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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Discovery of Guiana, by Sir Walter Raleigh
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Discovery of Guiana
+
+Author: Sir Walter Raleigh
+
+Release Date: March 25, 2006 [EBook #2272]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DISCOVERY OF GUIANA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Dagny; and John Bickers
+
+
+
+
+
+THE DISCOVERY OF GUIANA
+
+By Sir Walter Raleigh
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY NOTE
+
+Sir Walter Raleigh may be taken as the great typical figure of the age
+of Elizabeth. Courtier and statesman, soldier and sailor, scientist
+and man of letters, he engaged in almost all the main lines of public
+activity in his time, and was distinguished in them all.
+
+His father was a Devonshire gentleman of property, connected with many
+of the distinguished families of the south of England. Walter was born
+about 1552 and was educated at Oxford. He first saw military service
+in the Huguenot army in France in 1569, and in 1578 engaged, with his
+half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in the first of his expeditions
+against the Spaniards. After some service in Ireland, he attracted the
+attention of the Queen, and rapidly rose to the perilous position of her
+chief favorite. With her approval, he fitted out two expeditions for the
+colonization of Virginia, neither of which did his royal mistress permit
+him to lead in person, and neither of which succeeded in establishing a
+permanent settlement.
+
+After about six years of high favor, Raleigh found his position at
+court endangered by the rivalry of Essex, and in 1592, on returning
+from convoying a squadron he had fitted out against the Spanish, he was
+thrown into the Tower by the orders of the Queen, who had discovered an
+intrigue between him and one of her ladies whom he subsequently married.
+He was ultimately released, engaged in various naval exploits, and in
+1594 sailed for South America on the voyage described in the following
+narrative.
+
+On the death of Elizabeth, Raleigh's misfortunes increased. He was
+accused of treason against James I, condemned, reprieved, and imprisoned
+for twelve years, during which he wrote his "History of the World,"
+and engaged in scientific researches. In 1616 he was liberated, to make
+another attempt to find the gold mine in Venezuela; but the expedition
+was disastrous, and, on his return, Raleigh was executed on the old
+charge in 1618. In his vices as in his virtues, Raleigh is a thorough
+representative of the great adventurers who laid the foundations of the
+British Empire.
+
+
+
+
+
+RALEIGH'S DISCOVERY OF GUIANA
+
+
+The Discovery of the large, rich, and beautiful EMPIRE Of GUIANA; with a
+Relation of the great and golden CITY of MANOA, which the Spaniards
+call EL DORADO, and the PROVINCES of EMERIA, AROMAIA, AMAPAIA, and other
+Countries, with their rivers, adjoining. Performed in the year 1595 by
+Sir WALTER RALEIGH, KNIGHT, CAPTAIN of her Majesty's GUARD, Lord Warden
+of the STANNARIES, and her Highness' LIEUTENANT-GENERAL of the COUNTY of
+CORNWALL.
+
+
+
+To the Right Honourable my singular good Lord and kinsman CHARLES
+HOWARD, Knight of the Garter, Baron, and Councillor, and of the Admirals
+of England the most renowned; and to the Right Honourable SIR ROBERT
+CECIL, KNIGHT, Councillor in her Highness' Privy Councils.
+
+
+
+For your Honours' many honourable and friendly parts, I have hitherto
+only returned promises; and now, for answer of both your adventures,
+I have sent you a bundle of papers, which I have divided between your
+Lordship and Sir Robert Cecil, in these two respects chiefly; first, for
+that it is reason that wasteful factors, when they have consumed such
+stocks as they had in trust, do yield some colour for the same in their
+account; secondly, for that I am assured that whatsoever shall be done,
+or written, by me, shall need a double protection and defence. The trial
+that I had of both your loves, when I was left of all, but of malice and
+revenge, makes me still presume that you will be pleased (knowing
+what little power I had to perform aught, and the great advantage of
+forewarned enemies) to answer that out of knowledge, which others shall
+but object out of malice. In my more happy times as I did especially
+honour you both, so I found that your loves sought me out in the darkest
+shadow of adversity, and the same affection which accompanied my better
+fortune soared not away from me in my many miseries; all which though I
+cannot requite, yet I shall ever acknowledge; and the great debt which I
+have no power to pay, I can do no more for a time but confess to be
+due. It is true that as my errors were great, so they have yielded very
+grievous effects; and if aught might have been deserved in former times,
+to have counterpoised any part of offences, the fruit thereof, as it
+seemeth, was long before fallen from the tree, and the dead stock only
+remained. I did therefore, even in the winter of my life, undertake
+these travails, fitter for bodies less blasted with misfortunes, for men
+of greater ability, and for minds of better encouragement, that thereby,
+if it were possible, I might recover but the moderation of excess, and
+the least taste of the greatest plenty formerly possessed. If I had
+known other way to win, if I had imagined how greater adventures might
+have regained, if I could conceive what farther means I might yet use
+but even to appease so powerful displeasure, I would not doubt but for
+one year more to hold fast my soul in my teeth till it were performed.
+Of that little remain I had, I have wasted in effect all herein. I have
+undergone many constructions; I have been accompanied with many
+sorrows, with labour, hunger, heat, sickness, and peril; it appeareth,
+notwithstanding, that I made no other bravado of going to the sea, than
+was meant, and that I was never hidden in Cornwall, or elsewhere, as
+was supposed. They have grossly belied me that forejudged that I would
+rather become a servant to the Spanish king than return; and the rest
+were much mistaken, who would have persuaded that I was too easeful and
+sensual to undertake a journey of so great travail. But if what I have
+done receive the gracious construction of a painful pilgrimage, and
+purchase the least remission, I shall think all too little, and that
+there were wanting to the rest many miseries. But if both the times
+past, the present, and what may be in the future, do all by one grain of
+gall continue in eternal distaste, I do not then know whether I should
+bewail myself, either for my too much travail and expense, or condemn
+myself for doing less than that which can deserve nothing. From myself
+I have deserved no thanks, for I am returned a beggar, and withered;
+but that I might have bettered my poor estate, it shall appear from the
+following discourse, if I had not only respected her Majesty's future
+honour and riches.
+
+It became not the former fortune, in which I once lived, to go journeys
+of picory (marauding); it had sorted ill with the offices of honour,
+which by her Majesty's grace I hold this day in England, to run from
+cape to cape and from place to place, for the pillage of ordinary
+prizes. Many years since I had knowledge, by relation, of that mighty,
+rich, and beautiful empire of Guiana, and of that great and golden city,
+which the Spaniards call El Dorado, and the naturals Manoa, which
+city was conquered, re-edified, and enlarged by a younger son of
+Guayna-capac, Emperor of Peru, at such time as Francisco Pizarro and
+others conquered the said empire from his two elder brethren, Guascar
+and Atabalipa, both then contending for the same, the one being favoured
+by the orejones of Cuzco, the other by the people of Caxamalca. I sent
+my servant Jacob Whiddon, the year before, to get knowledge of the
+passages, and I had some light from Captain Parker, sometime my servant,
+and now attending on your Lordship, that such a place there was to the
+southward of the great bay of Charuas, or Guanipa: but I found that it
+was 600 miles farther off than they supposed, and many impediments to
+them unknown and unheard. After I had displanted Don Antonio de Berreo,
+who was upon the same enterprise, leaving my ships at Trinidad, at the
+port called Curiapan, I wandered 400 miles into the said country by land
+and river; the particulars I will leave to the following discourse.
+
+The country hath more quantity of gold, by manifold, than the best parts
+of the Indies, or Peru. All the most of the kings of the borders are
+already become her Majesty's vassals, and seem to desire nothing more
+than her Majesty's protection and the return of the English nation. It
+hath another ground and assurance of riches and glory than the voyages
+of the West Indies; an easier way to invade the best parts thereof than
+by the common course. The king of Spain is not so impoverished by taking
+three or four port towns in America as we suppose; neither are the
+riches of Peru or Nueva Espana so left by the sea side as it can be
+easily washed away with a great flood, or spring tide, or left dry upon
+the sands on a low ebb. The port towns are few and poor in respect of
+the rest within the land, and are of little defence, and are only rich
+when the fleets are to receive the treasure for Spain; and we might
+think the Spaniards very simple, having so many horses and slaves, if
+they could not upon two days' warning carry all the gold they have into
+the land, and far enough from the reach of our footmen, especially the
+Indies being, as they are for the most part, so mountainous, full
+of woods, rivers, and marishes. In the port towns of the province of
+Venezuela, as Cumana, Coro, and St. Iago (whereof Coro and St. Iago were
+taken by Captain Preston, and Cumana and St. Josepho by us) we found
+not the value of one real of plate in either. But the cities of
+Barquasimeta, Valencia, St. Sebastian, Cororo, St. Lucia, Laguna,
+Maracaiba, and Truxillo, are not so easily invaded. Neither doth the
+burning of those on the coast impoverish the king of Spain any one
+ducat; and if we sack the River of Hacha, St. Martha, and Carthagena,
+which are the ports of Nuevo Reyno and Popayan, there are besides within
+the land, which are indeed rich and prosperous, the towns and cities of
+Merida, Lagrita, St. Christophoro, the great cities of Pamplona, Santa
+Fe de Bogota, Tunxa, and Mozo, where the emeralds are found, the
+towns and cities of Marequita, Velez, la Villa de Leiva, Palma, Honda,
+Angostura, the great city of Timana, Tocaima, St. Aguila, Pasto, [St.]
+Iago, the great city of Popayan itself, Los Remedios, and the rest. If
+we take the ports and villages within the bay of Uraba in the kingdom
+or rivers of Darien and Caribana, the cities and towns of St. Juan de
+Rodas, of Cassaris, of Antiochia, Caramanta, Cali, and Anserma have gold
+enough to pay the king's part, and are not easily invaded by way of
+the ocean. Or if Nombre de Dios and Panama be taken, in the province of
+Castilla del Oro, and the villages upon the rivers of Cenu and Chagre;
+Peru hath, besides those, and besides the magnificent cities of Quito
+and Lima, so many islands, ports, cities, and mines as if I should name
+them with the rest it would seem incredible to the reader. Of all which,
+because I have written a particular treatise of the West Indies, I will
+omit the repetition at this time, seeing that in the said treatise I
+have anatomized the rest of the sea towns as well of Nicaragua, Yucatan,
+Nueva Espana, and the islands, as those of the inland, and by what means
+they may be best invaded, as far as any mean judgment may comprehend.
+
+But I hope it shall appear that there is a way found to answer every
+man's longing; a better Indies for her Majesty than the king of Spain
+hath any; which if it shall please her Highness to undertake, I shall
+most willingly end the rest of my days in following the same. If it be
+left to the spoil and sackage of common persons, if the love and service
+of so many nations be despised, so great riches and so mighty an empire
+refused; I hope her Majesty will yet take my humble desire and my labour
+therein in gracious part, which, if it had not been in respect of
+her Highness' future honour and riches, could have laid hands on and
+ransomed many of the kings and caciqui of the country, and have had a
+reasonable proportion of gold for their redemption. But I have chosen
+rather to bear the burden of poverty than reproach; and rather to endure
+a second travail, and the chances thereof, than to have defaced an
+enterprise of so great assurance, until I knew whether it pleased God
+to put a disposition in her princely and royal heart either to follow
+or forslow (neglect, decline, lose through sloth) the same. I will
+therefore leave it to His ordinance that hath only power in all things;
+and do humbly pray that your honours will excuse such errors as, without
+the defence of art, overrun in every part the following discourse, in
+which I have neither studied phrase, form, nor fashion; that you will be
+pleased to esteem me as your own, though over dearly bought, and I shall
+ever remain ready to do you all honour and service.
+
+
+
+
+TO THE READER
+
+Because there have been divers opinions conceived of the gold ore
+brought from Guiana, and for that an alderman of London and an officer
+of her Majesty's mint hath given out that the same is of no price, I
+have thought good by the addition of these lines to give answer as well
+to the said malicious slander as to other objections. It is true that
+while we abode at the island of Trinidad I was informed by an Indian
+that not far from the port where we anchored there were found certain
+mineral stones which they esteemed to be gold, and were thereunto
+persuaded the rather for that they had seen both English and Frenchmen
+gather and embark some quantities thereof. Upon this likelihood I sent
+forty men, and gave order that each one should bring a stone of that
+mine, to make trial of the goodness; which being performed, I assured
+them at their return that the same was marcasite, and of no riches or
+value. Notwithstanding, divers, trusting more to their own sense than to
+my opinion, kept of the said marcasite, and have tried thereof since my
+return, in divers places. In Guiana itself I never saw marcasite; but
+all the rocks, mountains, all stones in the plains, woods, and by the
+rivers' sides, are in effect thorough-shining, and appear marvellous
+rich; which, being tried to be no marcasite, are the true signs of rich
+minerals, but are no other than El madre del oro, as the Spaniards term
+them, which is the mother of gold, or, as it is said by others, the scum
+of gold. Of divers sorts of these many of my company brought also
+into England, every one taking the fairest for the best, which is not
+general. For mine own part, I did not countermand any man's desire or
+opinion, and I could have afforded them little if I should have denied
+them the pleasing of their own fancies therein; but I was resolved that
+gold must be found either in grains, separate from the stone, as it is
+in most of the rivers in Guiana, or else in a kind of hard stone, which
+we call the white spar, of which I saw divers hills, and in sundry
+places, but had neither time nor men, nor instruments fit for labour.
+Near unto one of the rivers I found of the said white spar or flint a
+very great ledge or bank, which I endeavoured to break by all the means
+I could, because there appeared on the outside some small grains of
+gold; but finding no mean to work the same upon the upper part, seeking
+the sides and circuit of the said rock, I found a clift in the same,
+from whence with daggers, and with the head of an axe, we got out some
+small quantity thereof; of which kind of white stone, wherein gold
+is engendered, we saw divers hills and rocks in every part of Guiana
+wherein we travelled. Of this there have been made many trials; and in
+London it was first assayed by Master Westwood, a refiner dwelling in
+Wood Street, and it held after the rate of twelve or thirteen thousand
+pounds a ton. Another sort was afterward tried by Master Bulmar, and
+Master Dimock, assay-master; and it held after the rate of three and
+twenty thousand pounds a ton. There was some of it again tried by Master
+Palmer, Comptroller of the Mint, and Master Dimock in Goldsmith's Hall,
+and it held after six and twenty thousand and nine hundred pounds a ton.
+There was also at the same time, and by the same persons, a trial made
+of the dust of the said mine; which held eight pounds and six ounces
+weight of gold in the hundred. There was likewise at the same time a
+trial of an image of copper made in Guiana, which held a third part
+of gold, besides divers trials made in the country, and by others in
+London. But because there came ill with the good, and belike the said
+alderman was not presented with the best, it hath pleased him therefore
+to scandal all the rest, and to deface the enterprise as much as in him
+lieth. It hath also been concluded by divers that if there had been any
+such ore in Guiana, and the same discovered, that I would have brought
+home a greater quantity thereof. First, I was not bound to satisfy any
+man of the quantity, but only such as adventured, if any store had been
+returned thereof; but it is very true that had all their mountains been
+of massy gold it was impossible for us to have made any longer stay to
+have wrought the same; and whosoever hath seen with what strength of
+stone the best gold ore is environed, he will not think it easy to
+be had out in heaps, and especially by us, who had neither men,
+instruments, nor time, as it is said before, to perform the same.
+
+There were on this discovery no less than an hundred persons, who can
+all witness that when we passed any branch of the river to view the land
+within, and stayed from our boats but six hours, we were driven to
+wade to the eyes at our return; and if we attempted the same the day
+following, it was impossible either to ford it, or to swim it, both by
+reason of the swiftness, and also for that the borders were so pestered
+with fast woods, as neither boat nor man could find place either to land
+or to embark; for in June, July, August, and September it is impossible
+to navigate any of those rivers; for such is the fury of the current,
+and there are so many trees and woods overflown, as if any boat but
+touch upon any tree or stake it is impossible to save any one person
+therein. And ere we departed the land it ran with such swiftness as we
+drave down, most commonly against the wind, little less than an hundred
+miles a day. Besides, our vessels were no other than wherries, one
+little barge, a small cock-boat, and a bad galiota which we framed in
+haste for that purpose at Trinidad; and those little boats had nine or
+ten men apiece, with all their victuals and arms. It is further true
+that we were about four hundred miles from our ships, and had been a
+month from them, which also we left weakly manned in an open road, and
+had promised our return in fifteen days.
+
+Others have devised that the same ore was had from Barbary, and that we
+carried it with us into Guiana. Surely the singularity of that device I
+do not well comprehend. For mine own part, I am not so much in love with
+these long voyages as to devise thereby to cozen myself, to lie hard, to
+fare worse, to be subjected to perils, to diseases, to ill savours, to
+be parched and withered, and withal to sustain the care and labour of
+such an enterprise, except the same had more comfort than the fetching
+of marcasite in Guiana, or buying of gold ore in Barbary. But I hope the
+better sort will judge me by themselves, and that the way of deceit is
+not the way of honour or good opinion. I have herein consumed much time,
+and many crowns; and I had no other respect or desire than to serve her
+Majesty and my country thereby. If the Spanish nation had been of like
+belief to these detractors we should little have feared or doubted their
+attempts, wherewith we now are daily threatened. But if we now consider
+of the actions both of Charles the Fifth, who had the maidenhead of Peru
+and the abundant treasures of Atabalipa, together with the affairs of
+the Spanish king now living, what territories he hath purchased, what
+he hath added to the acts of his predecessors, how many kingdoms he hath
+endangered, how many armies, garrisons, and navies he hath, and doth
+maintain, the great losses which he hath repaired, as in Eighty-eight
+above an hundred sail of great ships with their artillery, and that no
+year is less infortunate, but that many vessels, treasures, and people
+are devoured, and yet notwithstanding he beginneth again like a storm
+to threaten shipwrack to us all; we shall find that these abilities rise
+not from the trades of sacks and Seville oranges, nor from aught else
+that either Spain, Portugal, or any of his other provinces produce; it
+is his Indian gold that endangereth and disturbeth all the nations of
+Europe; it purchaseth intelligence, creepeth into counsels, and setteth
+bound loyalty at liberty in the greatest monarchies of Europe. If
+the Spanish king can keep us from foreign enterprises, and from the
+impeachment of his trades, either by offer of invasion, or by besieging
+us in Britain, Ireland, or elsewhere, he hath then brought the work of
+our peril in great forwardness.
+
+Those princes that abound in treasure have great advantages over the
+rest, if they once constrain them to a defensive war, where they are
+driven once a year or oftener to cast lots for their own garments; and
+from all such shall all trades and intercourse be taken away, to
+the general loss and impoverishment of the kingdom and commonweal so
+reduced. Besides, when our men are constrained to fight, it hath not the
+like hope as when they are pressed and encouraged by the desire of
+spoil and riches. Farther, it is to be doubted how those that in time
+of victory seem to affect their neighbour nations will remain after
+the first view of misfortunes or ill success; to trust, also, to the
+doubtfulness of a battle is but a fearful and uncertain adventure,
+seeing therein fortune is as likely to prevail as virtue. It shall not
+be necessary to allege all that might be said, and therefore I will thus
+conclude; that whatsoever kingdom shall be enforced to defend itself may
+be compared to a body dangerously diseased, which for a season may be
+preserved with vulgar medicines, but in a short time, and by little and
+little, the same must needs fall to the ground and be dissolved. I have
+therefore laboured all my life, both according to my small power and
+persuasion, to advance all those attempts that might either promise
+return of profit to ourselves, or at least be a let and impeachment to
+the quiet course and plentiful trades of the Spanish nation; who, in my
+weak judgement, by such a war were as easily endangered and brought from
+his powerfulness as any prince in Europe, if it be considered from how
+many kingdoms and nations his revenues are gathered, and those so weak
+in their own beings and so far severed from mutual succour. But because
+such a preparation and resolution is not to be hoped for in haste,
+and that the time which our enemies embrace cannot be had again to
+advantage, I will hope that these provinces, and that empire now by me
+discovered, shall suffice to enable her Majesty and the whole kingdom
+with no less quantities of treasure than the king of Spain hath in all
+the Indies, East and West, which he possesseth; which if the same be
+considered and followed, ere the Spaniards enforce the same, and if her
+Majesty will undertake it, I will be contented to lose her Highness'
+favour and good opinion for ever, and my life withal, if the same be
+not found rather to exceed than to equal whatsoever is in this discourse
+promised and declared. I will now refer the reader to the following
+discourse, with the hope that the perilous and chargeable labours and
+endeavours of such as thereby seek the profit and honour of her Majesty,
+and the English nation, shall by men of quality and virtue receive such
+construction and good acceptance as themselves would like to be rewarded
+withal in the like.
