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diff --git a/22719-h/22719-h.htm b/22719-h/22719-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b95480 --- /dev/null +++ b/22719-h/22719-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,10734 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Old Fort Snelling: 1819-1858, by Marcus L. Hansen. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + + body > p { + text-align: left; + text-indent: 0; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 0; + line-height: 1.4; + } + + p.citation { + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; + } + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; + clear: both; + } + + hr { + width:45%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 4em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + .section { + margin:2em auto 4em auto; + } + + body { margin-left:10%; width:80%;} + + .pagenum { + /*visibility:hidden hide the page numbers */ + color: black; + text-align: right; + width: 4em; + position: absolute; + right: 0.5em; + padding: 0 0 0 0 ; + margin: auto 0 auto 0; + font-size: .8em; + font-weight: normal; + font-variant: normal; + font-style: normal; + letter-spacing: normal; + text-indent: 0; + } + + .smcap { + font-variant: small-caps; + } + + img { + border: none; + padding: 0; + } + + p.caption { + margin-top: 0; + } + p.publisher {text-align: center; + font-weight: normal; + margin-top: 4em;} + + p.press {text-align: center; + font-weight: bold;} + + .title_pg p {font-weight: bold; + margin: 4em 0; + text-align:center;} + + .center { text-align: center; text-indent:0; } + + .center img { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } + + ins.corr { + text-decoration:none; + border-bottom: thin dashed black; + } + + ul.toc { + list-style-type: none; + margin:0 5%; + width: 90%;} + + .toc li { + position: relative; + } + + span.marker { + position:absolute; + left:-3em; + width:2.5em; + text-align:right; + } + + span.ralign { + position: absolute; + right: 0; + top: auto; + } + + .index {font-size: 90%;} + + .index ul { + list-style-type: none; + font-size:inherit; + margin-bottom: 0.2em; + } + .index li { + line-height: 1.3; + margin-top:0; + } + .index .pagenum { + font-size:0.9em; + } + + .tnotes { + border: 1px solid silver; + margin: 2em; + padding: 1em; + } + + +.footnote {margin:0; + width:100%; + } + +.footnote ul { list-style-type:none; + font-size:inherit; + margin:2em 0 3em 0; + } + +.footnote li { + margin-bottom:0; + margin-top:.75em; + font-size: 0.9em; + line-height:1.2; + position:relative + } + +.footnote li .label { + position: absolute; + left:-4em; top:0; + width:2.5em; + text-align: right; + font-size:0.9em; + } + +.footnote li p .pagenum {position:absolute; + right:-11%; + font-size:0.8em; + } + +.fnanchor {vertical-align:baseline; + position:relative; bottom:0.4em; + font-size: .8em; + } + + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Old Fort Snelling, by Marcus L. Hansen + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Old Fort Snelling + 1819-1858 + +Author: Marcus L. Hansen + +Release Date: September 22, 2007 [EBook #22719] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD FORT SNELLING *** + + + + +Produced by K Nordquist, Sigal Alon, Leonard Johnson and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/cover.jpg" + alt="Book Cover." + title="Book Cover." /> +</div> + +<p class="center"><strong>OLD FORT SNELLING</strong></p> + +<p class="center">From a painting by Captain Seth Eastman, reproduced in Mrs. Eastman's +<em>Dahcotah; or, Life and Legends of the Sioux around Fort Snelling</em></p> + + + + +<div class="center"> + <a href="images/ft_snelling.jpg"> + <img src="images/ft_snelling_sm.jpg" + alt="" + title="" /> + </a> + <p class="caption">OLD FORT SNELLING</p> +</div> + + + + +<div class="title_pg"> +<h1>OLD FORT SNELLING<br /> + +<small>1819–1858</small></h1> + +<p>BY<br /> +MARCUS L. HANSEN</p> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/logo.png" + alt="" + title="" /> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="publisher">PUBLISHED AT IOWA CITY IOWA IN 1918 BY<br /> +THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA</p> + + +<p class="press">THE TORCH PRESS<br /> +CEDAR RAPIDS<br /> +IOWA</p> + + + +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_v" name="Page_v"></a><span class="pagenum">[v]</span></p> +<h2><a id="INTRO" name="INTRO"></a>EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION</h2> + + +<p>The establishment in 1917 of a camp at Fort Snelling for the training of +officers for the army has aroused curiosity in the history of Old Fort +Snelling. Again as in the days of the pioneer settlement of the +Northwest the Fort at the junction of the Minnesota and Mississippi +rivers has become an object of more than ordinary interest.</p> + +<p>Old Fort Snelling was established in 1819 within the Missouri Territory +on ground which later became a part of the Territory of Iowa. Not until +1849 was it included within Minnesota boundaries. Linked with the early +annals of Missouri, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, and the +Northwest, the history of Old Fort Snelling is the common heritage of +many commonwealths in the Upper Mississippi Valley.</p> + +<p>The period covered in this volume begins with the establishment of the +Fort in 1819 and ends with the temporary abandonment of the site as a +military post in 1858.</p> + +<p class="citation"><span class="smcap">Benj. F. Shambaugh</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Office of the Superintendent and Editor<br /> +The State Historical Society of Iowa<br /> +Iowa City Iowa</span></p> + +<p><a id="Page_vi" name="Page_vi"></a><span class="pagenum">[vi]</span></p> + + + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_vii" name="Page_vii"></a><span class="pagenum">[vii]</span></p> +<h2><a id="PREFACE" name="PREFACE"></a>AUTHOR'S PREFACE</h2> + + +<p>The position which the military post holds in western history is +sometimes misunderstood. So often has a consideration of it been left to +the novelist's pen that romantic glamour has obscured the permanent +contribution made by many a lonely post to the development of the +surrounding region. The western fort was more than a block-house or a +picket. Being the home of a handful of soldiers did not give it its real +importance: it was an institution and should be studied as such. Old +Fort Snelling is a type of the many remote military stations which were +scattered throughout the West upon the upper waters of the rivers or at +intermediate places on the interminable stretches of the westward +trails.</p> + +<p>This study of the history and influence of Old Fort Snelling was first +undertaken at the suggestion of Dr. Louis Pelzer of the State University +of Iowa, and was carried on under his supervision. The results of the +investigation were accepted as a thesis in the Graduate College of the +State University of Iowa in June, 1917. Upon the suggestion of Dr. Benj. +F. Shambaugh, Superintendent of The State Historical Society of Iowa, +the plan of the work was changed, its scope enlarged, many new sources +of information <a id="Page_viii" name="Page_viii"></a><span class="pagenum">[viii]</span> were consulted, and the entire manuscript +rewritten.</p> + +<p>Connected with so many of the aspects of western history, Old Fort +Snelling is pictured in accounts both numerous and varied. The reports +of government officials, the relations of travellers and explorers, and +the reminiscences of fur traders, pioneer settlers, and missionaries +show the Fort as each author, looking at it from the angle of his +particular interest, saw it. These published accounts are found in the +<em>Annual Reports</em> of the Secretary of War, in the <em>Annual Reports</em> of the +Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and in the works of travellers and +pioneers. Many of the most important sources are the briefer accounts +printed in the <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>. The author's +dependence upon these sources of information is evident upon every page +of this volume.</p> + +<p>But not alone from these sources, which are readily accessible, is this +account of the Old Fort drawn. A half-burned diary, the account books of +the post sutler, letter books filled with correspondence dealing with +matters which are often trivial, and statistical returns of men and +equipment are sources which from their nature may never be printed. But +in them reposes much of the material upon which this book is based. The +examination of all the documents which offered any prospect of throwing +light upon the subject was made possible for the author as Research +Assistant in The State Historical Society <a id="Page_ix" name="Page_ix"></a><span class="pagenum">[ix]</span> of Iowa. And in this +connection I wish to express my appreciation for the many courtesies +which I have received from those in whose custody these sources are +kept. To Dr. Solon J. Buck, Superintendent of the Minnesota Historical +Society and the members of the library staff of that Society I am +indebted for many kindnesses. Dr. M. M. Quaife, Superintendent of the +State Historical Society of Wisconsin, placed at my disposal thousands +of sheets of transcripts made from the records of the Indian Department +at Washington and kept in the library of the Historical Society at +Madison. At the Historical Department of Iowa at Des Moines, and in the +library of the Kansas State Historical Society at Topeka opportunity was +granted to examine valuable manuscripts. General H. P. McCain, +Adjutant-General of the United States, had a search made of the records +on file in the archives of the War Department at Washington, and such +papers as dealt with Fort Snelling were consulted by the author.</p> + +<p>My fellow workers on the staff of The State Historical Society of Iowa +have often aided me with suggestions and criticisms. To the +Superintendent of the Society, Dr. Benj. F. Shambaugh, I wish to express +my appreciation not only for the advice, encouragement, and inspiration +which he freely gave, but also for the willingness with which he made +possible the investigation of every clue to sources of information by +correspondence or by personal visit. <a id="Page_x" name="Page_x"></a><span class="pagenum">[x]</span> Moreover, the manuscript has +been carefully edited by him. The task of seeing the work through the +press has been performed by Associate Editor Dr. Dan E. Clark, who also +carefully read the manuscript and compiled the index. Miss Helen Otto +assisted in the verification of the manuscript.</p> + +<p class="citation"> +<span class="smcap">Marcus L. Hansen</span></p> +<p><span class="smcap">The State Historical Society of Iowa<br /> +Iowa City Iowa</span></p> + +</div> +<div class="section"> + + +<p><a id="Page_xi" name="Page_xi"></a><span class="pagenum">[xi]</span></p> + +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + +<ul class="toc"> +<li><span class="marker"> </span><span class="smcap"><a href="#INTRO">Editor's Introduction</a></span> <span class="ralign">v</span></li> + +<li><span class="marker"> </span><span class="smcap"><a href="#PREFACE">Author's Preface</a></span> <span class="ralign">vii</span></li> + +<li><span class="marker">I.</span><span class="smcap"><a href="#I">A Century and a Half of Foreign Rule</a></span> <span class="ralign">1</span></li> + +<li><span class="marker">II.</span><span class="smcap"><a href="#II">The Evolution of Fort Snelling</a></span> <span class="ralign">18</span></li> + +<li><span class="marker">III.</span><span class="smcap"><a href="#III">Forty Years of Frontier Duty</a></span> <span class="ralign">31</span></li> + +<li><span class="marker">IV.</span><span class="smcap"><a href="#IV">Lords of the North</a></span> <span class="ralign">54</span></li> + +<li><span class="marker">V.</span><span class="smcap"><a href="#V">A Soldier's World</a></span> <span class="ralign">73</span></li> + +<li><span class="marker">VI.</span><span class="smcap"><a href="#VI">Glimpses of Garrison Life</a></span> <span class="ralign">84</span></li> + +<li><span class="marker">VII.</span><span class="smcap"><a href="#VII">The Fort and Indian Life</a></span> <span class="ralign">103</span></li> + +<li><span class="marker">VIII.</span><span class="smcap"><a href="#VIII">The Sioux-Chippewa Feuds</a></span> <span class="ralign">119</span></li> + +<li><span class="marker">IX.</span><span class="smcap"><a href="#IX">The Fur Trade</a></span> <span class="ralign">135</span></li> + +<li><span class="marker">X.</span><span class="smcap"><a href="#X">Soldiers of the Cross</a></span> <span class="ralign">146</span></li> + +<li><span class="marker">XI.</span><span class="smcap"><a href="#XI">The Fashionable Tour</a></span> <span class="ralign">159</span></li> + +<li><span class="marker">XII.</span><span class="smcap"><a href="#XII">The Chippewa Treaty of 1837</a></span> <span class="ralign">176</span></li> + +<li><span class="marker">XIII.</span><span class="smcap"><a href="#XIII">Citizens and Soldiers</a></span> <span class="ralign">187</span></li> + +<li><span class="marker"> </span> <span class="smcap"><a href="#NOTES_AND_REFERENCES">Notes and References</a></span> <span class="ralign">205</span></li> + +<li><span class="marker"> </span> <span class="smcap"><a href="#INDEX">Index</a></span> <span class="ralign">251</span></li> +</ul> + + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_xii" name="Page_xii"></a><span class="pagenum">[xii]</span></p> + +<div class="title_pg"> +<p>OLD FORT SNELLING<br /> + +1819–1858</p> + + +<div class="center" style="margin: 4em 0;"> + <img src="images/hist_logo.png" + alt="" + title="" /> +</div> + +<p>MARCUS L. HANSEN</p> +</div> + + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_001" name="Page_001"></a><span class="pagenum">[001]</span></p> + +<h2><a name="I" id="I"></a>I<br /> + +A CENTURY AND A HALF OF FOREIGN RULE</h2> + + +<p>On an autumn day in 1766 Captain Jonathan Carver stood upon the bluff +which rises at the junction of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers and +viewed the wonderful landscape of prairie and wooded valleys that lay +before him. As a captain in the colonial troops of Connecticut he had +served his king faithfully in the late war with France; and now in the +days of peace which followed the glorious victory he sought to continue +his usefulness by exploring the vast regions which had been added to the +domains of Great Britain and Spain. Three years of travel in the +wilderness taught him that those wild lands would not always be the +haunt of savage animals and wandering tribes.</p> + +<p><q>To what power or authority this new world will become dependent, after +it has arisen from its present uncultivated state, time alone can +discover</q>, he later wrote. <q>But as the seat of Empire, from time +immemorial has been gradually progressive towards the West, there is no +doubt but that at some future period, mighty kingdoms will emerge from +these wildernesses, and stately palaces and solemn temples, with gilded +spires reaching the skies, supplant the <a id="Page_002" name="Page_002"></a><span class="pagenum">[002]</span> Indian huts, whose only +decorations are the barbarous trophies of their vanquished enemies.</q><a name="anchor-1" id="anchor-1"></a><a href="#footnote-1" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 1.">1</a></p> + +<p>Not until the twenty-fourth day of August, 1819, when less than a +hundred soldiers of the Fifth United States Infantry disembarked +opposite the towering height where a few years later rose the white +walls of Fort Snelling, did the nation which was to rule assert its +power. The event was, indeed, epochal. It not only marked a change in +the sovereignty over the vast region, but it also made possible the +development of those factors which were to bring about the great +transformation.</p> + +<p>It was for the <q>upper country</q> that this fort was built—a country +stretching from the Great Lakes across the wooded headwaters of the +Mississippi and Minnesota rivers to the plains of the Missouri. The +history of this region is marked by several distinct periods: the coming +of the French traders, the supremacy of the English companies, the +establishment of military posts of the United States, and the building +of American communities.</p> + +<p>Although at the opening of the second decade of the nineteenth century +the American troops quartered on the west banks of the Mississippi River +were on soil that, in name, had been American for sixteen years, and +although they looked over the river to land that had since 1783 belonged +to their country, yet they had in fact taken possession of a foreign +land. English, French, and Spanish flags had at various times waved over +certain parts of it. <a id="Page_003" name="Page_003"></a><span class="pagenum">[003]</span> Foreign influence, during a century and a +half, had become widespread and deeply rooted.</p> + +<p>When in 1634 Jean Nicollet visited the Wisconsin country the French +advance into the upper Northwest had begun.<a name="anchor-2" id="anchor-2"></a><a href="#footnote-2" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 2.">2</a> From 1658 to 1660 +Radisson and Groseilliers wandered among the tribes and brought the +first canoe loads of furs to Canada from the far West. Then along with +the missionaries, Hennepin and Marquette, came the <em>coureurs des bois</em>, +Nicholas Perrot and Daniel Greyloson Duluth. It is unnecessary to recite +in detail the exploits of these Frenchmen and their successors.<a name="anchor-3" id="anchor-3"></a><a href="#footnote-3" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 3.">3</a> For a +century the songs of unknown boatmen rose from the waters of the western +rivers; unknown traders smoked in the lodges of Sioux and Chippewas; and +hardy wanderers whose feats of discovery are unrecorded, leaving behind +the Missouri River, saw from afar the wonders of the <q>Shining +Mountains</q>.<a name="anchor-4" id="anchor-4"></a><a href="#footnote-4" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 4.">4</a> But if no record of them remains, their influence was +lasting. Living with the natives, supplying their needs by barter, and +marrying the Indian girls, the French gained a remarkable power over the +northwestern tribes, which caused them to consider whoever came from +Canada their friend, even after the English government had supplanted +the French in power.</p> + +<p>West of the lakes the transition from the French to the English rule +created no disturbances, such as Pontiac's conspiracy which so +completely disrupted the trade in the East.<a name="anchor-5" id="anchor-5"></a><a href="#footnote-5" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 5.">5</a> Continuing the French +policy and also their posts and voyageurs, the Scottish <a id="Page_004" name="Page_004"></a><span class="pagenum">[004]</span> merchants +of Montreal, organized in 1784 as the North West Company, pushed +westward from Green Bay and southward from Lake Winnipeg. This advance +was continued until the opening years of the next century. Although on +nominally Spanish territory, the tribes on the upper Missouri were won +from the Spanish traders at St. Louis by such severe cutting in prices +that the latter could not compete. The posts of the North West Company +on the Red River of the North became the resort for many of the western +tribes.<a name="anchor-6" id="anchor-6"></a><a href="#footnote-6" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 6.">6</a></p> + +<p>The diverting of the trade of these natives, who would naturally have +come down the Missouri where American traders could meet them and be +benefited, was noticed by President Jefferson, who, on January 18, 1803, +wrote to Congress: <q>It is, however, understood, that the country on that +river is inhabited by numerous tribes, who furnish great supplies of +furs and peltry to the trade of another nation, carried on in a high +latitude, through an infinite number of portages and lakes, shut up by +ice through a long season.</q> In this same message was included a +recommendation that a small expedition be sent up to confer with the +tribes with respect to the admission of American traders.<a name="anchor-7" id="anchor-7"></a><a href="#footnote-7" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 7.">7</a></p> + +<p>But the purchase of Louisiana altered matters. It was not only a matter +of trade, but one of sovereignty. A double movement was initiated: one +to ascend the Mississippi under Zebulon M. Pike, and the other the +Missouri under Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark. +The reports <a id="Page_005" name="Page_005"></a><span class="pagenum">[005]</span> of these two expeditions indicate how firm a grip the +English traders had upon the Indians of the upper Northwest.</p> + +<p>The expedition of Lewis and Clark ascended the Missouri and passed over +the mountains to the Columbia River which was followed to the coast. The +first winter, from late in October, 1804, to early in April, 1805, was +spent in a fort which was constructed in the village of the Mandans, +near the location of the present city of Mandan in North Dakota. Here +was abundant opportunity to investigate the fur trade. Nor had they long +to wait. On the 27th of November, seven British traders arrived from the +North West Company's post on the Assiniboine River to barter with the +river tribes. The next day, in council with the Mandan chiefs, the +Americans warned the Indians not to receive medals or flags from the +foreigners if they wished to be friends with the <q>Great American +Father</q>. A day later this warning was communicated to the traders +themselves who promised to refrain from any such acts.<a name="anchor-8" id="anchor-8"></a><a href="#footnote-8" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 8.">8</a> How well they +kept their promises later events showed. The Lewis and Clark expedition +was only a passing pageant; for by the time of the War of 1812, the only +American traders who ventured to do business on the upper waters were +practically driven off by the foreign companies.<a name="anchor-9" id="anchor-9"></a><a href="#footnote-9" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 9.">9</a></p> + +<p>The report of Zebulon M. Pike indicates that conditions were much worse +on the upper Mississippi. Leaving St. Louis on August 9, 1805, he +returned to that place on April 30, 1806. About two months <a id="Page_006" name="Page_006"></a><span class="pagenum">[006]</span> were +spent at a fort erected near the site of Little Falls, where he left a +few men and pushed on with the rest of the company to Leech Lake. +Conversation with the fur traders and councils with the Indians revealed +the extent of the commerce of the North West Company. He heard of +permanent trading posts on the south side of Lake Superior and at the +headwaters of the St. Croix River; and he saw at Lower Red Cedar Lake, +Sandy Lake, and Leech Lake the rude stockades and log buildings which +were called forts.<a name="anchor-10" id="anchor-10"></a><a href="#footnote-100" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 10.">10</a> These three posts were included in the +<q>Department of Fond du Lac</q> and were the centers from which in the year +1805, trade with the Indians was carried on by one hundred and nine +men.<a name="anchor-11" id="anchor-11"></a><a href="#footnote-111" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 11.">11</a> By means of the rivers and portages of the wilderness the furs +were brought to Canada without passing a custom house, and thus the +United States was defrauded of duties which, it was estimated, would +amount to $26,000 annually.<a name="anchor-12" id="anchor-12"></a><a href="#footnote-122" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 12.">12</a></p> + +<p>Pike objected to many of the evident signs of British sovereignty: the +British flag flying above the headquarters of the department of Fond du +Lac was shot down;<a name="anchor-13" id="anchor-13"></a><a href="#footnote-13" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 13.">13</a> many of the Indians were induced to give up their +British medals and flags;<a name="anchor-14" id="anchor-14"></a><a href="#footnote-14" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 14.">14</a> and Hugh M'Gillis, agent of the company +for the district, in response to Pike's letter of complaint, promised in +the future to refrain from displaying the British flag, presenting +medals, or talking politics to the Indians.<a name="anchor-15" id="anchor-15"></a><a href="#footnote-15" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 15.">15</a> But his promises were no +more seriously given than those of his brethren on the Missouri.</p> + +<p>Little of permanent value would have been accomplished <a id="Page_007" name="Page_007"></a><span class="pagenum">[007]</span> if the +acts of the explorer on September 23, 1805, had been omitted. The +instructions issued to Pike on July 30, 1805, stated: <q>You will be +pleased to obtain permission from the Indians who claim the ground, for +the erection of military posts and trading-houses at the mouth of the +river St. Pierre [the Minnesota River], the falls of St. Anthony, and +every other critical point which may fall under your observation; these +permissions to be granted in formal conferences, regularly recorded, and +the ground marked off.</q><a name="anchor-16" id="anchor-16"></a><a href="#footnote-16" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 16.">16</a></p> + +<p>When Pike reached the mouth of the Minnesota River, the natural features +of the locality convinced him of the advantages which would arise from a +fort located at that point. From the high bluff lying between the +Minnesota and the Mississippi rivers the course of both streams would be +under the sweep of the guns. Sheer walls of stone rising from the +Mississippi could prevent invasion; and the fur trading business could +be regulated, as all boats entering or leaving the Indian country must +use one or the other of the two rivers.</p> + +<p>A <q>bower</q> was constructed of sails, and on September 23rd Pike spoke to +the Sioux Indians there assembled concerning the transfer of Louisiana, +the futility of their wars with the Chippewas, and the evils of rum. He +asked them to cede to the United States lands for military posts, and +dwelt on the value of these posts to the Indians. To this the chiefs +assented, receiving in return presents valued at $200 and sixty gallons +of liquor. The terms of <a id="Page_008" name="Page_008"></a><span class="pagenum">[008]</span> the treaty provided that the Sioux should +cede to the United States tracts <q>for the purpose of establishment of +military posts,</q> at the mouth of the Minnesota and at the mouth of the +St. Croix. A money consideration was also mentioned, but a blank was +left which was later filled in by the Senate with $2000.<a name="anchor-17" id="anchor-17"></a><a href="#footnote-17" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 17.">17</a></p> + +<p>The government, busy with distressing foreign affairs, neglected to make +a permanent occupation of the explored region. A struggle between the +American and British governments was arising over events far remote from +the northern lakes and woods. But the Canadian authorities saw the +necessity of having Indian allies for the approaching struggle. As early +as 1807 reports from the West indicated hostile feelings on the part of +the Indians toward the Americans, and an official at Mackinac wrote on +August 30, 1807, that this condition <q>is principally to be attributed to +the influence of foreigners trading in the country.</q><a name="anchor-18" id="anchor-18"></a><a href="#footnote-18" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 18.">18</a> Captain A. +Gray, who was sent to inquire into the aid which the Hudson's Bay +Company and the North West Company could furnish, reported to Sir George +Prevost, commander of the British forces in Canada, on January 12, 1812: +<q>By means of these Companies, we might let loose the Indians upon them +throughout the whole extent of their Western frontier, as they have a +most commanding influence over them.</q> In a memorandum of plans for the +defence of Canada, General Brock noted that <q>the Co-operation of the +Indians <a id="Page_009" name="Page_009"></a><span class="pagenum">[009]</span> will be attended with great expence in presents +provisions &c.</q><a name="anchor-19" id="anchor-19"></a><a href="#footnote-19" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 19.">19</a></p> + +<p>To this alliance the Indians gave willing ears. Their interests lay with +the British rather than with the Americans. The economic stability of +Canada rested upon the fur trade, which in turn could survive only if +the free life of the hunt and the chase, which the Indians loved so +well, was left them. But with the Americans were associated the making +of treaties and the ceding of land. The Indians preferred to see upon +their rivers the canoe of the trader rather than the flatboat of the +pioneer.<a name="anchor-20" id="anchor-20"></a><a href="#footnote-20" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 20.">20</a></p> + +<p>The coming of hostilities was received joyfully by all the inhabitants +of the Northwest. To the Indian it meant an opportunity to avenge past +wrongs; the Canadian hoped to make secure his present condition; and the +American settler saw a chance to drive out both enemies—Indians and +foreign traders alike. The news of the declaration of war reached the +great rendezvous of the North West Company at Fort William on the +northern shore of Lake Superior on the sixteenth of July, 1812, and the +next day one of the traders left for the interior to rouse the natives. +The agent of the company at this post wrote enthusiastically: <q>I have +not the least doubt but our force, will in ten days hence, amount to at +least five thousand effective men.</q><a name="anchor-21" id="anchor-21"></a><a href="#footnote-21" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 21.">21</a></p> + +<p>But already a sufficient number of Indians had come to the aid of the +English to render service. On the very next day the English flag +replaced the <a id="Page_010" name="Page_010"></a><span class="pagenum">[010]</span> American above the fort at Mackinac. No sooner had +the news of the beginning of hostilities become known at the neighboring +British post at St. Joseph's than immediate preparations were made. The +Indians were marshalled for the attack, and a vessel belonging to the +North West Company was requisitioned. The morning of July 17th revealed +the American fort surrounded by Indians and commanded by a cannon which +had been dragged upon a height of land. Seeing the futility of +resistance the garrison surrendered and marched out before noon. Of the +total attacking force of 1021 there were Indians to the number of 715, +of whom the British leader wrote, <q>although these people's minds were +much heated, yet as soon as they heard the Capitulation was signed they +all returned to their Canoes, and not one drop either of Man's or +Animal's Blood was Spilt, till I gave an Order for a certain number of +Bullocks to be purchased for them</q>.<a name="anchor-22" id="anchor-22"></a><a href="#footnote-22" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 22.">22</a> The ease with which the capture +was made had the effect of bringing to the English standards all the +Indians of the Northwest, except a part of the Miamis and Delawares, in +spite of the fact that they had earlier made promises of neutrality.<a name="anchor-23" id="anchor-23"></a><a href="#footnote-23" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 23.">23</a></p> + +<p>Although the capture of the fort at Mackinac was accomplished without +any Indian atrocities, the success of that day was to precipitate a +massacre, long to rankle in the minds of the pioneers of the West. +Immediately upon hearing of the capture of the fort, General Hull wrote +to Captain Heald in command at Fort Dearborn ordering the evacuation of +that post. <a id="Page_011" name="Page_011"></a><span class="pagenum">[011]</span> On the morning of August 15th, as the small garrison +of fifty-five regulars and twelve militia were leaving the fort with +their women and children, they were fallen upon by a force of five +hundred Indians. Twenty-six regulars, all the militiamen, two women, and +twelve children were murdered on the spot. An unknown number of wounded +prisoners were that evening victims at what the Indians termed a +<q>general frolic</q>.<a name="anchor-24" id="anchor-24"></a><a href="#footnote-24" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 24.">24</a></p> + +<p>In the meantime Robert Dickson, who for many years had been a Prairie du +Chien fur trader, was continuing his activities as recruiter of Indians +for British service. This was the same Dickson who had in 1802 received +an American commission as a justice of the peace,<a name="anchor-25" id="anchor-25"></a><a href="#footnote-25" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 25.">25</a> and had later +entertained Pike and his men <q>with a supper and a dram</q>, impressing the +American explorer as a man of <q>open, frank manners.</q><a name="anchor-26" id="anchor-26"></a><a href="#footnote-26" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 26.">26</a> Now, in +January, 1813, he was appointed by Great Britain <q>agent for the Indians +of the several Nations to the Westward of Lake Huron</q>.<a name="anchor-27" id="anchor-27"></a><a href="#footnote-27" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 27.">27</a></p> + +<p>By June 23, 1813, he had already sent eight hundred Indians to Detroit +and had collected six hundred at Mackinac.<a name="anchor-28" id="anchor-28"></a><a href="#footnote-28" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 28.">28</a> The summer of 1813 was +spent in operations about Detroit, but in the winter he was again active +in the West.<a name="anchor-29" id="anchor-29"></a><a href="#footnote-29" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 29.">29</a> Great alarm was felt at St. Louis when rumors came +telling of the great force he was collecting.<a name="anchor-30" id="anchor-30"></a><a href="#footnote-30" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 30.">30</a> Accordingly, late in +the spring of 1814, Governor William Clark of Missouri Territory +proceeded up the Mississippi and at Prairie du Chien built a stockade +named Fort Shelby. <a id="Page_012" name="Page_012"></a><span class="pagenum">[012]</span> It was garrisoned by about sixty men.<a name="anchor-31" id="anchor-31"></a><a href="#footnote-31" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 31.">31</a> News +of this movement soon came to Mackinac, and prompted the British +commandant to prepare a counter-expedition. On the seventeenth of July +the force composed of five hundred and fifty men, of whom four hundred +were Indians, arrived outside the post. Immediately a summons to +surrender was sent. The American commander at first refused, but two +days later agreed to capitulate providing the Indians would be kept in +check. The surrender took place on July 20th, and the captor christened +the stockade Fort McKay in honor of himself.<a name="anchor-32" id="anchor-32"></a><a href="#footnote-32" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 32.">32</a></p> + +<p>Thus, the Indians about the Mississippi had been present at the +surrender of two posts and had participated in a massacre. British arms +had been successful, and the close of the war found British prestige +very high.</p> + +<p>The Treaty of Ghent on December 24, <ins class="corr" title="Original had 1914.">1814</ins>, closed the war; and Article IX +of that treaty provided that the United States should make peace with +the Indian tribes and restore to them the <q>possessions, rights and +privileges</q> which they had enjoyed before hostilities.<a name="anchor-33" id="anchor-33"></a><a href="#footnote-33" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 33.">33</a> President +Madison accordingly appointed William Clark, Ninian Edwards, and Auguste +Chouteau as commissioners to enter into treaties of peace with the +warring tribes of the upper Mississippi and the upper Missouri. Only +with extreme difficulty was word of the negotiations sent to the tribes. +The hostility of the Indians living about the mouth of the Rock River +made it necessary that the messenger <a id="Page_013" name="Page_013"></a><span class="pagenum">[013]</span> proceed to Prairie du Chien +by way of the Missouri River, and then across country.<a name="anchor-34" id="anchor-34"></a><a href="#footnote-34" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 34.">34</a></p> + +<p>Although treaties were concluded with those who did come to the council, +none were eager to negotiate. The Chippewas, <ins class="corr" title="Spelled as in original.">Menominees</ins>, and Winnebagoes +even refused to send delegations; and the Sacs of Rock River not only +refused to attend, but also showed their contempt by continually +harassing the frontier settlements during the time of the +negotiations.<a name="anchor-35" id="anchor-35"></a><a href="#footnote-35" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 35.">35</a> This opposition, the commissioners reported, was due +to the presence of an unusual number of British traders among the +Indians. The report closed with the opinion that <q>the exertion of the +military power of the Government will be necessary to secure the peace +and safety of this country.</q><a name="anchor-36" id="anchor-36"></a><a href="#footnote-36" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 36.">36</a></p> + +<p>For some years it had been customary for the British authorities to send +presents to the Indians on the Mississippi, and Robert Dickson had +promised the natives that the practice would be continued. But with the +coming of peace this custom was not allowed by the Americans. +Accordingly, in June, 1815, word was sent to the river tribes, that all +who came to the British headquarters at Drummond Island in Lake Huron, +would be supplied. By June 19th of the next year four hundred Indians +had arrived at the post—mainly Sioux. To sympathetic ears they reported +that they feared that the Americans were planning their extinction, and +a confederation was being formed to resist the building of American +forts on the Indian lands. As late as <a id="Page_014" name="Page_014"></a><span class="pagenum">[014]</span> 1825, of the four thousand +Indians in the habit of visiting Drummond Island, three thousand came +from the region west and southwest of Lake Huron—that is from American +territory.<a name="anchor-37" id="anchor-37"></a><a href="#footnote-37" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 37.">37</a> These motley processions which trailed through the +American woods, stopping to beg at the American posts, were not slow in +being reported. It did not take a vivid imagination to see that the +renewal of border warfare was inevitable.<a name="anchor-38" id="anchor-38"></a><a href="#footnote-38" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 38.">38</a></p> + +<p>This danger was increased by the rapid development of the West following +the war. Just as over the mountain trails and down the rivers, Kentucky +and Tennessee had been settled before the war, now the States of the Old +Northwest received their pioneers. Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, who made his +first trip down the Ohio at this time (1818), remarked: <q>I mingled in +this crowd, and, while listening to the anticipations indulged in, it +seemed to me that the war had not, in reality, been fought for <q>free +trade and sailors' rights</q> where it had commenced, but to gain a +knowledge of the world beyond the Alleghanies.… To judge by the tone +of general conversation, they meant, in their generation, to plow the +Mississippi Valley from its head to its foot.