harvest. Should the leaves of these trees in +midsummer or later be so seriously damaged by disease or insects as to +result in partial or complete defoliation, new growth is generally sure +to follow even in late fall if growing conditions are suitable. This +habit permits such trees to grow so late that there is much greater +danger of severe injury from late fall or early winter than is the case +with most other deciduous fruit trees. Furthermore, it explains why we +see so much cold injury in the shoots and limbs of trees; they had grown +late and had no chance to develop hardiness before killing temperatures +occurred. + +After the rest in trees has become deep or profound a certain amount of +chilling temperature must prevail before the rest period is broken so as +to permit the buds to open and grow normally on the approach of warm +weather. This is often spoken of as the chilling requirement. If the +rest period is not broken by a suitable amount of chilling, tree growth +is very slow to start in the spring, and then only certain of the longer +and stronger twigs may force into growth; water sprouts may develop on +the trunks and main limbs; flower buds may not open but fall off; and +even though the trees may flower the flowering period is long and few or +no fruits or nuts may be set. The most effective chilling temperature is +not known but we can be reasonably certain that temperatures of 45 deg.F. to +32 deg.F. are just as effective in breaking the winter rest period as are +those well below freezing, if not more so. + +This chilling requirement is essentially the same as the rest period. +Almonds have a short rest period and require 2 to 3 weeks of chilling, +while butternuts, with a long rest period, may require 3 or 4 months. +When the tree has been subjected to adequate chilling the rest period is +broken and with the oncoming of warm weather growth, blossoming and +fruit setting is normal. + +A distinction of great importance from a physiological and a practical +point of view is made between rest and dormancy in plants. This +difference can be simply stated: plants, trees, or seeds that will not +grow when external environmental conditions are favorable for growth are +in rest, but after the rest period has been broken and they do not grow +because of unfavorable conditions they are said to be dormant. + +The difference between rest period and dormancy is of great importance +in the United States in determining the amount of cold injury that may +be sustained by woody plants. Furthermore, it explains why certain +plants may be successfully grown in much colder parts of the world and +yet fail here. Our winter weather conditions are not uniform, in that it +is quite common for us to have quite long periods of alternating warm +and cold weather. Too often during mid-or late winter the weather may be +quite warm for several days, with above-freezing temperatures even at +night, only to be quickly followed by a sudden and extreme drop in +temperature. Such conditions are almost certain to result in cold injury +to at least certain kinds of woody plants in which the rest period had +been broken prior to the occurrence of warm weather, especially so if +conditions are favorable for initiation of growth. The plants that were +still in the rest period at the time of the warm weather or those with +high heat requirement to start growth (as for example, the pecan) would +be the only ones that would escape injury. To illustrate with an +example: The Chinese chestnut tree has a shorter rest period or less +chilling requirement than does the average Persian walnut tree. Now +suppose that during the months of November and December a sufficient +number of hours of chilling temperatures were experienced to break the +rest period or to satisfy the chilling requirement of the Chinese +chestnut but not that of the Persian walnut. Then suppose there was a +period of two weeks or more of warm weather in January and it was ended +by a very sudden drop to below freezing temperatures. Later we would +expect to find that some parts or tissues of the Chinese chestnut trees +had been injured while the Persian walnut trees had survived without +injury. Similar differences would be expected with other crops, such as +peaches and apples, that have a difference in rest period or chilling +requirement. Under the conditions just described the parts or tissues of +the tree that are most likely to be injured are those that first become +active with the coming of warm weather, such as the pith in the wood, +the lower buds, and later the cambium or the leaf buds. This explains +why peach fruit buds and the catkins of the European filbert are often +killed in the East during the winter. + +Some kinds of woody plants are very much hardier than are other kinds. +For example, the butternut is hardier than the eastern black walnut and +the almond is hardier than the tung tree. Hardiness is only a relative +term and can be determined only when the different kinds of plants are +in the same physiological condition as regards growth or activity. Just +what it is that makes a difference in the hardiness or ability to +withstand low temperatures without injury is not known. However, over +the years, experience and research have taught us that there are a +number of factors that affect the hardiness of woody plants. + +There is a very great difference between the temperature that will cause +injury to a tree tissue when it is in active growth and most tender in +the spring and that required when it is most resistant in midwinter. +With some trees this difference in temperature is as much as 50 deg. to +60 deg.F. or even more. With woody plants, the tissues are least hardy in +spring when they are growing rapidly, and as the season progresses +hardiness normally increases provided that second or late growth does +not occur. There are many changes that take place in the tissues of a +tree as hardiness is developed: the moisture content is reduced; cell +walls are thickened; the concentration of sugars, starches, and other +carbohydrates becomes greater; there is the formation of pentosans, +gums, and waxes; and the respiration and other life processes become +slower. However, none of these offer a full and satisfactory explanation +of why the plant becomes as resistant to cold as it does. All of these +changes and probably many others play a part in developing hardiness in +woody plants. + +Maximum hardiness is developed only by trees that support a large area +of normal leaves continuously from the time of foliation in the spring +until late fall when they are killed by frost. Attacks by insects or +diseases that injure the leave or cause partial or complete defoliation +at any time during the spring, summer, or before the occurrence of frost +in the fall, not only prevent the development of maximum hardiness of +the trees, but such defoliation results in reduced growth of the trees +and in poor filling of the nuts. The importance of maintaining a large +area of healthy leaves on the trees during the entire growing season can +hardly be too strongly stressed. This is because trees that hold their +leaves are strong, vigorous trees and are the ones best able to +withstand cold, as well as other adversities, without injury. This, +however, does not mean that fertilizer applications should be made in +late summer or that cultivation should be practiced at that time, which +would tend under suitable conditions to stimulate late growth of the +trees. This is because some trees like the Persian walnut are slow to go +into rest at best and practices that stimulate late growth of the trees +cause them to be susceptible to cold injury especially in late fall or +early winter. I have seen very severe injury and killing of pecan trees +in south Georgia as a result of spring fertilizer applications which, +because of drouth, did not become available to the trees until late +August and early September and then caused second growth of the trees. + +In the case of walnuts and pecans, especially, but also others than are +not sprayed for the control of diseases and insects, it is not uncommon +for the trees to become defoliated in late summer and while bearing a +crop of nuts. Very often this premature defoliation results in the +production of a new crop of leaves and some shoot growth. This is one of +the worst conditions one can have in an orchard, for the nuts are +certain to be very poorly filled and the trees especially susceptible to +cold injury. + +In such a case as this, the nuts withdraw carbohydrates, proteins and +minerals from the leaves and wood of the tree for their development and +the production of new leaves and shoots has a like effect. This all +results in such a severe removal or using up of the materials involved +in the development? of hardiness that such trees are very susceptible to +cold injury. + +Woody plants to be resistant to cold injury must be well nourished. +Unbalanced mineral nutrition of trees is a very important factor in +determining the amount of injury they may sustain from cold weather. In +the various parts of the United States the soils on which fruit and nut +trees are grown generally do not supply in adequate amounts some one or +more of the essential elements required in their nutrition. This +condition results in unbalanced nutrition, in that too much of certain +elements is absorbed by the trees and too little of certain other +elements. Under severe conditions this causes the leaves to be abnormal +in size or in form, for them to be chlorotic or to scorch or burn, or +for them to drop prematurely. Such leaves do not function properly, they +are not able to carry on photosynthesis at a normal rate and hence do +not make sufficient plant foods of the proper kinds to properly nourish +the trees. This results in disorders of various kinds said to be due to +mineral deficiencies. Among these deficiencies that have been found to +reduce tree growth and yield and to increase susceptibility to cold +injury are (1) boron, (2) copper, (3) iron, (4) magnesium, (5) +manganese, (6) nitrogen, (7) phosphorus, (8) potassium, (9) zinc, and +others. In all cases the corrective treatment to be given consists in +supplying the trees with the element or elements in which they are +deficient. These must be supplied in an available form and by such +methods that they can be absorbed by the trees. + +The size of the crop of fruit or nuts borne by a tree and the length of +time between harvest and a killing freeze are important factors in +determining the cold resistance of fruit or nut trees. In test winters +many cases have been observed in which trees that matured heavy crops +during the previous summer were severely injured. Cases have been +observed in which the degree of cold injury sustained has been largely +in proportion to the size of crop matured the previous growing season. +Trees that mature the crop of fruits or nuts late in the season may be +less hardy than those that mature the crop early. It seems not only that +some material or materials are made in the leaves during late summer or +early fall which move out of them into the wood and cause it become +resistant to low temperatures, but that when a tree is maturing a crop +so much of this material goes into the fruits or nuts that if the season +is not a favorable one the wood may not attain its maximum hardiness. We +have learned that a high percentage of certain of the minerals, +carbohydrates, and oil that go to make up the kernels of the oily nuts +are transported into them during a period comprising a month to six +weeks before they are mature. In the production of a heavy crop the +amount of minerals and elaborated food materials such as proteins, +carbohydrates, and fats removed from a tree is very large. If the trees +do not carry a large healthy leaf area at the time of harvest or if +there is a killing frost at that time, the leaves have no opportunity to +elaborate more carbohydrates and other materials to replace those +removed in the crop, and as a result the trees do not develop maximum +hardiness. + +To cite an outstanding example of this effect of the crop on hardiness, +I want to describe some observations I made several years ago. The late +J. B. Wight of Cairo, Ga., had a few hundred Satsuma orange trees that +bore a very heavy crop of fruit. The fruit had all been harvested from +certain of these trees for two weeks or more before the occurrence of a +freeze the last of November. From other trees the fruit crop had only +been partially harvested and none had been harvested from most of them. +The day and night temperatures had been warm but there was a rather +sudden drop into the low 20's during one night with the result that all +of the trees from which no fruit had been harvested were killed to the +ground. The trees from which a part of the fruit had been removed were +defoliated and all but the large limbs were killed. The trees from which +all the fruit had been removed two weeks or more before the freeze were +defoliated, but little or no injury to the woods occurred. The severe +injury was probably because the materials making for hardiness in the +wood had been transported to the maturing fruits and the temperature +dropped quickly before the trees had time to develop cold resistance. + +It is a well-known fact that many kinds of non-woody as well as many +woody plants develop hardiness or cold resistance on exposure to very +gradually falling temperatures. This change, in the case of non-woody +plants such as cabbage or wheat, is spoken of as "hardening off." It is +not known how important this is in developing cold resistance in flower +and leaf buds of woody plants. It is quite possible that buds that have +become extremely tender as a result of rapid growth might, if held for +some time at temperatures too low for further growth, become quite +resistant to low temperatures just as do wheat or cabbage. + +Generally speaking, the greatest amount of cold injury to the buds or +above-ground portions of a tree occurs on a single night. The length of +the cold period is of only indirect importance as influencing the rate +of temperature fall or the acquiring of cold resistance by the trees. +Trees that are subjected to low temperatures over a considerable period +of time are not nearly so likely to be injured as are those that are +subjected to a low temperature suddenly. That is really why there is so +much severe cold injury to woody plants in the South. In the deep South +freezing weather may be uncommon but when freezes do occur usually they +follow a period of comparatively warm weather and the temperature falls +quickly. It is this sudden change in temperature that causes the severe +injury. Two different places may have had the same mean monthly +temperature yet at one place severe injury may have occurred and no +injury at the other place with plants normally having equal hardiness. A +careful analysis of the situation, however, would probably show that at +the place where the injury occurred a period of warm weather had existed +which was followed by a rapid drop in temperature to a killing low on a +single night, whereas the trees at the place where no injury occurred +were not subjected to such changes in temperature. On the other hand, +injury to the roots usually occurs only after prolonged periods of cold +weather. This is largely because the soil cools slowly and it requires a +long period of cold weather to reduce the soil temperature sufficiently +and to such depths as to cause injury to the roots. + +Under northern conditions where low temperatures for a rather long +period are sometimes experienced, injury to the portion of the trees +above ground may occur as a result of drying out of the wood. It is well +known that a cake of ice will gradually evaporate and disappear when in +the open and exposed continuously to below-freezing temperatures. We all +know that the family wetwash when hung on a line and frozen will soon +dry, especially if the wind blows. The principles operating in these +cases may cause severe injury to trees. In the wintertime the root +systems of trees take up water from the soil that is not frozen and this +water moves in the tree to replace that lost by evaporation. Under +conditions where the soil is frozen to such an extent that the water +absorbed by the roots is continually less than that lost by the top of +the trees by evaporation, drying out of the top occurs. If this is +continued over a period of time a dryness of the wood and other tissues +occurs that causes death of the dried-out portions. This type of injury +does not show the typical symptoms of cold injury but rather those of +drying out. The conditions that are most likely to cause such injury are +a soil frozen to the effective rooting depths, a dry atmosphere, and a +moderately high wind velocity. Injury of a similar nature to that just +described very often affects trees transplanted in late fall or early +winter, especially those that did not have their tops cut back to +balance the loss of roots sustained in transplanting. During even very +mild winters the tops of such trees dry out to such an extent that the +small branches and even the leader may die. In extreme cases the entire +top may die back to the root. In planting bare-root trees regardless of +the time of the year they should be rather severely cut back immediately +after transplanting to prevent such drying out and dying back of the +wood. Cut-back trees generally will make more growth the first season +following transplanting than will similar trees not cut back. + +One of the most common types of injury to young nut trees as well as +others is that known as "sun scald" or "winter injury". This occurs +generally on the south or southwest sides of the trunk and for some +distance between the ground and the head of the tree. Usually the injury +is not evident until a year or so after it occurred and then it may be +observed as a narrow strip of discolored and sunken bark which may crack +where it meets the live tissue. This dead or injured area is usually +invaded by borers of one or more kinds. This so-called sun scald injury +is thought to be caused by the alternate freezing and thawing of the +tissues on the south and southwest sides of the tree. On a bright, +sunshiny day, even though cold, the sun's rays striking the bark of the +tree quickly raise the temperature of the bark and wood. When the sun is +obscured by clouds or at nightfall the temperature of the tissues drops +rapidly and they may freeze again. It is thought that the rapid and +rather great change in temperature of the bark and wood is the primary +cause of sun scald. Whatever the cause, we know that it can be prevented +by shading the tree trunk. This can be done by heading the trees low so +that the branches shade the trunk, or by shading the south side of the +trunk with a board 6 or 8 inches wide, or by wrapping the trunk with +burlap or similar material. Much of the injury to Chinese chestnut, +pecan, and hickory trees, especially, is caused by inexperienced growers +who cut off the low branches in an effort to raise the head of young +trees. The Chinese chestnut generally forms a very low-headed or +bush-type tree. Most of the cold or winter injury I have seen on Chinese +chestnut trees has been on the trunks and has resulted from removing the +lower limbs so that they were not shaded. + +Hardiness in woody plants is only a relative term and is determined by +the condition of the plant at the time the low temperature occurs. Woody +plants are most tender when they are most actively growing and most +resistant to cold injury when they are in deep or profound rest. Strong, +vigorous, well-nourished trees are much more resistant to cold injury +than weak, poorly-nourished trees. Hence, the successful grower makes an +effort through disease and insect control and proper fertilization and +cultivation to keep his trees strong. These practices should be so +carried out that the trees will make a strong, vigorous growth in the +spring and early summer and then go into rest without a second or third +flush of growth. The trees should carry their leaves until frost as +there are some things made in them that cause the trees to develop +resistance to cold injury. Winter or cold injury can destroy in a single +night the hopes and expectations of several years' work but, in the +main, if one grows well only those trees that are suited to the +environment such losses are only rarely experienced. + + + + +Nut Culture In Ontario + +I. C. MARRITT, District Forester, Ontario Department of Lands and +Forests + + +It was suggested to me that a paper be prepared on nut culture in +Ontario. The Department of Land and Forests of Ontario has not done +specialized work on nut culture. The reason for this neglect is not that +various members did not realize the importance of nut culture, but that +there was always more work on general reforestation and woodlot +extension than could be done. The work with nut trees has been along +with their general work. We have not, as yet, had a member of the staff +who has gone "nutty" over nuts. It is hoped that your meeting here will +stir up interest in this worthy subject. + +We are very proud in Ontario of the work that has been done on general +reforestation and woodlot management. This is a subject that all nut +enthusiasts are interested in, and we would like you to know what is +being done in Ontario. + +The Province of Ontario has been distributing trees free to landowners +since 1907. There are three well-equipped tree nurseries, and a fourth +is being developed in the eastern part of the province. A fifth nursery +has been started in the northwest at Fort William on Lake Superior. The +number of trees distributed varies considerably from year to year. The +high distribution years were 1939 and 1940, when approximately seventeen +million trees were planted each year. During the war years, on account +of the labour situation and war activities, the distribution declined to +between ten and eleven million trees. This past season, the demand was +much larger than the supply. All the nurseries are expanding, as it is +anticipated there will be a heavy demand by private planters, and also +most of the counties are enlarging the area of their county forests. + +The application form for forest trees includes seven evergreens and +nineteen deciduous trees. Walnut and butternut are the only nut trees on +the application form. Shagbark hickory has also been grown, but not in +large enough quantity to include it in the list of available trees. The +St. Williams tree nursery near Lake Erie has grown named varieties of +walnuts and hickories. These have been given out to interested parties, +and, in future years, will further the growing of the more desirable nut +trees. About ten years ago, the citizens of St. Thomas planted nut trees +two or three feet in height for seventy miles along No. 3 Highway which +crosses Elgin County. A large number of these trees have survived. + +A large acreage of forest trees has also been planted under the Counties +Reforestation Act. Under this act the county purchases the land and the +province plants and looks after the plantations for thirty years. The +county then has three options _re_ paying back the cost of planting and +supervision. All the options are without interest charges. The county +forests are largely on light sandy soils that, in most cases, are a +liability to the municipalities if they are not growing trees. + +The Ontario Government passed an act in 1946 that gave the counties the +right to pass a by-law to regulate cutting on privately-owned woodlots. +You will be interested to know that eleven counties have passed by-laws +to regulate cutting. They are all based on a diameter limit. We realize +that a diameter limit is a poor substitute for good forestry practice, +but it is better than unrestricted cutting. The diameter limits range +from ten to sixteen inches for most trees, and five to six inches for +cedars. + +Considerable extension work was done on nut growing in the period from +1920 to 1930. Mr. James A. Neilson, an Extension Horticulturist +stationed at Vineland, became very interested and located many +individual trees and gave numerous lectures on nut culture. A bulletin +by Mr. Neilson on nut culture was published in 1925, and reprinted in +1930, by the Ontario Department of Agriculture. Mr. Neilson went to +Michigan and did extension work on this subject until his untimely +death. Mr. G. H. Corsan has also done considerable work to keep nut +culture before the public by writing letters to the different +newspapers. + +There has always been a large demand for black walnut. The reason for +this is the high value placed on this wood and the planting of these +trees for shade and nut production, although the consumption of native +nuts is comparatively low. The black walnut grew, originally, south of a +line from Toronto to Sarnia. It has been planted as far north as Ottawa, +and is distributed quite widely in Old Ontario now--being planted +largely as shade trees. These shade trees are producing nuts, and with +the aid of squirrels, the walnuts are seeding up along fence rows, +around farm homes, and in woodlots. Walnut has been observed coming up +in a woodlot, and the only possible source is a shade tree half a mile +away. The walnut caterpillar defoliates the trees but seldom kills them, +although it does lower their value as shade trees. + +Walnut has been a favorite species for forest tree planting. It is +planted in pure stands and in mixtures. The largest and best known +walnut plantation was put out by Sir William Mullock in 1926 on the +highway north of Toronto. There are numerous small plantations +throughout the province. Foresters in Ontario generally recommend mixing +walnut with other hardwoods and evergreens rather than planting in pure +stands. + +It has been advocated to plant walnuts with white spruce. The idea is +that spruce will shade the ground, kill the side branches of the walnut, +and help to force the walnuts to grow long slender poles. It is +understood, and expected, that the spruce will be ruined, as their +leaders would grow into the branches of the walnut. As far as we know, +this experiment has not been undertaken. + +The butternut tree is found growing naturally farther north than the +walnut tree. Its northern boundary is roughly a line drawn from Midland +on Georgian Bay to Ottawa. It is widely distributed, but is not in large +enough quantity to have commercial value for lumber. An expert wood +carver, who is employed by the Department of Lands and Forests, uses +butternut largely in his work. + +The shagbark and bitternut hickories make up the large percentage of the +hickories growing in Ontario. The northern limit of the bitternut is +approximately the same as the butternut--that is, Midland on Georgian +Bay and Ottawa on the east; while the northern limit of the shagbark is +thirty to forty miles south of the bitternut. The pignut and the +mockernut hickories are found in the southern hardwood belt along Lake +Erie. + +The American chestnut was quite plentiful in different sections of the +southern hardwood belt. It was valued quite highly for the nuts. It has +been killed out by the chestnut blight and it is very rarely that live +suckers are seen. + +The beech was widely distributed in the woodland of southern Ontario. It +has rarely been planted as a shade tree and it is not seeding up +extensively in woodlots. There are many stories of hogs being fattened +on beechnuts in pioneer days. + +The Japanese heartnut has been planted in various parts of the province. +A heartnut tree in Bruce County lived through a hard winter that killed +many sugar maples and beech in the same area. Nut trees are seeding up +in many pastured woodlots in southwestern Ontario. The reason for this +is that stock do not relish their foliage as they do the maple, beech +and basswood, etc., and because of this, it is likely that nut trees +will make up a larger percentage of trees in Ontario woodlots than +originally, as it is a sad fact that at least seventy-five percent on +the farm woodlots in Ontario are still being pastured. + +It is hoped that more interest will be shown in planting nut trees by +farmers and home owners. The Department of Lands and Forests is +enlarging its staff of Extension Foresters, and no doubt they will +include the propagation of nut trees in their extension work. + + + + +Nut Growing at the Horticultural Experiment Station, Vineland Station, +Ontario + +W. J. STRONG + + +There was very little interest in nut growing in the early days of the +Horticultural Experiment Station although back in 1914 a few filberts +and Persian (English) walnuts were planted. + +The first nut orchard at the Station was set out in 1922 and since then +several lots of nut trees have been added from time to time, principally +filberts and Persian walnuts. Also a few black walnuts, Japanese +heartnuts, Chinese chestnuts, hickories, pecan and several hybrids were +planted. + +In 1922 twenty varieties of filberts were obtained from a nursery near +Rochester, N. Y. These were reputed to be some of the better sorts +imported from Germany but when they came into bearing only one was true +to name, this being Italian Red. Another un-named variety in this lot +(field number 3 R 1 A T 10, 11, 12), proved to be hardy and very +vigorous. The nuts were only of medium size but very well filled and of +good quality. The rest of these were a nondescript lot of worthless +varieties or seedlings and so after a few years nearly all were uprooted +and discarded. + +At this time (1922) four varieties of Persian walnuts were planted, +Franquette, Mayette, Hall and Rush. The Franquette and Mayette have not +grown very well here and have given very poor yields. Both Hall and Rush +made good growth the first 15 or 20 years from planting but latterly, +growth has been poor and yields have fallen off considerably, although +this year (1947) there is a very fair crop showing, but with rather +much dropping. The nut of the Hall variety is quite large but the husk +is thick and the shell is thick and coarse, also in some seasons the +kernel has not filled out very well. The Rush has given good crops of +medium-size nuts. It seems to be rather susceptible to bacterial blight. + +Five named varieties of black walnuts also were planted at this time +(1922), Thomas, Ohio, Stabler, Ten Eyck and McCoy. The Thomas has proven +to be the best of these and the value of the others was pretty much in +the order named. The last two were quite inferior as to nut, while the +Stabler lacked vigour and did not yield very well, although it is a nice +nut and the kernel comparatively easy to extract. + +Eight Persian walnut seedlings in the same plantation, set out in 1926, +have made poor to fair growth. They have given very few nuts until this +year (1947) when two of them are showing a very fair crop. + +About 1928 twenty Japanese walnuts and hybrids with the butternut, and +about the same number of Persian walnut seedlings, which have been +brought in by the late Professor Jas. A. Neilson, were transplanted to +the permanent fruiting positions. The Japanese walnuts and hybrids were +worthless and so were discarded. The Persian walnuts, however, seemed to +be of more value, several are quite nice nuts and one, at least, looks +to be worthy of increase for further trial or limited distribution. This +seedling (field number 13R3T14) has made very fair growth and has shown +only slight winter injury. For the last five or six years it has given +moderately good yields of very nice looking nuts. The nuts are large, +rather long and oval, resembling somewhat the Franquette. The shell is +smooth and moderately thick, well sealed but easy to crack. Usually they +are quite well filled and the kernel is mild in flavour and of nice +quality. + +Another Persian walnut, set out about the same time, is the McDermid. +The original tree was found on the property of a Mr. McDermid at St. +Catharines, Out. One grafted tree and four seedlings were planted on the +Station grounds. They grew well and showed very little killing back and +for several years gave quite nice crops of nuts, but of recent years the +yield has been rather small. The nut is blunt-oval in shape and of good +size with a fairly hard shell which is well sealed but not any too easy +to open. The quality is fairly good but the pellicle is rather strong +flavoured. + +The year 1936 may be considered the high water mark in nut planting at +the Station. A variety block of filberts was set out that year and fifty +one-year-old Persian walnut seedlings (Carpathian strain) were planted +in a nursery row, and in permanent location in 1937. The filbert +planting consisted of from three to nine bushes each of twelve +varieties, including Aveline (white), Barcelona, Bixby, Bolwyller, +Buchanan, Cosford, Daviana, Du Chilly, Medium Long, Red Lambert (?) and +Jones hybrid. These were planted in a compact block, 18 feet apart each +way on the square. A lesser distance no doubt would be sufficient for +upright growing sorts like Du Chilly but some of the more spreading +kinds can use the greater distance. + +Most of these filberts started to yield a few nuts at five to seven +years from planting and at nine or ten years were giving good crops. +Yields have fluctuated considerably from year to year, and also between +varieties and different bushes of the same variety. Yields obtained from +individual ten-year-old bushes and size of nut are given in the +following table. + + Quarts[2] Pints, nuts Size of nut + Name (with husks) (without husks) No. per pint + + Barcelona 11 8 101 + Bixby (1) 11 9 130 + Bixby (2) 22 12 148 + Daviana (1) 10 6 94 + Daviana (2) 11 7 90 + Du Chilly (1) 20 11 93 + Du Chilly (2) 17 12 92 + Medium Long 11 8 115 + +[Footnote 2: Canadian measure.] + +Higher yields have undoubtedly been obtained from other plantations and +from other individual bushes and certainly lower yields, also, may be +expected. Those given above are for 1946 from the best ten-year-old +bushes in a plantation of forty plants. + +Yield and size of nut while of major importance are not the only +criteria for appraising the value of a nut variety. In filberts, such +points as ease of husking, amount of fibre and, of course, quality must +be considered. Also, as in other nuts, thickness of shell and +proportions of kernel to shell are quite important. Vigour and hardiness +of bush and hardiness of flower, male and female, are assumed, as +without these high yields are not to be expected. + +Most of the filbert varieties in bearing at the Horticultural Experiment +Station with a few of their outstanding qualities are noted below. + +Barcelona has a rather thick shell and too much fibre. It matures early, +first week of September, and the nuts drop out of the husk fairly +readily. The plant is strong and vigorous and somewhat spreading in +habit of growth. It appears to be hardy. + +Du Chilly is not always hardy and it is difficult to husk. Some bushes +of this variety have given quite low yields. + +Medium Long is a useful nut. It is not as large as the former two, but +it fills well and there is very little fibre; also the shell is thin. It +ripens somewhat later than Barcelona and is easy to husk. + +Bixby is of medium size, somewhat pointed with a medium thick shell but +almost no fibre. It is late in maturing, first week of October, and does +not husk readily. + +Daviana is a large, attractive nut with a moderately thin shell and has +very little fibre. The quality is good. The nuts are mostly borne singly +but with some pairs and they are apt to cling to the husk. + +Cosford is a very nice nut. It is similar to Medium Long, somewhat +smaller and of good appearance. It has a thin shell and is of good +quality. It ripens early and separates readily from the husk. Perhaps +not always hardy. + +Bolwyller is hardy, yields moderately well and has nice quality. + +Buchanan, much like Bixby, but a more vigorous grower. Rather difficult +to pick. The nut has good quality and very little fibre. + +Italian Red, one of the best but not hardy. + +The filbert plantings have been added to from time to time. In 1942, 200 +open-pollinated seedlings of the hardy