+
+
+
+
+THE DISCOVERY[*] OF GUIANA[+]
+
+     [*] Exploration
+
+     [+] The name is derived from the Guayano Indians, on the
+     Orinoco.
+
+On Thursday, the sixth of February, in the year 1595, we departed
+England, and the Sunday following had sight of the north cape of Spain,
+the wind for the most part continuing prosperous; we passed in sight of
+the Burlings, and the Rock, and so onwards for the Canaries, and fell
+with Fuerteventura the 17. of the same month, where we spent two or
+three days, and relieved our companies with some fresh meat. From thence
+we coasted by the Grand Canaria, and so to Teneriffe, and stayed there
+for the Lion's Whelp, your Lordship's ship, and for Captain Amyas
+Preston and the rest. But when after seven or eight days we found them
+not, we departed and directed our course for Trinidad, with mine own
+ship, and a small barque of Captain Cross's only; for we had before lost
+sight of a small galego on the coast of Spain, which came with us from
+Plymouth. We arrived at Trinidad the 22. of March, casting anchor
+at Point Curiapan, which the Spaniards call Punta de Gallo, which is
+situate in eight degrees or thereabouts. We abode there four or five
+days, and in all that time we came not to the speech of any Indian or
+Spaniard. On the coast we saw a fire, as we sailed from the Point Carao
+towards Curiapan, but for fear of the Spaniards none durst come to speak
+with us. I myself coasted it in my barge close aboard the shore and
+landed in every cove, the better to know the island, while the ships
+kept the channel. From Curiapan after a few days we turned up north-east
+to recover that place which the Spaniards call Puerto de los Espanoles
+(now Port of Spain), and the inhabitants Conquerabia; and as before,
+revictualling my barge, I left the ships and kept by the shore, the
+better to come to speech with some of the inhabitants, and also to
+understand the rivers, watering-places, and ports of the island, which,
+as it is rudely done, my purpose is to send your Lordship after a few
+days. From Curiapan I came to a port and seat of Indians called Parico,
+where we found a fresh water river, but saw no people. From thence
+I rowed to another port, called by the naturals Piche, and by the
+Spaniards Tierra de Brea. In the way between both were divers little
+brooks of fresh water, and one salt river that had store of oysters upon
+the branches of the trees, and were very salt and well tasted. All their
+oysters grow upon those boughs and sprays, and not on the ground; the
+like is commonly seen in other places of the West Indies, and elsewhere.
+This tree is described by Andrew Thevet, in his France Antarctique, and
+the form figured in the book as a plant very strange; and by Pliny in
+his twelfth book of his Natural History. But in this island, as also in
+Guiana, there are very many of them.
+
+At this point, called Tierra de Brea or Piche, there is that abundance
+of stone pitch that all the ships of the world may be therewith laden
+from thence; and we made trial of it in trimming our ships to be most
+excellent good, and melteth not with the sun as the pitch of Norway, and
+therefore for ships trading the south parts very profitable. From thence
+we went to the mountain foot called Annaperima, and so passing the river
+Carone, on which the Spanish city was seated, we met with our ships at
+Puerto de los Espanoles or Conquerabia.
+
+This island of Trinidad hath the form of a sheephook, and is but narrow;
+the north part is very mountainous; the soil is very excellent, and will
+bear sugar, ginger, or any other commodity that the Indies yield. It
+hath store of deer, wild porks, fruit, fish, and fowl; it hath also for
+bread sufficient maize, cassavi, and of those roots and fruits which are
+common everywhere in the West Indies. It hath divers beasts which the
+Indies have not; the Spaniards confessed that they found grains of gold
+in some of the rivers; but they having a purpose to enter Guiana, the
+magazine of all rich metals, cared not to spend time in the search
+thereof any further. This island is called by the people thereof Cairi,
+and in it are divers nations. Those about Parico are called Jajo, those
+at Punta de Carao are of the Arwacas (Arawaks) and between Carao and
+Curiapan they are called Salvajos. Between Carao and Punta de Galera
+are the Nepojos, and those about the Spanish city term themselves
+Carinepagotes (Carib-people). Of the rest of the nations, and of
+other ports and rivers, I leave to speak here, being impertinent to my
+purpose, and mean to describe them as they are situate in the particular
+plot and description of the island, three parts whereof I coasted with
+my barge, that I might the better describe it.
+
+Meeting with the ships at Puerto de los Espanoles, we found at the
+landing-place a company of Spaniards who kept a guard at the descent;
+and they offering a sign of peace, I sent Captain Whiddon to speak with
+them, whom afterwards to my great grief I left buried in the said island
+after my return from Guiana, being a man most honest and valiant. The
+Spaniards seemed to be desirous to trade with us, and to enter into
+terms of peace, more for doubt of their own strength than for aught
+else; and in the end, upon pledge, some of them came aboard. The same
+evening there stale also aboard us in a small canoa two Indians, the one
+of them being a cacique or lord of the people, called Cantyman, who had
+the year before been with Captain Whiddon, and was of his acquaintance.
+By this Cantyman we understood what strength the Spaniards had, how far
+it was to their city, and of Don Antonio de Berreo, the governor, who
+was said to be slain in his second attempt of Guiana, but was not.
+
+While we remained at Puerto de los Espanoles some Spaniards came aboard
+us to buy linen of the company, and such other things as they wanted,
+and also to view our ships and company, all which I entertained kindly
+and feasted after our manner. By means whereof I learned of one and
+another as much of the estate of Guiana as I could, or as they knew; for
+those poor soldiers having been many years without wine, a few draughts
+made them merry, in which mood they vaunted of Guiana and the riches
+thereof, and all what they knew of the ways and passages; myself seeming
+to purpose nothing less than the entrance or discovery thereof, but bred
+in them an opinion that I was bound only for the relief of those English
+which I had planted in Virginia, whereof the bruit was come among them;
+which I had performed in my return, if extremity of weather had not
+forced me from the said coast.
+
+I found occasions of staying in this place for two causes. The one was
+to be revenged of Berreo, who the year before, 1594, had betrayed eight
+of Captain Whiddon's men, and took them while he departed from them to
+seek the Edward Bonaventure, which arrived at Trinidad the day before
+from the East Indies: in whose absence Berreo sent a canoa aboard the
+pinnace only with Indians and dogs inviting the company to go with them
+into the woods to kill a deer. Who like wise men, in the absence of
+their captain followed the Indians, but were no sooner one arquebus
+shot from the shore, but Berreo's soldiers lying in ambush had them all,
+notwithstanding that he had given his word to Captain Whiddon that they
+should take water and wood safely. The other cause of my stay was, for
+that by discourse with the Spaniards I daily learned more and more of
+Guiana, of the rivers and passages, and of the enterprise of Berreo, by
+what means or fault he failed, and how he meant to prosecute the same.
+
+While we thus spent the time I was assured by another cacique of the
+north side of the island, that Berreo had sent to Margarita and Cumana
+for soldiers, meaning to have given me a cassado (blow) at parting, if
+it had been possible. For although he had given order through all the
+island that no Indian should come aboard to trade with me upon pain of
+hanging and quartering (having executed two of them for the same,
+which I afterwards found), yet every night there came some with most
+lamentable complaints of his cruelty: how he had divided the island and
+given to every soldier a part; that he made the ancient caciques, which
+were lords of the country, to be their slaves; that he kept them in
+chains, and dropped their naked bodies with burning bacon, and such
+other torments, which I found afterwards to be true. For in the city,
+after I entered the same, there were five of the lords or little kings,
+which they call caciques in the West Indies, in one chain, almost dead
+of famine, and wasted with torments. These are called in their own
+language acarewana, and now of late since English, French, and Spanish,
+are come among them, they call themselves captains, because they
+perceive that the chiefest of every ship is called by that name.
+Those five captains in the chain were called Wannawanare, Carroaori,
+Maquarima, Tarroopanama, and Aterima. So as both to be revenged of the
+former wrong, as also considering that to enter Guiana by small boats,
+to depart 400 or 500 miles from my ships, and to leave a garrison in my
+back interested in the same enterprise, who also daily expected supplies
+out of Spain, I should have savoured very much of the ass; and therefore
+taking a time of most advantage, I set upon the Corps du garde in
+the evening, and having put them to the sword, sent Captain Caulfield
+onwards with sixty soldiers, and myself followed with forty more, and so
+took their new city, which they called St. Joseph, by break of day. They
+abode not any fight after a few shot, and all being dismissed, but
+only Berreo and his companion (the Portuguese captain Alvaro Jorge), I
+brought them with me aboard, and at the instance of the Indians I set
+their new city of St. Joseph on fire. The same day arrived Captain
+George Gifford with your lordship's ship, and Captain Keymis, whom
+I lost on the coast of Spain, with the galego, and in them divers
+gentlemen and others, which to our little army was a great comfort and
+supply.
+
+We then hasted away towards our purposed discovery, and first I called
+all the captains of the island together that were enemies to the
+Spaniards; for there were some which Berreo had brought out of other
+countries, and planted there to eat out and waste those that were
+natural of the place. And by my Indian interpreter, which I carried out
+of England, I made them understand that I was the servant of a queen who
+was the great cacique of the north, and a virgin, and had more caciqui
+under her than there were trees in that island; that she was an enemy to
+the Castellani in respect of their tyranny and oppression, and that she
+delivered all such nations about her, as were by them oppressed; and
+having freed all the coast of the northern world from their servitude,
+had sent me to free them also, and withal to defend the country of
+Guiana from their invasion and conquest. I shewed them her Majesty's
+picture, which they so admired and honoured, as it had been easy to have
+brought them idolatrous thereof. The like and a more large discourse
+I made to the rest of the nations, both in my passing to Guiana and to
+those of the borders, so as in that part of the world her Majesty
+is very famous and admirable; whom they now call EZRABETA CASSIPUNA
+AQUEREWANA, which is as much as 'Elizabeth, the Great Princess, or
+Greatest Commander.' This done, we left Puerto de los Espanoles, and
+returned to Curiapan, and having Berreo my prisoner, I gathered from him
+as much of Guiana as he knew. This Berreo is a gentleman well descended,
+and had long served the Spanish king in Milan, Naples, the Low
+Countries, and elsewhere, very valiant and liberal, and a gentleman of
+great assuredness, and of a great heart. I used him according to his
+estate and worth in all things I could, according to the small means I
+had.
+
+I sent Captain Whiddon the year before to get what knowledge he could of
+Guiana: and the end of my journey at this time was to discover and enter
+the same. But my intelligence was far from truth, for the country is
+situate about 600 English miles further from the sea than I was made
+believe it had been. Which afterwards understanding to be true by
+Berreo, I kept it from the knowledge of my company, who else would never
+have been brought to attempt the same. Of which 600 miles I passed 400,
+leaving my ships so far from me at anchor in the sea, which was more of
+desire to perform that discovery than of reason, especially having such
+poor and weak vessels to transport ourselves in. For in the bottom of
+an old galego which I caused to be fashioned like a galley, and in one
+barge, two wherries, and a ship-boat of the Lion's Whelp, we carried 100
+persons and their victuals for a month in the same, being all driven
+to lie in the rain and weather in the open air, in the burning sun, and
+upon the hard boards, and to dress our meat, and to carry all manner of
+furniture in them. Wherewith they were so pestered and unsavoury, that
+what with victuals being most fish, with the wet clothes of so many men
+thrust together, and the heat of the sun, I will undertake there was
+never any prison in England that could be found more unsavoury and
+loathsome, especially to myself, who had for many years before been
+dieted and cared for in a sort far more differing.
+
+If Captain Preston had not been persuaded that he should have come too
+late to Trinidad to have found us there (for the month was expired which
+I promised to tarry for him there ere he could recover the coast of
+Spain) but that it had pleased God he might have joined with us, and
+that we had entered the country but some ten days sooner ere the rivers
+were overflown, we had adventured either to have gone to the great city
+of Manoa, or at least taken so many of the other cities and towns nearer
+at hand, as would have made a royal return. But it pleased not God so
+much to favour me at this time. If it shall be my lot to prosecute the
+same, I shall willingly spend my life therein. And if any else shall
+be enabled thereunto, and conquer the same, I assure him thus much; he
+shall perform more than ever was done in Mexico by Cortes, or in Peru by
+Pizarro, whereof the one conquered the empire of Mutezuma, the other
+of Guascar and Atabalipa. And whatsoever prince shall possess it, that
+prince shall be lord of more gold, and of a more beautiful empire, and
+of more cities and people, than either the king of Spain or the Great
+Turk.
+
+But because there may arise many doubts, and how this empire of Guiana
+is become so populous, and adorned with so many great cities, towns,
+temples, and treasures, I thought good to make it known, that the
+emperor now reigning is descended from those magnificent princes
+of Peru, of whose large territories, of whose policies, conquests,
+edifices, and riches, Pedro de Cieza, Francisco Lopez, and others have
+written large discourses. For when Francisco Pizarro, Diego Almagro
+and others conquered the said empire of Peru, and had put to death
+Atabalipa, son to Guayna Capac, which Atabalipa had formerly caused his
+eldest brother Guascar to be slain, one of the younger sons of Guayna
+Capac fled out of Peru, and took with him many thousands of those
+soldiers of the empire called orejones ("having large ears," the name
+given by the Spaniards to the Peruvian warriors, who wore ear-pendants),
+and with those and many others which followed him, he vanquished all
+that tract and valley of America which is situate between the great
+river of Amazons and Baraquan, otherwise called Orenoque and Maranon
+(Baraquan is the alternative name to Orenoque, Maranon to Amazons).
+
+The empire of Guiana is directly east from Peru towards the sea, and
+lieth under the equinoctial line; and it hath more abundance of gold
+than any part of Peru, and as many or more great cities than ever Peru
+had when it flourished most. It is governed by the same laws, and the
+emperor and people observe the same religion, and the same form and
+policies in government as were used in Peru, not differing in any part.
+And I have been assured by such of the Spaniards as have seen Manoa, the
+imperial city of Guiana, which the Spaniards call El Dorado, that
+for the greatness, for the riches, and for the excellent seat, it far
+exceedeth any of the world, at least of so much of the world as is known
+to the Spanish nation. It is founded upon a lake of salt water of 200
+leagues long, like unto Mare Caspium. And if we compare it to that of
+Peru, and but read the report of Francisco Lopez and others, it will
+seem more than credible; and because we may judge of the one by the
+other, I thought good to insert part of the 120. chapter of Lopez in
+his General History of the Indies, wherein he describeth the court and
+magnificence of Guayna Capac, ancestor to the emperor of Guiana, whose
+very words are these:--
+
+"Todo el servicio de su casa, mesa, y cocina era de oro y de plata,
+y cuando menos de plata y cobre, por mas recio. Tenia en su recamara
+estatuas huecas de oro, que parescian gigantes, y las figuras al propio
+y tamano de cuantos animales, aves, arboles, y yerbas produce la tierra,
+y de cuantos peces cria la mar y agua de sus reynos. Tenia asimesmo
+sogas, costales, cestas, y troxes de oro y plata; rimeros de palos de
+oro, que pareciesen lena rajada para quemar. En fin no habia cosa en su
+tierra, que no la tuviese de oro contrahecha; y aun dizen, que tenian
+los Ingas un verjel en una isla cerca de la Puna, donde se iban a
+holgar, cuando querian mar, que tenia la hortaliza, las flores, y
+arboles de oro y plata; invencion y grandeza hasta entonces nunca vista.
+Allende de todo esto, tenia infinitisima cantidad de plata y oro por
+labrar en el Cuzco, que se perdio por la muerte de Guascar; ca los
+Indios lo escondieron, viendo que los Espanoles se lo tomaban, y
+enviaban a Espana."
+
+That is, "All the vessels of his house, table, and kitchen, were of
+gold and silver, and the meanest of silver and copper for strength and
+hardness of metal. He had in his wardrobe hollow statues of gold which
+seemed giants, and the figures in proportion and bigness of all the
+beasts, birds, trees, and herbs, that the earth bringeth forth; and of
+all the fishes that the sea or waters of his kingdom breedeth. He had
+also ropes, budgets, chests, and troughs of gold and silver, heaps of
+billets of gold, that seemed wood marked out (split into logs) to
+burn. Finally, there was nothing in his country whereof he had not
+the counterfeit in gold. Yea, and they say, the Ingas had a garden of
+pleasure in an island near Puna, where they went to recreate themselves,
+when they would take the air of the sea, which had all kinds of
+garden-herbs, flowers, and trees of gold and silver; an invention and
+magnificence till then never seen. Besides all this, he had an infinite
+quantity of silver and gold unwrought in Cuzco, which was lost by the
+death of Guascar, for the Indians hid it, seeing that the Spaniards took
+it, and sent it into Spain."
+
+And in the 117. chapter; Francisco Pizarro caused the gold and silver of
+Atabalipa to be weighed after he had taken it, which Lopez setteth down
+in these words following:--"Hallaron cincuenta y dos mil marcos de buena
+plata, y un millon y trecientos y veinte y seis mil y quinientos
+pesos de oro." Which is, "They found 52,000 marks of good silver, and
+1,326,500 pesos of gold." Now, although these reports may seem strange,
+yet if we consider the many millions which are daily brought out of
+Peru into Spain, we may easily believe the same. For we find that by the
+abundant treasure of that country the Spanish king vexes all the princes
+of Europe, and is become, in a few years, from a poor king of Castile,
+the greatest monarch of this part of the world, and likely every day to
+increase if other princes forslow the good occasions offered, and suffer
+him to add this empire to the rest, which by far exceedeth all the rest.
+If his gold now endanger us, he will then be unresistible. Such of the
+Spaniards as afterwards endeavoured the conquest thereof, whereof there
+have been many, as shall be declared hereafter, thought that this Inga,
+of whom this emperor now living is descended, took his way by the river
+of Amazons, by that branch which is called Papamene (The Papamene is a
+tributary not of the Amazon river but of the Meta, one of the principal
+tributaries of the Orinoco). For by that way followed Orellana, by the
+commandment of Gonzalo Pizarro, in the year 1542, whose name the river
+also beareth this day. Which is also by others called Maranon, although
+Andrew Thevet doth affirm that between Maranon and Amazons there are 120
+leagues; but sure it is that those rivers have one head and beginning,
+and the Maranon, which Thevet describeth, is but a branch of Amazons or
+Orellana, of which I will speak more in another place. It was attempted
+by Ordas; but it is now little less than 70 years since that Diego
+Ordas, a Knight of the Order of Santiago, attempted the same; and it was
+in the year 1542 that Orellana discovered the river of Amazons; but the
+first that ever saw Manoa was Juan Martinez, master of the munition
+to Ordas. At a port called Morequito (probably San Miguel), in Guiana,
+there lieth at this day a great anchor of Ordas his ship. And this port
+is some 300 miles within the land, upon the great river of Orenoque.
+I rested at this port four days, twenty days after I left the ships at
+Curiapan.