</q><a name="anchor-39" id="anchor-39"></a><a href="#footnote-39" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 39.">39</a></p> + +<p>The flatboats on the rivers, the crowded ferries, and the caravans +crossing the prairies were familiar scenes. In <em>The Legend of Sleepy +Hollow</em>, which appeared in 1819, Washington Irving puts this fondest +dream into the mind of his hero, Ichabod: <q>Nay, his busy fancy already +realized his hopes, and presented to him the blooming Katrina with a +whole family of children, mounted on the top of a wagon <a id="Page_015" name="Page_015"></a><span class="pagenum">[015]</span> loaded +with household trumpery, with pots and kettles dangling beneath; and he +beheld himself bestriding a pacing mare, with a colt at her heels, +setting out for Kentucky, Tennessee, or the Lord knows where.</q> When he +wrote this the author was not using his imagination: it was a picture he +saw daily.<a name="anchor-40" id="anchor-40"></a><a href="#footnote-40" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 40.">40</a></p> + +<p>The extent of this westward movement is indicated by the provisions made +for the political organization of these growing settlements. Indiana +achieved statehood in 1816 and Illinois in 1818. Across the river in +Missouri the population had grown from 20,000 in 1810 to 66,000 in +1820,<a name="anchor-41" id="anchor-41"></a><a href="#footnote-41" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 41.">41</a> and the weighty questions concerning her admission were being +discussed in Washington.</p> + +<p>With an expanding frontier brought into contact with hostile Indians, +trouble was bound to result. Various plans were proposed to deal with +the problem. It was reported that General Jackson would take charge of +active military operations against the Indians of the upper +Mississippi.<a name="anchor-42" id="anchor-42"></a><a href="#footnote-42" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 42.">42</a> One agent suggested that <q>three or four months' full +feeding on meat and bread, even without ardent spirit, will bring on +disease, and, in six or eight months, great mortality.… I believe more +Indians might be killed with the expense of $100,000 in this way, than +$1,000,000 expended in the support of armies to go against them.</q><a name="anchor-43" id="anchor-43"></a><a href="#footnote-43" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 43.">43</a></p> + +<p>Fortunately, wiser counsels than either of these prevailed to control +the Indians: the control of the fur trade was necessary. It was felt, +and rightly, that much of the trouble in the West was due to the <a id="Page_016" name="Page_016"></a><span class="pagenum">[016]</span> +power of the British traders. Accordingly, by an act of Congress of +April 29, 1816, it was provided that <q>licenses to trade with the Indians +within the territorial limits of the United States shall not be granted +to any but citizens of the United States, unless by the express +direction of the President of the United States, and upon such terms and +conditions as the public interest may, in his opinion, require.</q> To +carry this act into effect the president was authorized to call upon the +military force.<a name="anchor-44" id="anchor-44"></a><a href="#footnote-44" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 44.">44</a></p> + +<p>This legislation was most opportune, since by the commercial convention +of October 20, 1818, the northern boundary was definitely agreed upon as +the forty-ninth parallel westward from the Lake of the Woods to the +Rocky Mountains.<a name="anchor-45" id="anchor-45"></a><a href="#footnote-45" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 45.">45</a> Ever since the negotiators of the Treaty of Paris +of 1783 had inserted a geographical impossibility by declaring that the +boundary should extend due west from the Lake of the Woods to the +Mississippi, there had existed a vagueness as to where the actual line +should be drawn.<a name="anchor-46" id="anchor-46"></a><a href="#footnote-46" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 46.">46</a> In 1806 the British traders thought it would be run +from the lake to the source of the river;<a name="anchor-47" id="anchor-47"></a><a href="#footnote-47" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 47.">47</a> and as late as 1818 +Benjamin O'Fallon wrote from Prairie du Chien that Robert Dickson <q>is +directed to build a fort on the highest land between Lac du Travers and +Red river, which he supposes will be the established line between the +two countries.</q><a name="anchor-48" id="anchor-48"></a><a href="#footnote-48" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 48.">48</a> But with the boundary now defined, the area where +the trade laws were to be enforced was evident.</p> + +<p>The method of Indian trade by foreigners was to <a id="Page_017" name="Page_017"></a><span class="pagenum">[017]</span> be supplanted by +an extension of the United States trading house system. This was a group +of trading houses, conducted by the government, where the Indians could +exchange their furs for goods at cost price and thus avoid both the +deceit and whiskey of the private merchant, although they were often +willing to submit to the one for the sake of the other.<a name="anchor-49" id="anchor-49"></a><a href="#footnote-49" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 49.">49</a> As early as +1805 Pike had promised the Indians, in council assembled, that the +government intended to build a trading house at the mouth of the +Minnesota River.<a name="anchor-50" id="anchor-50"></a><a href="#footnote-50" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 50.">50</a> The commissioners at Portage des Sioux, in 1815, +had been instructed to inform the tribes that <q>it is intended to +establish strong posts very high up the Mississippi, and from the +Mississippi to Lake Michigan, and to open trading-houses at those posts, +or other suitable places for their accommodation.</q><a name="anchor-51" id="anchor-51"></a><a href="#footnote-51" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 51.">51</a> In 1818 T. L. +McKenny, Superintendent of Indian Trade, recommended the building of +seven additional trading houses, one of which was to be located on the +<q>River St. Peters, at or about its junction with the Mississippi.</q><a name="anchor-52" id="anchor-52"></a><a href="#footnote-52" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 52.">52</a></p> + +<p>Thus, through the Indian department steps were being taken to inaugurate +a new régime in the upper Northwest. But Indian agents and trading +houses needed the protection and administrative arm of the military +department in order to be effective. The forward movement of the +military frontier during the years succeeding the war is significant as +marking a trend towards the Americanization of a great region. </p> + + + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_018" name="Page_018"></a><span class="pagenum">[018]</span></p> +<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II<br /> + +THE EVOLUTION OF FORT SNELLING</h2> + + +<p>When the War of 1812 broke out in the Northwest, the Americans had only +two advanced posts—Mackinac and Fort Dearborn. Of these, one was +captured during the hostilities, and the other was evacuated. An attempt +was made to build a post at Prairie du Chien, but it quickly passed into +English hands and remained in their possession until the news of peace +had reached that frontier station. But after the Treaty of Ghent was +signed the line of the military frontier was quickly advanced in order +to safeguard the Indian agents, the trading houses, and the advancing +settlements.</p> + +<p>Fort Dearborn was re-occupied on July 4, 1815. Mackinac was transferred +to American hands on July 18, 1815. In the fall of the same year Colonel +R. C. Nichols of the Eighth United States Infantry attempted to ascend +the Mississippi to Rock Island, but was compelled to pass the winter in +the vicinity of the mouth of the Des Moines River. On May 10, 1816, +however, he reached Rock Island, where the construction of Fort +Armstrong was undertaken. June 21st of the same year saw the +re-occupation of the site of Fort McKay at Prairie du Chien; and Fort +Crawford soon protected this important point <a id="Page_019" name="Page_019"></a><span class="pagenum">[019]</span> at the junction of +the Mississippi and Wisconsin rivers. One other point, vital in all +western transportation was at the head of Green Bay at the mouth of the +Fox River. Colonel John Miller of the Third Infantry arrived at this +place on August 7, 1816, and soon began the erection of Fort Howard.<a name="anchor-53" id="anchor-53"></a><a href="#footnote-53" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 53.">53</a></p> + +<p>But the government was not content with these movements. In a report +dated December 22, 1817, the Secretary of War, J. C. Calhoun, wrote to +the House of Representatives that <q>a board of the most skilful officers +in our service has been constituted to examine the whole line of our +frontier, and to determine on the position and extent of works that may +be necessary to the defence of the country.</q><a name="anchor-54" id="anchor-54"></a><a href="#footnote-54" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 54.">54</a> Plans had already been +made. During the summer of 1817 Major Stephen H. Long, a topographical +engineer in the United States Army, had made a journey to the Falls of +St. Anthony in a six-oared skiff and had approved the position at the +mouth of the Minnesota River as a location for a fort.<a name="anchor-55" id="anchor-55"></a><a href="#footnote-55" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 55.">55</a> Other plans +were soon announced. In the spring of 1818 <em>The Washington City Gazette</em> +stated that a fort would be built on the Missouri River at the mouth of +the Yellowstone River;<a name="anchor-56" id="anchor-56"></a><a href="#footnote-56" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 56.">56</a> and a second report of the Secretary of War +on December 11, 1818, indicated that the site at the mouth of the +Minnesota would soon be occupied.<a name="anchor-57" id="anchor-57"></a><a href="#footnote-57" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 57.">57</a></p> + +<p>On the tenth of February, 1819, the War Department ordered the Fifth +Infantry to concentrate at Detroit, after which it would be transported +across Lake Huron and Lake Michigan, up the Fox River, <a id="Page_020" name="Page_020"></a><span class="pagenum">[020]</span> and down +the Wisconsin River to Prairie du Chien, where a part would garrison +Fort Crawford, a part would proceed to Fort Armstrong, and the remainder +would ascend the Mississippi and near the Falls of St. Anthony erect a +post which would be the headquarters of the regiment.<a name="anchor-58" id="anchor-58"></a><a href="#footnote-58" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 58.">58</a> This movement +was closely associated with that on the Missouri River called the +Yellowstone Expedition. Both movements were part of one system—a +comprehensive attempt to possess the northwestern frontier. The +thoroughness of the plan is shown by the program outlined for the troops +for the year 1820: three forts were to be built on the Missouri River; +the navigation of that river was to be improved; roads were to be opened +between the two diverging lines of posts (those on the Missouri and +those on the Mississippi); and the Fox and Wisconsin rivers were to be +connected by a canal. Thus the transportation of supplies would be +facilitated, and in case of hostilities the forts could coöperate in the +military operations.<a name="anchor-59" id="anchor-59"></a><a href="#footnote-59" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 59.">59</a></p> + +<p>The western part of this general movement was a failure. Indeed, the +only result was the construction of a post at the point then known as +Council Bluff (now Fort Calhoun, Nebraska), which after an existence of +eight years was abandoned. Congress, disgusted with the management of +the undertaking, refused to vote the funds necessary for the complete +fulfillment of the project.<a name="anchor-60" id="anchor-60"></a><a href="#footnote-60" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 60.">60</a> Accordingly, no permanent military post +existed upon the upper Missouri until 1855, when the United States +government purchased <a id="Page_021" name="Page_021"></a><span class="pagenum">[021]</span> from the American Fur Company their station +called Fort Pierre and transformed it into a military establishment.<a name="anchor-61" id="anchor-61"></a><a href="#footnote-61" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 61.">61</a> +The failure of the Yellowstone Expedition made more difficult the work +of Fort Snelling. The range of its influence extended to the Missouri, +and for forty years it was of more importance than even its originators +had planned.</p> + +<p>The Fifth Infantry, to which the difficult task of establishing a fort +at the junction of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers was assigned was +stationed at various places. Lieutenant Colonel Henry Leavenworth, who +was the commanding officer of the regiment, had been located at Prairie +du Chien as Superintendent of Indian Affairs.<a name="anchor-62" id="anchor-62"></a><a href="#footnote-62" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 62.">62</a> Lieutenant Nathan +Clark was living at Hartford, Connecticut.<a name="anchor-63" id="anchor-63"></a><a href="#footnote-63" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 63.">63</a> But by May 14th the main +part of the regiment was ready to leave Detroit. Schooners brought them +through Lake Huron, the Straits of Mackinac, and across Lake Michigan to +Fort Howard on Green Bay. Captain Whistler of the Third United States +Infantry, then stationed at this post, had prepared bateaux for the use +of the troops, and on June 7th the ascent of the Fox River was +commenced.<a name="anchor-64" id="anchor-64"></a><a href="#footnote-64" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 64.">64</a> The Winnebago chief <q>Four Legs</q>, whose village was at the +outlet of Lake Winnebago, had the custom of exacting tribute from +travellers using the Fox-Wisconsin route. When the troops of the Fifth +Infantry came to the site, <q>Four Legs</q> sent the message, <q>The Lake is +locked.</q> Whereupon Colonel Leavenworth, showing the messenger his rifle, +replied: <q>tell him, that this is the key, and I shall unlock it and go +on.</q><a id="Page_022" name="Page_022"></a><span class="pagenum">[022]</span> Upon receiving this belligerent reply, the chief allowed the +troops to pass; and finally on June 30th the bateaux were moored near +Fort Crawford and Prairie du Chien.<a name="anchor-65" id="anchor-65"></a><a href="#footnote-65" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 65.">65</a></p> + +<p>At Fort Crawford there was a tedious wait. Provisions, ordnance, +ammunition, and recruits were expected from St. Louis. On July 5th Major +Thomas Forsyth arrived from St. Louis. He had been ordered by the War +Department to bring two thousand dollars worth of goods to the Sioux +Indians in payment for the reservation ceded by them to Pike.<a name="anchor-66" id="anchor-66"></a><a href="#footnote-66" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 66.">66</a> Day +after day passed. Finally, on July 17th a certain Mr. Shaw came with +news that the recruits could be expected soon. On July 31st this curt +entry is made in Forsyth's journal: <q>no boats, no recruits, no news, nor +anything else from St. Louis.</q> The next day Major Marston was sent with +twenty-seven troops to garrison Fort Armstrong at Rock Island; and on +August 2nd Forsyth recorded: <q>Thank God a boat loaded with ordnance and +stores of different kinds arrived to-day, and said a provision boat +would arrive to-morrow, but no news of the recruits.</q><a name="anchor-67" id="anchor-67"></a><a href="#footnote-67" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 67.">67</a></p> + +<p>Colonel Leavenworth at once made preparations to ascend the river. The +two large boats that had brought up supplies were engaged, and at eight +o'clock on the morning of Sunday, August 8th, the flotilla set out—the +two large boats, fourteen bateaux, the boat of Major Forsyth, and the +barge of Colonel Leavenworth. In the party were ninety-eight soldiers +and twenty boatmen. There were others also whose presence in that wild +region would <a id="Page_023" name="Page_023"></a><span class="pagenum">[023]</span> not be expected: Mrs. Gooding, the wife of one of +the captains; Mrs. Nathan Clark, the wife of the commissary; and little +Charlotte Ouisconsin Clark, who had been born scarcely an hour after the +regiment reached Fort Crawford. The knowledge that they were upon the +last stage of their journey caused a feeling of cheerfulness among the +soldiers, and the first day they proceeded a distance of eighteen +miles.<a name="anchor-68" id="anchor-68"></a><a href="#footnote-68" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 68.">68</a></p> + +<p>For sixteen days the boatmen poled their bateaux up the river. Once when +there was a <q>Great appearance of wind</q> the sails were hoisted. At other +times the heavily loaded boats were moved with difficulty through the +shallow water. Occasionally fog and rain impeded their progress. Bad +water made half of the soldiers sick before the journey was ended; and +to avoid the mosquitoes on the river, the men preferred to sleep on the +banks, although every morning there was a heavy dew. On August 17th the +lower end of Lake Pepin was reached and here a delay of several hours +occurred while the men drew provisions from the supply boats, and washed +their dirty linen.<a name="anchor-69" id="anchor-69"></a><a href="#footnote-69" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 69.">69</a></p> + +<p>Major Forsyth stopped at the Indian villages to distribute presents and +to announce to the natives the object of the coming of the troops, and +the value they would derive from having a fort in their midst. On +Sunday, August 22nd, he encamped a few miles ahead of the main body of +the expedition, but by eight o'clock the next morning all the boats had +come up. Impatient to reach the end of the journey, <a id="Page_024" name="Page_024"></a><span class="pagenum">[024]</span> Major Forsyth +again pushed forward and at four o'clock in the afternoon reached the +mouth of the Minnesota River. On the morning of Tuesday, August 24, +1819, Colonel Leavenworth arrived in his barge ahead of the troops and +spent almost the entire day in looking over the sites available for a +camp. Finally, he decided upon a spot on the right bank of the Minnesota +River, just above its mouth. There was no rest for the troops when their +boats reached the chosen place. <q>They were immediately set to work in +making roads up the bank of the river, cutting down trees, etc.</q><a name="anchor-70" id="anchor-70"></a><a href="#footnote-70" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 70.">70</a></p> + +<p>If the soldiers had any spare time in their labors in which to become +interested in their surroundings, there was novelty in everything about +them. During the next few days all the nearby chiefs came to call upon +their new neighbors: they left satisfied with the presents and the +whiskey which they had received. On Saturday a party ascended to the +Falls of St. Anthony; and on Sunday a visit was made to the Indian +villages up the Minnesota River. It was on Monday that Major Forsyth +began his return trip, and as the supplies in store were few and the +long-expected recruits were needed for the erection of the camp +buildings, Colonel Leavenworth set out with him for Prairie du Chien. On +September 1st they met on Lake Pepin two boats and a bateau with one +hundred and twenty soldiers on board. But Colonel Leavenworth continued +to Prairie du Chien, where he remained some time to urge on any boats +which might arrive. On September <a id="Page_025" name="Page_025"></a><span class="pagenum">[025]</span> 5th the one hundred and twenty +recruits landed at the new camp.<a name="anchor-71" id="anchor-71"></a><a href="#footnote-71" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 71.">71</a></p> + +<p>Log cabins and a stockade were erected while the party still lived in +the boats on the river. By November the temporary barracks were ready +for occupation. Looking forward to a pleasant winter, the name +<q>Cantonment New Hope</q> was applied to the embryo fort. The more +scientific among the men examined the country round about, and saw in +the hills visions of mines of precious metals. <q>Would not the employment +of the troops in the manufacture of Copper and Iron be advantageous to +the government?</q>, wrote one of these energetic soldiers. But the +succeeding months were not to give an opportunity for such +occupations.<a name="anchor-72" id="anchor-72"></a><a href="#footnote-72" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 72.">72</a></p> + +<p>Added to the natural monotony of a wilderness post, there was +homesickness and suffering during the first winter. The quarters that +had been built were inadequate for protection from the cold of that +climate. <q>Once during that memorable six months</q>, runs the account of +one of the inhabitants of Cantonment New Hope, <q>the roof of our cabin +blew off, and the walls seemed about to fall in. My father, sending my +mother and brother to a place of safety, held up the chimney to prevent +a total downfall; while the baby, who had been pushed under the bed in +her cradle, lay there.… until the wind subsided, when, upon being +drawn out from her hiding-place, she evinced great pleasure at the +commotion, and seemed to take it all as something designed especially +for her amusement.</q> That baby <a id="Page_026" name="Page_026"></a><span class="pagenum">[026]</span> lived to recall the incident almost +seventy years later.<a name="anchor-73" id="anchor-73"></a><a href="#footnote-73" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 73.">73</a></p> + +<p>Toward the close of the winter there came sickness, chiefly on account +of a lack of proper provisions. Late in the fall Lieutenant Oliver had +left Prairie du Chien with supplies in a keel boat. But the river froze +and the boat was unable to progress farther than the vicinity of +Hastings, Minnesota. Here it was necessary to keep a guard all winter to +protect the food from the Indians and the wolves. The Indians refused to +sell them game; no vegetables could be purchased; and the bread was <q>two +inches in the barrels thick with mould</q>.<a name="anchor-74" id="anchor-74"></a><a href="#footnote-74" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 74.">74</a> With such food it is no +wonder that scurvy, the dreaded disease of all frontier posts, broke out +among the troops. Forty soldiers died before the progress of the disease +was arrested by home-made remedies and groceries brought up by the +sutler.<a name="anchor-75" id="anchor-75"></a><a href="#footnote-75" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 75.">75</a></p> + +<p>This visitation of disease left a profound impression upon the +survivors. Henry H. Sibley, who had often spoken with those who passed +through the weary months of suffering and sickness, wrote that <q>scurvy +broke out in a most malignant form, and raged so violently that, for a +few days, garrison duty was suspended, there being barely well men +enough in the command to attend to the sick, and to the interment of the +dead. So sudden were the attacks, that soldiers in apparent good health +when they went to bed, were found dead in the morning. One man who was +relieved from his tour of sentinel duty, and stretched himself upon the +bench of the guard room, <a id="Page_027" name="Page_027"></a><span class="pagenum">[027]</span> four hours after, when he was called +upon to resume his post, was discovered to be lifeless.</q><a name="anchor-76" id="anchor-76"></a><a href="#footnote-76" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 76.">76</a></p> + +<p>Thinking that much of the sickness was caused by the unhealthful +location, Colonel Leavenworth, on May 5, 1820, moved the soldiers to a +place on the west bank of the Mississippi north of the Minnesota where +there was a great spring of cold water. Here the troops were quartered +in tents—naming their community <q>Camp Cold Water</q>.<a name="anchor-77" id="anchor-77"></a><a href="#footnote-77" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 77.">77</a> The immediate +need was the erection of the permanent post. Colonel Leavenworth chose +for the site a position three hundred yards west of the crest of the +cliff. Some material was brought to this place, but no building was +done. In August Colonel Leavenworth was superseded in command by Colonel +Josiah Snelling, who located the position at the extreme point of land +between the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers.<a name="anchor-78" id="anchor-78"></a><a href="#footnote-78" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 78.">78</a> The work of erecting +the buildings was done by the soldiers, it being customary at that time +to pay the soldiers fifteen cents a day in addition to their regular pay +for this extra work.<a name="anchor-79" id="anchor-79"></a><a href="#footnote-79" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 79.">79</a></p> + +<p>Steps were taken during the summer of 1820 to obtain the necessary +material. A saw mill was needed to make the lumber with which the +interior of the buildings would be finished and the furniture +constructed. As the water in Minnehaha Creek was very low that year, it +was decided to erect the mill at the Falls of St. Anthony. Some men were +sent up the Mississippi River to Rum River to examine the timber, and +during the winter of 1820–1821 a party of soldiers was employed in +cutting logs and <a id="Page_028" name="Page_028"></a><span class="pagenum">[028]</span> dragging them to the river bank. With the coming +of spring the logs were floated down to the Falls of St. Anthony, where +they were sawed into lumber and then hauled to the fort by teams.<a name="anchor-80" id="anchor-80"></a><a href="#footnote-80" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 80.">80</a></p> + +<p>The progress made on the building was slow. On the tenth of September, +1820, the cornerstone was laid.<a name="anchor-81" id="anchor-81"></a><a href="#footnote-81" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 81.">81</a> More than a year later, on November +7, 1821, Colonel Snelling wrote to the Indian agent, Lawrence +Taliaferro, that <q>nothing new has occurred since my return excepting +that the other stone barrack is up & the rafters on.</q><a name="anchor-82" id="anchor-82"></a><a href="#footnote-82" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 82.">82</a> The fort was +partially occupied, probably in the fall of 1822, before all the +surrounding wall had been completed.<a name="anchor-83" id="anchor-83"></a><a href="#footnote-83" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 83.">83</a> But it is evident that most of +the fort was finished by July, 1823, for at that time the troops erected +the Indian Council House.<a name="anchor-84" id="anchor-84"></a><a href="#footnote-84" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 84.">84</a></p> + +<p>In the meantime other events had been occurring. On July 31, 1820, +Governor Cass of Michigan Territory, who had been on an exploring +expedition to the upper Mississippi, passed down the river and remained +with the troops until the morning of August 2nd. A council was held with +the Indians, during which a peace was made between the Sioux and the +Chippewas. That the garrison had been busy at duties other than erecting +buildings is evident from the fact that Governor Cass found ninety acres +planted with corn and potatoes and wheat. From the garden green peas had +been obtained as early as June 15th, and green corn on July 20th.<a name="anchor-85" id="anchor-85"></a><a href="#footnote-85" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 85.">85</a></p> + +<p>In accordance with the plans outlined for the year 1820 it was proposed +to open a road between Council <a id="Page_029" name="Page_029"></a><span class="pagenum">[029]</span> Bluff and the new post on the +upper Mississippi. To survey the route Captain Stephen Watts Kearny led +a party which consisted of four other officers, fifteen soldiers, four +servants, an Indian guide and his wife and papoose, eight mules, and +seven horses. The route led from Council Bluff across what is now the +northern and northwestern part of the State of Iowa to Lake Pepin, and +then along the Mississippi to the new post. From July 25th to July 29th +they remained with Leavenworth's men, visiting the Falls of St. Anthony, +examining the country, and on July 26th going with Lieutenant Green and +Miss Gooding to the east side of the Mississippi. Here Lieutenant Green +and Miss Gooding were married by Colonel Leavenworth, who as Indian +agent for the <q>Northwest Territory</q> could perform his duties on the east +bank of the river, but not on the west, which was in the Missouri +Territory.<a name="anchor-86" id="anchor-86"></a><a href="#footnote-86" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 86.">86</a></p> + +<p>The fact that the Falls of St. Anthony constituted the most noticeable +landmark of the vicinity led to the application of its name to the +military works. The first official inspection of Fort St. Anthony +occurred some time between May 13, 1824, and June 13, 1824. General +Winfield Scott, as the inspector, was received with all the honor and +entertainment that the frontier post could provide. He left favorably +impressed with the work that had been done.</p> + +<p><q>I wish to suggest to the general-in-chief,</q> wrote General Scott in his +report, <q>and through him to the War Department, the propriety of calling +this work <em>Fort Snelling</em>, as a just compliment to the meritorious +<a id="Page_030" name="Page_030"></a><span class="pagenum">[030]</span> officer under whom it has been erected. The present name is +foreign to all our associations, and is, besides, geographically +incorrect, as the work stands at the junction of the Mississippi and +Saint Peter's rivers, eight miles below the great falls of the +Mississippi, called after Saint Anthony. Some few years since the +Secretary of War directed that the work at the Council Bluffs should be +called Fort Atkinson in compliment to the valuable services of General +Atkinson on the upper Missouri. The above proposition is made on the +same principle.</q></p> + +<p>A general order on January 7, 1825, directed that the suggested change +should be made. Thereupon Fort Snelling began its career as the guardian +of the Northwest.<a name="anchor-87" id="anchor-87"></a><a href="#footnote-87" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 87.">87</a> </p> + + + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_031" name="Page_031"></a><span class="pagenum">[031]</span></p> +<h2><a name="III" id="III"></a>III<br /> + +FORTY YEARS OF FRONTIER DUTY</h2> + + +<p>It was not the intention of the War Department that the influence of the +frontier military post should be limited by the range of the guns +mounted upon its walls. The post was to be the center of the Indian life +for those tribes that dwelt in the vicinity. At the same time +expeditions, the base of which was to be at the fort, were to carry the +authority of the government out upon the wild Indian lands, and the +frontier settlements were to look to the soldiers for protection.<a name="anchor-88" id="anchor-88"></a><a href="#footnote-88" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 88.">88</a></p> + +<p>How, in its origin, Fort Snelling became part of a comprehensive system +for the protection of the frontier, has been detailed. The events of the +forty years that followed indicate very clearly the wisdom of the men +who chose the site. Every phase of frontier duty was performed by the +troops stationed at the mouth of the Minnesota River; and although these +tasks often took them hundreds of miles from the post, and although they +often coöperated with men from other forts, yet these expeditions may +well be considered as part of the history of Fort Snelling. They were a +test of the training received on the parade ground, and the successful +accomplishment <a id="Page_032" name="Page_032"></a><span class="pagenum">[032]</span> of many a difficult duty shows that the post was +fulfilling the objects of those who built it.</p> + +<p>Prior to 1848 the governmental organization in the jurisdiction of which +Fort Snelling was located was very weak. When first erected in 1819 the +fort was in the Territory of Missouri (1812–1821). Then followed a +number of years in which it was in unorganized territory (1821–1834). +The Territory of Michigan (1834–1836), the Territory of Wisconsin +(1836–1838), and the Territory of Iowa (1838–1846) successively had +jurisdiction over it; while in 1849 it fell within the newly-organized +Territory of Minnesota. Lying far from the seats of government, in a +region of wandering traders and red men, the fort became the exponent of +the government—the only symbol of governmental restriction in a region +almost entirely without law.</p> + +<p>During the first years of its existence while the buildings were being +erected and the fort was making its place in the Indian life and the fur +trade of the surrounding region, the frontier was comparatively quiet. +The first outbreak occurred in Illinois and Wisconsin, where the +Winnebagoes were constantly coming into contact with the lead miners +about Galena. During the summer of 1826 rumors came to Fort Snelling of +the hostility of this tribe, and Colonel Snelling thought it prudent to +reënforce the garrison of Fort Crawford at Prairie du Chien. Three +companies of the Fifth Infantry were sent away from Fort Snelling on the +afternoon of August 18th under the command of Captain Wilcox.<a name="anchor-89" id="anchor-89"></a><a href="#footnote-89" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 89.">89</a> +Although <a id="Page_033" name="Page_033"></a><span class="pagenum">[033]</span> no actual conflict occurred, the continued uneasiness +felt because of the presence of the Winnebagoes led the authorities to +remove all the troops from Fort Crawford to the upper post in the fall +of that year.<a name="anchor-90" id="anchor-90"></a><a href="#footnote-90" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 90.">90</a></p> + +<p>The lack of soldiers among them intensified the unruly spirit in the +Winnebagoes. In June of the next year two keel boats, the <q>General +Ashley</q> and the <q>O. H. Perry</q>, which were carrying supplies to Fort +Snelling noticed an unfriendly feeling among the Sioux at Wabasha's +village. Fifty warriors with their faces painted black and with black +streaks on their blankets visited the <q>O. H. Perry</q>, but refused to +shake hands. Apprehensive of danger on the return journey, Colonel +Snelling furnished the crews with guns and cartridges before the descent +was commenced.<a name="anchor-91" id="anchor-91"></a><a href="#footnote-91" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 91.">91</a></p> + +<p>There soon arrived at Fort Snelling a letter from John Marsh, the +sub-agent at Prairie du Chien. It stated that rumors were current that +Prairie du Chien was to be attacked and that the Sioux and Winnebagoes +threatened to kill Taliaferro <q>and any American that they can find at a +distance from the Fort</q>. The letter closed with the request that steps +be taken for the defense of Prairie du Chien.<a name="anchor-92" id="anchor-92"></a><a href="#footnote-92" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 92.">92</a> No doubt preparations +were commenced immediately; but they were hastened by news which soon +came up the river. On June 26th the Winnebago chief, Red Bird, with +three of his men had attacked a farm house near Prairie du Chien and +obtained the scalp of a child. Returning to their village, they had seen +<a id="Page_034" name="Page_034"></a><span class="pagenum">[034]</span> the keel boats coming down the river. With their fighting blood +up they attacked the <q>O. H. Perry</q>, and in a battle which lasted several +hours they killed two of the crew and lost seven of their own warriors. +The report of this attack, together with the murder near Prairie du +Chien, spread consternation among the white men.<a name="anchor-93" id="anchor-93"></a><a href="#footnote-93" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 93.">93</a></p> + +<p>Without delay Colonel Snelling with four companies started down the +river.<a name="anchor-94" id="anchor-94"></a><a href="#footnote-94" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 94.">94</a> A few days after reaching Prairie du Chien, he was reënforced +by troops brought up from St. Louis by Colonel Atkinson. It was thought +necessary that Fort Snelling should be maintained during the critical +period, and as it was short of provisions, Colonel Snelling was ordered +back to his post with a supply of flour, and directed to procure boats +which could be used in the pursuit of the Winnebagoes up the Wisconsin +River. On the 16th of August Colonel Snelling arrived at his post, and +on the following day Major Fowle started downstream with four other +companies of the Fifth Infantry in two keel boats and nine mackinac +boats, arriving at Fort Crawford on August 21st. The Indians, overawed +by the rapidity of these military movements and the size of the force +sent against them, immediately became peaceable. As a precaution, +however, Major Fowle was kept at Fort Crawford, and the post was +provisioned for a year.<a name="anchor-95" id="anchor-95"></a><a href="#footnote-95" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 95.">95</a></p> + +<p>During the next twenty years the force maintained at Fort Snelling was +small, and the garrison was occupied in routine tasks, the regulation of +Indian <a id="Page_035" name="Page_035"></a><span class="pagenum">[035]</span> affairs, and the fur trade. At the time of the Black Hawk +War there was quiet about Fort Snelling, and Major Taliaferro offered +his services and those of the Sioux warriors in the campaign against the +Sacs and Foxes. But the government did not think it advisable to +formally accept the proffered help, although a number of the Sioux did +take part in pursuing the remnants of Sacs who succeeded in crossing the +river.<a name="anchor-96" id="anchor-96"></a><a href="#footnote-96" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 96.">96</a></p> + +<p>In June, 1848, the company of infantry stationed at Fort Snelling +received an urgent call to come to Wabasha's Prairie—near Winona, +Minnesota. The Winnebago Indians were being transferred from their +former home in the Turkey Valley region in Iowa to a new reservation +obtained for them from the Chippewas. But when the Prairie was reached, +the Winnebagoes visited with Wabasha and he sold it to them for a home. +When Captain Seth Eastman arrived from Fort Snelling he was put in +charge of the military forces which had been hastily brought together to +force the Winnebagoes to continue their march. There were volunteers +from Crawford County, Wisconsin, dragoons from Fort Atkinson, Iowa, and +the infantry from Fort Snelling, besides sixty armed teamsters.