seedling (3R1AT 10, 11, 12--1922 +planting) were set out and are now (1947) beginning to bear a few nuts. +The main purpose of growing these seedlings is to find a larger nut of +good quality with the vigour and hardiness of the female parent. + +In 1944 a bush each of Beethe, Buchanan, Luisen and Volkugel varieties +were set out, also bushes of the following hybrids: + + Rush x White Aveline No. 21 + + Rush x Kentish Cob No. 110 and 111 + + Rush x Barcelona No. 157 and 159 + + Rush x Bolwyller No. 200 + + Rush x Red Lambert No. 394 and 398 + + Rush x Du Chilly No. 485 and 555 + + Rush x Daviana No. 529 and 521 + +This material was supplied by the New York State Agricultural Experiment +Station for test purposes. So far none of these has come into bearing. + +The seedling Carpathian walnuts (1937 planting) are nearly all bearing a +few nuts. Some began in 1943 while other bore nothing until several +years later. One tree in 1946 gave six pints of nuts, without the husks, +another four pints and several two pints, but most of them much less. As +in other seedling trees there is much variation in this lot of walnuts. +They vary considerably in habit of growth and vigour, also in nut +characteristics. They have shown little or no winter injury. It is too +early yet to pass judgment on these seedlings. Undoubtedly many of them +are worthless, others are on the border line, and a few may be better +than seedlings already growing in the Niagara fruit belt. It is possible +that some may have sufficient hardiness for planting in the less +favoured sections of Ontario. + +Other types of nuts growing at the Horticultural Experiment Station are +of general interest. The chestnuts and most of the pecans are very young +and so are not bearing. Several hickories, =Carya ovata= and +=C. laciniosa=, and Japanese walnuts bear some nuts occasionally. The +Persian walnut x black walnut hybrids bear a few nuts sometimes but are +worthless; the trees however, are nice as ornamentals. The Japanese +walnut x butternut hybrids usually have a nice crop but the nuts are of +questionable value. The trees are nice ornamentals although subject to +wind injury. + +Several seedling Chinese chestnuts were topworked to selected Chinese +chestnuts, grafts of which were obtained from the Division of Forest +Pathology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Unfortunately these +were all destroyed at the result of construction work. + +In addition to plantings made at this Station, nuts and nut seedlings +have been distributed to people who wished to grow a few nut trees on +their own places. + +Cultural practices have been very simple at the Station. After planting, +the trees were cultivated for a year or two, then the space between sown +to grass and clover and the space just around the trees was mulched with +manure, hay, etc. The grass is cut several times a year and placed +around the trees as additional mulch. Small quantities of a good +commercial fertilizer such as 4-8-10 have been applied occasionally and +some nitrogen also has been used. + +Pruning has been reduced to a minimum, a light thinning out of branches +being given as required. Very little attempt has been made to keep +filberts to a single stem, but the walnuts have been kept to a single +low-headed trunk. + +There has been a marked increase in interest in the planting of nut +trees in Ontario since the first plantings were made at the Station. +These Station plantings serve to demonstrate in a small way that nut +trees can be grown in the Niagara fruit belt of Ontario. The +feasibilty, however, of growing nut crops in a commercial way, even in +this district, is still open to question, although it is felt that +farmers and others should be encouraged to plant a few nut trees on +their property both for the sake of the nuts and because of the +ornamental nature of the trees. + + + + +Soil Management for Nut Plantations in Ontario + +J. R. van HAARLEM, Horticultural Experiment Station, Vineland Station, +Ontario + + +Fruitgrowers with high priced land, such as we have in the Niagara +Peninsula, are not much interested in using such land for a crop not yet +proven commercially sound. Plantings, whether large or small, are likely +to be made on low-priced marginal land needing good care. It is doubtful +if these locations are best suited to proper nut culture since most nut +trees are deep rooted with extensive root systems requiring the best +soils. + +At the Vineland Station we have three plantations made up of 110 +walnuts, 240 filberts, 14 chestnuts and 6 pecans. These comprise named +varieties and seedlings of black, Carpathian, and other Persian walnuts, +filberts, chestnuts and pecans. + +During the first years of the life of these plantations we maintained a +clean cultivation program during the spring and early summer followed by +the planting of a green-manure crop about July 1st each year. Such crops +as buckwheat, millet, rye, and weeds, have been used on occasion. We +soon found that the treatment was not good enough for the trees and we +then changed to a grass sod with mulch around each tree within the +spread of the branches. Since this sod-mulch treatment was applied the +trees have done very much better, making fine growth and maintaining a +large leaf area of good color. This treatment is fairly representative +of the many trees planted in dooryards under sod conditions, where the +grass is cut and left on top. + +Most of our Ontario soils are deficient in organic matter and, depending +on location, deficient in phosphate or potash, or both together. The +mineral deficiency should first be corrected by liberal applications of +the required fertilizer before placing the plantations in sod, in fact +it would pay to do this several years before setting out the trees, +growing alfalfa on this land and returning all the hay back into the +soil. For plantations already set out these minerals could be placed in +a furrow cut just under the outer spread of the branches. Our soils have +a high fixation factor for phosphate and potash and we have found that +the best practice is to place the fertilizer under the surface either +with a deep-placement machine or as outlined above. + +After the plantation is in sod an application of 500 to 1,000 lbs. of a +4-8-10 fertilizer every fifth year should take care of the mineral +requirements. However, our experience with fruit in general where +planted in sod is that not sufficient care is taken to keep the trees +well supplied with nitrogen, many growers laboring under the mistaken +idea that just the sod is sufficient. Liberal applications of either +manure or nitrate in the spring is necessary to make sure that the tree +gets its required nitrogen and not just the sod alone. Mineral +fertilizers should be applied in the late fall, for under our conditions +fixation of phosphate and potash is considerably less at that time. The +plantation may be seeded down in the early spring but mulch should not +be added until late fall. Applying the mulch in late fall will allow the +material to fill up with water from the fall rains and winter snows, and +so prevent the serious withholding of water from the trees during dry +spells in the summer, because the light summer rains are seldom +sufficient to soak through the dry mulch material. We have had several +instances where a summer-applied mulch has seriously robbed the tree of +needed moisture during dry weather. Do not look for immediate +improvement from sod-mulch, it will take at least two years to become +well established. Improvement should begin to show up the second year +after applying. + +We sometimes see a chlorotic condition of the foliage, different from +the pale yellow foliage due to nitrogen deficiency, which occurs on +marginal or shallow soil and often where the soil remains too moist, as +along a water course or low spot. We frequently see this same trouble on +grape foliage in such locations. This is probably due to a lack of +sufficient iron intake caused by a deficiency of manganese. It can be +cured by either spraying with a 1% solution of magananese sulphate or +applying the dry salt under the spread of the branches. The spraying +method seems to give better and faster results. + +It has been reported from British Columbia that some die-back is due to +deficiency of boron. Perhaps some of the die-back we see on nut trees +during the summer is due to this cause and not all to winter injury. The +very erratic results from ground application of borax would indicate +that borax should be incorporated with one of the regular sprays as a 1% +mixture. + +Our conclusions therefore are that nut plantations should be placed in +sod as soon as possible and a mulch established the fall of the year the +grass is sown. Each year cut the grass and draw in around the tree to +supplement the mulch. If not enough material is gathered in this way it +can be supplemented by straw or old hay. Manure or nitrate should be +applied each spring and trace elements where needed can be incorporated +in the regular spray program. + + * * * * * + +Discussion after J. R. van Haarlem's paper. + +Dr. MacDaniels: "I realize that there are more trees which are starving +to death than are being overfed." + +Silvis: "Do you recommend that freshly cut hay be used as mulch?" + +Van Haarlem: "Any crop refuse can be used as mulch. Anything that will +rot down. The pH of the soil should be 6.2 to 6.5." + +O'Rourke: "Would you use clean cultivation for the first year?" + +Van Haarlem: "There is nothing against it. We use sod mulch at Vineland. +The reason that our growers are not growing nut plantations is that good +land, that is good soil, sells for $1,000 per acre. Nut trees grown on +poor land, cheap land, do not produce." + +McCollum: "I am surprised that rain would not go through loose straw and +will go through old straw. Where does the rain go when it falls on the +loose straw?" + +Van Haarlem: "It is absorbed before it gets through the straw. Dry mulch +should be 18 inches deep." + +Member: "How would you prevent erosion on rolling land?" + +Van Haarlem: "Plant on the contour." + +Dr. Crane: "How often do you renew mulch under trees?" + +Van Haarlem: "After first application additional may be needed but after +that enough is grown under trees which when cut and raked will +suffice." + + + + +Report from Southern Ontario + +ALEX TROUP, Jordan Station, Ontario + + +Here in southern Ontario we find that most of the northern nuts do well +in most seasons. Among black walnuts the Thomas, Ohio, and many others +do well. The Thomas does not always fill. The Ohio seems to be the +favorite among Persian (English) walnuts. Franquette, Broadview and a +few others are satisfactory but sometimes do not fill well. Of Japanese +heartnut walnuts nearly all do well. The Mitchell, Stranger, Bates and +others are satisfactory. + +All the shagbarks and shellbarks are doing well, although only the young +shagbarks are bearing, and then only lightly. + +Chestnuts have done well at times but some trees have been killed by the +blight. We have Japanese, Chinese and some other seedlings. They are +sometimes winter injured. + +Filberts are satisfactory and usually bear well. We have Barcelona, Du +Chilly, Troup, White Aveline, Italian Red, Kentish Cob, Daviana, Mosier, +Guy Smith, Nonpariel and Brixnut. The Barcelona drops nearly free of the +husk and is a fine nut. Most are of this variety. We do not have hazels. + +Pecans will grow and bear but do not fill. + + + + +Nut Trees Hardy at Aldershot, Ontario, Canada + +O. FILMAN, Aldershot + + +During the past nine or ten years I have planted a few trees of some of +the better known varieties of northern nut species, some of them chosen +from the lists of promising selections in the annual reports of the +Northern Nut Growers Association, some on the recommendation of reliable +nut nurserymen. These trees have been planted here and there in various +locations where space permitted on a small fruit and vegetable farm, not +in orchard form nor in a solid nut tree planting. + +Editor's Note: Anyone reading this paper should remember that it applies +to an area of intensive growth of peaches, pears, and other fruits in a +bit of Canadian land west of Niagara Falls and protected spring and fall +from extremes of temperatures by Lake Ontario on the north and Lake Erie +on the south. The paper by H. L. Crane in this report should be read in +connection with it. + +Aldershot is a fruit and vegetable growing district, about six miles +from Hamilton, below the escarpment, on the Toronto-Hamilton lake shore +highway. This district is almost at the western tip of Lake Ontario and +is more or less a continuation of the Niagara fruit belt which borders +the lake. Consequently the climate is not so severe as that of +localities situated a few miles farther from the lake and above the +Niagara escarpment at higher altitudes. Winter temperatures seldom go +much below zero, although, in occasional seasons, temperatures of-20 +degrees F., and sometimes even somewhat lower, are experienced. + +The soil is a deep, well-drained, light sandy loam, known as Fox sandy +loam, considered a good fruit and vegetable soil, if organic matter and +fertility are maintained with manure, fertilizers and green manure +crops. + +Nut trees, which I have planted, include Chinese chestnut, heart nut, +filbert, hickories, butternut, Persian walnut, a few black walnut +seedlings and two seedling pecans. + +=Chestnuts.= The native chestnut grew in the woods of this locality before +the blight reached it. I have tried eight varieties of Oriental +chestnuts, and I have trees surviving of five: Abundance, Hobson, Carr, +Zimmerman, and one of Mr. Carroll D. Bush's called Chinese Sweet No. 3. +They all came through a temperature of about-20 degrees, early in 1943 +(with the exception of Zimmerman which was planted later) without +showing any sign of killing back or other visible injury. Unfortunately, +I have kept no records of crops but expect to do so. + +=Abundance.= One bearing tree, purchased from Mr. Bush of Oregon, and +planted in the spring of 1938. Bore a few burs in 1941. Bore a crop in +1944, missed 1945, a good crop in 1946. It is bearing what appears to me +to be quite a heavy crop this year, 1947. Blossoms in July. Bears a +good-size, attractive nut, which falls free from the bur, ripening in +early October. Abundance has made the best growth of any of the +varieties and appears the most promising. + +=Hobson.= Two trees, one, planted in 1940, bore its first crop in 1946; +the other, planted in 1943, not yet bearing. Has been a little +disappointing, in view of the very favourable reports of its performance +in more southern locations in the United States. Probably it is a little +too far north of its natural environment. In some seasons it has made +rather good growth, but not as vigorous as that of Abundance. It bore a +fair crop in 1946, however, of attractive nuts of about the same size as +Abundance. It ripened in late October about two weeks later than +Abundance. These nuts germinated well this spring when planted in pots +in the greenhouse. + +=Carr.= One tree surviving, planted in 1940. Two others, planted in 1943, +have died, but I do not believe that winter injury was the cause of +their death. Has grown slowly, bearing in 1944 and 1946. The nut is much +smaller than that produced by the same variety at more southern +latitudes, judging from descriptions of it which I have read. The nut is +much smaller than that of Hobson, as grown here. This small tree bore a +tremendous crop in 1946, more than I thought any tree of its size could +support. The tree was literally covered with burs. The nuts were very +small, not larger than a small native chestnut. They ripened early, +beginning to drop from the burs by September 25th. I stratified most of +the nuts in pots of soil and planted 206 nuts from this little tree, +which is only about seven feet high and not at all spreading. +Germination was good. + +=Zimmerman.= One small tree planted spring of 1945. Not bearing yet. Is +not growing fast but appears healthy with good foliage. + +=Chinese Sweet No. 3.= Purchased from Mr. Bush in 1938. Planted at the +same time as Abundance, which Mr. Bush at that time called Chinese Sweet +No. 1. He later named No. 1 Abundance, but did not consider No. 3 worthy +of naming. Has grown well, but has borne very few nuts. Mr. Bush +discarded it for the same fault. [See comment following.--Ed.] + +I have also tried and lost the following varieties: Connecticut Yankee, +Austin Japanese and Stoke hybrid. + +I have quite a number of young seedlings of Abundance, Carr and a few +of Hobson, from seed produced on my own trees, some of which I hope to +allow to bear in order to see if anything promising shows up among them. +The Abundance seedlings seem to inherit the superior vigour of their +female parent. + +=Heartnuts.= The Japanese walnut grows vigorously. I have planted a few of +Mr. J. U. Gellatly's varieties, as well as the Wright heartnut. All of +the ones planted seem perfectly hardy and at home. I have only one tree +of each variety. + +=O.K.= From J. U. Gellatly, planted in 1942. Transplanted 1944. Bore its +first nuts, one cluster, in 1946. Cracking and extraction of kernel were +excellent. The flavour was fine. Size of nut about medium. + +=Okanda.= From J. U. Gellatly, 1942. Said by Mr. Gellatly to be a hybrid +between heartnut and native butternut. Tree vigorous. Nut has a smooth +shell like a heartnut. Cracking and extraction good. Flavour excellent. +Nut about size and shape of a medium-sized heartnut. Bore its first crop +in 1946 and is repeating this year with a fair crop. + +=Crofter.= From J. U. Gellatly, 1942. Also said by Mr. Gellatly to be a +hybrid between heartnut and butternut. Tree vigorous. Bore its first +crop in 1946 and has a few nuts this year. The nut has a comparatively +smooth shell like a heartnut, is somewhat larger than that of Okanda but +does not crack as well, or rather the kernel does not come out of the +cavity nearly so well as that of Okanda. Flavour fine. + +=Canoka.= From J. U. Gellatly, 1944. A pure heartnut. Tree very vigorous. +Bearing its first crop this year, several clusters. + +=Slioka.= A new heartnut from Mr. Gellatly, planted in 1945. Tree growth +is vigorous. Is bearing one nut, its first, this year. + +=Wright.= From Benton and Smith nurseries 1946. Seems to be hardy. Tree +growth has not been very strong but appears healthy. + +=New, un-named heartnut.= From J. U. Gellatly, planted in the spring of +1944. A new selection which Mr. Gellatly has not named. The tree has +grown vigorously and it is bearing its first crop of several clusters of +nuts. + +=Butternuts.= I have only one grafted butternut tree, a Crax-ezy, from the +Michigan Nut Nurseries in 1940, transplanted in 1942. The tree has been +hardy and healthy but has not grown very vigorously. It is bearing its +first crop this year. + +I had one tree of the Sherwood butternut, planted in 1938, which died +last winter as a result, I believe, of a heavy infestation of oyster +shell scale which I did not control soon enough. Sherwood bore early and +heavily. The nut was extremely large but did not crack at all well. + +=Persian walnut.= Only one grafted tree, a Broadview, from Mr. Gellatly, +planted in 1942, transplanted in 1944. Has been hardy, but has just +begun to make really good growth, this year. Has not borne. + +=Filberts.= I have planted four of Mr. Gellatly's varieties, namely Craig, +Brag, Comet and Holder, as well as Barcelona, Cosford, Medium Long and +Buchanan. Craig and Brag are the only ones which have borne. Trees of +those varieties planted in 1942 bore their first crop in 1946. They have +very few nuts on them this year. All varieties seem to be winter-hardy +in the wood. Craig, Brag and Comet, the only ones which have borne +staminate flowers do not seem too hardy in the catkins however. Nearly +all were killed, last winter, although the temperature scarcely went as +low as zero. Mr. Gellatly states that their catkins survive much lower +temperatures than that in the west. Some other factor than low +temperature probably is accountable. (See paper by H. L. Crane in this +report.--Ed.) + +Cosford, Medium Long and Buchanan were planted in the fall of 1946, and +hence it is too early to have any information on their hardiness. They +survived their first winter in good condition and have grown vigorously +this summer. + +=Hickories.= Only three grafted trees surviving. + +=Pleas hybrid.= One tree, planted in 1938, has been perfectly hardy, +having come through several severe winters without any sign of injury. +It has made good growth and has developed into a fine shade tree for the +lawn but has not borne. It has had many staminate catkins for several +years. + +=Barnes.= One small tree, planted in the spring of 1946, has made slow but +healthy growth and appears to be hardy thus far. + +=Miller.= One tree, planted in 1946, is still living but very weak. + +In addition to these named varieties I have a number of seedling black +walnuts, butternuts and heartnuts, which I hope to topwork to named +varieties; also two seedling pecans which are making surprisingly good, +thrifty growth. The pecan seedlings have been quite hardy. + + * * * * * + +=Discussion after Mr. Filman's paper.= + +Stoke: "Hobson is not as large as Abundance. Abundance is always larger +than Hobson. Carr always produced better nuts than Hobson. Mr. Filman +finds that Carr has very small nuts. I am surprised to see a reversal of +performance between Ontario and Virginia." + +McDaniel: "Mr. Bush now reports that his No. 3 chestnut has borne better +crops recently. Abundance has not survived in TVA tests at Norris." + + + + +Report from Echo Valley, 1947 + +GEORGE HEBDEN CORSAN, Islington, Ontario + + +The Northern Nut Growers Association visited Echo Valley, Islington, +Ontario, September 5th on the field trip following their annual +convention at Guelph. Some 15 species of nuts and nearly 400 varieties +are growing there. The filberts drew a lot of attention, as the most of +them were seedlings and quite large, some larger than the largest Oregon +varieties. The seeds planted were: Italian Red. Du Chilly, Giant de +Halle, Brixnut, Bollwyller, Cosford, Daviana, and Jones No. 1 Hybrid. +The policy followed has been not to discard a plant because it bears +small nuts or no nuts at all, because such trees may bear hardy catkins +that live through the winter. The female blossoms of filberts are very +hardy but many male blossoms may be killed during cold winters. + +Years ago the Dominion Department of Agriculture declared that filberts, +chestnuts and Persian (English) walnuts could not be grown north of Lake +Ontario. I would grant that they grow better south of the lake. +However, the filbert crop this fall south of the lake was very poor and +scanty, whereas mine was large and in fact the largest I ever had. My +Winkler and Rush hazelnuts are crowded on the branches. And the same +with the English walnuts. My crop on the larger trees could not be +better. The Thomas black walnut, as well as other black walnuts, Jap +heartnuts, hybrid butternut x Japanese heartnut cross, chestnuts and +hickories are very large. + +Hicans and northern pecans do not develop north of Lake Ontario. Down in +the very southwest corner of Ontario, north of Lake Erie, some small +pecans have cropped well on trees. As a curiosity pecan trees are quite +hardy here, but we lack length of season to mature the nuts properly. No +Weiker hickory hybrid crops and ripens well here. This nut is one of the +very few crosses between shellbark and shagbark hickories, (=Carya +laciniosa=) western and (=Carya ovata=) eastern, hickories. + +I have some crosses between the Chinese and Japanese chestnuts that I am +watching. I have one European x American cross chestnut, the Gibbons, +and one native (=Castanea dentata=) that have escaped the blight. So far +this year I have found only one blighted chestnut limb and I promptly +cut it off and tarred the cut well. + +At least I have persimmons hardy enough to stand the winters north of +Lake Ontario, but I am not sure about the pawpaw. This fruit seems to +require shade from the winter's sun. + +Many but not all of the Crath importations of Persian walnuts from the +Carpathians are hardy and much more so than the Pomeroy varieties. Even +the Broadview is not hardy as many of the Crath varieties. Rev. Crath +did an immense service to us by his importations which far exceeded our +highest expectations. I have here nearly half a hundred varieties of +=Juglans regia= that are doing well, especially the three Rumanian giants +that ripen so well here. + + +List of Some of the Larger and More Important Trees at Echo Valley, +Islington, Ontario + + =Black Walnut= + Stambaugh 1926--1st prize. + Thomas from J. F. Jones, late ripener. + Troup, cracks out whole in spring. + Hepler, from Miss Riehl, a long nut. + Elmer Myers, excellent flavor, the thinest shell. + Snyder, medium size, large kernel. + Tasterite, a small nut, origin New York State. + Clark, origin Iowa, very large nut. + Gifford, bears very heavy crop every second year, ripens before + Thomas. + + =Persian (English) Walnut= + David Fairchild, seedling Rumanian giant. + Senator Pepper, seedling Rumanian giant. + Paul de Kruif, seedling Rumanian giant. + Chinese, very hardy, medium size. + Broadview, from British Columbia but originally from Russia. + + =Hickory= + Neilson, a true shagbark, nut large flat and very thin shell, flavor + is wonderful. A big tree on highway 24 not far south of where + Alexander Graham Bell perfected the telephone. + Hagen, a true shagbark, a fast grower. + Hand, a shagbark. + Weiker, a shellbark and shagbark cross, a large, heavy bearing nut + that ripens here north of Lake Ontario. Excellent flavor, grafted + on pecan. + Papple, a small good shagbark, cracks out whole. + Anthony No. 1 shagbark. + Glover, from Miss Riehl. + + =Heartnut= + Wright, a good bearer and excellent cracker. + Stranger, very heavy bearer, excellent cracker. + Gellatly. + + =Filbert= + Italian Red, medium long with wide base. + Bollwyller, large round. + Du Chilly, long smooth. + Many seedlings of named varieties. + + =Chestnut= + Gibbons, Miss Riehl, hybrid European American. + Chinese, test not completed. + + =Jap Butternut= + Helmick, from Miss Riehl, 14 cluster, regular bearer, very thin shell, + grafted on black walnut. + + + + +Report from Beamsville, Ontario + +LEVI HOUSSER + + +About twenty years ago I started to plant nut trees, as I decided nuts +were the solution to good health, which I later found was correct. Most +of my first trees died. I started gathering nuts all over the country +until at last, near my own home, I found a neighbor who had ten trees +and two out of the ten were bearing large size nuts of an excellent +flavor. I also added filberts to my collection. + +About this time I learned of Prof. Neilson, so I went to see him in +Guelph. He told me about the Northern Nut Growers Association. I also +learned about Mr. Corsan and his work at Islington so I went to see him. +He also told me about the Association so I went to the next meeting and +joined up. I began to add more varieties to my plantings. My first four +acre planting was seeded with oats the second year. All my tress had a +nice start. I spent some three hundred dollars that year for grafted nut +trees. That second fall I hired a man to watch and stand by each tree as +the binder passed. It was impossible for me to be there. The man who cut +the oats in his own stubborn way went alone and cut everything as he +went, trees and all. My heart was nearly broken! I started again. I +bought nuts of good varieties from all over. I decided to make a little +nursery this time then plant out after the trees got bigger. Just as I +got this started nicely the war came. I also had a fruit farm where I +now live besides also planting some grafted stock here. My nursery, +seventy-eight miles away on my fifty acres, I had to leave as gas was +rationed and I was forced to sell, so remaining there are about one +hundred trees which I shall watch. My best trees died but I kept going +on planting every year. Today, after all the calamities I had, I have +around two hundred trees living. + +This year I expect two bushels of heartnuts; about two bushels of +filberts; some extra nice ones that ripened early, large and well +filled; about two bushels of black walnuts, some very promising. Besides +these I have about fifty trees of the Carpathian walnuts from which I +have gathered about two quarts of nuts. My oldest tree is ten years old. +One I grafted on black walnut stock and it is a very large nut. I +gathered five nuts from this. The graft is now five years old. Hundreds +of nuts started; nearly all dropped off. Possibly as the tree gets older +it will do better as I have planted several other nut trees not far away +to help with cross pollination. + +I have some good sized butternuts and I gathered about 17 quarts of +these so I expect to have enough nuts to supply my daily needs from now +on from my own plantings. After twenty years of hard work and with an +outlay of at least $1,000, my trees, as they grow up around me, are like +children to me. They supply me with food. My nervousness was cured by +them and my health has returned. + +My worst enemy here with filberts is they start to grow too early, then +a frost comes and they are done after a week or two of nice weather. +Even though we have this trouble we gathered nearly two bushels from 25 +trees which are eight years old. + +Our lowest temperature here was 20 below zero a few years ago. My +Carpathians did not seem to mind that nor did the heartnuts. From now on +I am planning my own little nursery and do my own grafting as well. I +top work my young trees that show poor nuts. + + + + +Nut Growing in New Hampshire + +L. P. LATIMER, Assistant Horticulturist, University of New Hampshire, +Durham, New Hampshire + + +At the present time there are no nuts grown commercially in New +Hampshire. Those gathered by the residents of this state for home use or +local consumption are comprised almost entirely of butternuts from wild +seedling trees and nuts of the native hickory. The butternut is the most +highly prized among our native nuts. It grows wild over a large portion +of the state. The hickory nuts take second place, probably because of +their smaller size and the greater difficulty involved in removing the +meat from the shells. Black walnuts are occasionally found but do not +seem generally as popular. + +Dr. A. F. Yeager of the Horticultural Department of the University of +New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, has several times called for +specimens of superior butternuts grown in the state. These have been +tested for their cracking ability, and size of kernel and ease of +removal from the shell in halves or as whole meats. Several very fine +specimens have been collected, but progress in the development of these +better types has been impeded by the difficulty involved in trying to +propagate them vegetatively. The New Hampshire Horticultural Department +would gladly welcome any information concerning the propagation of the +butternut that would make grafting or budding successful. + +The best possibility in developing commercial nut crops in New +Hampshire apparently lies first in the use of the hazel or filbert. +Although the European filbert has not been very successful, such +varieties of the American hazel as Winkler and Rush look promising. The +Winkler has borne heavy crops but in a short summer season the nuts do +not always mature fully in the fall. Although we have had much less +experience with the Rush variety, this does mature earlier in the fall +and seems promising. Some of the Jones hybrids have been tested at the +Experiment Station in Durham, a few of which have done quite well. Of +these Jones hybrids No. 1181, 1154, and 1094 have made quite vigorous +growth. Seedling No. 1094 has been outstanding, producing good sized +nuts which mature well and shell out easily from the husks. In type and +flavor of nut it resembles the European hazel quite strongly under our +conditions. + +So far, none of the chestnuts, including the Chinese species, have shown +great enough resistance to chestnut blight to warrant their +recommendation. We still hope that we may discover a good chestnut for +this section. The hardy Persian or English walnuts have not been tested +long enough to warrant any conclusion as to their promise for New +Hampshire; one difficulty will probably lie in the fact that the nuts of +some do not ripen properly under our cool, short summer conditions. + +Mr. Matthew Lahti of Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, has been experimenting +with various species and varieties of nuts for that section. His +location on the shore of Lake Winnipesaukee undoubtedly presents a more +favorable site for growing certain types of nut plants than exists here +in Durham, or most other parts of New Hampshire. At the present moment I +have on my desk a parcel received from Mr. Lahti containing some fine +specimens of one of the hardy Persian walnuts which he is growing in +Wolfeboro. The unusually warm and dry late summer and fall of this year +have favored the maturity of this walnut. (For a detailed description of +Mr. Lahti's experience with nut varieties, please refer to his paper +printed below.) + + + + +Nut Notes from New Hampshire + +MATTHEW LAHTI + + +Not being able to attend the annual convention I thought possibly some +of the members might be interested in the following random notes of an +amateur nut grower. + +My place is in Wolfeboro, N. H., which is situated in the eastern end of +Lake Winnepesaukee, 43 degrees, 35 minutes north latitude; elevation +above sea level, 687'. The elevation of the lake is 504'. Wolfeboro is +just about at the northern fringe of the climate where peaches will +ripen, that is during favorable years in favored locations. Improved +varieties of field corn will ripen during favorable seasons. It also +happens to be the northern fringe of the American chestnut, in favored +location. I have discovered a number of saplings that are still alive. +As a matter of fact, three or four years ago I was fortunate in finding +some ripened nuts, but the trees that bore those nuts have since died of +the blight. While a certain variety of old fashioned sweet cherry will +live and bear fruit, some of the recent improved varieties will not +live. Every one that I have planted was winter-killed. The Montmorency +cherry, however, does well. It is also the northern limit of the pignut. +Butternuts do very well. + + +DDT Dust versus Butternut Curculio + +I was prompted to write this note by reading Mr. S. H. Graham's article +entitled "An Experiment with DDT" appearing on page 101 of the 1945 +annual report, in which he states that the butternut curculio did not +survive DDT powder. + +In the past four or five years the butternut curculio (identified as +such by Prof. Conklin of the University of N. H.) has all but ruined my +Crath Persian walnuts and heartnuts, so, acting on the basis of Mr. +Graham's experiment, I had my trees dusted early in the morning when the +dew was on the leaves, using a 10% DDT powder, the first time about May +30 and again two weeks later, and I am happy to say that this dusting +has been very effective. I have been unable to find any sign of curculio +injury this year, although I have seen it nearby on some native +butternut trees. + +My Gellatly heartnut was riddled by the curculio last year. This year, +when the dusting was done, this tree was overlooked, so I undertook to +dust it myself, and not realizing that the Niagara duster which I used +was set in the closed position, I dusted the tree with considerable +effort. In spite of the small amount of dust that came out, it proved +sufficient to keep the curculios away or else to kill them so that there +is no sign of any damage at this writing. + + +Persian Walnuts + +In the spring of 1938 I planted a number of Crath Persian walnut +seedlings. Out of possibly eight or ten, only two survive. (I gave each +one about three years, and if it showed serious winter injury, I pulled +it up.) I was pleasantly surprised the other day to