+
+The relation of this Martinez, who was the first that discovered Manoa,
+his success, and end, is to be seen in the Chancery of St. Juan de
+Puerto Rico, whereof Berreo had a copy, which appeared to be the
+greatest encouragement as well to Berreo as to others that formerly
+attempted the discovery and conquest. Orellana, after he failed of the
+discovery of Guiana by the said river of Amazons, passed into Spain, and
+there obtained a patent of the king for the invasion and conquest, but
+died by sea about the islands; and his fleet being severed by tempest,
+the action for that time proceeded not. Diego Ordas followed the
+enterprise, and departed Spain with 600 soldiers and thirty horse. Who,
+arriving on the coast of Guiana, was slain in a mutiny, with the most
+part of such as favoured him, as also of the rebellious part, insomuch
+as his ships perished and few or none returned; neither was it certainly
+known what became of the said Ordas until Berreo found the anchor of his
+ship in the river of Orenoque; but it was supposed, and so it is written
+by Lopez, that he perished on the seas, and of other writers diversely
+conceived and reported. And hereof it came that Martinez entered so far
+within the land, and arrived at that city of Inga the emperor; for it
+chanced that while Ordas with his army rested at the port of Morequito
+(who was either the first or second that attempted Guiana), by some
+negligence the whole store of powder provided for the service was set
+on fire, and Martinez, having the chief charge, was condemned by the
+General Ordas to be executed forthwith. Martinez, being much favoured by
+the soldiers, had all the means possible procured for his life; but it
+could not be obtained in other sort than this, that he should be set
+into a canoa alone, without any victual, only with his arms, and so
+turned loose into the great river. But it pleased God that the canoa was
+carried down the stream, and certain of the Guianians met it the same
+evening; and, having not at any time seen any Christian nor any man of
+that colour, they carried Martinez into the land to be wondered at, and
+so from town to town, until he came to the great city of Manoa, the seat
+and residence of Inga the emperor. The emperor, after he had beheld him,
+knew him to be a Christian, for it was not long before that his brethren
+Guascar and Atabalipa were vanquished by the Spaniards in Peru: and
+caused him to be lodged in his palace, and well entertained. He lived
+seven months in Manoa, but was not suffered to wander into the country
+anywhere. He was also brought thither all the way blindfold, led by the
+Indians, until he came to the entrance of Manoa itself, and was fourteen
+or fifteen days in the passage. He avowed at his death that he entered
+the city at noon, and then they uncovered his face; and that he
+travelled all that day till night through the city, and the next day
+from sun rising to sun setting, ere he came to the palace of Inga. After
+that Martinez had lived seven months in Manoa, and began to understand
+the language of the country, Inga asked him whether he desired to return
+into his own country, or would willingly abide with him. But Martinez,
+not desirous to stay, obtained the favour of Inga to depart; with whom
+he sent divers Guianians to conduct him to the river of Orenoque, all
+loaden with as much gold as they could carry, which he gave to Martinez
+at his departure. But when he was arrived near the river's side, the
+borderers which are called Orenoqueponi (poni is a Carib postposition
+meaning "on") robbed him and his Guianians of all the treasure (the
+borderers being at that time at wars, which Inga had not conquered) save
+only of two great bottles of gourds, which were filled with beads of
+gold curiously wrought, which those Orenoqueponi thought had been
+no other thing than his drink or meat, or grain for food, with which
+Martinez had liberty to pass. And so in canoas he fell down from the
+river of Orenoque to Trinidad, and from thence to Margarita, and so to
+St. Juan del Puerto Rico; where, remaining a long time for passage into
+Spain, he died. In the time of his extreme sickness, and when he was
+without hope of life, receiving the sacrament at the hands of his
+confessor, he delivered these things, with the relation of his travels,
+and also called for his calabazas or gourds of the gold beads, which he
+gave to the church and friars, to be prayed for.
+
+This Martinez was he that christened the city of Manoa by the name of El
+Dorado, and, as Berreo informed me, upon this occasion, those Guianians,
+and also the borderers, and all other in that tract which I have seen,
+are marvellous great drunkards; in which vice I think no nation can
+compare with them; and at the times of their solemn feasts, when the
+emperor carouseth with his captains, tributaries, and governors, the
+manner is thus. All those that pledge him are first stripped naked and
+their bodies anointed all over with a kind of white balsamum (by them
+called curca), of which there is great plenty, and yet very dear amongst
+them, and it is of all other the most precious, whereof we have had good
+experience. When they are anointed all over, certain servants of the
+emperor, having prepared gold made into fine powder, blow it through
+hollow canes upon their naked bodies, until they be all shining from
+the foot to the head; and in this sort they sit drinking by twenties
+and hundreds, and continue in drunkenness sometimes six or seven days
+together. The same is also confirmed by a letter written into Spain
+which was intercepted, which Master Robert Dudley told me he had seen.
+Upon this sight, and for the abundance of gold which he saw in the city,
+the images of gold in their temples, the plates, armours, and shields of
+gold which they use in the wars, he called it El Dorado.
+
+After the death of Ordas and Martinez, and after Orellana, who was
+employed by Gonzalo Pizarro, one Pedro de Orsua, a knight of Navarre,
+attempted Guiana, taking his way into Peru, and built his brigandines
+upon a river called Oia, which riseth to the southward of Quito, and
+is very great. This river falleth into Amazons, by which Orsua with
+his companies descended, and came out of that province which is called
+Motilones ("friars"--Indians so named from their cropped heads); and
+it seemeth to me that this empire is reserved for her Majesty and the
+English nation, by reason of the hard success which all these and other
+Spaniards found in attempting the same, whereof I will speak briefly,
+though impertinent in some sort to my purpose. This Pedro de Orsua had
+among his troops a Biscayan called Aguirre, a man meanly born, who bare
+no other office than a sergeant or alferez (al-faris, Arab.--horseman,
+mounted officer): but after certain months, when the soldiers were
+grieved with travels and consumed with famine, and that no entrance
+could be found by the branches or body of Amazons, this Aguirre raised
+a mutiny, of which he made himself the head, and so prevailed as he put
+Orsua to the sword and all his followers, taking on him the whole charge
+and commandment, with a purpose not only to make himself emperor of
+Guiana, but also of Peru and of all that side of the West Indies. He had
+of his party 700 soldiers, and of those many promised to draw in other
+captains and companies, to deliver up towns and forts in Peru; but
+neither finding by the said river any passage into Guiana, nor any
+possibility to return towards Peru by the same Amazons, by reason that
+the descent of the river made so great a current, he was enforced to
+disemboque at the mouth of the said Amazons, which cannot be less than
+1,000 leagues from the place where they embarked. From thence he coasted
+the land till he arrived at Margarita to the north of Mompatar, which is
+at this day called Puerto de Tyranno, for that he there slew Don Juan
+de Villa Andreda, Governor of Margarita, who was father to Don Juan
+Sarmiento, Governor of Margarita when Sir John Burgh landed there and
+attempted the island. Aguirre put to the sword all other in the island
+that refused to be of his party, and took with him certain cimarrones
+(fugitive slaves) and other desperate companions. From thence he went to
+Cumana and there slew the governor, and dealt in all as at Margarita.
+He spoiled all the coast of Caracas and the province of Venezuela and of
+Rio de la Hacha; and, as I remember, it was the same year that Sir John
+Hawkins sailed to St. Juan de Ullua in the Jesus of Lubeck; for himself
+told me that he met with such a one upon the coast, that rebelled, and
+had sailed down all the river of Amazons. Aguirre from thence landed
+about Santa Marta and sacked it also, putting to death so many as
+refused to be his followers, purposing to invade Nuevo Reyno de Granada
+and to sack Pamplona, Merida, Lagrita, Tunja, and the rest of the cities
+of Nuevo Reyno, and from thence again to enter Peru; but in a fight in
+the said Nuevo Reyno he was overthrown, and, finding no way to escape,
+he first put to the sword his own children, foretelling them that they
+should not live to be defamed or upbraided by the Spaniards after his
+death, who would have termed them the children of a traitor or tyrant;
+and that, sithence he could not make them princes, he would yet deliver
+them from shame and reproach. These were the ends and tragedies of
+Ordas, Martinez, Orellana, Orsua, and Aguirre. Also soon after Ordas
+followed Jeronimo Ortal de Saragosa, with 130 soldiers; who failing his
+entrance by sea, was cast with the current on the coast of Paria, and
+peopled about S. Miguel de Neveri. It was then attempted by Don Pedro
+de Silva, a Portuguese of the family of Ruy Gomez de Silva, and by the
+favour which Ruy Gomez had with the king he was set out. But he also
+shot wide of the mark; for being departed from Spain with his fleet, he
+entered by Maranon or Amazons, where by the nations of the river and
+by the Amazons, he was utterly overthrown, and himself and all his army
+defeated; only seven escaped, and of those but two returned.
+
+After him came Pedro Hernandez de Serpa, and landed at Cumana, in the
+West Indies, taking his journey by land towards Orenoque, which may be
+some 120 leagues; but ere he came to the borders of the said river, he
+was set upon by a nation of the Indians, called Wikiri, and overthrown
+in such sort, that of 300 soldiers, horsemen, many Indians, and negroes,
+there returned but eighteen. Others affirm that he was defeated in the
+very entrance of Guiana, at the first civil town of the empire called
+Macureguarai. Captain Preston, in taking Santiago de Leon (which was by
+him and his companies very resolutely performed, being a great town, and
+far within the land) held a gentleman prisoner, who died in his ship,
+that was one of the company of Hernandez de Serpa, and saved among those
+that escaped; who witnessed what opinion is held among the Spaniards
+thereabouts of the great riches of Guiana, and El Dorado, the city of
+Inga. Another Spaniard was brought aboard me by Captain Preston, who
+told me in the hearing of himself and divers other gentlemen, that he
+met with Berreo's campmaster at Caracas, when he came from the borders
+of Guiana, and that he saw with him forty of most pure plates of gold,
+curiously wrought, and swords of Guiana decked and inlaid with gold,
+feathers garnished with gold, and divers rarities, which he carried to
+the Spanish king.
+
+After Hernandez de Serpa, it was undertaken by the Adelantado, Don
+Gonzalez Ximenes de Quesada, who was one of the chiefest in the conquest
+of Nuevo Reyno, whose daughter and heir Don Antonio de Berreo married.
+Gonzalez sought the passage also by the river called Papamene, which
+riseth by Quito, in Peru, and runneth south-east 100 leagues, and then
+falleth into Amazons. But he also, failing the entrance, returned with
+the loss of much labour and cost. I took one Captain George, a Spaniard,
+that followed Gonzalez in this enterprise. Gonzalez gave his daughter to
+Berreo, taking his oath and honour to follow the enterprise to the last
+of his substance and life. Who since, as he hath sworn to me, hath spent
+300,000 ducats in the same, and yet never could enter so far into the
+land as myself with that poor troop, or rather a handful of men, being
+in all about 100 gentlemen, soldiers, rowers, boat-keepers, boys, and of
+all sorts; neither could any of the forepassed undertakers, nor Berreo
+himself, discover the country, till now lately by conference with an
+ancient king, called Carapana (Caribana, Carib land, was an old European
+name for the Atlantic coast near the mouth of the Orinoco, and hence was
+applied to one of its chiefs. Berrio called this district "Emeria"),
+he got the true light thereof. For Berreo came about 1,500 miles ere he
+understood aught, or could find any passage or entrance into any part
+thereof; yet he had experience of all these fore-named, and divers
+others, and was persuaded of their errors and mistakings. Berreo sought
+it by the river Cassanar, which falleth into a great river called Pato:
+Pato falleth into Meta, and Meta into Baraquan, which is also called
+Orenoque. He took his journey from Nuevo Reyno de Granada, where he
+dwelt, having the inheritance of Gonzalez Ximenes in those parts; he was
+followed with 700 horse, he drove with him 1,000 head of cattle, he had
+also many women, Indians, and slaves. How all these rivers cross and
+encounter, how the country lieth and is bordered, the passage of Ximenes
+and Berreo, mine own discovery, and the way that I entered, with all the
+rest of the nations and rivers, your lordship shall receive in a large
+chart or map, which I have not yet finished, and which I shall most
+humbly pray your lordship to secrete, and not to suffer it to pass
+your own hands; for by a draught thereof all may be prevented by other
+nations; for I know it is this very year sought by the French, although
+by the way that they now take, I fear it not much. It was also told me
+ere I departed England, that Villiers, the Admiral, was in preparation
+for the planting of Amazons, to which river the French have made divers
+voyages, and returned much gold and other rarities. I spake with a
+captain of a French ship that came from thence, his ship riding in
+Falmouth the same year that my ships came first from Virginia; there was
+another this year in Helford, that also came from thence, and had been
+fourteen months at an anchor in Amazons; which were both very rich.
+
+Although, as I am persuaded, Guiana cannot be entered that way, yet no
+doubt the trade of gold from thence passeth by branches of rivers into
+the river of Amazons, and so it doth on every hand far from the country
+itself; for those Indians of Trinidad have plates of gold from Guiana,
+and those cannibals of Dominica which dwell in the islands by which our
+ships pass yearly to the West Indies, also the Indians of Paria, those
+Indians called Tucaris, Chochi, Apotomios, Cumanagotos, and all those
+other nations inhabiting near about the mountains that run from Paria
+through the province of Venezuela, and in Maracapana, and the cannibals
+of Guanipa, the Indians called Assawai, Coaca, Ajai, and the rest (all
+which shall be described in my description as they are situate) have
+plates of gold of Guiana. And upon the river of Amazons, Thevet writeth
+that the people wear croissants of gold, for of that form the Guianians
+most commonly make them; so as from Dominica to Amazons, which is above
+250 leagues, all the chief Indians in all parts wear of those plates of
+Guiana. Undoubtedly those that trade Amazons return much gold, which
+(as is aforesaid) cometh by trade from Guiana, by some branch of a river
+that falleth from the country into Amazons, and either it is by the
+river which passeth by the nations called Tisnados, or by Caripuna.
+
+I made enquiry amongst the most ancient and best travelled of the
+Orenoqueponi, and I had knowledge of all the rivers between Orenoque and
+Amazons, and was very desirous to understand the truth of those warlike
+women, because of some it is believed, of others not. And though I
+digress from my purpose, yet I will set down that which hath been
+delivered me for truth of those women, and I spake with a cacique, or
+lord of people, that told me he had been in the river, and beyond it
+also. The nations of these women are on the south side of the river in
+the provinces of Topago, and their chiefest strengths and retracts
+are in the islands situate on the south side of the entrance, some 60
+leagues within the mouth of the said river. The memories of the like
+women are very ancient as well in Africa as in Asia. In Africa those
+that had Medusa for queen; others in Scythia, near the rivers of Tanais
+and Thermodon. We find, also, that Lampedo and Marthesia were queens of
+the Amazons. In many histories they are verified to have been, and in
+divers ages and provinces; but they which are not far from Guiana do
+accompany with men but once in a year, and for the time of one month,
+which I gather by their relation, to be in April; and that time all
+kings of the borders assemble, and queens of the Amazons; and after the
+queens have chosen, the rest cast lots for their valentines. This one
+month they feast, dance, and drink of their wines in abundance; and the
+moon being done they all depart to their own provinces. They are said
+to be very cruel and bloodthirsty, especially to such as offer to invade
+their territories. These Amazons have likewise great store of these
+plates of gold, which they recover by exchange chiefly for a kind of
+green stones, which the Spaniards call piedras hijadas, and we use for
+spleen-stones (stones reduced to powder and taken internally to cure
+maladies of the spleen); and for the disease of the stone we also
+esteem them. Of these I saw divers in Guiana; and commonly every king
+or cacique hath one, which their wives for the most part wear, and they
+esteem them as great jewels.
+
+But to return to the enterprise of Berreo, who, as I have said, departed
+from Nuevo Reyno with 700 horse, besides the provisions above rehearsed.
+He descended by the river called Cassanar, which riseth in Nuevo Reyno
+out of the mountains by the city of Tunja, from which mountain also
+springeth Pato; both which fall into the great river of Meta, and Meta
+riseth from a mountain joining to Pamplona, in the same Nuevo Reyno de
+Granada. These, as also Guaiare, which issueth out of the mountains by
+Timana, fall all into Baraquan, and are but of his heads; for at their
+coming together they lose their names, and Baraquan farther down is also
+rebaptized by the name of Orenoque. On the other side of the city and
+hills of Timana riseth Rio Grande, which falleth into the sea by Santa
+Marta. By Cassanar first, and so into Meta, Berreo passed, keeping his
+horsemen on the banks, where the country served them for to march; and
+where otherwise, he was driven to embark them in boats which he builded
+for the purpose, and so came with the current down the river of Meta,
+and so into Baraquan. After he entered that great and mighty river, he
+began daily to lose of his companies both men and horse; for it is in
+many places violently swift, and hath forcible eddies, many sands,
+and divers islands sharp pointed with rocks. But after one whole year,
+journeying for the most part by river, and the rest by land, he grew
+daily to fewer numbers; from both by sickness, and by encountering with
+the people of those regions through which he travelled, his companies
+were much wasted, especially by divers encounters with the Amapaians
+(Amapaia was Berrio's name for the Orinoco valley above the Caura
+river). And in all this time he never could learn of any passage into
+Guiana, nor any news or fame thereof, until he came to a further border
+of the said Amapaia, eight days' journey from the river Caroli (the
+Caroni river, the first great affluent of the Orinoco on the south,
+about 180 miles from the sea), which was the furthest river that he
+entered. Among those of Amapaia, Guiana was famous; but few of these
+people accosted Berreo, or would trade with him the first three months
+of the six which he sojourned there. This Amapaia is also marvellous
+rich in gold, as both Berreo confessed and those of Guiana with whom I
+had most conference; and is situate upon Orenoque also. In this country
+Berreo lost sixty of his best soldiers, and most of all his horse that
+remained in his former year's travel. But in the end, after divers
+encounters with those nations, they grew to peace, and they presented
+Berreo with ten images of fine gold among divers other plates and
+croissants, which, as he sware to me, and divers other gentlemen, were
+so curiously wrought, as he had not seen the like either in Italy,
+Spain, or the Low Countries; and he was resolved that when they came
+to the hands of the Spanish king, to whom he had sent them by his
+camp-master, they would appear very admirable, especially being wrought
+by such a nation as had no iron instruments at all, nor any of those
+helps which our goldsmiths have to work withal. The particular name of
+the people in Amapaia which gave him these pieces, are called Anebas,
+and the river of Orenoque at that place is about twelve English miles
+broad, which may be from his outfall into the sea 700 or 800 miles.
+
+This province of Amapaia is a very low and a marish ground near the
+river; and by reason of the red water which issueth out in small
+branches through the fenny and boggy ground, there breed divers
+poisonful worms and serpents. And the Spaniards not suspecting, nor in
+any sort foreknowing the danger, were infected with a grievous kind of
+flux by drinking thereof, and even the very horses poisoned therewith;
+insomuch as at the end of the six months that they abode there, of all
+their troops there were not left above 120 soldiers, and neither horse
+nor cattle. For Berreo hoped to have found Guiana be 1,000 miles nearer
+than it fell out to be in the end; by means whereof they sustained much
+want, and much hunger, oppressed with grievous diseases, and all the
+miseries that could be imagined. I demanded of those in Guiana that had
+travelled Amapaia, how they lived with that tawny or red water when
+they travelled thither; and they told me that after the sun was near the
+middle of the sky, they used to fill their pots and pitchers with that
+water, but either before that time or towards the setting of the sun
+it was dangerous to drink of, and in the night strong poison. I learned
+also of divers other rivers of that nature among them, which were
+also, while the sun was in the meridian, very safe to drink, and in the
+morning, evening, and night, wonderful dangerous and infective. From
+this province Berreo hasted away as soon as the spring and beginning of
+summer appeared, and sought his entrance on the borders of Orenoque
+on the south side; but there ran a ledge of so high and impassable
+mountains, as he was not able by any means to march over them,
+continuing from the east sea into which Orenoque falleth, even to Quito
+in Peru. Neither had he means to carry victual or munition over those
+craggy, high, and fast hills, being all woody, and those so thick and
+spiny, and so full or prickles, thorns, and briars, as it is impossible
+to creep through them. He had also neither friendship among the people,
+nor any interpreter to persuade or treat with them; and more, to his
+disadvantage, the caciques and kings of Amapaia had given knowledge of
+his purpose to the Guianians, and that he sought to sack and conquer the
+empire, for the hope of their so great abundance and quantities of gold.
+He passed by the mouths of many great rivers which fell into Orenoque
+both from the north and south, which I forbear to name, for tediousness,
+and because they are more pleasing in describing than reading.