</p> + +<p>These military forces lay encamped, separated from the Indians by a +slough. In the morning a deputation of Indians came to ask the meaning +of the martial appearance of the whites when all <em>they</em> desired was a +council. This suggestion of a council was quickly assented to, but the +Indians approached <a id="Page_036" name="Page_036"></a><span class="pagenum">[036]</span> with such a rush and with such blood-curdling +yells that the cannon were loaded and the soldiers stood ready to fire. +During the council the Winnebagoes refused to move until one small band +gave in to the entreaties of the agent and were taken up to Fort +Snelling. This was an opening wedge, for when the steamboat returned +1700 were ready to move. The total journey of three hundred and ten +miles from the old to the new home occupied the time from June 8th to +July 30th, 1848.<a name="anchor-97" id="anchor-97"></a><a href="#footnote-97" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 97.">97</a></p> + +<p>By the next summer they were ready to return—anywhere, but especially +to Wisconsin, their earliest home.<a name="anchor-98" id="anchor-98"></a><a href="#footnote-98" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 98.">98</a> In July the whole tribe, +stimulated by whiskey, started; but Governor Ramsey called on Colonel +Loomis of Fort Snelling for aid, and a force under Captain Monroe +proceeded to the north where their presence aided in quieting the +disturbers. Again, on September 9th about a hundred had approached +within sixteen miles of St. Paul, when Captain Page and forty men from +Fort Snelling frightened them so much that they fled into the swamps and +returned home quietly. Smaller parties were captured on the river and +sent back under a military guard.<a name="anchor-99" id="anchor-99"></a><a href="#footnote-99" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 99.">99</a> Not all the efforts, however, were +successful. It was reported that one evening in November over a hundred +red men floated down quietly under the very guns of Fort Snelling, and +two weeks later the newspaper accounts tell of three hundred Winnebagoes +in camp near the mouth of the Black River.<a name="anchor-100" id="anchor-100"></a><a href="#footnote-100" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 100.">100</a> The need for a company +of dragoons at Fort Snelling was imperative. The next summer it was +obtained, <a id="Page_037" name="Page_037"></a><span class="pagenum">[037]</span> and in 1851 this military force was described as being +<q>an indispensable and invaluable auxiliary.</q><a name="anchor-101" id="anchor-101"></a><a href="#footnote-101" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 101.">101</a> Not until 1855 was the +Winnebago spirit of migration broken, and then only after a new +reservation had been obtained for them at the mouth of the Blue Earth +River.<a name="anchor-102" id="anchor-102"></a><a href="#footnote-102" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 102.">102</a></p> + +<p>In his report of November 25, 1844, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs +called attention to the fact that no longer was there any need of +entertaining fears on account of the visits made by American Indians to +the Canadian posts, as these pilgrimages were indulged in only by a few +<q>worthless vagrants</q>. But an evil of a different character was imminent. +Twice a year hundreds of Red River half-breeds—<em>bois brulés</em>—left +their homes on the British side of the international boundary to hunt +buffalo on the American plains which bordered on the Missouri River. +Here they came into contact with Indians who naturally resented this +intrusion upon their hunting grounds. During the summer of 1844 a +half-breed had been killed by a party of Yankton Sioux, and the invaders +had retaliated by killing eight Sioux of another band. This so inflamed +the Indians that they went upon the war path and without stopping to +reason about the matter, they attacked a party of whites whom they met +on Otter Tail Lake.<a name="anchor-103" id="anchor-103"></a><a href="#footnote-103" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 103.">103</a></p> + +<p>To hunt the buffalo freely, even on foreign soil, seemed to the <em>bois +brulés</em> to be their natural right. On the pemmican which they made from +these buffaloes they depended for their winter's food. Five <a id="Page_038" name="Page_038"></a><span class="pagenum">[038]</span> +hundred and forty carts trailed out of Pembina on the summer hunt of +1820, and from year to year the number increased until in 1840 there +were 1210 carts, accompanied by 1630 people. Nowhere else in the new +world at least, was there such a hunting party. Thirteen hundred and +seventy-five buffalo tongues were counted as the result of one day's +hunt in 1840.<a name="anchor-104" id="anchor-104"></a><a href="#footnote-104" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 104.">104</a> It was estimated that every year these Red River +hunters killed twenty thousand buffaloes on American soil.<a name="anchor-105" id="anchor-105"></a><a href="#footnote-105" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 105.">105</a></p> + +<p>In this there was a real grievance. Though small in itself the incident +could easily develop into a war when there were other factors urging in +the same direction.<a name="anchor-106" id="anchor-106"></a><a href="#footnote-106" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 106.">106</a> The exact condition of affairs on the border +was so confused that the United States made occasional military displays +in order to impress the invaders and also to satisfy its own curiosity. +The first of these expeditions occurred in 1845. Captain Edwin V. +Sumner, then in command at Fort Atkinson, in the Iowa country, visited +the Red River of the North during the summer of that year with Companies +B and I of the First Regiment of Dragoons. But the difficulty was that +while the invaders would promise to remain off American soil and would +retire as soon as a military force appeared, yet no sooner would the +troops depart than they would be back again on the hunting grounds.<a name="anchor-107" id="anchor-107"></a><a href="#footnote-107" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 107.">107</a></p> + +<p>When complaints continued to come in the Adjutant General proposed to +establish a post on the Red River. As a preliminary movement Brevet +Major Samuel Woods, Captain of the Sixth Infantry located <a id="Page_039" name="Page_039"></a><span class="pagenum">[039]</span> at Fort +Snelling, was ordered to proceed with Company D of the dragoons to the +border and make recommendations to the War Department in regard to a +suitable site. On June 6, 1849, the start was made from Fort Snelling, +and the weary march directed to the northwest over the swollen rivers +and the marshy swamps with the mosquitoes a constant torment, until on +August 1st the soldiers reached the collection of Indian lodges and the +trading establishment that was known as Pembina. During the twenty-five +days spent at this point observations were made of the topographical +features of the land, the character of the Indians, and the pursuits of +the half-breeds.</p> + +<p>Major Woods urged the American Indians and half-breeds to prevent by +force the invasions, promising that the United States would support +them. But it would be useless, he reported, to build a fort at Pembina +unless at least two hundred fifty men were stationed there. It would be +better to concentrate a large force at Fort Snelling, from whence +expeditions could be made into the Indian country in all directions as +necessity might arise. The return to the fort occupied twenty-three and +a half days, and on September 18th the total journey of almost a +thousand miles was completed with the loss of only one horse and one +mule.<a name="anchor-108" id="anchor-108"></a><a href="#footnote-108" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 108.">108</a></p> + +<p>During the next few years conditions remained unchanged, and as the +settlement of the Minnesota and Mississippi valleys was pushing the +Indian tribes farther to the westward, more and bitter conflicts <a id="Page_040" name="Page_040"></a><span class="pagenum">[040]</span> +with the half-breeds would be liable to occur. In order to give a final +warning to the foreign hunters and to select a site for a post which +could serve the double purpose of protecting the frontier settlements +from the Indians and the Indians from the foreigners, Lieutenant Colonel +C. F. Smith of the Tenth Infantry was ordered on June 9, 1856, to tour +the region with Companies B and F. As far as the Goose River, in the +North Dakota country, the route followed from Fort Snelling was +practically the same as that of Major Woods; but instead of proceeding +by the usual route northward to Pembina, a detour was made to Lake +Mini-Waken (Devil's Lake). On the return the less travelled and more +difficult road on the east side of the Red River was followed.</p> + +<p>On August 19th the trail of the annual hunting party was crossed; but +the nine hundred men, women, and children who had made the trip had +returned to their homes three weeks before, and kept away from the +military party. Since no warning could be given to them in person, a +notice written in both English and French was circulated in Pembina and +in the British settlements to the north. But the natives obtained sweet +revenge when Colonel Smith attempted to buy from the farmers in the +vicinity of the principal trading post—Fort Garry—a sufficient supply +of oats for his troops. The half-breeds declined to bring the grain, +giving as their excuse that they did not desire to trespass on American +soil when warned to keep off.<a name="anchor-109" id="anchor-109"></a><a href="#footnote-109" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 109.">109</a> <a id="Page_041" name="Page_041"></a><span class="pagenum">[041]</span></p> + +<p>Not only to the north did the troops from Fort Snelling make +expeditions. The wide range of its influence is illustrated by the task +which occupied the attention of its soldiers during the summer of 1850. +On August 8, 1849, Governor Ansel Briggs of Iowa forwarded to the +Secretary of War a petition, signed by over a hundred citizens of Iowa +County, in which they complained of the presence of a great number of +Indians who were destroying the timber, removing the section corners, +and even demanding rent from some of the settlers—claiming that they +owned the land on the Iowa River.<a name="anchor-110" id="anchor-110"></a><a href="#footnote-110" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 110.">110</a></p> + +<p>To investigate conditions and to report upon what steps would be +necessary to remove the cause of complaint, Brevet Major Samuel Woods, +stationed at Fort Snelling, was ordered to proceed to the State of Iowa. +On the twenty-fifth of September he left for Prairie du Chien, and +arriving here set out for Fort Atkinson, thinking that probably the +Winnebagoes were the Indians causing the trouble. But he discovered that +many of them had just set out for the upper Mississippi, and those +remaining behind were so few in number that they could cause little +inconvenience to the frontier. From Fort Atkinson Major Woods passed +southward through Fayette, Buchanan, Linn, and Johnson counties to Iowa +City. At this time the region traversed was sparsely settled. For a +hundred miles south of Fort Atkinson there were only two +settlements—one, consisting of a few families, high upon the Volga +River, and the other larger in numbers clustered about some mills <a id="Page_042" name="Page_042"></a><span class="pagenum">[042]</span> +on the Wapsipinicon River. About fifteen miles north of Marion the +inhabitants became more numerous. Here were found Indians—Sacs and +Foxes, Pottawattomies, and Winnebagoes—but they were not hostile and +their presence caused no objection.</p> + +<p>It was at Iowa City that Major Woods heard that the inhabitants on the +Iowa, English, and Skunk Rivers had been making the loudest complaints. +Accordingly he started up the Iowa River to the vicinity of Marengo. +Here he learned that a few days before the settlers near the town, +becoming tired of having Indians about them, armed themselves and by +force broke up the Indian encampment. Only one lodge remained, that on +the lands of a farmer who gave permission to three of the red men to +live under his protection.</p> + +<p>The total number of Indians, Major Woods reported, consisted of five or +six hundred Sacs and Foxes, Pottawattomies, and Winnebagoes. Among these +the Sacs and Foxes were the most numerous. They had by treaty sold their +lands some years earlier and had been removed to the Missouri River; but +they preferred their old home, and so had returned in straggling bands, +sometimes going back to the Missouri to get their annuities. The +Winnebagoes were those who had escaped when the tribe was being +transferred to the new reservation north of Fort Snelling.</p> + +<p>The complaints against these Indians were that they destroyed a great +deal of timber, removed the surveyors' landmarks, killed the game, +annoyed the <a id="Page_043" name="Page_043"></a><span class="pagenum">[043]</span> settlers, and that when intoxicated they were an +actual source of danger. Believing that these reasons were well founded, +Major Woods advised that the Indians be removed as soon as possible. +Conditions did not demand a winter campaign, but preparations should be +made for the removal during the early summer.<a name="anchor-111" id="anchor-111"></a><a href="#footnote-111" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 111.">111</a></p> + +<p>In the early part of April of the next year it was known that two +companies of infantry from Fort Snelling, and one company of dragoons +from Fort Gaines had been detailed for this task.<a name="anchor-112" id="anchor-112"></a><a href="#footnote-112" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 112.">112</a> On the twelfth of +May the <q>Highland Mary</q> left Fort Snelling, having on board the infantry +and cavalry and part of the equipment, while in tow was a barge full of +horses and mules.<a name="anchor-113" id="anchor-113"></a><a href="#footnote-113" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 113.">113</a> The soldiers were disembarked at Dubuque, whence +they followed the trail to Iowa City, along which they <q>saw nothing +except the ravages of California emigration.</q> Proceeding to the vicinity +of Marengo, a council was held with the Indians. But the latter marched +into the council ten abreast carrying their war clubs and manifesting +such a hostile disposition that it was impossible for Major Woods to +accomplish anything.<a name="anchor-114" id="anchor-114"></a><a href="#footnote-114" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 114.">114</a></p> + +<p>For a while it seemed that active military operations would be +necessary. The Indians becoming convinced that this would be the result, +and fearing that all the expenses of the campaign would be deducted from +the annuities of the tribe, suggested to two men of the neighborhood—a +Mr. Steen and a Mr. Greenly—that they would go back to their homes if +these two men could be appointed their <a id="Page_044" name="Page_044"></a><span class="pagenum">[044]</span> guides. When Mr. Steen and +Mr. Greenly broached the subject to Major Woods he considered it +thoughtfully, and finally an arrangement was made. For every Indian who +left the Iowa River and was turned over to their agent west of the +Missouri River, the government was to pay three dollars and fifty cents. +Five hundred dollars was to be advanced to pay for the provisions of the +party. Upon June 6th a second council was held with the Indians, during +which Major Woods impressed upon Chief Poweshiek and his men the +necessity of their returning and the advisability of their doing it +peaceably.<a name="anchor-115" id="anchor-115"></a><a href="#footnote-115" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 115.">115</a></p> + +<p>During the month of July the Indians started upon their journey. For +several days they encamped near Fort Des Moines, and on July 16th +seventy of the warriors, armed and painted, paraded on horseback through +the streets of the town to the public square where for an hour they +danced for the amusement of the two or three hundred interested +spectators in the frontier town.<a name="anchor-116" id="anchor-116"></a><a href="#footnote-116" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 116.">116</a></p> + +<p>These events made necessary a change in the plans of the troops. Company +E of the Sixth Infantry remained at their camp on the Iowa River for +some time, but upon the last day of July set out under the command of +Major Woods for a site on the Des Moines River which had been chosen by +the War Department as the location of a new military post. On August 23, +1850, the troops arrived at the designated place and began the erection +of a fort which they named Fort Clarke in honor of Colonel Clarke <a id="Page_045" name="Page_045"></a><span class="pagenum">[045]</span> +the commanding officer of the Sixth Infantry. The name, however, was +soon changed to Fort Dodge.</p> + +<p>The company of dragoons was occupied during August and September in +making a tour of the western part of the State of Iowa, and it was not +until October that the cavalry company and the other infantry company +returned to their station at Fort Snelling.<a name="anchor-117" id="anchor-117"></a><a href="#footnote-117" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 117.">117</a></p> + +<p>Occupation for the company of dragoons was furnished during the next +summer when Governor Ramsey was sent to Pembina to draw up a treaty with +the Pillager band of Chippewa Indians. On August 18, 1851, the party set +out from Fort Snelling. Besides the Governor and a number of gentlemen +who accompanied him, the party consisted of twenty-five dragoons, and +eight French-Canadian and half-breed drivers who had charge of six +baggage wagons and several light Red River carts. The march was very +difficult and the dragoons were kept busy repairing the roads over the +swamp lands and dragging with ropes the heavy wagons over the quickly +made causeways. The treaty which was made after this difficult journey +was not ratified by the Senate.<a name="anchor-118" id="anchor-118"></a><a href="#footnote-118" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 118.">118</a></p> + +<p>The wonderful expansion of the Nation, which occurred in the latter half +of the fifth decade of the century, turned all eyes toward the fertile +valleys and the mountains of fabulous wealth on the Pacific Coast. Even +before the acquisition of this territory some visionary minds had +pictured it bound to the United States, if not by political ties, at +least by <a id="Page_046" name="Page_046"></a><span class="pagenum">[046]</span> bonds of steel.<a name="anchor-119" id="anchor-119"></a><a href="#footnote-119" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 119.">119</a> The Oregon treaty of 1846 brought +part of the coveted land under the jurisdiction of the United States, +and the necessity of a railroad to the Pacific was soon realized. But +sectional interests prevented agreement upon any certain route, and it +was decided to survey the most promising and choose the one agreed upon +by the engineers. Accordingly, the army appropriation bill of 1853 +provided $150,000 for this purpose.<a name="anchor-120" id="anchor-120"></a><a href="#footnote-120" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 120.">120</a></p> + +<p>Isaac I. Stevens, the newly appointed Governor of Washington Territory, +led the party which examined the country between the parallels of +forty-seven and forty-nine degrees north latitude—called the Northern +Pacific Survey. He left Washington, D. C, on May 9, 1853, and reached +St. Paul on May 27th. According to his instructions he was authorized to +call upon one sergeant, two corporals, one musician, and sixteen +privates of Company D First Dragoons, who were still stationed at Fort +Snelling.<a name="anchor-121" id="anchor-121"></a><a href="#footnote-121" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 121.">121</a> Captain Gardiner, who had preceded his leader up the +river, had selected the escort and collected the party on May 24th in +Camp Pierce—a temporary encampment located three miles northwest of the +fort.<a name="anchor-122" id="anchor-122"></a><a href="#footnote-122" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 122.">122</a> Early in June camp was broken and the start for the far West +was made, at first, over the Red River Trail, and then across the +prairies to Fort Union, where on August 1st they were joined by others +who had been sent up the Missouri with supplies. Fort Benton was reached +on September 1st There they remained until the twelfth of the month when +Lieutenant Saxton, leading a similar party <a id="Page_047" name="Page_047"></a><span class="pagenum">[047]</span> eastward from +Vancouver, arrived. Thus a survey from the Mississippi to the Pacific +had been completed.<a name="anchor-123" id="anchor-123"></a><a href="#footnote-123" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 123.">123</a></p> + +<p>On the journey the entire party had been divided into small groups, who +conducted surveys and explorations in various directions. To each of +these groups were detailed a few of the dragoons, who were in all +respects an integral part of the expedition and not merely a guard for +protection. Accordingly, no special mention of their work was made in +the report.<a name="anchor-124" id="anchor-124"></a><a href="#footnote-124" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 124.">124</a></p> + +<p>After thirty years, the distinction of being the most northwestern post +in the upper Mississippi region was lost by Fort Snelling. Other +military stations were erected, and thereafter many of its former +activities were conducted from these stations on the extreme frontier. +Yet in everything contributed by these newer posts, the older had a +part; accounts of them reveal their dependence on Fort Snelling, the +parent post.</p> + +<p>As early as 1844 the Secretary of War had reported that plans were being +made to erect two new forts between Lake Superior and the River St. +Peter's.<a name="anchor-125" id="anchor-125"></a><a href="#footnote-125" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 125.">125</a> But nothing was done at this time. By a treaty of October +13, 1846, the Winnebagoes living on the <q>Neutral Ground</q> in the Turkey +River Valley of the Iowa country agreed to exchange this reservation for +one <q>north of St. Peter's and west of the Mississippi Rivers</q>.<a name="anchor-126" id="anchor-126"></a><a href="#footnote-126" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 126.">126</a> By +treaties in the following August, the Chippewas ceded to the government +a tract lying south of the Crow Wing River <a id="Page_048" name="Page_048"></a><span class="pagenum">[048]</span> and west of the +Mississippi River, and north and east of the so-called Sioux-Chippewa +boundary line.<a name="anchor-127" id="anchor-127"></a><a href="#footnote-127" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 127.">127</a> This was the area agreed on by the government as +being suitable for the Winnebagoes. In view of the reputation of +unruliness possessed by this tribe, and the fact that they were to be +placed between the warring tribes—the Sioux and the Chippewas—the +establishment of a post on the reservation was thought desirable.</p> + +<p>The transfer of the tribe took place during the summer of 1848; and in +the same fall Brigadier General George M. Brooke of St. Louis, +accompanied by a squadron of dragoons, chose a point opposite the Nokay +River as a desirable location.<a name="anchor-128" id="anchor-128"></a><a href="#footnote-128" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 128.">128</a> This company and a company of the +Sixth Infantry from Fort Snelling were employed in building the fort, +and when cold weather prevented further operations, they were withdrawn +to Fort Snelling, where the winter was passed.<a name="anchor-129" id="anchor-129"></a><a href="#footnote-129" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 129.">129</a> In the spring the +troops returned, and Fort Gaines—rechristened Fort Ripley—was occupied +on the thirteenth of April, 1849.<a name="anchor-130" id="anchor-130"></a><a href="#footnote-130" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 130.">130</a></p> + +<p>But this post alone was unable to keep the Winnebagoes in check. They +celebrated the first fourth of July by attacking a frontier store and +<q>causing one gentleman to escape <em>en dishabille</em> to the woods, where he +danced to the tune of the mosquitoes during some three days and +nights.</q><a name="anchor-131" id="anchor-131"></a><a href="#footnote-131" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 131.">131</a> Again and again reports of riotous revels and rumors of +impending outbreaks caused help to be sent from Fort Snelling to assist +the troops higher up the river.<a name="anchor-132" id="anchor-132"></a><a href="#footnote-132" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 132.">132</a> In the spring of 1857 the fort was +abandoned, but <a id="Page_049" name="Page_049"></a><span class="pagenum">[049]</span> Indian disturbances during the summer caused a +detachment to be sent from the older post. These troops remained at that +point until in the summer of 1858 they were transferred to the newly +founded Fort Abercrombie.<a name="anchor-133" id="anchor-133"></a><a href="#footnote-133" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 133.">133</a></p> + +<p>The treaties of Traverse des Sioux and Mendota, concluded in 1851, +concentrated the Sioux Indians on a long irregular reservation along the +upper Minnesota River.<a name="anchor-134" id="anchor-134"></a><a href="#footnote-134" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 134.">134</a> The Indians were not transferred until the +summer of 1853, but in the fall of the previous year the need of a post +among so many half civilized people, placed in a small territory, was +obvious. Accordingly, Colonel Francis Lee, commandant at Fort Snelling, +and Captain Dana of the quartermaster's department, escorted by a troop +of dragoons, selected a suitable site on the north side of the Minnesota +River, a dozen miles upstream from the town of New Ulm.</p> + +<p>On February 24, 1853, seven privates of Company D of the First Dragoons, +and two sergeants and thirteen privates of the Sixth Infantry were sent +to the location to begin the erection of the fort. In April the dragoons +were ordered to return to Fort Snelling and Companies C and K of the +Sixth Infantry went up the river under the command of Captain James +Monroe and became part of the permanent garrison of newly-founded Fort +Ridgely. One other company came up from Fort Dodge—the post in Iowa +which was abandoned with this withdrawal.<a name="anchor-135" id="anchor-135"></a><a href="#footnote-135" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 135.">135</a></p> + +<p>Colonel C. F. Smith, who led the expedition from Fort Snelling to the +Red River during the summer <a id="Page_050" name="Page_050"></a><span class="pagenum">[050]</span> of 1856, was instructed to recommend +a site for a post. His choice of Graham's Point on the Red River was +accepted; and here, in the fall of 1857, Colonel John J. Abercrombie +constructed the fort which was named in his honor. Colonel Smith, +writing from Fort Snelling, gave among his reasons for the choice of +Graham's Point <q>the additional advantage of greater facility for +receiving stores from the depot here</q>.<a name="anchor-136" id="anchor-136"></a><a href="#footnote-136" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 136.">136</a></p> + +<p>With the building of these posts, Fort Snelling lost much of its +importance. The garrison was small and the fort was almost nothing more +than a depot for supplying the more advanced forts with food, clothing, +and ammunition.<a name="anchor-137" id="anchor-137"></a><a href="#footnote-137" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 137.">137</a> With the decline of its military position, the idea +became prevalent that some day it would be abandoned entirely, and the +land thrown open to settlement.</p> + +<p>The neighboring cities of St. Paul, Minneapolis, and St. Anthony were in +the throes of real estate speculation. There were some who saw in Fort +Snelling a site more advantageous than any of these. <q>It is a position +which has attracted also a good deal of attention on account of its +superior beauty of location, its agricultural advantages, and its more +notable advantages for a town site</q>, said Mr. Morrill during a debate on +the floor of the House of Representatives. <q>Whatever witnesses in this +case may have differed upon as to other matters, they nearly all agree +that, as a point for a town site, it possesses superior advantages over +any other in that part of the country.</q><a name="anchor-138" id="anchor-138"></a><a href="#footnote-138" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 138.">138</a> <a id="Page_051" name="Page_051"></a><span class="pagenum">[051]</span></p> + +<p>Successful efforts were made to secure this site. On June 6, 1857, Mr. +William King Heiskell, a commissioner appointed by the Secretary of War, +sold to Mr. Franklin Steele, who was acting for himself and three +others, the entire reservation for $90,000. The President approved the +act on the second of July. Other parties who were interested in securing +the site were not aware that the sale was to be made until everything +had been accomplished.<a name="anchor-139" id="anchor-139"></a><a href="#footnote-139" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 139.">139</a></p> + +<p>Immediately there arose the cry of graft: the Republicans saw in the +transaction the corruption of the existing Democratic régime. A +committee was appointed by the House of Representatives to investigate +the matter, and the testimony which they took covers three hundred and +seven pages. Some witnesses said that the post should have been retained +for military purposes; others insisted that there was no such need. Some +said that the site was admirable for a city; a few stated that it +possessed no such advantages. Some said that it was necessary as a +supply station for the upper posts; others insisted that these posts +could be supplied more cheaply by a direct route.<a name="anchor-140" id="anchor-140"></a><a href="#footnote-140" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 140.">140</a></p> + +<p>Bitter debates marked the consideration of the report. The objects, +character, and ability of the witnesses were questioned. One member of +the House said that <q>Fort Snelling is a very elegant appanage to very +elegant gentlemen, who have a very elegant place for parade and +show.</q><a name="anchor-141" id="anchor-141"></a><a href="#footnote-141" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 141.">141</a> Another remarked that <q>the officers at Fort Snelling were +opposed to the sale and it was natural that <a id="Page_052" name="Page_052"></a><span class="pagenum">[052]</span> they should be. They +had a beautiful place of residence, they had the most comfortable +quarters, and a superabundance of stores for their subsistence. There +they were living upon the fat of the land, without anything under God's +heaven to do. Society was near at hand in a city populous, and +furnishing all the luxuries of life. They of course did not want to +surrender such quarters and such comforts for the hardships and trials +of a frontier station.</q><a name="anchor-142" id="anchor-142"></a><a href="#footnote-142" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 142.">142</a></p> + +<p>Finally, on June second the whole matter was laid on the table. On May +27, 1858, the troops had been withdrawn,<a name="anchor-143" id="anchor-143"></a><a href="#footnote-143" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 143.">143</a> and on July 19, 1858, the +quartermaster turned the buildings over to Mr. Steele. But with the +opening of the Civil War Fort Snelling was used by the government as a +training station, and after the war it was continued as a permanent +post. Mr. Steele had been unable to pay the entire $90,000, and as he +claimed rent at the rate of $2000 a month for the time it had been used +by the government, the matter was again taken up. It was finally +adjusted in an agreement whereby Mr. Steele retained the greater part of +the land, and the government kept the buildings and 1521.20 acres +surrounding the fort. Later some of the land was re-purchased from Mr. +Steele.<a name="anchor-144" id="anchor-144"></a><a href="#footnote-144" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 144.">144</a></p> + +<p>The history of Old Fort Snelling closes with the removal of the troops +in 1858. The story of its use during the Civil War, of the part it +played during the Sioux massacre of 1862, of its influence throughout +the West during the years when the headquarters of the Department of +Dakota were located within <a id="Page_053" name="Page_053"></a><span class="pagenum">[053]</span> its walls, of the Officers' Training +Camp established during the summer of 1917, lies outside the scope of +this volume. The life of the new Fort Snelling revives the traditions of +patriotism, loyalty, and sacrifice, which have centered about the post +since that day in August, 1819, which witnessed its beginning. </p> + + + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_054" name="Page_054"></a><span class="pagenum">[054]</span></p> +<h2><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV<br /> + +LORDS OF THE NORTH</h2> + + +<p>An old settler, speaking of the expulsion of the squatters on the +military reservation remarked: <q>At that time, and both before and since, +the commanding officers of the fort were the lords of the north. They +ruled supreme. The citizens in the neighborhood of the fort were liable +at any time to be thrust into the guard-house. While the chief of the +fort was the king, the subordinate officers were the princes, and +persons have been deprived of their liberty and imprisoned by those +tyrants for the most trivial wrong, or some imaginary offense.</q><a name="anchor-145" id="anchor-145"></a><a href="#footnote-145" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 145.">145</a> +This statement is doubtless rather extreme; but the fact remains that +the fort was the only agency of government in the region, and so the +commanding officer was indeed the supreme ruler in so far as he directed +the policy and activities of the post.</p> + +<p>Interest in Old Fort Snelling is not primarily in the logs and stones +which made up its building, but in the men and women who lived within +its walls. Many were the lives influenced by a residence in its +barracks. Characters were formed by the stern rigors of frontier +service. Far from busy cities, in the tiresome routine of army life, men +were being trained who were to be leaders in the political and <a id="Page_055" name="Page_055"></a><span class="pagenum">[055]</span> +military life of the Nation. Others never rose to a higher position; but +they command attention because in their faithful performance of daily +duties, year after year, they were quietly helping to make the history +of the Northwest. It is impossible to consider every man who might be +classed among the <q>Lords of the North</q>, but a review of the careers of a +few of them indicates the type of men whose natural ability was +supplemented by the self-confidence and the grim determination which are +the products of frontier service.<a name="anchor-146" id="anchor-146"></a><a href="#footnote-146" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 146.">146</a></p> + + +<p>The memory of the man who led the troops to the mouth of the Minnesota +River in 1819 is commemorated by a fort and a city in another State. The +trials which he endured during that first winter at Cantonment New Hope +were only harbingers of greater difficulties which were to bring to him +the death of a frontier martyr. Although he had been educated for the +lawyer's profession, Henry Leavenworth raised a company of volunteers in +Delaware County, New York, in 1812, and was elected its captain. He +served under General Winfield Scott and won honors for distinguished +service at the Battle of Chippewa and at Niagara Falls. After the war he +continued in the army, being appointed lieutenant colonel of the Fifth +United States Infantry on February 10, 1818. After conducting the troops +up the Mississippi River in 1819 and remaining through the winter, he +was superseded by Colonel Snelling.</p> + +<p>Expeditions and Indian duties occupied his attention <a id="Page_056" name="Page_056"></a><span class="pagenum">[056]</span> during the +next few years, and in May, 1827, he established <q>Cantonment +Leavenworth</q> on the west bank of the Missouri River. On February 8, +1832, the name was changed to Fort Leavenworth. During a campaign +against the Pawnee Indians, who were harassing the caravans of the Santa +Fé traders, Colonel Leavenworth was taken sick with fever and died on +July 21, 1834, in a hospital wagon at Cross Timbers in Indian Territory. +The body was wrapped in spices and sent by way of St. Louis, New +Orleans, and New York City, to Delhi, New York, where it remained until +in 1902 it was reinterred in the national cemetery at Fort Leavenworth. +A granite shaft some twelve feet high marks his resting-place.<a name="anchor-147" id="anchor-147"></a><a href="#footnote-147" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 147.">147</a></p> + + +<p>The monument to the man under whose direction the fort was built is the +modern military establishment named Fort Snelling. The erection of this +fort was the last achievement of a life which, though comparatively +brief, had already accomplished much. Josiah Snelling was born in +Boston, Massachusetts, in 1782. His first commission was as a first +lieutenant in the Fourth Infantry and bears the date of May 3, 1808. In +the Battle of Tippecanoe on November 7, 1811, he commanded one of the +companies that were attacked in their camp in the early morning. An +attempt was made by a company of dragoons to drive off the groups of +Indians whose fire was the heaviest, but the officer who was leading was +wounded and the attempt failed. <q>The Indians</q>, <a id="Page_057" name="Page_057"></a><span class="pagenum">[057]</span> reported General +Harrison, <q>were, however, immediately and gallantly dislodged from their +advantageous position by Captain Snelling, at the head of his +company.</q><a name="anchor-148" id="anchor-148"></a><a href="#footnote-148" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 148.">148</a> During the War of 1812 he served with Hull's army about +Detroit, and when the fort was surrendered he was taken a prisoner and +brought to Canada. But he was exchanged and ordered to Plattsburg, and +later was sent to Fort Erie on the staff of General George Izard. At the +close of the war he was retained as lieutenant colonel of the Sixth +Infantry and was stationed at Plattsburg for four years.<a name="anchor-149" id="anchor-149"></a><a href="#footnote-149" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 149.">149</a></p> + +<p>Bravery and impetuosity were two of Colonel Snelling's traits. During +the campaign about Detroit he was married to Abigail Hunt by the +chaplain of General Hull's army. The general and other officers were +present. An account of the life of his wife states that <q>the ceremony +had been performed but a few moments when the drum beat to arms; and +Capt. Snelling instantly started up to go in search of his sword. All +rushed to the door except Gen. Hull, who laying his hand on the young +officer's shoulder as he was about leaving the house, said, <q>Snelling, +you need not go, I will excuse you.</q> <q>By no means,</q> was the reply, <q>I +feel more like doing my duty now than ever.</q> <q>Stay, it is a false alarm +by my order,</q> said the General.