discover that one of +them has borne a single nut this year. This particular tree is at least +300' from any other Persian walnut, so it looks as if it were +self-fertile. It now remains to be seen whether or not the nut will +ripen. + +In the spring of 1940, I planted a Broadview Persian walnut graft on +black walnut stock, and this tree is bearing for the first time with +eighteen nuts showing. Three or four years ago this Broadview suffered +some winter damage by a split trunk and split lower branch. I painted +over the cracks with gasket cement, and they are now healed. The +Broadview has also shown some winter-kill of terminal twigs, but not +enough to affect its bearing this year. There has been no splitting of +the trunks or branches of the two surviving Crath Persian walnut trees +and no winter injury to terminal twigs. The Crath walnut trees are now +18" in circumference a foot from the ground and about 12 to 15' tall. +The Broadview on the black walnut stock has a circumference of 16" above +the graft and 15-1/4" below the graft, tending to show that the +Broadview grows faster than the black walnut. + +It is interesting to note that the Broadview blooms a week or ten days +later than the Crath Persian walnut, and at the same time as the native +butternut. + + +Black Walnuts + +I have planted a few Thomas black walnut seedlings, two grafts, and a +Tasterite black walnut graft. A Thomas black walnut graft has borne nuts +in three different years, including this year. The graft was sent out in +the spring of 1939, and the seedlings were set out in the spring of +1940. The seedlings have not yet borne. The Thomas black walnut graft +last bore three years ago, when the nuts on the whole ripened and were +well filled. We had a very cold spring in 1945, so much so that apples +were almost a total failure. + +I also planted a Tasterite black walnut in the spring of 1939, and this +is the first year that it has borne any nuts. It remains to be seen +whether they will be filled out or not. There is, however, an important +difference between the Thomas and the Tasterite, which are growing only +50' apart, namely that the Thomas suffers from winter injury to the +terminal twigs each year, whereas there has not been any sign of such +injury to the Tasterite. + + +Hickories + +I have planted possibly two dozen of a number of varieties of hickories, +of which only nine survive to date, the cause being not winter injury +but what appears to me to have been improper circulation through the +graft union. They would struggle along for three or four years +(producing suckers from the root stock which I broke off), and then die. +None of these has borne any nuts yet except the Weschcke, which was +planted in the fall of 1941, and which is now bearing one nut. This nut +is a mystery to me because the tree bore no catkins. There are no +hickory trees within thirty miles of the vicinity to my knowledge, and +the nearest pignut tree is perhaps three-quarters of a mile distant, in +a direction against the prevailing winds, the intervening space being +forest. Could it be possible that the Weschcke hickory was pollinated by +a butternut or the Broadview Persian walnut? A big butternut tree stands +within 60' and the Broadview is situated about 150' distant. + + +Heartnuts + +I have tried a number of heartnuts, including the Gellatly and the +Wright. Only a single Gellatly survives. Here again the cause was not +winter injury so much as either the butternut curculio or other causes. +The Gellatly, while suffering some terminal twig winter injury and deer +damage by rubbing of horns, has borne and ripened nuts. + + +Filberts and Hazelnuts + +I planted a number of Winkler hazels in the fall of 1940, and this is +the second year of bearing. The nuts hardly have time to ripen in our +climate and a good many of the catkins get winter-killed. + +In the spring of 1939 I planted a number of filbert seeds received from +Mr. Slate such as No. 128 Rush Barcelona; Medium Long; and Red Lambert. +These are bearing for the first time this year, and judging from the +size of the nuts now, it looks as if they will mature. Many of the +catkins were winter-killed. + +Bixby and Buchanan planted in the spring of 1939: While the plants did +very well, most of the catkins invariably were winter-killed, so I was +obliged to pull them up. + +I have a feeling that filberts would do better here if it were not for +the very cold winds that blow off the lake in winter, killing most of +the catkins. + +I discovered a wild hazel in Lexington, Mass., (which town is located in +a so-called cold air pocket) the nuts of which are almost equal to the +Winkler. I have transplanted some of these to Wolfeboro and shall know +more about them later. I also discovered some wild hazels in +northeastern Maine, between Lincoln and Vanceboro on the border of New +Brunswick, Canada, which two weeks ago had good sized, well filled nuts +on them. I have also transplanted some of these to Wolfeboro. + +In closing I should like to thank all officers, committee members, and +others who are responsible for the annual report. To those of us who do +not get to the conventions very often, the report is the Northern Nut +Growers Association, and a source of very valuable and interesting +information, especially to an amateur like myself. + + + + +A Simplified Schedule for Judging Black Walnut Varieties + +L. H. MacDANIELS and S. S. ATWOOD, Cornell University + + +All its members would agree that the Northern Nut Growers Association +should have an officially accepted schedule for judging black walnuts +and the other kinds of nuts with which it is concerned. Some yardstick +is needed to serve as a basis for the comparison of varieties which the +members of the Association will use. Persons familiar with nut varieties +are freqeuntly asked to answer questions about the best varieties to +plant. Of course there is no simple answer to such a question as many +factors besides the nuts themselves determine the value of a variety. +The quality and value of the nuts are, however, the most important +initial consideration in selecting a variety on its merit and there +should be some objective test adopted to aid in evaluating nut samples. + +During the many years that the Northern Nut Growers Association has been +operating more than a hundred and fifty varieties of black walnuts have +been named. Yet at the present time we are not certain which are the +better varieties except in a very general way. There is no widely +accepted judging schedule being used as is evident in the tables +published by Seward Berhow in his paper in the 1945 Proceedings (2). In +these tables scores are given but these come from several sources and +are not comparable and hence are of little value in making comparisons. + +There have been many schedules for judging black walnuts presented in +the past. One of the first was proposed by the late Willard G. Bixby (3, +4). This was complicated and never came into general use although the +testing done by Mr. Bixby was a valuable contribution to our knowledge +of varieties. The late N. F. Drake tested many varieties through the +years according to a schedule of his own devising (5, 6). Professor +Drake's schedule was related to his concept of a perfect walnut and the +various values were related to this on a percentage basis. This schedule +never had wider acceptance, chiefly because it was too complicated and +required too much figuring. + +Mr. C. A. Reed has probably tested more varieties of nuts and is more +familiar with varieties than any other person but he does not have a +definite scoring schedule. Kline and Chase (7) summarized results of the +testing work that had been done and Kline (8) compared varieties +according to a system which he devised in which they were rated in terms +of return per hour of labor spent in cracking and extracting the +kernels. Mr. C. C. Lounsberry has proposed a method of scoring which was +related to kernel cavity measurement (9). + +In 1935, a Committee on Varieties and Standards endeavored to formulate +a working schedule that would be adopted as official. This committee set +up a score that represented the best thinking of the group at that time +(1). Twenty-five nut samples were used. The score was the sum of the +weight of an individual nut in grams plus twice the per cent kernel of +the weight of the nuts recovered in the first crack plus the total +percentage of kernel plus 1/10 of a point for each quarter kernel +recovered. Penalties were proposed for shrunken kernels and empty nuts. +Through the years a large number of samples have been tested according +to this scoring schedule (11). In 1943, MacDaniels and Wilde (12) +summarized the previous work done, added many tests and evaluated the +scoring system. This was not considered to be altogether satisfactory. +In the first place, it was somewhat cumbersome and had never been +adopted by the Association nor had it been used much by others. The +figuring of percentages and penalties made a score too involved for wide +aceptance. A very serious difficulty was the problem of shrunken kernels +and empty nuts. Obviously, with a score related to the weight of the +sample before cracking, the inclusion of a number of empty nuts made it +impossible to make any accurate correction in the percentages that were +used in the score. Penalties did not solve the problem. Also the initial +weight of the sample varied with the amount of husk clinging to the +shells. From this work it was evident that an acceptable score would +have to be formulated on some other basis. + +The next approach was to analyze data of this type statistically in an +attempt to devise a better scoring system (1). The results from such a +study proved valuable in answering such questions as 1) the size of +sample necessary to obtain significant differences between samples; 2) +the significance of small differences in measurements or in scores and +3) the amount of variation that is normal and without significance in +comparing varieties. + +The following qualifications were considered essential to a workable +schedule: + +1) The schedule must be easy to use. + +2) The schedule must concern itself with objective qualities or +characters which can be weighed or measured. It cannot be concerned with +flavor and other characters upon which there may be disagreement and +which depend upon personal preference. + +3) Characters must be avoided which vary with the treatment of the +samples themselves such as color of kernels. + +4) It must give a score that will separate samples on small differences. + +Considering the problem from these angles and scrutinizing the older +schedules, a number of ideas came out. First of all, why include the +shells? If shells are discarded a number of problems would be solved, +such as the cleaning of the nuts and adjustments for shrivelled and +empty nuts. Also, why reduce any of the weights or measures to +percentages which only add to the complexity of the score? The actual +amount of kernels recovered reflects both the size of nuts and the yield +of kernels. Plumpness of the kernels is reflected in the total weight of +kernels and does not need to be considered separately. + +The important elements in a score were considered to be: + +1) The crackability of the nuts of the variety. This is measured by the +weight of kernels obtained in the first crack. + +2) The yield of the variety. This is measured in the total weight of +kernels. + +3) The marketability of the product. This can be measured by the number +of pieces in the sample. In general, the smaller the number and the +larger the size of the pieces the better the marketability. + +With this general background in mind, many samples were tested and the +results published in the 1945 report[1]. In order to secure the data +needed the kernels of the individual nuts in the samples were weighed +separately. + +NOTE: All samples were cracked with the (John W.) Hershey nut +cracker. + +Some of the conclusions drawn from these tests were as follows: + +1) Using kernel weights only gives a rapid and accurate test of +differences between varieties. + +2) Ten nuts are adequate for a single sample. + +3) The location of the tree with reference to climate and soil is +probably the most important single factor influencing kernel yield. No +evidence was obtained, however, to indicate that the varieties ranked +significantly different at different locations. + +4) If reasonable care is used in cracking the differences due to +different operators tend to be non-significant. + +The statistical proof that a ten-nut sample is adequate and that +differences between operators are not significant are two findings that +are important in setting up a schedule. + +During the past year further testing has been done, in which scores were +computed from ten-nut samples.[A] The samples had preliminary cool, dry +storage to assure comparable moisture content. Enough nuts were cracked +in each sample to secure ten that were well filled. Empty nuts were +recorded. The following data were kept for each sample: + +1) The weight of the kernels recovered in first crack in grams. + +2) The total weight of the kernels in grams. + +3) The number of quarters and number of halves recovered. + +Scores were computed as 1) the weight of the first crack in grams plus +2) half of the total weight of the kernels recovered in grams plus 3) +the number of quarters divided by four and, 4) the number of halves +divided by two. In this score, it was considered that the crackability +of the sample was measured by the weight of the first crack; the yield, +by the total weight of kernels secured from the sample; the +marketability by the number of quarters and halves. From the use of this +schedule scores were secured ranging from 83.9 for the variety Thomas +grown in Maryland to 37.4 for the variety Huen, which is a small nut +giving relatively small kernel yield. + +Analyses of the data to determine the percentage of the score that was +derived from each component showed that crackability as measured by the +weight of the kernels recovered in first crack gave an average of 54% of +the score with a range of 49 to 58 for the different samples; yield, as +measured by total weight of kernels divided by two, 31% with range of 27 +to 34%; marketability measured by number of quarters divided by four 14% +with range of 10 to 22% and number of halves divided by two 1%. The +percentage of the score derived from the number of halves was so small +as to be negligible. It seemed better, therefore, to base the score on +only three elements, namely, the weight of the first crack, the total +yield of kernels and the number of quarters recovered from the sample. + +On this basis the problem becomes that of deciding the weights that +should be given to these three components. The score as set up +emphasizes the crackability of the variety much more than its +marketability. This seems logical because the value of a variety is in +large part dependent upon the ease of recovery of the kernels on first +cracking. Several different combinations of the weighting of these three +components were considered and it was decided that the most logical was +to weight the elements as follows: 1) The weight of first crack in +grams. 2) The total weight of the kernels divided by two and 3) the +number of quarters recovered divided by 2. If there are halves, each +half would count as two quarters. + + + Table I. Average scores from 18 black walnut samples cracked by three + operators and computed by two scoring systems. + + Scoring Systems[3] + -------------------- + Variety Source Year I II + points points + Thomas Maryland '46 83.9 93.1 + Snyder Ithaca, N. Y. (A) '46 81.8 89.2 + Ohio Maryland '46 79.5 88.9 + Thomas Ithaca, N. Y. (A) '46 76.4 85.5 + Norris Tennessee '45 76.1 83.9 + Stambaugh Ithaca, N. Y. (A) '46 75.9 81.0 + Stambaugh Ithaca, N. Y. (A) '46 74.0 83.2 + Thomas Tennessee '45 71.5 79.6 + Thomas Ithaca, N. Y. (B) '46 65.7 74.6 + Cornell Ithaca, N. Y. (C) '46 59.3 67.6 + Stabler Maryland '45 56.9 64.5 + Cresco Ithaca, N. Y. (A) '46 55.8 65.2 + Seedling No. 1 Geneva, N. Y. '46 52.7 62.2 + Seedling No. 3 Geneva, N. Y. '46 50.6 59.0 + Brown Ohio '45 49.7 59.4 + Stabler Tennessee '45 47.5 51.4 + Seedling No. 2 Geneva, N. Y. '46 44.4 52.2 + Huen Iowa '46 37.4 44.9 + Least significant difference (5%) 6.3 6.6 + + [Footnote 3: Score I=Weight (grams) 1st crack + Total weight (grams) + + -------------------- + 2 + + Number quarters + Number halves + --------------- ------------- + 4 2 + + Score II=Weight (grams) 1st crack + + + Total weight (grams) + + -------------------- + 2 + + Number quarters + --------------- + 2 ] + +Calculating the percentage of each component in the total score on this +basis gives crackability 48%, yield 27%, marketability 25%. This +schedule gives relatively more weight to marketability as against the +other two components. The average scores of 18 samples cracked by three +operators and calculated on both the above described schedules are given +in table I. + +The table shows that the rank of the different samples was not changed +materially by using only the three components, except in a few cases in +which there were an appreciable number of halves. The Stabler has many +one-lobed nuts which increase the number of halves recovered. It is to +be noted that with both schedules the least significant difference at +the 5% level is about 6 score points. + +Table II gives the score calculated by schedule II for five samples, +each cracked by six operators. The difference between operators is not +significant but the difference between varieties is highly significant. + +Table II. Scores from five samples of black walnuts each cracked by six +operators according to scoring schedule II. + + Operators + ---------------------------------- + Variety Location Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average + + Snyder Ithaca, N. Y. '46 89.2 87.3 78.9 94.4 87.5 91.5 86.5 + Thomas Ithaca, N. Y. (A) '46 83.5 79.2 83.1 78.0 84.2 83.8 83.6 + Thomas Ithaca, N. Y. (B) '46 73.1 67.4 73.4 74.1 69.6 83.8 73.6 + Cresco Ithaca, N. Y. '46 66.0 69.2 63.1 67.2 68.5 60.2 65.7 + Brown Ohio '45 62.5 51.0 65.4 60.4 48.1 64.8 58.7 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Average 74.9 70.8 72.8 72.8 71.6 78.8 73.6 + Least significant difference (5%) for variety averages 6.2 + +A third scoring system, involving 1) weight of kernels in grams for the +first crack, plus 2) total weight of kernels, 3) all divided by the +number of marketable pieces (as counted following sifting on a 1/4" +round hole screen) was tried, and the resulting ranking of the varieties +was very similar to that obtained with systems I and II. The results +from this system appeared to be the most precise, but it was not +considered as generally acceptable as system II, since the latter would +be easier to record and calculate. + +It is the opinion of the authors that Schedule II gives a score that +estimates very well the relative merit of the samples tested as to +crackability, yield and marketability. It is simple to use and the only +equipment required is a scale accurate to 1/10 gram. Calculations are +reduced to a minimum and the characters used are not dependent on +judgment of the individual making the test. It should be pointed out, +however, that differences in score of less than six points are not +significant on the basis of testing done to date. As more tests are made +this value may be reduced. The schedule should serve as a measure to +establish differences between varieties, particularly when a +considerable number of tests are made. It can also be relied upon to +measure differences due to the location of trees of the same variety, +variation of the same variety from year to year in the same and in +different locations and differences of a similar nature. In ranking +varieties which have scores within the limits of variability, it will be +necessary to use judgment as to small differences of appearance. No +scoring schedule can be expected to entirely eliminate the judgment of +experts. Also it must be realized that characters other than the nuts, +such as bearing habit, hardiness, yield of trees, disease resistance +and the like must be considered in finally establishing the value of a +variety. + + +References Cited + + 1. Atwood. S. S. and L. H. MacDaniels. Tests of black walnut varieties + for differences in kernel yields. N.N.G.A Rept. 36: 44-50, 1945. + + 2. Berhow, Seward. Black walnut variety tabulations. N.N.G.A Rept. 36: + 38-43, 1945. + + 3. Bixby, W. G. Judging nuts. N.N.G.A. Rept. 10: 122-133, 1919. + + 4. ----. The 1929 contests and the method of testing used. N.N.G.A. Rept. + 22: 42-63, 1931. + + 5. Drake, N. F. Judging black walnuts. N.N.G.A. Rept. 22: 130-137, 1931. + + 6. ----. Black walnut varieties. N.N.G.A. Rept. 26: 66-71, 1935. + + 7. Kline, L. V., and S. B. Chase. Compilation of data on nut weight and + kernel percentage of black walnut selections. Am. Soc. Hort. + Sci. Proc. 38: 166-174, 1941. + + 8. Kline, L. V. A method of evaluating the nuts of black walnut + varieties. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 41: 136-144, 1942. + + 9. Lounsberry, C. C. Measurements of walnuts of United States. + N.N.G.A. Rept. 31: 162-127, 1940 + + 10. MacDaniels, L. H. Report of committee on varieties and judging + standards. N.N.G.A. Rept. 28: 20-23, 1937. + + 11. ----. Is it possible to devise a satisfactory judging schedule for + black walnuts? N.N.G.A. Rept. 30: 24-27, 1939. + + 12. ----, and J. E. Wilde. Further tests with black walnut varieties. + N.N.G.A. Rept. 34: 64-82, 1943. + + + + +Test Plantings of Thomas Black Walnut in the Tennessee Valley + +SPENCER B. CHASE, Tennessee Valley Authority + + +Native black walnut occurs abundantly throughout most of the Tennessee +Valley. Practically every farmer has at least one "favorite tree" and +each fall he collects nuts from that tree and stores them for cracking +during the winter. In some sections of the Valley walnut cracking in the +home is of considerable importance. Each year, some million and a +quarter pounds of kernels are cracked out at the five modern cracking +plants located in or adjacent to the Valley. Utilization of the crop is +becoming more and more complete. + +In early studies of native nut trees, TVA recognized the possibilities +of black walnut, especially the improved varieties. Here was a tree that +produced not only valuable nut crops but also cabinet wood without +equal; in addition, it was a desirable pasture shade tree. Black walnut +has long been a favorite among farmers, but few of them had ever heard +of =improved= black walnuts. Along with TVA, the state agricultural +extension services saw the advantages of the improved varieties and were +eager to test them under Valley conditions. And so it was that a +cooperative testing project was developed. TVA produced the trees and +the seven Valley state extension services distributed them to farmers +for test planting. + + +The Test + +The Thomas walnut was used in these test plantings for several reasons. +In the first place, it produces large, rather thin-shelled nuts with +good cracking qualities. Few varieties are more easily cracked with a +hammer or a hand-operated cracking machine. In addition, fast growth is +characteristic of the variety and it should produce merchantable sawlogs +earlier than the common walnut. Despite its northern origin, 5-year-old +plantings at Norris, Tennessee, seemed well adapted to Valley +conditions. No other variety at the time offered as many advantages. + +Test planting was begun in Tennessee in 1939 and then it was extended to +the other Valley states as more trees were propagated. For the most +part, planting sites were selected by extension foresters and county +agents. If the tests were successful they would automatically become +demonstrations, so special attention was given those areas where walnut +cracking in the home was an important enterprise. Many of the test +plantings were located in communities that had been organized for the +study and application of improved farming methods. In general, farmers +planted the trees in low, fertile spots not suitable for other uses, +along fences, or in pastures if they could be protected from livestock. + +Through 1946, 9,614 trees were planted in 3,286 test plantings. They +were scattered all over the Valley, in 92 of its 125 counties. The +number of trees per planting varied with the availability of good walnut +sites. Generally, there were 2 to 4 trees in each planting. + + +The Results + +Getting survival and performance data on these widely scattered +experimental plantings presented quite a problem. Examination of a few +plantings showed that trees given reasonable care had survived and were +beginning to bear nuts. So in 1946, the farmers who had planted the +trees were polled by mail for an overall evaluation of the plantings. +Questionnaires asking for information on survival, growth, and bearing +were sent by the state extension foresters to 3,274 farmers. The return +of questionnaires was excellent. Forty-two percent came back and +three-fourths of them were filled out completely. + +=Survival and Mortality Causes.= Eighty-one percent of the 1,373 plantings +reported on were still active in 1946; that is, they still had at least +one living tree. Survival reports received on 3,831 trees planted showed +that 2,439 or 64 percent of the trees were living in 1946. Survival was +best in the portion of the Valley north and east of Chattanooga; 84 +percent in Virginia, 71 percent in North Carolina, and 66 percent in +eastern Tennessee. South and west of Chattanooga survival percent was +lower: 62 in Georgia, 61 in western Tennessee, 54 in Kentucky, 45 in +Alabama, and 26 in Mississippi (Table 1). + +Causes of mortality, as reported, were classified in five categories; +losses prior to establishment, livestock and destruction, drought, +insects and disease, and unknown (Table 1). Cause of mortality was +listed as unknown for 42 percent of all trees reported dead. Field +experience leads us to believe that most of the trees in this category +probably succumbed to improper planting or complete neglect following +planting. Many persons do not follow planting instructions; they often +substitute their own methods with disastrous results. + +Among the reported known causes, drought killed most of the trees--29 +percent. We know black walnut is very susceptible to dry weather after +transplanting. Weather records for the area show that the early growing +season of 1941 was exceptionally dry; 1942 was also drier that average; +in 1943 and 1944 near drought and drought conditions prevailed +throughout most of the Tennessee Valley. Weather is usually blamed when +a tree dies without apparent cause, but in this case the reported +mortality due to drought appears reasonable. + +Livestock, mowing, fire, and intentional removal were reported to have +caused 13 percent of total mortality. Cows are curious animals and newly +set trees seem to arouse all the curiosity in their make-up. Horses and +cows apparently do not relish the foliage of walnut trees but they do +bite at it, and in so doing usually break down the branches to such an +extent that the tree dies. Some trees were accidentally destroyed simply +because they had been forgotten. The next highest mortality cause +reported was pre-establishment loss; this was blamed for 9 percent of +the deaths. Losses resulting from delayed planting were placed in this +category, also those where the report was "trees failed to leaf out." +Insects and diseases were reported as causing 7 percent of the +mortality. + +=Growth and Bearing.= Those who plant improved black walnut trees +naturally want to know how soon they will begin bearing. This survey +shows that bearing begins much earlier than most people thought. Trees +in 32 percent of the plantings established between 1939 and 1944 were +bearing by 1946. Of these 342, 113 began bearing 2 to 4 years after +planting; 120 bore their first crop after 5 years; 109 began bearing +after 6 to 8 years (Table 2). According to the reports, the earlier +plantings were slower to come into bearing than the later plantings. +This probably is not a true picture. We suspect that after six or eight +years the actual date of first bearing had been forgotten in many cases. + +Growth was reported in terms of total height for each tree. These +heights were then converted to annual growth rates for trees 3 to 8 +years old and placed in arbitrary classes are follows: low (less than 1 +foot) medium (1 to 2 feet), and high (over 2 feet). Test plantings in +North Carolina had the highest growth rate; those in Mississippi, the +lowest. In other states, growth rates fell between these two and were +quite similar for the most part (Table 3). Average for all trees was 1.6 +feet per year. Trees averaging less than one foot of height growth per +year were slow to come into bearing. Only 14 percent of the trees in the +low growth rate class were bearing. On the other hand, 71 percent of the +trees with a high growth rate had come into bearing. Growth of black +walnut, following recovery from transplanting shock, depends on site +conditions and tree care. Trees set in fertile soil with an adequate +moisture supply and kept free of livestock and other damage make rapid +growth. Trees set in poor, thin or droughty soil do not make much growth +if they survive at all. Black walnut is very sensitive to any wounds +and, if subject to mechanical or livestock damage, growth is retarded. + +Cases of exceptional growth and bearing were reported. One in eastern +Tennessee is worthy of brief description. There were two trees in this +planting set approximately 40 feet apart. One was on the edge of a +garden; the other, in a chicken run. In seven years the first tree grew +to a height of 32 feet--an average growth of 4.5 feet a year. It began +bearing in 1943 and produced a crop of nuts each year up to the time of +the survey. The 1946 crop, reported as a light one, yielded 3.5 pounds +of kernels. The other tree, shown in Figure 1, was 18 feet tall, having +averaged 2.5 feet a year. It also began bearing annual crops in 1943, +and in 1946 it had a very heavy crop for its size, yielding 2.5 pounds +of kernels. Here are two Thomas trees of the same age planted +practically side by side; one is almost twice the size of the other, but +they both began bearing annual crops three years after planting. + +=Field Survey in Sample Area.= To check on the adequacy of the +questionnaire survey, 108 test plantings in eastern Tennessee were +visited and inspected. Forty of these had been reported on by mail; 68 +had not. In general, the trees had been planted on the best sites +available. Some were set out in farm orchards (Figure 2); a large number +were planted in yards as combination nut and shade trees (Figure 3). + +Field examination of the 40 plantings which had returned questionnaires +revealed conditions very similar to those reported (Table 4). Survival +was found to be 75 percent compared with a reported 77 percent. Average +tree height was reported as 9 feet; actual height averaged 11 feet. +There was some hesitancy in reporting tree deaths caused by livestock; 4 +percent was reported while 23 percent was found. Such mortality was +usually listed as unknown on questionnaires. + +Information collected by field examination of 68 plantings which had not +returned questionnaires and the 40 plantings which had returned +questionnaires is shown in Table 4. Trees were found to be 2 feet taller +in the 68 plantings but these trees averaged one year older than trees +in the 40 plantings. Trees in the 68 plantings averaged 13 feet in +height compared with 11 feet. Average age at first bearing was very +similar. And here is a revealing discovery; livestock, mowing, and fire +were responsible for 47 percent of the tree mortality in the 68-planting +group, compared with 23 percent in the 40 plantings. This is perhaps one +reason why the persons involved in these 68 plantings did not return +questionnaires; it also explains most of the poorer survival. A large +number of trees were planted in pastures and elsewhere without adequate +protection from livestock. Even when cattle guards were used they were +generally too small or weak for tree protection. Severe livestock damage +resulting in poor growth and eventual death of trees was encountered +frequently. We are inclined to believe that livestock accounted for a +much higher percent of tree mortality than that reported in this survey. + +The high percent return of questionnaires in this survey, followed by a +field check in a sample area, provides a good picture of Valley-wide +plantings. Since survival was found to be lower in plantings which did +not return questionnaires, an actual overall survival of 64 percent may +be slightly high. Other spot checks in the field will give more +information on this point. + + +Discussion + +Interest in improved black walnut is mounting in the Valley. As the test +plantings came into bearing farmers were quick to see the superiority of +these nuts over the wild ones to which they had been accustomed. Word +spread from farm to farm, and as a result there has been an increasingly +large number of inquiries about sources of improved varieties and +cultural treatments. The interest was reflected in the questionnaire +survey. Nineteen percent of the questionnaires returned contained +unsolicited comments of one kind or another. A large percentage of them +showed evidence of interest such as: "the nuts are large and easy to +crack," "where can I get more grafted trees?" Only 7 percent implied +disinterest: "the trees are slow growing," "the nuts are faulty." + +This test-planting project will be completed in 1948. The plantings have +already yielded much valuable information on the Thomas variety; they +will yield much more as the trees become older. Further studies are +planned on nut yield, nut quality, and tree growth in relation to the +varying conditions existing in the Tennessee Valley. + + +Summary + +Farmers in the seven Tennessee Valley states established 3,286 test +plantings of Thomas black walnut in cooperation with state extension +services and TVA during the period 1939-1946. A questionnaire survey in +1946 showed 81 per cent of the plantings still active and 64 percent of +the trees living. Tree growth averaged 1.6 feet per year. Age at first +bearing varied from 2 to 8 years, with 5 years most frequently reported. + +[Illustration: Figure 1. The Thomas variety appears well adapted to +Tennessee conditions. This 7-year-old tree began bearing annual crops 3 +years after planting. In 1946 it was 18 feet tall and heavily laden with +nuts yielding 2-1/2 pounds of cracked-out kernels. (Hancock County, +Tenn.)] + +[Illustration: Figure 2. Black walnut makes an ideal combination nut and +ornamental tree. This 8-year-old Thomas has been producing nut crops for +3 years. In addition, it has enhanced the beauty of the lawn and +provided welcome shade. (Anderson County, Tenn.)] + + + Table 1.