+
+Berreo affirmed that there fell an hundred rivers into Orenoque from
+the north and south: whereof the least was as big as Rio Grande (the
+Magdalena), that passed between Popayan and Nuevo Reyno de Granada, Rio
+Grande being esteemed one of the renowned rivers in all the West Indies,
+and numbered among the great rivers of the world. But he knew not the
+names of any of these, but Caroli only; neither from what nations they
+descended, neither to what provinces they led, for he had no means to
+discourse with the inhabitants at any time; neither was he curious in
+these things, being utterly unlearned, and not knowing the east from the
+west. But of all these I got some knowledge, and of many more, partly by
+mine own travel, and the rest by conference; of some one I learned one,
+of others the rest, having with me an Indian that spake many languages,
+and that of Guiana (the Carib) naturally. I sought out all the aged men,
+and such as were greatest travellers. And by the one and the other I
+came to understand the situations, the rivers, the kingdoms from the
+east sea to the borders of Peru, and from Orenoque southward as far as
+Amazons or Maranon, and the regions of Marinatambal (north coasts of
+Brazil), and of all the kings of provinces, and captains of towns
+and villages, how they stood in terms of peace or war, and which were
+friends or enemies the one with the other; without which there can be
+neither entrance nor conquest in those parts, nor elsewhere. For by the
+dissension between Guascar and Atabalipa, Pizarro conquered Peru, and by
+the hatred that the Tlaxcallians bare to Mutezuma, Cortes was victorious
+over Mexico; without which both the one and the other had failed of
+their enterprise, and of the great honour and riches which they attained
+unto.
+
+Now Berreo began to grow into despair, and looked for no other success
+than his predecessor in this enterprise; until such time as he arrived
+at the province of Emeria towards the east sea and mouth of the river,
+where he found a nation of people very favourable, and the country full
+of all manner of victual. The king of this land is called Carapana, a
+man very wise, subtle, and of great experience, being little less than
+an hundred years old. In his youth he was sent by his father into the
+island of Trinidad, by reason of civil war among themselves, and was
+bred at a village in that island, called Parico. At that place in his
+youth he had seen many Christians, both French and Spanish, and went
+divers times with the Indians of Trinidad to Margarita and Cumana, in
+the West Indies, for both those places have ever been relieved with
+victual from Trinidad: by reason whereof he grew of more understanding,
+and noted the difference of the nations, comparing the strength and arms
+of his country with those of the Christians, and ever after temporised
+so as whosoever else did amiss, or was wasted by contention, Carapana
+kept himself and his country in quiet and plenty. He also held peace
+with the Caribs or cannibals, his neighbours, and had free trade with
+all nations, whosoever else had war.
+
+Berreo sojourned and rested his weak troop in the town of Carapana
+six weeks, and from him learned the way and passage to Guiana, and
+the riches and magnificence thereof. But being then utterly unable to
+proceed, he determined to try his fortune another year, when he had
+renewed his provisions, and regathered more force, which he hoped for
+as well out of Spain as from Nuevo Reyno, where he had left his son
+Don Antonio Ximenes to second him upon the first notice given of his
+entrance; and so for the present embarked himself in canoas, and by
+the branches of Orenoque arrived at Trinidad, having from Carapana
+sufficient pilots to conduct him. From Trinidad he coasted Paria, and so
+recovered Margarita; and having made relation to Don Juan Sarmiento, the
+Governor, of his proceeding, and persuaded him of the riches of Guiana,
+he obtained from thence fifty soldiers, promising presently to return
+to Carapana, and so into Guiana. But Berreo meant nothing less at that
+time; for he wanted many provisions necessary for such an enterprise,
+and therefore departed from Margarita, seated himself in Trinidad, and
+from thence sent his camp-master and his sergeant-major back to the
+borders to discover the nearest passage into the empire, as also to
+treat with the borderers, and to draw them to his party and love;
+without which, he knew he could neither pass safely, nor in any sort be
+relieved with victual or aught else. Carapana directed his company to a
+king called Morequito, assuring them that no man could deliver so much
+Guiana as Morequito could, and that his dwelling was but five days'
+journey from Macureguarai, the first civil town of Guiana.
+
+Now your lordship shall understand that this Morequito, one of the
+greatest lords or kings of the borders of Guiana, had two or three years
+before been at Cumana and at Margarita, in the West Indies, with great
+store of plates of gold, which he carried to exchange for such other
+things as he wanted in his own country, and was daily feasted, and
+presented by the governors of those places, and held amongst them some
+two months. In which time one Vides, Governor of Cumana, won him to be
+his conductor into Guiana, being allured by those croissants and images
+of gold which he brought with him to trade, as also by the ancient fame
+and magnificence of El Dorado; whereupon Vides sent into Spain for a
+patent to discover and conquer Guiana, not knowing of the precedence of
+Berreo's patent; which, as Berreo affirmeth, was signed before that
+of Vidas. So as when Vides understood of Berreo and that he had made
+entrance into that territory, and foregone his desire and hope, it was
+verily thought that Vides practised with Morequito to hinder and disturb
+Berreo in all he could, and not to suffer him to enter through his
+seignory, nor any of his companies; neither to victual, nor guide them
+in any sort. For Vides, Governor of Cumana, and Berreo, were become
+mortal enemies, as well for that Berreo had gotten Trinidad into his
+patent with Guiana, as also in that he was by Berreo prevented in the
+journey of Guiana itself. Howsoever it was, I know not, but Morequito
+for a time dissembled his disposition, suffered ten Spaniards and a
+friar, which Berreo had sent to discover Manoa, to travel through his
+country, gave them a guide for Macureguarai, the first town of civil and
+apparelled people, from whence they had other guides to bring them to
+Manoa, the great city of Inga; and being furnished with those things
+which they had learned of Carapana were of most price in Guiana, went
+onward, and in eleven days arrived at Manoa, as Berreo affirmeth for
+certain; although I could not be assured thereof by the lord which now
+governeth the province of Morequito, for he told me that they got all
+the gold they had in other towns on this side Manoa, there being
+many very great and rich, and (as he said) built like the towns of
+Christians, with many rooms.
+
+When these ten Spaniards were returned, and ready to put out of the
+border of Aromaia (the district below the Caroni river), the people of
+Morequito set upon them, and slew them all but one that swam the river,
+and took from them to the value of 40,000 pesos of gold; and one of them
+only lived to bring the news to Berreo, that both his nine soldiers and
+holy father were benighted in the said province. I myself spake with the
+captains of Morequito that slew them, and was at the place where it was
+executed. Berreo, enraged herewithal, sent all the strength he could
+make into Aromaia, to be revenged of him, his people, and country. But
+Morequito, suspecting the same, fled over Orenoque, and through the
+territories of the Saima and Wikiri recovered Cumana, where he thought
+himself very safe, with Vides the governor. But Berreo sending for him
+in the king's name, and his messengers finding him in the house of one
+Fajardo, on the sudden, ere he was suspected, so as he could not then be
+conveyed away, Vides durst not deny him, as well to avoid the suspicion
+of the practice, as also for that an holy father was slain by him and
+his people. Morequito offered Fajardo the weight of three quintals in
+gold, to let him escape; but the poor Guianian, betrayed on all sides,
+was delivered to the camp-master of Berreo, and was presently executed.
+
+After the death of this Morequito, the soldiers of Berreo spoiled his
+territory and took divers prisoners. Among others they took the uncle
+of Morequito, called Topiawari, who is now king of Aromaia, whose son
+I brought with me into England, and is a man of great understanding
+and policy; he is above an hundred years old, and yet is of a very able
+body. The Spaniards led him in a chain seventeen days, and made him
+their guide from place to place between his country and Emeria, the
+province of Carapana aforesaid, and he was at last redeemed for an
+hundred plates of gold, and divers stones called piedras hijadas,
+or spleen-stones. Now Berreo for executing of Morequito, and other
+cruelties, spoils, and slaughters done in Aromaia, hath lost the love of
+the Orenoqueponi, and of all the borderers, and dare not send any of his
+soldiers any further into the land than to Carapana, which he called
+the port of Guiana; but from thence by the help of Carapana he had trade
+further into the country, and always appointed ten Spaniards to reside
+in Carapana's town (the Spanish settlement of Santo Tome de la Guyana,
+founded by Berrio in 1591 or 1592, but represented by Raleigh as an
+Indian pueblo), by whose favour, and by being conducted by his people,
+those ten searched the country thereabouts, as well for mines as for
+other trades and commodities.
+
+They also have gotten a nephew of Morequito, whom they have christened
+and named Don Juan, of whom they have great hope, endeavouring by all
+means to establish him in the said province. Among many other trades,
+those Spaniards used canoas to pass to the rivers of Barema, Pawroma,
+and Dissequebe (Essequibo), which are on the south side of the mouth of
+Orenoque, and there buy women and children from the cannibals, which are
+of that barbarous nature, as they will for three or four hatchets
+sell the sons and daughters of their own brethren and sisters, and for
+somewhat more even their own daughters. Hereof the Spaniards make great
+profit; for buying a maid of twelve or thirteen years for three or four
+hatchets, they sell them again at Margarita in the West Indies for fifty
+and an hundred pesos, which is so many crowns.
+
+The master of my ship, John Douglas, took one of the canoas which came
+laden from thence with people to be sold, and the most of them escaped;
+yet of those he brought, there was one as well favoured and as well
+shaped as ever I saw any in England; and afterwards I saw many of them,
+which but for their tawny colour may be compared to any in Europe. They
+also trade in those rivers for bread of cassavi, of which they buy
+an hundred pound weight for a knife, and sell it at Margarita for ten
+pesos. They also recover great store of cotton, Brazil wood, and those
+beds which they call hamacas or Brazil beds, wherein in hot countries
+all the Spaniards use to lie commonly, and in no other, neither did we
+ourselves while we were there. By means of which trades, for ransom of
+divers of the Guianians, and for exchange of hatchets and knives, Berreo
+recovered some store of gold plates, eagles of gold, and images of men
+and divers birds, and dispatched his camp-master for Spain, with all
+that he had gathered, therewith to levy soldiers, and by the show
+thereof to draw others to the love of the enterprise. And having sent
+divers images as well of men as beasts, birds, and fishes, so curiously
+wrought in gold, he doubted not but to persuade the king to yield to him
+some further help, especially for that this land hath never been sacked,
+the mines never wrought, and in the Indies their works were well spent,
+and the gold drawn out with great labour and charge. He also despatched
+messengers to his son in Nuevo Reyno to levy all the forces he could,
+and to come down the river Orenoque to Emeria, the province of Carapana,
+to meet him; he had also sent to Santiago de Leon on the coast of the
+Caracas, to buy horses and mules.
+
+After I had thus learned of his proceedings past and purposed, I told
+him that I had resolved to see Guiana, and that it was the end of my
+journey, and the cause of my coming to Trinidad, as it was indeed,
+and for that purpose I sent Jacob Whiddon the year before to get
+intelligence: with whom Berreo himself had speech at that time, and
+remembered how inquisitive Jacob Whiddon was of his proceedings, and of
+the country of Guiana. Berreo was stricken into a great melancholy and
+sadness, and used all the arguments he could to dissuade me; and also
+assured the gentlemen of my company that it would be labour lost, and
+that they should suffer many miseries if they proceeded. And first he
+delivered that I could not enter any of the rivers with any bark or
+pinnace, or hardly with any ship's boat, it was so low, sandy, and full
+of flats, and that his companies were daily grounded in their canoes,
+which drew but twelve inches water. He further said that none of the
+country would come to speak with us, but would all fly; and if we
+followed them to their dwellings, they would burn their own towns. And
+besides that, the way was long, the winter at hand, and that the rivers
+beginning once to swell, it was impossible to stem the current; and that
+we could not in those small boats by any means carry victuals for half
+the time, and that (which indeed most discouraged my company) the kings
+and lords of all the borders of Guiana had decreed that none of them
+should trade with any Christians for gold, because the same would be
+their own overthrow, and that for the love of gold the Christians meant
+to conquer and dispossess them of all together.
+
+Many and the most of these I found to be true; but yet I resolving to
+make trial of whatsoever happened, directed Captain George Gifford, my
+Vice-Admiral, to take the Lion's Whelp, and Captain Caulfield his bark,
+to turn to the eastward, against the mouth of a river called Capuri,
+whose entrance I had before sent Captain Whiddon and John Douglas the
+master to discover. Who found some nine foot water or better upon the
+flood, and five at low water: to whom I had given instructions that they
+should anchor at the edge of the shoal, and upon the best of the flood
+to thrust over, which shoal John Douglas buoyed and beckoned (beaconed)
+for them before. But they laboured in vain; for neither could they turn
+it up altogether so far to the east, neither did the flood continue so
+long, but the water fell ere they could have passed the sands. As we
+after found by a second experience: so as now we must either give over
+our enterprise, or leaving our ships at adventure 400 mile behind us,
+must run up in our ship's boats, one barge, and two wherries. But being
+doubtful how to carry victuals for so long a time in such baubles, or
+any strength of men, especially for that Berreo assured us that his son
+must be by that time come down with many soldiers, I sent away one King,
+master of the Lion's Whelp, with his ship-boat, to try another branch of
+the river in the bottom of the Bay of Guanipa, which was called Amana,
+to prove if there were water to be found for either of the small ships
+to enter. But when he came to the mouth of Amana, he found it as the
+rest, but stayed not to discover it thoroughly, because he was assured
+by an Indian, his guide, that the cannibals of Guanipa would assail them
+with many canoas, and that they shot poisoned arrows; so as if he hasted
+not back, they should all be lost.
+
+In the meantime, fearing the worst, I caused all the carpenters we had
+to cut down a galego boat, which we meant to cast off, and to fit her
+with banks to row on, and in all things to prepare her the best they
+could, so as she might be brought to draw but five foot: for so much we
+had on the bar of Capuri at low water. And doubting of King's return,
+I sent John Douglas again in my long barge, as well to relieve him, as
+also to make a perfect search in the bottom of the bay; for it hath been
+held for infallible, that whatsoever ship or boat shall fall therein can
+never disemboque again, by reason of the violent current which setteth
+into the said bay, as also for that the breeze and easterly wind bloweth
+directly into the same. Of which opinion I have heard John Hampton
+(Captain of the Minion in the third voyage of Hawkins), of Plymouth,
+one of the greatest experience of England, and divers other besides that
+have traded to Trinidad.
+
+I sent with John Douglas an old cacique of Trinidad for a pilot, who
+told us that we could not return again by the bay or gulf, but that
+he knew a by-branch which ran within the land to the eastward, and he
+thought by it we might fall into Capuri, and so return in four days.
+John Douglas searched those rivers, and found four goodly entrances,
+whereof the least was as big as the Thames at Woolwich, but in the
+bay thitherward it was shoal and but six foot water; so as we were now
+without hope of any ship or bark to pass over, and therefore resolved to
+go on with the boats, and the bottom of the galego, in which we thrust
+60 men. In the Lion's Whelp's boat and wherry we carried twenty, Captain
+Caulfield in his wherry carried ten more, and in my barge other ten,
+which made up a hundred; we had no other means but to carry victual for
+a month in the same, and also to lodge therein as we could, and to boil
+and dress our meat. Captain Gifford had with him Master Edward Porter,
+Captain Eynos, and eight more in his wherry, with all their victual,
+weapons, and provisions. Captain Caulfield had with him my cousin
+Butshead Gorges, and eight more. In the galley, of gentlemen and
+officers myself had Captain Thyn, my cousin John Greenvile, my nephew
+John Gilbert, Captain Whiddon, Captain Keymis, Edward Hancock, Captain
+Clarke, Lieutenant Hughes, Thomas Upton, Captain Facy, Jerome Ferrar,
+Anthony Wells, William Connock, and above fifty more. We could not learn
+of Berreo any other way to enter but in branches so far to windward as
+it was impossible for us to recover; for we had as much sea to cross
+over in our wherries, as between Dover and Calice, and in a great
+hollow, the wind and current being both very strong. So as we were
+driven to go in those small boats directly before the wind into the
+bottom of the Bay of Guanipa, and from thence to enter the mouth of some
+one of those rivers which John Douglas had last discovered; and had
+with us for pilot an Indian of Barema, a river to the south of Orenoque,
+between that and Amazons, whose canoas we had formerly taken as he
+was going from the said Barema, laden with cassavi bread to sell at
+Margarita. This Arwacan promised to bring me into the great river of
+Orenoque; but indeed of that which he entered he was utterly ignorant,
+for he had not seen it in twelve years before, at which time he was very
+young, and of no judgment. And if God had not sent us another help, we
+might have wandered a whole year in that labyrinth of rivers, ere we had
+found any way, either out or in, especially after we were past ebbing
+and flowing, which was in four days. For I know all the earth doth not
+yield the like confluence of streams and branches, the one crossing
+the other so many times, and all so fair and large, and so like one to
+another, as no man can tell which to take: and if we went by the sun or
+compass, hoping thereby to go directly one way or other, yet that way we
+were also carried in a circle amongst multitudes of islands, and every
+island so bordered with high trees as no man could see any further than
+the breadth of the river, or length of the breach. But this it chanced,
+that entering into a river (which because it had no name, we called the
+River of the Red Cross, ourselves being the first Christians that ever
+came therein), the 22. of May, as we were rowing up the same, we espied
+a small canoa with three Indians, which by the swiftness of my barge,
+rowing with eight oars, I overtook ere they could cross the river. The
+rest of the people on the banks, shadowed under the thick wood, gazed
+on with a doubtful conceit what might befall those three which we had
+taken. But when they perceived that we offered them no violence, neither
+entered their canoa with any of ours, nor took out of the canoa any
+of theirs, they then began to show themselves on the bank's side, and
+offered to traffic with us for such things as they had. And as we drew
+near, they all stayed; and we came with our barge to the mouth of a
+little creek which came from their town into the great river.
+
+As we abode here awhile, our Indian pilot, called Ferdinando, would
+needs go ashore to their village to fetch some fruits and to drink of
+their artificial wines, and also to see the place and know the lord of
+it against another time, and took with him a brother of his which he had
+with him in the journey. When they came to the village of these people
+the lord of the island offered to lay hands on them, purposing to
+have slain them both; yielding for reason that this Indian of ours had
+brought a strange nation into their territory to spoil and destroy them.
+But the pilot being quick and of a disposed body, slipt their fingers
+and ran into the woods, and his brother, being the better footman of the
+two, recovered the creek's mouth, where we stayed in our barge, crying
+out that his brother was slain. With that we set hands on one of them
+that was next us, a very old man, and brought him into the barge,
+assuring him that if we had not our pilot again we would presently cut
+off his head. This old man, being resolved that he should pay the loss
+of the other, cried out to those in the woods to save Ferdinando, our
+pilot; but they followed him notwithstanding, and hunted after him upon
+the foot with their deer-dogs, and with so main a cry that all the woods
+echoed with the shout they made. But at the last this poor chased Indian
+recovered the river side and got upon a tree, and, as we were coasting,
+leaped down and swam to the barge half dead with fear. But our good hap
+was that we kept the other old Indian, which we handfasted to redeem our
+pilot withal; for, being natural of those rivers, we assured ourselves
+that he knew the way better than any stranger could. And, indeed, but
+for this chance, I think we had never found the way either to Guiana or
+back to our ships; for Ferdinando after a few days knew nothing at all,
+nor which way to turn; yea, and many times the old man himself was
+in great doubt which river to take. Those people which dwell in these
+broken islands and drowned lands are generally called Tivitivas. There
+are of them two sorts; the one called Ciawani, and the other Waraweete.
+
+The great river of Orenoque or Baraquan hath nine branches which fall
+out on the north side of his own main mouth. On the south side it hath
+seven other fallings into the sea, so it disemboqueth by sixteen arms in
+all, between islands and broken ground; but the islands are very great,
+many of them as big as the Isle of Wight, and bigger, and many less.
+From the first branch on the north to the last of the south it is at
+least 100 leagues, so as the river's mouth is 300 miles wide at his
+entrance into the sea, which I take to be far bigger than that of
+Amazons. All those that inhabit in the mouth of this river upon the
+several north branches are these Tivitivas, of which there are two chief
+lords which have continual wars one with the other. The islands which
+lie on the right hand are called Pallamos, and the land on the left,
+Hororotomaka; and the river by which John Douglas returned within the
+land from Amana to Capuri they call Macuri.