</q><a name="anchor-150" id="anchor-150"></a><a href="#footnote-150" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 150.">150</a> The ignoble surrender of Detroit +by General Hull was deplored by many of the men under him. The story is +told that while General Hull's aid was trying to place the white flag in +position he called, <q>Snelling, come and <a id="Page_058" name="Page_058"></a><span class="pagenum">[058]</span> help me fix this flag.</q> +Whereupon that officer replied, <q>No, sir; I will not soil my hands with +that flag.</q><a name="anchor-151" id="anchor-151"></a><a href="#footnote-151" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 151.">151</a></p> + +<p>On June 1, 1819, he was appointed colonel of the Fifth Infantry, and +ordered to St. Louis, where the following winter was passed. In the +summer he started up the Mississippi, but was detained at Prairie du +Chien by a court-martial of which he was the president, and it was not +until August that he reached the troops at Camp Cold Water. From that +time until the fall of 1827 Colonel Snelling was in command of the post, +when not absent on official business. Except when he had been drinking +too much, he was a favorite with the troops, and as he had red hair and +was somewhat bald, they nicknamed him the <q>prairie-hen</q>.<a name="anchor-152" id="anchor-152"></a><a href="#footnote-152" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 152.">152</a></p> + +<p>In the fall of 1827 the Fifth Infantry was withdrawn from the post and +was succeeded by the First Infantry. The Snelling family located at St. +Louis, while Colonel Snelling proceeded to Washington to settle some +accounts. While here he was suddenly taken sick and died on August 20, +1828.<a name="anchor-153" id="anchor-153"></a><a href="#footnote-153" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 153.">153</a></p> + +<p>The man whose name was applied to the post which has become so historic +was a typical soldier of his day. Along with the bravery and zeal of the +army, he possessed also its failings. <q>Of myself I have little to say</q>, +he wrote on one occasion. <q>I entered the army a subaltern, almost +eighteen years ago. From obscurity I have passed through every grade to +the command of a regiment. I owe nothing to executive patronage, for I +have neither friend or <a id="Page_059" name="Page_059"></a><span class="pagenum">[059]</span> relation connected with the government: I +have obtained my rank in the ordinary course of promotion, and have +retained it by doing my duty; and I really flatter myself that I still +possess the confidence of the government, and the respect of those who +serve with and under me.</q><a name="anchor-154" id="anchor-154"></a><a href="#footnote-154" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 154.">154</a></p> + + +<p>Daniel Webster, speaking in the Senate on July 9, 1850, remarked that it +was not in Indian wars that heroes were celebrated, but it was there +that they were formed.<a name="anchor-155" id="anchor-155"></a><a href="#footnote-155" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 155.">155</a> The occasion of this speech was the death of +the President, Zachary Taylor, who had served for many years upon the +Indian frontier. As lieutenant colonel of the First Infantry, he came to +Fort Snelling during the summer of 1828 and remained there for a year, +when he established his headquarters at Fort Crawford. His achievements +on the frontier and in the Mexican War, which finally brought him to the +presidency are a familiar story, and the training which he received in +Old Fort Snelling was only a part of that which gave him the name of +<q>Rough and Ready</q>. It is a remarkable fact that at Fort Snelling he was +remembered less for his own actions than for those of his four pretty +daughters whose presence spread commotion in the hearts of the homesick +young officers.<a name="anchor-156" id="anchor-156"></a><a href="#footnote-156" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 156.">156</a></p> + + +<p>In 1837 the First Infantry was withdrawn and part of the Fifth Infantry +returned to its former station. Among the familiar faces seen about the +garrison again was that of a man whose eccentricities <a id="Page_060" name="Page_060"></a><span class="pagenum">[060]</span> and +personality are closely associated with the life of the fort.<a name="anchor-157" id="anchor-157"></a><a href="#footnote-157" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 157.">157</a> In +reporting the casualties of the battle of Molino del Rey, September 8, +1847, the general commanding the American forces applied an adjective to +only one of the dead. The report reads, <q>the service mourns the +high-souled Scott, brevet lieutenant colonel 5th infantry</q>.<a name="anchor-158" id="anchor-158"></a><a href="#footnote-158" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 158.">158</a> This +was Martin Scott, one of the most human, most lovable, and most +energetic men who ever reviewed troops on the parade ground of Old Fort +Snelling. Only from July 15, 1837, until August 20, 1837, was he in +command, but for many years he was a familiar figure around the barracks +and in the surrounding country.</p> + +<p>Hunting was his favorite pastime, and many a time the prairie rang with +the yelping of the twenty or twenty-five dogs which he kept under the +care of a special negro servant at the fort. His deadly aim was known to +all. An army officer who insulted him was severely wounded in a duel; he +often played the part of William Tell by shooting with his pistol +through an apple placed upon the head of his negro; and if credence is +to be given to the stories which are told, even the animals were aware +that from him there was no escape. A coon sitting high on a tree was +shot at by several hunters in succession, but still remained in its +position. Captain Scott came along and took aim, whereupon the coon +asked, <q>Who is that?</q> The reply was, <q>My name is Scott.</q> <q>Scott? what +Scott?</q> continued the coon. <q>Captain Martin Scott.</q> <q>Are you Captain +Martin Scott?</q> There was a pause before the voice in <a id="Page_061" name="Page_061"></a><span class="pagenum">[061]</span> the tree-top +continued, <q>Then hold on—don't shoot; I may as well come down.</q><a name="anchor-159" id="anchor-159"></a><a href="#footnote-159" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 159.">159</a></p> + +<p>Martin Scott was born in Bennington, Vermont, on January 17, 1788. His +family was extremely poor, but because of his freedom from army +vices—gambling and drinking—he was able in later years to do them many +favors. His kindness was equalled only by his bravery. For gallant +conduct during the Mexican War he received several promotions, and held +a commission as lieutenant colonel when he met death leading his +regiment in the battle of Molino del Rey.<a name="anchor-160" id="anchor-160"></a><a href="#footnote-160" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 160.">160</a></p> + +<p>A newspaper correspondent who went over the field of battle, saw a +gray-headed soldier spreading the blanket over the corpse of a fallen +comrade. <q>I rode up to him</q>, wrote the reporter to his newspaper, <q>and +asked him whether that was an officer. He looked up, and every lineament +of his face betokening the greatest grief, replied, <q>you never asked a +question sir, more easily answered, it is an officer.</q> I then asked him +who he was. He again replied, <q>The best soldier of the 5th infantry, +sir.</q> I then alighted from my horse and uncovering the face, found it +was Col. Martin Scott. As I again covered the face, the soldier +continued, without apparently addressing himself to any person in +particular—<q>They have killed him—they will be paid for this—if it had +only been me—I have served with him almost four enlistments but what +will his poor family say?</q> And as he concluded thus the tears coursed +down his furrowed cheeks, and the swelling of his <a id="Page_062" name="Page_062"></a><span class="pagenum">[062]</span> bosom showed +how deeply he was affected by the death of his veteran and gallant +commander.</q><a name="anchor-161" id="anchor-161"></a><a href="#footnote-161" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 161.">161</a></p> + +<p>When the Fifth Infantry was transferred in 1840 there was a second +home-coming at Fort Snelling in that it was succeeded by parts of the +First Infantry which remained until the year 1848. Captain Seth Eastman +was in command at four different times during this period, and it was +through his eyes that we can see Old Fort Snelling as it was.<a name="anchor-162" id="anchor-162"></a><a href="#footnote-162" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 162.">162</a> After +his graduation from the Military Academy he was an assistant teacher of +drawing at West Point. Following this he served in the Florida War and +on the frontier until 1850, when he was called to Washington to +illustrate the <em>History, Condition, and Future Prospects of the Indian +Tribes of the United States</em>. Active service on the frontier and in the +Civil War followed, and in 1866 he was breveted a brigadier +general.<a name="anchor-163" id="anchor-163"></a><a href="#footnote-163" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 163.">163</a></p> + +<p>Mary Henderson Eastman, his wife, also commands attention. The intimate +association of the fort with the surrounding Indians brought to her +knowledge many incidents connected with their life which she embodied in +a volume published in 1849 and entitled: <em>Dahcotah: or, Life and Legends +of the Sioux around Fort Snelling</em>. In this volume Longfellow read of +the Falls of Minnehaha, which he describes so picturesquely in +<em>Hiawatha</em>.<a name="anchor-164" id="anchor-164"></a><a href="#footnote-164" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 164.">164</a> Other literary work was done by Mrs. Eastman, one of +her volumes being <em>Aunt Phyllis's Cabin</em>, a reply to Mrs. Stowe's <em>Uncle +Tom's Cabin</em>.<a name="anchor-165" id="anchor-165"></a><a href="#footnote-165" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 165.">165</a> <a id="Page_063" name="Page_063"></a><span class="pagenum">[063]</span></p> + +<p>Parts of the Sixth Infantry were garrisoned in Fort Snelling from 1848 +to 1852, and beginning in 1850 there was also a company of the First +Dragoons who engaged in many of the expeditions narrated in the +preceding chapter. Among the officers who commanded during this period +was Lieutenant William T. Magruder, who was killed on July 3, 1863, at +the Battle of Gettysburg while serving in the ranks of the Confederate +army.<a name="anchor-166" id="anchor-166"></a><a href="#footnote-166" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 166.">166</a> One company of the Third Artillery was located at the post +from 1853 to 1856. At the head of this company was Captain W. T. Sherman +who, after serving in the Indian wars and the Mexican War, rose to +prominence in the Civil War during which he was brevetted a major +general. After the Civil War he was appointed commander of the +Department of the East.<a name="anchor-167" id="anchor-167"></a><a href="#footnote-167" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 167.">167</a></p> + +<p>Among the last troops which occupied Fort Snelling before it was +abandoned in 1858 was a part of the Tenth Infantry. Major E. R. S. Canby +of this regiment was in command of the fort during the summer and autumn +of 1856. His was a wonderful record of achievement upon the frontier and +in the Civil War, and like Colonel Leavenworth he met his death in +service. Born in Kentucky the year that Fort Snelling was founded, he +moved to Indiana as a boy. He was appointed to the Military Academy at +West Point in 1835 and graduated in 1839. For the next three years he +was engaged as a second lieutenant in the Second Infantry in the Florida +War, and upon the successful termination of the campaigns he was +employed in removing the Cherokees, <a id="Page_064" name="Page_064"></a><span class="pagenum">[064]</span> Choctaws, and Creeks to +Indian Territory. After a few years in garrison duty and the recruiting +service he participated in the Mexican War, being promoted <q>for gallant +and meritorious service</q> at Contreras, Cherubusco, and the Belen Gate of +the City of Mexico. On March 3, 1855, a promotion made him major in the +Tenth Infantry; and it was while holding this position that he served at +Fort Snelling.</p> + +<p>In 1858 Major Canby was transferred to Fort Bridger, Utah, where he +commanded an expedition against the Navajo Indians. While stationed at +Fort Defiance, New Mexico, during the early years of the Civil War, he +repelled the Confederate general, Sibley, who left one-half of his force +behind him in killed, wounded, and prisoners. On March 31, 1862, he was +made a brigadier general of volunteers and summoned to Washington to +assist Secretary of War Stanton. While here General Canby was called +upon to take charge of a difficult position. Draft riots in New York +City from July 13th to July 16th resulted in the killing and wounding of +about a thousand people and the destruction of about one and a half +million dollars worth of property.<a name="anchor-168" id="anchor-168"></a><a href="#footnote-168" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 168.">168</a> On July 17th General Canby was +put in charge of the Federal troops in the city, and he was later able +to enforce the provisions of the draft without difficulties.<a name="anchor-169" id="anchor-169"></a><a href="#footnote-169" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 169.">169</a> +Following this came an appointment as commander of the military division +of West Mississippi, where he was wounded by Confederate guerrillas.</p> + +<p>At the close of the war, Edward Canby, then a <a id="Page_065" name="Page_065"></a><span class="pagenum">[065]</span> major general of +volunteers was sent to the far West as commander of the Department of +the Columbia. Here the United States was engaged in a war with the Modoc +Indians led by their chief <q>Captain Jack</q>. On April 11, 1873, General +Canby held a peace parley with the Indians. It had been agreed that both +parties should be unarmed, but in the middle of the negotiations +<q>Captain Jack</q> suddenly drew a revolver from his breast, and shot Canby +through the head killing him instantly.<a name="anchor-170" id="anchor-170"></a><a href="#footnote-170" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 170.">170</a></p> + + +<p>Other officers at the post who had real power were the garrison +physicians. One of these, Dr. John Emerson was a giant in body and +impulsive in spirit. On a certain day in early winter when the +quartermaster was distributing stoves to the officers, Dr. Emerson asked +for one for his negro servant. This the quartermaster refused, saying +that there were not enough in store; whereupon the doctor insinuated +that the statement was a lie. Upon being insulted thus the quartermaster +struck his companion between the eyes. Emerson turned on his heels +immediately, but he returned in a few minutes with a brace of pistols +which he pointed at his assailant. The fighting spirit of the +quartermaster fell at the appearance of these weapons, and he started +across the parade ground on a run followed by the doctor. A third +character appeared in the person of Major Plympton, the commanding +officer, who arrested Dr. Emerson. This episode gave rise to a great +commotion in the garrison. One group who wanted some <a id="Page_066" name="Page_066"></a><span class="pagenum">[066]</span> excitement +urged that only in blood could the quarrel be settled; while the other +group sought for peace, knowing that there was no other physician nearer +than Prairie du Chien. Not for several days was the quarrel patched up, +and then the terms were never made public.<a name="anchor-171" id="anchor-171"></a><a href="#footnote-171" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 171.">171</a></p> + +<p>The cause of all this trouble was Dred Scott, man of color, and the +slave of Dr. Emerson. He had been brought to Fort Snelling by his master +in 1836, and here he was married to Harriet, also colored, who had been +sold by Major Taliaferro to the doctor. When Dr. Emerson was transferred +to Missouri, he took Dred Scott with him. After the death of his master, +Scott began proceedings in the courts for his freedom on the ground that +his residence at the military post made him free—Fort Snelling being +located on soil where slavery was prohibited by the Missouri Compromise +of 1820. Mrs. Emerson, who wanted to avoid an appearance in the courts, +made over the control of Scott to John F. A. Sanford, and the case was +finally brought to the Supreme Court of the United States. Thus Old Fort +Snelling was connected with the case of <em>Scott vs. Sanford</em>, which was +so important among the events leading up to the Civil War.<a name="anchor-172" id="anchor-172"></a><a href="#footnote-172" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 172.">172</a></p> + + +<p>Were battles and military operations alone considered, the annals of +Fort Snelling would comprise few pages; and were only military men +characterized one of the most potent factors in the life of the fort +would be omitted. The influence of the fort on the <a id="Page_067" name="Page_067"></a><span class="pagenum">[067]</span> Indians was +felt more through the quiet daily work of the Indian agent who was their +official friend. Although he was an officer entirely distinct from the +military organization at the fort, his work may legitimately be +accredited among the other activities of the post. He was, in fact, an +army official. The act of August 7, 1789, which organized the War +Department, placed Indian affairs in the hands of the Secretary;<a name="anchor-173" id="anchor-173"></a><a href="#footnote-173" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 173.">173</a> on +July 9, 1832, a commissioner of Indian affairs was authorized;<a name="anchor-174" id="anchor-174"></a><a href="#footnote-174" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 174.">174</a> and +on June 30, 1834, the relations of the Indian agents to the military +department were more clearly defined. The Superintendent of Indian +Affairs, the Indian agents, and the sub-agents were given the right to +call upon the military forces to remove all trespassers in the Indian +country, to procure the arrest and trial of all Indians accused of +committing any crime, and to break up any distillery set up in the +Indian country.<a name="anchor-175" id="anchor-175"></a><a href="#footnote-175" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 175.">175</a></p> + +<p>By the act of March 3, 1849, the Department of the Interior was +organized. Section Five of the act stipulated that <q>the Secretary of the +Interior shall exercise the supervisory and appellate powers now +exercised by the Secretary of the War Department, in relation to all the +acts of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs</q>.<a name="anchor-176" id="anchor-176"></a><a href="#footnote-176" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 176.">176</a> On the whole this law +did not disturb the coöperation between the two branches of the +government service, although the commander at Fort Snelling intimated to +the agent that his privileges were <q>not of right but by courtesy</q>.<a name="anchor-177" id="anchor-177"></a><a href="#footnote-177" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 177.">177</a></p> + +<p>One name more than any other is associated with the agency at Fort +Snelling—usually called the <a id="Page_068" name="Page_068"></a><span class="pagenum">[068]</span> agency of St. Peter's. From 1820 to +1840 regiments came and went, and the officers who ruled as <q>Lords of +the North</q> were soon transferred to other posts. The military +establishment was itself known by several different names in succession, +but the Indian agent remained the same—Lawrence Taliaferro. His was a +lasting influence—lasting because of the position he held in the +memories of his wards and his associates, and lasting because of the +records that he left.</p> + +<p>To the Indians he was a real <q>Father</q>. Americans, Scotch, Sioux, and +French could all find within his breast, they said, a kindred spirit, +and they bestowed upon him the name of <q>Four Hearts</q> because of the +impartiality of his actions to all nationalities.<a name="anchor-178" id="anchor-178"></a><a href="#footnote-178" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 178.">178</a> In June, 1858, a +number of Sioux chiefs were in Washington and came to see him. <q>My old +Father,</q> said Little Crow, <q>we have called upon you; we love you; we +respect you.… Since you left us a dark cloud has hung over our nation. +We have lost confidence in the promises of our Great Father, and his +people; bad men have nearly destroyed us.… We failed to get a friend +in anyone like you; they all joined the traders. We know your heart, it +feels for your old children.</q><a name="anchor-179" id="anchor-179"></a><a href="#footnote-179" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 179.">179</a></p> + +<p>Those who were associated with him at the fort also had kind words for +him. <q>He belonged to a class more common then than now</q>, remarked the +son of Colonel Bliss. <q>He imagined it to be his imperative duty to see +that every Indian under his charge had the enjoyment of all his rights, +and never <a id="Page_069" name="Page_069"></a><span class="pagenum">[069]</span> seemed to realize his opportunities for arranging with +contractors for the supply of inferior goods and for dividing the +profits.</q><a name="anchor-180" id="anchor-180"></a><a href="#footnote-180" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 180.">180</a> Of this honesty Taliaferro wrote: <q>I have the Sad +Consolation of leaving after twenty Seven years—the public Service as +poor as when first I entered—The only evidence of my integrity</q>.<a name="anchor-181" id="anchor-181"></a><a href="#footnote-181" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 181.">181</a></p> + +<p>No one can write of Fort Snelling without using the papers which +Lawrence Taliaferro left. The diary kept by him during these twenty +years shows the meager pleasures and grim duties of his task. Of this +diary only a few fragmentary pages are extant—three roughly bound +collections of sheets, many of them torn, many of them half-burned, and +their writing faded. But from almost every page that is legible some +information is gleaned, concerning the life of the soldiers, the visits +of the Indians, the state of the weather, and reflections on Indian +relations and the best time for planting potatoes.<a name="anchor-182" id="anchor-182"></a><a href="#footnote-182" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 182.">182</a> His wide +acquaintance and the great extent of territory which his agency covered +led to correspondence with many men. These letters also passed through a +fire, and those that were rescued are now bound in four volumes.<a name="anchor-183" id="anchor-183"></a><a href="#footnote-183" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 183.">183</a></p> + +<p>His reports to General William Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs +at St. Louis, were forwarded to Washington where they are now kept in +the files of the Indian office.<a name="anchor-184" id="anchor-184"></a><a href="#footnote-184" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 184.">184</a> With methodical care Governor Clark +copied the letters which he received into letter books. The existence of +these letter books was not known until a few years ago, when <a id="Page_070" name="Page_070"></a><span class="pagenum">[070]</span> some +of them were found in the hands of a junk dealer in Lawrence, Kansas, +and were rescued—a great gain to the history of the West.<a name="anchor-185" id="anchor-185"></a><a href="#footnote-185" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 185.">185</a></p> + +<p>Many years after he closed his connection with the agency Lawrence +Taliaferro wrote an <q>Autobiography</q>—a narrative that shows all the +quaintness and egotism of the man. <q>Not until after the year 1840</q>, he +wrote <q>did the government become unfortunate in the selection of their +agents for Indian affairs.</q><a name="anchor-186" id="anchor-186"></a><a href="#footnote-186" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 186.">186</a> From this account can be gleaned +information to supplement the bare facts usually given about his life. +His ancestors had come to England from Genoa, Italy, and later they +emigrated to Virginia. Here Lawrence Taliaferro was born on February 28, +1794. At the age of eighteen he joined the army and served through the +War of 1812, being a first lieutenant when it closed. Although he +received no other promotion he was always known among his associates as +<q>Major</q>.<a name="anchor-187" id="anchor-187"></a><a href="#footnote-187" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 187.">187</a></p> + +<p>He was appointed Indian agent for St. Peter's on March 27, 1819, and on +April 1, 1819, he accepted—resigning the same day from the army.<a name="anchor-188" id="anchor-188"></a><a href="#footnote-188" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 188.">188</a> +He reached his new station probably in the summer of 1820, and was +immediately engaged in the duties connected with Indian affairs.<a name="anchor-189" id="anchor-189"></a><a href="#footnote-189" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 189.">189</a> +During his term of office he was continually troubled by ill-health +which resulted from his campaigns in the late war. In 1824 he resigned +because of this ill-health, and although he continued in service, +Governor Clark at one time wrote to the Secretary of War that <q>his fate +is considered as very doubtful.</q><a name="anchor-190" id="anchor-190"></a><a href="#footnote-190" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 190.">190</a> <a id="Page_071" name="Page_071"></a><span class="pagenum">[071]</span></p> + +<p>As early as 1831 he confided to his diary that <q>there is something of a +Combination of Persons at work day after day to pick at my Actions both +public and private</q>.<a name="anchor-191" id="anchor-191"></a><a href="#footnote-191" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 191.">191</a> His resignation finally came in 1839, and he +closed his connection with the Department on January 1, 1840, because he +could no longer endure the machinations of the traders.<a name="anchor-192" id="anchor-192"></a><a href="#footnote-192" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 192.">192</a> Thereafter +he made his home at Bedford, Pennsylvania, serving as a military +storekeeper from 1857 to 1863, when he was put on the retired list. Mr. +Taliaferro visited his old home at Fort Snelling in 1856 and wrote +characteristically: <q>We were in St. Paul on the twenty-fourth of June, +the <q>widow's son</q> was Irving's Rip Van Winkle; after a nap of fifteen +years, we awoke in the midst of <em>fast</em> times. We truly felt bewildered +when we found all the haunts and resting-places of the once noble sons +of the forest, covered by cities, towns, and hamlets. We asked but few +questions, being to our mind received as a strange animal; if nothing +worse.</q><a name="anchor-193" id="anchor-193"></a><a href="#footnote-193" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 193.">193</a></p> + + +<p>Among the others who served before 1858 as Indian agent were Amos J. +Bruce, R. G. Murphy, and Nathaniel McLean. The influx of whites had +greatly increased the difficulties of their position, and the memory of +their former agent made the Indians suspicious of their new advisers. +The Governor of the Territory became the Superintendent of Indian +Affairs, and his presence so near the agency took from the agent much of +his power.<a name="anchor-194" id="anchor-194"></a><a href="#footnote-194" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 194.">194</a></p> + +<p>Scott Campbell, the interpreter at Fort Snelling, <a id="Page_072" name="Page_072"></a><span class="pagenum">[072]</span> was the +intermediary between the Indians and their lords. He was a half-breed +whom Meriwether Lewis had met on his expedition up the Missouri River. +He took the boy with him back to St. Louis; and when Lewis died, +Campbell returned to his Sioux relatives and finally drifted to the +agency at Fort Snelling.<a name="anchor-195" id="anchor-195"></a><a href="#footnote-195" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 195.">195</a> Having a knowledge of four languages, and +possessing the confidence of all the tribes within four hundred miles of +the post, he was indispensable. From August, 1825, to April, 1826, he +was engaged in the fur trade, but was lured back into service by a +salary of thirty-four dollars per month and one ration per day. By 1843, +however, he had become such a drunkard that he had to be dismissed.<a name="anchor-196" id="anchor-196"></a><a href="#footnote-196" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 196.">196</a></p> + +<p>The veteran missionary, S. W. Pond, in recalling early days wrote that +<q>Scott Campbell no longer sits smoking his long pipe, and conversing in +low tones with the listless loungers around the old Agency House; but +who that resided in this country thirty or forty years ago can pass by +the old stone houses near Fort Snelling and not think of Major +Taliaferro and of his interpreter?</q><a name="anchor-197" id="anchor-197"></a><a href="#footnote-197" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 197.">197</a></p> + +<p>And who can pass the Old Round Tower without thinking of those men who +as officers at Fort Snelling ruled supreme over a vast region, and who +left the fort for places of greater trust and greater influence? </p> + + + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_073" name="Page_073"></a><span class="pagenum">[073]</span></p> +<h2><a name="V" id="V"></a>V<br /> + +A SOLDIER'S WORLD</h2> + + +<p>Instead of a world of city streets and country towns, of tilled fields +and rivers busy with commerce, the raw recruit at Old Fort Snelling +entered upon a world of stone barracks and Indian tepees, of tangled +prairies and rushing rivers.<a name="anchor-198" id="anchor-198"></a><a href="#footnote-198" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 198.">198</a> The landing was directly under the +cliff which towered above to a height which to many a wanderer in a +frail canoe seemed twice the one hundred and six feet which the +scientist's instruments ascribed to it.<a name="anchor-199" id="anchor-199"></a><a href="#footnote-199" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 199.">199</a> In later years a stairway +led to the quarters of the commanding officer, but the wagon road which +crept upwards along the sandstone wall—<q>nearly as white as +loaf-sugar</q><a name="anchor-200" id="anchor-200"></a><a href="#footnote-200" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 200.">200</a>—where the swallows flew in and out from their holes, +gained the summit at the rear of the fort.</p> + +<p>Following the road through the gate, and passing between the buildings +to the center of the parade ground, the recruit probably paused to look +about him.<a name="anchor-201" id="anchor-201"></a><a href="#footnote-201" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 201.">201</a> Visible in the openings between the buildings was the +stone wall about ten feet high which surrounded the barracks, quarters, +and storehouses. This wall took the place of the picket-stockade which +was so prominent a feature in earlier and ruder fortifications. +Conforming to the arrangement of the buildings which it enclosed, the +wall was diamond-shaped, <a id="Page_074" name="Page_074"></a><span class="pagenum">[074]</span> one point being at the edge of the +promontory where the valley of the Minnesota River met that of the +Mississippi River. A second point was on the edge of the steep bluff +which rose from the Mississippi. A third point, at a distance of about +four hundred and fifty feet directly opposite the second, was on the +summit of the Minnesota bluff. The fourth point was situated on the +level ground of the plateau, at a distance of about seven hundred feet +from the first point.</p> + +<p>As he stood in the middle of the parade ground and gazed beyond the pump +and the magazine at the western or fourth point, the recruit saw rising +to a height twice that of the wall, the Old Round Tower. To-day this +tower is a vine-clad relic—a vestige remaining from the days of the +past. But to the soldier of Old Fort Snelling it was a more practical +structure—a place of lookout from which he was often to scan the swells +of the prairie for approaching Indians or returning comrades. At the +second and third points were blockhouses—buildings of stone, each +giving a view of the river below it. At the first point there was also a +tower—a wooden lookout platform at the very edge of the precipice from +which was visible the landscape surrounding the fort.</p> + +<p>But the soldier was doubtless more interested in the buildings in which +he was to live. The barracks for the men were under the north wall and +consisted of two buildings one story in height. The larger of these, +which was intended to accommodate two companies <a id="Page_075" name="Page_075"></a><span class="pagenum">[075]</span> was divided +into sets, each set having on the main floor an orderly-room and three +squad-rooms, while below in the basement were a mess-room and a kitchen. +The other barrack was intended to be occupied by one company only; and +the orderly-room, squad-rooms, mess-rooms, and a kitchen were on the +same floor. The cellars below were damp and were used only for storage +purposes.</p> + +<p class="center">PLAN OF OLD FORT SNELLING</p> + +<p>From a survey by Captain Arthur Williams, reproduced in the <em>Collections +of the Minnesota Historical Society</em>, Vol. VIII, opposite p. 430]<br /><br /></p> + +<div class="center"> + <a id="ft_plan"></a> + <a href="images/ft_plan.jpg" > + <img src="images/ft_plan_sm.jpg" + alt="" + title="" /> + </a> + <p class="caption">PLAN OF OLD FORT SNELLING</p> +</div> + +<p>Occupying the same position under the south wall, and facing the +barracks, were two other buildings, similar in appearance. In one of +these the officers' quarters were located. It was divided into twelve +sets, each consisting of two rooms, the front one sixteen by fourteen +feet, and the back one, eight by fifteen and a half feet. In the +basement were located kitchens for each set. The other building +contained the offices of the commanding officer, the paymaster, the +quartermaster, and the commissary. Here was a room used by the post +school, and another filled with harness. An ordnance sergeant and five +laundresses found quarters in the same structure.</p> + +<p>The quarters of the commanding officer with the flag staff directly in +front, faced the parade ground and the Old Round Tower. There were four +rooms on the main floor and in the basement were kitchens and pantries. +Other buildings were also included within the fort. The storehouse of +the commissary department was located near the southern blockhouse; and +on either side of the gate were two buildings, shunned by all—the +guardhouse and the hospital. <a id="Page_076" name="Page_076"></a><span class="pagenum">[076]</span></p> + +<p>Such was the plan of the fort, convenient in arrangement and beautiful +in appearance; but the report of an official inspection in 1827 +complained that <q>the main points of <em>defence against an enemy</em> appear to +have been in some respects sacrificed in the effort to secure the +comfort and convenience of the troops in peace. These are important +considerations; but at an exposed frontier post the primary object must +be <em>security against the attack of an enemy</em>. Health and comfort come +next. The buildings are too large, too numerous, and extending over a +space entirely too great; enclosing a uselessly large parade, five times +greater than is at all desirable in that climate.</q><a name="anchor-202" id="anchor-202"></a><a href="#footnote-202" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 202.">202</a></p> + +<p>A traveller who at a later day was entertained within the fort wrote of +it facetiously in these words: <q>The idea is further suggested, that the +strong stone wall was rather erected to keep the garrison in, than the +enemy out. Though adapted for mounting cannon if needful, the walls were +unprovided with those weapons; and the only piece of ordnance that I +detected out of the magazine, was an old churn thrust gallantly through +one of the embrasures. We were however far from complaining of the extra +expense and taste which the worthy officer whose name it bears had +expended on the erection of Fort Snelling, as it is in every way an +addition to the sublime landscape in which it is situated.</q><a name="anchor-203" id="anchor-203"></a><a href="#footnote-203" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 203.">203</a></p> + +<p>But an examination of the contents of the magazine would have revealed +weapons more formidable than churns. Among the equipment reported in +<a id="Page_077" name="Page_077"></a><span class="pagenum">[077]</span> 1834 one reads of two iron twelve-pounder cannon of the garrison +type; three six-pounder iron cannon of the field type; and two five and +eight-tenths inch iron howitzers. There was also equipment for these +pieces of artillery—carriages, sponges and rammers, lead aprons, dark +lanterns, gunners' belts, gunners' haversacks, and tarpaulins. There +were stored ready for service, 440 balls for the twelve-pounders, 1255 +balls for the six-pounders, 546 pounds of mixed loose grapeshot, and +many other sizes of strapped and canister shot. For the use of the +infantry there were 7749 musket flints, 1825 pounds of musket powder, +1513 pounds of rifle powder, 31,390 cartridges, and 2047 blank +cartridges.<a name="anchor-204" id="anchor-204"></a><a href="#footnote-204" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 204.">204</a></p> + +<p>Other structures closely connected with the work of the fort were +located outside the wall. The buildings of the Indian agency were +situated a quarter of a mile west, on the prairie.<a name="anchor-205" id="anchor-205"></a><a href="#footnote-205" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 205.">205</a> These consisted +of a council house, the agent's house, and an armorer's shop. The +original council house was built by the troops in 1823, but Agent +Taliaferro claimed that most of the inside work was done at his own +expense. The building was of logs and stone, eighty-two feet long, +eighteen feet wide, and presenting in the front a piazza of seventy +feet. Within, there were six rooms, lined with pine planking and +separated from each other by panel doors.<a name="anchor-206" id="anchor-206"></a><a href="#footnote-206" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 206.">206</a></p> + +<p>At one o'clock on the morning of August 14, 1830, the sentinels at the +fort discovered that the council house was on fire. But the flames had +gained so much headway that it was impossible to save any of <a id="Page_078" name="Page_078"></a><span class="pagenum">[078]</span> the +contents. The interpreter and his family who lived in this building +barely escaped with their lives. In reporting the loss to the +superintendent, Major Taliaferro wrote that <q>the general impression here +is that fire was put to the house by Some drunken Indians & +circumstances are strong in justifying such a conclusion.</q><a name="anchor-207" id="anchor-207"></a><a href="#footnote-207" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 207.">207</a> This +surmise was right, for on April 7, 1831, the Indians delivered at the +fort one of their number who they claimed was guilty of the act.