--Number of Questionnaires Sent and Returned, Reported Tree + Survival and Cause of Tree Mortality by State. + + Questionnaires Trees Reported + State Sent Returned Planted Living + no. pct. no. pct. + Alabama 161 44 274 45 + Georgia 50 28 26 62 + Kentucky 174 49 241 54 + Mississippi 19 58 72 26 + North Carolina 586 40 733 71 + Tennessee, East 1,386 40 1,516 66 + Tennessee, West 720 44 809 61 + Virginia 180 48 160 84 + All 3,276 42 3,831 64 + +[Illustration: Figure 3. Thomas tree planted in the farm orchard. This +young tree has received excellent care and began bearing at 5 years of +age. (Hancock County, Tenn.)] + + + Reported cause of tree mortality + + Pre-estab Livestock, Insects, Total Planted + -lishment destruction Drought diseases Unknown Trees Lost + pct. pct. pct. pct. pct. no. + + Ala. 11 7 51 2 29 150 + Ga. 30 10 0 20 40 10 + Ky. 2 2 46 4 46 112 + Miss. 19 4 49 0 28 53 + N. C. 15 16 12 13 44 223 + Tenn. (E.) 7 18 20 7 48 515 + Tenn. (W.) 8 9 38 7 38 318 + Va. 32 12 12 4 40 25 + All 9 13 29 7 42 1,406 + + + Table 2. Number of Bearing Thomas Plantings Established 1939-44, + by Age of First Bearing and Growth Class. + + Plantings Age in years at first bearing Growth rate + Year Number 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Low Medium High + + 1939 27 1 6 10 6 4 1 19 7 + 1940 112 2 14 39 41 16 9 58 45 + 1941 89 1 4 17 35 32 1 58 30 + 1942 71 1 12 18 40 1 34 36 + 1943 38 1 13 24 1 21 16 + 1944 5 5 2 3 + All 342 3 36 74 120 83 22 4 13 192 137 + + + Table 3. Tree Survival, Growth, and Percent Bearing + by State and Year of Planting + + Plantings Trees, Growth, Bearing + State reported survival annual trees + number number feet percent + + Alabama 71 124 1.6 65 + Georgia 14 16 1.5 18 + Kentucky 85 129 1.5 71 + Mississippi 11 19 1.0 29 + North Carolina 235 518 1.9 25 + Tennessee, East 553 1,007 1.5 32 + Tennessee, West 318 491 1.6 32 + Virginia 86 135 1.6 0 + + Year of planting + + 1939, 1940 255 627 1.6 64 + 1941, 1942 499 693 1.6 44 + 1943, 1944 326 558 1.6 18 + 1945, 1946 293 561 1.5 0 + All 1,373 2,439 1.6 32 + + + Table 4. Data Obtained from Returned Questionnaires and Actual Field + Examination of 40 Plantings and Field Data Only on 68 Plantings. + + Data on 40 Plantings Data on + 68 Plantings + Questionnaire Field Field + Tree Survival, percent 77 75 51 + Average Height, feet 9 11 13 + Cause of Tree Mortality, percent + Pre-establishment 33 42 11 + Livestock and Other Destruction 4 23 47 + Drought 13 0 0 + Insects and Diseases 8 4 2 + Unknown 42 31 40 + + + + +West Tennessee Variety, Breeding and Propagation Tests, 1947 + +AUBREY RICHARDS, M.D., Whiteville, Tennessee + + +I surely wish I could have made the trip to the Northern Nut Growers +Association meeting, but I simply had "too many hens setting" at that +time. I've been waiting for you [the Secretary] to show up down here for +the big news--at least it is to me--if it holds up. If you have ever +tried to propagate heartnuts on Japanese walnut you know what it means. + +Here it is: Rhodes, Wright and Fodermaier heartnuts patch-budded on 10 +Japanese understocks (all I had) took 100%. The same 3 varieties as a +control on black walnut gave a take of only 80%. + +These trees give me a chance to check on the performance of black versus +Japanese stocks for these varieties. From last year's propagation, +Rhodes on black is beating Rhodes on Japanese and Bates (which was not +used this year) seems fully as good on black walnut stocks. + +An isolated tree of Bates did not set a nut. Its pollen all shed before +the pistils were receptive. An isolated tree of Rhodes bore a full crop. + +Incidentally, a weak chlorine bleach (Clorox) after these heartnuts are +hulled does for them what peroxide does for the ladies and makes them +look very inviting. + +Stambaugh again led in topworked black walnuts, bearing its second +consecutive full crop on a 3-year graft. It seems to be immune to +whatever it is that causes the other nuts to turn black, shrivel and +drop off from the time they set until near maturity. Thomas was second. +Snyder, Sparrow and Myers had no crop. I budded 25 more trees of +Stambaugh this year. + +The Carpathian Persian walnut that we pollinated this spring with Wright +heartnuts [no other walnuts were shedding at the time] matured a nice, +large, rather pointed, heavy nut. It also matured another nut higher on +the tree than we could reach with the catkins, but I'm sure it's a +blank. It is still more pointed than the well-filled nut. The good nut +is stored for planting. + +Rush hazel that set fruit last year with the help of a bouquet of native +[West Tennessee] catkins set only 5 nuts this year "on its own." These I +have also stored to plant. + +I didn't have enough stocks to utilize all the pollen-sterile Japanese +chestnut buds you sent me [in early September]. I put in most of them, +even in some cases several to the stock to see what percentage of takes +we would get with the twin T. [See 1946 Report of N. N. G. A., pp. +87-88, for a description of the Twin T budding method.--Ed.] + +Here are the percentage takes for chestnut propagation this year. Of +course I don't know how many of these buds will later drop off. + + 1. Pollen-sterile Japanese on Japanese stock. Late summer buds 100% + + 2. Austin Japanese on Japanese Stock. Late summer buds 86% + + 3. Hobson Chinese on Chinese. Late summer buds 75% + + 4. Zimmerman Chinese on Chinese. Late summer buds 50% + + 5. Colossal hybrid on Japanese stock. Spring grafts 60% + +I had a nice crop of Chinese chestnuts on my young Hobson and Zimmerman +trees. The 1947 nuts were exceptionally large. One 3-year seedling bore +1 bur with 3 nuts fully as large. Connecticut Yankee bore for the first +time, 3 nuts to a bur, but very small, scarcely 1/2" in diameter. (You +will notice I budded none of this variety!) (Perhaps mislabeled +seedling.--Ed.) + +I have about 100 nuts from isolated trees that were hand pollinated, as +follows: Austin x Hobson, Austin x Zimmerman, Hobson x Austin and Hobson +x Zimmerman. + +I have altogether 3 quarts of select nuts stored in the refrigerator. So +far they are keeping nicely. (I dusted them with Fermate, hope it +doesn't affect germination.) + + + + +Notes on Some Kansas and Kentucky Pecans in Central Texas + + +A letter to the Secretary from O. S. Gray, nurseryman at Arlington, +Texas, October 28, 1947, has some interesting notes on two standard +northern pecans, three new varieties from Kansas, and the Moore variety, +one of the earliest maturing among southern pecans: + +We are propagating Major and Greenriver from Kentucky; Coy, Tissue Paper +and Johnson from southeastern Kansas; and Brake from eastern North +Carolina. + +Several years ago we used quite a few pecan trees of the Moore variety +in planting around Tulsa. We though it would be a dandy because of its +early maturity in the fall. I find that early fall maturity is only one +important factor. The other is the date of starting growth in the +spring. Moore seems to start out a little early in the spring and that +disadvantage seems to limit it in the Tulsa, Oklahoma area. I also +believe this might be a factor in using this variety in northern +locations. [Moore originated in north Florida from Texas seed--Ed.] + +I have been considerably impressed with the Johnson variety. It matures +two or three weeks ahead of Moore in the fall. The only data that I have +was made in 1944 when Moore buds began to put out on March 25, Stuart +and Success--April 5, Johnson--April 5, Coy and Major--April 8, +Greenriver and Tissue Paper--April 10. + +The Johnson matures on our place several weeks ahead of Major and +Greenriver although I don't have the exact date on maturity. + + + + +Experiences of a Nut Tree Nurseryman + +J. F. WILKINSON, Rockport, Indiana + + +In pioneering a nursery as we did in the early days of propagation of +Northern nut trees, especially the pecan, it was necessary to first +locate parent trees in this section that were worthy of propagation, in +order that the nursery stock produced from them would be hardy in this +and more northern territory. + +Along the Ohio and Wabash rivers and their tributaries many thousands of +large seedling pecan trees grew naturally, and to locate some of the +most worthy ones for propagation took the combined efforts of all of us +in this section who were interested, as well as the aid of the tree +owners and nut gatherers. + +In the year 1910 three nut nurseries were established here in Southern +Indiana, two of which have long since been discontinued. Before that +time a very few propagated pecan trees had been produced in an +experimental way by some fruit tree nurserymen. + +Little did I realize at that time the trials and headaches that lay in +the path I was to travel in this venture, such as locating the parent +trees, securing the graft and budwood from them, learning to keep this +wood from time of cutting until used, methods of propagation, trying to +educate the prospective tree buyer as to the value of these trees, and +to believe that pecan trees could be transplanted, and that they would +bear if the taproot had been cut, and many other things. + +Production of nut trees in nurseries in this northern territory is so +different, and more difficult than in the Gulf Coast country, where I +spent a part of two seasons hoping to get information that would be of +value here. What I learned there was of little or no value here, so it +was up to us to solve our own problems in this section by experience, as +there was very little in print at that time on Northern nut tree +propagation. + +One of our first problems was to learn to keep cions from time of +cutting until time of use, not knowing when that time was. We tried all +times from March until May, having little success at any time. At first +we kept the scions in a cold storage plant in Evansville, and at a +temperature of around 32 degrees, and in wet moss. Later we found it +much better to keep scions at home in a cellar at a higher temperature, +and in only slightly dampened sphagnum moss. + +In the beginning our efforts were mostly in grafting, then after a year +or two of failure, probably largely due to the way we kept our scions, +we had some results at the McCoy Nursery, with scions kept at home. The +McCoy Nursery was about four miles from my place, and located in a sandy +soil with a near quicksand sub-soil. At that location they were later +reasonably successful in grafting, using the modified cleft graft. + +My nursery is in clay soil with a hard stratum of soil three or four +feet below the surface, and because of this I have been unable to graft +pecans in the nursery, though I have tried every known method, and under +all conditions. I could successfully graft at the McCoy Nursery, then +use the same scion wood and the same method at home, but have a complete +failure; therefore, I turned to budding entirely on pecans in the +nursery. + +It is somewhat different with walnut--I can get fair results with +walnut grafting at times, though I do very little of this, as more than +95% of my walnut trees are produced by budding. + +I do a lot of topworking on native seedling nut trees for others. Mr. +Sly, who is with me, and I make one or more of these trips each spring. +For this work I use only the slip-bark method, shaping the scion a +little differently from any other I have ever seen used. This has given +splendid results everywhere I have used it, which has been over the +territory from Ohio to Oklahoma. + +A certain amount of allowance is made in this work as to safe drainage +of the stock, depending on weather and soil conditions, which vary as, +to season and location. + +I do practically all of my nursery propagating by budding, and one of +the most essential things is to have favorable sap conditions in budwood +as well as in stocks. + +On walnut I use only the current season's growth of wood for budwood, +and it must be reasonably well matured. Very often sap in the stock may +show signs of leaving before budwood is matured enough for use, and only +the riper buds near the base of the bud stick can be used, in which case +the rest of the buds on the bud stick are lost. Sometimes sap in the +stocks can be held a few days longer by cutting a ring around the stock +above the place where the bud is to be placed, which checks the flow of +sap to the upper part of the stock. Sap in the stock must be in a +favorable condition to hope for good results. + +In budding pecan it is different. Either the current or the past +season's growth may be used with about equal results, though the current +season's buds must be well matured. Very often in a dry season when +there is evidence of sap leaving the pecan stocks earlier than usual and +the current season's buds are not well matured, I use the past season's +growth until the new growth is mature. + +A nut tree nurseryman has experiences that are both pleasant and +unpleasant in selling trees as well as producing them. This is probably +well known to all of you who have produced and sold nut trees. It is +astonishing how many questions (some of which are amusing) the public +can ask, and very often those that ask the most questions, leading one +to believe they are a good prospect for a large order, may order only +one or two trees, or none at all. Then there are those who have never +bought a nut tree before, and when they see their first one are +dissatisfied because it does not have a root system like a fruit tree; +and there are a few who will try to get replacements whether they are +entitled to them or not, and usually they are not; for, regardless of +the instructions given for the planting and after-care, they will +neglect them, then complain if they have a loss, and certain experiences +have led me to believe they claim loss before having it. + +Many seem to think that a nurseryman should guarantee his trees to live +when planted by the purchaser. To do this would be assuming the +responsibility of the handling, planting and after-care of the planter, +which would make it necessary for the nurseryman to put a price on his +trees that would take care of a lot of replacements to the more careless +ones who would have losses, and be very unfair to those who take good +care of their trees, and have little or no loss, as they would be +standing part of the loss of the careless ones. + +The most a nurseryman can do is to produce the best trees possible, dig +them carefully, pack them in first class condition and ship them +immediately. + + +Discussion after Mr. Wilkinson's paper. + +Dr. Crane: "Minor elements are important in plant nutrition The problem +of deficiencies is going to become very important. We do not keep the +livestock we did and we are not returning to the land the manure and +other fertilizers that contain the elements the trees need. Nitrogen, +phosphorus, and potash, also magnesium are needed. We are taking more +from the soil than we are putting back." + +Corsan: "In Cuba there are hundreds of sharks. These make fine manure, +wonderful for nut trees." + +Prof. Slate: "How many sharks would you need for an acre of land?" + + + + +Morphology and Structure of the Walnut + +C. C. LOUNSBERRY, Iowa State College + + +This subject, the structure of the walnut, is discussed in its relation +to propagation. Catkin bearing nut trees, such as the walnut, have a +refined structure that makes grafting difficult. Structure, rather than +form of walnuts, suggests treatment under the headings, bark, cambium, +wood, roots, pith and buds, as well as the sap that permeates them. + +=Bark:= When the bark of the walnut is cut, as in budding, it is difficult +to tie down so it will not curl and yet not strangle the bud. The +wax-like covering of the bark is thin. However, the bark itself will +stay green two months or more if weather is cool. + +=Cambium:= The cambium dries quickly when exposed to air, and must be kept +covered. Grafted walnuts show callus growth from the cambium, and also +from the pith of stems and the endodermis of the root. + +=Wood:= The wood of the walnut is diffuse porous, brittle, straight +grained, and easily split. The wood must be cut diagonally to get +sufficient tension to hold the scion in grafting. The branch grows +rapidly in a short season, May 15th to July 1st in central Iowa. The +upper two-thirds of the one year growth is usually light weight with +pith of large diameter. The base of the one-year growth is the best for +scions. Some varieties of walnut as for example the Thomas, have +relatively large one-year growth and more scions can be cut from its +branches than from the wood of Ohio which is small and willow-like. + +Measurements taken in 1940 on 118 common black walnut seedlings planted +in 1939 showed 9/16" average diameter of seedling at crown, 5/16" +average diameter of pith at crown; 3/8" average diameter of seedling at +top; and 1/4" average diameter of pith at top; 3.26 inches average +length of solid pith above crown; 2.91 inches average length of solid +pith in root below crown. + +=Pith:= Pith in the black walnut is chambered (lamellate) in the older +wood, but solid in the younger, growing wood. The plates are a light +brown color, getting larger in diameter toward the top of the year's +growth. The leaf traces from the leaf rachis to the pith show heavier +from the bottom buds of the branch than at the tip, and the pith is +usually solid at the bottom of the branch. + +=Roots:= When the nut of the black walnut germinates in the soil the lobes +or cotyledons do not rise above the ground like the cotyledons of the +bean but remain in the nut shell under ground, and are broken off in the +growth of the seedling, the root going down and the stem rising above +the ground. Where the cotyledons are broken off, the so-called crown of +the walnut, two rough places appear, nearly opposite on the stem. In +these rough places, two groups of buds are formed, rarely three groups. + +Cytological studies at Iowa State College have not shown why there are +not stem initials in the tap roots of the walnut. When the root is cut +off a foot underground, root initials develop but no stem initials. The +sensitivity of walnut leaf buds to water may have something to do with +it. + +=Buds:= Buds of the walnut are in vertical groups of two or three in the +axils of the leaves. They have few scales. They appear on seedlings and +current year branches. Some have short stalks. If broken off they do not +usually grow back again. The second year, these buds usually drop off in +mid-season. In cutting off buds, unless the group of buds is taken out +as a chip, some may grow out again. + +=Leaf arrangement:= There is a three rank arrangement of leaves in the +walnut, the ninth leaf coming in the same position as the first. +According to the work of Caesalpino, the buds should then rise in three +places at the crown. Only in rare cases does this occur in the black +walnut, although it is usual with the Persian walnut. If the nut is +planted deep this causes much suckering and a tendency to etiolate the +buds so they will stand water. + +=Buds are sensitive:= Buds are sensitive to water, and storage material +must be fairly dry and cool. In two large boxes of scions received last +year from Germany, some 20 varieties of Persian walnut, all had dead +buds when received. They were packed in German peat. When buds are +covered with wax the wax must not be too hot or it will kill the buds. +In placing grafted walnuts in sphagnum or sand they should not stay wet +or the buds will die. Either unions must be above damp sand or sphagnum, +or the buds be protected by wax or adhesive. + +=Sap:= In spring grafting there is an enormous flow of sap which will +sometimes tear the plates out of the pith. Grafts may be protected by +girdling the stock a few inches below the place where the graft is set, +or both above and below it. In 1937 259 walnuts three years old were cut +off six inches above the ground and girdled two inches above the ground. +171 crown buds came up, 88 started above the girdling. 207 trees were +cut off three feet above the ground, and the trunk girdled six inches +above the ground. 153 started above the crown, and 90 started above the +girdle. The same year (1937) 195 trees three years old were cut off four +feet above the ground, and all buds above ground were cut flush with the +surface of the bark. This was repeated twice, finally taking buds out as +a chip, except the top bud; 126 died; 69 grew from the top but. 203 +trees three years old were cut off five feet above ground and all buds +cut off except upper one; 64 died; 139 grew from top bud. 200 trees +three years old were cut off six feet above ground, and all buds kept +rubbed off except top one; 33 died, and 167 grew from top bud. + +=Vitality and sap:= Black walnut sap changes color from oxidation almost +instantly. Bench grafts must be made quickly and put in place at once or +the unions will dry out. If the root does not stain hands in grafting +the graft usually fails. In outdoor grafting if the sap stands in +pockets the sugar will ferment, killing the graft. There is a new Jersey +(3) bulletin which shows black walnut sap as unstable, quickly forming +sugar when exposed to warm weather. + +=Vegetative propagation of greenwood cuttings:= Witt and Spence (4) in +England working with greenwood cuttings attained 75 per cent success +with Persian walnut and Royal walnut in July and August. They had no +success with black walnut at that time (1926). The Germans in 1936 (1) +working on greenwood cuttings had most success with the Persian walnut, +but used greenwood taken in September. + +=Vegetative propagation or hardwood cuttings:= In 1938 the author (2) +using growth substance on saddle grafts of various walnuts found Asiatic +and western walnuts went on their own roots. At this time the Tasterite +black walnut went on its own root. In 1946 and 1947 using about 25 +varieties of black walnut, Persian, western and Asiatic walnuts, eight +inch hardwood cuttings were used beginning in December and repeated in +the spring of 1947. Nearly all the cuttings of the larger size (about +1/2") started in about a month and grew about two months. Then all died. +There were balls of callus on many of them. One on Thomas was an inch in +diameter. The bottom heat was held at 70 degrees F. This may have been +too high, as on raising the cuttings it was found the callus had rotted. +This procedure has possibilities. + + +Literature Cited + +1. Institut fur Obstbau, Berlin. Die Walnusz veredlung. (Vegetative +propagation of walnuts). Merkbl. Inst. Obstb. Berlin 5, pp. 15, 1936. + +2. Lounsberry, C. C. Use of Growth Substance in Bench Grafting Walnuts +and Hickories. Northern Nut Growers Association 1938 Report, p. 63. + +3. Nelson, Julius. Fermentation and Germ Life. N. J. Ag. Exp. Sta. Bul. +134, 1899. + +4. Witt, A. W. and Howard Spence. Vegetative Propagation of Walnuts. +Ann. Rep. East Malling Res. Station 1926-27. + + + + +A Method of Budding Walnuts + +H. LYNN TUTTLE, Clarkston, Wash. + + +It took man some thirty thousand years to learn to build a +fire--conveniently. I thought it was going to take me that long to learn +how to bud walnuts, but fortunately the period has been somewhat +shortened. + +When I first began to propagate, or try to propagate, walnuts, I +naturally looked to the approved and accepted methods. For me, they did +not work. Before I was through I think I tried them all. I patch-budded +with variations and improvisations. I shield-budded and bark-grafted. I +coated the wounds with grafting-wax, latex, cellophane, asphalt and +paraffine. I trimmed off the bud shoulders to make a smoother tie and +trimmed around the edges to make more contact. I wrapped with raffia, +strings, rags and rubber strips and tacked with small nails. Whatever I +did or however I did it results were all about the same--the sap soured. +In fact over a period of years I tried every way I could think up or +read about to bring the bud and the cambium layer together and make them +stick. Results were surprisingly uniform--the sap soured. + +But we must not dwell too long on the shots that missed. As with a +refractory engine that will suddenly sputter, there came some elements +of success. The point to learn was, why? Concentrating on the shield bud +entirely we determined to find these whys. So we tried taking big slabs +of bark along with the bud, peeling out the wood, breaking off the leaf +stem entirely and waxing the scar and making an unnecessarily long cut +for the bud. The bark stuck fairly well but the buds died. This was some +encouragement and I knew that with enough time, reason and a little luck +we would eventually hit the mark. + +Now Dame Fortune had decreed that I be raised on a grain and stock ranch +where the only trees we could see were in the distant mountains, or, if +we rode in the canyons, cottonwoods and choke-cherries. My experience +and training was with animals, and animals, especially horses, seem +quite susceptible to accident. The first principle of treating almost +any wound is to give it drainage, otherwise, both literally and +figuratively, the "sap" soured. Thus it dawned on me that a tree-wound, +even if only skin deep should have the same treatment as a flesh wound. +And drainage, being desirable, should be ample. + +It was quite late in the season but I went out and set a dozen Schafer +walnut buds on eastern black stocks. These buds HAD DRAINAGE. The +vertical cut of the T extended at least two inches below the bud. +Success ensued, they grew. The following spring we budded as soon as the +bark would slip and continued at intervals all summer. Results were +good. Some of the steps we now use are probably not essential and +perhaps not even the best, but there are two points that cannot be +over-emphasized, namely, drainage and contact. The complete method is as +follows: 1. Trim bud sticks to leave an inch of petiole on the bud. 2. +Make the T cut with a long vertical slash that will extend at least an +inch below the bottom of the bud. 3. Cut the bud long and deep and peel +it from the wood by pinching the sides. Be carefull not to injure the +bark just below the bud. 4. Insert the bud either flush with or below +the cross-cut. 5. Wrap with large sized rubber budding strips just +firmly enough to make good contact. Too tight wrappings curtail +circulation. Do not cover the cut below the bud. The wound must have +=drainage=. 6. Be sure that the center of the bud-cut is firm against the +cambium layer. If it humps of bows and won't stay down insert a +tooth-pick or bit of leaf stem or something along the center line to +hold it down. We usually do this during the wrapping process. + +We use no wax. We throw a wrap over the bud, shoulders even though it +may press the petiole forward against the bud. If the center of the bud +pulls out it will not grow although an adventitious bud may eventually +start. Budding seems about equally successful any time that the bark +slips freely. On walnuts this is all summer if not too dry. + +Early-placed buds may make several feet growth before fall if sufficient +moisture is available. On walnuts there are always dormant buds. We have +used storage wood but now just cut it fresh. We have not tried draining +patch-bud or grafts. Although we have not tried it we think cherries and +other trees inclined to drown the buds might be better handled in this +manner. Climate is a factor in the type of propagation advisable. One +very fine grower using buds in California could propagate only by grafts +when he moved to Western Oregon. + +The kernel of my walnut budding experience may well be summarized in one +word--drainage. + + * * * * * + +Questions asked Mr. Stoke after his demonstration of grafting and +budding. [See his paper in 1946 Report, pp. 99-103.--Ed.] + +Member: "How do you keep your scions?" + +Stoke: "I prefer 'orange' cold storage for scionwood. This is just above +freezing. Walnuts should be in full leaf before spring budding." + +McDaniel: "What percentage of chestnuts did well with the 'plate' method +of budding?" + +Stoke: "I don't use it with chestnuts for spring budding, but sometimes +for summer budding. It will work well on any variety of Persian walnut, +heartnut and black walnut. Place buds on the north and northeast side of +tree to prevent sun injury." + +Question: "Do you find any difference in using buds from an eight or ten +year old tree as against a younger tree?" + +Stoke: "No, not so long as it is healthy. For spring budding I don't +care to have any trees too vigorous. Cut tops off young trees three to +five days after budding, and force the buds into growth. If you delay +too long the bud will die. I wouldn't try to bud trees unless bark is +slipping." + +Member: "I have used parapin wax and covered it with old bread paper." + +Stoke: "That may work because the wax was shaded. Southern sun may melt +parapin and paraffin waxes." + +Mr. Corsan: "Dentists, surgeons and wood carvers make the best +grafters." + +Question: "Can the scions be cut with a small plane?" + +Stoke: "Anything you have to cut with a plane is too big. I never use a +plane." + +Question: "What do you use a splice graft for?" + +Stoke: "Anything except walnut. In walnut I use a modified cleft graft, +and I take care of the sap flow by placing the graft down about 1" or +1-1/4" below the cut (where the tree is cut off). Wax the scion but do +not wax the cut. Let it bleed." + +Question: "What is the value of cut leaf black walnut?" + +Stoke: "Purely ornamental. Weschcke reports that it is very hardy with +him." + +Rick: "What about the Lamb walnut?" + +Stoke: "We don't know whether the wood of grafted trees is curly or not. +I sent Mr. Reed a limb from Lamb and he gave it to the forest laboratory +and they found no evidence of curly grain." + +Rick: "Shouldn't it be propagated until we are sure?" + +Stoke: "We had Mr. Lamb himself talk before us at Roanoke and he told us +about the parent tree. He doesn't know what makes one tree curly and +another not." + +Korn: "Is that uncommon?" + +Stoke: "Not so very. Trees are most curly at the base and in the outer +wood." + +Question: "Do you always leave that stub on black walnut?" + +Stoke: "Yes, but it should be removed later in the first summer." + +Question: "Where do you use your splice graft." + +Stoke: "On anything other than walnut, if scion and stock are the same +size. Where stock is larger than scion I use the modified cleft graft up +to sizes approaching one inch in the stock. For topworking larger stocks +I use one of the forms of bark graft. For the large hickory stock Dr. +Morris' bark slot graft is preferred. For large, thin-barked stocks the +simple bark graft may be used. My original grafts of the Carr and Hobson +Chinese chestnuts, made with scions received from Messrs. Carr and +Hobson in the winter of 1932, are still perfect unions. + +"I believe that grafted chestnuts growing in frost pockets are most +likely to develop faulty unions; possibly frost injury to immature cells +at the junction point may occur. Dr. Crane mentions a similar failure of +unions between Persian and black walnuts on the Pacific Coast." + +Dr. Crane: "What cut did you use in grafting those chestnuts?" + +Stoke: "Modified cleft. In using Dr. Morris' bark slot graft I find it +best to leave just a little of the cut face of the scion wedge above the +top of the stock. This, with top of the stock cut sloping away from the +scion, as illustrated, promotes quick healing with no 'die-back.'" + +Dr. Smith: "Is that top slanting?" + +Stoke: "Yes, I cut it slanting." + +Dr. MacDaniels: "That is a good graft for walnuts, too." + +Note: Mr. Stoke showed the group a picture of a mockernut tree in one of +his fields which he had girdled to kill it. The tree lived four years +and during those years the moisture had to go up through the inner wood. + +The substance of Mr. Stoke's talk, together with illustrations, may be +found on page 99 of the 1946 report. + + + + +Importance of Bud Selection in the Grafting of Nut Trees + +G. J. KORN, Kalamazoo, Michigan + + +For many years the fruit growers have been improving the qualities of +their fruits in several ways. The early pioneers of our country selected +the best fruits from seedling trees. Chance seedlings that were found in +pastures, by roadsides, or possibly in some out-of-the-way place, +selected because of some special quality or group of qualities, still +dominate our commercial plantings of fruits and nuts. Several of the +apple varieties to be found in the market today are from these chance +seedlings. + +In more recent years some of our agricultural colleges have been +breeding fruits. Such breeding has given us several of our more +promising named varieties. In this way a great improvement has been +brought about in our fruits. + +Environment too appears to have played an important part in making +changes in fruits and nuts. Nuts that are extremely hardy in the more +northern latitudes, appear to have developed this hardiness gradually +throughout many generations. Because of this quality we are now able to +select varieties that are most likely to succeed in any particular +locality. + +More rapid and satisfactory methods of improving our fruits and nuts +have been brought about through breeding. This development of the +science of plant breeding has made it possible to blend the good +qualities of two seedlings into a new variety. Man does not have to +follow nature's slow hit-and-miss method of developing more desirable +qualities in her products. Controlled breeding, as brought about by man, +produces faster and more satisfactory results. Man's improvement over +nature has come about through his choice of the qualities to be blended, +and his ability to bring together two parents from widely separated +parts of the earth, if necessary. + +Besides breeding, we are able also to use some of the mutations or bud +sports to improve our nuts as well as fruits. Although our progress in +improving nuts may not yet be as spectacular as cross-breeding with +apples, bud selection has already modified the list of our commercial +varieties. + +One of the first requisites in bud selection is so thorough a knowledge +of the variety that any departure from the type will be detected. Then +it will be necessary to start propagation to determine whether the +variation was caused by some environmental factor, or is really a sport +which can be perpetuated by vegetative propagation. You may wonder if +many of our nut growers know nut varieties well enough to detect any but +the most obvious sports. Nut improvement through bud selection within +the variety lies ahead of us. + +Among fruit growers the search seems to have been for fruits of +different or more pleasing color. As nut growers we are more likely to +be interested in nut sports having better size, kernel, cracking +qualities, etc. Trees that are able to ripen their nuts in short or cool +seasons are especially desirable in some of our more northern states. + +My attention was especially called to the importance of bud selection +several years ago while buying my winter's supply of apples. I was +examining the splendid crop of Jonathan apples in a neighbor's large +commercial orchard. On most of the Jonathan trees the apples were large +and well colored and the crop was heavy. However, a few trees bore +apples of inferior size and color. Upon questioning the fruit grower as +to the difference in the performance of the two types of Jonathan apple +trees, he explained that the better apples came from trees supplied by a +nurseryman who was very particular in selecting a good bud strain. The +other trees were just the ordinary strain of Jonathan. + +It was while working in a commercial orchard of the grafted varieties of +black walnuts that I noticed one especially promising Thomas tree. +During the few years that I have observed this tree, its nuts have been +of splendid size and very uniform. The kernels from the nuts from this +tree were somewhat better than those from most of the other trees. I now +have some grafts growing from this promising tree. + +There appears to be much promise for nut improvement by cross-breeding +to regroup desired qualities. Although many of us enjoy the nut contests +that are conducted from time to time, it appears that our nut +improvement program might move along faster if more attention were given +to nut breeding and searching out desirable bud sports. + + +Discussion after G. J. Korn's paper. + +Corsan: "Farmers should be encouraged to plant nut trees along boundary +lines. Enormous amounts of fertilizer there." + +J. R. Smith: "One tree in ten thousand seedlings is worth while." + +Dr. Lounsberry: "We have two trees planted close together--one bears +small nuts and the other large nuts. They are from the same grafting. It +would seem that the trouble is in the stock. The stock makes a vast +difference." + + + + +The Hemming Chinese Chestnuts + +E. SAM HEMMING, Easton, Maryland + + +The bearing record of our row of 18 Chinese chestnuts has attracted so +much attention that I thought the Association would be interested in +seeing some slides of these trees, also of our experimental orchard, as +well as the large quantity of small trees we grow in our nursery and the +manner in which we raise them. + +You will see a number of slides of chestnut trees and hear a lot about +the bearing qualities, but you won't see a single nut, for unfortunately +all these slides were taken between December 1946 and July 1947. You +will just have to let the numerous little trees attest to the fact