+
+These Tivitivas are a very goodly people and very valiant, and have the
+most manly speech and most deliberate that ever I heard of what nation
+soever. In the summer they have houses on the ground, as in other
+places; in the winter they dwell upon the trees, where they build very
+artificial towns and villages, as it is written in the Spanish story of
+the West Indies that those people do in the low lands near the gulf of
+Uraba. For between May and September the river of Orenoque riseth thirty
+foot upright, and then are those islands overflown twenty foot high
+above the level of the ground, saving some few raised grounds in the
+middle of them; and for this cause they are enforced to live in this
+manner. They never eat of anything that is set or sown; and as at home
+they use neither planting nor other manurance, so when they come abroad
+they refuse to feed of aught but of that which nature without labour
+bringeth forth. They use the tops of palmitos for bread, and kill deer,
+fish, and porks for the rest of their sustenance. They have also many
+sorts of fruits that grow in the woods, and great variety of birds and
+fowls; and if to speak of them were not tedious and vulgar, surely we
+saw in those passages of very rare colours and forms not elsewhere to be
+found, for as much as I have either seen or read.
+
+Of these people those that dwell upon the branches of Orenoque, called
+Capuri, and Macureo, are for the most part carpenters of canoas; for
+they make the most and fairest canoas; and sell them into Guiana for
+gold and into Trinidad for tabacco, in the excessive taking whereof
+they exceed all nations. And notwithstanding the moistness of the air in
+which they live, the hardness of their diet, and the great labours they
+suffer to hunt, fish, and fowl for their living, in all my life,
+either in the Indies or in Europe, did I never behold a more goodly or
+better-favoured people or a more manly. They were wont to make war upon
+all nations, and especially on the Cannibals, so as none durst without a
+good strength trade by those rivers; but of late they are at peace with
+their neighbours, all holding the Spaniards for a common enemy. When
+their commanders die they use great lamentation; and when they think
+the flesh of their bodies is putrified and fallen from their bones, then
+they take up the carcase again and hang it in the cacique's house that
+died, and deck his skull with feathers of all colours, and hang all
+his gold plates about the bones of this arms, thighs, and legs. Those
+nations which are called Arwacas, which dwell on the south of Orenoque,
+of which place and nation our Indian pilot was, are dispersed in many
+other places, and do use to beat the bones of their lords into powder,
+and their wives and friends drink it all in their several sorts of
+drinks.
+
+After we departed from the port of these Ciawani we passed up the river
+with the flood and anchored the ebb, and in this sort we went onward.
+The third day that we entered the river, our galley came on ground; and
+stuck so fast as we thought that even there our discovery had ended, and
+that we must have left four-score and ten of our men to have inhabited,
+like rooks upon trees, with those nations. But the next morning, after
+we had cast out all her ballast, with tugging and hauling to and fro we
+got her afloat and went on. At four days' end we fell into as goodly a
+river as ever I beheld, which was called the great Amana, which ran more
+directly without windings and turnings than the other. But soon after
+the flood of the sea left us; and, being enforced either by main
+strength to row against a violent current, or to return as wise as we
+went out, we had then no shift but to persuade the companies that it was
+but two or three days' work, and therefore desired them to take pains,
+every gentleman and others taking their turns to row, and to spell one
+the other at the hour's end. Every day we passed by goodly branches of
+rivers, some falling from the west, others from the east, into Amana;
+but those I leave to the description in the chart of discovery, where
+every one shall be named with his rising and descent. When three days
+more were overgone, our companies began to despair, the weather being
+extreme hot, the river bordered with very high trees that kept away the
+air, and the current against us every day stronger than other. But we
+evermore commanded our pilots to promise an end the next day, and used
+it so long as we were driven to assure them from four reaches of the
+river to three, and so to two, and so to the next reach. But so long we
+laboured that many days were spent, and we driven to draw ourselves to
+harder allowance, our bread even at the last, and no drink at all;
+and our men and ourselves so wearied and scorched, and doubtful withal
+whether we should ever perform it or no, the heat increasing as we drew
+towards the line; for we were now in five degrees.
+
+The further we went on, our victual decreasing and the air breeding
+great faintness, we grew weaker and weaker, when we had most need of
+strength and ability. For hourly the river ran more violently than other
+against us, and the barge, wherries, and ship's boat of Captain Gifford
+and Captain Caulfield had spent all their provisions; so as we were
+brought into despair and discomfort, had we not persuaded all the
+company that it was but only one day's work more to attain the land
+where we should be relieved of all we wanted, and if we returned, that
+we were sure to starve by the way, and that the world would also laugh
+us to scorn. On the banks of these rivers were divers sorts of fruits
+good to eat, flowers and trees of such variety as were sufficient to
+make ten volumes of Herbals; we relieved ourselves many times with the
+fruits of the country, and sometimes with fowl and fish. We saw birds of
+all colours, some carnation, some crimson, orange-tawny, purple, watchet
+(pale blue), and of all other sorts, both simple and mixed, and it was
+unto us a great good-passing of the time to behold them, besides the
+relief we found by killing some store of them with our fowling-pieces;
+without which, having little or no bread, and less drink, but only the
+thick and troubled water of the river, we had been in a very hard case.
+
+Our old pilot of the Ciawani, whom, as I said before, we took to redeem
+Ferdinando, told us, that if we would enter a branch of a river on the
+right hand with our barge and wherries, and leave the galley at anchor
+the while in the great river, he would bring us to a town of the
+Arwacas, where we should find store of bread, hens, fish, and of the
+country wine; and persuaded us, that departing from the galley at noon
+we might return ere night. I was very glad to hear this speech, and
+presently took my barge, with eight musketeers, Captain Gifford's
+wherry, with himself and four musketeers, and Captain Caulfield with
+his wherry, and as many; and so we entered the mouth of this river; and
+because we were persuaded that it was so near, we took no victual with
+us at all. When we had rowed three hours, we marvelled we saw no sign
+of any dwelling, and asked the pilot where the town was; he told us,
+a little further. After three hours more, the sun being almost set, we
+began to suspect that he led us that way to betray us; for he confessed
+that those Spaniards which fled from Trinidad, and also those that
+remained with Carapana in Emeria, were joined together in some village
+upon that river. But when it grew towards night, and we demanded where
+the place was, he told us but four reaches more. When we had rowed four
+and four, we saw no sign; and our poor watermen, even heart-broken and
+tired, were ready to give up the ghost; for we had now come from the
+galley near forty miles.
+
+At the last we determined to hang the pilot; and if we had well known
+the way back again by night, he had surely gone. But our own necessities
+pleaded sufficiently for his safety; for it was as dark as pitch, and
+the river began so to narrow itself, and the trees to hang over from
+side to side, as we were driven with arming swords to cut a passage
+through those branches that covered the water. We were very desirous to
+find this town hoping of a feast, because we made but a short breakfast
+aboard the galley in the morning, and it was now eight o'clock at night,
+and our stomachs began to gnaw apace; but whether it was best to return
+or go on, we began to doubt, suspecting treason in the pilot more and
+more; but the poor old Indian ever assured us that it was but a little
+further, but this one turning and that turning; and at the last about
+one o'clock after midnight we saw a light, and rowing towards it we
+heard the dogs of the village. When we landed we found few people; for
+the lord of that place was gone with divers canoas above 400 miles off,
+upon a journey towards the head of Orenoque, to trade for gold, and to
+buy women of the Cannibals, who afterwards unfortunately passed by us as
+we rode at an anchor in the port of Morequito in the dark of the night,
+and yet came so near us as his canoas grated against our barges; he left
+one of his company at the port of Morequito, by whom we understood that
+he had brought thirty young women, divers plates of gold, and had great
+store of fine pieces of cotton cloth, and cotton beds. In his house we
+had good store of bread, fish, hens, and Indian drink, and so rested
+that night; and in the morning, after we had traded with such of his
+people as came down, we returned towards our galley, and brought with us
+some quantity of bread, fish, and hens.
+
+On both sides of this river we passed the most beautiful country that
+ever mine eyes beheld; and whereas all that we had seen before was
+nothing but woods, prickles, bushes, and thorns, here we beheld plains
+of twenty miles in length, the grass short and green, and in divers
+parts groves of trees by themselves, as if they had been by all the art
+and labour in the world so made of purpose; and still as we rowed, the
+deer came down feeding by the water's side as if they had been used to
+a keeper's call. Upon this river there were great store of fowl, and
+of many sorts; we saw in it divers sorts of strange fishes, and of
+marvellous bigness; but for lagartos (alligators and caymans) it
+exceeded, for there were thousands of those ugly serpents; and the
+people call it, for the abundance of them, the River of Lagartos, in
+their language. I had a negro, a very proper young fellow, who leaping
+out of the galley to swim in the mouth of this river, was in all our
+sights taken and devoured with one of those lagartos. In the meanwhile
+our companies in the galley thought we had been all lost, for we
+promised to return before night; and sent the Lion's Whelp's ship's boat
+with Captain Whiddon to follow us up the river. But the next day, after
+we had rowed up and down some fourscore miles, we returned, and went on
+our way up the great river; and when we were even at the last cast for
+want of victuals, Captain Gifford being before the galley and the rest
+of the boats, seeking out some place to land upon the banks to make
+fire, espied four canoas coming down the river; and with no small joy
+caused his men to try the uttermost of their strengths, and after a
+while two of the four gave over and ran themselves ashore, every man
+betaking himself to the fastness of the woods. The two other lesser
+got away, while he landed to lay hold on these; and so turned into some
+by-creek, we knew not whither. Those canoas that were taken were loaded
+with bread, and were bound for Margarita in the West Indies, which those
+Indians, called Arwacas, proposed to carry thither for exchange; but in
+the lesser there were three Spaniards, who having heard of the defeat of
+their Governor in Trinidad, and that we purposed to enter Guiana, came
+away in those canoas; one of them was a cavallero, as the captain of the
+Arwacas after told us, another a soldier and the third a refiner.
+
+In the meantime, nothing on the earth could have been more welcome to
+us, next unto gold, than the great store of very excellent bread which
+we found in these canoas; for now our men cried, "Let us go on, we care
+not how far." After that Captain Gifford had brought the two canoas to
+the galley, I took my barge and went to the bank's side with a dozen
+shot, where the canoas first ran themselves ashore, and landed there,
+sending out Captain Gifford and Captain Thyn on one hand and Captain
+Caulfield on the other, to follow those that were fled into the woods.
+And as I was creeping through the bushes, I saw an Indian basket hidden,
+which was the refiner's basket; for I found in it his quicksilver,
+saltpetre, and divers things for the trial of metals, and also the dust
+of such ore as he had refined; but in those canoas which escaped there
+was a good quantity of ore and gold. I then landed more men, and offered
+five hundred pound to what soldier soever could take one of those three
+Spaniards that we thought were landed. But our labours were in vain in
+that behalf, for they put themselves into one of the small canoas, and
+so, while the greater canoas were in taking, they escaped. But seeking
+after the Spaniards we found the Arwacas hidden in the woods, which were
+pilots for the Spaniards, and rowed their canoas. Of which I kept the
+chiefest for a pilot, and carried him with me to Guiana; by whom I
+understood where and in what countries the Spaniards had laboured for
+gold, though I made not the same known to all. For when the springs
+began to break, and the rivers to raise themselves so suddenly as by no
+means we could abide the digging of any mine, especially for that the
+richest are defended with rocks of hard stones, which we call the white
+spar, and that it required both time, men, and instruments fit for such
+a work, I thought it best not to hover thereabouts, lest if the same had
+been perceived by the company, there would have been by this time many
+barks and ships set out, and perchance other nations would also
+have gotten of ours for pilots. So as both ourselves might have been
+prevented, and all our care taken for good usage of the people been
+utterly lost, by those that only respect present profit; and such
+violence or insolence offered as the nations which are borderers
+would have changed the desire of our love and defence into hatred and
+violence. And for any longer stay to have brought a more quantity, which
+I hear hath been often objected, whosoever had seen or proved the fury
+of that river after it began to arise, and had been a month and odd
+days, as we were, from hearing aught from our ships, leaving them meanly
+manned 400 miles off, would perchance have turned somewhat sooner than
+we did, if all the mountains had been gold, or rich stones. And to say
+the truth, all the branches and small rivers which fell into Orenoque
+were raised with such speed, as if we waded them over the shoes in the
+morning outward, we were covered to the shoulders homeward the very same
+day; and to stay to dig our gold with our nails, had been opus laboris
+but not ingenii. Such a quantity as would have served our turns we could
+not have had, but a discovery of the mines to our infinite disadvantage
+we had made, and that could have been the best profit of farther search
+or stay; for those mines are not easily broken, nor opened in haste, and
+I could have returned a good quantity of gold ready cast if I had not
+shot at another mark than present profit.
+
+This Arwacan pilot, with the rest, feared that we would have eaten them,
+or otherwise have put them to some cruel death: for the Spaniards, to
+the end that none of the people in the passage towards Guiana, or in
+Guiana itself, might come to speech with us, persuaded all the nations
+that we were men-eaters and cannibals. But when the poor men and women
+had seen us, and that we gave them meat, and to every one something or
+other which was rare and strange to them, they began to conceive the
+deceit and purpose of the Spaniards, who indeed, as they confessed
+took from them both their wives and daughters daily . . . But I protest
+before the Majesty of the living God, that I neither know nor believe,
+that any of our company, one or other, did offer insult to any of their
+women, and yet we saw many hundreds, and had many in our power, and of
+those very young and excellently favoured, which came among us without
+deceit, stark naked. Nothing got us more love amongst them than this
+usage; for I suffered not any man to take from any of the nations
+so much as a pina (pineapple) or a potato root without giving them
+contentment, nor any man so much as to offer to touch any of their wives
+or daughters; which course, so contrary to the Spaniards, who tyrannize
+over them in all things, drew them to admire her Majesty, whose
+commandment I told them it was, and also wonderfully to honour our
+nation. But I confess it was a very impatient work to keep the meaner
+sort from spoil and stealing when we came to their houses; which because
+in all I could not prevent, I caused my Indian interpreter at every
+place when we departed, to know of the loss or wrong done, and if aught
+were stolen or taken by violence, either the same was restored, and the
+party punished in their sight, or else was paid for to their uttermost
+demand. They also much wondered at us, after they heard that we had
+slain the Spaniards at Trinidad, for they were before resolved that no
+nation of Christians durst abide their presence; and they wondered more
+when I had made them know of the great overthrow that her Majesty's army
+and fleet had given them of late years in their own countries.
+
+After we had taken in this supply of bread, with divers baskets of
+roots, which were excellent meat, I gave one of the canoas to the
+Arwacas, which belonged to the Spaniards that were escaped; and when I
+had dismissed all but the captain, who by the Spaniards was christened
+Martin, I sent back in the same canoa the old Ciawani, and Ferdinando,
+my first pilot, and gave them both such things as they desired, with
+sufficient victual to carry them back, and by them wrote a letter to the
+ships, which they promised to deliver, and performed it; and then I went
+on, with my new hired pilot, Martin the Arwacan. But the next or second
+day after, we came aground again with our galley, and were like to cast
+her away, with all our victual and provision, and so lay on the sand one
+whole night, and were far more in despair at this time to free her than
+before, because we had no tide of flood to help us, and therefore feared
+that all our hopes would have ended in mishaps. But we fastened an
+anchor upon the land, and with main strength drew her off; and so the
+fifteenth day we discovered afar off the mountains of Guiana, to our
+great joy, and towards the evening had a slent (push) of a northerly
+wind that blew very strong, which brought us in sight of the great river
+Orenoque; out of which this river descended wherein we were. We descried
+afar off three other canoas as far as we could discern them, after whom
+we hastened with our barge and wherries, but two of them passed out of
+sight, and the third entered up the great river, on the right hand to
+the westward, and there stayed out of sight, thinking that we meant to
+take the way eastward towards the province of Carapana; for that way the
+Spaniards keep, not daring to go upwards to Guiana, the people in those
+parts being all their enemies, and those in the canoas thought us to
+have been those Spaniards that were fled from Trinidad, and escaped
+killing. And when we came so far down as the opening of that branch into
+which they slipped, being near them with our barge and wherries, we
+made after them, and ere they could land came within call, and by our
+interpreter told them what we were, wherewith they came back willingly
+aboard us; and of such fish and tortugas' (turtles) eggs as they had
+gathered they gave us, and promised in the morning to bring the lord of
+that part with them, and to do us all other services they could. That
+night we came to an anchor at the parting of the three goodly rivers
+(the one was the river of Amana, by which we came from the north, and
+ran athwart towards the south, the other two were of Orenoque, which
+crossed from the west and ran to the sea towards the east) and landed
+upon a fair sand, where we found thousands of tortugas' eggs, which are
+very wholesome meat, and greatly restoring; so as our men were now well
+filled and highly contented both with the fare, and nearness of the land
+of Guiana, which appeared in sight.
+
+In the morning there came down, according to promise, the lord of that
+border, called Toparimaca, with some thirty or forty followers, and
+brought us divers sorts of fruits, and of his wine, bread, fish, and
+flesh, whom we also feasted as we could; at least we drank good Spanish
+wine, whereof we had a small quantity in bottles, which above all things
+they love. I conferred with this Toparimaca of the next way to Guiana,
+who conducted our galley and boats to his own port, and carried us from
+thence some mile and a-half to his town; where some of our captains
+caroused of his wine till they were reasonable pleasant, for it is very
+strong with pepper, and the juice of divers herbs and fruits digested
+and purged. They keep it in great earthen pots of ten or twelve gallons,
+very clean and sweet, and are themselves at their meetings and feasts
+the greatest carousers and drunkards of the world. When we came to his
+town we found two caciques, whereof one was a stranger that had been up
+the river in trade, and his boats, people, and wife encamped at the
+port where we anchored; and the other was of that country, a follower
+of Toparimaca. They lay each of them in a cotton hamaca, which we call
+Brazil beds, and two women attending them with six cups, and a little
+ladle to fill them out of an earthen pitcher of wine; and so they drank
+each of them three of those cups at a time one to the other, and in this
+sort they drink drunk at their feasts and meetings.
+
+That cacique that was a stranger had his wife staying at the port where
+we anchored, and in all my life I have seldom seen a better favoured
+woman. She was of good stature, with black eyes, fat of body, of an
+excellent countenance, her hair almost as long as herself, tied up again
+in pretty knots; and it seemed she stood not in that awe of her husband
+as the rest, for she spake and discoursed, and drank among the gentlemen
+and captains, and was very pleasant, knowing her own comeliness, and
+taking great pride therein. I have seen a lady in England so like to
+her, as but for the difference of colour, I would have sworn might have
+been the same.
+
+The seat of this town of Toparimaca was very pleasant, standing on
+a little hill, in an excellent prospect, with goodly gardens a mile
+compass round about it, and two very fair and large ponds of excellent
+fish adjoining. This town is called Arowocai; the people are of the
+nation called Nepoios, and are followers of Carapana. In that place I
+saw very aged people, that we might perceive all their sinews and veins
+without any flesh, and but even as a case covered only with skin.
+The lord of this place gave me an old man for pilot, who was of great
+experience and travel, and knew the river most perfectly both by day
+and night. And it shall be requisite for any man that passeth it to have
+such a pilot; for it is four, five, and six miles over in many places,
+and twenty miles in other places, with wonderful eddies and strong
+currents, many great islands, and divers shoals, and many dangerous
+rocks; and besides upon any increase of wind so great a billow, as we
+were sometimes in great peril of drowning in the galley, for the small
+boats durst not come from the shore but when it was very fair.
+
+The next day we hasted thence, and having an easterly wind to help us,
+we spared our arms from rowing; for after we entered Orenoque, the river
+lieth for the most part east and west, even from the sea unto Quito, in
+Peru. This river is navigable with barks little less than 1000 miles;
+and from the place where we entered it may be sailed up in small
+pinnaces to many of the best parts of Nuevo Reyno de Granada and of
+Popayan. And from no place may the cities of these parts of the Indies
+be so easily taken and invaded as from hence. All that day we sailed up
+a branch of that river, having on the left hand a great island, which
+they call Assapana, which may contain some five-and-twenty miles in
+length, and six miles in breadth, the great body of the river running on
+the other side of this island. Beyond that middle branch there is also
+another island in the river, called Iwana, which is twice as big as the
+Isle of Wight; and beyond it, and between it and the main of Guiana,
+runneth a third branch of Orenoque, called Arraroopana. All three are
+goodly branches, and all navigable for great ships. I judge the river
+in this place to be at least thirty miles broad, reckoning the islands
+which divide the branches in it, for afterwards I sought also both the
+other branches.