<a name="anchor-208" id="anchor-208"></a><a href="#footnote-208" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 208.">208</a></p> + +<p>That steps were taken to build a new council house is evident from the +record in Taliaferro's diary under date of March 8, 1831, that four men +had been hired <q>at $12 per Month to cut & carry timber out of the pine +Swamp for the Agency Council House.</q><a name="anchor-209" id="anchor-209"></a><a href="#footnote-209" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 209.">209</a> But in 1839 Taliaferro +recommended that the agency be moved to a point seven miles up the +river; and in 1841 there was a movement on foot to buy Baker's stone +trading house for the same purpose.<a name="anchor-210" id="anchor-210"></a><a href="#footnote-210" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 210.">210</a></p> + +<p>Near the location of the old council house were two other buildings. One +of these was the agent's house. This was made entirely of stone, and was +one and a half stories high. It contained four rooms and a passage on +the lower floor and two rooms above.<a name="anchor-211" id="anchor-211"></a><a href="#footnote-211" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 211.">211</a> Hastily built by troops at an +early day, its comforts were few. <q>Since the Rainy Season Set in</q>, +complained the agent in 1834, <q>both the hired Men and Myself have not +had a Spot in our houses that Could be called dry, Not even our +beds</q>.<a name="anchor-212" id="anchor-212"></a><a href="#footnote-212" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 212.">212</a> An armorer's shop, where blacksmith work was done for the +Indians, was made of logs and measured sixteen by <a id="Page_079" name="Page_079"></a><span class="pagenum">[079]</span> eighteen feet. +Nearer the fort was the home of Franklin Steele, the sutler of the +post.<a name="anchor-213" id="anchor-213"></a><a href="#footnote-213" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 213.">213</a></p> + +<p>At Camp Cold Water, B. F. Baker had erected a large stone trading house, +which in 1841 was valued at six thousand dollars. While he had no legal +title to the land on which this house was built, the officers at the +post allowed him to remain. Later it was sold to Kenneth McKenzie, who +in 1853 built an addition, renovated the entire building, and used it as +a hotel. In the vicinity of this structure were several small huts which +had been the homes of some squatters on the reservation. But after their +expulsion these huts rapidly fell into decay.<a name="anchor-214" id="anchor-214"></a><a href="#footnote-214" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 214.">214</a></p> + +<p>In his duties and recreations the soldier was often brought into touch +with other features of the world about him—the points of scenic +interest and the Indian villages. From the wooden lookout tower near the +commanding officer's quarters a glimpse of the surrounding land was +revealed.</p> + +<p><q>The view from the angle of the wall at the extreme point, is highly +romantic</q>, wrote one who saw the wild scene before civilization had left +its traces on the landscape. <q>To your left lies the broad deep valley of +the Mississippi, with the opposite heights, descending precipitously to +the water's edge; and to the right and in front, the St. Peter's, a +broad stream, worthy from its size, length of course, and the number of +tributaries which it receives, to be called the Western Fork of the +Great River itself. It is seen flowing through a comparatively open +vale, with swelling hills and intermingling forest and <a id="Page_080" name="Page_080"></a><span class="pagenum">[080]</span> prairie, +for many miles above the point of junction. As it approaches the +Mississippi, the volume of water divides into two branches; that on the +right pursues the general course of the river above, and enters the +Mississippi, at an angle of perhaps fifty degrees, directly under the +walls of the fort; while the other, keeping to the base of the high +prairie lands which rise above it to a notable summit called the Pilot +Knob, enters the Mississippi lower down. The triangular island thus +formed between the rivers lies immediately under the fort. Its level +surface is partially cultivated, but towards the lower extremity thickly +covered with wood. Beyond their junction, the united streams are seen +gliding at the base of high cliffs into the narrowing valley below. +Forests, and those of the most picturesque character, interspersed with +strips of prairie, clothe a great portion of the distant view.</q></p> + +<p><q>A little cluster of trading houses is situated on the right branch of +the St. Peter's, and here and there on the shores, and on the island, +you saw the dark conical tents of the wandering Sioux. A more striking +scene we had not met with in the United States, and hardly any that +could vie with it for picturesque beauty, even at this unfavourable +season. What must it be in spring, when the forests put forth their +young leaves, and the prairies are clothed in verdure!</q><a name="anchor-215" id="anchor-215"></a><a href="#footnote-215" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 215.">215</a></p> + +<p>This <q>little cluster of trading houses</q> was the town of Mendota. Here +was the stone house of Henry H. Sibley, and that of J. B. Faribault. +Near <a id="Page_081" name="Page_081"></a><span class="pagenum">[081]</span> the river was the ferry house and the home of Mr. Finley the +ferryman.<a name="anchor-216" id="anchor-216"></a><a href="#footnote-216" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 216.">216</a> Upon the hillside lay the little Catholic chapel, +surrounded by the graves in the cemetery. But the center of interest was +in the warehouse and store of the American Fur Company, where the skins +of buffalo, elk, deer, fox, beaver, otter, muskrat, mink, martin, +raccoon, and other animals were sorted and divided into packs weighing +about a hundred pounds. Indians, Frenchmen, half-breeds, and restless +wanderers from the East were always loitering about the +establishment.<a name="anchor-217" id="anchor-217"></a><a href="#footnote-217" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 217.">217</a></p> + +<p>From the fort a road led along the Mississippi to the Falls of St. +Anthony, on the way crossing Minnehaha Creek on the bridge built in +early days by the soldiers. Here a stop was made to view the beauty of +the cascade then known as Little Falls or Brown's Falls. It was the +common practice for travellers to descend to the foot of the falls, +clinging to the shrubs along the slippery pathway, and then go behind +the sheet of falling water.<a name="anchor-218" id="anchor-218"></a><a href="#footnote-218" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 218.">218</a> Continuing, at a distance of eight +miles up the Mississippi from the fort, the Falls of St. Anthony was +reached. Although only sixteen feet high, the breadth of almost six +hundred yards, broken in the middle by a rocky island gave to it an +impressive majesty, and the thick vegetation on the island and banks +returned a gloomy reflection from the whirling waters.<a name="anchor-219" id="anchor-219"></a><a href="#footnote-219" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 219.">219</a></p> + +<p>It is no wonder that in that wild and picturesque locality the Indians +saw things ghostly and supernatural. <q>They tell you that here a young +Dacota mother, goaded by jealousy,—the husband [sic] of <a id="Page_082" name="Page_082"></a><span class="pagenum">[082]</span> her +children having taken another wife,—unmoored her canoe above the Great +Fall, and seating herself and her children in it,—sang her death song, +and went over the foaming acclivity in the face and amid the shrieks of +her tribe. And often, the Indian believes, when the nights are calm, and +the sky serene,—and the dew-drops are hanging motionless on the sprays +of the weeping birch on the island,—and the country far and wide is +vibrating to the murmur of the cataract,—that then the misty form of +the young mother may be seen moving down the deceitful current above, +while her song is heard mingling its sad notes with the lulling sound of +<q>the Laughing Water!</q></q><a name="anchor-220" id="anchor-220"></a><a href="#footnote-220" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 220.">220</a></p> + +<p>Here at the Falls, on the west bank of the river, were three buildings: +a saw mill, a grist mill, and a one-story frame dwelling, where a +detachment of soldiers always remained to guard the property. The saw +mill had provided much of the lumber used in the construction of the +fort, and in the grist mill the corn was cracked that was fed during the +winter to the cattle—a drove being delivered every fall for the use of +the garrison. These buildings were still standing in 1858, although they +were then in a bad state of decay.<a name="anchor-221" id="anchor-221"></a><a href="#footnote-221" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 221.">221</a></p> + +<p>Among the lakes on the prairie the most important were the Lake of the +Isles, Lake Calhoun, and Lake Harriet. These were favorite picnic and +hunting grounds for the men and women of the garrison. An old map made +in 1823 shows <q>Green's Villa</q> on Lake Calhoun—probably a hunting lodge +or shelter <a id="Page_083" name="Page_083"></a><span class="pagenum">[083]</span> built by Lieutenant Platt Rogers Green.<a name="anchor-222" id="anchor-222"></a><a href="#footnote-222" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 222.">222</a> Here on +Lake Calhoun was located the missionary establishment which was so +closely connected with the life of the fort.<a name="anchor-223" id="anchor-223"></a><a href="#footnote-223" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 223.">223</a></p> + +<p>There were other Indian villages near the fort. Nine miles below, on the +bank of the Mississippi was the Sioux village of Kaposia. Here +Wakinyantanka, or Big Thunder, reigned over his band which numbered one +hundred and eighty-three in 1834. Two or three miles upstream from its +mouth on the banks of the Minnesota was the group of wigwams called +Black Dog's village, although the chief was Wamditanka or Big Eagle. +About nine miles from Fort Snelling was Pinisha, reported as having one +hundred and forty-eight inhabitants ruled over by Good Road. The largest +group, three hundred and sixty-eight souls, was that of the Tintatonwan +band, located twenty-four miles from Fort Snelling and near the present +town of Shakopee. Shapaydan or Shakpay was the chief, the father of the +warrior of the same name who was executed at Fort Snelling for +participating in the Sioux massacre of 1862.<a name="anchor-224" id="anchor-224"></a><a href="#footnote-224" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 224.">224</a></p> + +<p>These villages were very much the same in appearance, large bark lodges +being occupied by the Indians in the summer. The villages swarmed with +children, squaws, painted warriors, and yelping dogs. About the lodges +were the corn fields, the scaffolds where the corn was dried, and the +more mournful scaffolds where, wrapped in buffalo skins, reposed the +bones of the hunters who had followed the milky way to the <q>Land of the +Ghosts</q>.<a name="anchor-225" id="anchor-225"></a><a href="#footnote-225" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 225.">225</a> </p> + + + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_084" name="Page_084"></a><span class="pagenum">[084]</span></p> +<h2><a name="VI" id="VI"></a>VI<br /> + +GLIMPSES OF GARRISON LIFE</h2> + + +<p>What sort of a life did the soldier live in the barracks and on the +parade ground, and in the world of prairies, rivers, and woods that lay +about him? No person who was ever quartered within the walls of Old Fort +Snelling seems to have left an account of what was included in the tasks +and recreations of a day. Doubtless the routine duties repeated day +after day were thought too ordinary to be worth recording. The pleasures +were so simple and came so much as a matter of course that they also +receive scant mention in the annals of the fort. It is from the <em>General +Regulations for the Army</em> that one gets the daily program of a military +post; and the few fragmentary pages of Taliaferro's diary and letters, +together with the stray remarks of travellers and pioneers, indicate the +joys and sorrows of a very human garrison.<a name="anchor-226" id="anchor-226"></a><a href="#footnote-226" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 226.">226</a></p> + +<p>No sooner was dawn visible over the Mississippi bluffs than the +musicians of the post were summoned to the parade ground and five +minutes later the <em>reveille</em> was sounded. At the signal both officers +and men arose. Soon the rolls of the companies were called in front of +the quarters; the quarters were put in order; the ground in front swept; +and <a id="Page_085" name="Page_085"></a><span class="pagenum">[085]</span> the horses fed and watered. At eight-thirty the sick in the +barracks were taken to the hospital, and at nine o'clock breakfast was +served, preceded by a second roll-call. Then the various tasks of the +day were performed under the direction of a captain or subaltern daily +detailed as the <q>officer of the day</q>.</p> + +<p>A party termed the <q>General Fatigue</q> swept the entire parade +ground—unless there were enough prisoners in the guard house to perform +this unpleasant duty. A police guard furnished sentinels to watch over +the prisoners, the colors, the quarters of the commanding officer, and +the arms of the regiment. Other soldiers were posted at the front and +the rear of the fort. Certain detachments were formed for reconnoitering +and foraging—the nature of the tasks depending on the season of the +year and the needs of the garrison.</p> + +<p>At three o'clock in the afternoon the third roll-call was followed by +dinner; and thirty minutes before sunset the music called out the +regiment for dress parade, where various maneuvers were gone through and +orders were read. After the parade, when the regiment was again in its +quarters, the arms were placed in the arm-racks, the horses attended to, +a fifth roll-call endured, and tattoo sounded. Then the lights were +extinguished and all were expected to be quiet for the night.</p> + +<p>This monotony of the daily program was equalled only by the monotony of +the meals. The regulation diet prescribed by Congress in 1802 consisted +of a pound and a quarter of beef, or three-quarters of a <a id="Page_086" name="Page_086"></a><span class="pagenum">[086]</span> pound of +pork; eighteen ounces of bread or flour; one gill of rum, whiskey, or +brandy; and for every hundred rations were supplied two quarts of salt, +four quarts of vinegar, four pounds of soap, and one pound and a half of +candles. In 1832 coffee and sugar were substituted for the liquor.<a name="anchor-227" id="anchor-227"></a><a href="#footnote-227" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 227.">227</a></p> + +<p>During the early years of Fort Snelling these supplies were brought from +St. Louis in flatboats. With the development of steamboat traffic, the +steamboat was utilized, but it did not entirely displace the earlier +method. Difficulties often hindered the transportation of supplies. The +summer of 1829 was extremely dry. The average monthly rainfall was less +than an inch, and steamboat navigation was impossible. Even keelboats +found difficulty in ascending the river; sixty days were spent by +Lieutenant Reynolds in bringing up a load of supplies. A sand bar at +Pine Bend was impassable, so half of the load was taken off and the rest +hurried up the river. When the crew arrived the garrison was upon its +last barrel of flour.<a name="anchor-228" id="anchor-228"></a><a href="#footnote-228" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 228.">228</a></p> + +<p><q>Bread and soup</q>, runs a clause in the <em>General Regulations for the +Army</em>, <q>are the great items of a soldier's diet, in every +situation</q>.<a name="anchor-229" id="anchor-229"></a><a href="#footnote-229" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 229.">229</a> The bread was made from the wheat grown by the +soldiers, and was ground in the mill at the Falls of St. Anthony. For +some reason the crop of 1823 had become mouldy and the bread was black +and bitter. When forced to eat it, the troops almost mutinied, bringing +it out upon the parade ground and throwing it down.<a name="anchor-230" id="anchor-230"></a><a href="#footnote-230" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 230.">230</a> Nor does it +seem likely that the soup was more appetizing <a id="Page_087" name="Page_087"></a><span class="pagenum">[087]</span> when one reads the +following recipe which guided the company cooks: <q>To make soup, put into +the vessel at the rate of five pints of water to a pound of fresh meat; +apply a quick heat to make it boil promptly; skim off the foam, and then +moderate the fire; salt is then put in, according to the palate. Add the +vegetables of the season one or two hours, and sliced bread some +minutes, before the simmering is ended. When the broth is sensibly +reduced in quantity, that is, after five or six hours cooking, the +process will be complete.</q><a name="anchor-231" id="anchor-231"></a><a href="#footnote-231" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 231.">231</a></p> + +<p>Fortunately the soldier did not have to depend entirely on these +rations. Out of his modest cash income of six dollars per month he could +buy at the sutler's store small necessities and some luxuries. The +sutler was the authorized merchant of the post, and in order that his +monopoly might not lead him to demand unreasonable sums for his wares, +the prices were fixed by a <q>council of administration</q> composed of three +officers. For every officer and enlisted soldier serving at the post the +sutler paid into the <q>post fund</q>, from ten to fifteen cents per month. +This sum was to be used for the relief of the widows or orphans of +soldiers, the maintenance of a post school and band, and the purchase of +books for a library.<a name="anchor-232" id="anchor-232"></a><a href="#footnote-232" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 232.">232</a></p> + +<p>The books of Franklin Steele, who was the sutler at Fort Snelling from +1838 to 1858, may still be examined; and from their dreary lists of +accounts, the human wants of a soldier at Old Fort Snelling are clearly +indicated.<a name="anchor-233" id="anchor-233"></a><a href="#footnote-233" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 233.">233</a> On March 12, 1849, Private <a id="Page_088" name="Page_088"></a><span class="pagenum">[088]</span> Brown bought a pound +of currants and a pound of raisins for fifty cents. Shoes, soap, and +currants totalled $1.50 on April 7th; and on March 20th, two pounds of +butter sold for thirty cents and a pound of cheese for forty-two cents. +Private Ryerson had more varied needs. On March 7th, 1849, he purchased +indigo; on March 16th, paper; on April 9th, alcohol and suspenders; five +days later, needles and sugar; and on April 23rd, apples, butter, and a +tin cup. The quiet waters in the neighboring lakes tempted Eli Pettijohn +on a spring day in 1855 to invest $2.50 in <q>Fishing Tackel</q>.</p> + +<p>That the officers did not live upon the same fare as the soldiers is +indicated by the entries under the title <q>Officers Mess</q>. On July 31, +1855, there was purchased ten cents worth of cloves, ten cents worth of +pepper, and ninety-five cents worth of cheese. Under the date of August +8th <q>Bread tickets</q> were purchased to the amount of one dollar; and on +August 30th, fifty cents worth of <q>Yeast Powd'r</q> was charged to their +account.</p> + +<p>Saint and sinner both patronized this store. The Reverend Ezekiel Gear, +who was the chaplain at the fort, evidently believed that cleanliness +was next to godliness, for on July 31, 1855, he paid thirty cents for a +scrub brush; on August 4th, he bought a broom for fifty cents; on August +30th, he purchased twenty-five cents worth of starch, and on October +19th, a large broom. Indulging in some luxuries, on August 2nd, 1855, he +bought five cents worth of candy. Probably this was a treat for those +<a id="Page_089" name="Page_089"></a><span class="pagenum">[089]</span> two boys, his son and his grandson, whom a visitor two years +later found sleeping in the little cemetery at Morgan's Bluff near the +fort, their resting place marked by a rude slab with a Latin +inscription: <q>Lovely and pleasant in their lives, and in death not +divided.</q><a name="anchor-234" id="anchor-234"></a><a href="#footnote-234" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 234.">234</a></p> + +<p>None the less clearly is the character of Sergeant Mahoney portrayed in +these accounts. On July 31, 1855, it is recorded under his name: <q>1 +Flask $.75</q>. On August 20th, the same officer paid seventy-five cents +for a bottle of cider. And the chaplain would have had an excellent +illustration for his next sermon on intemperance if he could have read, +as we can to-day, this melancholy note made in the sutler's book on +October 17th: <q>Sergeant Mahoney, Cash Loaned 20.00</q>.</p> + +<p>There was need for sermons on intemperance. During the early years +whiskey was issued as a part of the soldier's ration, and this only +served to stimulate the desire for more. The class of men in the army +was not always of the highest, and there were enough civilians who were +willing to pander to their appetites. The following extract from +Taliaferro's diary for March 22, 1831, is undoubtedly characteristic of +many a forgotten episode: <q>Nothing of importance transpired this day. +Two drunken Soldiers in crossing the SPeters broke through the Ice & +were near being drowned. They were exceeding alarmed & made a hedious +Noise & yelling for Assistance—the men from the Fort relieved them +although late at night.</q> Not always was assistance on hand in <a id="Page_090" name="Page_090"></a><span class="pagenum">[090]</span> +such circumstances. A report was made in March, 1840, of a certain +officer who <q>disappeared on the evening of the 5th of March, supposed to +have been drowned by falling through the ice.</q><a name="anchor-235" id="anchor-235"></a><a href="#footnote-235" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 235.">235</a></p> + +<p>Drunkenness and absence from roll-call were among the infractions of +rules for which punishment was most often inflicted. The character and +severity of the punishment depended upon the mood of the commanding +officer. Colonel Snelling, who was usually a very gentle man, was +particularly severe in his treatment of offenders. <q>He would take them +to his room</q>, wrote one who spent several years in the Snelling +household, <q>and compel them to strip, when he would flog them +unmercifully. I have heard them beg him to spare them, <q>for God's +sake.</q></q><a name="anchor-236" id="anchor-236"></a><a href="#footnote-236" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 236.">236</a> This punishment by flogging was often performed with a +<q>cat</q>—an instrument made of nine thongs about eighteen inches long, +knotted in every inch, and attached to a small stick. When the culprit +was stripped to the waist and tied to the flagstaff, the drummers took +turns in applying the <q>cat</q> to the bare back.<a name="anchor-237" id="anchor-237"></a><a href="#footnote-237" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 237.">237</a></p> + +<p>Other officers used less painful methods. Thus, Major Loomis was known +as <q>Old Ring</q>, since his favorite punishment was to place a log of wood +upon the prisoner's shoulder and compel him to walk around and around in +a circle under the vigilant eye of a sentinel. To Major John Bliss, who +was in command at Fort Snelling from 1833 to 1836, the name <q>Black +Starvation</q> might well have been applied. The negro servant, Hannibal, +who clandestinely <a id="Page_091" name="Page_091"></a><span class="pagenum">[091]</span> sold spruce beer to the soldiers was confined +in the Black Hole for forty-eight hours; and Private Kelly, who refused +to do his part in the fatigue party spent more than seventy-two hours in +the Black Hole before the pangs of starvation persuaded him to promise +Major Bliss to be good in the future.<a name="anchor-238" id="anchor-238"></a><a href="#footnote-238" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 238.">238</a> On one occasion, which may be +taken as typical of usual conditions, out of a total garrison of three +hundred and twenty-nine, twenty-six were confined in prison. But at +another time the commanding officer could report: <q>No Convicts at this +Post</q>.<a name="anchor-239" id="anchor-239"></a><a href="#footnote-239" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 239.">239</a></p> + +<p>The severity of the military rules and the monotony of the life led to +two undesirable consequences—mutinies and desertions. Of the former +there is apparently no description, and the brief entry in Taliaferro's +diary for February 3, 1831, leaves much to the imagination: <q>Mutiny of +Most of the Troops of the 1st Infantry, Stationed at Fort Snelling this +Morning</q>.<a name="anchor-240" id="anchor-240"></a><a href="#footnote-240" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 240.">240</a> What grievances led to the uprising on that wintry day, +and by what diplomacy or by what punishments it was put down, are +unrecorded.</p> + +<p>Concerning the extent of desertions there is specific information +regarding three years. Desertion was prevalent in the army at this time, +and in order to provide methods of combating it the Secretary of War +presented to Congress a great deal of information covering the years +from 1823 to 1825.<a name="anchor-241" id="anchor-241"></a><a href="#footnote-241" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 241.">241</a> During these three years there were stationed at +Fort Snelling an aggregate of two hundred and fifty-one soldiers in +1823; three hundred and thirty-five in 1824; <a id="Page_092" name="Page_092"></a><span class="pagenum">[092]</span> and two hundred and +forty-six in 1825.<a name="anchor-242" id="anchor-242"></a><a href="#footnote-242" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 242.">242</a> Of these, six deserted in 1823, eight in 1824, +and twenty-nine in 1825. In this total of forty-three desertions, +fifteen left in their first year of service, seventeen in the second, +eighteen in the third, one in the fourth, and two in the fifth. +Interesting facts regarding the kind of men who lived at the old +frontier post can be gleaned from the data presented. Most of them were +between the ages of twenty-one and thirty. In occupation there were +laborers, farmers, painters, shoemakers, papermakers, wheelwrights, +jewellers, and brewers. Among these forty-three, twenty-six were born in +the United States, five in Ireland, two in Scotland, one in France, one +in Holland, and one in Canada.</p> + +<p>The soldier who sought freedom by stealthily climbing over the stone +wall of Fort Snelling and appropriating some canoe drawn up on the river +bank, left monotony and discipline behind him; but in doing so he faced +many dangers. There was no settlement nearer than Prairie du Chien—a +military establishment. Indians were not afraid to injure those whom +they knew to be deserters. A certain man by the name of Dixon who +deserted was captured by Indians who brought him back to Fort Snelling +and received a reward of twenty dollars. Dixon was court-martialed and +sentenced to receive fifty lashes from the <q>cat</q> and then to be drummed +out of the Fort.<a name="anchor-243" id="anchor-243"></a><a href="#footnote-243" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 243.">243</a> Four soldiers who escaped were killed by the +Indians of Red Wing's band, and their <a id="Page_093" name="Page_093"></a><span class="pagenum">[093]</span> bodies were left on the +shores of Lake Pepin, where they were later found half-eaten by the +birds.<a name="anchor-244" id="anchor-244"></a><a href="#footnote-244" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 244.">244</a></p> + +<p>Sickness and death reduced the number on duty at the post. From the +doctor the sick received professional aid. In 1826 when the force at +Fort Snelling amounted to three hundred and twenty-nine men there were +in the hospital one subaltern, one non-commissioned officer, one +musician, and fifteen privates. That Fort Snelling was at a healthful +location is indicated by the fact that during the same period at Fort +Atkinson, with a force of only one hundred more, there was a total of +one hundred and twenty-five sick persons.<a name="anchor-245" id="anchor-245"></a><a href="#footnote-245" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 245.">245</a></p> + +<p>The number of deaths was proportionately small. In the year ending on +September 30, 1823, there was only one death; the next year the toll was +the same; and in 1825 it amounted to five.<a name="anchor-246" id="anchor-246"></a><a href="#footnote-246" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 246.">246</a> On the occasion of a +funeral six men, detailed from those of the same rank as the deceased, +carried the coffin to the little cemetery outside the fort. A salute was +fired over the grave and the band played solemn music, the drums being +covered with black crepe. The mounds in the cemetery, unmarked by any +stones, were soon obliterated; but if the departed soldier had been a +cheerful companion his barrack-songs were missed by his comrades, and +many friends, half-way across a continent, would mourn for one who was +lying in an unknown grave, <q>somewhere in the West</q>.<a name="anchor-247" id="anchor-247"></a><a href="#footnote-247" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 247.">247</a></p> + +<p>On account of monotonous drills and tedious routine, any pretext to go +into the Indian country was <a id="Page_094" name="Page_094"></a><span class="pagenum">[094]</span> hailed with delight. The bustle, +excitement, and troubles connected with the departure of these +expeditions are best described by Mrs. Seth Eastman, who as the wife of +the commanding officer had often waved farewell to the departing +company.<a name="anchor-248" id="anchor-248"></a><a href="#footnote-248" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 248.">248</a></p> + +<p><q>Now for excitement, the charm of garrison life. Officers are of course +always ready to <q>go where glory waits</q> them, but who ever heard of one +being ready to go when the order came?</q></p> + +<p><q>Alas! for the young officer who has a wife to leave; it will be weeks +before he meets again her gentle smile!</q></p> + +<p><q>Still more—alas for him who has no wife at all! for he has not a shirt +with buttons on it, and most of what he has are in the wash. He will +have to borrow of Selden; but here's the difficulty, Selden is going +too, and is worse off than himself. But no matter! What with pins and +twine and trusting to chance, they will get along.</q></p> + +<p><q>Then the married men are inquiring for tin reflectors, for hard bread, +though healthy, is never tempting. India rubber cloaks are in +requisition too.</q></p> + +<p><q>Those who are going, claim the doctor in case of accidents. Those who +stay, their wives at least, want him for fear of measles; while the +disciple of Esculapius, though he knows there will be better cooking if +he remain at home, is certain there will be food for fun if he go. It is +soon decided—the doctor goes.</q></p> + +<p><q>Then the privates share in the pleasure of the <a id="Page_095" name="Page_095"></a><span class="pagenum">[095]</span> day. How should a +soldier be employed but in active service? besides, what a capital +chance to desert! One, who is tired of calling <q>All's well</q> through the +long night, with only the rocks and trees to hear him, hopes that it +will be his happy fate to find out there is danger near, and to give the +alarm. Another vows, that if trouble wont come, why he will bring it by +quarrelling with the first rascally Indian he meets. All is ready. +Rations are put up for the men;—hams, buffalo tongues, pies and cake +for the officers. The batallion marches out to the sound of the drum and +fife;—they are soon down the hill—they enter their boats; +handkerchiefs are waved from the fort, caps are raised and flourished +over the water—they are almost out of sight—they are gone.</q></p> + +<p>Apart from these trips abroad and the stated drills and terms of guard +duty the tasks which occupied the time of the soldiers depended upon the +season of the year. A general order of September 11, 1818, had commanded +the making of gardens at all the military posts.<a name="anchor-249" id="anchor-249"></a><a href="#footnote-249" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 249.">249</a> In the fall of +1819 when the temporary cabins at New Hope Cantonment had been built, +the soldiers began ploughing for the crop of the next summer.<a name="anchor-250" id="anchor-250"></a><a href="#footnote-250" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 250.">250</a> Major +Long, in 1823, found two hundred and ten acres under cultivation—one +hundred of wheat, sixty of maize, fifteen of oats, fourteen of potatoes, +and twenty acres in gardens.<a name="anchor-251" id="anchor-251"></a><a href="#footnote-251" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 251.">251</a> All through the history of Old Fort +Snelling the soldiers were employed as farmers. A visitor in 1852 +observed that <q>its garrison is rather deficient <a id="Page_096" name="Page_096"></a><span class="pagenum">[096]</span> in active +employment, and we noticed a number of the rank and file taking exercise +in a large corn and vegetable field attached to the Fort. It was +certainly not exactly soldierly employment, but it was more manly, to +our mind, than shooting and stabbing at $8 a month, and no question +asked.</q><a name="anchor-252" id="anchor-252"></a><a href="#footnote-252" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 252.">252</a></p> + +<p>For the horses and cattle kept at the fort a great deal of hay was +necessary for the winter months. This was obtained from the broad +prairies of the military reservation. A group of men called the <q>Hay +Party</q> were employed during the summer in cutting and stacking the long +grass. But one officer was of the opinion that this task caused +discontent—the enlisted man was no more than a common laborer and hence +he lost the pride of a soldier.</p> + +<p>The diverse tasks at which a soldier might be called to labor are +indicated by a summary of the employment of the troops in 1827. Seven +soldiers were acting as teamsters, five were performing carpenters' +duties, two were quarrying stone, two men and a sergeant composed the +party guarding the mills at the Falls of St. Anthony, and eight others +were <q>Procuring forage by order of Col. Snelling</q>.<a name="anchor-253" id="anchor-253"></a><a href="#footnote-253" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 253.">253</a></p> + +<p>Summer brought its own pleasures as well as duties. At Lake Calhoun, +Lake Harriet, Lake of the Isles, and Minnehaha Falls, many were the +picnics held when visitors came to the garrison.<a name="anchor-254" id="anchor-254"></a><a href="#footnote-254" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 254.">254</a> Swan, geese, and +ducks were numerous about the lakes and swamps, and with the famous +hunter H. H. Sibley as a guide, the game bags were soon filled. During +<a id="Page_097" name="Page_097"></a><span class="pagenum">[097]</span> a period of three years, Mr. Sibley, alone, shot 1798 ducks—a +fact which indicates what success a soldier-sportsman could have in his +few hours of recreation.<a name="anchor-255" id="anchor-255"></a><a href="#footnote-255" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 255.">255</a></p> + +<p>But it was when the prairies were impassable because of drifts of snow +from six to fifteen feet high,<a name="anchor-256" id="anchor-256"></a><a href="#footnote-256" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 256.">256</a> and when the course of the river +could be traced only by a streak of white between the gray of its wooded +banks that there appeared those features which are peculiar to the life +of a remote garrison. The isolation was almost complete. There was no +traffic upon the frozen river, and the traders were wintering in the +Indian villages. Only through the mail was communication with the +outside world possible. It was planned to have a monthly mail service, +soldiers being sent to Prairie du Chien with the letters. Here they +delivered about two-thirds of the mail to the persons to whom it was +addressed and the rest was deposited in the post office.<a name="anchor-257" id="anchor-257"></a><a href="#footnote-257" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 257.">257</a></p> + +<p>In summer the mail was carried by the soldiers in canoes, but in winter +the journey had to be made on foot. In summer the labor was lightened +when a passing steamer overtook the rowing soldiers and picked up the +canoe with its crew. In winter no such aid was possible. A hard day's +tramp was followed by a night among the drifts, unless the tepee of some +friendly Indian gave a temporary respite for a few hours.<a name="anchor-258" id="anchor-258"></a><a href="#footnote-258" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 258.">258</a></p> + +<p>Nor was this task free from perils. A system was arranged whereby a +courier from Fort Snelling and one from Prairie du Chien set out at +about the same <a id="Page_098" name="Page_098"></a><span class="pagenum">[098]</span> time, meeting at Wabasha's village where the packs +were exchanged and each returned to his own post. On one occasion a +spring thaw overtook the carrier from Prairie du Chien, who had +proceeded beyond the meeting place because the messenger from the north +was late. Suddenly the ice groaned and cracked, and the postman with +difficulty found safety on a small island where, to his great surprise, +he found the postman from Fort Snelling who had been caught in the same +manner. Their provisions soon gave out; for a while they had only +rose-apples to eat. It was not until almost two weeks later that the two +half-starved messengers were picked up by the canoes of some friendly +Sioux.<a name="anchor-259" id="anchor-259"></a><a href="#footnote-259" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 259.">259</a></p> + +<p>Such accidents rendered the mail service uncertain, and it was with +impatience that the watchers at the fort looked down the river for the +coming of the news-carriers. On April 2, 1831, Taliaferro wrote: <q>The +Express departed—4 men in a Skiff—to convey the Mail to the Post +Office at Prairie du Chiens—our return Express daily expected.</q> But +they hoped too early and on April 5th it was recorded that <q>Our +Express—1st which left for Prairie du Chiens on the 2d of March—has +now been Absent more than a Month & progressing in the Seccond. We have +not had <ins class="corr" title="Spelled as in original.">inteligence</ins> from Washington City—since the 6th of December +last</q>. Not until April 10th did the mail arrive. But even when the +messengers were safe in the fort it was not certain that they brought +what was so eagerly looked for, as the entry on February 27th clearly +shows: <a id="Page_099" name="Page_099"></a><span class="pagenum">[099]</span> <q>Lieut Williams & Mr Bailly returned this eveng from +Prairie du Chiens but brought no Mail there having been no arrival since +December.