that +these trees bear. We have 50,000 trees in our nursery. + +These trees are now nineteen years old and have borne rather remarkably +since 1937. They are spaced too close--an accident--but I believe that +helps thorough pollination. They are now 12 and more inches in diameter, +some are 30' high and the spread is at least 35' where they have the +room. All but No. 14 are spreading in character; spreading character and +good bearing seemed to be connected. + +The bearing record of these trees has been given before but I will +summarize them by years again: 1937--118 pounds; 1938 (no records); +1939-463 pounds; 1940--250 pounds; 1941--564 pounds; 1942--658 pounds; +1943--749 pounds; 1944--678 pounds; 1945--250 pounds; 1946--1,100 +pounds; this year's crop will probably run 700 to 800 pounds. + +The trees seem to bear much the same, with No. 14 the poorest and No. 19 +the best and, like many other tree crops, they tend to alternate good +and poor crops on each tree. The nuts are of good size, averaging 40 to +50 per pound (green) with No. 6 and No. 19 bearing the smallest nuts. +They ripen in September with the exception of No. 19 which is a month +later. Mr. Reed likes No. 16 which has a wrinkled shell. All the nuts +are medium sweet to sweet and all of them fall free of the bur. I think +the most significant thing is that at least 12 of the trees have nut +characteristics so near alike that they are about indistinguishable, +which certainly makes them a good source of seed. + +The similarity of the nuts brings up the controversial subject of the +seedling raised tree, and I will make some remarks in defense of this +method. + +1. All our parent trees are good bearers. + +2. There is no extraneous pollen in the vicinity. + +3. I will present as a question: Has the Chinese chestnut, like the rose +and the apple been hybridized out of all semblance of the wild form? + +4. The seedling tree should bring chestnuts to the average householder's +table 30 years sooner than grafting will. + +5. We now produce a 3'-4' tree for a very reasonable figure. + +6. All varietal forms at present are as yet unstabilized (most varieties +of 10 years ago have been discarded). There will probably be some duds +in seedling trees, but we've had no local complaints and I wonder if +they will exceed the "troubles" found in the grafted tree. We have had +customers brag about what their 2 or 3 or 6 trees bore. + +To prove our faith in this method we planted a test orchard. When the +trees were 3 years old from 2 year transplants they bore 25 pounds. Next +year, 1944, they bore 800 pounds or an average of 1 pound per tree. +Right then and there we thought that we would have a real story to tell, +but we had misfortune in another direction. Three years in a row we have +had frosts when 6 inches of new growth were on these trees (the orchard +is not as well situated as the parent trees in this respect). So we had +no crops worth mentioning but neither did we have strawberries or +similar fruits. This year the orchard was frosted 2/3 the way to the top +so we will get quite a few nuts, maybe 500 pounds. Incidentally, we have +been here 25 years and we've not had frosts like these before. + +We use all of our good nuts for seed purposes, grading out all small or +damaged nuts. In raising these trees, even from seed, we've had our +troubles. We let them cure several weeks then plant them in well fed +soil in a narrow trench about 2 inches deep. We place the nuts 5 or 6 +inches apart; we fill the trench with sawdust level with the surface. We +mound the soil over this about 4 inches until spring. Then it is +removed. This method lets the shoots through, otherwise they tend to +send 3 or 4 stems. The nut sends down the root very early in the spring. +We have some trouble with the mole-mice combination; for this reason +heavy soil and sawdust is better than sandy soil. As you know neither +the nut nor the tree likes wet soil. + +In raising the young tree the principal difficulty is in getting a +trunked upright tree. A seedling, especially when transplanted the first +year, flops all over like a flowering shrub. To get them up we plant +them fairly close, prune them, and feed them. Our 1 year trees are +usually two feet high and 2 year trees are 4 to 5 feet high. We +wholesale our trees mostly to mail order nurseries and the largest had a +5% request for replacements. + +There are troubles in growing Chinese chestnuts just as there are in +most fruits and nut crops and, in a way, I am glad there are because I +am of the opinion there is no such thing as harvesting without +cultivation. For instance, if you plant them and let nature take its +course--it will. It will on an apple, too. + +We have found a few small lesions of chestnut blight which were removed +by pruning and then painted with pine tar. They usually occurred at a +previous point of pruning. Some of the transplanted seedlings have +developed a twig canker at a bud, but I've never seen them kill one and +even when we don't prune it out, the tree overcomes it by new growth. + +The Japanese beetle attacks the chestnut but, although they were bad +this year, one spraying of DDT was effective. The weevil (curculio) was +bad enough last year so we are spraying this year. Small growers should +put the nuts in metal containers and thus destroy the larvae, if any. + +I would like to remark here that we are a nursery growing many +ornamentals, and the Chinese chestnut, although low branched, is a very +ornamental tree. I know of no tree that has a handsomer dark, shiny +green leaf or one whose green color holds so well until frost. + +Now I think you will agree I have reported the behavior of our trees +fairly, the difficulties of raising the trees, and have emphasized that +I doubt if you will get success with the Chinese chestnut without +effort; yet in conclusion I would like to step into "fantasy". Our No. +19 tree bore 124 pounds; suppose you had 50 trees per acre bearing that +quantity. You would get 6,000 pounds per acre. The European chestnut, +which is not as good, brought 30c on the Baltimore market last year. +That would mean $1,800.00 per acre. Imagine having 10 acres! + + +1947 CROP + +Pounds of Chestnuts from Original Trees at Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc. + +No. 1, 78; No. 2, 58; No. 3, 51-1/4; No. 4, 7-1/2; No. 5, 49; No. 6, 31; +No. 7, 34; No. 8, 31-1/2; No. 9, 63; No. 10, 40-1/2; No. 11, 61-1/2; No. +12, 64-1/2; No. 13, 56; No. 14, 47-1/2; No. 15, 74; No. 16, 60; No. 18, +106; No. 19, 25-1/2--Total, 938-3/4 pounds. + +=Young Orchard:= 225-1/2 pounds. + + +Discussion after E. Sam Hemming's paper + +Corsan: "Do you recommend the use of lime?" + +Hemming: "We do not use lime. We use Vigoro at the rate of 1 to 1-1/2 +lbs. to inch of diameter per tree." + +Corsan: "Why do you use Vigoro?" + +Hemming: "No particular reason, just that it is available." + +Member: "What time of year do you fertilize your trees?" + +Hemming: "We fertilize during the winter--usually during December." + +Crane: "Last year we used a method of storing Chinese chestnuts which +proved very satisfactory. Two thousand pounds of nuts were stored last +year. Fall planting is good where one can use it but in a lot of areas +it can not be used because of rats robbing the plantings. We have to +store the nuts. The procedure we follow is to harvest every other day. +Nuts are placed in tin cans with friction top lids. The lids should have +one to three holes of 1/16" diameter in them to provide air. Cans are +placed in storage at a temperature of 32 to 40 degrees F." + +Stoke: "I keep chestnuts in the cellar in a can with an open top in what +we call limestone sand. Keep wonderfully well. Chestnuts must have air." + +Gravatt: "Down south we have a lot of trouble with decay. We take nuts +right from the bur and put them in the soil. They give much better +germination." + +Crane: "The Chinese harvest their chestnuts just as soon as the bur +cracks. They do not wait for the nuts to drop from the trees but harvest +the nuts from the trees and store in covered pottery jars. They plant in +the fall of the year. They do not hold nuts for any length of time." + +Corsan: "How about charcoal?" + +G. Smith: "Charcoal is good to store nuts in. They are shipped from +China that way." + +Smith: "Would chestnuts stand carbon bisulphide for getting the weevil +out, or is the hot water treatment better?" + +Crane: "Carbon bisulphide treatment is dangerous, it will kill weevils +but it will also kill the nuts so they will not germinate. Unless +precautions are used it may cause an explosion and fire. Methyl bromide +treatment is better." + +Stoke: "The hot water treatment is the best. It consists of immersing +the nuts in water at 120 degrees F. for forty minutes." + +Hemming: "I have raised about 100,000 seedlings and have never seen +blight on any of my seedlings." + +Dr. Smith: "A tree needs usually to be as big as the small end of a +baseball bat before the bark opens enough to let in the blight spores." + +Stoke: "Blight begins where there is rough bark which provides lodgment +for the spores. Rough bark and moisture result in blight, hence the +disease usually starts near the ground." + +Crane: "The blight problem in the growing of chestnuts has often been +stressed. I think you will have more loss from sunscald and root rot +than you will from blight. Blight is a minor trouble with us. The +Chinese chestnut naturally grows with a low head. It is a mistake to cut +off the low branches on the trees until they attain some size, they can +then be cut off." + +Stoke: "Regarding the protection of nut trees against winter sun scald, +I find that if you take ordinary aluminum paint and paint the south and +southwest side of nut trees it will last for two years." + +Dr. Smith: "Chestnut trees have blighted for me where the water table +was too high and trees of same origin or better drained ground nearby +did not blight. Blight is often a sign that the tree wants something it +lacks--much like disease in humans." + + + + +Results of a Chinese Chestnut Rootstock Experiment + +J. W. McKAY[4] + +Introduction + + +The propagation of chestnut species by budding or grafting has been +performed by different workers with varying degrees of success. Many +have found that grafted trees could be produced and grown successfully +but that graft union troubles developed in a certain percentage of the +trees either soon after grafting or a few years later. The variety +"Carr" is known to graft with difficulty in certain localities and to +give a high percentage of poor unions both at the time of grafting and +after a few years of growth. The question of relationship of scion and +stock has been considered by many workers to have an important bearing +on the success of grafting operations but no critical work has been done +to determine this point. Some investigators hold that scions of one +species may be grafted upon stock of another species without harmful +effects. The results of the budding experiment with Chinese chestnut +reported in this paper are the first of a series of tests designed to +contribute needed information about stock-scion relationship in +chestnuts. + +[Footnote 4: Associate cytologist, Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops +and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural +Engineering, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of +Agriculture.] + + +Description and Results + +The five seedling Chinese chestnut trees used in the experiment were +selected because of their heavy-bearing tendency and because of the +excellent keeping quality of the nuts. Two of the trees bear nuts of +large size while the other three bear nuts of medium to small size. +Seeds from the five trees were planted before the use of the seedlings +as stocks in the budding experiment was planned, and since the seedlings +from each tree were planted together replication of the experiment was +not possible. However, the stock was grown in thoroughly mixed soil in a +coldframe and differences in performance of seedlings could hardly be +attributed to soil heterogeneity. + +Buds from the five parent trees were placed on the five lots of their +own seedlings in all combinations of budwood and stock. The work was +done during the first week of September when the bark of both budwood +and stock was slipping yet growth had slowed down to some extent. Buds +were placed about two inches below soil level on the one-year-old +seedlings and the soil pulled back to cover the buds. Budding was done +by means of the familiar shield or T-bud method and rubber budding +strips were used as a wrap. Budwood was shipped from Albany, Ga., to +Beltsville, Md., and was damaged somewhat by high temperature in +transit, a factor which may be partially responsible for the overall low +percentage of buds that grew. + +In referring to the results presented in table I, it will be noted that +considerable variation occurred in the performance of the five lots of +seedlings as stock, as well as in the take of buds from the five parent +trees. The totals in the last column on the right are all equivalent to +percentage since 100 buds were placed on each lot of seedlings. In like +manner, the totals in the bottom line are all equivalent to percentages +since 100 buds of each parent tree were used. + +Seedlings of stock D were decidedly inferior to seedlings of stock C in +take of buds, and both of these lots of seedlings originated from large +nuts. Also, scion e gave a significantly lower take of buds on all lots +of seedlings than scions c or d. The scion e tree produces small nuts +whereas the scion c and d trees produce large nuts. Scions a and b are +intermediate in take of buds, and the source trees both produce small +nuts. + + +Discussion + +At least one significant interpretation may be made from the results of +this experiment, that may partially explain the difficulties encountered +heretofore in propagating chestnuts. Using the take of buds as a +criterion it can be stated that in this experiment the five lots of +seedlings from known parents differed in their performance as stocks. +Moreover, the five parent trees used as a source of budwood differed +among themselves in the capacity of their buds to grow when placed on +comparable lots of stocks. If these results are correctly interpreted it +is clear that both the stock and the scion may influence the success or +failure of propagation technique. Doubtless both of these variables have +operated together in the propagation of existing varieties and, as would +be expected, the results have been unpredictable. It seems likely that +the grafting and budding of chestnut varieties should be worked out in +the future on the basis of using understocks derived from the seed of +special trees or clones found to be suitable sources by tests for +grafting performance. + +It should be pointed out that the five trees used in this work +originated from two lots of seed imported from neighboring localities in +China and probably are closely related. The fact that significant +differences were obtained in this material furnishes basis for the +belief that great variability in the budding performance of the Chinese +chestnut is to be encountered in the many introductions that have been +made into this country. + + + Table I. Results of budding each of five Chinese chestnut clones on + its own seedlings and on the seedlings of four other clones. The + figure for each combination represents the number of buds that grew + out of 20 buds placed. + + SCION + + a b c d e Totals + S A 4 6 4 5 0 19 + T B 3 2 8 4 0 17 + O C 0 3 8 9 5 25 + C D 1 2 3 1 1 8 + K E 2 2 7 9 2 22 + TOTALS 10 15 30 28 8 91 + + +Discussion After Dr. McKay's Paper + +Dr. MacDaniels: "A good scion on chestnut is one problem which we have +not solved." + +Dr. Smith: "I find both Carr and Hobson difficult to graft and have +discontinued them." + +Dr. Crane: "In California and Oregon they are having quite a lot of +difficulty with graft union failure with Persian walnuts. They have used +the Northern California black or Hinds walnut as root stocks. Now they +find that in some cases the union fails and results in what is known as +the black line disease. At the present time this trouble is the most +important cause of the loss of their trees." + +Dr. Smith: "Zimmerman is a good bearing variety with a good nut. I find +that soil makes some difference with this variety." + + + + +Breeding Chestnut Trees: Report for 1946 and 1947 + +ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES[5] + + +The chief aim of this breeding work is the development of a chestnut +tree of timber type to replace the now practically defunct American +species, _Castanea dentata_. For the principal economic value of the +chestnut was not in its edible nuts but its valuable timber, the loss of +which means at present many millions of dollars subtracted from the +assets of the American people; and when we consider the loss for all +time in the future the figures become astronomical. + +[Footnote 5: Consulting Pathologist, Conn. Agric. Expt. Station; Special +Agent, Conn. Geological and Natural History Survey; and Collaborator, +Division of Forest Pathology, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.] + +_The Chestnut Blight in Italy._ Early in 1946 we received a visit from +Captain John B. Woodruff, of Wilton, Connecticut, who told us that while +serving as Chairman of the Department of Agriculture and Forestry, and +Instructor in Forestry at the Army University Study Center in Florence, +Italy, he visited chestnut stands infected with the blight. _Endothia +parasitica_ was first discovered by Professor Guido Paoli in 1938 on a +private estate in Busalla, about twenty miles north of the seaport city +of Genoa. Since then the blight has been detected throughout the +province of Genoa in the legion of Liguria; and other widely separated +infections have been found. The fungus has been cultured and identified +by Professor Biraghi of the Royal Pathological Station in Rome, as +_Endothia parasitica_. It is believed to have been present in this +region for from five to eight years previous to its discovery. The +manner of its introduction into Italy is not known, but since Japan and +the U. S. have carried on considerable commerce with Italy, either or +both countries are possible sources. + +The disease is spreading in Italy at a rapid rate. "By 1942 one half of +the 190,000 acres of chestnut in the province of Genoa had been infected +and spot infections had been discovered in the adjoining coastal +province of La Spezia, also in the region of Liguria." + +I am devoting some space to this situation because it means so much to +the Italian people. In Italy fifteen percent of the forest is composed +of chestnut. Not only does the country use the nuts as a source of food +and income, approximately sixty million pounds being exported annually +in former years, but the young coppice shoots are used for the weaving +of baskets, older ones for poles for vineyards, still older for staves +of wine casks, and the oldest for telephone and telegraph poles. "Before +the war, chestnut flour was the principal food in many localities, but +during the war a serious food shortage forced the people in many other +areas to rely solely upon chestnut flour for weeks at a time." + +Professor Aldo Pavari, Director of the _Stazione Sperimentale di +Selvicoltura_ at Florence, visited this country in the summer and fall +of 1946, under the sponsorship of the UNRRA, and spent four days with me +at our plantations, learning our methods and getting acquainted with the +blight resistant hybrids we have been developing by the breeding +together of oriental and native chestnuts. Prof. Pavari visited also the +plantation of the Division of Forest Pathology at Beltsville and +elsewhere, and other plantations in the west. In December we shipped to +Florence, Italy, nuts of our best hybrids, and in March, scions for +grafting--also this summer (1947) pollen of some of our best trees. On +October 15 of this year (1947) we sent another shipment of nuts. Thus we +may be able to give Italy the advantage of the progress we have made to +date. + +Regarding the susceptibility to the blight of the European or Spanish +Chestnut (_C. sativa_) we have had the following experience. Our winter +temperatures appear to be too severe for this species. Dying back is +sure to occur, at least at our Hamden, Connecticut plantations, marked +more or less according to the degree of cold; and on the dead parts +_Endothia_ then appears, to later invade the parts still living. In 1932 +I received nuts of _C. sativa_ from France from Professor Hochreutiner +of the Geneva Botanic Garden, from Professor Uldrich of the Berlin +Botanic Garden, and also from France from Dr. Guillaumin of the Jardin +de Plantes at Paris. Although I have given the resulting plants much +attention they continually die back each year so that we have only two +or three individuals that are more than six feet high. But Professor +Pavari says in recent correspondence (July 15, 1947) "Referring to +Spanish chestnuts, after we have been assured that the fungus we have +found and observed on _Castanea crenata_ in Spain is really _Endothia +parasitica_, we must admit that our hypothesis may be exact that +_Castanea vesca_ [_sativa_] presents in Spain races or types resistant +to the disease." He goes on to say that the fact that the chestnut +blight is so widespread at Naples and Avellino is at variance with my +theory that cold winters are the predisposing cause, for in the regions +mentioned the winters are mild and "very warm in comparison with those +of Connecticut." The essential fact seems to be that the European or +Spanish chestnut is very susceptible to the blight, perhaps as much so +as is our native species, but that evidently certain individuals or +races exist that are more or less resistant. + +During the early part of 1947 we had a visit from Professor Cristos +Moulopoulos of the University of Salonika, Greece. Although the disease +had not then appeared in Greece, the pathologists there would like to be +ready for it when it does come. + +_Pollinations in 1946 and 1947._ Without going into details, the general +purpose of the pollinations during these last two years has been to +incorporate more and more of the resistant Chinese stock into our +hybrids. Beginning in 1937, we crossed our best Japanese-American +hybrids with Chinese, and we now have a considerable number of young +saplings of flowering age, which have the pedigree: Chinese x +Japanese-American. Unfortunately, in this cross the Chinese is usually +dominant as regards habit, but not always. We have some tall, +straight-growing individuals of this combination which may well be the +forerunners of a blight-resistant forest stock for America. + +Therefore, during 1946 and 1947 we have been crossing these fine Chinese +x (Japanese-Americans) with the following: + + 1. Our best Chinese + 2. American-Chinese and Chinese-American + 3. American (C. dentata) + 4. Our best Japanese-Americans + 5. Among themselves + +For it is the ultimate aim of this work to develop a race of tall, +hardy, blight resistant individuals which will breed true and thus of +themselves re-establish the chestnut tree in the forests of Eastern +North America. As everyone knows, the re-establishment of the chestnut +as a forest tree can not be done in a few years or even a score of +years, but by continued breeding and patience and perseverance it can be +done. The materials are at hand, i.e. tall, erect growth, and blight +resistance; and with persistent effort the desired combination can be +made. + +For (1) above we were fortunate in 1946 in receiving a supply of pollen +from tall-growing Chinese trees, through the kindness of Mr. Michael +Evans of Greenville, Delaware and Professor Maurice A. Blake of the New +Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. + +As a result of our pollinations in 1946, in which 72 combinations were +made, we harvested and planted in our cold frames in October 479 hybrid +nuts, a large proportion of which germinated, so that this summer (1947) +we have set out in our nurseries about 325 hybrid seedlings. + +In 1947 we have made 58 combinations in which 213 branches were bagged; +October 10-13 we gathered 380 hybrid nuts resulting from these cross +pollinations. The large yield of 1947 is doubtless the result in part of +a good growing season, for there was plenty of rain--at times almost too +much--in southern Connecticut. One drawback was the cold period during +the latter part of June. From the fifteenth to the twenty-sixth the +minimum temperatures were 55 or below--on three days as low as 50. This +set back the flowering period four days to a week later than usual, +depending upon the species or hybrid. + +_Cooperation in Diller's Underplanting and Girdling Method for the +Establishment of Chestnut Forest Stands._ In the 37th Annual Report of +our Association for 1946 is printed a paper by Dr. Jesse D. Diller of +the Division of Forest Pathology, U.S.D.A. entitled "Growing Chestnuts +for Timber" pp. 66-68. Many people seem to think that all you need to do +when planting a tree is to stick it in the ground--just _any_ ground. +This may be true of some kinds, but is certainly not true of the +chestnut. For best growth and development the chestnut requires a fairly +deep, well-drained soil, rich in mineral elements and humus, with a fair +degree of moisture and plenty of sunlight. Two things chestnuts will +_not_ endure are shallow soil and drought, the latter often depending on +the former. + +As tree indicators of the kind of site required for the establishment of +a chestnut forest Dr. Diller has chosen yellow poplar, northern red oak, +white ash, sugar maple, and yellow birch, with spice bush as a shrub +indicator and maiden hair fern, bloodroot and other herbs as herbaceous +indicators. Using a small area of about one eighth of an acre, Dr. +Diller's plan is to girdle all the trees and then underplant with +chestnut seedlings. He says: "As the girdled overstory trees die they +gradually yield the site to the planted chestnuts in a transition that +does not greatly disturb the ecological conditions, particularly of the +forest floor. Rapid disintegration of the mantle of leaf mold is +prevented by the partial shading which the dead or dying overstory, +girdled trees cast." This may seem to some a rather drastic method, but +when so much is at stake, namely the re-establishment of the chestnut in +our forests, it would seem a justifiable experiment on a small area. + +In March, 1947, we supplied Dr. Diller with one hundred seedlings, one +or two years old, of our best stock, for underplanting in two of these +selected sites, fifty seedlings each, namely on the estate of Mr. E. C. +Childs at Norfolk, Connecticut, and on lands of the T. V. A. at Norris, +Tennessee. Our best wishes for a successful blight-resistant future go +with these little trees. + +_Grafting Work._ We are continuing with our method of "inarching" young +"suckers" from below a blighted area into the trunk above the lesion, +the diseased tissue of the lesion being first cut out. This method (see +Brooklyn Botanic Garden Chestnut Breeding Project. 35th Annual Report of +Northern Nut Growers Association for 1945. pp. 22-31--1945) is entirely +successful in case we desire to preserve partly resistant hybrids of +good parentage for future breeding and for scions. (Figs. 1 and 2) But +inarching of the native chestnut is for the most part unsuccessful +because the fungus grows too rapidly and girdles the stem, killing the +parts above before the inarched tips of the suckers can take hold. There +seems to be a certain relation between the amount of disease resistance +in the tree and the possibility of restoring it to health by the +inarching method. + +By the common ordinary cleft-graft method, using Japanese, or better, +Chinese stock we are adding to the supply of our most desirable hybrids. + +_Insect Pests._ The spring canker worm, _Paleacrita vernata_, has not +been destructive either in 1946 or 1947 and no special preventive +measures have been taken. Japanese beetles have done a little damage. +This year the first one appeared July 11. We find the best method with +these is to pick them off at dusk after they have settled themselves for +a night's sleep, dropping them into kerosene oil. Under these conditions +they will usually slip readily off the leaf into the oil. One thing I +should like to emphasize (which probably others also have noticed) is +that new beetles keep coming, day after day. Apparently the adults are +issuing from the ground all summer. Last year I found a few Japanese +beetles in November. So one must keep continually on the job all through +the season. This summer (1947) we have had a spray program of three +sprayings, August 15, 30, and September 10, with "Deenate" (fifty +percent DDT) to destroy the chestnut weevils which appeared for the +first time rather extensively in our Hamden plantations last year. (See +E. R. Leeuwen; DDT for chestnut weevils, American Fruit Grower 67: 28. +1946) This spray, which we have used on the ground as well as on the +young burs, kills Japanese beetles as well as the weevils. This fall I +have seen very few weevils in our whole crop of nuts. + +The louse, _Callaphis castaneae_, appeared on July 5, 1947, at least the +leaves became so much curled that its presence was then noticed. Two +spraying on successive days with nicotine sulphate ("Black Leaf 40") +were sufficient to control it. With us this insect attacks leaves of +American stock only. Japanese-American hybrids are also susceptible, but +not Chinese-American or American-Chinese. The lice, of an orange color, +congregate in great numbers along the midrib of the leaf, sucking out +its juices. + +This summer, perhaps on account of the unusual almost tropical weather +conditions--hot and humid with continually recurring showers--we have +been harassed by a new pest which has appeared in one of our plantations +only sparingly for five or six years--a mite, which Connecticut +Agricultural Experiment Station authorities say is _Paratetranychus +bicolor_. Affected leaves have a whitish or grayish color chiefly along +midrib and principal veins, due partly to the deposit of the creature's +shells on molting, and partly to injury to the tissues of the leaf. +Hexa-ethyl tetraphosphate, known in the trade as "Killex 100," was used +effectually twice as a spray. Unfortunately this chemical has no +ovicidal properties, so that a second spraying was necessary to kill the +mites newly hatched out from thousands of eggs. We are informed that DN +111 will kill the eggs as well as the mites and will kill aphids at the +same time. The mites seem to prefer Chinese chestnut leaves, but this +summer they didn't seem particular and spread from one badly infested +tree as a center. + +[Illustration: Fig. 1--Japanese-American hybrid chestnut (Hammond 86-31) +34-1/2 feet in height, 16 years old. This is the same tree three years +later as that shown in figures 1 and 2, in 35th Ann. Rept. of Northern +Nut Growers Assoc. for 1944. Note healthy development, as shown by +foliage and long yearly growth. Hamden, Conn. Photo. Sept. 13, 1947 by +Louis Buhle.] + +_Chinese Chestnuts._ I am enthusiastic about Chinese chestnuts as a nut +substitute for our old native chestnuts. The Chinese are quite blight +resistant. They are attacked by the blight fungus--at least most +individuals suffer at some time in their lives, and yet the fungus +doesn't thrive and the trees are able to overcome its attacks, in many +cases forming a healing wound callus around the lesions; in others the +lesion becomes simply a granular mass in which the fungus appears to be +living only in the outer bark. Cultivation, fertilization, and judicious +pruning certainly help these trees to withstand these fungus attacks. We +harvested a bumper crop last year and this from trees given us in 1929 +by the Division of Forest Pathology, U.S.D.A. + +[Illustration: Fig. 2.