+
+After we reached to the head of the island called Assapana, a little to
+the westward on the right hand there opened a river which came from the
+north, called Europa, and fell into the great river; and beyond it on
+the same side we anchored for that night by another island, six miles
+long and two miles broad, which they call Ocaywita. From hence, in
+the morning, we landed two Guianians, which we found in the town of
+Toparimaca, that came with us; who went to give notice of our coming to
+the lord of that country, called Putyma, a follower of Topiawari,
+chief lord of Aromaia, who succeeded Morequito, whom (as you have heard
+before) Berreo put to death. But his town being far within the land, he
+came not unto us that day; so as we anchored again that night near the
+banks of another land, of bigness much like the other, which they call
+Putapayma, over against which island, on the main land, was a very high
+mountain called Oecope. We coveted to anchor rather by these islands
+in the river than by the main, because of the tortugas' eggs, which our
+people found on them in great abundance; and also because the ground
+served better for us to cast our nets for fish, the main banks being for
+the most part stony and high and the rocks of a blue, metalline colour,
+like unto the best steel ore, which I assuredly take it to be. Of the
+same blue stone are also divers great mountains which border this river
+in many places.
+
+The next morning, towards nine of the clock, we weighed anchor; and
+the breeze increasing, we sailed always west up the river, and, after
+a while, opening the land on the right side, the country appeared to be
+champaign and the banks shewed very perfect red. I therefore sent two
+of the little barges with Captain Gifford, and with him Captain Thyn,
+Captain Caulfield, my cousin Greenvile, my nephew John Gilbert, Captain
+Eynos, Master Edward Porter, and my cousin Butshead Gorges, with some
+few soldiers, to march over the banks of that red land and to discover
+what manner of country it was on the other side; who at their return
+found it all a plain level as far as they went or could discern from
+the highest tree they could get upon. And my old pilot, a man of great
+travel, brother to the cacique Toparimaca, told me that those were
+called the plains of the Sayma, and that the same level reached to
+Cumana and Caracas, in the West Indies, which are a hundred and twenty
+leagues to the north, and that there inhabited four principal nations.
+The first were the Sayma, the next Assawai, the third and greatest
+the Wikiri, by whom Pedro Hernandez de Serpa, before mentioned, was
+overthrown as he passed with 300 horse from Cumana towards Orenoque in
+his enterprise of Guiana. The fourth are called Aroras, and are as black
+as negroes, but have smooth hair; and these are very valiant, or rather
+desperate, people, and have the most strong poison on their arrows, and
+most dangerous, of all nations, of which I will speak somewhat, being a
+digression not unnecessary.
+
+There was nothing whereof I was more curious than to find out the true
+remedies of these poisoned arrows. For besides the mortality of the
+wound they make, the party shot endureth the most insufferable torment
+in the world, and abideth a most ugly and lamentable death, sometimes
+dying stark mad, sometimes their bowels breaking out of their bellies;
+which are presently discoloured as black as pitch, and so unsavory as no
+man can endure to cure or to attend them. And it is more strange to
+know that in all this time there was never Spaniard, either by gift or
+torment, that could attain to the true knowledge of the cure, although
+they have martyred and put to invented torture I know not how many
+of them. But everyone of these Indians know it not, no, not one among
+thousands, but their soothsayers and priests, who do conceal it, and
+only teach it but from the father to the son.
+
+Those medicines which are vulgar, and serve for the ordinary poison,
+are made of the juice of a root called tupara; the same also quencheth
+marvellously the heat of burning fevers, and healeth inward wounds and
+broken veins that bleed within the body. But I was more beholding to the
+Guianians than any other; for Antonio de Berreo told me that he could
+never attain to the knowledge thereof, and yet they taught me the best
+way of healing as well thereof as of all other poisons. Some of the
+Spaniards have been cured in ordinary wounds of the common poisoned
+arrows with the juice of garlic. But this is a general rule for all men
+that shall hereafter travel the Indies where poisoned arrows are used,
+that they must abstain from drink. For if they take any liquor into
+their body, as they shall be marvellously provoked thereunto by drought,
+I say, if they drink before the wound be dressed, or soon upon it, there
+is no way with them but present death.
+
+And so I will return again to our journey, which for this third day
+we finished, and cast anchor again near the continent on the left hand
+between two mountains, the one called Aroami and the other Aio. I made
+no stay here but till midnight; for I feared hourly lest any rain should
+fall, and then it had been impossible to have gone any further up,
+notwithstanding that there is every day a very strong breeze and
+easterly wind. I deferred the search of the country on Guiana side till
+my return down the river.
+
+The next day we sailed by a great island in the middle of the river,
+called Manoripano; and, as we walked awhile on the island, while the
+galley got ahead of us, there came for us from the main a small canoa
+with seven or eight Guianians, to invite us to anchor at their port,
+but I deferred till my return. It was that cacique to whom those Nepoios
+went, which came with us from the town of Toparimaca. And so the fifth
+day we reached as high up as the province of Aromaia, the country of
+Morequito, whom Berreo executed, and anchored to the west of an island
+called Murrecotima, ten miles long and five broad. And that night the
+cacique Aramiary, to whose town we made our long and hungry voyage out
+of the river of Amana, passed by us.
+
+The next day we arrived at the port of Morequito, and anchored there,
+sending away one of our pilots to seek the king of Aromaia, uncle to
+Morequito, slain by Berreo as aforesaid. The next day following, before
+noon, he came to us on foot from his house, which was fourteen English
+miles, himself being a hundred and ten years old, and returned on foot
+the same day; and with him many of the borderers, with many women
+and children, that came to wonder at our nation and to bring us down
+victual, which they did in great plenty, as venison, pork, hens,
+chickens, fowl, fish, with divers sorts of excellent fruits and roots,
+and great abundance of pinas, the princess of fruits that grow under the
+sun, especially those of Guiana. They brought us, also, store of bread
+and of their wine, and a sort of paraquitos no bigger than wrens, and of
+all other sorts both small and great. One of them gave me a beast called
+by the Spaniards armadillo, which they call cassacam, which seemeth to
+be all barred over with small plates somewhat like to a rhinoceros, with
+a white horn growing in his hinder parts as big as a great hunting-horn,
+which they use to wind instead of a trumpet. Monardus (Monardes,
+Historia Medicinal) writeth that a little of the powder of that horn put
+into the ear cureth deafness.
+
+After this old king had rested awhile in a little tent that I caused to
+be set up, I began by my interpreter to discourse with him of the death
+of Morequito his predecessor, and afterward of the Spaniards; and ere I
+went any farther I made him know the cause of my coming thither, whose
+servant I was, and that the Queen's pleasure was I should undertake the
+voyage for their defence, and to deliver them from the tyranny of the
+Spaniards, dilating at large, as I had done before to those of Trinidad,
+her Majesty's greatness, her justice, her charity to all oppressed
+nations, with as many of the rest of her beauties and virtues as either
+I could express or they conceive. All which being with great admiration
+attentively heard and marvellously admired, I began to sound the old man
+as touching Guiana and the state thereof, what sort of commonwealth it
+was, how governed, of what strength and policy, how far it extended,
+and what nations were friends or enemies adjoining, and finally of the
+distance, and way to enter the same. He told me that himself and his
+people, with all those down the river towards the sea, as far as
+Emeria, the province of Carapana, were of Guiana, but that they called
+themselves Orenoqueponi, and that all the nations between the river and
+those mountains in sight, called Wacarima, were of the same cast and
+appellation; and that on the other side of those mountains of Wacarima
+there was a large plain (which after I discovered in my return) called
+the valley of Amariocapana. In all that valley the people were also of
+the ancient Guianians.
+
+I asked what nations those were which inhabited on the further side of
+those mountains, beyond the valley of Amariocapana. He answered with a
+great sigh (as a man which had inward feeling of the loss of his country
+and liberty, especially for that his eldest son was slain in a battle
+on that side of the mountains, whom he most entirely loved) that he
+remembered in his father's lifetime, when he was very old and himself
+a young man, that there came down into that large valley of Guiana a
+nation from so far off as the sun slept (for such were his own words),
+with so great a multitude as they could not be numbered nor resisted,
+and that they wore large coats, and hats of crimson colour, which
+colour he expressed by shewing a piece of red wood wherewith my tent was
+supported, and that they were called Orejones and Epuremei; that those
+had slain and rooted out so many of the ancient people as there were
+leaves in the wood upon all the trees, and had now made themselves lords
+of all, even to that mountain foot called Curaa, saving only of two
+nations, the one called Iwarawaqueri and the other Cassipagotos; and
+that in the last battle fought between the Epuremei and the Iwarawaqueri
+his eldest son was chosen to carry to the aid of the Iwarawaqueri a
+great troop of the Orenoqueponi, and was there slain with all his people
+and friends, and that he had now remaining but one son; and farther told
+me that those Epuremei had built a great town called Macureguarai at
+the said mountain foot, at the beginning of the great plains of Guiana,
+which have no end; and that their houses have many rooms, one over the
+other, and that therein the great king of the Orejones and Epuremei kept
+three thousand men to defend the borders against them, and withal daily
+to invade and slay them; but that of late years, since the Christians
+offered to invade his territories and those frontiers, they were all
+at peace, and traded one with another, saving only the Iwarawaqueri
+and those other nations upon the head of the river of Caroli called
+Cassipagotos, which we afterwards discovered, each one holding the
+Spaniard for a common enemy.
+
+After he had answered thus far, he desired leave to depart, saying that
+he had far to go, that he was old and weak, and was every day called for
+by death, which was also his own phrase. I desired him to rest with
+us that night, but I could not entreat him; but he told me that at my
+return from the country above he would again come to us, and in the
+meantime provide for us the best he could, of all that his country
+yielded. The same night he returned to Orocotona, his own town; so as
+he went that day eight-and-twenty miles, the weather being very hot, the
+country being situate between four and five degrees of the equinoctial.
+This Topiawari is held for the proudest and wisest of all the
+Orenoqueponi, and so he behaved himself towards me in all his answers,
+at my return, as I marvelled to find a man of that gravity and judgment
+and of so good discourse, that had no help of learning nor breed. The
+next morning we also left the port, and sailed westward up to the
+river, to view the famous river called Caroli, as well because it
+was marvellous of itself, as also for that I understood it led to
+the strongest nations of all the frontiers, that were enemies to the
+Epuremei, which are subjects to Inga, emperor of Guiana and Manoa. And
+that night we anchored at another island called Caiama, of some five or
+six miles in length; and the next day arrived at the mouth of Caroli.
+When we were short of it as low or further down as the port of
+Morequito, we heard the great roar and fall of the river. But when we
+came to enter with our barge and wherries, thinking to have gone up some
+forty miles to the nations of the Cassipagotos, we were not able with
+a barge of eight oars to row one stone's cast in an hour; and yet the
+river is as broad as the Thames at Woolwich, and we tried both sides,
+and the middle, and every part of the river. So as we encamped upon the
+banks adjoining, and sent off our Orenoquepone which came with us from
+Morequito to give knowledge to the nations upon the river of our being
+there, and that we desired to see the lords of Canuria, which dwelt
+within the province upon that river, making them know that we were
+enemies to the Spaniards; for it was on this river side that Morequito
+slew the friar, and those nine Spaniards which came from Manoa, the city
+of Inga, and took from them 14,000 pesos of gold. So as the next day
+there came down a lord or cacique, called Wanuretona, with many people
+with him, and brought all store of provisions to entertain us, as the
+rest had done. And as I had before made my coming known to Topiawari, so
+did I acquaint this cacique therewith, and how I was sent by her
+Majesty for the purpose aforesaid, and gathered also what I could of
+him touching the estate of Guiana. And I found that those also of Caroli
+were not only enemies to the Spaniards, but most of all to the Epuremei,
+which abound in gold. And by this Wanuretona I had knowledge that on
+the head of this river were three mighty nations, which were seated on
+a great lake, from whence this river descended, and were called
+Cassipagotos, Eparegotos, and Arawagotos (the Purigotos and Arinagotos
+are still settled on the upper tributaries of the Caroni river, no such
+lake as that mentioned is known to exist); and that all those either
+against the Spaniards or the Epuremei would join with us, and that if we
+entered the land over the mountains of Curaa we should satisfy ourselves
+with gold and all other good things. He told us farther of a nation
+called Iwarawaqueri, before spoken of, that held daily war with the
+Epuremei that inhabited Macureguarai, and first civil town of Guiana, of
+the subjects of Inga, the emperor.
+
+Upon this river one Captain George, that I took with Berreo, told me
+that there was a great silver mine, and that it was near the banks of
+the said river. But by this time as well Orenoque, Caroli, as all the
+rest of the rivers were risen four or five feet in height, so as it was
+not possible by the strength of any men, or with any boat whatsoever,
+to row into the river against the stream. I therefore sent Captain Thyn,
+Captain Greenvile, my nephew John Gilbert, my cousin Butshead Gorges,
+Captain Clarke, and some thirty shot more to coast the river by land,
+and to go to a town some twenty miles over the valley called Amnatapoi;
+and they found guides there to go farther towards the mountain foot
+to another great town called Capurepana, belonging to a cacique called
+Haharacoa, that was a nephew to old Topiawari, king of Aromaia, our
+chiefest friend, because this town and province of Capurepana adjoined
+to Macureguarai, which was a frontier town of the empire. And the
+meanwhile myself with Captain Gifford, Captain Caulfield, Edward
+Hancock, and some half-a-dozen shot marched overland to view the strange
+overfalls of the river of Caroli, which roared so far off; and also to
+see the plains adjoining, and the rest of the province of Canuri. I sent
+also Captain Whiddon, William Connock, and some eight shot with them, to
+see if they could find any mineral stone alongst the river's side. When
+we were come to the tops of the first hills of the plains adjoining
+to the river, we beheld that wonderful breach of waters which ran down
+Caroli; and might from that mountain see the river how it ran in three
+parts, above twenty miles off, and there appeared some ten or twelve
+overfalls in sight, every one as high over the other as a church tower,
+which fell with that fury, that the rebound of water made it seem as if
+it had been all covered over with a great shower of rain; and in some
+places we took it at the first for a smoke that had risen over some
+great town. For mine own part I was well persuaded from thence to have
+returned, being a very ill footman; but the rest were all so desirous to
+go near the said strange thunder of waters, as they drew me on by little
+and little, till we came into the next valley, where we might better
+discern the same. I never saw a more beautiful country, nor more lively
+prospects; hills so raised here and there over the valleys; the river
+winding into divers branches; the plains adjoining without bush or
+stubble, all fair green grass; the ground of hard sand, easy to march
+on, either for horse or foot; the deer crossing in every path; the birds
+towards the evening singing on every tree with a thousand several tunes;
+cranes and herons of white, crimson, and carnation, perching in the
+river's side; the air fresh with a gentle easterly wind; and every
+stone that we stooped to take up promised either gold or silver by his
+complexion. Your Lordship shall see of many sorts, and I hope some of
+them cannot be bettered under the sun; and yet we had no means but with
+our daggers and fingers to tear them out here and there, the rocks being
+most hard of that mineral spar aforesaid, which is like a flint, and is
+altogether as hard or harder, and besides the veins lie a fathom or
+two deep in the rocks. But we wanted all things requisite save only our
+desires and good will to have performed more if it had pleased God. To
+be short, when both our companies returned, each of them brought also
+several sorts of stones that appeared very fair, but were such as they
+found loose on the ground, and were for the most part but coloured,
+and had not any gold fixed in them. Yet such as had no judgment or
+experience kept all that glistered, and would not be persuaded but it
+was rich because of the lustre; and brought of those, and of marcasite
+withal, from Trinidad, and have delivered of those stones to be tried
+in many places, and have thereby bred an opinion that all the rest is of
+the same. Yet some of these stones I shewed afterward to a Spaniard
+of the Caracas, who told me that it was El Madre del Oro, that is, the
+mother of gold, and that the mine was farther in the ground.
+
+But it shall be found a weak policy in me, either to betray myself or
+my country with imaginations; neither am I so far in love with that
+lodging, watching, care, peril, diseases, ill savours, bad fare, and
+many other mischiefs that accompany these voyages, as to woo myself
+again into any of them, were I not assured that the sun covereth not
+so much riches in any part of the earth. Captain Whiddon, and our
+chirurgeon, Nicholas Millechamp, brought me a kind of stones like
+sapphires; what they may prove I know not. I shewed them to some of the
+Orenoqueponi, and they promised to bring me to a mountain that had of
+them very large pieces growing diamond-wise; whether it be crystal of
+the mountain, Bristol diamond, or sapphire, I do not yet know, but
+I hope the best; sure I am that the place is as likely as those from
+whence all the rich stones are brought, and in the same height or very
+near. On the left hand of this river Caroli are seated those nations
+which I called Iwarawaqueri before remembered, which are enemies to the
+Epuremei; and on the head of it, adjoining to the great lake Cassipa,
+are situated those other nations which also resist Inga, and the
+Epuremei, called Cassipagotos, Eparegotos, and Arawagotos. I farther
+understood that this lake of Cassipa is so large, as it is above one
+day's journey for one of their canoas, to cross, which may be some forty
+miles; and that thereinto fall divers rivers, and that great store of
+grains of gold are found in the summer time when the lake falleth by the
+banks, in those branches.
+
+There is also another goodly river beyond Caroli which is called Arui,
+which also runneth through the lake Cassipa, and falleth into Orenoque
+farther west, making all that land between Caroli and Arui an island;
+which is likewise a most beautiful country. Next unto Arui there are two
+rivers Atoica and Caura, and on that branch which is called Caura are
+a nation of people whose heads appear not above their shoulders; which
+though it may be thought a mere fable, yet for mine own part I am
+resolved it is true, because every child in the provinces of Aromaia and
+Canuri affirm the same. They are called Ewaipanoma; they are reported
+to have their eyes in their shoulders, and their mouths in the middle
+of their breasts, and that a long train of hair groweth backward between
+their shoulders. The son of Topiawari, which I brought with me into
+England, told me that they were the most mighty men of all the land, and
+use bows, arrows, and clubs thrice as big as any of Guiana, or of the
+Orenoqueponi; and that one of the Iwarawaqueri took a prisoner of them
+the year before our arrival there, and brought him into the borders of
+Aromaia, his father's country. And farther, when I seemed to doubt of
+it, he told me that it was no wonder among them; but that they were as
+great a nation and as common as any other in all the provinces, and had
+of late years slain many hundreds of his father's people, and of other
+nations their neighbours. But it was not my chance to hear of them till
+I was come away; and if I had but spoken one word of it while I was
+there I might have brought one of them with me to put the matter out of
+doubt. Such a nation was written of by Mandeville, whose reports
+were holden for fables many years; and yet since the East Indies were
+discovered, we find his relations true of such things as heretofore were
+held incredible (Mandeville, or the author who assumed this name, placed
+his headless men in the East Indian Archipelago, the fable is borrowed
+from older writers, Herodotus &c). Whether it be true or no, the matter
+is not great, neither can there be any profit in the imagination; for
+mine own part I saw them not, but I am resolved that so many people did
+not all combine or forethink to make the report.
+
+When I came to Cumana in the West Indies afterwards by chance I spake
+with a Spaniard dwelling not far from thence, a man of great travel.
+And after he knew that I had been in Guiana, and so far directly west
+as Caroli, the first question he asked me was, whether I had seen any of
+the Ewaipanoma, which are those without heads. Who being esteemed a most
+honest man of his word, and in all things else, told me that he had
+seen many of them; I may not name him, because it may be for his
+disadvantage, but he is well known to Monsieur Moucheron's son of
+London, and to Peter Moucheron, merchant, of the Flemish ship that was
+there in trade; who also heard, what he avowed to be true, of those
+people.
+
+The fourth river to the west of Caroli is Casnero: which falleth into
+the Orenoque on this side of Amapaia. And that river is greater than
+Danubius, or any of Europe: it riseth on the south of Guiana from
+the mountains which divide Guiana from Amazons, and I think it to be
+navigable many hundred miles. But we had no time, means, nor season of
+the year, to search those rivers, for the causes aforesaid, the winter
+being come upon us; although the winter and summer as touching cold and
+heat differ not, neither do the trees ever sensibly lose their leaves,
+but have always fruit either ripe or green, and most of them both
+blossoms, leaves, ripe fruit, and green, at one time: but their winter
+only consisteth of terrible rains, and overflowing of the rivers, with
+many great storms and gusts, thunder and lightnings, of which we had our
+fill ere we returned.