</q><a name="anchor-260" id="anchor-260"></a><a href="#footnote-260" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 260.">260</a> It was during this winter that even Prairie du Chien was +shut off from the outside, the amount of snow between Peoria and Prairie +du Chien stopping the mail service for two months. Again and again +during the winter months the commanding officer complained to +headquarters that <q>no Orders have been received within the Month</q>.<a name="anchor-261" id="anchor-261"></a><a href="#footnote-261" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 261.">261</a></p> + +<p>The duties of the soldiers during the winter were few. From the time it +was built up to 1833 the quarters at Fort Snelling were heated by +fireplaces. At that time, however, stoves were substituted.<a name="anchor-262" id="anchor-262"></a><a href="#footnote-262" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 262.">262</a> Wood +was used for fuel—to obtain which was a never-ending task in winter. +When Captain Seth Eastman was in command at various periods from 1844 to +1848 the garrison had to go from eight to ten miles for wood. The banks +of the Minnesota River were bordered by a forest varying from one +hundred to three hundred yards wide; but by 1858 all of this for a +distance of twelve miles had been cleared off.<a name="anchor-263" id="anchor-263"></a><a href="#footnote-263" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 263.">263</a></p> + +<p>Colonel John H. Bliss, who was a boy at Fort Snelling when his father +was in command during the thirties, wrote that the winters <q>were +undeniably tedious, but had their uses; we had a good library, and I +read a great deal, which has stood by me well; then there was of course +much sociability among the officers, and a great deal of playing of +cards, dominoes, checkers, and chess. The soldiers, too, would <a id="Page_100" name="Page_100"></a><span class="pagenum">[100]</span> +get up theatrical performances every fortnight or so, those taking +female parts borrowing dresses from the soldiers' wives, and making a +generous sacrifice to art of their cherished whiskers and +mustaches.</q><a name="anchor-264" id="anchor-264"></a><a href="#footnote-264" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 264.">264</a></p> + +<p>During October, 1836, Inspector General George Croghan visited Fort +Snelling, and on the evening of the seventh of the month the Thespian +Players presented <em>Monsieur Tonson</em> in his honor. And here, far from +city streets and French barbers, on a rude stage, Jack Ardourly fell in +love with the beautiful Adolphine de Courcy—who probably only a few +hours before had been hurrying to finish a task of cleaning guns so that +she could call on the generous women of the garrison and beg from them +capes and bonnets and hoops skirts!<a name="anchor-265" id="anchor-265"></a><a href="#footnote-265" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 265.">265</a></p> + +<p>Many of the officers were graduates of West Point, and their wives were +from the best families of the East and South. On January 20, 1831, the +ladies and gentlemen of the garrison had a party at the fort. <q>The room +was tastefully decorated—- and the evening passed pleasantly</q>. On +February 22nd of the same year the quarters of the commanding officer +were the scene of another party in commemoration of Washington's +birthday.<a name="anchor-266" id="anchor-266"></a><a href="#footnote-266" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 266.">266</a></p> + +<p>Efforts were made to provide for the education of the children of the +fort. Mrs. Snelling at first taught her own children; but it is evident +that there was soon a tutor, as the correspondence of Colonel Snelling +shows that John Marsh received his board and seventy-five dollars for +acting as tutor during the <a id="Page_101" name="Page_101"></a><span class="pagenum">[101]</span> winter of 1823–1824. This schoolmaster +also carried the mail to Prairie du Chien in return for forty +dollars.<a name="anchor-267" id="anchor-267"></a><a href="#footnote-267" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 267.">267</a> Soon after the appointment of a regular chaplain in 1838 +the post school was more thoroughly organized.<a name="anchor-268" id="anchor-268"></a><a href="#footnote-268" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 268.">268</a></p> + +<p>Occasionally there was some excitement at the fort. During the month of +February in 1831 there was an epidemic of fires. First, the officers row +of buildings caught on fire in the room of Lieutenant Greenough on +February 10th. On the next day a second fire broke out; and on February +24th the agency house took fire both from the inside and the outside in +such a manner that it was evident that an incendiary had been at +work.<a name="anchor-269" id="anchor-269"></a><a href="#footnote-269" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 269.">269</a></p> + +<p>But such events were of unusual occurrence. A letter written at Fort +Snelling on February 11, 1842, pictures the usual winter life. <q>We of +the garrison are as usual at this season rather dull, stale & +unprofitable—small parties for Tea are a good deal the fashion, & +tattle is used as formerly. Indian Ball plays are coming in season. One +comes off today in which stacks of property are to be invested. The +Sioux have been hunting about Rum River this winter and have killed +great numbers of <ins class="corr" title="Spelled as in original">Dear</ins>—Our winter has been mild, one day only 30 below +zero, and the rest comfortable.… Tonight Mumford gives a Soiree to the +good folks of the garrison and this is the most exciting event of the +week. What is the use of writing to you as I cannot find enough +wherewith to fill two pages.</q><a name="anchor-270" id="anchor-270"></a><a href="#footnote-270" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 270.">270</a></p> + +<p>Such close confinement was tolerable when the <a id="Page_102" name="Page_102"></a><span class="pagenum">[102]</span> garrison was +composed of congenial spirits, but occasionally it brought about +dissensions and quarrels. Taliaferro on one occasion wrote that the +<q>Society here is not in the most pleasant State from a System of tatling +which has been reduced to a Science—not to be envied.</q><a name="anchor-271" id="anchor-271"></a><a href="#footnote-271" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 271.">271</a> +Occasionally open encounters took place. One soldier stabbed another +with a butcher's knife, and the victim died.<a name="anchor-272" id="anchor-272"></a><a href="#footnote-272" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 272.">272</a> In February, 1826, two +officers of the garrison engaged in a duel.<a name="anchor-273" id="anchor-273"></a><a href="#footnote-273" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 273.">273</a> Even those in authority +were not free from participation in these <q>affairs of honor</q>. A certain +young officer challenged Colonel Snelling, and upon his refusing, his +son, William Joseph Snelling, accepted and was slightly wounded. When +the officer was court-martialed he accused one of the witnesses of being +an infidel. Whereupon the latter challenged the officer in his turn, and +a second duel was fought—which was bloodless.<a name="anchor-274" id="anchor-274"></a><a href="#footnote-274" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 274.">274</a></p> + +<p>With such conditions prevailing during the winter months it is no wonder +that from day to day spring was eagerly looked for. Undoubtedly it was a +happy occasion when the agent could record on the evening of Sunday, +March 27, 1831, that the weather was <q>more pleasant—Wild geese seen +this day—gentlemen generally [illegible] out and Walking—The Ladies +also</q>.<a name="anchor-275" id="anchor-275"></a><a href="#footnote-275" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 275.">275</a> It meant a speedy return of summer pleasures and summer +visitors. For when, even at a remote military post did these fail as +three sure signs of spring—pleasant weather, flocks of geese, and +ladies and gentlemen out walking together?</p> + +<p>They were very human, those men and women of Old Fort Snelling. </p> + + + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_103" name="Page_103"></a><span class="pagenum">[103]</span></p> +<h2><a name="VII" id="VII"></a>VII<br /> + +THE FORT AND INDIAN LIFE</h2> + + +<p>It was a humane but visionary plan which Reverend Jedidiah Morse in 1822 +presented to the Secretary of War as the correct method of procedure in +the task of civilizing the Indians. At various centers in the Indian +country were to be established <q>Education Families</q>—groups of honest, +industrious whites who were to have houses and farms, where the natives +could observe their activities. And without any forcing it was expected +that the red men, seeing the superior advantages of civilization, would +be themselves gradually transformed.<a name="anchor-276" id="anchor-276"></a><a href="#footnote-276" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 276.">276</a></p> + +<p>To the north and east of Fort Snelling was the home of the Chippewa or +Ojibway Indians—extending from the Mississippi to the Great Lakes. To +the west, on the great prairies, the Dakota, or Sioux Indians lived and +hunted. The veteran missionary, S. W. Pond, estimated that the five +bands of Sioux, which most often came into direct touch with the +government at Fort Snelling, numbered in 1834, seven thousand, and +wandered over southern Minnesota and South Dakota, near the lakes of Big +Stone and Traverse.<a name="anchor-277" id="anchor-277"></a><a href="#footnote-277" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 277.">277</a> Major Taliaferro reported in 1834 that the +number of Indians in his agency was 6721, and that they extended as far +as the Sheyenne fork of the Red River.<a name="anchor-278" id="anchor-278"></a><a href="#footnote-278" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 278.">278</a> To one man, the agent, was +given the <a id="Page_104" name="Page_104"></a><span class="pagenum">[104]</span> task of civilizing these thousands of Sioux. While it +was for this tribe that the agency at Fort Snelling was established, yet +the Chippewas often frequented its headquarters. One hundred and seventy +warriors of these northern Indians arrived at the agent's house on the +evening of August 4, 1830.<a name="anchor-279" id="anchor-279"></a><a href="#footnote-279" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 279.">279</a> The presence of these red men more than +doubled the work of the agent, because there was now the difficulty of +keeping peace between two warring tribes.</p> + +<p>Indian life was not so worthless as sometimes pictured. It is true that +one could see laziness and poverty during the months of January and +February, if he came upon an Indian village pitched near a wooded slope +and above a frozen stream. There could be seen the smoke curling from +the dingy tepee, the women dragging home wood for the ever-diminishing +pile outside the door, and a few of the hardier men fishing through +holes in the ice. About the tepee the snow was banked, and within the +air was warm and heavy from the open fire and the long pipes of the +reclining braves, who gambled with their neighbors at the game of <q>the +shot and the mitten</q>.</p> + +<p>Thus through the two stormy months the Indians frittered away the time, +eating their corn and wild rice seasoned with tallow. But when the first +thaws of spring caused the sap in the maple trees to run, and when some +of the more venturesome came back from a winter visit to the trading +house with the word that the trader was waiting for skins in return for +the blankets and ammunition he had given them <a id="Page_105" name="Page_105"></a><span class="pagenum">[105]</span> the preceding fall, +the village divided—part going to the sugar bush, and part going to the +prairie lakes and swamps for muskrats. In May they returned on the +swollen streams with heavily freighted canoes to their villages of bark +houses. During the summer there were many tasks—blue berries to be +gathered in the woods, canoes to be built, tepees to be repaired, +turnips to be dug, and pipestone to be brought from the far distant +quarry. All through the hot months the women toiled in the corn fields; +and when the corn was in the milk, all the village children screamed and +waved their arms to frighten away the blackbirds. When the harvest had +been carefully placed in bark barrels and buried, part of the village +had already left to hunt the fox or gather wild rice along the lakes and +cranberries in the marshes.</p> + +<p>And now came October and the deer hunt. There were only the extremely +old people and the invalids to wave good-bye as the procession set out +over the prairie—old men who could scarcely walk, bands of shouting +children, hunters already on the alert, women with their bundles, and +horses and dogs dragging on two poles the provisions and the skins of +the tepees. For more than two months the program was the same: the march +through the drifts and across the icy rivers, the morning council about +a blazing fire before scattering over the prairie, and the triumphal +return of the successful hunter at evening with the carcass of a bear, +deer, or elk, across his shoulders and his name shouted through <a id="Page_106" name="Page_106"></a><span class="pagenum">[106]</span> +the camp by the children gathered to welcome him. By January they were +all back again at their villages.<a name="anchor-280" id="anchor-280"></a><a href="#footnote-280" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 280.">280</a></p> + +<p>It was this scheme of life which was to be gradually transformed. There +were, of course, variations when war parties crept against the +Chippewas, when drunken debaucheries resulted from a keg of whiskey that +had escaped the vigilant eyes of the soldiers, and when migrations to +the Canadian posts were prompted by the hope that there they could +obtain enough supplies to support them without work and that there they +could enjoy some ceremony to break the monotony of life. But these +migrations were few on the part of the Sioux: they could enjoy councils +just as good near home.</p> + +<p>On the occasion of a visit to Old Fort Snelling and the agency near by, +the authorities were careful to see that there was a due amount of +ceremony. Probably a whole band of Indians would come down from the +headwaters of the Minnesota River. Their chiefs and braves gathered in +the log Council Hall, and there took place the scene so picturesquely +described by the eccentric traveller, J. C. Beltrami.</p> + +<p><q>The council-hall is, as it ought to be, a great room built of trunks of +trees. The flag of the United States waves in the centre, surrounded by +English colours, and medals hung to the walls. They are presented by the +Indians to their <em>Father</em>, the agent, as a proof that they abjure all +cabal or alliance with the English. Pipes, or calumets and other little +Indian presents, offered by the various tribes as pledges <a id="Page_107" name="Page_107"></a><span class="pagenum">[107]</span> of +their friendship, decorate the walls and give a remarkable and +characteristic air to the room.</q> The dignitaries of the post are seated +about a table and the braves recline upon the ground during the council.</p> + +<p><q>The <em>séance</em> opens with a speech of the chief, who rises and addresses +the agent. He generally begins with the Great Spirit, or the sun, or the +moon <q>whose purity is equalled by that of his own heart,</q> &c. &c. always +finishing with a petition for presents;—<em>whiskey</em> is sure to find +honourable mention: these are what English lawyers call the <em>common +counts</em>.</q><a name="anchor-281" id="anchor-281"></a><a href="#footnote-281" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 281.">281</a></p> + +<p>After the reply of the agent the peace pipe was solemnly passed from one +to another, and the council ended with the distribution of presents. +These presents were of tobacco, gunpowder, vermilion, pipes, kettles, +blankets, snuff-boxes, armbands, looking-glasses, horse bells, +jews'-harps, ivory combs, and shawls.<a name="anchor-282" id="anchor-282"></a><a href="#footnote-282" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 282.">282</a> Not the least popular of +these were the jews'-harps, which had their uses—in spite of the +sarcastic invective delivered against them by Senator Benton in 1822 +when the abolition of the Factory System was being considered. <q>They +were innocent</q>, observed the Senator, <q>and on that account precisely +adapted to the purposes of the superintendent, in reclaiming the savage +from the hunter state. The first state after that, in the road to +refined life, is the pastoral, and without music the tawny-colored +Corydons and the red-skinned Amaryllises, <q> +<em>recubans sub tegmine fagi</em>,</q> +upon the banks of the Missouri and Mississippi, could make no <a id="Page_108" name="Page_108"></a><span class="pagenum">[108]</span> +progress in the delightful business of love and sentiment.</q><a name="anchor-283" id="anchor-283"></a><a href="#footnote-283" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 283.">283</a></p> + +<p>These councils were frequent occurrences, and their importance lies in +the fact that through them certain principles could be instilled into +the minds of the natives under the most favorable circumstances. The +words spoken by the agent on these occasions had probably as much effect +in controlling the Indians as a like number of bullets would have had. +Major Taliaferro has recorded one of the orations which he delivered to +his listening wards. He referred to the presence of the Great Spirit, +told of his long service among them, eulogized their departed +elders—<q>the old branches which have fallen from the Trunk of the old +oak of your Nation</q>—and then inserted a few wise admonitions as to the +futility of their wars with the Chippewas.</p> + +<p><q>Your Great Father</q>, he said, <q>has had much to do with war—but his +heart is changed for peace & he wishes all his red children as well as +his white ones to follow his good example—he knows this course to be +best for all—we should endeavor to please him—for by doing so we shall +please the Great Spirit also—You will see your children growing up +around you and your wives smiling as you approach from your days hunt.</q></p> + +<p>The speech ended with the announcement of the coming of <q>something good +from below</q> and an approaching visit to the village of the Red +Head.<a name="anchor-284" id="anchor-284"></a><a href="#footnote-284" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 284.">284</a></p> + +<p>During these meetings at the agency the sound of the fort's cannon and +the sight of the well-uniformed <a id="Page_109" name="Page_109"></a><span class="pagenum">[109]</span> guards impressed the Indians even +more than did the words of the agent. There they became acquainted with +white men other than traders, and when exploring and scientific +expeditions came over the plains with a guard of soldiers, they were +wise enough not to interfere. These visits in themselves were pleasant, +and the rations of bread and pork offered an agreeable respite from +their usual fare.<a name="anchor-285" id="anchor-285"></a><a href="#footnote-285" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 285.">285</a></p> + +<p>At the time of the treaty of Prairie du Chien in 1825 one ration +consisted of one pound of bread or one pint of corn and either one pound +of beef or three-quarters of a pound of pork. This may be taken as a +fair standard of the kind of rations issued at the agency.<a name="anchor-286" id="anchor-286"></a><a href="#footnote-286" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 286.">286</a> It was +during the winter months especially when starvation or suffering would +otherwise result that this aid was given to the Indians. During the +summer when other means of subsistence were present, all appeals for +food were refused.<a name="anchor-287" id="anchor-287"></a><a href="#footnote-287" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 287.">287</a> This custom of granting rations was formally +incorporated in the law of June 30, 1834, with the only restriction that +they were to be given only if <q>they can be spared from the army +provisions without injury to the service</q>.<a name="anchor-288" id="anchor-288"></a><a href="#footnote-288" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 288.">288</a></p> + +<p>The condition of the tribes was often appalling, and many deaths would +have occurred without this aid. At one time Taliaferro wrote that <q>400 +Indians encamped near the Agency—many from a distance and in a starving +condition.</q><a name="anchor-289" id="anchor-289"></a><a href="#footnote-289" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 289.">289</a> Often he had to take from his own private funds, after +he had drawn all he could from the public stores.<a name="anchor-290" id="anchor-290"></a><a href="#footnote-290" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 290.">290</a> The winter of +1842–1843 was particularly severe. On the <a id="Page_110" name="Page_110"></a><span class="pagenum">[110]</span> first of November the +ground was covered with snow which as late as April still lay from two +to two and a half feet deep. No hunting was possible because of the +drifts, and fishing through the ice was impracticable, the wind blowing +the holes full of snow as soon as they were cut. The Indians living +about Lac qui Parle, about two hundred miles up the Minnesota River, +came with the missionary Dr. Thomas Williamson to winter on the site of +old Camp Cold Water, knowing that only from the fort could they obtain +relief.</p> + +<p>Everything that was possible was done. Blankets, guns, and ammunition to +the value of $2500 were granted the Indians. Indeed, so many provisions +were distributed that on April 3rd it was computed that there was only +enough left to supply the garrison until the opening of navigation. The +officers and soldiers saved all the remains from the tables and once a +day the squaws and children were allowed to enter and receive these +crumbs. The Indians who were away from the post were not neglected. +Sixty bushels of corn and several barrels of pork were furnished by +Major Dearborn to Mr. H. H. Sibley who sent them to destitute Indians on +the Minnesota River. Still there was much suffering, for not enough food +could be spared to satisfy all. Before spring arrived many of the +Indians lived upon a syrup made of hickory chips and the boiled bark of +the bitter sweet. All became greatly emaciated and some were unable to +walk.<a name="anchor-291" id="anchor-291"></a><a href="#footnote-291" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 291.">291</a></p> + +<p>From time to time a solitary Indian on a business <a id="Page_111" name="Page_111"></a><span class="pagenum">[111]</span> visit to the +trader would drop in to chat with the <q>Father</q>. Here he could make any +complaints which he had to offer and be sure of a sympathetic if not +satisfactory answer. <q>I have had more than fourteen hundred Indians on +visits from all Sections of this Agency during the Month past—and all +with Grieveances of Some Sort to redress</q>, wrote Taliaferro on June 30, +1838.<a name="anchor-292" id="anchor-292"></a><a href="#footnote-292" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 292.">292</a> In all matters concerning lands, hunting, treaties, +annuities, and the like, the Indian looked only to the agent for advice +or explanation. Instigated by the traders, many of whom were hostile to +him, the Indians considered him responsible for the acts of the +soldiers.<a name="anchor-293" id="anchor-293"></a><a href="#footnote-293" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 293.">293</a> If a provision of a treaty was not carried out, the +Indians thought it was Taliaferro's fault <q>for they know nothing of +Congress or of their Multifarious and protracted debates, and +proceedings.</q><a name="anchor-294" id="anchor-294"></a><a href="#footnote-294" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 294.">294</a></p> + +<p>A personal present was due the visitor at these <q>shake hands</q> occasions. +If he were a headman or a brave he received a pound of powder, two +pounds of lead, a fish line, a knife, four fish hooks, and six plugs of +tobacco. If he were <q>any respectable Individual</q> he was sure of a knife, +four fish hooks, and six plugs of tobacco.<a name="anchor-295" id="anchor-295"></a><a href="#footnote-295" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 295.">295</a> These individual visits +did much to acquaint the natives personally with the agent, in the same +way that the council impressed them with the agent's great power.</p> + +<p>But even more appreciated was the help offered in time of sickness. On +December 25, 1830, Taliaferro records in his diary: <q>I rode up the +SPeters to See an Indian.… Doctor Wood went up <a id="Page_112" name="Page_112"></a><span class="pagenum">[112]</span> also—I dressed +her wound—I Sent my Interpreter up with other restoratives—she being +delerious.</q><a name="anchor-296" id="anchor-296"></a><a href="#footnote-296" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 296.">296</a> On Saturday, June 28, 1834, there came to him a brave +saying that both his son and daughter were ill. <q>Sent a message to Doct +Jarvis to call & see the girl.</q> The Sioux boy died two days later. But +there the ministration did not end. To the mourners were given cotton +and calico, or a blanket in order that the body might be decently +covered.<a name="anchor-297" id="anchor-297"></a><a href="#footnote-297" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 297.">297</a></p> + +<p>The dread scourge of smallpox raged in the vicinity of Fort Snelling +during the summer of 1832. Two Indians coming from the Missouri River +were suffering from violent attacks. Immediately the disease spread. But +Dr. Wood, the post's physician, was called upon by Major Taliaferro and +at the end of five days three hundred and thirty Sioux had been +vaccinated. It is interesting to notice that in case the Indians came to +the agency Dr. Wood received six dollars for every hundred he treated, +but if he went to their villages he received six dollars per day.<a name="anchor-298" id="anchor-298"></a><a href="#footnote-298" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 298.">298</a></p> + +<p>Besides these services the visits to the fort offered direct opportunity +for the giving of tangible evidence of American supremacy. The English +government had lavishly distributed signs of authority. During the first +two years of his term of service, Taliaferro collected no less than +thirty-six medals of George the Third, twenty-eight British flags, and +eighteen gorgets.<a name="anchor-299" id="anchor-299"></a><a href="#footnote-299" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 299.">299</a> Some of these were presented to the agent as +direct evidence of submission to American authority. In 1820 two +employees of the <a id="Page_113" name="Page_113"></a><span class="pagenum">[113]</span> Missouri Fur Company were murdered on the +Missouri River. The surrender of the murderers was demanded by +Taliaferro, and while he was away the tribe came to Fort Snelling with +one of the culprits and a hostage. Colonel Snelling, then acting as +agent, described the scene in a letter.</p> + +<p><q>These unfortunate wretches were delivered up last evening with a great +deal of ceremony, & I assure you with affecting solemnity; the guards +being first put under arms, they formed a procession in the road beyond +the bake house; in front marched a Sussitong bearing a British flag, +next came the Murderer & the devoted chief, their arms pinioned & large +splinters of wood thrust through them above the elbows, intended as I +understood to show us that they did not fear pain & were not afraid to +die. <ins class="corr" title="As in original">the</ins> Murderer wore a large British medal suspended to his neck & +both of the prisoners bore offerings of skins, &c. in their hands. last +came the chiefs of the Sussitongs, in this order they moved, the +prisoners singing their death song & the Sussitongs joining in chorus +until they arrived in front of the guard house where a fire being +previously prepared, the British flag was burnt, and the medal worn by +the murderer given up.</q><a name="anchor-300" id="anchor-300"></a><a href="#footnote-300" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 300.">300</a></p> + +<p>In return for these greatly coveted signs of respect the agent delivered +to the most prominent chiefs the medals and certificates of the United +States. And thus by flattering the leaders control over the Indians was +assured. What chief was not proud to carry with him this certificate, +even if he <a id="Page_114" name="Page_114"></a><span class="pagenum">[114]</span> could not read it himself? <q>The bearer <em>The Whole in +the day</em> is a respectable Man, and wears a Seccond Size Monroe Medal +Presented to him for his uniform Good Conduct and great attachment to +the United States—His Residence is at Sandy Lake Law Taliaferro Indian +Agent at St. Peters</q>.<a name="anchor-301" id="anchor-301"></a><a href="#footnote-301" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 301.">301</a></p> + +<p>But the memory of the days of English rule was still alive, the +suggestion being made to the government that <q>the gordgets would be More +Acceptable were they to be fashioned after those introduced formerly by +the British Government—with the difference only of the Eagle engraved +upon each.</q><a name="anchor-302" id="anchor-302"></a><a href="#footnote-302" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 302.">302</a> To counteract this feeling it was necessary that the +government should be lavish in the distribution of presents. British +influence and example, wrote Taliaferro to Clark in 1831, were not yet +<q>fairly purged of their baneful effects</q>.<a name="anchor-303" id="anchor-303"></a><a href="#footnote-303" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 303.">303</a> Even as late as 1834 a +few extracts from the reports of Major Bliss indicate that this feeling +was still noticeable. <q>The Sioux Indians expecting and favourable to an +English war with the U. States</q>, he wrote in April. The next month he +reported <q>Sioux and Chippewas pacific but dissatisfied with U. States</q>, +and in July 1835 he informed headquarters that <q>the Chippewas & Sioux +are dissatisfied & both exhibit symptoms of hostility to the U. States & +to each other. The Sioux the most decided.</q><a name="anchor-304" id="anchor-304"></a><a href="#footnote-304" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 304.">304</a></p> + +<p>English visitors at a much later period congratulated their government +because the Indians, as they said, still had a greater fondness for the +British than for the Americans.<a name="anchor-305" id="anchor-305"></a><a href="#footnote-305" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 305.">305</a> Except, however, along the <a id="Page_115" name="Page_115"></a><span class="pagenum">[115]</span> +border, among the tribes outside of the sphere of the agent at Fort +Snelling, this feeling manifested itself only as a sentiment which could +lead to trouble if a break between the two nations should occur.</p> + +<p>To emphasize the power of the Nation, the agent brought to Washington in +1824, and again in 1837, delegations of chiefs.<a name="anchor-306" id="anchor-306"></a><a href="#footnote-306" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 306.">306</a> On these occasions +they were taken to the largest and busiest cities, entertained in the +most delightful manner, and shown the most impressive sights. As crowds +were always drawn together to see the Indians, the latter received a +lasting opinion as to the numbers of the Americans.<a name="anchor-307" id="anchor-307"></a><a href="#footnote-307" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 307.">307</a> Previously the +Sioux bands had thought that if ever they should unite their forces, +they would be able to win in a war against all the whites; but now they +were disillusioned.<a name="anchor-308" id="anchor-308"></a><a href="#footnote-308" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 308.">308</a></p> + +<p>Undoubtedly the Indians were pleased with their journey. <q>Since the +treaty was signed</q>, stated a contemporary newspaper, <q>each of them has +received a coat, hat, blanket, leggins, epaulettes, bands, and scarfs, +and when dressed in full uniform, they exhibit more lively pleasure than +would have been expected from the apathy of Indian character.</q><a name="anchor-309" id="anchor-309"></a><a href="#footnote-309" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 309.">309</a> The +magnificence which they had seen was described amid the squalor of their +home villages. <q>The effect produced by the visit of their chiefs to +Washington is wonderful, since their return, the power, wealth, and +numbers of the American people have been their constant themes, many of +their stories approach so near the marvellous as to be discredited, such +for example is the account of casting a cannon <a id="Page_116" name="Page_116"></a><span class="pagenum">[116]</span> which they +witnessed, and the magnitude of our ships. Old <em>black dog</em> shakes his +head & says <q>all travellers are liars</q>.</q><a name="anchor-310" id="anchor-310"></a><a href="#footnote-310" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 310.">310</a> The memory of these trips +lingered long. Little Crow came to call upon the agent in 1831. <q>The old +chief left much delighted with his reception and my Talk—he departed +singing the song which was often repeated when on his trip to Washington +City in 1824.</q><a name="anchor-311" id="anchor-311"></a><a href="#footnote-311" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 311.">311</a></p> + +<p>The Indians touched by these relations with the fort were not only its +immediate neighbors. The surrender of murderers from the tribes on the +Missouri has been noted. On March 11, 1831, Taliaferro wrote that <q>I +observe Indians from the Missouri & various sections of the Sioux +country.</q><a name="anchor-312" id="anchor-312"></a><a href="#footnote-312" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 312.">312</a> During the entire winter of 1831, a party of Missouri +River Indians encamped about Fort Snelling.<a name="anchor-313" id="anchor-313"></a><a href="#footnote-313" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 313.">313</a> The Indians on the +prairies were wide travellers. <q>There are a good many Indians about +here</q>, says a letter from Lac qui Parle. <q>There have arrived 120 lodges +of Missouri at Lake Traverse and 200 lodges at James River.</q><a name="anchor-314" id="anchor-314"></a><a href="#footnote-314" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 314.">314</a> By +this continual movement, the influence of Fort Snelling was enlarged.</p> + +<p>How great was this influence? No one has contradicted the statement of +Mr. Taliaferro that <q>it is due the Sioux of your territory to record one +fact as to them, and that is, from the commencement of our agency to its +close, our frontier pioneers were never even molested in their homes, +nor did they shed one drop of American blood</q>.<a name="anchor-315" id="anchor-315"></a><a href="#footnote-315" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 315.">315</a> It was when this +frontier encroached on their lands that hostility <a id="Page_117" name="Page_117"></a><span class="pagenum">[117]</span> broke out. If +the Indians had been left in peace by covetous land-seekers, their +civilization might in time have been accomplished.</p> + +<p>There was practically no hostility manifested against the garrison by +the surrounding Indians. In January, 1822, Colonel McNeil, who was in +command at Fort Dearborn, received word from John Kinzie, the pioneer +Chicago trader, that the Sioux and Fox Indians were planning an attack +on Fort Snelling. Lieutenant James Webb immediately volunteered to bring +the news to Fort Armstrong on Rock Island, from whence it could be sent +to the upper post. After a journey rendered terrible by the extreme cold +and the danger from hostile Indians, he was successful in reaching Fort +Armstrong.<a name="anchor-316" id="anchor-316"></a><a href="#footnote-316" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 316.">316</a></p> + +<p>In due time the letter was delivered to Colonel Snelling. <q>When I first +received Col McNeils letter,</q> he wrote later, <q>I was disposed to smile +at the absurdity of connecting the Sioux & Foxes, in a design to attack +this post</q>. But he later found out that the Foxes had sent wampum and +tobacco to the bands of Wabasha and Little Crow, asking them not to +stand in the way of any movements they might make. Wabasha accepted the +wampum but Little Crow came to the fort to make known the danger. The +vagueness of the rumors, however, made it impossible to act, and later +developments showed that there was no truth in the report—at least no +violence was attempted.<a name="anchor-317" id="anchor-317"></a><a href="#footnote-317" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 317.">317</a></p> + +<p>Fear of the strength of the fort prevented hostilities. <a id="Page_118" name="Page_118"></a><span class="pagenum">[118]</span> It was +the Indian fashion to attack by ambush. They did not have the patience +to endure a protracted siege. The Americans did not belittle the +strength of the military works. Little Thunder and White Head, two +Indians who had escaped from the jail at Mackinac by cutting through the +log walls, met an American, George Johnson, at Lac du Flambeau. They +were very inquisitive about the strength of Fort Snelling and the number +of Americans stationed there. Regarding this incident the white man +wrote: <q>I answered saying, that the fort at River St. Peters was as +strong as Quebec, and more Americans there than in any other post.</q><a name="anchor-318" id="anchor-318"></a><a href="#footnote-318" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 318.">318</a></p> + +<p>The government did not adopt Dr. Morse's plan for civilizing the +Indians, but the agent tried to carry out the policy therein suggested. +The colony at Eatonville, located on Lake Calhoun, and the Indian +schools soon passed into the hands of the missionaries. After the making +of treaties a blacksmith shop was added to the agency. In line with his +policy of providing for all classes of Indians, Taliaferro urged the +erection of an orphan asylum where <q>all poor blind, and helpless women</q> +would also be accommodated.<a name="anchor-319" id="anchor-319"></a><a href="#footnote-319" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 319.">319</a></p> + +<p>If time had been given doubtless a new form of Indian life would have +arisen about the fort; but the coming of the land-seekers destroyed the +plan. The failure was to result in a great massacre in 1862. This much +at least can be said for Old Fort Snelling; it kept the Indians friendly +while the foundations of American life were being laid in the Northwest. +</p> + + + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_119" name="Page_119"></a><span class="pagenum">[119]</span></p> +<h2><a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a>VIII<br /> + +THE SIOUX-CHIPPEWA FEUDS</h2> + + +<p>One of the reasons given for the building of Fort Snelling was that it +would prevent the disastrous wars existing between the Sioux and +Chippewa Indians.