--Close-up of lower part of tree in fig. 1, +showing inarched basal shoots which at the beginning were as slender as +the leafless shoot now showing on right side, below, coming from base of +trunk. Note exposed dead part of trunk showing old canker disease. Photo +Sept. 13, 1947, by Louis Buhle.] + +_Public Interest in the Problem._ Last fall, September 1946, in an +article in the Yankee Magazine, I asked for nuts and pollen of the +American chestnut. As a result the following persons from many different +parts of the country sent in nuts: Mr. Henry Hartung, Methuen, Mass.; +Mrs. Marie Garlichs, Brooklyn, from Lake Minnewaska, N. Y.; Mr. Charles +Ericson, Brooklyn, nuts from Staten Island, N. Y.; Mrs. Jay B. Nash, N. +Y. City, from Lake Sebago, Sloatsburg, N. Y.; Mr. H. W. Donnelly, +Tacoma, Wash.; Mr. George M. Hindmarsh, Kent County, R. I.; Mrs. +Steiner, Niota, Tenn.; Miss Marjorie Bacon, New Haven, Conn. from +Litchfield, Conn. through Dr. Edgar Heermance; Mr. Harold E. Willmott, +Bethel, Conn.; Mr. W. F. Jacobs, Tallahassee, Fla. (_Castanea crenata_); +Mr. P. P. Pirone, New Brunswick, N. J. (_C. crenata_); Mr. Morton F. +Sweet, Seattle, Wash. (_C. sativa_), nuts, and scions in March '47; Mr. +John I. Shafer, Sparta, Tenn. This lists shows not only the widespread +interest in the subject but also that the chestnut sprouts are still +bearing nuts. In some cases the nuts were "blind," i.e. sterile, +containing no kernel or embryo. In order to develop a good nut there +must be two chestnut trees within a reasonable distance of each other so +that cross fertilization may take place. Isolated trees will usually not +bear nuts. In other words, the chestnut is usually self sterile. We are +still planting all nuts received, labeled with the name and address of +the sender. The resulting trees are being set out in the Yale Forest in +Tolland and Windham Counties, Conn. under the direction of Mr. Basil +Plusnin, Forester in charge. Thus the possibility is being explored of +the existence of blight resistant strains of the American chestnut. When +nuts are sent they should be mailed within a few days after harvesting +and wrapped in moist cotton, peat moss or something similar. Drying of +the nut kills the embryo so that it will no longer germinate. Nuts +should be mailed to me at Chestnut Plantations, Wallingford, Conn. + +Pollen of the American chestnut is getting scarce. After scouring the +vicinity of Hamden, Conn. this summer, we found a good supply at +Bethany, Conn. from native shoots. The following persons also sent us +American pollen, for which we are indeed grateful: Mr. George Gilmer, +Charlottesville, Va.; Mrs. M. E. Garlichs, Lake Minnewaska, N. Y.; Mr. +Alfred Szego, Pine Plains, N. Y.; Mr. Seward Pauley, Sumerco, W. Va.; +and Mr. Charles W. Mann, Fennville, Mich. To ship the pollen it is +necessary only to wrap small branches bearing the catkins in oiled paper +and mail to me, preferably by air mail. The catkins should be ripe, i.e. +shedding the pollen. + +_Acknowledgments._ It is a pleasure to have this opportunity to express +our appreciation of the cooperation of the above mentioned persons. The +interest of these and many other persons and institutions is +encouraging. During 1946 and 1947 this project has been sponsored by the +Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey, and we have as usual +enjoyed the cordial cooperation of the Division of Forest Pathology, +U.S.D.A. Dept. of Agriculture. + +Beginning as of October 1, 1947, the work is also being sponsored by the +Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn. On July 1 +I retired from my position as Curator of Public Instructor at the +Brooklyn Botanic Garden and shall now be able to devote my entire time +to the chestnut work. My permanent address will be: Chestnut +Plantations, Wallingford, Conn. + + + + +Chinese Chestnuts in the Chattahoochee Valley + +G. S. JONES, Route 1, Box 140, Phenix City, Alabama + + +(Excerpts from letter to Secretary, Oct. 23, 1947.) + +Growing trees is a work dear to my heart for I have been interested in +it since childhood. Dr. J. Russell Smith's book on "Tree Crops" is one +of the best I have ever read along the lines of growing trees to produce +food for man and beast as well as producing many other useful products, +and much of the work of your Association seems to be along the same +line. I am sure we can live easier and better on this earth when we +learn to use the trees in their proper place. Man often acts in a +shortsighted way by depending largely on annual crops for the main +source of food for himself and his animals and neglects the long lived +trees which may not have to be planted but once in a lifetime and which, +if given a little intelligent management, will improve instead of +deplete his land and at the same time make a far more beautiful +landscape. + +I only have a few trees (maybe 200 or 250) in my nursery which I usually +dispose of at the farm or use to set on my place. I have not attempted +to grow many seedlings as I don't wish to get into this phase of work. +It would take too much time from other work which I like to do. This +fall I have sold over 600 pounds of nuts to various nurseries for +planting so I would prefer that they grow and sell trees from my +orchard. I gather planting nuts from the trees which show the best +qualities, consistently, and sell the nuts from the other trees for +eating purposes. The trees from which I sell eating nuts have some bad +qualities such as some of the nuts being retained in burs, irregular or +poor production, and nuts that seem to be too dry at ripening so I would +not offer these for sale although the pollen from these trees does mix +with the others causing some of the nuts to carry these bad features, a +thing which will hardly be avoided in open-pollinated seedlings. + +Your letter made me more proud of my orchard than ever when you made the +statement that my last year's production of 1,722 pounds for 22 trees so +young as mine may have set a record for production. [See 1946 NNGA +Report, p. 128--Ed.] I had little idea how my trees compared with other +orchards, for Mr. Gravatt had not told me anything about this. In fact I +have never seen him nor did I take the trouble to write and ask this +question. I knew my trees were producing much better than an orchard of +the Soil Conservation Service at Auburn but I attributed that to the +better type of soil (for chestnuts) in which my trees are set, and +better air drainage. I had also heard about an orchard near Blue Springs +above Columbus, Ga., which was not doing so well because the soil was +maybe too heavy or damp. I can say one thing and that is that my Chinese +chestnuts have surely surpassed my fondest hopes and dreams, for that +small area has certainly made me lots of money and has given me much joy +in tending it and watching it grow. + +You asked me to give some information about my 1947 crop. This has not +been quite as large as last year as I have harvested only a little over +1,554 pounds (I say a little over for it is hard to get all the nuts) of +weighed nuts. This includes some that were beginning to spoil. I include +these since it is sometimes due to my failure to gather promptly and I +think can be fairly included in production records. I might state here +in fairness to last year's report of a yield of 1,722 pounds of nuts +that I recorded 1,557 as being sold which leaves a difference of 165 +pounds, which were either discarded as spoiling or were unaccounted for. +This gives me a loss of approximately 10% for last year. + +Although my total production was lower than last year I had one tree (ML +No. 2) which produced 150 pounds of weighed nuts and a few pounds more +(maybe 2 or 3) which were not included. This tree has been a consistent +heavy bearer for several years but I had not checked its yield +separately before. Since it is so early it was easy to keep the nuts +separate (as I was keeping these to sell for seed nuts). In about 2 +weeks time it had produced about 130 pounds so I made a special effort +to check the remainder since I was astonished at so large a yield. When +most of the nuts had fallen I had the above figure, to my surprise. + +The tree in size is not my largest but about average being 12-1/2" in +diameter 3' above the ground with a limb spread of 30' and a height of +24'. It has a very symmetrical shape with enough rigidity in the limbs +to hold them off the ground so the tree does not appear very large. + +I just had to laugh when I got a letter yesterday from Mr. Ralph D. +Gardner, whom I had written previously about the yield of this tree and +sent 2 pounds of nuts from it, asking me if the tree produced two crops +in one year. He said Mr. James Hobson had told him that he gets two +crops from his tree each year. Mr. Gardner had a good reason to ask this +question since knowing about the Hobson chestnut, but I reckon he might +have thought about what I would have thought under similar +circumstances, i.e., surely a tree so young (13-1/2 years from setting) +couldn't produce that many nuts at one time, so must have two ripening +periods to contain the fruit. I will have to say that all these were +produced in one crop. Most of these ripened in just a little over two +weeks. I might say that I do have one tree (ML No. 1) which has on a few +occasions bloomed the second time and had burs which remained green +until near frost but these did not amount to anything and I consider it +undesirable. I have never seen No. 2 tree produce late blooms and burs. + +I might tell a few things as to how I handle my nuts. As is well said by +Mr. Reed in his 1946 article about chestnuts they should be gathered +daily (although I sometimes don't carry this out). After weighing I dump +the nuts in a tub of water. The nuts which are beginning to spoil will +practically all float and the sound nuts will sink. This is where the +largest percentage of my culls is eliminated. Some good nuts will float +but very few if the nuts are gathered daily. I then put 20 to 25 pounds +of nuts in a coarse mesh burlap bag. I use chicken scratch feed bags +mostly as these are a nice size, and ties a string near the top of the +bag. Then I place these on a lath frame which is about 12" above the +ground under a large pecan tree which furnishes shade about 3/4 of the +day. I arrange the nuts in the bag so it will be flat, which does not +allow more than 2 or 3 nuts to be on top of each other. + +On days of moderate temperature I wet these bags thoroughly with water +once a day but on very hot or windy days I often wet them twice. This +keeps the nuts moist most of the time and lowers the temperature +considerably from the evaporation. In this way I can keep the nuts days +and days and even weeks with very little change except a slight drying. +If any spoiled nuts were missed by the water these too will show up in +about 10 days with specks of white mold and can be eliminated. The other +nuts seem to be as good as the day they were gathered. I only use this +to keep them temperarily (as it is some trouble to wet them) and mostly +for the eating nuts until I can take them to market or put them on cold +storage (30 deg. to 35 deg.F.) If I attempt to hold seed nuts about a week or +more I pack in damp sphagnum in crates and keep these under the shade +tree with excellent results. This year I used green sphagnum with all +its water and the nuts seemed to keep well in it. Some nuts have been in +damp sphagnum for over 5 weeks now and are in excellent shape except for +a few that spoiled at first (which I am quite sure were bad to begin +with). If too much water is used some nuts will begin sprouting but it +is surprising how much they can stand and show no tendency to sour. + +I am of the opinion that the chestnuts in my section get ripe +prematurely and that at a time when we often have our hottest and dryest +weather. These nuts seem to need a period to continue their ripening +under cool moist conditions which the wet sack treatment gives (or the +damp sphagnum.) Even if this is not the case I have had splendid results +with it whereas before I began using this method with lots of water I +often became so discouraged that I thought I would have to abandon +trying to put my chestnuts on the market. Now if I can get them gathered +promptly I have little trouble holding them until I am ready to dispose +of them. + +I failed to tell you that the bad feature about my ML No. 2 tree which +produced the 150 pounds of nuts is its early ripening period (the latter +part of August and first part of September) which causes some of the +nuts to be spoiled almost when they fall. A few hours of too hot sun +seems to start the spoiling process. The tree has no other objectionable +features except the nuts are only small to medium in size but nearly +every one falls freely from the burs. [Nuts about 70 to the pound.--Ed.] + + + + +Some Results with Filbert Breeding at Geneva, N.Y.[6] + +GEORGE L. SLATE New York (Geneva) Agricultural Experiment Station + + +This paper reports the results of attempts to improve filberts by +hybridization at the Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y. The filbert +project was started at Geneva in the spring of 1925 when a collection of +varieties from American sources was established. In later years +additional varieties from European and other sources were added until +about 120 were under test. As soon as the varieties had fruited for +several years it became evident that many of them were inferior and not +adapted to New York conditions. A few exhibited considerable merit and +the range of characteristics in the different varieties indicated that +it might be worth while to start a filbert breeding project with the +object of combining the desirable characteristics of the better sorts. + +[Footnote 6: Journal Paper No. 719, New York State Agricultural +Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.] + +It was decided first to cross Rush, a selected form of _Corylus +americana_, with the best varieties of _Corylus Avellana_, Rush +contributing the hardiness of the native hazel, possible resistance to +filbert blight, and the hybrid vigor that sometimes results from the +crossing of two species. The European filberts were expected to furnish +large-sized nuts as well as dessert and cracking quality. + +The first crosses were made in 1930 when two trees of the Rush variety +growing on Dr. MacDaniels' place in Ithaca were pollinated with pollen +of several varieties of _Corylus Avellana_ that was brought from Geneva. +Additional crosses were made at Ithaca in 1931 and 1933. In 1932 the +pollinations were made at Geneva, using a Barcelona tree covered with a +tightly woven cloth. No pollinations have been made since 1933. + +In the spring of 1932, 535 seedlings were received from Willard G. +Bixby, of Baldwin, Long Island, N. Y., which had resulted from crosses +made by C. A. Reed of the United States Department of Agriculture, at +Baldwin. Including these U.S.D.A. seedlings and those resulting from the +breeding work at Geneva, 1,999 seedlings have fruited. + +The nuts from these crosses were stratified in sand in a cold frame, dug +up, and planted in the greenhouse in early March. After one +transplanting they were moved to the nursery to grow for two years, when +they were moved to the seedling orchard. The nuts from one year's +crosses were planted directly in the nursery but germination was low due +to drought. + +The seedlings were spaced 10 x 5 feet in the orchard. This spacing was +satisfactory if the trees came into bearing the fourth year, but if +unfavorable weather eliminated the first or second crops the trees +became too crowded to permit satisfactory fruiting. Usually, however, +the trees fruited sufficiently to make it possible to evaluate them and +remove the inferior trees so that the better seedlings would have enough +room to remain for several additional crops. + +During the first few years the orchard was clean cultivated until cover +crops were sown in August. In later years the orchards were not +cultivated but nitrogen fertilization was substituted. Satisfactory +growth was maintained, but the grass and weeds made harvesting more +difficult. No pruning was done except at planting time as the seedlings +were all evaluated before pruning was needed. Suckers were removed +around the young trees, but as they became older this was not done and +some of the plants now have several stems. + + +Evaluating the Seedlings + +The nuts were harvested in the fall after they had dropped, or, with the +later maturing seedlings and those which tended to cling to the tree, +they were harvested by picking or shaking them from the tree. As soon as +practicable the nuts were husked and the crop of each tree weighed and +recorded. Samples of nuts of every seedling fruiting were placed on +paper plates, each population being by itself, and eight or ten nuts of +each sample were cracked and left on the plate. The seedlings were then +divided into three classes, those that were obviously good, those that +were poor, and an intermediate class that received further attention. +The poor seedlings were marked for discard and if so marked for two or +three years they were pulled out. + +The good seedlings were then examined more carefully and sorted into +three groups, as follows: + +1. Those that were outstanding in both nut and tree characters. + +2. Those that were good enough to propagate for a second test, but not +equal to the best. + +3. Seedlings good enough to keep for further observation. These were +usually good in one or more characteristics but deficient or doubtful in +one important feature. If upon further testing these third group plants +proved to be outstandingly productive or hardy they were given a higher +rating. + +In examining the nuts, emphasis was placed on size and color of the nut, +the large, bright brown nuts being considered more desirable than the +smaller, duller colored, pubescent nuts. The amount of space between the +shell and the kernel was important. If the kernel fitted tightly it was +easily broken or chipped in cracking the nut. Thickness of shell was of +minor importance as only a few were thick enough to make cracking +difficult. + +The kernel characters were of most importance since the kernel is the +reason for producing the nut. The kernel must be plump, smooth, light +brown in color, and free of the superfluous pellicle, or fibrous +material that is characteristic of the Barcelona kernels. Generally, +seedlings with Rush as one parent had very little of this superfluous +fibrous material and the best of them were much superior to Barcelona in +appearance and dessert quality. Flavor received less consideration since +most of the seedlings were reasonably good in that respect. + +Given a good kernel, and there were many of them, it became necessary to +rely upon other characteristics to eliminate the less desirable of these +seedlings. It was here that the records of yields and catkin hardiness +were valuable. After several years it became evident that certain +seedlings were consistently high yielding while others were low +yielding. Hardiness of catkin also varied greatly and rather +consistently from year to year. Weather conditions influenced catkin +killing greatly. Catkin hardiness is important since the pollen is +necessary for nut production and must be present in abundance as its +movement in the orchard is subject to the vagaries of the wind, and only +a small percentage of that in the air ever comes in contact with the +stigmas of the other varieties. + +It is the purpose of this paper to indicate the value, insofar as it may +be estimated from the available data, of the different varietal crosses +in obtaining desirable filbert hybrids. Table 1 contains a list of +crosses made, the number of seedlings raised, and the percentage of +these which were of sufficient merit to be retained for further study. +The percentage of seedlings propagated indicates even more definitely +which crosses are of the greatest value in producing superior seedlings +as only the outstanding seedlings were propagated for a second test. +Selections included in Table 1 are there by virtue of their all-around +merit. + +Crosses between Rush and Littlepage and Rush and Winkler produced +nothing of value. The populations were small, but other equally small +populations from other crosses produced seedlings of value. The +inter-crossing of selections of _Corylus americana_ does not appear to +be a promising line of attack in filbert breeding where hybrids with _C. +Avellana_ will thrive. + +Rush and Barcelona were each used as seed parents in crosses with the +same eight varieties. In the crosses involving Rush 1,232 seedlings were +produced and of these 39, or 3.2%, were good enough to propagate. Of the +306 seedlings raised from the same varieties combined with Barcelona +only 4, or 1.3% were worth propagating. None of these Barcelona +seedlings are among the best. Under the conditions of the experiment it +would seem that Rush is much superior to Barcelona as a parent in +crosses with varieties of _Corylus Avellana_. + +The cross between Kentish Cob and Cosford failed to produce any +seedlings of outstanding merit. + +In considering the productiveness and hardiness of the catkins of the +seedlings resulting from the different crosses the data have been +assembled in Tables 2 to 5, each table containing the summarized records +for different plantings. These plantings were started at different times +and the records are not directly comparable as they are for different +years and varying lengths of time. In Table 1 the total number of +seedlings is given, but in Table 2 to 5 only the data for the selections +are used. Records for the selections are available for several years, +whereas the inferior seedlings were discarded and limited data only are +available. Furthermore, the filbert breeder is interested primarily in +the worthwhile material that may be taken from populations of known +parentage. + +Assuming that we have a fairly good nut productiveness is the most +important characteristic in a filbert. If the plant is productive it +must of necessity be reasonably vigorous and hardy. For that reason much +emphasis has been placed on productiveness in the final evaluation of +the selections. + +The selections in Table 2 are from the U.S.D.A. Bixby plants which were +the first to fruit at Geneva. Considerable variation in productiveness +is evident in the different populations. Rush x Kentish Cob and Rush x +White Aveline selections were only about half as productive on the +average as Rush x Barcelona, Bollwiller, Red Lambert, and Daviana. Rush +x Italian Red also failed to produce high-yielding selections. In a +later planting in the same orchard, as shown in Table 3, the Rush x +Kentish Cob selections performed no better, the Rush x Red Lambert +selections outyielding them by a substantial margin. The Barcelona x +Italian Red selections were very low yielding. + +In orchard 22, as shown in Table 4, where Rush and Barcelona are crossed +with the same varieties, the resulting selections from the Rush crosses +are about one third more productive if mean yields are considered, or +one-half more productive if only highest yielding selections are +considered than with the Barcelona crosses. Cosford has been outstanding +in transmitting productiveness in crosses with Rush, Italian Red, and +Nottingham. Rush x Kentish Cob selections in this orchard as in the +other planting, were only about one half as productive on the average. +In the crosses with Barcelona the combination with Medium Long, Red +Lambert, and Italian Red were considerably more productive than crosses +with Purple Aveline, Halle, Daviana, and Bollwiller. + +The Kentish Cob x Cosford cross was less productive than most of the +other combinations made. Kentish Cob definitely appears to transmit +unproductiveness when crossed with Rush, Barcelona, and Cosford. + +In orchard 8 as shown in Table 5, the trees soon became very crowded as +the discards were not removed and the yield records were less reliable +than in the other plantings. + +Winterkilling of catkins were recorded on the selections for several +years. In early April the percentage of winter-killed catkins was +recorded by estimate. Tables 2 to 5 contain the mean of these estimates +and a considerable variation in catkin hardiness in the different +populations is evident. Red Lambert, which had the hardiest catkins of +any variety of _C. Avellana_ tried at Geneva, produced a higher +proportion of catkin-hardy seedlings than any other variety. Cosford was +fairly good in this respect and in orchard 16 Bollwiller, Italian Red, +and Barcelona when crossed with Rush produced selections with moderately +hardy catkins. + +Winter injury of catkins was nearly always very high in crosses between +varieties of _Corylus Avellana_. + +Of the 1,970 seedlings included in Table 1, 340 or 17%, were retained +for further observation and of these, 52, or 2.6%, were considered good +enough to propagate for a more extensive test. Of these 52 a few thus +far have been outstanding when compared with the others. Possibly the +best and most productive selection is No. 1265, Rush x Purple Aveline, +that is the heaviest yielding of all and the nuts are also among the +best, being of medium size, plump, and free from fiber. This seedling is +far superior to any others from the same cross. Nos. 1408 and 1467, both +selected from a Rush x Cosford population, are close seconds to No. +1265. In the Rush x Cosford population are several others nearly as +good, the general level of merit in this combination being fairly high. +Farther down the list, but still among the best, are No. 110 Rush x +Kentish Cob, and No. 157, Rush x Barcelona. Filbert breeders working +under similar conditions would probably find it worthwhile to make these +crosses and also to produce more seedlings from Rush x Red Lambert than +were raised at Geneva. + +No crosses have been made at Geneva in recent years, but all of the nuts +from the selections, sometimes several hundred pounds a year, have been +planted by the Soil Conservation Service and the resulting seedlings +planted in various parts of the country. Undoubtedly, if these could be +examined when in fruit, some worthwhile selections could be made. Those +in New York State will probably be worked over during the next few +years. + + + TABLE 1. Results from filbert crosses. + + Number of Num- Percent- Number Percent- + Seedlings ber Re- age Re- Prop- age Prop- + Cross Fruited tained tained agated agated + + Rush x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly 430 63 14 11 2 + Rush x Cosford 447 52 12 11 2 + Rush x Bollwiller 165 18 11 6 3 + Rush x Italian Red 118 17 16 2 1 + Rush x Red Lambert 36 10 28 6 16 + Rush x Daviana 13 2 15 2 15 + Rush x Purple Aveline 12 3 25 1 8 + Rush x White Lambert 11 0 0 0 0 + Rush x Barcelona 119 20 16 3 2 + Rush x White Aveline 54 10 18 3 5 + Rush x Imperial deTrebizond 24 5 21 1 4 + Rush x Nottingham 23 7 30 2 8 + Rush x Brixnut 8 2 25 0 0 + Rush x Littlepage 12 0 0 0 0 + Rush x Winkler 6 0 0 0 0 + Barcelona x Kentish Cob (Du- + Chilly) 42 21 50 3 7 + Barcelona x Cosford 57 27 48 1 2 + Barcelona x Bollwiller 11 2 18 0 0 + Barcelona x Italian Red 66 9 13 0 0 + Barcelona x Red Lambert 41 12 29 0 0 + Barcelona x Daviana 21 5 24 0 0 + Barcelona x Purple Aveline 25 8 32 0 0 + Barcelona x White Lambert 43 1 2 0 0 + Barcelona x Medium Long 45 16 35 0 0 + Barcelona x Early Globe 78 0 0 0 0 + Barcelona x Halle 12 6 50 0 0 + Barcelona x Red Aveline 9 1 11 0 0 + Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) x + Cosford 35 22 63 0 0 + + Total 1970 340 17 52 2.6 + + + TABLE 2. Yields and winterkilling of filbert catkins, Orchard 16, 1935 + 1937, 1938 and 1939. Yields are 4 year total. Catkin injury is + 5 year mean + + No. of Mean Highest Mean Lowest + Selec- Yield Yield Percent- Percent- + tions per Se- per Se- age Cat- age of + lection lection kins Catkins + in in Winter- Winter- + Cross Ounces Ounces killed killed + per Se- + lection + + Rush x Bollwiller 18 81 143 21 4 + Bush x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) 12 38 117 36 3 + Rush x White Aveline 9 44 73 42 0 + Rush x Barcelona 6 94 147 26 8 + Rush x Imperial de Trebizond 5 81 100 28 10 + Rush x Italian Red 3 79 80 15 3 + Rush x Red Lambert 3 88 116 7 3 + Rush x Daviana 2 82 110 33 26 + Rush x Purple Maxima 1 37 37 17 17 + + + TABLE 3. Yields and winter injury of filbert catkins, Orchard 16, 1937-41 + inclusive. + + Mean Highest Mean Lowest + Yield Yield Percent- Percent- + per Se- per Se- age Cat- age of + No. of lection lection kins Catkins + Selec- in in Winter- Winter- + Cross tions Ounces Ounces killed killed + per Se- + lection + + Rush x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) 26 38 102 68 5 + Rush x Barcelona 14 52 89 90 38 + Rush x Red Lambert 5 67 117 12 5 + Barcelona x Italian Red 3 18 20 83 73 + + + TABLE 4. Filbert selections. Orchard 22. Yields 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, + 1944, 1945 and 1946. Catkin injury records 1939-42, inclusive. + + Mean Highest Mean Lowest + Yield Yield Percent- Percent- + per Se- per Se- age Cat- age of + No. of lection lection kins Catkins + Selec- in in Winter- Winter- + Cross tions Ounces Ounces killed killed + per Se- + lection + + Rush x Cosford 26 129 229 42 0 + Rush x Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) 25 68 185 70 13 + Rush x Nottingham 7 96 180 31 14 + Rush x Italian Red 3 114 181 45 30 + Rush x Purple Aveline 3 114 240 42 25 + Rush x Red Lambert 2 90 127 21 8 + Rush x Brixnut 2 49 51 62 58 + Barcelona x Cosford 27 90 138 62 32 + Barcelona x Kentish Cob + (Du Chilly) 21 69 126 69 25 + Barcelona x Medium Long 16 93 257 83 71 + Barcelona x Red Lambert 12 83 147 52 13 + Barcelona x Purple Aveline 8 50 73 78 55 + Barcelona x Italian Red 6 84 133 90 81 + Barcelona x Halle 6 52 79 52 23 + Barcelona x Daviana 5 53 75 67 59 + Barcelona x Bollwiller 2 66 94 62 58 + Barcelona x Red Aveline 1 91 91 56 56 + Barcelona x White Lambert 1 103 103 5 5 + Kentish Cob (Du Chilly) x + Cosford 22 62 151 64 33 + + + TABLE 5. Filbert selections. Orchard 8. Yields 1940, 1941, 1942 and 1944. + Catkin injury records 1940, 1941 and 1942. + + Mean Highest Mean Lowest + Yield Yield Percent- Percent- + per Se- per Se- age Cat- age of + No. of lection lection kins Catkins + Selec- in in Winter- Winter- + Cross tions Ounces Ounces killed killed + per Se- + lection + + Rush x Cosford 26 25 47 30 2 + Rush x Italian Red 11 25 39 27 0 + + * * * * * + +Discussion after Mr. Slate's paper-- + +_MacDaniels: "Of the 1999 seedlings tested at Geneva, 52 are being +carried on for further observations. Prof. Slate is doing a fine work."_ + +_J. R. Smith: "I want to express my appreciation of the work Prof. Slate +is doing. To care for 1999 seedlings and keep the performance records is +a big job and just the kind of thing on which progress depends."_ + + + + +Nut News from Wisconsin + +CARL WESCHCKE + + +This year at River Falls, Wisconsin, which is only 35 miles southeast of +St. Paul, Minnesota, the season started off with much rain and a delayed +cold spring. All the grafting had to be postponed from two to four weeks +later than normal. The stored scion wood suffered some because of this +long storage period, and some of it was quite dry when taken out. This +was particularly true of the Weschcke butternut and these scions looked +so dry that I was tempted to throw them all away, but instead I gave +them to two young horticulture students to practice with. None of them +grew, however, so we had a 100% failure on butternut grafting. About a +dozen years ago I had much success grafting butternut on black walnuts +and was unimpressed, therefore I did not make any notes as to the +process I used. This was a mistake for apparently I have lost the art. +The last five years has probably produced only about five or six plants +successfully grafted on black walnut. Hickories respond much better and +I usually get about 50% successful grafts on my native butternut stocks. + +Although the insect pests, such as the butternut curculio, were delayed +in their attacks, they eventually caught up and destroyed most of the +big butternut crop and did their usual damage to heartnut and Persian +walnut growth. I noticed in the American Fruit Grower that plum curculio +was controlled in the peach orchards through the use of hexaethyl +tetraphosphate. If this chemical poison controls plum curculio, it ought +to control any of the curculio family, such as the hazel curculio, +chestnut curculio and butternut curculio. The butternut and hazel +curculio appear to me to be the same insect. I am not troubled with the +chestnut curculio yet, but if this chemical gives control over the +curculio insect family we will certainly be able to raise large crops of +all of the nuts mentioned. + +Quite a few of my grafted test trees, both in the forest and in the +orchard, which in some cases were grafted on bitternut hickory stocks +fifteen years ago, are beginning to bear. These varieties are the Woods, +Fox, Taylor, Platman and Davis. Others which have borne a few times +previously also have good crops set. These are Bridgewater, Glover, +Beaver, Kirtland, Deveaux and Fairbanks. The trees setting the largest +crops of hickory nuts are the Weschcke, and they are the only ones that +I can really count on maturing early enough to escape our usual early +fall frosts. + +I derive great pleasure in observing new seedling plants of filberts, +hazels and their hybrids coming into bearing for the first time this +year. There are about two hundred of these new varieties. Of course most +of them will be worthless commercially. The ideal hybrid hazilbert has +not yet appeared, but when it does we will propagate it for sale as +rapidly as possible. + +At this date, August 20, we have suffered from an extremely dry August +and will apparently lose many trees that we cannot reach by irrigation +or some other means of watering. + +We have been busy at the farm and nursery erecting a small pilot plant +for grinding filbert butter which we expect to be able to put on the +market between October 15 and November 1. + +There is about a one-fourth crop of black walnuts in my orchard trees, +with the Thomas leading. Many of the Ohio trees are barren. Usually the +Ohio bears freely. + +It is my observation here that the wild hazels and some of their hybrids +will drop their crop of nuts when it becomes too dry. This probably is +an excellent feature from the standpoint of the plant as it no doubt +saves the plant from being killed by drouth. + +There is no doubt in my mind but that the hazel-filbert hybrids +(hazilberts) will make a large agricultural crop in the corn belt. When +these crops are shelled in local plants and ground into butter the +industry will fall into much the same category as country creameries. +However, we have not reached the point where we have the right +commercial plants for this purpose and for the time being will have to +use the Pacific Coast filberts until such large crops of the ideal +hybrids appear. + + + + +Home Preparation of Filbert Butter and Other Products + +MRS. JEANNE M. ALTMAN, Bellingham, Washington + + +Filberts may be prepared in different ways at home to make a delicious +food. To make filbert butter first shell a roasting pan two-thirds full +of kernels and put it in a 325 deg. oven. Stir the kernels thoroughly and +often to get an even tan. Cut a few in half to determine when they are +brown enough. Cook about thirty minutes. Do not leave in oven any longer +than necessary because the kernels begin to brown rapidly upon further +cooking. Cool and stir when not too hot. Most of the brown pellicle can +be removed by rubbing kernels between one's hands. Run the kernels +through a food chopper or meat grinder to make a Crunchy butter. To make +a more delicious product, however, first run the kernels through a +coarse knife, salt them and then run through a fine knife. This results +in a butter with enough oil of its own to make a delicious dish. It +takes lots of nuts to make much filbert butter. + +In preparing salted filberts in quantity I cook them in a strainer in a +kettle of deep fat. Check the temperature with a thermometer and do not +let them get too hot. Cool them quickly by putting them into a cold dish +and stirring. When salting the whole kernels put only enough fat with +them to coat the pellicle. After they are sufficiently brown take them +out and salt them as they are cooling. Stir just enough to coat the +kernels with salt. Eat pellicle and all; it holds the salt. Stirring too +much tends to remove the salt. + +You can treat a pound of nuts at a time in a heavy iron skillet on top +of the stove stirring constantly. When we follow that practice we eat +them salted just as they were instead of grinding them. I think they are +better than salted peanuts. + +I sent a recipe to one of our west coast papers and they added a note to +drain them on a paper towel. That is wasteful and unnecessary. A +Bellingham dentist put whole nuts into his false-teeth baking oven in +the evening. I do not know what temperature was maintained but it must +have been low because he left the nuts there all night and the next +morning he found them all roasted and ready to eat. + +Filberts, even the green ones just as they come from the tree, may be +boiled and then salted and buttered. They may be used to advantage in +many cooking and baking recipes. + + + + +Notes from Central New York + +S. H. GRAHAM, Ithaca, N. Y. + + +This summer has been a difficult one for black walnuts. A late spring +delayed starting and three freezes during the week beginning Sept. 22 +prematurely checked development so that poor filling seems to be the +rule. The Persian walnuts again demonstrated their ability to ripen +their nuts in a short season. + +Some of our Persian walnut trees are growing in the partial shade of +larger black walnut trees. We prefer to keep these larger trees as they +may be valuable stocks to be grafted to the superior varieties that one +is always hoping will appear later on. This condition gives a good +opportunity to observe the effect of shade. There seems to be no doubt +that even light shade is detrimental in our latitude to the Persian +walnut and results not only in more spindling and unsymmetrical growth +but also interferes with proper ripening of the wood making it more +subject to winter injury. + +One difficulty with the Persian walnuts in the East is premature falling +of the nuts. The female flowers on the young Persian trees that we have +seen are usually more numerous than with black walnuts of the same size +and age, but even hand pollinating often fails to give a good set of +nuts. Last spring we took pollen from eight of our Persian trees to the +pomology department of our State College of Agriculture for germinating. +The best sample showed 45% viable pollen; the next best 15% and the rest +from O to 5%. This had been collected and stored for several weeks +according to the methods given by Dr. Cox in the annual report for 1943, +page 58. It is possible that this lack of viability may be due to some +soil deficiency such as insufficient lime or boron. Prof. Schuster of +the Oregon station writes that they find that Persian walnuts readily +accept good Persian pollen but not black walnut or butternut pollen. If +the viability of the pollen falls below 50% they consider it +unsatisfactory. On some of the Oregon soils an application of boron in +the form of ordinary borax under the trees in the spring has greatly +helped in getting a crop of nuts. This should be well worth trying in +the eastern states. + +The filbert crop this year is better than usual. Out of over a thousand +crosses between Rush and Winkler with European and Pacific Coast +varieties, in our estimation, only one has proven worthy of propagation +considering size, flavor, abundance of bearing and resistance to filbert +blight. Some growers think lightly of blight but our experience in +fighting it through the years in cutting out cankered wood has convinced +us of the futility of this means of control in infested areas. Control +measures may apparently succeed for a time but when conditions of +moisture, heat and air movement are just right it can spread like +wildfire. Therefore, to us, resistance to this disease (Cryptosporella +anomala) seems of paramount importance. The prevalence of blight has +been almost universal in the scattered plantings which we have visited +in