+
+On the north side, the first river that falleth into the Orenoque is
+Cari. Beyond it, on the same side is the river of Limo. Between these
+two is a great nation of Cannibals, and their chief town beareth the
+name of the river, and is called Acamacari. At this town is a continual
+market of women for three or four hatchets apiece; they are bought by
+the Arwacas, and by them sold into the West Indies. To the west of Limo
+is the river Pao, beyond it Caturi, beyond that Voari, and Capuri (the
+Apure river), which falleth out of the great river of Meta, by which
+Berreo descended from Nuevo Reyno de Granada. To the westward of Capuri
+is the province of Amapaia, where Berreo wintered and had so many of his
+people poisoned with the tawny water of the marshes of the Anebas. Above
+Amapaia, toward Nuevo Reyno, fall in Meto, Pato and Cassanar. To the
+west of those, towards the provinces of the Ashaguas and Catetios, are
+the rivers of Beta, Dawney, and Ubarro; and toward the frontier of Peru
+are the provinces of Thomebamba, and Caxamalca. Adjoining to Quito in
+the north side of Peru are the rivers of Guiacar and Goauar; and on the
+other side of the said mountains the river of Papamene which descendeth
+into Maranon or Amazons, passing through the province Motilones,
+where Don Pedro de Orsua, who was slain by the traitor Aguirre before
+rehearsed, built his brigandines, when he sought Guiana by the way of
+Amazons.
+
+Between Dawney and Beta lieth a famous island in Orenoque (now called
+Baraquan, for above Meta it is not known by the name of Orenoque) which
+is called Athule (cataract of Ature); beyond which ships of burden
+cannot pass by reason of a most forcible overfall, and current of water;
+but in the eddy all smaller vessels may be drawn even to Peru itself.
+But to speak of more of these rivers without the description were but
+tedious, and therefore I will leave the rest to the description. This
+river of Orenoque is navigable for ships little less than 1,000 miles,
+and for lesser vessels near 2,000. By it, as aforesaid, Peru, Nuevo
+Reyno and Popayan may be invaded: it also leadeth to the great empire of
+Inga, and to the provinces of Amapaia and Anebas, which abound in gold.
+His branches of Casnero, Manta, Caura descend from the middle land and
+valley which lieth between the easter province of Peru and Guiana; and
+it falls into the sea between Maranon and Trinidad in two degrees and
+a half. All of which your honours shall better perceive in the general
+description of Guiana, Peru, Nuevo Reyno, the kingdom of Popayan, and
+Rodas, with the province of Venezuela, to the bay of Uraba, behind
+Cartagena, westward, and to Amazons southward. While we lay at anchor on
+the coast of Canuri, and had taken knowledge of all the nations upon
+the head and branches of this river, and had found out so many several
+people, which were enemies to the Epuremei and the new conquerors, I
+thought it time lost to linger any longer in that place, especially for
+that the fury of Orenoque began daily to threaten us with dangers in our
+return. For no half day passed but the river began to rage and overflow
+very fearfully, and the rains came down in terrible showers, and gusts
+in great abundance; and withal our men began to cry out for want of
+shift, for no man had place to bestow any other apparel than that which
+he ware on his back, and that was throughly washed on his body for the
+most part ten times in one day; and we had now been well-near a month
+every day passing to the westward farther and farther from our ships.
+We therefore turned towards the east, and spent the rest of the time
+in discovering the river towards the sea, which we had not viewed, and
+which was most material.
+
+The next day following we left the mouth of Caroli, and arrived again at
+the port of Morequito where we were before; for passing down the stream
+we went without labour, and against the wind, little less than a hundred
+miles a day. As soon as I came to anchor, I sent away one for old
+Topiawari, with whom I much desired to have further conference, and
+also to deal with him for some one of his country to bring with us into
+England, as well to learn the language, as to confer withal by the way,
+the time being now spent of any longer stay there. Within three hours
+after my messenger came to him, he arrived also, and with him such a
+rabble of all sorts of people, and every one loaden with somewhat, as if
+it had been a great market or fair in England; and our hungry companies
+clustered thick and threefold among their baskets, every one laying hand
+on what he liked. After he had rested awhile in my tent, I shut out all
+but ourselves and my interpreter, and told him that I knew that both the
+Epuremei and the Spaniards were enemies to him, his country and nations:
+that the one had conquered Guiana already, and the other sought to
+regain the same from them both; and therefore I desired him to instruct
+me what he could, both of the passage into the golden parts of Guiana,
+and to the civil towns and apparelled people of Inga. He gave me an
+answer to this effect: first, that he could not perceive that I meant
+to go onward towards the city of Manoa, for neither the time of the year
+served, neither could he perceive any sufficient numbers for such an
+enterprise. And if I did, I was sure with all my company to be buried
+there, for the emperor was of that strength, as that many times so many
+men more were too few. Besides, he gave me this good counsel and advised
+me to hold it in mind (as for himself, he knew he could not live till
+my return), that I should not offer by any means hereafter to invade the
+strong parts of Guiana without the help of all those nations which were
+also their enemies; for that it was impossible without those, either to
+be conducted, to be victualled, or to have aught carried with us, our
+people not being able to endure the march in so great heat and travail,
+unless the borderers gave them help, to cart with them both their meat
+and furniture. For he remembered that in the plains of Macureguarai
+three hundred Spaniards were overthrown, who were tired out, and had
+none of the borderers to their friends; but meeting their enemies as
+they passed the frontier, were environed on all sides, and the people
+setting the long dry grass on fire, smothered them, so as they had no
+breath to fight, nor could discern their enemies for the great smoke. He
+told me further that four days' journey from his town was Macureguarai,
+and that those were the next and nearest of the subjects of Inga, and of
+the Epuremei, and the first town of apparelled and rich people; and that
+all those plates of gold which were scattered among the borderers and
+carried to other nations far and near, came from the said Macureguarai
+and were there made, but that those of the land within were far finer,
+and were fashioned after the images of men, beasts, birds, and fishes. I
+asked him whether he thought that those companies that I had there with
+me were sufficient to take that town or no; he told me that he thought
+they were. I then asked him whether he would assist me with guides, and
+some companies of his people to join with us; he answered that he would
+go himself with all the borderers, if the rivers did remain fordable,
+upon this condition, that I would leave with him till my return again
+fifty soldiers, which he undertook to victual. I answered that I had not
+above fifty good men in all there; the rest were labourers and rowers,
+and that I had no provision to leave with them of powder, shot, apparel,
+or aught else, and that without those things necessary for their
+defence, they should be in danger of the Spaniards in my absence, who
+I knew would use the same measures towards mine that I offered them
+at Trinidad. And although upon the motion Captain Caulfield, Captain
+Greenvile, my nephew John Gilbert and divers others were desirous to
+stay, yet I was resolved that they must needs have perished. For Berreo
+expected daily a supply out of Spain, and looked also hourly for his son
+to come down from Nuevo Reyno de Granada, with many horse and foot, and
+had also in Valencia, in the Caracas, two hundred horse ready to march;
+and I could not have spared above forty, and had not any store at all of
+powder, lead, or match to have left with them, nor any other provision,
+either spade, pickaxe, or aught else to have fortified withal.
+
+When I had given him reason that I could not at this time leave him such
+a company, he then desired me to forbear him and his country for that
+time; for he assured me that I should be no sooner three days from the
+coast but those Epuremei would invade him, and destroy all the remain of
+his people and friends, if he should any way either guide us or assist
+us against them. He further alleged that the Spaniards sought his death;
+and as they had already murdered his nephew Morequito, lord of that
+province, so they had him seventeen days in a chain before he was king
+of the country, and led him like a dog from place to place until he had
+paid an hundred plates of gold and divers chains of spleen-stones for
+his ransom. And now, since he became owner of that province, that they
+had many times laid wait to take him, and that they would be now more
+vehement when they should understand of his conference with the English.
+_And because_, said he, _they would the better displant me, if they
+cannot lay hands on me, they have gotten a nephew of mine called
+Eparacano, whom they have christened Don Juan, and his son Don Pedro,
+whom they have also apparelled and armed, by whom they seek to make a
+party against me in mine own country. He also hath taken to wife one
+Louiana, of a strong family, which are borderers and neighbours; and
+myself now being old and in the hands of death am not able to travel
+nor to shift as when I was of younger years._ He therefore prayed us to
+defer it till the next year, when he would undertake to draw in all the
+borderers to serve us, and then, also, it would be more seasonable to
+travel; for at this time of the year we should not be able to pass any
+river, the waters were and would be so grown ere our return.
+
+He farther told me that I could not desire so much to invade
+Macureguarai and the rest of Guiana but that the borderers would be more
+vehement than I. For he yielded for a chief cause that in the wars with
+the Epuremei they were spoiled of their women, and that their wives and
+daughters were taken from them; so as for their own parts they desired
+nothing of the gold or treasure for their labours, but only to recover
+women from the Epuremei. For he farther complained very sadly, as it had
+been a matter of great consequence, that whereas they were wont to have
+ten or twelve wives, they were now enforced to content themselves
+with three or four, and that the lords of the Epuremei had fifty or a
+hundred. And in truth they war more for women than either for gold or
+dominion. For the lords of countries desire many children of their own
+bodies to increase their races and kindreds, for in those consist their
+greatest trust and strength. Divers of his followers afterwards desired
+me to make haste again, that they might sack the Epuremei, and I asked
+them, of what? They answered, Of their women for us, and their gold for
+you. For the hope of those many of women they more desire the war than
+either for gold or for the recovery of their ancient territories. For
+what between the subjects of Inga and the Spaniards, those frontiers are
+grown thin of people; and also great numbers are fled to other nations
+farther off for fear of the Spaniards.
+
+After I received this answer of the old man, we fell into consideration
+whether it had been of better advice to have entered Macureguarai, and
+to have begun a war upon Inga at this time, yea, or no, if the time of
+the year and all things else had sorted. For mine own part, as we were
+not able to march it for the rivers, neither had any such strength as
+was requisite, and durst not abide the coming of the winter, or to
+tarry any longer from our ships, I thought it were evil counsel to have
+attempted it at that time, although the desire for gold will answer many
+objections. But it would have been, in mine opinion, an utter overthrow
+to the enterprise, if the same should be hereafter by her Majesty
+attempted. For then, whereas now they have heard we were enemies to the
+Spaniards and were sent by her Majesty to relieve them, they would as
+good cheap have joined with the Spaniards at our return, as to have
+yielded unto us, when they had proved that we came both for one errand,
+and that both sought but to sack and spoil them. But as yet our desire
+gold, or our purpose of invasion, is not known to them of the empire.
+And it is likely that if her Majesty undertake the enterprise they will
+rather submit themselves to her obedience than to the Spaniards, of
+whose cruelty both themselves and the borderers have already tasted. And
+therefore, till I had known her Majesty's pleasure, I would rather have
+lost the sack of one or two towns, although they might have been very
+profitable, than to have defaced or endangered the future hope of so
+many millions, and the great good and rich trade which England may be
+possessed of thereby. I am assured now that they will all die, even to
+the last man, against the Spaniards in hope of our succour and return.
+Whereas, otherwise, if I had either laid hands on the borderers or
+ransomed the lords, as Berreo did, or invaded the subjects of Inga, I
+know all had been lost for hereafter.
+
+After that I had resolved Topiawari, lord of Aromaia, that I could not
+at this time leave with him the companies he desired, and that I was
+contented to forbear the enterprise against the Epuremei till the next
+year, he freely gave me his only son to take with me into England; and
+hoped that though he himself had but a short time to live, yet that by
+our means his son should be established after his death. And I left with
+him one Francis Sparrow, a servant of Captain Gifford, who was desirous
+to tarry, and could describe a country with his pen, and a boy of mine
+called Hugh Goodwin, to learn the language. I after asked the manner how
+the Epuremei wrought those plates of gold, and how they could melt it
+out of the stone. He told me that the most of the gold which they made
+in plates and images was not severed from the stone, but that on the
+lake of Manoa, and in a multitude of other rivers, they gathered it in
+grains of perfect gold and in pieces as big as small stones, and they
+put it to a part of copper, otherwise they could not work it; and that
+they used a great earthen pot with holes round about it, and when they
+had mingled the gold and copper together they fastened canes to the
+holes, and so with the breath of men they increased the fire till the
+metal ran, and then they cast it into moulds of stone and clay, and so
+make those plates and images. I have sent your honours of two sorts such
+as I could by chance recover, more to shew the manner of them than
+for the value. For I did not in any sort make my desire of gold known,
+because I had neither time nor power to have a great quantity. I gave
+among them many more pieces of gold than I received, of the new money of
+twenty shillings with her Majesty's picture, to wear, with promise that
+they would become her servants thenceforth.
+
+I have also sent your honours of the ore, whereof I know some is as
+rich as the earth yieldeth any, of which I know there is sufficient, if
+nothing else were to be hoped for. But besides that we were not able to
+tarry and search the hills, so we had neither pioneers, bars, sledges,
+nor wedges of iron to break the ground, without which there is no
+working in mines. But we saw all the hills with stones of the colour
+of gold and silver, and we tried them to be no marcasite, and therefore
+such as the Spaniards call El madre del oro or "the mother of gold,"
+which is an undoubted assurance of the general abundance; and myself saw
+the outside of many mines of the spar, which I know to be the same that
+all covet in this world, and of those more than I will speak of.
+
+Having learned what I could in Canuri and Aromaia, and received a
+faithful promise of the principallest of those provinces to become
+servants to her Majesty, and to resist the Spaniards if they made any
+attempt in our absence, and that they would draw in the nations about
+the lake of Cassipa and those of Iwarawaqueri, I then parted from old
+Topiawari, and received his son for a pledge between us, and left with
+him two of ours as aforesaid. To Francis Sparrow I gave instructions
+to travel to Macureguarai with such merchandises as I left with them,
+thereby to learn the place, and if it were possible, to go on to the
+great city of Manoa. Which being done, we weighed anchor and coasted the
+river on Guiana side, because we came upon the north side, by the lawns
+of the Saima and Wikiri.
+
+There came with us from Aromaia a cacique called Putijma, that commanded
+the province of Warapana, which Putijma slew the nine Spaniards upon
+Caroli before spoken of; who desired us to rest in the port of his
+country, promising to bring us unto a mountain adjoining to his town
+that had stones of the colour of gold, which he performed. And after we
+had rested there one night I went myself in the morning with most of the
+gentlemen of my company over-land towards the said mountain, marching
+by a river's side called Mana, leaving on the right hand a town
+called Tuteritona, standing in the province of Tarracoa, of which
+Wariaaremagoto is principal. Beyond it lieth another town towards the
+south, in the valley of Amariocapana, which beareth the name of the said
+valley; whose plains stretch themselves some sixty miles in length, east
+and west, as fair ground and as beautiful fields as any man hath ever
+seen, with divers copses scattered here and there by the river's side,
+and all as full of deer as any forest or park in England, and in
+every lake and river the like abundance of fish and fowl; of which
+Irraparragota is lord.
+
+From the river of Mana we crossed another river in the said beautiful
+valley called Oiana, and rested ourselves by a clear lake which lay in
+the middle of the said Oiana; and one of our guides kindling us fire
+with two sticks, we stayed awhile to dry our shirts, which with the heat
+hung very wet and heavy on our shoulders. Afterwards we sought the ford
+to pass over towards the mountain called Iconuri, where Putijma foretold
+us of the mine. In this lake we saw one of the great fishes, as big as
+a wine pipe, which they call manati, being most excellent and wholesome
+meat. But after I perceived that to pass the said river would require
+half-a-day's march more, I was not able myself to endure it, and
+therefore I sent Captain Keymis with six shot to go on, and gave him
+order not to return to the port of Putijma, which is called Chiparepare,
+but to take leisure, and to march down the said valley as far as a
+river called Cumaca, where I promised to meet him again, Putijma himself
+promising also to be his guide. And as they marched, they left the
+towns of Emperapana and Capurepana on the right hand, and marched from
+Putijma's house, down the said valley of Amariocapana; and we returning
+the same day to the river's side, saw by the way many rocks like unto
+gold ore, and on the left hand a round mountain which consisted of
+mineral stone.
+
+From hence we rowed down the stream, coasting the province of Parino.
+As for the branches of rivers which I overpass in this discourse, those
+shall be better expressed in the description, with the mountains of
+Aio, Ara, and the rest, which are situate in the provinces of Parino and
+Carricurrina. When we were come as far down as the land called Ariacoa,
+where Orenoque divideth itself into three great branches, each of them
+being most goodly rivers, I sent away Captain Henry Thyn, and Captain
+Greenvile with the galley, the nearest way, and took with me Captain
+Gifford, Captain Caulfield, Edward Porter, and Captain Eynos with mine
+own barge and the two wherries, and went down that branch of Orenoque
+which is called Cararoopana, which leadeth towards Emeria, the province
+of Carapana, and towards the east sea, as well to find out Captain
+Keymis, whom I had sent overland, as also to acquaint myself
+with Carapana, who is one of the greatest of all the lords of the
+Orenoqueponi. And when I came to the river of Cumaca, to which Putijma
+promised to conduct Captain Keymis, I left Captain Eynos and Master
+Porter in the said river to expect his coming, and the rest of us rowed
+down the stream towards Emeria.
+
+In this branch called Cararoopana were also many goodly islands, some
+of six miles long, some of ten, and some of twenty. When it grew towards
+sunset, we entered a branch of a river that fell into Orenoque, called
+Winicapora; where I was informed of the mountain of crystal, to which in
+truth for the length of the way, and the evil season of the year, I was
+not able to march, nor abide any longer upon the journey. We saw it afar
+off; and it appeared like a white church-tower of an exceeding height.
+There falleth over it a mighty river which toucheth no part of the side
+of the mountain, but rusheth over the top of it, and falleth to the
+ground with so terrible a noise and clamour, as if a thousand great
+bells were knocked one against another. I think there is not in the
+world so strange an overfall, nor so wonderful to behold. Berreo told me
+that there were diamonds and other precious stones on it, and that they
+shined very far off; but what it hath I know not, neither durst he or
+any of his men ascend to the top of the said mountain, those people
+adjoining being his enemies, as they were, and the way to it so
+impassable.
+
+Upon this river of Winicapora we rested a while, and from thence marched
+into the country to a town called after the name of the river, whereof
+the captain was one Timitwara, who also offered to conduct me to the top
+of the said mountain called Wacarima. But when we came in first to the
+house of the said Timitwara, being upon one of their said feast days,
+we found them all as drunk as beggars, and the pots walking from one to
+another without rest. We that were weary and hot with marching were glad
+of the plenty, though a small quantity satisfied us, their drink being
+very strong and heady, and so rested ourselves awhile. After we had fed,
+we drew ourselves back to our boats upon the river, and there came to us
+all the lords of the country, with all such kind of victual as the place
+yielded, and with their delicate wine of pinas, and with abundance
+of hens and other provisions, and of those stones which we call
+spleen-stones. We understood by these chieftains of Winicapora that
+their lord, Carapana, was departed from Emeria, which was now in sight,
+and that he was fled to Cairamo, adjoining to the mountains of Guiana,
+over the valley called Amariocapana, being persuaded by those ten
+Spaniards which lay at his house that we would destroy him and his
+country. But after these caciques of Winicapora and Saporatona his
+followers perceived our purpose, and saw that we came as enemies to the
+Spaniards only, and had not so much as harmed any of those nations, no,
+though we found them to be of the Spaniards' own servants, they assured
+us that Carapana would be as ready to serve us as any of the lords of
+the provinces which we had passed; and that he durst do no other till
+this day but entertain the Spaniards, his country lying so directly in
+their way, and next of all other to any entrance that should be made in
+Guiana on that side. And they further assured us, that it was not for
+fear of our coming that he was removed, but to be acquitted of the
+Spaniards or any other that should come hereafter. For the province of
+Cairoma is situate at the mountain foot, which divideth the plains of
+Guiana from the countries of the Orenoqueponi; by means whereof if
+any should come in our absence into his towns, he would slip over
+the mountains into the plains of Guiana among the Epuremei, where the
+Spaniards durst not follow him without great force. But in mine opinion,
+or rather I assure myself, that Carapana being a notable wise and
+subtle fellow, a man of one hundred years of age and therefore of great
+experience, is removed to look on, and if he find that we return strong
+he will be ours; if not, he will excuse his departure to the Spaniards,
+and say it was for fear of our coming.