<a name="anchor-320" id="anchor-320"></a><a href="#footnote-320" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 320.">320</a> Beginning so far in the past that no cause could +be ascribed for the hostility, each encounter was in itself both the +result of preceding conflicts and the excuse for further warfare. Pierre +Esprit de Radisson, who was the first writer to leave an account of the +Chippewas, said that even at the time of his visit in about 1660 they +were carrying on <q>a cruell warre against the Nadoueseronoms +[Sioux].</q><a name="anchor-321" id="anchor-321"></a><a href="#footnote-321" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 321.">321</a></p> + +<p>Lurking in the bushes to waylay their enemies on the woodland paths, +hiding on the river banks to intercept hostile canoes, pretending peace +and enjoying hospitality in order to have an opportunity for treachery +were the military tactics of the Sioux and Chippewa warriors. To prevent +such warfare, a military post was almost powerless. In fact, so +insidious was the hostility that even the very grounds of Fort Snelling +were the scene of bloody encounters.</p> + +<p>Attempts were made to keep the Chippewas away from Fort Snelling by +attaching them to the agency of H. R. Schoolcraft at Sault Ste. +Marie.<a name="anchor-322" id="anchor-322"></a><a href="#footnote-322" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 322.">322</a> But the <a id="Page_120" name="Page_120"></a><span class="pagenum">[120]</span> distance was so great and the route so +difficult that the Chippewas did not make the journey to consult that +agent. On the other hand, Fort Snelling was so close, and the +Mississippi such a natural outlet from their country, that a trader +declared that <q>you might as well try to Stop the Water in the +Mississippi from going to St Louis, as attempt to keep the Chippeway +Indians from St Peters.</q><a name="anchor-323" id="anchor-323"></a><a href="#footnote-323" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 323.">323</a></p> + +<p>During the last days of the month of May, 1827, Flat Mouth, chief of the +Sandy Lake band of Chippewa Indians was encamped near Fort Snelling. A +number of men, women, and children were with him, bringing maple sugar, +which they had gathered in the northern woods during the winter, and +other articles to sell to the garrison. Major Taliaferro was away at the +time, but on May 24th the steamboat <q>Pilot</q> landed him safely at Fort +Snelling. To welcome their <q>Father</q> home, and perchance to see if he had +any presents or promises for them, a large number of Sioux came from +their villages to the fort, as was usual on such occasions. The agent +took the opportunity presented by the presence of both Sioux and +Chippewas to deliberate with them in regard to peace, and also to +request the Chippewas not to visit Fort Snelling again, in accordance +with instructions which he had received from the Indian Department. To +this Flat Mouth replied sorrowfully: <q>I feel myself now like a Dog +driven away from your door to find another—I am ashamed of this—but I +know you are doing this not by your wish.</q><a name="anchor-324" id="anchor-324"></a><a href="#footnote-324" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 324.">324</a></p> + +<p>The twenty-eighth day of the month proved the <a id="Page_121" name="Page_121"></a><span class="pagenum">[121]</span> value of the advice +Major Taliaferro had given. Several Sioux came to visit at a Chippewa +lodge pitched directly under and in front of the agency house on the +flats that border the Minnesota River. The guns of the fort could easily +have been trained upon the spot. There was feasting and friendly revelry +at the lodge that afternoon and evening. Meat, corn, and sugar were +served in wooden platters; a dog was roasted and eaten. The peace pipe +was smoked, and the conversation was peaceful regarding exploits in the +hunt and the chase.</p> + +<p>At nine o'clock when the party broke up, as the Chippewas were calling +friendly good-byes to the departing Sioux who had advanced a few steps, +the latter turned and fired into the midst of the unsuspecting +inhabitants of the tepee. There was instant confusion. With a shout of +triumph the Sioux ran off. The sentinel on the hill above heard the +shots and cries and called for the guard. In a few moments there was at +the gate of the fort a crowd of panic-stricken Chippewas carrying their +wounded and crying for protection. Six men, one woman, and a girl about +eight years old were handed over to the surgeon of the post, Doctor +McMahon.</p> + +<p>Immediately Major Taliaferro notified the Sioux that they had insulted +the flag that waved over the land, and that ample satisfaction must be +made to the Chippewas who had been treated in such a cowardly manner. In +council with the agent, Strong Earth, a chief of the Chippewas, +complained of the lack of protection: <q>Father: You know that two <a id="Page_122" name="Page_122"></a><span class="pagenum">[122]</span> +Summers ago we attended a Great Council at Prairie du Chien, when by the +advice of Our White Friends, we made Peace with the Sioux—We were then +told, that the Americans would Guarantee our Safety under their +Flags—We have Come here under that Assurance. But Father, look at Your +Floor it is stained with the blood of our people shed while under Your +Walls. If you are great and powerful why do You not protect us? <em>If +Not</em>, of what use are Your Soldiers?</q><a name="anchor-325" id="anchor-325"></a><a href="#footnote-325" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 325.">325</a></p> + +<p>On the morning following the massacre a large body of Sioux—estimated +at about three hundred and fifty—appeared on the prairie west of the +fort. Brevet Major Fowle was ordered to march against them with two +companies. Upon his appearance they fled, but he followed and was +successful in capturing some of them. Nine Sioux—one of whom Major +Taliaferro reports was given up voluntarily—were delivered up to the +Chippewas. Identifying two of these as being among the murderers, they +requested permission to execute them immediately.</p> + +<p>Upon the broad prairie the two prisoners were given their freedom. They +were told to run, and when a few paces away the Chippewa warriors fired, +and the Sioux fell dead. Then followed a hideous scene which a spectator +described many years later. <q>The bodies, all warm and limp, are dragged +to the brow of the hill. Men who at the sight of blood, become almost +fiends, tear off the reeking scalps and hand them to the chief, who +hangs them around his <a id="Page_123" name="Page_123"></a><span class="pagenum">[123]</span> neck. Women and children with tomahawks and +knives cut deep gashes in the poor dead bodies, and scooping up the hot +blood with their hands, eagerly drink it; then, grown frantic, they +dance, and yell, and sing their horrid scalp songs, recounting deeds of +valor on the part of their brave men, and telling off the Sioux scalps, +taken in different battles, until tired and satiated at last with their +horrid feast, they leave the mutilated bodies—festering in the +sun.</q><a name="anchor-326" id="anchor-326"></a><a href="#footnote-326" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 326.">326</a> At evening the bodies were thrown over the cliff into the +river below.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the thirty-first the Sioux delivered up to the +Chippewas two others who, they claimed, had been the principal men in +the affair. If the Chippewas did not shoot them, they said, they would +do it themselves, as trouble had come to their nation on their account. +But the Chippewas were willing.</p> + +<p>About this second execution there has grown up an interesting story. One +of the offenders, Toopunkah Zeze, was a favorite among the children of +the fort. Tall and handsome and athletic and brave, he was the ideal of +Indian manhood. The other, called the Split Upper Lip, was well known as +a thief, and was as much detested as his companion was respected. He +cried and begged for his life, saying that his gun had missed fire—he +had killed no one. The other calmly distributed his clothes among his +friends, upbraiding his companion for his cowardice. <q>You lie, dog. +Coward, old woman, you know that you lie. You know that you are as +guilty as I am. <a id="Page_124" name="Page_124"></a><span class="pagenum">[124]</span> Hold your peace and die like a man—die like me.</q></p> + +<p>The two were brought out upon the prairie. Again the thirty yards were +allowed; again the Chippewa guns were fired. For once it seemed that +this Indian punishment of <q>running the gantlet</q> would lose a victim. For +Toopunkah Zeze was still running. The bullet had cut the rope that bound +him to his falling companion. With new hope he leaped forward. There was +a shout of triumph from a group of Sioux hidden in the bushes; and the +children of the fort, who had climbed upon the buildings to view the +bloody scene from afar, clapped their hands. But the Chippewas were cool +in their vengeance. Guns were reloaded and deliberate aim taken. The +flints struck, and Toopunkah Zeze, now a hundred and fifty yards away +and a second's distance from a place where the straggling groves of the +prairie offered life, fell dead. Two more bodies were thrown over the +precipice into the river.<a name="anchor-327" id="anchor-327"></a><a href="#footnote-327" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 327.">327</a></p> + +<p>For ten years the hostility continued, but the environs of the fort were +sacred places. An effective lesson had been taught in 1827. But on +August 2, 1838, Hole-in-the-Day, a Chippewa chief, and five of his band +came to Fort Snelling on a visit. That spring there had been a +treacherous massacre by Hole-in-the-Day at a Sioux camp. It was true, as +he said in the poetic simplicity of Indian style: <q>You See I cannot keep +my face Clean—as fast as it is Washed—I am Compelled to black it +Again.—but My heart towards you is the Same.—My Fathers Bones Sleep by +your house—My Daughter <a id="Page_125" name="Page_125"></a><span class="pagenum">[125]</span> at the Falls Near the Grave of my +Uncle—My Wife lies at the Mouth of Sauk River—and a few days past I +buried My Son.</q><a name="anchor-328" id="anchor-328"></a><a href="#footnote-328" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 328.">328</a></p> + +<p>On the following evening some Sioux of Mud Lake, hearing of the presence +of the Chippewas, rode over to Baker's trading house where the Chippewas +were encamped. Major Taliaferro had heard of the departure of the war +party and had hurried to the scene. Just as he arrived the Sioux fired +upon their enemies, killing one outright and wounding another in the +knee. All but one of the Chippewas had laid aside their guns, thinking +that they were upon neutral ground. This one, seeing a Sioux in the act +of scalping the fallen Chippewa, fired upon him and wounded him +mortally. But aided by the dusk the wounded Sioux was able to run more +than a mile before he fell from loss of blood.</p> + +<p>The Chippewas were immediately brought into the fort for protection. On +the next day Major Plympton and the Indian agent called together the +chiefs of the neighboring villages. There was a long council until Major +Plympton broke it up by saying peremptorily: <q>It is unnecessary to talk +much. I have demanded the guilty—they must be brought.</q></p> + +<p>At half past five that evening the Sioux were delivered up. Three +brothers had been accused of being guilty of the murder. One of them +could not be brought because he was dying of the wound received the +evening before. Much ceremony attended the proceedings as the Indian +mother led her sons to the officers saying: <q>Of seven sons three only +are <a id="Page_126" name="Page_126"></a><span class="pagenum">[126]</span> left; one of them is wounded, and soon will die, and if the +two now given up are shot, my all is gone. I called on the head men to +follow me to the Fort. I started with the prisoners, singing their death +song, and have delivered them at the gate of the Fort. Have mercy on +them for their youth and folly.</q><a name="anchor-329" id="anchor-329"></a><a href="#footnote-329" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 329.">329</a></p> + +<p>Because of the attack which Hole-in-the-Day had made on the Sioux a +short time before, Major Plympton decided not to execute the prisoners. +They were turned over to their own people to be flogged in the presence +of the officers. More humiliating than death was their punishment. Their +blankets, leggins, and breech-cloths were cut into small pieces, and +finally the braves whipped them with long sticks while the women stood +about crying.<a name="anchor-330" id="anchor-330"></a><a href="#footnote-330" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 330.">330</a></p> + +<p>Although there was now a deep desire for revenge in each of the tribes, +they manifested outward friendliness when they met at the fort. During +the month of June, 1839, there came to Fort Snelling over twelve hundred +Chippewas thinking that there they would be paid their annuities for the +land they had ceded in 1837. There were two main groups—one which came +down from the headwaters of the Mississippi, and the other which came up +the river from the vicinity of the St. Croix. At the same time Sioux +numbering eight hundred and seventy were encamped near the agency. This +was considered an opportune time to conclude a peace, and so the long +calumet with its mixture of tobacco and bark of the willow tree was +smoked while friendly athletic contests <a id="Page_127" name="Page_127"></a><span class="pagenum">[127]</span> were held on the prairie. +On July 1st the two parties of Chippewas started for home. But in one of +the bands were the two sons of the man who had been murdered the year +before. In the evening before beginning their homeward journey, they +visited the graveyard of the fort to cry over the grave of their father. +Here the thought of vengeance came to them, and morning found them +hidden in the bushes near the trail that skirted the shore of Lake +Harriet. The Badger, a Sioux warrior, was the first to pass that way as +he went out in the early morning to hunt pigeons. A moment later he was +shot and scalped. The murderers then hurried away and hid behind the +water at Minnehaha Falls.</p> + +<p>A few hours later, when the news had spread throughout all the Sioux +villages, two bands set out to take revenge upon the departing +Chippewas. The old men, the women, and the children remained at home, +eagerly awaiting the result of the coming battle and cutting their arms +and legs with their knives in grief over the losses which they knew +their bands would have to undergo.</p> + +<p>It happened that at that time the Right Reverend Mathias Loras, the +first Bishop of Dubuque, was at Fort Snelling. He had been an interested +spectator at the Sioux-Chippewa peace parleys, had watched the departure +of the determined avengers, and now was anxiously awaiting the result of +the conflict. On the morning of July 4th as he was praying at his altar +for the prosperity of his country he was startled by the shrill notes of +the Sioux death-song, <a id="Page_128" name="Page_128"></a><span class="pagenum">[128]</span> and gazing through the window saw a bloody +throng, dancing about the long poles from which dangled scalps with +parts of the skulls still attached. Two terrible struggles had taken +place the day before. On the Rum River seventy Chippewa scalps had been +taken, and on the banks of Lake St. Croix twenty-five more were +obtained. In both cases the losses of the Sioux were smaller. These +trophies were brought to the villages, where they were danced about +nightly until the leaves began to fall in the autumn, when they were +buried.<a name="anchor-331" id="anchor-331"></a><a href="#footnote-331" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 331.">331</a></p> + +<p>These incidents which centered about Fort Snelling have led to the +charge made against it, that instead of preventing the conflicts the +fort intensified them. The fort was a convenient meeting place, it is +argued, whither both parties resorted only to become involved in +altercations and disputes which resulted in a flaring-up of old +flames.<a name="anchor-332" id="anchor-332"></a><a href="#footnote-332" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 332.">332</a> But it must be remembered that the murders away from the +fort were more numerous;<a name="anchor-333" id="anchor-333"></a><a href="#footnote-333" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 333.">333</a> and it is easier to recall the spectacular +encounters which occurred at the fort, than the many occasions when the +two tribes met peacefully as the guests of the officials.</p> + +<p>A military officer who was stationed there wrote: <q>At Fort Snelling I +have seen the Sioux and <ins class="corr" title="Spelled as in original.">Chippeways</ins> in friendly converse, and passing +their pipes in the most amicable manner when if they had met away from +the post each would have been striving for the other's scalp.</q><a name="anchor-334" id="anchor-334"></a><a href="#footnote-334" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 334.">334</a> The +Indian agent, whose success depended upon the continuation of peace, +noted with pleasure these friendly gatherings. <a id="Page_129" name="Page_129"></a><span class="pagenum">[129]</span> <q>The Crane and the +Hole in the Day—and other Chippeways at the Agency this day—Several +Sissiton Sioux also at the Agency.</q><a name="anchor-335" id="anchor-335"></a><a href="#footnote-335" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 335.">335</a> These visits were often +protracted for several weeks without trouble. <q>Chippeways—a number of +these people also at the agency—some have been here for nearly 30 +days—fishing & <ins class="corr" title="Spelled as in original.">liveing</ins> better & more independently than the +Sioux.</q><a name="anchor-336" id="anchor-336"></a><a href="#footnote-336" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 336.">336</a> On the 29th and 30th of June, 1831, Chippewas to the number +of one hundred and fifty met five villages of Sioux.<a name="anchor-337" id="anchor-337"></a><a href="#footnote-337" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 337.">337</a></p> + +<p>Efforts to combat the evil were made in council with the Indians. <q>Your +wars with the Chippeways can never be of service to anyone</q>, reasoned +their <q>Father</q>, <q>for as fast as you destroy one—two or three more young +men are ready to take the track of their deceased friends—The old +people among you ought to know this—after the long wars between +you</q>.<a name="anchor-338" id="anchor-338"></a><a href="#footnote-338" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 338.">338</a> Most of the encounters took place either when the warriors +were emboldened by liquor, or when the rival hunting parties met on the +plains. The strict enforcement of the law of 1832 prohibiting the +introduction of spirits had a tranquilizing effect in the country of the +Chippewas. Indeed, the principal object of all efforts to suppress the +liquor traffic was the prevention of inter-tribal wars.<a name="anchor-339" id="anchor-339"></a><a href="#footnote-339" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 339.">339</a></p> + +<p>Constant watching of the hunting parties and admonition as to their +conduct were among the duties of the agent. <q>Sent my interpreter up the +Mississippi among the Indians</q>, he writes, <q>to see how they are +progressing in their hunts and as to the present hunting grounds of the +Chippeways.</q> <a id="Page_130" name="Page_130"></a><span class="pagenum">[130]</span> Eight days later record is made of the fact that +<q>the Rum River Chippeways left for their camp this morning—Sent word to +their people to hunt on their own Lands & not by any Means to intrude +upon the Soil of the Sioux.</q> When the interpreter returned he reported +that everything was quiet between the two tribes.<a name="anchor-340" id="anchor-340"></a><a href="#footnote-340" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 340.">340</a> The sending of +<q>runners</q> to the camps was a frequent occurrence during the winter of +1831, the region covered being eighty miles to the east and two hundred +miles to the north.<a name="anchor-341" id="anchor-341"></a><a href="#footnote-341" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 341.">341</a></p> + +<p>In the treaty of Prairie du Chien of 1825 a dividing line between the +two tribes, beyond which neither should pass, was agreed upon.<a name="anchor-342" id="anchor-342"></a><a href="#footnote-342" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 342.">342</a> But +this provision was for many years a dead letter. As long as the line was +unsurveyed the natives could urge indefiniteness of territory as an +excuse for murder and depredations—claiming that the other party was +the trespasser. When Schoolcraft met the chiefs of the Chippewas in +council at Leech Lake in 1832, the latter complained that the provisions +of the treaty had not been carried out. <q>The words of the Long-knives +have passed through our forests as a rushing wind, but they have been +words merely. They have only <em>shaken</em> the trees, but have not stopped to +break them down, nor even to make the rough places smooth.</q><a name="anchor-343" id="anchor-343"></a><a href="#footnote-343" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 343.">343</a> As a +result Mr. Schoolcraft urged upon the Secretary of War the necessity of +marking the line.<a name="anchor-344" id="anchor-344"></a><a href="#footnote-344" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 344.">344</a></p> + +<p>Seven thousand dollars were appropriated by the act of June 26, 1834, +for the purpose of running this line,<a name="anchor-345" id="anchor-345"></a><a href="#footnote-345" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 345.">345</a> and the next spring Major J. +L. Bean, accompanied <a id="Page_131" name="Page_131"></a><span class="pagenum">[131]</span> by Duncan Campbell, the Sioux interpreter of +the agency, commenced the survey.<a name="anchor-346" id="anchor-346"></a><a href="#footnote-346" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 346.">346</a> Later an escort of troops from +Fort Snelling was sent him under the command of Lieutenant William +Storer, with the result that the reduced garrison was unable to enforce +order.<a name="anchor-347" id="anchor-347"></a><a href="#footnote-347" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 347.">347</a> When the survey had been completed from the Chippewa River +to Otter Tail Lake the return of the military escort put an end to the +work, but the agent was of the opinion that the most important part had +been marked.<a name="anchor-348" id="anchor-348"></a><a href="#footnote-348" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 348.">348</a></p> + +<p>Efforts were made by the government to keep down the warlike spirit of +the tribes. Thus, when Captain Gale allowed the Indians to come into the +fort and dance the scalp dance in June, 1830, his act was disapproved +of, and he had to stand trial.<a name="anchor-349" id="anchor-349"></a><a href="#footnote-349" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 349.">349</a> Likewise peace conferences were +fostered in order to put the seal of the authority of the government +upon the transactions. During the winter of 1831 truces were made +between several of the bands through the efforts of Agent +Taliaferro.<a name="anchor-350" id="anchor-350"></a><a href="#footnote-350" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 350.">350</a> On August 2, 1843, a great gathering of the two nations +was held at the fort, where a treaty of peace was drawn up under the +auspices of the civil and military authorities.<a name="anchor-351" id="anchor-351"></a><a href="#footnote-351" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 351.">351</a> During the first +year it was kept inviolate, <q>if we except two or three individual cases +of outrage.</q><a name="anchor-352" id="anchor-352"></a><a href="#footnote-352" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 352.">352</a></p> + +<p>Even as late as June, 1850, an assemblage of both tribes was called +together by Governor Ramsey. The Chippewas were encamped north of the +fort on the bluff above the Mississippi. In front of them a detachment +of infantry was drawn up. Within the <a id="Page_132" name="Page_132"></a><span class="pagenum">[132]</span> fort the artillery was in +readiness. When word was sent to the Sioux that all things were ready, +they approached, about three hundred strong, on horseback, all armed and +painted, their whoops mingling with the jingling of their arms, +ornaments, and the bells of their horses. Making a feint as if to rush +around the soldiers, they suddenly wheeled to one side and became quiet; +while the Chippewas on the other side of the line of infantry continued +to dance and wave their weapons. It was amid such stirring war-like +scenes that attempts for peace were made.<a name="anchor-353" id="anchor-353"></a><a href="#footnote-353" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 353.">353</a></p> + +<p>The earliest policy of the government had been to interfere as little as +possible, and to allow retribution to be made by one tribe on another. +But such inactivity did not appeal to a red-blooded officer like Colonel +Snelling, who wrote after the trouble in 1827: <q>I have no hesitation in +Saying that the Military on this frontier are useless for want of +discretionary power, and that if it is not intrusted to the Commander, +Men of Straw with Wooden Guns and Swords will answer the purpose as well +as a Regt of Infantry.</q><a name="anchor-354" id="anchor-354"></a><a href="#footnote-354" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 354.">354</a></p> + +<p>But later the policy was adopted of confining in the <q>Black Hole</q> of the +fort any culprits who were captured. Thirteen of the Sioux who +participated in a massacre at Apple River were imprisoned;<a name="anchor-355" id="anchor-355"></a><a href="#footnote-355" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 355.">355</a> and on +one occasion Little Crow's band performed the scalp dance near Fort +Snelling in commemoration of the murder of two Chippewas, while the +murderers themselves languished in the fort.<a name="anchor-356" id="anchor-356"></a><a href="#footnote-356" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 356.">356</a> Probably this method +of dealing with the problem would <a id="Page_133" name="Page_133"></a><span class="pagenum">[133]</span> have been adopted earlier; but +<q>the force at this point</q>, wrote an officer, <q>has been too small to send +a sufficient force to take the offenders, even should an order to that +effect be issued.</q><a name="anchor-357" id="anchor-357"></a><a href="#footnote-357" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 357.">357</a></p> + +<p>To determine how influential Fort Snelling was in maintaining order is +impossible. As was the case with the liquor traffic, conditions were bad +but could have been worse. From time to time there were events that +indicated some success. After a peace had been concluded on the fourth +of June, 1823, a small quarrel almost precipitated a general conflict on +the sixth. Much to the chagrin of the Italian traveller, J. C. Beltrami, +who was then a guest at the fort, the officers were successful in +preventing bloodshed. <q>Everything conspired against my poor notes</q>, he +wrote, <q>I had already perched myself on an eminence for the purpose of +enriching them with an Indian battle, and behold I have nothing to write +but this miserable article!… I almost suspected that the savages were +in a league with the gentlemen of the fort to disappoint me.</q><a name="anchor-358" id="anchor-358"></a><a href="#footnote-358" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 358.">358</a></p> + +<p>Peace was maintained during the winter of 1831 on a line of three +hundred and forty miles above and below Fort Snelling, and on one +occasion there occurred the pleasant sight of Sioux and Chippewas +departing in company for their hunting grounds on the Sauk River.<a name="anchor-359" id="anchor-359"></a><a href="#footnote-359" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 359.">359</a> +Man-of-the-sky, who was chief of the Lake Calhoun band of Sioux, boasted +that although he was only twenty-five years old at the time, he had +already killed six Chippewas when Fort Snelling was erected, and added: +<q>Had it not been <a id="Page_134" name="Page_134"></a><span class="pagenum">[134]</span> for that I should have killed many more, or have +been myself killed ere this.</q><a name="anchor-360" id="anchor-360"></a><a href="#footnote-360" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 360.">360</a> It is interesting to note in +connection with the sacredness of these treaties the comment of Major +Taliaferro that <q>much more reliance is to be placed in the good faith of +the <ins class="corr" title="Spelled as in original.">Chippeways</ins> than in that of the Sioux.</q><a name="anchor-361" id="anchor-361"></a><a href="#footnote-361" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 361.">361</a></p> + +<p>These spasmodic successes at least acquainted the Indians with +governmental restraint. A paragraph from the manuscript diary of the +agent refutes the argument that Fort Snelling intensified rather than +alleviated these struggles. <q>From January 1833 up to this day</q>, wrote +Taliaferro, <q>there has been no difficulty between the Sioux and +Chippeways—I once kept these tribes at peace for two years and Six +Months lacking 15 days. And this between the years 1821 & 1825 till June +8th of the latter year. Colonel Robert Dickson remarked to me that Such +a thing had never occurred before even when he headed the tribes against +Us in the War of 1812.</q><a name="anchor-362" id="anchor-362"></a><a href="#footnote-362" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 362.">362</a> </p> + + + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_135" name="Page_135"></a><span class="pagenum">[135]</span></p> +<h2><a name="IX" id="IX"></a>IX<br /> + +THE FUR TRADE</h2> + + +<p>The Indian trading-house which had been planned for the agency at Fort +Snelling never materialized. Failure of the houses in operation to pay +expenses and the opposition of the private traders led to their +abolition in 1822. Thereafter, whatever attention the government +directed toward the trade was influenced by the desire to prevent +tampering with the allegiance of the Indians on the part of foreigners +and to control this traffic which could contribute so much good or so +much evil to the lives of the government's wards.<a name="anchor-363" id="anchor-363"></a><a href="#footnote-363" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 363.">363</a></p> + +<p>With the Indian trade left to the private traders, great trading +companies developed, since the fur trade easily lent itself to the +corporation system. Coöperation in the marketing of furs and in the +buying of goods eliminated many of the difficulties which a single +individual would meet. The American Fur Company, so long guided by John +Jacob Astor, had a practical monopoly of the trade during the time that +Old Fort Snelling was in existence. Mendota was the headquarters of a +vast region which extended from the Mississippi to the headwaters of the +streams flowing into the Missouri. At various places throughout this +territory were trading posts <a id="Page_136" name="Page_136"></a><span class="pagenum">[136]</span> called <q>forts</q>, although they +consisted of no more than a few huts within a stockade. These were all +subsidiary to the post at Mendota.</p> + +<p>Goods for the Indian trade were much the same as those given as presents +by the government officials—blankets, trinkets, tobacco, knives, and +the like. These goods were sent in great Mackinac boats from the East to +be distributed among the posts. Each Indian hunter received on credit +goods valued at forty or fifty dollars in payment for which he pledged +the spoils of his winter's hunt. If the trader did not go with his band, +he visited them occasionally or sent his engagés to see that they were +hunting and that no other trader was tampering with them to secure their +furs. In the spring the Indian would deliver furs valued at twice the +amount of the goods received. The trading company's profit was, +accordingly, about one hundred per cent. To carry out the details of the +traffic there grew up within the company a complicated system of +factors, clerks, voyageurs, and hivernants.<a name="anchor-364" id="anchor-364"></a><a href="#footnote-364" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 364.">364</a></p> + +<p>With the entire system of the fur trade the military officials had +little to do except in the matter of regulation. Not much military +protection was necessary as the Indian looked upon the trader more as a +friend than an enemy.<a name="anchor-365" id="anchor-365"></a><a href="#footnote-365" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 365.">365</a> Care in respect to the character of the men +engaged and supervision of the method of carrying on trade were the two +things necessary. According to the act of March 30, 1802, which was +supplemented by the acts of April 29, 1816, and June 30, 1834, no one +could carry on trade <a id="Page_137" name="Page_137"></a><span class="pagenum">[137]</span> with the Indians without obtaining a license +from an Indian agent, which was subject to revocation by the +superintendent of the district.<a name="anchor-366" id="anchor-366"></a><a href="#footnote-366" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 366.">366</a></p> + +<p>Many were the problems which Major Taliaferro was obliged to consider +when he granted a license. A license was valid for trade only at a +certain place and among a certain tribe. The trader must be an American +citizen. He was not allowed to carry with him any insignia of a foreign +power. An invoice of his goods was presented to the agent, who had to +certify to its correctness. Liquor was prohibited, and the trader was +responsible for the conduct of all the members of his party in this +matter. To guarantee the fulfillment of all these requirements, bond had +to be given at the time of obtaining the permit.<a name="anchor-367" id="anchor-367"></a><a href="#footnote-367" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 367.">367</a></p> + +<p>To examine all the applicants, to keep in touch with them in the field, +and to obtain the truth in regard to their conduct was enough to keep +both agent and officers at Fort Snelling busy. In 1826 twenty-five +licenses were granted; in 1827, eleven; in 1830, thirteen; and in 1831, +fourteen.<a name="anchor-368" id="anchor-368"></a><a href="#footnote-368" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 368.">368</a> The amount of this trade was very large, as is indicated +by the case of Mr. Faribault who traded on the Cannon River. One year he +marketed 50 buffalo-robes, 39,080 muskrats, 2050 pounds of deer skins, +125 pounds of beaver, 130 martin, 1100 mink, 663 raccoons, 331 otter, 25 +lynx, and 5 foxes.<a name="anchor-369" id="anchor-369"></a><a href="#footnote-369" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 369.">369</a></p> + +<p>There was a great deal of vagueness as to the application of the trade +laws—<q>a mist of uncertainty</q> as Taliaferro called it.<a name="anchor-370" id="anchor-370"></a><a href="#footnote-370" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 370.">370</a> Governor +Cass of Michigan <a id="Page_138" name="Page_138"></a><span class="pagenum">[138]</span> Territory allowed foreigners to enter into +expeditions as interpreters or boatmen, who upon entering the wilderness +took active charge of the crew and all operations.<a name="anchor-371" id="anchor-371"></a><a href="#footnote-371" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 371.">371</a> As far as Fort +Snelling was concerned there was little call for the ejection of +foreigners by force. In 1833 it was rumored that a foreigner was trading +on the Sheyenne River—a tributary of the Red River. But with the +despatch of a company of troops and the rumor of their approach, the +culprit immediately decamped.<a name="anchor-372" id="anchor-372"></a><a href="#footnote-372" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 372.">372</a></p> + +<p>The building of the fort was in itself enough to impress British +subjects with the firmness of the United States government. Joseph +Renville, Kenneth McKenzie, and William Laidlaw, former employees of the +English companies, in 1822 organized the Columbia Fur Company, and +obtained a license from Major Taliaferro. In five years they had posts +from Green Bay to the Missouri River, with their headquarters at Land's +End, a short distance up the Minnesota River from Fort Snelling. But in +1827 a union with the American Fur Company was brought about.<a name="anchor-373" id="anchor-373"></a><a href="#footnote-373" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 373.">373</a></p> + +<p>Traders licensed by the agent at Fort Snelling covered the territory as +far west as the Missouri River. No post could be established without his +approval; and he even attempted to regulate the form in which the +establishment should be built.<a name="anchor-374" id="anchor-374"></a><a href="#footnote-374" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 374.">374</a> On the whole, coöperation between +the factors of the fur companies and the officials at the post was +desired by both parties. The most notable disagreement is that which +existed between Alexis Bailly, the chief <a id="Page_139" name="Page_139"></a><span class="pagenum">[139]</span> factor at Mendota, and +Major Taliaferro. This disagreement continued until September 15, 1834, +when the agent reported that he had refused to allow Bailly to hold +further intercourse with the natives, <q>not only in Consequence of his +bad tongue, but on account also of his frequent Violations of the +intercourse laws</q>. In this action he was seconded by the authorities of +the fur company, who sent Mr. H. H. Sibley to fill Mr. Bailly's +place.<a name="anchor-375" id="anchor-375"></a><a href="#footnote-375" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 375.">375</a> The pleasant relations which existed between Mr. Sibley and +all the government officials—civil and military—is one of the charming +chapters in the history of the fort.<a name="anchor-376" id="anchor-376"></a><a href="#footnote-376" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 376.">376</a></p> + +<p>Intimately connected with the fur trade was the liquor traffic. Not that +the traders were always responsible for the introduction of the tabooed +commodity, but they were connected with it to such an extent as to be +always under suspicion. Nor was the attitude of the government +consistent. When Pike ascended the Mississippi he spoke of the evil +effects of rum to the chiefs who ceded to the United States the military +reservation; but the explorer closed with the words: <q>before my +departure I will give you some liquor to clear your throats.</q><a name="anchor-377" id="anchor-377"></a><a href="#footnote-377" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 377.">377</a> Even +Taliaferro, foe that he was of liquor, knew its power. When a +neighboring chief and thirty of his men visited the agency, he recorded: +<q>After council—gave him 30 Rats Bread—50 Rats Pork—10 lbs Tobacco—3 +gallons of whiskey—the last for good Conduct towards the +Chippeways.