central New York, usually without the owner knowing why his trees +were dying. All our European and Coast varieties, as well as most of the +hybrids, take blight readily but there is an occasional hybrid that is +clearly resistant. Bixby is one of these. + +We have always used a knapsack sprayer equipped with a mist nozzle for +our trees but this is inadequate as the trees grow taller. This summer a +much more satisfactory nozzle was found that may be quickly adjusted to +throw a mist for low trees or a far reaching one for the taller trees. +This is made by the D. B. Smith Co. of Utica, N. Y. + +From time to time articles appear on insects injurious to nut trees. +Frequently mentioned are the web worms and the walnut caterpillars. With +us, the damage they do is as nothing compared to that caused by the +curculios, the strawberry root worm beetles and the leaf hoppers. We are +getting the upper hand of the curculios by the use of cryolite spray but +the root-worm beetle problem is still unsolved. Until Rev. Crath wrote +of leaf hopper damage (Annual Report 1938 p. 111) we had not regarded +them as at all serious. Subsequent observation has convinced us that he +was right and that they are often the cause of the blackening and dying +of the tender young leaves of Persian walnuts and the curling up of +older leaves. We were especially impressed during the Wooster, Ohio, +field trip last year and, later on, in seeing how Mr. Sherman had +overcome this trouble on the Mahoning Co. farm simply by adding DDT to +his spray mixture. + +In closing, we would like to call the attention of new members to the +wealth of information that is to be found in the old Association annual +reports. + + + + +Experience with the Crath Carpathian Walnuts + +GILBERT L. SMITH, Wassaic, New York + + +In the spring of 1935 we purchased from the Wisconsin Horticultural +Society two pounds of the nuts which Rev. Paul Crath had imported from +Poland. We planted these nuts in the nursery row. Sixty-two seedlings +resulted. We assigned a number of each of these seedlings and +transplanted them when they were two years old. Here we made our first +mistake. We selected what proved to be a very poor site for them, +adjacent to and nearly surrounded by woodland, in which were a goodly +supply of butternut curculios which we have found to be by far the worst +insect enemy of the Persian walnut. It attacks the terminal growth doing +some damage by feeding but principally by laying eggs in the terminals +and the fleshy base of the leaf stems. From these eggs grub-like larvae +hatch which bore into the terminal and the leaf bases, greatly dwarfing +the terminal growth. We have found as many as six larvae in a single +terminal. Of course they also like to lay their eggs in the young nuts +which then drop from the tree in mid-summer. + +In the spring of 1937 we started to graft from these seedlings on black +walnut stocks, giving each the same number as that of the seedling from +which the wood was taken. It is too bad that we did not start this work +sooner as we lost a few of the seedlings, largely through the ravages of +the curculio, but possibly some of them were just not rugged enough to +stand our climate. We still have 49 of these varieties living, either as +grafts or the original trees. To this collection we have added a few +varieties, securing wood from seedlings being grown by others. We have +had living grafts of some of the named Crath varieties which we suppose +developed from some of the wood imported from Poland by Rev. Crath. All +of these have failed with us except one, Carpathian D. Apparently they +were not hardy enough for our climate. + +So far we have had only one severe test of our Crath seedlings, as to +hardiness. This was on February 16th, 1943, when the temperature at Mr. +Benton's farm was thirty-four degrees below zero. This was not official +but was registered by two thermometers which Mr. Benton knew to be very +accurate. Many of our Crath seedlings showed no injury at all on this +occasion while others showed varying degrees of injury. Our grafts of +Broadview were damaged quite severely, Carpathian D to just about the +same extent. One other named Crath variety, Crath No. 1, was killed +outright. Only one of our seedling varieties showed as severe injury as +did Broadview. This was S 12. This tree has now fully recovered but we +will not grow any trees from it except for more southern latitudes and +then only if it shows exceptional merit when it begins to bear. +Therefore, according to our experience so far, there is quite definite +evidence that these Crath seedlings are hardier than Broadview. McDermid +was killed outright. + +We have found that practically all Persian walnut trees, when young, +will bear pistillate blossoms for several years before they bear +staminate blossoms (catkins). This fact has delayed us in securing nuts +from these seedling varieties and has compelled us to resort to hand +pollination. However, they are now beginning to produce both kinds of +blossoms. + +The first one to bear was in 1944, when one tree bore twelve nuts which +had resulted from hand pollination with pollen sent us by Mr. Reed. This +variety appears to be the most promising one that has borne so far. We +have named it Littlepage and have had a booklet printed which describes +it fully. We will be glad to mail a copy to anyone who wishes. We have +now found a good pollinizer for Littlepage, our No. S22 seedling. This +variety produces pollen at just the right time, some of which I used +this spring to hand pollenize the Littlepage tree. A fine crop of nuts +is now on this tree as the result of this pollination. + +Last year (1946) we had a few nuts from each of five other seedling +varieties. While we did not consider any of them equal to Littlepage, +they were all worth growing and compare quite favorably with English +walnuts as found in our markets. This year we have nuts on each of +eleven varieties, five of them and the same ones that bore last year and +six new ones. Now that these seedlings are beginning to bear we are able +to cull out any that prove to be very inferior. As our facilities are +far too limited to thoroughly test the promising varieties, we have +started to propagate them and offer them in many parts of the country +and subject them to many different conditions. Thus it should be only a +matter of time until the truly worthy varieties will prove themselves. +If we were wealthy we could propagate them and distribute them free of +charge but I doubt if it would prove as satisfactory as it is to charge +for them, as it seems to be a trait of human nature to take better care +of that which costs us something. We will not name these new varieties +at present but will put them out under their test numbers. Later the +ones that prove best can be named. + +To facilitate the distribution of these new varieties we are getting out +a folder showing natural size pictures of the nuts of the six varieties +which were produced last year, with a brief description of each. I am +very sorry that I was unable to get these folders from the printer +before coming to this convention. However we will have them very soon +and will be glad to mail a copy to anyone who requests it. + +As stated before we have found that the butternut curculio is a very bad +pest with the Persian walnuts, also heartnuts and butternuts. It does +not injure the black walnut at all. There are also several other insects +which feed on the Persian walnut, most of these chewing insects that +simply injure the foliage more or less severely. Last winter I was +advised by Dr. Dean of our experiment station staff, to try benzene +hexachloride (hexachlorocyclohexane) for control of the curculio. He +stated that in California they have found out that the Persian walnut is +quite susceptible to arsenical injury when a spray containing arsenate +of lead is used on it. Also tests so far indicate that D.D.T. is not +very effective against the apple and plum curculio, therefore not likely +to be effective against the butternut curculio. So last spring we +secured a supply of benzene hexachloride. Just as we were about to spray +the trees I discovered a swarm of orange colored insects with black wing +covers, feeding on them. So I checked the compatibility chart in the +February issue of the American Fruit Grower and found that benzene +hexachloride and D.D.T. were compatible when used together in the spray +mixture. I thought it would be well to use a double barreled dose. So we +made up a spray of four pounds of benzene hexachloride, four pounds of +D.D.T., 50% wettable powder, and 6 pounds of wettable sulfur to 100 +gallons of water. This first spray showed a slight burning of the +leaves, which I suspected was due to the sulfur. We omitted sulfur from +the later sprays and did not note any more burning. We put on three +sprays at about two week intervals and a fourth spray about the middle +of July. The result of these sprays appears to be excellent. I have +found only one nut showing any insect injury and this one was only +slightly injured, whereas last summer we lost a considerable percentage +of the nuts from curculio injury. A day or two after applying the first +spray, I wanted to secure a specimen of the orange-colored insects with +black wing covers, but I could not find a single specimen. + +We did not apply our first spray quite soon enough and curculio larvae +had already invaded a few of the terminals. The first spray should be +applied about as soon as the leaf buds separate and quite likely should +be followed by the second spray in about a week, as new growth is very +rapid at this time and the scant foliage at the time of the first spray +would hardly hold enough of the chemicals to give control for more than +a few days. + + + + +Observations on Hardiness of the Carpathian Walnuts at Poughkeepsie, New +York + +STEPHEN BERNATH + + +In our section we have very good Persian walnut varieties of Carpathian +and other European sources. I have planted some of all strains and +varieties. My place faces northwest on a good elevation. My experience +with trees there is that we have no winter injury. We can grow trees +there that cannot be grown on some place which is situated low, and +therefore does not have enough air circulation. Damage is done after +heavy frosts when the sun comes out suddenly. That is what damages the +trees--not the cold. + +If you take trees and put them in a temperature of 35 to 40 degrees +below zero and bring them out to thaw gradually no harm is done. Most +people buy trees and plant them in low places; that is the error. We +have planted trees where the wind is very heavy throughout the winter +and in the spring I found that these trees stood up wonderfully well; +whereas, we have European walnut trees with a trunk diameter of about 12 +to 14 inches that in one year froze two to six feet--about three to four +years growth. If you plant your trees on a fairly good elevation you can +be assured of a good nut crop. In planting nut trees I do not know what +kind of fertilizer you use, but I always use well decayed cow manure and +put a little right around the root system. I never use fresh manure and +never use poultry, sheep, or horse manure. They are bad for trees as +they are very high in ammonia and this does damage to the trees. + + +Discussion after Graham, Smith, and Bernath Persian walnut papers. + +Corsan: "Is using lime a good idea? I always use a lot of wood ashes." + +Stoke: "Use ground agricultural limestone. Burned lime may cause +injury." + +J. R. Smith: "Barnyard manure is the best." + +Stoke: "With the Carpathian walnuts there is no uniformity in winter +injury. I have had the Crath variety kill back to two inch wood. Most +others have never shown winter injury." + +Corsan: "When is it practical to take mulch away?" + +MacDaniels: "If you take mulch away too late you will get more injury +than if you don't take it away at all." + +Member: "Why does my young walnut tree not bear?" + +Bernath: "English walnut trees may produce pistillate blooms for a +number of years before they produce pollen so that if you have only one +tree it may be due to lack of pollination." + +Member: "With English walnut is more than one tree necessary for +pollination? The male blossom appears a week or 10 days before the +female." + +Crane: "Persian walnuts should be used to pollinate Persian walnuts--do +not depend on black walnuts. In growing Persian walnuts it is best to +have trees of two or more varieties in a planting so as to provide cross +pollination." + +Stoke: "Persian walnuts may not pollinate black walnut, but black walnut +has pollinated the Persian walnut in known instances." + +MacDaniels: "Control or uncontrol of pollination is very complex." + +Crane: "We find that we can not readily produce Persian x Eastern black +hybrids under conditions of controlled pollination. We have found a +number of natural hybrid trees but they bear very few nuts." + + + + +Nuts About Trees + +R. E. HODGSON, Superintendent, Southeast Experiment Station, University +of Minnesota. + + +When hiking with a Boy Scout troop, they often asked me, "What tree is +that?" In summer I could usually tell an oak from a box elder but had +never had much reason to go further into the subject until the boys +exposed my ignorance. In self defense I began to hunt up the names and +found it a most interesting hobby. + +The University of Minnesota has a branch experiment station some 80 +miles south of the Twin Cities and it is here that a few acres have been +roped off as a testing site for whatever trees of interest we can +persuade to grow. My job is with field crops and livestock but my golf, +fishing, hunting and bridge are mostly played with a spade and pruning +shears or wandering around in the brush somewhere looking for something +new. Our soil is a heavy clay loam of Clarion type containing plenty of +lime but often poorly drained. It is very rich and productive being at +one time part of Minnesota's big woods. Native trees are basswood, oak, +elm, ash, walnut and their associates. + +My ignorance concerning trees is still profound and becomes more +apparent as acquaintance matures, but it has been a lot of fun to start +about 130 varieties of trees and shrubs and watch their development. The +Latin names are mostly a mystery to me, but their habits, methods and +rate of growth along with soil preferences and winter survival have +furnished more entertainment for me than picking shot out of a dead bird +or furrowing the turf on a putting green. It has been a real thrill to +see cypress, sycamore and even a few yellow poplars, survive our rugged +winters. + +The project began with an attempt to collect native trees and expanded +to make room for some exotics, just to see what would happen to them. +Detours and by-paths included attempts to grow various conifers from +seed and persuade cuttings to root. Somewhere along the line nut trees +began to enter the picture and now these have an alcove all to +themselves. Perhaps it started when a neighbor offered me $5.00 if I +could tell whether a young sprout in his yard was butternut or walnut. +He died before I found the answer which was probably common knowledge to +most people. The color of the pith did not seem reliable, but at last a +book pointed out the little moustache a butternut wears just above each +leaf scar. It worked, and the thrill was equal to catching a 10 pound +wall eye! + +I was raised on the prairie part of southwestern Minnesota and it was a +delightful surprise when I moved 140 miles east to find that one could +gather almost any desired quantity of black walnuts from remnants of the +old forest. After a few years these trips to the woods became less +glamourous and the pickeruppers more critical. Many of the wild nuts +were small and hard to crack. Perhaps a friend's Thomas tree in full +bearing with its heavy crop of huge, tasty nuts inspired a wish to grow +bigger and better producing trees near at home. + +It looked easy to transplant vigorous, 6 foot black walnut whips which +could be had for the digging. It took 10 years to learn that nuts +properly planted would make larger trees in a decade than transplants. +Digging 2 deep holes to move one tree seemed a waste of labor when one +planted nut would better serve the purpose. Of course nut planting led +to a contest of wits with the squirrels. + +It was a funny sight to watch a helper carefully placing nuts at regular +intervals in an open furrow and a big fox squirrel following 10 feet +behind him, removing the prizes as fast as he could scamper up and down +a nearby hollow oak. Our ideas concerning appropriate locations for +walnut trees did not coincide with those of Mr. Bushytail. We learned +that the simple way to plant walnuts in the woods was to pile a half a +bushel here and there. The tree climbers took their toll, but did a good +job of planting. Survival seemed better than when we placed individual +nuts and "stepped them in." + +The desire for bigger, better and more useful nuts led to the planting +of a couple of acres to seed from various trees of known value. These +will not come true of course but it is hoped that some day they may +serve as material for a small nut breeding project in which an attempt +will be made to combine some of the more desirable chromosomes into a +single tree that retains the best of what we have in present selections, +and adds a little more hardiness between growing seasons. Who can tell? +We might find a tree that the walnut worms didn't like! + +The squirrels didn't fancy our plans to grow trees in rows according to +parentage, so they tried to improve our technique. We almost called in +the F. B. I. to circumvent their machinations. Jamming an open tin can +over the planted nut seemed to help. When the sprout came up we turned +up the edges of the split can bottom just enough to let the tree +through, but the sharp jagged edges seemed to discourage marauders. A +lot of other methods were also tried. + +From the Wisconsin Horticultural Society we obtained a pound of English +or Persian walnuts in 1937. So far we have some 23 seedlings struggling +to keep alive. They range in height from 18 inches to 7 feet and are +definitely out of their range. Some years they grow 4 feet of new wood +and some winters it all kills back. There seem to be differences in +hardiness and--who can tell?--they might even bear a nut some day. Bark +injury, which may be winter sun scald, has damaged some of the trees. +One tree of the Broadview selection is alive after four years and may +make a go of it. + +Hickories grow wild in certain parts of Minnesota, but this doesn't +happen to be one of those parts. They seem to do best where soil is acid +in reaction and here we are amply supplied with lime. That may account +for the slow growth of a grafted Hales hickory tree. It was 3 years old +when set out in 1921. For the first 9 years it had just 2 leaves per +year. Now approaching 30, the tree is 7 to 8 feet high and going up at +the rate of 8 to 12 inches a year. + +Nuts from Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota wild hickories, have done +better. At 8 years the trees are from 1 to 2 feet high, with a couple of +Shakespeares, (geniuses) towering a foot above them. This may not be +hickory country, but, by gum, they're growing! A couple of years ago, +Dr. Brierley from the Central Station, Division of Horticulture, who has +nut propagation as one of his minor projects, gave us 7 seedlings of +shellbark hickory, (Carya laciniosa), from a tree planted many years ago +by Peter Gideon of Wealthy apple fame. After 2 winters, these 7 +seedlings are still with us and seem to grow faster than the shagbarks +(ovata). + +Other attempts to vary our diet (if we live long enough) are a few +Chinese chestnut seedlings. A couple secured from the Nut Tree +Nurseries, Downington, Pa., in 1940 are now 3 and 4 feet high and +apparently in a good state of health. They are leisurely growing, which +may be a good thing. Trees like the Manchurian walnut which grow 6 to 8 +feet of new wood in a year, seem to freeze back and start over more +frequently than the trees which poke along but harden their wood before +cold weather. In 1946, a few more seedlings from D. C. Snyder, Center +Point, Iowa, were set out and most of them have survived the first +winter. Carl Weschcke reports that chestnuts do best for him at River +Falls, Wisconsin, in sandy soil with an acid reaction. If I ever raise a +chestnut, I'd like to send him one. + +Fooling with nuts has led to another activity which has been pleasant +though not very practical so far. Each spring, Dr. Brierley spends a +couple of days with me trying to graft some of the named varieties to +our available wild trees. We have raised nuts on some of the hickory +scions grafted to the plentiful native bitternuts, but in general our +grafts have failed. We have had good advice from many sources and have +tried most everything but our successes have not been numerous enough to +cause any inflation of the ego. We're inclined to think that the sudden +wide variations of temperature which are common here in May, can be the +controlling factor. We've made a few walnuts, hickories, and hicans +grow, but still have too many zeroes for any complacency. This year may +be our bonanza. Most of the grafts on some 40 trees are shooting buds. +Perhaps it's the grafting tape we tried this spring. In 1948 we'll be +able to write it all down in the book--and try again. + +Nuts are not the only food crops growing on trees. We have read the +glowing reports of sweet pods of honey locust grown on such varieties as +Millwood and Calhoun, as told by John Hershey and J. Russell Smith. Our +Millwoods all killed the second winter and this year we're trying +Calhoun. Meanwhile, we're hunting for a hardy, northern grown sweet +tree. Miss Jones asked nut growers to tell me what they had and several +interesting replies and samples were received. The quality of the pods +varied all the way from the sweet Millwood to our native honey locusts, +most of which are so bitter and astringent that they remind us of a +combination of green persimmons and red pepper. No sensible animal will +touch them. Cions were received from a tree in Omaha, Nebraska, through +the courtesy of F. J. Adams. These were grafted on local trees this +spring and perhaps they will answer all of our needs. + +Our attempts to grow better nuts in southern Minnesota have not caused +even a ripple in the local economic situation, but it has been a lot of +fun. Perhaps the greatest return so far is the interesting +correspondence with like minded people in many localities. Amos Workman +of Hurricane, Utah, sent seed of his best black and Persian walnuts, +pecans and figs. The figs didn't even start (probably my ignorance), but +we have trees coming from all the rest. J. Russell Smith has been most +helpful with suggestions and the "Minnesota Horse Thief" as he calls me, +has enjoyed his letters immensely. John Hershey has passed along some of +his enthusiasm for trees and many others have contributed to the +pleasure of a fascinating hobby. + +It's fun to grow trees even though some of the unusual things provide +only exercise and entertainment. Our persimmons grew from seed, were +transplanted and came through the first winter! One pawpaw is still +trying to get ahead of the winter set-backs, and a Macedonian white pine +(said to produce edible nuts) is doing fine. Perhaps I'm the biggest nut +of all, but I'm happy about it! + + + + +Report on Nut Trees at Massillon + +RAYMOND E. SILVIS, Massillon, Ohio + + +I will first give an account of plantings observed recently in or near +Massillon, and, secondly, a condensation of my own introduction to nut +growing. + +Louis Bromfield in his richly descriptive book "The Farm" writes, "On +the way one passed the big orchard which was Jamie's pride, and beyond +one came to the field where the big hickory stood. It was a memorable +tree, famous in the countryside for bearing enormous nuts with shells so +soft that the faintest tap of a rock or a hammer would lay open the +bisque-colored kernels." He also writes a reference to the ingredients +of candy making at Christmas time in which a good many recipes called +for hickory nuts and walnuts. + +In Massillon Mr. Alvin Schott, when he drove by the farm of Mr. Lester +Hawk and read his sign, "Chinese Chestnut Trees for Sale," thought of +the chestnuts he used to eat. Since he, like the rest of us, cannot go +out along the road in the fall and pick up chestnuts as of old, he +declared to plant some nut trees on city park land so that the younger +generation could in a small measure recapture that which now is only a +memory. + +After making numerous talks and speeches to all the lodges, civic clubs +and P. T. A.'s, he received donations and publicity to help him in his +project. He enlisted the help of other civic nut-minded personnel to +help him select the trees and locations for planting. Boy Scouts and +school children dug some of the holes. When it rained (it seems to rain +every time a shipment came in) Mr. Schott would call us away from our +work and have us dig holes. We have planted in city parks: 13 Hawk +chestnuts, 10 Thomas black walnuts, 8 hazel, 4 mulberries, 2 Broadview +Persians, 2 Josephine persimmons, 3 pecan seedlings, 1 hican, 9 large +seedling black walnuts and several hickories. + +We have additional money for another spring planting. Thus Massillon has +joined the list of cities that own trees that will produce something +else besides leaves. + +On August 17th Mr. Gerstenmaier and I drove to Ira, Ohio, to visit Mr. +Cranz and take advantage of his invitation to inspect his nut planting. +At this moment I believe that his invitation was made with the subtle +purpose of bragging about his excellent crop of Thomas black walnuts and +filberts. The trees were originally planted by squirrels and later +grafted by Mr. Cranz. They grow at the bottom of a huge hill or +escarpment 200 feet high at the top of which is his planting of 20 +_mollissima_ chestnuts. It's a long climb through his neatly scythed +pathways on a hot day. Afterwards I felt like I needed the can which he +usually carries. + +Recently I found a young black walnut which I hope may be a good +selection for further work. It is too early to make any predictions, but +I can assure you that a careful check on the tree's performance will be +interesting. Thin shell, good kernel cavity, etc. + +Near Bolivar, Ohio, stands a young shagbark hickory which bears a nut +about the size of a Pleas hican with a very smooth kernel cavity and a +thin shell. Even though small this is another nut which will bear +watching. + +I believe the greatest interest in nut trees will develop when a +definite program of controlled crossing is instituted. + +When I became a member of this organization in 1939 I was managing +almost 1,000 acres of farm land. My own 90 acre farm was being farmed up +and down the hill because the fences were built that way. My plan was to +change over to a contour operation. After reading "Nut Growing" and +"Tree Crops" I decided to plant nut trees at 100' intervals along the +edges of the contour strips. I had a twofold purpose, to produce more +revenue and preserve the contour method of farming. + +I ordered grafted nut trees from Jones Nurseries, Crath seedlings from +Graham and 200 northern pecan nuts from Wilkinson. Homer Jacobs, really +"sold me" on the Nut Growers Association and then sent me scions of the +Wilcox hickory. I was successful in getting two to grow about 100' +apart. Miss Jones sent me Pleas hican wood and one graft grew between +the two Wilcox. All were grafted on shagbark stock, breast high using +the late Mr. Fickes' method. The pecan nuts were stratified and given +the usual nursery care and at three years of age were transplanted to +the farm along with 200 seedling black walnuts and 100 chestnuts. These +seedlings were to be used as stocks for grafting the newer and superior +productive varieties. This was 1943. The farmer became dissatisfied with +my soil conservation tendencies and moved away. The war developed in +earnest and I matriculated at a defense plant. The farm just grew up. I +was not dissatisfied. I was just tired. I couldn't find enough time to +manage 1,000 acres of farm land 20 miles south; work at a defense plant +20 miles north and operate my insurance and real estate business. So I +sold all the farms including mine with the nut trees. + +Now it is 1947. It was only two years ago that I made a decision to +relinquish the 90 acre farm. A short time ago I found all the grafted +trees bearing fruit except the hickories and hican. The grafted +Zimmerman, Stoke and Hobson chestnuts have died and most of the pecan, +walnut and chestnut seedlings planted on the contour strips have +succumbed to the mower, etc. I could find none of the grafted hickories +purchased through the years except one Fairbanks. The present owners are +enthusiastic over the early bearing chestnuts and are taking care of all +the remaining survivor trees. + +I have reached the conclusion that any farm in this section of the U. S. +with enough hope to warrant contour farming is usually marginal land. +This is land which barely pays the cost of working or using; land +whereon the costs of labor, coordination and capital approximately equal +the gross income. I believe that a planting of grafted nut trees on the +edges of contour strips will increase the value of that farm and should +have the attention of every county agent and farm owner. + +I am no doubt the worst "grafter" in the business. When I get one out of +20 sets to grow I am startled, not so much with the statistical +percentages but because a small stick of wood from Kentucky can make its +home on the roots of an Ohio cousin. I believe that scion storage is +important and I wish to report that the method which Dr. Shelton +explained in the 1945 report is very satisfactory. The next best is John +Gerstenmaier's apple storage cellar, which he and I have used ever since +my interest in nut bearing trees brought us together. + +It is still 1947. I'm still in the real estate business. I recently +purchased 160 acres of land in an adjoining county and placed title in +my son's name. He is six years old. I should be free of any inclination +to sell this for fifteen years. Since there are no buildings I won't +have a tenant problem. This spring I purchased and planted grafted +hickories and grafted black walnuts and set them in supposedly +favorable locations where I hope they will maintain themselves. In +addition I planted about 200 Hawk seedling chestnuts spaced about 20 to +30 feet apart. These were planted in three different locations. One +group was planted under the canopy of a locust grove, another on an +exposed hilltop which faces the prevailing westerly winds. The third is +on a broad hilltop field which does not have the best drainage since the +top soil is clay underlaid with sandstone shale. All of these groups +grow on land abandoned some years ago. The soil fertility is generally +low. Volunteer native growth of cheery, ash, dogwood and hawthorn +prevails. + +If I can continue to plant for the next fifteen years I should have +quite an orchard, or else my son will have a good hardwood forest. I +hope that all of us here can meet there then. + + +Discussion after R. E. Silvis' paper. + +Mr. MacDaniels: "It is a good idea to have nut trees established in the +parks. In your home town there is usually a park in which nut trees can +be used. Very often it just takes initiative to get these things +started. Boy Scout organization is very good at starting projects like +this. Chestnuts are more difficult to establish than other trees." + +Dr. Gravatt: "Nut trees should not be grown along the curbs because +people will gather the nuts that fall on the road. This is very +dangerous where there is much traffic." + +Stoke: "Walnuts are much more satisfactory as park trees than Chinese +chestnuts. People are so prone to break off branches bearing immature +chestnuts." + +Dr. MacDaniels: "Wire guards are excellent to keep mice, rabbits, etc., +away from your nut trees." + + + + +Planting of Nut Trees on Highways Undesirable + +R. P. ALLAMAN, Harrisburg, Pa. + + +Having always opposed this practice when it was under discussion, I have +been asked to prepare an article on the subject. This paper was prepared +in collaboration with Mr. Wilbur H. Simonson, Senior Landscape +Architect, U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, D. C. + +Since the beginning of the roadside improvement demonstration program in +1933 the policy of the Public Roads Administration has never favored +planting of the showy, garden type of fruit and nut trees on highway +roadsides for several reasons: + +1. =Traffic Hazards=--Dropping of fruits and nuts on pavements tends to +make surface conditions slippery and dangerous to traffic. + +2. =Police Problems=--Ripening of fruits and nuts tends to invite passing +motorists to stop on side of highway pavements to gather the fruits, +adding to traffic hazard. Also such trees tend to invite vandalism by +boys together with clubbing the trees to get down the fruits with the +possible results of not only injury and damage to the trees themselves, +but throwing sticks, stones and clubs into the tree branches is likely +to result in hitting or striking passing motorists and otherwise cause +loss of control of vehicles by drivers, a very dangerous road condition +especially because it is an unexpected situation to have clubs or fruit +come down on the highway when driving through. + +This all means more intensive policing of the highway by the responsible +authorities with added costs in maintenance budgets. + +3. =Maintenance Problems=--Not only do dropping of fruits, and the results +of vandalism, cause extra cleanup of pavements and drainageways, +(clogging of pipes and gutters with debris from the trees) all hazardous +to traffic; but also the questions of insects and disease problems are +added. This all complicates public maintenance problems and especially +the proper pruning and spraying of the trees. + +It is not considered a proper function of public authorities to carry on +operations that compete with private property developments. + +Administrative policy and procedures shall encourage the planting of +shade tree types along public highways, and avoid the above described +difficulties that are =bound= to occur if nut-bearing types of trees are +placed on highway areas. + +References: Bennett's book on Roadside Development, 1929, pages 6 and +52, also page 527 of the proceedings for the twentieth annual meeting of +the Highway Research Board in 1940, regarding the selection and use of +trees on highway areas, as recommended by the Committee on Roadside +Development. I quote from these the following extracts: + +"Profusely flowering fruit or nut-bearing trees are not desirable, as a +rule; very showy garden types of flowering, fruit or nut-bearing trees +should be avoided in roadside planting. Experience indicates than +vandalism is encouraged by planting any species of tree commonly used in +garden, commercial fruit, or nut orchard planting." + +"Trees which drop heavy masses of petals, fruit or nuts on highway +surfaces are not desirable. Horticultural varieties of flowering trees +(particularly those of exotic origin such as the Japanese cherries) +should be avoided in roadside planting because a too garden-like +appearance of planted roadsides will usually indicate excessive annual +maintenance costs, and probably heavy future losses of planted material +because of competition with superior and more rugged native tree +species." _Re:_ Vandalism, parents are responsible for acts of their +children and public plantings should not encourage children towards acts +of a vandalistic nature, with trouble not only for the tree but also for +the parents in keeping the children in order. + + + + +Nut Growing for the Farm Owner + +H. GLEASON MATTOON + + +It is with trepidation that I present a paper on nut growing before a +group so much more learned in the subject than I. But two things impel +me to do so. First, the firm conviction that nut trees, carefully +chosen, properly planted and intelligently