+
+We therefore thought it bootless to row so far down the stream, or
+to seek any farther of this old fox; and therefore from the river of
+Waricapana, which lieth at the entrance of Emeria, we returned again,
+and left to the eastward those four rivers which fall from the mountains
+of Emeria into Orenoque, which are Waracayari, Coirama, Akaniri,
+and Iparoma. Below those four are also these branches and mouths of
+Orenoque, which fall into the east sea, whereof the first is Araturi,
+the next Amacura, the third Barima, the fourth Wana, the fifth Morooca,
+the sixth Paroma, the last Wijmi. Beyond them there fall out of the land
+between Orenoque and Amazons fourteen rivers, which I forbear to name,
+inhabited by the Arwacas and Cannibals.
+
+It is now time to return towards the north, and we found it a wearisome
+way back from the borders of Emeria, to recover up again to the head of
+the river Carerupana, by which we descended, and where we parted
+from the galley, which I directed to take the next way to the port of
+Toparimaca, by which we entered first.
+
+All the night it was stormy and dark, and full of thunder and great
+showers, so as we were driven to keep close by the banks in our small
+boats, being all heartily afraid both of the billow and terrible current
+of the river. By the next morning we recovered the mouth of the river
+of Cumaca, where we left Captain Eynos and Edward Porter to attend the
+coming of Captain Keymis overland; but when we entered the same, they
+had heard no news of his arrival, which bred in us a great doubt what
+might become of him. I rowed up a league or two farther into the river,
+shooting off pieces all the way, that he might know of our being there;
+and the next morning we heard them answer us also with a piece. We took
+them aboard us, and took our leave of Putijma, their guide, who of all
+others most lamented our departure, and offered to send his son with us
+into England, if we could have stayed till he had sent back to his
+town. But our hearts were cold to behold the great rage and increase of
+Orenoque, and therefore departed, and turned toward the west, till we
+had recovered the parting of the three branches aforesaid, that we might
+put down the stream after the galley.
+
+The next day we landed on the island of Assapano, which divideth the
+river from that branch by which we sent down to Emeria, and there
+feasted ourselves with that beast which is called armadillo, presented
+unto us before at Winicapora. And the day following, we recovered
+the galley at anchor at the port of Toparimaca, and the same evening
+departed with very foul weather, and terrible thunder and showers, for
+the winter was come on very far. The best was, we went no less than 100
+miles a day down the river; but by the way we entered it was impossible
+to return, for that the river of Amana, being in the bottom of the bay
+of Guanipa, cannot be sailed back by any means, both the breeze and
+current of the sea were so forcible. And therefore we followed a branch
+of Orenoque called Capuri, which entered into the sea eastward of our
+ships, to the end we might bear with them before the wind; and it was
+not without need, for we had by that way as much to cross of the main
+sea, after we came to the river's mouth, as between Gravelin and Dover,
+in such boats as your honour hath heard.
+
+To speak of what passed homeward were tedious, either to describe or
+name any of the rivers, islands, or villages of the Tivitivas, which
+dwell on trees; we will leave all those to the general map. And to be
+short, when we were arrived at the sea-side, then grew our greatest
+doubt, and the bitterest of all our journey forepassed; for I protest
+before God, that we were in a most desperate estate. For the same night
+which we anchored in the mouth of the river of Capuri, where it falleth
+into the sea, there arose a mighty storm, and the river's mouth was at
+least a league broad, so as we ran before night close under the land
+with our small boats, and brought the galley as near as we could. But
+she had as much ado to live as could be, and there wanted little of her
+sinking, and all those in her; for mine own part, I confess I was very
+doubtful which way to take, either to go over in the pestered (crowded)
+galley, there being but six foot water over the sands for two leagues
+together, and that also in the channel, and she drew five; or to
+adventure in so great a billow, and in so doubtful weather, to cross the
+seas in my barge. The longer we tarried the worse it was, and therefore
+I took Captain Gifford, Captain Caulfield, and my cousin Greenvile into
+my barge; and after it cleared up about midnight we put ourselves
+to God's keeping, and thrust out into the sea, leaving the galley at
+anchor, who durst not adventure but by daylight. And so, being all very
+sober and melancholy, one faintly cheering another to shew courage, it
+pleased God that the next day about nine o'clock, we descried the island
+of Trinidad; and steering for the nearest part of it, we kept the shore
+till we came to Curiapan, where we found our ships at anchor, than which
+there was never to us a more joyful sight.
+
+Now that it hath pleased God to send us safe to our ships, it is time to
+leave Guiana to the sun, whom they worship, and steer away towards the
+north. I will, therefore, in a few words finish the discovery thereof.
+Of the several nations which we found upon this discovery I will once
+again make repetition, and how they are affected. At our first entrance
+into Amana, which is one of the outlets of Orenoque, we left on the
+right hand of us in the bottom of the bay, lying directly against
+Trinidad, a nation of inhuman Cannibals, which inhabit the rivers of
+Guanipa and Berbeese. In the same bay there is also a third river, which
+is called Areo, which riseth on Paria side towards Cumana, and that
+river is inhabited with the Wikiri, whose chief town upon the said river
+is Sayma. In this bay there are no more rivers but these three before
+rehearsed and the four branches of Amana, all which in the winter thrust
+so great abundance of water into the sea, as the same is taken up fresh
+two or three leagues from the land. In the passages towards Guiana, that
+is, in all those lands which the eight branches of Orenoque fashion into
+islands, there are but one sort of people, called Tivitivas, but of two
+castes, as they term them, the one called Ciawani, the other Waraweeti,
+and those war one with another.
+
+On the hithermost part of Orenoque, as at Toparimaca and Winicapora,
+those are of a nation called Nepoios, and are the followers of Carapana,
+lord of Emeria. Between Winicapora and the port of Morequito, which
+standeth in Aromaia, and all those in the valley of Amariocapana are
+called Orenoqueponi, and did obey Morequito and are now followers of
+Topiawari. Upon the river of Caroli are the Canuri, which are governed
+by a woman who is inheritrix of that province; who came far off to see
+our nation, and asked me divers questions of her Majesty, being much
+delighted with the discourse of her Majesty's greatness, and wondering
+at such reports as we truly made of her Highness' many virtues. And
+upon the head of Caroli and on the lake of Cassipa are the three
+strong nations of the Cassipagotos. Right south into the land are the
+Capurepani and Emparepani, and beyond those, adjoining to Macureguarai,
+the first city of Inga, are the Iwarawakeri. All these are professed
+enemies to the Spaniards, and to the rich Epuremei also. To the west of
+Caroli are divers nations of Cannibals and of those Ewaipanoma without
+heads. Directly west are the Amapaias and Anebas, which are also
+marvellous rich in gold. The rest towards Peru we will omit. On the
+north of Orenoque, between it and the West Indies, are the Wikiri,
+Saymi, and the rest before spoken of, all mortal enemies to the
+Spaniards. On the south side of the main mouth of Orenoque are the
+Arwacas; and beyond them, the Cannibals; and to the south of them, the
+Amazons.
+
+To make mention of the several beasts, birds, fishes, fruits, flowers,
+gums, sweet woods, and of their several religions and customs, would for
+the first require as many volumes as those of Gesnerus, and for the
+next another bundle of Decades. The religion of the Epuremei is the same
+which the Ingas, emperors of Peru, used, which may be read in Cieza and
+other Spanish stories; how they believe the immortality of the soul,
+worship the sun, and bury with them alive their best beloved wives and
+treasure, as they likewise do in Pegu in the East Indies, and other
+places. The Orenoqueponi bury not their wives with them, but their
+jewels, hoping to enjoy them again. The Arwacas dry the bones of their
+lords, and their wives and friends drink them in powder. In the graves
+of the Peruvians the Spaniards found their greatest abundance of
+treasure. The like, also, is to be found among these people in every
+province. They have all many wives, and the lords five-fold to the
+common sort. Their wives never eat with their husbands, nor among
+the men, but serve their husbands at meals and afterwards feed by
+themselves. Those that are past their younger years make all their bread
+and drink, and work their cotton-beds, and do all else of service and
+labour; for the men do nothing but hunt, fish, play, and drink, when
+they are out of the wars.
+
+I will enter no further into discourse of their manners, laws, and
+customs. And because I have not myself seen the cities of Inga I cannot
+avow on my credit what I have heard, although it be very likely that the
+emperor Inga hath built and erected as magnificent palaces in Guiana as
+his ancestors did in Peru; which were for their riches and rareness most
+marvellous, and exceeding all in Europe, and, I think, of the world,
+China excepted, which also the Spaniards, which I had, assured me to be
+true, as also the nations of the borderers, who, being but savages to
+those of the inland, do cause much treasure to be buried with them.
+For I was informed of one of the caciques of the valley of Amariocapana
+which had buried with him a little before our arrival a chair of gold
+most curiously wrought, which was made either in Macureguarai adjoining
+or in Manoa. But if we should have grieved them in their religion at
+the first, before they had been taught better, and have digged up their
+graves, we had lost them all. And therefore I held my first resolution,
+that her Majesty should either accept or refuse the enterprise ere
+anything should be done that might in any sort hinder the same. And if
+Peru had so many heaps of gold, whereof those Ingas were princes, and
+that they delighted so much therein, no doubt but this which now liveth
+and reigneth in Manoa hath the same humour, and, I am assured, hath
+more abundance of gold within his territory than all Peru and the West
+Indies.
+
+For the rest, which myself have seen, I will promise these things that
+follow, which I know to be true. Those that are desirous to discover and
+to see many nations may be satisfied within this river, which bringeth
+forth so many arms and branches leading to several countries and
+provinces, above 2,000 miles east and west and 800 miles south
+and north, and of these the most either rich in gold or in other
+merchandises. The common soldier shall here fight for gold, and pay
+himself, instead of pence, with plates of half-a-foot broad, whereas
+he breaketh his bones in other wars for provant and penury. Those
+commanders and chieftains that shoot at honour and abundance shall find
+there more rich and beautiful cities, more temples adorned with golden
+images, more sepulchres filled with treasure, than either Cortes found
+in Mexico or Pizarro in Peru. And the shining glory of this conquest
+will eclipse all those so far-extended beams of the Spanish nation.
+There is no country which yieldeth more pleasure to the inhabitants,
+either for those common delights of hunting, hawking, fishing, fowling,
+and the rest, than Guiana doth; it hath so many plains, clear rivers,
+and abundance of pheasants, partridges, quails, rails, cranes, herons,
+and all other fowl; deer of all sorts, porks, hares, lions, tigers,
+leopards, and divers other sorts of beasts, either for chase or food. It
+hath a kind of beast called cama or anta (tapir), as big as an English
+beef, and in great plenty. To speak of the several sorts of every kind I
+fear would be troublesome to the reader, and therefore I will omit them,
+and conclude that both for health, good air, pleasure, and riches, I am
+resolved it cannot be equalled by any region either in the east or west.
+Moreover the country is so healthful, as of an hundred persons and
+more, which lay without shift most sluttishly, and were every day almost
+melted with heat in rowing and marching, and suddenly wet again with
+great showers, and did eat of all sorts of corrupt fruits, and made
+meals of fresh fish without seasoning, of tortugas, of lagartos or
+crocodiles, and of all sorts good and bad, without either order or
+measure, and besides lodged in the open air every night, we lost not any
+one, nor had one ill-disposed to my knowledge; nor found any calentura
+or other of those pestilent diseases which dwell in all hot regions, and
+so near the equinoctial line.
+
+Where there is store of gold it is in effect needless to remember other
+commodities for trade. But it hath, towards the south part of the river,
+great quantities of brazil-wood, and divers berries that dye a most
+perfect crimson and carnation; and for painting, all France, Italy, or
+the East Indies yield none such. For the more the skin is washed, the
+fairer the colour appeareth, and with which even those brown and
+tawny women spot themselves and colour their cheeks. All places yield
+abundance of cotton, of silk, of balsamum, and of those kinds most
+excellent and never known in Europe, of all sorts of gums, of Indian
+pepper; and what else the countries may afford within the land we know
+not, neither had we time to abide the trial and search. The soil besides
+is so excellent and so full of rivers, as it will carry sugar, ginger,
+and all those other commodities which the West Indies have.
+
+The navigation is short, for it may be sailed with an ordinary wind
+in six weeks, and in the like time back again; and by the way neither
+lee-shore, enemies' coast, rocks, nor sands. All which in the voyages to
+the West Indies and all other places we are subject unto; as the channel
+of Bahama, coming from the West Indies, cannot well be passed in the
+winter, and when it is at the best, it is a perilous and a fearful
+place; the rest of the Indies for calms and diseases very troublesome,
+and the sea about the Bermudas a hellish sea for thunder, lightning, and
+storms.
+
+This very year (1595) there were seventeen sail of Spanish ships lost
+in the channel of Bahama, and the great Philip, like to have sunk at the
+Bermudas, was put back to St. Juan de Puerto Rico; and so it falleth out
+in that navigation every year for the most part. Which in this voyage
+are not to be feared; for the time of year to leave England is best
+in July, and the summer in Guiana is in October, November, December,
+January, February, and March, and then the ships may depart thence in
+April, and so return again into England in June. So as they shall never
+be subject to winter weather, either coming, going, or staying there:
+which, for my part, I take to be one of the greatest comforts and
+encouragements that can be thought on, having, as I have done, tasted
+in this voyage by the West Indies so many calms, so much heat, such
+outrageous gusts, such weather, and contrary winds.
+
+To conclude, Guiana is a country that hath yet her maidenhead, never
+sacked, turned, nor wrought; the face of the earth hath not been torn,
+nor the virtue and salt of the soil spent by manurance. The graves have
+not been opened for gold, the mines not broken with sledges, nor their
+images pulled down out of their temples. It hath never been entered by
+any army of strength, and never conquered or possessed by any Christian
+prince. It is besides so defensible, that if two forts be builded in
+one of the provinces which I have seen, the flood setteth in so near the
+bank, where the channel also lieth, that no ship can pass up but within
+a pike's length of the artillery, first of the one, and afterwards of
+the other. Which two forts will be a sufficient guard both to the empire
+of Inga, and to an hundred other several kingdoms, lying within the said
+river, even to the city of Quito in Peru.
+
+There is therefore great difference between the easiness of the conquest
+of Guiana, and the defence of it being conquered, and the West or East
+Indies. Guiana hath but one entrance by the sea, if it hath that, for
+any vessels of burden. So as whosoever shall first possess it, it shall
+be found unaccessible for any enemy, except he come in wherries, barges,
+or canoas, or else in flat-bottomed boats; and if he do offer to enter
+it in that manner, the woods are so thick 200 miles together upon the
+rivers of such entrance, as a mouse cannot sit in a boat unhit from
+the bank. By land it is more impossible to approach; for it hath the
+strongest situation of any region under the sun, and it is so environed
+with impassable mountains on every side, as it is impossible to victual
+any company in the passage. Which hath been well proved by the Spanish
+nation, who since the conquest of Peru have never left five years free
+from attempting this empire, or discovering some way into it; and yet
+of three-and-twenty several gentlemen, knights, and noblemen, there was
+never any that knew which way to lead an army by land, or to conduct
+ships by sea, anything near the said country. Orellana, of whom the
+river of Amazons taketh name, was the first, and Don Antonio de Berreo,
+whom we displanted, the last: and I doubt much whether he himself or
+any of his yet know the best way into the said empire. It can therefore
+hardly be regained, if any strength be formerly set down, but in one
+or two places, and but two or three crumsters (Dutch, Kromsteven or
+Kromster, a vessel with a bent prow) or galleys built and furnished upon
+the river within. The West Indies have many ports, watering places,
+and landings; and nearer than 300 miles to Guiana, no man can harbour a
+ship, except he know one only place, which is not learned in haste,
+and which I will undertake there is not any one of my companies that
+knoweth, whosoever hearkened most after it.
+
+Besides, by keeping one good fort, or building one town of strength, the
+whole empire is guarded; and whatsoever companies shall be afterwards
+planted within the land, although in twenty several provinces, those
+shall be able all to reunite themselves upon any occasion either by the
+way of one river, or be able to march by land without either wood, bog,
+or mountain. Whereas in the West Indies there are few towns or provinces
+that can succour or relieve one the other by land or sea. By land the
+countries are either desert, mountainous, or strong enemies. By sea, if
+any man invade to the eastward, those to the west cannot in many months
+turn against the breeze and eastern wind. Besides, the Spaniards are
+therein so dispersed as they are nowhere strong, but in Nueva Espana
+only; the sharp mountains, the thorns, and poisoned prickles, the sandy
+and deep ways in the valleys, the smothering heat and air, and want of
+water in other places are their only and best defence; which, because
+those nations that invade them are not victualled or provided to stay,
+neither have any place to friend adjoining, do serve them instead of
+good arms and great multitudes.
+
+The West Indies were first offered her Majesty's grandfather by
+Columbus, a stranger, in whom there might be doubt of deceit; and
+besides it was then thought incredible that there were such and so many
+lands and regions never written of before. This Empire is made known to
+her Majesty by her own vassal, and by him that oweth to her more duty
+than an ordinary subject; so that it shall ill sort with the many graces
+and benefits which I have received to abuse her Highness, either with
+fables or imaginations. The country is already discovered, many nations
+won to her Majesty's love and obedience, and those Spaniards which have
+latest and longest laboured about the conquest, beaten out, discouraged,
+and disgraced, which among these nations were thought invincible. Her
+Majesty may in this enterprise employ all those soldiers and gentlemen
+that are younger brethren, and all captains and chieftains that want
+employment, and the charge will be only the first setting out in
+victualling and arming them; for after the first or second year I doubt
+not but to see in London a Contractation-House (the whole trade of
+Spanish America passed through the Casa de Contratacion at Seville)
+of more receipt for Guiana than there is now in Seville for the West
+Indies.
+
+And I am resolved that if there were but a small army afoot in Guiana,
+marching towards Manoa, the chief city of Inga, he would yield to her
+Majesty by composition so many hundred thousand pounds yearly as should
+both defend all enemies abroad, and defray all expenses at home; and
+that he would besides pay a garrison of three or four thousand soldiers
+very royally to defend him against other nations. For he cannot but
+know how his predecessors, yea, how his own great uncles, Guascar and
+Atabalipa, sons to Guiana-Capac, emperor of Peru, were, while they
+contended for the empire, beaten out by the Spaniards, and that both of
+late years and ever since the said conquest, the Spaniards have sought
+the passages and entry of his country; and of their cruelties used to
+the borderers he cannot be ignorant. In which respects no doubt but he
+will be brought to tribute with great gladness; if not, he hath neither
+shot nor iron weapon in all his empire, and therefore may easily be
+conquered.
+
+And I further remember that Berreo confessed to me and others, which I
+protest before the Majesty of God to be true, that there was found among
+the prophecies in Peru, at such time as the empire was reduced to the
+Spanish obedience, in their chiefest temples, amongst divers others
+which foreshadowed the loss of the said empire, that from Inglatierra
+those Ingas should be again in time to come restored, and delivered from
+the servitude of the said conquerors. And I hope, as we with these few
+hands have displanted the first garrison, and driven them out of the
+said country, so her Majesty will give order for the rest, and either
+defend it, and hold it as tributary, or conquer and keep it as empress
+of the same. For whatsoever prince shall possess it, shall be greatest;
+and if the king of Spain enjoy it, he will become unresistible. Her
+Majesty hereby shall confirm and strengthen the opinions of all nations
+as touching her great and princely actions. And where the south border
+of Guiana reacheth to the dominion and empire of the Amazons, those
+women shall hereby hear the name of a virgin, which is not only able to
+defend her own territories and her neighbours, but also to invade and
+conquer so great empires and so far removed.
+
+To speak more at this time I fear would be but troublesome: I trust in
+God, this being true, will suffice, and that he which is King of all
+Kings, and Lord of Lords, will put it into her heart which is Lady of
+Ladies to possess it. If not, I will judge those men worthy to be kings
+thereof, that by her grace and leave will undertake it of themselves.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Discovery of Guiana, by Sir Walter Raleigh
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