cared for, have a place on +many farms as a cash crop for the market and a food crop for the farm +family and, second, the poor results from many nut tree plantings on +farms. As may be imagined, my conviction is not based upon results seen +but upon the possibilities I know are inherent in nut trees. + +When the first wave of publicity for soil conservation was at its zenith +back in the late 30s, I listened to a talk, the substance of which was +that there are no such things as submarginal land, and problem areas. +There are only submarginal people and problem people. Land does not +destroy itself nor is squalor self-created. Human qualities create both +conditions. Therefore the problem to be tackled is the ignorance, +cupidity or stupidity of those who create such conditions. + +This made a profound impression on me. It has influenced my thinking in +all things connected with our renewable resources. Our success in +growing anything, whether it be cotton, corn or nut trees, depends +largely upon ourselves. If we mix three parts of intelligence with one +part of effort, the yield will be manifold. + +Much of this intelligence should be of the "green thumb" variety, a +mixture of common sense and keen observation. The one using this kind of +intelligence would plant black walnuts in a deep, rich, well-drained +loam, because he has observed that this species grows best and yields +more heavily in that type of soil. He would plant the trees with top +roots not more than one inch under the surface of the soil because he +has noted that is the way they grow naturally. He would strive to keep +foliage on the tree as long as possible because he knows that the leaves +are the manufacturing part of the tree. Without them the tree could not +grow and would not produce filled nuts. He would do many other things +essential for proper tree growth and yield. + +But unfortunately several of the farm nut tree plantings I have seen +show a woeful lack of "green thumb" intelligence. I recall one in +particular because of the condition of both the trees and the owner. The +planting originally consisted of twenty Chinese chestnuts, fifteen named +black walnuts, four hicans and four Persian walnuts. The owner +originally was an enthusiastic convert to nut growing. Today the +planting is a failure, while the owner is an irate backslider who would +not plant another nut tree even though it bore ten dollar bills. Four +years after planting, nineteen of the twenty chestnuts, all hican, three +Persian walnuts and ten black walnuts were dead. Of the remaining seven +trees only one could be called healthy. Examination soon focused the +picture. Most of the trees had been planted on an eroded hillside +deficient in humus. In addition, many of them were planted from three to +ten inches too deep. The only thriving walnut was planted at the proper +depth and in a pocket of top soil at the base of the slope. Under +questioning, the owner said that he had purposely planted them deep to +"keep their roots cool." That is a widely held horticultural fallacy +which is unconsciously fostered by many nurseryman. In their +instructions they say to plant the tree one inch deeper than it was in +the nursery. Too many laymen reason that, if planting the tree one inch +deeper will help, then the tree should do even better if planted six +inches deeper. + +After eighteen years of trying to learn why transplanted trees do not +thrive, I am convinced there are four main causes. I list them in the +order of their prevalence. First and foremost, too deep planting. +Second, fibrous roots allowed to become dry. This may occur in transit, +in the hands of the purchaser or because of air space around the roots +after planting. Third, deficiency of moisture due to low humus content +of the soil or drought. Four, rodent damage. While some nut trees are +possibly more difficult to re-establish than a few other species, if +care is used to see that none of these four conditions occurs, there is +no reason why a well-rooted tree should not grow and remain healthy. + +Up to this point I have been dwelling on the negative side. Though it +must be confessed that the preponderance of such planting has not +fulfilled the owner's expectations, we must remember that the fault does +not lie in the trees but in the human element. If the purchaser of nut +trees has received proper instructions and carries them out faithfully, +the trees will grow. Not all of the fault, however, can be placed upon +the purchaser. The nurserymen should remember that there is a place for +gilded pictures and glowing generalities but that place is not in the +directions for planting and care. These directions should be practical, +precise and detailed, with no implications of Midas returns from a half +acre grove. Every grower of nut trees knows that problems and troubles +continue to arise which tax his knowledge and experience. How much more +baffling such difficulties are to the layman who is just embarking on +the venture of growing trees. + +I have planted nut trees and have seen them grow to maturity and yield +bountifully. I have seen a few farm tree plantings which have more than +repaid the time and effort. Though the varieties now grown by nurserymen +are inferior to those that I am confident will be produced at some +future time, they still have sufficient merit to warrant planting. + +You who are interested in nut trees which thrive in the northern states, +must recognize that two factors contribute to the development of +superior strains. One is hybridizing and the other sport development. +The former is a long term project which should have institutional +backing. The opportunity for the latter, that is, chance development of +a superior or unique variation, is in direct ratio to the number of nut +trees growing in the area. Successful farm nut growers, dotted over the +region, will, therefore, increase the chance that finer strains will +appear. + +But whether the farm nut grove ever abets science and produces the long +sought superior nut, is of little importance compared to its value to +the farm. It is incumbent, therefore, upon every nut enthusiast, who has +a hand in bringing to the attention of farm owners the value of nut +trees, to be meticulous in giving instructions for their planting and +care. + + + + +Tree Crop and Nut Notes from Southern Pennsylvania + +JOHN W. HERSHEY + + +_Broadview English Walnut_--This hardy variety seemed so good it took a +lot of effort to keep from recommending it commercially. The oldest tree +in our section, owned by my brother, bore lightly for several years. +With its fine flavor, tree beauty and hardiness it edges closer and +closer to where we can recommend it commercially. In its seventh year it +bore a half bushel; the 8th, this year, it's really loaded. I have +planted 30 trees. + +_A Southern Persian Walnut_ The northern man in the south loves the cool +climate, Persian walnut. I have found chance seedlings here and there, +even down to northern Alabama. One tree, northeast of Knoxville, +Tennessee, had a good quality nut and was seemingly resistant to sun +scald. Starting late in the spring it avoids the late frosts so damaging +to horticulture in the south. + +_Cornell Black Walnut_--This new variety, a Thomas seedling, named +Cornell by its originator at Ithaca, New York, bore one nut for us in +1946. The boys at Cornell like it because it fills even in an abnormally +cool season of the Finger Lakes region when natives fail. You can't +decide an issue with one nut, but our specimen was as large and full of +high-flavored, white meat as the Thomas, and as thin-shelled as the +Stabler. So attractive does this variety appear that I am reserving it +this fall in order to plant several in orchard form to produce scion +wood. + +_Honey Locusts_--The latest report on their performance comes from J. C. +Moore, Soil Conservation Service at Auburn, Alabama, on February 3, +1947. Their laboratory tests of Millwood show a sugar content of 36.65%, +and Calhoun 38.95%. The animal husbandry department of the Alabama +Experiment Station at Auburn has found the pods equal to oats, pound for +pound, in a dairy ration. A team of mules fed for 30 days on pods showed +satisfactory results. Cows and hogs showed equal success. At 5 years of +age, Millwood averages 58 pounds and Calhoun 26 pounds per year. At +eight years, Millwood bore 200 pounds, and Calhoun 60. The pods fall +from October 15th to December 30th. Lespedeza sericea planted between +the trees yields 2-1/2 tons per acre annually. This gives us courage to +continue emphasizing their great value for pasture and rough land +planting. The trees we planted in our swampy, worn-out meadow are doing +fine. + +_Mulberries_--This great chicken, bird and hog feed will some day fill a +definite place in the sun of the American farmer, just as it does in +Asia. The drawbacks are lack of hardiness and short bearing season in +the north. The Hicks variety bears for six to eight weeks but is not +hardy north of the Mason-Dixon line. This year we have grafted eight +varieties of which seven are new. One from southern Indiana, an American +seedling selected by a mulberry enthusiast, bears for six to eight +weeks. Will it be hardy farther north? We shall know soon. Six are from +select seedlings of L. K. Hostetter, of Lancaster, Pa., the mulberry +king of America. The other is a fine white, a chance seedling from 75 +miles north of Pittsburgh. It has not borne yet but was far hardier than +Downing last winter. I have a few of these to sell this fall. Mulberries +need sweet soil to prevent winter killing. On worn out soils we have +discovered that they do well until established, by applying a few +handfuls of lime around the tree at planting time. Not only are they +excellent for the above mentioned uses but the right varieties are +better than raisins when dried. + +In 1945 we set a leaky corner of sandy meadow to honey locusts. I saw +them growing in semi-swamp land in Alabama, but here all but two of the +18 trees died. When replanted in 1946 also they died. I found the two +that were living were carelessly planted too shallow, with the top roots +sticking out of the ground. We replanted more trees in the spring of +1947 with the top roots above the ground level, mounded soil over them +about 6 to 10 inches, then mulched. They are all growing fine. + +_Starting a Tree Crop Farm. What Is It?_--It consists of a blended, +balanced program of cattle, hogs, poultry and sheep pasturing under +mulberries, honey locust, persimmons, oaks, etc., plus the hog feed from +the refuse chestnuts, walnuts and Chinese dates. The great secret of +nature is that your security lies in a balanced land use between animal +and plant production with crops for animals, and animal manure for the +crops, with a margin of each for the profit book. I bought this +abandoned swampy, rocky, sandy soil farm of 72 acres, to show how it can +be done on land too rough for the plow. The first requirement was to +work out a program with permanent crops to bring in a continuous return, +while planting and developing the slower bearing nuts and crop trees. I +have found you must live on the farm a year to learn which soils and +sites are best for a species. For instance, the field that fitted my +plan to plant walnuts is too wet, so there we shall plant the hickories, +pecans and hicans with persimmons as fillers. The place where I wanted +walnuts was too sandy, so we shall plant chestnuts and filberts, and +where I wanted chestnuts the soil is good for walnuts. + +_Starting a Profit Cycle_--To create a return as quickly as possible on +such a cycle we started a small flock of chickens, ducks and geese. The +next step was to decide what to plant of a permanent nature to make a +succession of crop income from spring until the nut crop comes in +autumn. In the spring of 1945 we planted an acre of asparagus and one of +raspberries. In 1947 both started bringing in returns. In 1948 they will +be in full production. In 1946 and 1947 we set an acre or more of +blueberries. Half of the blueberries were planted in a semi-swamp, +useless to farm or pasture, but the home of blueberries after we drained +it. These will start bearing in 1948 and increase in production for ten +years. We have 2 cows for family milk as I nearly live on it. The +surplus we use in vealing calves as well as to start a herd. + +The first year we took in about $100, the second $150; to date we've +taken in $850, plus an inventory increase of 5 nine months old bulls and +6 year old heifers. No soil can live without manure and, due to the +results of over 20 years of organic soil management, we use no chemical +fertilizers. Hence, we need lots of manure. I can not afford to buy +straw so we use shavings and sawdust for bedding. + +We apply to the manure in the stables about 100 pounds per animal of raw +phosphate rock a week, which sweetens the dust and helps feed the soil. +We also buy straw for seven riding horses for the manure, as this is +great fox hunting country. While this young stock is supplying manure +for the soil it is increasing in value. Our program is expensive because +time needed in the nursery and orchard prevents us from growing grain, +but when you start you can grow grain. We shall soon be having stock to +sell each year which will add to our income. + +While these crops are contributing to our keep, our time is used in +developing the slower-bearing, permanent tree crops, 600 mulberries for +hogs and cattle, 350 honey locusts, nearly a 100 persimmons, 50 oaks, 50 +Chinese Jujubes and 90 filberts, all going well. To this we added in the +spring of 1947 5 acres of Persian and black walnuts with chestnuts +interplanted in the row. These are our future feeds for a bigger and +cheaper hog, cattle, sheep and poultry feeding program, as well as +providing food and cover for wild life. We have yet to plant 5 acres of +mixed hickory, hicans and pecans interplanted with over 100 seedling +persimmons and a six acre boulder field of black walnuts interplanted +with chestnuts and a 5 acre sandy field of chestnuts interplanted with +filberts. + +The rest of the farm will be in nursery, hay and cereals. Now hold in +mind these vital factors. To get rich just planting a farm of nuts or +any other one crop is a delusion, with the bankers eventually holding +the bag, the soil and owner taking a licking. Nature is a balanced +force, soil undisturbed is a delicately balanced flour barrel of never +ending life. Learn of nature how to protect this soil, that shallow +insulation board between man and disaster. + +After feeling our way over 3 years this is what we found best in +handling trees. In the meadow where we planted honey locust, and on a +rocky knoll with oaks, the first year we applied a shovelful of night +soil and a light mulch of leaf compost. The second summer we mowed, +raked, and forked the hay to the tree in a wide circle. It was amazing +the life activity that was created under this mulch by the next spring. +Mice were controlled by pulling the mulch 3 inches from the tree in +early fall and with poisoned wheat under the mulch. In the spring of +1947 we mulched a 4 to 5 ft. circle around each tree with manure two or +three inches thick. You should see the trees growing. One-half was mowed +for hay and on the other half electric fences were put up along the tree +rows and the field was pastured. We planted the walnuts and chestnuts in +a sod of natural white clover and timothy. Walnuts were planted in 60 +ft. rows with a chestnut tree every 30 ft. Here, three rounds were made +with the plow and disk and the ground was manured before the trees were +planted. After planting one shovelful of night soil, or two or three +shovelfuls of cured slaughter house tankage, were applied to each tree. +The rows were kept clean until June and then sowed to soy beans. +Sufficient manure was available to make it possible to complete a manure +mulch around these trees. The field where the hickory and pecans are to +go has the tree rows plowed, manured and soy beaned ready for planting. +We plan to use the same method in future plantings. + + + + +Notes from the New Jersey Section of the Northern Nut Growers +Association + +MRS. ALAN R. BUCKWALTER + + +(As a suggestion to some other State Vice-Presidents the editors print +parts of a letter from Mrs. Buckwalter whose husband was long a valued +and active member of the N. N. G. A. + +"After receiving the annual report I sent reply post cards to each of +the members in New Jersey. I received answers from about one-third of +them and have assembled some of their reports and questions to send you, +along with a few notes about our orchard.") + +Wm. M. Daugherty of Princeton reports that his three hundred +ten-year-old black walnut trees had a fine set of nuts this spring. +However, a hail storm in midsummer stripped the trees of both leaves and +nuts. + +From Saddle River, Dr. Harold Blake reports that his black walnuts are +doing well, but a late spring frost killed the catkins on the Cosford, +Medium Long and Italian Red filberts. Mr. Blake suggests a theory of +bark rot and asks the opinion of other nut growers. He noticed that in +several instances of bark rot on Thomas and Stambaugh black walnuts the +diameter of the scion was larger than that of the stock. He concludes +that the scion was taken from a faster growing tree than the one that +was used for the stock and that the so-called bark rot is cambium rot +due to the fact that the smaller stock does not completely feed the +cells of the naturally faster growing section. Dr. Blake therefore +suggests more study of the compatibility of scion to stock, especially +in regard to growth and bearing. He notes that in fruit trees the root +stock is of importance in this regard and it may be that the variance in +reports from different localities on black walnuts and other nut trees +may be due to the difference in root stock as well as climate and soil +conditions. + +Edward Fuhlbruegge of Scotch Plains has long tried to grow pawpaw +seedlings with no success. He wants to know if any other New Jersey +members have been able to raise pawpaws from seed. + + (Ed.--He should keep the seedbed moist through the summer. These + seeds germinate slowly and the seedlings cannot emerge through a + hard soil surface.) + +The observation of Gilbert V. P. Terhune of Newfoundland is that the +native chestnuts continue to sprout and occasionally produce nuts. He +predicts that in years to come we will again have our native chestnuts. +[Ed.--Someone should carefully save his nuts and grow trees from them.] + +John H. Donnelly of Hoboken asks other nut growers for their opinion of +using cut grass as a mulch for nut trees. [Ed.--Excellent.] + +From Fairlawn J. L. Brewer states that his black walnuts do not seem to +have any bad effects on raspberries and strawberries, thus adding +another note to the long controversy as to the deleterious effects of +black walnuts on the soil. His Texas pecan and Indiana hickory +seedlings, although planted in favorable location, have not made a good +growth. [Ed.--Did he feed them?] + +Louis P. Rocker of Andover reports his Thomas and Stabler walnuts had a +good crop in 1946 but this year have few nuts. + +This planting (Buckwalter) consists of _Castanea mollissima_, +_mollissima_ hybrids and _Japonica_ (crenata). Due to circumstances +during the war years, we have not been able to do much with this +orchard; however, we hope gradually to build it up. + +In 1946 the part of the chestnut crop that was harvested was infested +with the chestnut curculios. About fifty per cent of the nuts were +affected. No infestation had been noted in previous years, although in +1945 the crop was not harvested at all. [Ed.--That gave the worms their +chance to propagate.] + +We will not be able to spray our entire chestnut orchard this year; +however, a few of the trees will be sprayed to determine the +effectiveness of DDT as a control. In the December, 1946 issue of "The +American Fruit Grower" it was stated that DDT as a wettable power (four +pounds of fifty per cent DDT to one hundred gallons of water) should be +used. Three applications gave best results, and this will be tried on +our trees. + +This year we have a good crop of nuts and hope to select the best of our +trees, which will be included in next year's report. + + + + +Report of Resolutions Committee + + +The Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc., is bringing to a close the +38th annual convention with deep appreciation of the complete and +satisfying hospitality which we have enjoyed at the hands of our hosts, +the Ontario Agricultural College. We have enjoyed the beautiful, well +kept, and spacious grounds, the substantial and well planned buildings, +the thoughtful and pleasant help of all of the personnel with whom we +have come in contact, especially Dr. J. S. Shoemaker, head of the +Department of Horticulture in whose building we have had satisfactory +meeting place, display room, use of lantern and operator, and the +esthetic satisfaction of looking at beautiful flowers harmoniously +arranged. + +We have been well nourished with good food, well prepared and +expeditiously served. + +We especially appreciate the courteous entertainment that the faculty +ladies have so kindly arranged for the ladies who accompany us. + +For many years Clarence Reed has been one of the "war horses" of the N. +N. G. A. We were expecting to see him cap this long service by presiding +over this session, and it was with great sorrow that we learned of his +inability to be with us. + +Your Resolutions Committee wishes to call attention to the excellent +manner in which Dr. L. H. MacDaniels has conducted the sessions of this +convention. + +It is with great regret that the members of this Association learned of +the resignation of Miss Mildred Jones as Secretary. Her work in that +office has been of an unusually high order of efficiency and devotion. +It was the kind of work which shows the enthusiasm that arises from deep +personal interest. Her services will be greatly missed. + + Dr. W. Rohrbacher, + Dr. J. Russell Smith, + Sterling Smith, + Wm. Hodgson. + + + + +Report of the Necrology Committee + +JOSEPH GERARDI + + +Mr. Joseph Gerardi, 78 year old nurseryman, died at his home in +O'Fallon, Ill., on April 3rd, 1947. + +Mr. Gerardi was an enthusiastic and especially well informed student of +nut culture. He was always looking for new and better seedlings, some of +which were named as they were found worthy. His Gerardi hican is +probably one of the best in that group. He also introduced the Gildig +pecans (Gildig Nos. 1 and 2) and the Fisher pecan. Mr. Gerardi was quite +successful as a propagator and always tried to have nursery stock of the +best varieties. His loss will be keenly felt. His son, Louis Gerardi, +will continue the propagation of nut trees at Caseyville, Ill. + +(The following notes are supplied by Louis Gerardi.--Ed.) + +Joseph Gerardi was born in the year 1868 on the old Hagamann farm, five +and one-half miles northwest of Lebanon, Ill., in O'Fallon Township. He +was the fourth child of John and Catherine (Haas) Gerardi. + +When he reached the age of five years, his parents moved on a farm three +and one-half miles southeast of Trenton, Illinois, in Clinton County. +His early schooling was obtained in the McKee School near his home and +in St. Mary's School in the town of Trenton, Illinois. After graduating +from the eighth grade, he helped his father through the spring and +summer months with the farm work, but in the winter attended McKee +school. + +In the year 1894 at the age of 25 years he left the home farm in Clinton +County, and moved to a farm two and one-half miles southeast of +Jerseyville, Illinois, in Jersey County. Here he began the study of +fruit growing, and became an agent for the Stark Bros. Nursery. + +In 1907 he married Eleanor Collignon of Trenton, Illinois. To this union +six children were born: Eleanor Barbara, Sharlotte Catherine, Eugenia +Ruth, Louis Joseph, Bernice Marie, and Gertrude Beatrice. + +In the spring of 1918 he sold this farm and moved to Trenton, Ill., +where he worked with his father-in-law, John Martin Collignon, doing +construction work. During this year he searched for a farm with soil +suitable for fruit growing. + +In 1919 he purchased a 110 acre farm situated two and one-half miles +west of O'Fallon, Illinois. The next year he set out twenty acres of +Stark Bros. trees. + +While living on this farm in the fall of 1920 the little family had its +first great loss. Here the oldest girl, Eleanor Barbara, died from a +railroad accident. + +Julius Rohr, watching him work with his trees, encouraged him to start +his own nursery because he knew so much about trees. With this +encouragement, he started his own nursery in 1923. As demand increased +he added a general line of nursery stock. + +Being interested in better varieties of fruit trees, he also became +interested in better varieties of nuts. Having some native nut trees on +his farm, he began to buy the better varieties of nut trees grown by +other nurseries. When these came into bearing, not being satisfied with +the known varieties of nuts on the market, he began his search for +better nuts. + +In the fall of 1930 while searching in the river bottoms of Clinton +County, Illinois, he discovered the Gerardi hican, and began its +propagation and distributed it among other nurseries. It is now known +the country over. + +A few years later while hunting in the same river bottoms with a friend +named Frank Gildig, he was shown a very fine pecan which now bears the +name of the Gildig pecan. And also the Queens Lake Pecan originated in +the same locality. These were introduced in the year 1936. His health +failed and in 1942 he discontinued growing general nursery stock and +grew only nut trees, until his death, which was caused by cancer in the +spring of 1947. + + + + +MAJOR HIRAM B. FERRIS + + +Our Major Hiram B. Ferris, of Spokane, Washington, died May 14th, 1947. +He was a valued member, and his loss is keenly felt. He has been a +source of inspiration, and a highly esteemed bank of information and +instruction. His passing is very much regretted. + +(Submitted by George L. Denman, Spokane, Washington.) + + Mrs. William Rohrbacher, + Mrs. John Hershey, + Mrs. J. F. Johns. + (_Committee Members_) + + + + +Exhibitors At the Annual Meeting of the Northern Nut Growers +Association, Guelph, Ontario, Sept. 3, 4, 5, 1947 + + + A. B. Anthony, Sterling, Ill. + Black walnuts, Anthony shagbark hickory. + + Mrs. F. L. Baum, Yellow House, Pa. + Black walnut kernels. + + G. H. Corsan, "Echo Valley", Islington, Ont. + Black walnuts, Persian walnuts, Japanese walnuts, heartnuts, + filberts, shellbark and shagbark hickories. + + H. H. Corsan, Hillsdale, Mich. + Black walnuts, Persian walnuts, Japanese heartnuts and walnuts, + pecans, hicans, butternuts, butternut hybrids, shagbark and + shellbark hickories. + + Dr. R. T. Dunstan, Greensboro College, Greensboro, N. C. + Black walnuts, filberts, shagbark hickories, pecans. + + Fayette Etter, Lemasters, Pa. + Black walnuts, Persian walnuts, Chinese chestnuts, filberts, + shagbark and shellbark hickories. + + J. U. Gellatly, Westbank, B. C. + Hybrid filberts, hybrid butternuts, photographs. + + A. G. Hirschi, Oklahoma City, Okla. + Pecan clusters, various varieties. + + E. F. Huen, Eldora, Iowa. + Black walnuts. + + G. J. Korn, Kalamazoo, Mich. + Black walnut kernels, black walnuts, Persian walnuts, Persian + walnut hybrids, shagbark hickories. + + Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, N. Y. + Black walnuts, Japanese heartnuts, Turkish filbert, shagbark and + shellbark hickories. + + J. C. McDaniel, Nashville 3, Tenn. + Shagbark hickories, heartnut, Texas walnut. + + Papple Brothers, Brantford, Ont. + Black walnuts, Japanese heartnuts, filberts. + + Jay L. Smith, Chester, N. Y. + Filberts, Japanese chestnuts. + + H. F. Stoke, Roanoke, Va. + Black and Persian walnuts, heartnuts, filberts, shagbark and + shellbark hickories, Chinese, Japanese, American and hybrid + chestnuts, papaws, chestnut grafts. + + Kenneth Thomas, Baltimore, Md. + Black walnuts. + + Lynn Tuttle, Clarkston, Wash. + Persian walnut nuts and shield buds, filberts. + + U. S. Department of Agriculture, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. + Persian walnuts, heartnuts, pecans, Chinese and Japanese chestnuts, + Allegheny chinkapin. + + Vineland Experiment Station, Vineland, Ont. + Persian walnuts, filberts, almonds. + + J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Ind. + Black walnuts, hicans. + +[Illustration: PICTURES MADE ON THE _1947_ TOUR] + +The photograph on this page was taken by Sterling Smith, those on pp. +126-7 are by Dorothy Milne. Groups of NNGA members are shown examining +nut trees and other items of interest on G. H. Corsan's place, "Echo +Valley," Islington, Ontario. + + + + +Attendance + + + Mr. and Mrs. Royal Oakes, Bluffs, Ill. + Mr. and Mrs. Henry Gressel, Mohawk, N. Y. + Mr. and Mrs. F. L. O'Rourke, East Lansing, Mich. + Mr. Ford Wallick, Peru, Ind. + Mr. Carl Prell, South Bend, Ind. + Dr. Arthur S. Colby, U. of Ill., Urbana, Ill. + Rosamond H. Waite, M.D., Perrysburg, N. Y. + Mr. and Mrs. Raymond E. Silvis, Massillon, O. + Mrs. Herbert Negus, Mt. Rainier, Md. + Mr. and Mrs. G. F. Gravatt, U. S. Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville, Md. + W. M. Churchill, Chicago, Ill. + Edwin W. Lemke, Detroit, Mich. + Wm. C. Hodgson, White Hall, Md. + Ivor H. Harrhy, Burgessville, Ont. + Gordon Porter, Windsor, Ont. + Dr. and Mrs. Wm. Rohrbacher, Iowa City, Ia. + Betty Rohrbacher, Iowa City, Ia. + Anne Clarke, Columbus, Ohio. + G. L. Slate, Geneva, N. Y. + Mr. and Mrs. John H. Connelly, Milford, N. J. + J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Ind. + Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, N. Y. + Sterling A. Smith, Vermilion, Ohio + D. C. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa + Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa. + Mr. and Mrs. H. F. Stoke, Roanoke, Va. + Eugene F. Cranz, Ira, Ohio + Victor Brook, Rochester, N. Y. + George Salzer, Rochester, N. Y. + Dr. and Mrs. H. L. Crane, Hyattsville, Md. + Spencer B. Chase, Norris, Tenn. + Ira M. Kyhl, Sabula, Iowa + Mr. and Mrs. R. P. Allaman, Harrisburg, Pa. + H. A. English, Duncan, B. C. + Wm. J. Little, St. George + W. J. Strong, Vineland, Ont. + Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio + G. J. Korn, Kalamazoo, Mich. + Roy E. Ferguson, Center Point, Iowa + Elton E. Papple, Cainsville, Ont. + Merle H. Papple, Cainsville, Ont. + E. F. Huen, Eldora, Iowa + C. C. Lounsberry, Ames, Iowa + Ralph Emerson, Highland Park, Mich. + Joseph C. McDaniel, Nashville 3, Tenn. + Mr. and Mrs. Blaine McCollum, White Hall, Md. + H. W. Guengerich, Louisiana, Mo. + J. S. Shoemaker, Guelph, Ont. + Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Bernath, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. + William S. Clarke, Jr., State College, Pa. + E. Sam Hemming, Easton, Md. + John Rick, Reading, Pa. + Lewis E. Theiss, Lewisburg, Pa. + Ralph Gibson, Williamsport 15, Pa. + Gilbert L. Smith, Wassaic, N. Y. + Levi Housser, Beamsville, Ont. + Mr. and Mrs. Philip S. Moyer, Harrisburg, Pa. + Ernest Chitton, Norwich, Ont. + H. Lynn Tuttle, Clarkston, Wash. + Mrs. J. A. Neilson, Guelph, Ont. + Mildred Jones, Lancaster, Pa. + J. R. VanHaarlem, Vineland Station, Ontario + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + + + + +Announcements + + +PUBLICATIONS + +Fall, 1947 and Winter, 1947-48 numbers of "The Nutshell", news bulletin +of the NNGA, have been issued by the Secretary's office. It is intended +to have this bulletin distributed to members four times a year. It will +carry news of the Association's activities, supplementing the "Nut +Growers News" column in the American Fruit Grower magazine, as well as +reprints of items from other sources that concern nut growers in the +northern two-thirds of the United States plus southern Canada. Beginning +with the Winter, 1947-48 issue, advertising is being accepted in "The +Nutshell." Members who have not received the first two issues, and +others who want additional copies, may obtain them by writing to the +Secretary. + +This Report is a few pages short of its anticipated size, because of the +withdrawal for additional entries of a "Bibliography of References on +Nuts of Special Interest in the North." We hope to have this brought up +to date for publication in the next Annual Report. + + +PUBLICITY + +All members can contribute to the strength of the Northern Nut Growers +Association, Inc., by showing its publications to their neighbors, and +by calling them to the attention of local farm paper and newspaper +editors. + +Several of our members have helped swell the NNGA membership by +mentioning it in nut tree articles for local and regional publications. +As an example, Mr. H. F. Stoke wrote a short article on Chinese +chestnuts for the "Southern Agriculturist", February, 1948 issue. At the +end he stated that a list of nurseries selling Chinese chestnut and +other nut trees could be obtained from the NNGA Secretary's office. To +date (January 26, 1948) more than 50 requests have been received and +each day brings more. Along with the nursery list, these correspondents +receive information about the Northern Nut Growers Association, so any +sudden increase in our membership in the States from North Carolina to +Texas can be ascribed to this bit of publicity. + + +STYLE MANUAL + +Mr. Clarence A. Reed, our retiring President (1946-47), has a suggestion +for writers for publication: + +"An authoritative guide for writers is the _STYLE MANUAL_ issued by the +U. S. Government Printing Office (Washington 25, D. C.) Its use by +Association writers would go far toward standardizing their papers and +in simplifying the work of editing. The 1945 edition contains 435 pages. +Cloth bound $1.50. Paper cover 35c. There is no charge for postage." + + +1948 MEETING + +The dates selected by the Directors for the 39th Annual Meeting of the +Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc. are September 13, 14, and 15. The +place is Norris, Tennessee. Norris is about 25 miles from Knoxville. + + J. C. McDANIEL, Secretary, + c/o Tennessee Department of Agriculture, + Nashville 3, Tennessee. + +Hybrid Walnut Scions Offered for Nut Breeding + +(The following note seems to me to belong in the NNGA Report, even +though it wasn't on the program. It is an invitation to the +experimenters to get something they might want.--J. Russell Smith.) + +Thomas R. Haig, M.D., 3344 H. St., Sacramento, California, reports a +promising cross of northern California black X Persian walnut: "The nuts +are fertile. This hybrid produces =pistillate flowers only=, lending +itself easily to pollination with the various varieties of Persian. +Should any experimenter wish scions he is welcome. Such scions could +save considerable time. + +"The tree is now 9-10 years old. I obtained 5 nuts in 1947, by +back-crossing the hybrid to Persian walnut. One seedling obtained +previously by this hybridization is not yet bearing." + +Other members who have available scions of promising hybrids or other +new varieties of nut trees are invited to communicate promptly with the +Secretary. A list of these will be published in =THE NUTSHELL= for Spring, +1948. + + +Hybrid Oak Information + +Mr. Thomas Q. Mitchell, 16 East 48th Street, New York 17, New York, +calls our attention to his article on "Hybrid Oak Crop Trees," in +Harper's Magazine for February, 1948. He adds: "A much longer article is +in preparation (in collaboration with Mr. Charles Morrow Wilson) for +Scientific Monthly. Can you report any hybrid or exotic oaks there, or +put me in touch with any Dendrophiles interested in oak hybrids as crop +trees?" + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association +Report of the Proceedings at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROCEEDINGS, 38TH ANNUAL MEETING, 1947 *** + +***** This file should be named 22721.txt or 22721.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/7/2/22721/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Janet Blenkinship +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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