</q><a name="anchor-378" id="anchor-378"></a><a href="#footnote-378" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 378.">378</a></p> + +<p>Liquor was an important asset in carrying on the fur trade. The object +was to please the red man, <a id="Page_140" name="Page_140"></a><span class="pagenum">[140]</span> not to stupefy him to such an extent +that he could be swindled. With the growth of the great companies and +the influx of numbers of private traders there were many bidders for +each Indian's furs. Complaint was continual that the British traders +about the Lake of the Woods successfully offered whiskey as an +inducement to get the trade of the American Indians.<a name="anchor-379" id="anchor-379"></a><a href="#footnote-379" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 379.">379</a> Governor Cass, +thinking it would be worse to lose the trade than admit the liquor, +allowed its introduction, in <q>limited quantities</q>, by those engaged in +business along the boundary.<a name="anchor-380" id="anchor-380"></a><a href="#footnote-380" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 380.">380</a> But the act of July 9, 1832, provided, +that <q>no ardent spirits shall be hereafter introduced, under any +pretence, into the Indian country.</q><a name="anchor-381" id="anchor-381"></a><a href="#footnote-381" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 381.">381</a> This put an end to the stock +excuse. At the same time Americans suffered to such an extent that Mr. +Norman W. Kittson at Pembina wanted permission to destroy all liquor and +punish all offenders, promising <q>that very little would be introduced +after a short time</q>.<a name="anchor-382" id="anchor-382"></a><a href="#footnote-382" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 382.">382</a> So acute was the difficulty that it became the +subject of diplomatic correspondence with Great Britain; but the +authorities of the Hudson's Bay Company retorted that <q>spirits are even +clandestinely introduced into the Company's territories by citizens of +the United States.</q><a name="anchor-383" id="anchor-383"></a><a href="#footnote-383" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 383.">383</a></p> + +<p>During the first years stringent measures were in force at the mouth of +the Minnesota River. At Prairie du Chien, Taliaferro had seen the +barrels rolled out from the river vessels and they foretold to him +coming murders and depredations. His coöperating friend, Colonel +Snelling, graphically described <a id="Page_141" name="Page_141"></a><span class="pagenum">[141]</span> its evil effects. <q>Herds of +Indians</q>, he said, <q>are drawn together by the fascinations of whisky, +and they exhibit the most degraded picture of human nature I ever +witnessed.</q><a name="anchor-384" id="anchor-384"></a><a href="#footnote-384" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 384.">384</a> The drunken Indian did not molest the trader; his +peaceful fellow-tribesman suffered more. <q>An Indian killed at Al [?] +Faribault's Trading house—whiskey was given the Indian for his furs—by +Mr. F.—The deceased then invited one of his friends to drink with +him—the invitation was accepted—when this friend becoming inflamed +with the Liquor very inhospitably sunk his Tomahawk into the head of his +host—whiskey it is said does no harm in the Trade by persons +interested—but the foregoing is only one of the many hundred fatal +occurrences from its use in procuring furs unlawfully.</q><a name="anchor-385" id="anchor-385"></a><a href="#footnote-385" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 385.">385</a></p> + +<p>In fact, the Indians were continually agitated. If they received the +spirits they naturally revelled. When their supply was exhausted they +raged and fumed until they secured more. Sometimes the disease was more +desirable than the cure. <q>I have thus far seen but few of the indians of +this place and I am in hopes of passing on North without much trouble +there has just arrived a fresh supply of whiskey which will keep them +busy for a few days and by that time my carts will be almost out of +their reach.</q><a name="anchor-386" id="anchor-386"></a><a href="#footnote-386" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 386.">386</a></p> + +<p>The eagerness for liquor on the part of the Indians made its +introduction all the more easy. For it they were willing to pay much: +eight horses were at one time exchanged for eight kegs of whiskey,<a name="anchor-387" id="anchor-387"></a><a href="#footnote-387" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 387.">387</a> +and the <a id="Page_142" name="Page_142"></a><span class="pagenum">[142]</span> current rate at which it sold is indicated by the +complaint which a Chippewa chief poured into the ears of the agent: <q>My +Father—Is it right for our traders to make us pay 200 Musk Rats, and 3 +otters for a 3 gallon keg of mixed whiskey?</q><a name="anchor-388" id="anchor-388"></a><a href="#footnote-388" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 388.">388</a> They would undergo +extreme physical suffering, lying out in the rain and wading rivers and +swamps, to bring the precious liquid to their villages.<a name="anchor-389" id="anchor-389"></a><a href="#footnote-389" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 389.">389</a></p> + +<p>The officers were never successful in entirely banishing the prohibited +article. Conditions depended upon the eagerness of the military and +civil agents, on the number of soldiers stationed at the fort, and on +the wiliness of the culprits. On one occasion liquor <q>was found secreted +in barrels of corn, buried on the beach and in other secret places, and +destroyed.</q><a name="anchor-390" id="anchor-390"></a><a href="#footnote-390" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 390.">390</a></p> + +<p>Major Taliaferro was not lax in enforcing the laws. Every boat passing +Fort Snelling was searched, and no liquor was allowed to enter the +Indian country.<a name="anchor-391" id="anchor-391"></a><a href="#footnote-391" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 391.">391</a> A few stray references seem to indicate what was a +usual occupation of the troops. <q>The Sub Agent Mr. Grooms left with 10 +men on his 2d expedition below Lake Pepin in quest of whiskey +Smuglers—as our Indians even entering the country with it from Prairie +du Chiens and the Traders of the Am Fur Cpy are geting whiskey over the +country by land and water</q>.<a name="anchor-392" id="anchor-392"></a><a href="#footnote-392" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 392.">392</a> During May, 1827, the agent called the +attention of Colonel Josiah Snelling to the fact that in Mr. Bailly's +store at Mendota there was whiskey which had been introduced into the +Indian country contrary to law. Accordingly <a id="Page_143" name="Page_143"></a><span class="pagenum">[143]</span> a detachment of +soldiers was sent under the command of Lieutenant J. B. F. Rupel, who +succeeded in finding two barrels which were taken away and stored in the +fort.<a name="anchor-393" id="anchor-393"></a><a href="#footnote-393" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 393.">393</a></p> + +<p>The year 1832 saw especial activity in the destruction of liquor. The +boat of one trader passed up the Mississippi during April, having on +board eighteen barrels of whiskey.<a name="anchor-394" id="anchor-394"></a><a href="#footnote-394" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 394.">394</a> Later in the season the +vigilance of the officers had direct results. In July eleven kegs of +high wines, very strong in quality, and in quantity amounting to one +hundred and ten gallons, were taken from the boat of Hazen Moores by +Captain J. Vail. The value of this liquor was $330. In October of the +same year, five kegs of high wines and one keg of whiskey were found by +Lieutenant I. K. Greenough in the boat of Louis Provencalle. These +confiscated kegs were stored in the fort, and an interesting side-light +on their ultimate fate is contained in the report of Major Taliaferro <q>I +am of opinion</q>, he wrote, <q>from what I hear that the High Wines, and +Whiskey Seized by Lieuts Vail and Greenough, and in Store here will soon +be of little account in Consequence of loss by leakage, and the property +Not in charge of any responsible person—Other than its mere deposite +in the public store.</q> Whether any efforts were made to stop the leaks is +not mentioned.<a name="anchor-395" id="anchor-395"></a><a href="#footnote-395" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 395.">395</a></p> + +<p>These energetic movements caused <q>consternation among those natives who +have not yet joined the temperance <ins class="corr" title="Spelled as in original.">Societties</ins></q>.<a name="anchor-396" id="anchor-396"></a><a href="#footnote-396" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 396.">396</a> But they also +caused violent opposition from the men whose goods had been <a id="Page_144" name="Page_144"></a><span class="pagenum">[144]</span> +seized. These traders commenced a suit in the courts at Prairie du Chien +against the commanding officer at Fort Snelling, arguing that while the +law prohibited the introduction of liquor into the Indian country, this +seizure had been made on the Mississippi River—<q>a common highway open +to all the Citizens of the United States</q>.<a name="anchor-397" id="anchor-397"></a><a href="#footnote-397" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 397.">397</a></p> + +<p>It is impossible to follow the course of the whiskey traffic through its +ups and downs. Numerous cases are recorded where the soldiers <q>knocked +in the head</q> the whiskey barrels.<a name="anchor-398" id="anchor-398"></a><a href="#footnote-398" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 398.">398</a> But it was probably true, as the +missionary S. R. Riggs wrote from Lac qui Parle on June 15, 1847, to the +Indian agent: <q>The whiskey destroyed by the efforts of yourself and the +commanding officer at Fort Snelling forms the glorious exception, and +not the rule.</q><a name="anchor-399" id="anchor-399"></a><a href="#footnote-399" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 399.">399</a></p> + +<p>Under the regulations existing in 1830 the traders were allowed to take +with them into the Indian country one gallon per month for every person +engaged in the party. Under plea of this they brought in high wines +which were later diluted with water and distributed among the Indians. +Of the amount brought in, the employees actually saw only one-third, and +this they paid for at the rate of from eight to sixteen dollars per +gallon.<a name="anchor-400" id="anchor-400"></a><a href="#footnote-400" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 400.">400</a> Accordingly, Major Taliaferro issued a circular letter in +which he stated that high wines and whiskey would be allowed to be +brought in <q>in no case whatever</q>.<a name="anchor-401" id="anchor-401"></a><a href="#footnote-401" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 401.">401</a> Actions such as these by the +agent, who was still a young man, brought about the remark which Mr. +Aitkin, a trader among the Chippewas, is reported to have made to <a id="Page_145" name="Page_145"></a><span class="pagenum">[145]</span> +some chiefs: <q>The Medals and Flags which you received at St Peters are +nothing more than pewter and dish rags, and were given to you by a boy, +and with a boys paw.</q><a name="anchor-402" id="anchor-402"></a><a href="#footnote-402" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 402.">402</a></p> + +<p>Much of the good which should have resulted from the activities of the +officers was lost because the Indian could not be punished. If liquor +was found in his possession and seized there was nothing to prevent his +going back and obtaining more, taking the chance of being more +successful in evading the authorities the second time.<a name="anchor-403" id="anchor-403"></a><a href="#footnote-403" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 403.">403</a> Accordingly +prevention as well as cure was tried, and Captain Eastman, Mr. Sibley, +and others sought, with some success, to persuade the Indians to refuse +to accept liquor.<a name="anchor-404" id="anchor-404"></a><a href="#footnote-404" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 404.">404</a> Two years later the Indian agent, R. G. Murphy, +organized a temperance society among the Sioux, who, an observer stated, +were careful in living up to the pledge when once taken; and added, <q>One +such man as Major Murphy does more <em>real, practical good</em> than all the +missionary societies of New York and Boston.</q><a name="anchor-405" id="anchor-405"></a><a href="#footnote-405" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 405.">405</a> </p> + + + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_146" name="Page_146"></a><span class="pagenum">[146]</span></p> +<h2><a name="X" id="X"></a>X<br /> + +SOLDIERS OF THE CROSS</h2> + + +<p>Since the days of Father Marquette the Mississippi Valley has owed much +to the missionaries. Parkman has recounted their sufferings and their +glorious achievements in discovery, in exploration, and in inspiring +others with their stories of the wonderful West. But when the +black-robed Jesuit departed, and mass was no longer said in the log +chapels about the lakes and tributary streams, the influence of +Christianity still abided. There came a new generation of soldiers of +the cross who served the great valley in a later stage of development as +unselfishly and as thoroughly as their predecessors had done in the +earlier days.</p> + +<p>The Indian in the Northwest in 1830 was not unacquainted with or hostile +to the whites; he did not fall down in awe to worship one of a different +color. His grandfather had traded with the wandering traveller who often +lived a whole winter in the village, and with his tribe had visited the +great commercial center at Mackinac. His father remembered the day when +the second class of strangers entered—the uniformed soldiers led by +Pike—and now the sound of the big gun in the fort at the mouth of the +Minnesota was no longer a dread portent. <a id="Page_147" name="Page_147"></a><span class="pagenum">[147]</span></p> + +<p>But the missionary was a novelty. His purpose was unknown. He did not +ask for furs; he did not stealthily give them whiskey; he did not come +to summon them to councils at the agent's house; and he did not ask for +cessions of land. If they would respect the white man's <q>medicine +day</q><a name="anchor-406" id="anchor-406"></a><a href="#footnote-406" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 406.">406</a> and let their boys and girls attend the school, if they would +listen patiently while he talked to them of things they did not +understand, this newcomer was content. Out in the woods he cleared a +patch of ground and grew corn. If the red men wanted to help he was very +glad. When the winter storms came, and game was scarce, and the small +supply of corn that the squaws had safely cached in the fall was eaten, +then the missionary helped them in their difficulty. He often went with +them on their hunts, shared all their privations, and eased their pain +if accident or sickness befell them. As the activities of the mission +broadened and its personnel enlarged, the Indian became more and more +acquainted with whites who lived on farms and tilled the soil. So when +at last the land was opened to settlement, the transition from the +missionary's establishment to that of the American farmer was not +sudden.</p> + +<p>Much has been written of the degeneration which came to the Indians +about a fort through their association with the soldiers. That such +degeneration did result is true, but it came about in spite of the +efforts of the officers. On the other hand, distinct steps were taken to +improve the condition of the neighboring tribes; and although these +efforts were <a id="Page_148" name="Page_148"></a><span class="pagenum">[148]</span> soon transferred to the missionaries, yet these +missionaries depended so much on support and encouragement from the +soldiers that their enterprises may be considered as part of the history +of Fort Snelling. The freedom from annoyance enjoyed by the missionaries +living near the fort as compared with those at a distance indicates the +influence of the post.<a name="anchor-407" id="anchor-407"></a><a href="#footnote-407" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 407.">407</a></p> + +<p>Soon after Fort Snelling was established, Taliaferro attempted to +persuade some Indians to undertake farming in order to supplement their +hunting. But they preferred leaving this work to the rather desultory +efforts of the squaws. One chief, however, remembered the advice during +the next winter. Far out on the plains that border on the Missouri River +he and his party were overtaken by a blizzard. Each one wrapped himself +in his blanket and let the snow drift about and over him. With a little +dried buffalo meat which they divided among them, they kept alive until +the storm was over. While lying here, knowing not whether his companions +were dead or alive, expecting himself to be a victim of either the cold +or hunger or both, Chief Cloud Man resolved that if he ever returned to +the vicinity of Fort Snelling he would not depend entirely upon the hunt +for his living, but would also engage in farming under the direction of +the Indian agent. This was no mere death-bed conversion. Many of his +companions refused to follow him in the movement; other chiefs openly +opposed him; but in the spring eight Indians settled upon the shores of +Lake Calhoun to begin the life of agriculturists. This community <a id="Page_149" name="Page_149"></a><span class="pagenum">[149]</span> +was named Eatonville in honor of Secretary of War John H. Eaton.<a name="anchor-408" id="anchor-408"></a><a href="#footnote-408" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 408.">408</a></p> + +<p>On September 1, 1829, there arrived at the fort, the Reverend Alvan Coe +and the Reverend Jedediah I. Stevens, two missionaries on a religious +exploring expedition to locate a site for an establishment. They bore +with them letters of introduction from Joseph M. Street, the agent at +Prairie du Chien, who commended them to Taliaferro's care with a +convincing array of scriptural quotations.<a name="anchor-409" id="anchor-409"></a><a href="#footnote-409" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 409.">409</a> The agent offered them +the use of the buildings connected with the grist mill and the saw mill +at the Falls and his own colony at Eatonville. After preaching a few +times to the garrison, the ministers left. It was not until 1835 that +Mr. Stevens located permanently near the post.<a name="anchor-410" id="anchor-410"></a><a href="#footnote-410" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 410.">410</a></p> + +<p>Major Taliaferro was left alone to carry on the difficult enterprise of +civilizing the natives. In 1830 he wrote to the Secretary of War telling +of the progress he had made and of his plans for a log village in which +the Indians could live, instead of in the flimsy bark houses, and a log +house for the protection of the Indians' property. He begged for +financial aid, saying that <q>Six or eight hundred dollars would mature +what has happily been begun, and this sum from the Civilization fund +would enable me to progress with great efficiency, and without further +tax on the Government.</q><a name="anchor-411" id="anchor-411"></a><a href="#footnote-411" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 411.">411</a> The need for his supervision was constant. +From his diary can be seen how continual was his interest in the +experiment. On April 18, 1831, he ordered the hoes and plows <a id="Page_150" name="Page_150"></a><span class="pagenum">[150]</span> +repaired, and on May 1 he went to the colony taking the implements with +him. Here he found <q>most of them at work—Cuting down trees, Grubbing +out the roots &c—What was more encouraging some few of the Men were at +this unusual kind of labour for them—they laughed when they saw Me—I +praised them, in every agreable way that could be conveyed to them in +their language.</q> Again on June 8th he was pleased to see the Indians all +at work hoeing their corn and potatoes.<a name="anchor-412" id="anchor-412"></a><a href="#footnote-412" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 412.">412</a></p> + +<p>The success of the colony was gratifying. In 1833 they raised from eight +hundred to a thousand bushels of corn, and the population of the village +was one hundred and twenty-five. Only one death had occurred in three +years.<a name="anchor-413" id="anchor-413"></a><a href="#footnote-413" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 413.">413</a> There was much to contend with, however, since the traders +were <q>violently opposed to Indians commencing to seek a living in this +way.</q><a name="anchor-414" id="anchor-414"></a><a href="#footnote-414" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 414.">414</a> One trader stated that it was a loss to him of five hundred +dollars whenever an Indian learned to read and write.<a name="anchor-415" id="anchor-415"></a><a href="#footnote-415" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 415.">415</a></p> + +<p>With all his duties it is no wonder that the agent was anxious to +receive the help of the missionaries, and although he was himself <q>a +Deacon in the <q>Old School Presbyterian Church</q></q>,<a name="anchor-416" id="anchor-416"></a><a href="#footnote-416" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 416.">416</a> his basis for +aiding the red men, as he expressed it in a report, was that he had +<q>endeavored to impress all missionaries with the true fact that +Christianity must be preceded by civilization among the wild tribes. I +hazard nothing in this, for an Indian must be taught all the <em>temporal</em> +benefits of this life first, before you ask him to seek for eternal +happiness; teach him to worship <a id="Page_151" name="Page_151"></a><span class="pagenum">[151]</span> the true and living God through +the self-evident developments of his mother earth. In fine, let +agriculture and the arts precede the preaching of the gospel, after +which, Christianity inculcate if practicable.</q><a name="anchor-417" id="anchor-417"></a><a href="#footnote-417" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 417.">417</a></p> + +<p>The men who were to be Taliaferro's first helpers were living in the +little village of Washington, Connecticut—two brothers, one +twenty-three years old and the other twenty-one. Here a great revival +occurred and among those whose lives were changed were Samuel Pond and +Gideon Pond. The next year the older of the two went to the West and +drifted into the frontier town of Galena. Hearing from a traveller from +Red River of the Sioux about Fort Snelling he decided to dedicate his +life to uplifting them. Upon broaching the subject to his brother the +latter agreed, and on May 1, 1834, they left Galena on the <q>Warrior</q>. No +missionary society was supporting them; they had only a little money; +they did not know a word of the <q>Dakota</q> tongue; they were uneducated +for missionary work. Living the roving life of the Indians as members of +the tribe, they hoped to be able to gradually influence their lives and +religion.<a name="anchor-418" id="anchor-418"></a><a href="#footnote-418" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 418.">418</a></p> + +<p>On May 6, 1834, the <q>Warrior</q> reached Fort Snelling. At the agency +house, Mr. Grooms, who was the acting agent in the absence of Major +Taliaferro, rented them a room. Major Bliss, then in command at the +fort, immediately summoned them to appear before him and explain their +presence in the Indian country without permission.<a name="anchor-419" id="anchor-419"></a><a href="#footnote-419" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 419.">419</a> When he heard of +<a id="Page_152" name="Page_152"></a><span class="pagenum">[152]</span> their plans, they fitted immediately into a problem that had been +puzzling him. Big Thunder, chief of the Kaposia village, wanted to raise +more corn. But by using the customary Indian method of hoeing up the +ground before planting, it was impossible to get much land under +cultivation. At Fort Snelling were oxen and a plow, but there was no one +to do the plowing or teach the art to the Indians. Accordingly Samuel +Pond volunteered to take charge of the proposition.</p> + +<p>The plow was taken down the river in a canoe, while the oxen were driven +by land. But the warriors were reluctant about touching the plow until +Big Thunder, chief of the band, had seized the handles himself. For a +week Samuel Pond continued the work. But the dogs had stolen the +provisions he had taken from the fort, and so he was obliged not only to +sleep in the Indian tepee, but also to live upon the ordinary Indian +fare.<a name="anchor-420" id="anchor-420"></a><a href="#footnote-420" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 420.">420</a></p> + +<p>This task of plowing had just been performed when Major Taliaferro +returned from the East. The success of the work done by Big Thunder led +him to ask the Ponds to take charge of the Eatonville colony. As this +would give them an opportunity of carrying out their plans, the brothers +accepted. Their position is indicated by the following entry in +Taliaferro's diary: <q>I am to furnish out of my private funds—Hay for +the Oxen—belonging to the Indians, & those young men are to have Charge +of them for the Winter—They will plough some this fall and again in the +Spring for the Indians, & go on <a id="Page_153" name="Page_153"></a><span class="pagenum">[153]</span> thereafter to instruct them in +the arts & habits of civilized life.</q><a name="anchor-421" id="anchor-421"></a><a href="#footnote-421" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 421.">421</a></p> + +<p>Cloud Man, chief of the Calhoun band of Indians, chose a site near the +lake, where a cabin was erected which cost a shilling—for nails. The +walls were of tamarack logs from a neighboring grove; slabs obtained at +the mill at the Falls of St. Anthony furnished a roof; and Major +Taliaferro presented the missionaries with a window. Major Bliss gave +them some potatoes, and Mrs. Bliss presented them with a ham. Knowing +the thievishness of the natives, the Indian agent also added a padlock +to the newly-finished cabin.<a name="anchor-422" id="anchor-422"></a><a href="#footnote-422" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 422.">422</a></p> + +<p>Near the house about four acres of land were cleared and fenced with +logs. A quarter of a mile distant was the Indian village of fourteen +bark lodges, each containing two or three families. This village was +surrounded by corn fields and was reached through a narrow lane made by +putting up posts and tying poles to them with strips of bark.<a name="anchor-423" id="anchor-423"></a><a href="#footnote-423" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 423.">423</a> +According to Featherstonhaugh, who visited the establishment a year +later, thirty acres were under cultivation and the yield of corn +amounted to eight hundred bushels. It is interesting to note that this +critical traveller found only one thing about Fort Snelling to commend +and that was the self-sacrifice of the two Pond brothers.<a name="anchor-424" id="anchor-424"></a><a href="#footnote-424" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 424.">424</a></p> + +<p>They entered immediately into the life of the Indians. An extract from a +letter written by one of the brothers shows the wide variety of their +duties. <q>One Indian,</q> he said, <q>has been here to borrow my <a id="Page_154" name="Page_154"></a><span class="pagenum">[154]</span> axe, +another to have me help him split a stick; another now interrupts me to +borrow my hatchet; another has been here after a trap which he left with +me; another is now before my window at work with his axe, while the +women and children are screaming to drive the black-birds from their +corn. Again I am interrupted by one who tells me that the Indians are +going to play ball near our house to-day. Hundreds assemble on such +occasions.</q><a name="anchor-425" id="anchor-425"></a><a href="#footnote-425" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 425.">425</a></p> + +<p>The work that was thus started soon expanded. In the spring of 1835 Rev. +Thomas Smith Williamson arrived at Fort Snelling with his wife, a child, +Miss Sarah Poage, and Alexander G. Huggins. At about the same time Rev. +Jedediah I. Stevens returned to the post he had visited in 1829, and +with the help of the Pond brothers built a mission school at Lake +Harriet. Dr. Williamson went up the Minnesota River to Lac qui Parle, +where another station was established. On May 19, 1837, Rev. Alfred +Brunson came to Fort Snelling for a similar purpose, and after +consulting with the agent and the commandant he chose the village of +Kaposia for his headquarters. But these mission stations and their +personnel were not permanent. The work of the Ponds was soon amalgamated +with that of Mr. Stevens. In 1839 when the Sioux-Chippewa feuds were at +their height and the Indians were afraid to remain at Lake Calhoun, Mr. +Stevens tore down the little cabin the Ponds had built and used the +material for breastworks and moved down the river to Wabasha's +village—outside the influence of Fort Snelling. At <a id="Page_155" name="Page_155"></a><span class="pagenum">[155]</span> the same time +the Ponds moved nearer the fort, where they remained until in 1842 they +established a mission at Oak Grove, eight miles up the Minnesota River. +This same war spirit and the hostility to the missionaries who preached +against it led to the abandonment of the Kaposia enterprise in 1841. In +1846, however, Little Crow asked for a school, and Dr. Williamson came +from Lac qui Parle to take charge of it. These missions remained in +existence throughout the period of Old Fort Snelling.<a name="anchor-426" id="anchor-426"></a><a href="#footnote-426" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 426.">426</a></p> + +<p>The activities of the missions took on two forms—industrial and +educational. By the treaty of 1837 a farmer was provided for the Sioux +about the fort. This position was offered to Gideon Pond who in 1838 +accepted. In return for his salary of six hundred dollars he had to plow +the cornfields, cut hay for the cattle and feed them during the winter, +and build such shelters as the animals might need. As he could not do +all this work alone—and he wanted it thoroughly done—much of his +salary was spent in hiring others to help him. His services were offered +in the same spirit of sacrifice which first brought him to the +region.<a name="anchor-427" id="anchor-427"></a><a href="#footnote-427" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 427.">427</a></p> + +<p>Blacksmiths were maintained at some of the villages. In 1849 Mr. Chatel, +blacksmith for Good Road's village, made among other things, 73 chains +to hang kettles on for cooking, 23 traps, 230 axes, 50 rat spears, 208 +pairs of fish spears, 24 pairs of stirrups, 63 crooked knives, and 199 +hoes. During the same year, Mr. Robertson, the farmer for Little Crow's +village, ploughed 75 acres of land, made 500 <a id="Page_156" name="Page_156"></a><span class="pagenum">[156]</span> yards of fence, put +up 20 tons of hay, and hauled corn for seventeen days. To be sure, +Robertson and Chatel were not missionaries, but they were part of the +movement for civilizing the Indians which was fostered and encouraged by +the officers of the fort.<a name="anchor-428" id="anchor-428"></a><a href="#footnote-428" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 428.">428</a></p> + +<p>In 1837 at Lake Harriet there was an Indian boarding-school, where some +half dozen half-breed girls were learning to read, write, and sew.<a name="anchor-429" id="anchor-429"></a><a href="#footnote-429" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 429.">429</a> +The Pond brothers had made the beginnings of an alphabet of the Sioux +language, and books and primers for the use of the scholars were soon +printed.<a name="anchor-430" id="anchor-430"></a><a href="#footnote-430" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 430.">430</a> At all the stations surrounding Fort Snelling schools were +maintained, but here as elsewhere <q>the children in pleasant weather +prefer playing to reading</q>.<a name="anchor-431" id="anchor-431"></a><a href="#footnote-431" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 431.">431</a> Some progress was made, however, as is +indicated by the school reports. In 1851 at the school maintained at +Kaposia it is reported that Daniel Renville, Gustavus A. Robertson, +Rosalie Renville, and Fat Duty Win can spell and read in English in +<em>McGuffy's Eclectic Primer</em>, and can spell and read in the Sioux +language in <em>Wowape Metawa</em>.<a name="anchor-432" id="anchor-432"></a><a href="#footnote-432" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 432.">432</a></p> + +<p>The success of these pioneer efforts depended much on the encouragement +received at the beginning; and by a coincidence this encouragement was +brought about the second summer that the Ponds were in the vicinity. +During the winter Major Gustavus Loomis initiated <q>a red-hot revival +among <ins class="corr" title="Double word in original.">the</ins> soldiers</q>, and although many of the converts backslid with the +simultaneous appearance of spring and whiskey,<a name="anchor-433" id="anchor-433"></a><a href="#footnote-433" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 433.">433</a> yet there were so +many that remained <a id="Page_157" name="Page_157"></a><span class="pagenum">[157]</span> faithful that on June 11, 1835, when Dr. +Williamson arrived, a church was organized in one of the company rooms +at Fort Snelling. This church was composed of soldiers, missionaries, +and fur traders and was a basis of support in the difficult task of +civilizing the Indians.<a name="anchor-434" id="anchor-434"></a><a href="#footnote-434" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 434.">434</a> The officers protected and encouraged the +workers under all circumstances, the post doctor gave his services to +them free, and once a month Mr. Stevens preached at the fort.<a name="anchor-435" id="anchor-435"></a><a href="#footnote-435" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 435.">435</a></p> + +<p>In 1838 the church was strengthened by the appointment of a chaplain, +Rev. Ezekiel Gear of Galena. But on December 11, 1838, as he was leaving +Fort Crawford in a sleigh, the horse started up sooner than was expected +and he was thrown out, breaking his right thigh bone. He was kept at the +hospital at Fort Crawford for some months and did not arrive at Fort +Snelling until April 28, 1839.<a name="anchor-436" id="anchor-436"></a><a href="#footnote-436" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 436.">436</a> As there was no room large enough to +hold all the soldiers, they were at first not compelled to attend the +services. In 1841, however, the chaplain reported that all the soldiers +attended regularly, but answered feebly to the responses, although the +chaplain believed they were attentive to what was said. These movements, +which were undertaken to elevate the character of the soldiers, could +not but have an effect upon the success of the missionaries.<a name="anchor-437" id="anchor-437"></a><a href="#footnote-437" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 437.">437</a></p> + +<p>Under the protection of Fort Snelling efforts were also made to do +religious work among the fur traders. The inhabitants of Mendota were +old voyageurs and traders, French and half-breeds, and most of them, +having lived long without the ministrations of the church, remembered +the faith of their <a id="Page_158" name="Page_158"></a><span class="pagenum">[158]</span> childhood days in Canada. When in 1838 the +Minnesota country west of the Mississippi was made a part of the +Territory of Iowa, the Diocese of Dubuque was extended to correspond +with the political area. In the following summer Bishop Loras of Dubuque +visited the upper Mississippi and was entertained at the fort and by the +faithful Catholics at Mendota. These amounted in number to one hundred +and eighty-five, fifty-six of whom were baptized, eight were confirmed, +and four couples were given the nuptial benediction. The need for +permanent work was great. Plans were made to bring one or two Sioux to +Dubuque to pass the winter and teach the language to some worker. In the +spring of 1840 Rev. Lucian Galtier was sent up to be the pastor of this +flock.<a name="anchor-438" id="anchor-438"></a><a href="#footnote-438" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 438.">438</a></p> + +<p>It was often with despair that the missionaries saw the Indians still +clinging to their heathen rites, and the few additions to the churches +do not indicate any great transformation of an Indian nation. But if the +lives of the natives were not elevated by their contact with the whites +it was not because they had no opportunity. The forces which led to +their degeneration had the start of the civilizing forces, and they also +appealed more to the Indian's nature. At the same time both romance and +lustre is added to the relations of Old Fort Snelling with the +surrounding Indians by the story of the attempts of the men who had a +vision of what Indian life could be, and who unselfishly tried to make +that vision a reality, encouraged and supported by the military men at +the fort. </p> + + + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_159" name="Page_159"></a><span class="pagenum">[159]</span></p> +<h2><a name="XI" id="XI"></a>XI<br /> + +THE FASHIONABLE TOUR</h2> + + +<p>George Catlin, whose wanderings in the West had acquainted him with the +most beautiful and the most accessible scenic spots of the country, +urged upon his readers the adoption of a trip to the Falls of St. +Anthony as the <q>Fashionable Tour</q>.<a name="anchor-439" id="anchor-439"></a><a href="#footnote-439" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 439.">439</a> Primitive life and unspoiled +landscapes could be seen from the comfortable decks of the steamboat. +The objective point of these trips was the Falls of St. Anthony, but it +was at Fort Snelling that the passengers were dropped. Only because of +the necessity of bringing supplies to the troops at the post did the +steamboats make the journey. It is in the writings of these visitors +that there have been preserved many pictures of life in and about Fort +Snelling. Moreover, these visits from the outside world brought pleasure +and satisfaction to the smaller world about the fort.</p> + +<p>In the month of May, 1823, occurred an event which was epochal, not only +in regard to the commercial development of the Northwest, but also in +respect to the growth of the upper Mississippi as a Mecca for +travellers. The steamboat <q>Virginia</q>, one hundred and twenty feet long +with a twenty foot beam, commanded by Captain Crawford, left St. Louis +with supplies for Fort Snelling; on the tenth <a id="Page_160" name="Page_160"></a><span class="pagenum">[160]</span> of May it was +received by the soldiers at the fort with a salute of cannon and by the +assembled Indians with awe and consternation.<a name="anchor-440" id="anchor-440"></a><a href="#footnote-440" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 440.">440</a> <q>I know not what +impression the first sight of the Phoenician vessels might make on the +inhabitants of the coasts of Greece,</q> wrote one who was a passenger on +that eventful voyage, <q>or the Triremi of the Romans on the natives of +Iberia, Gaul, or Britain; but I am sure it could not be stronger than +that which I saw on the countenances of these savages at the arrival of +our steam-boat.</q><a name="anchor-441" id="anchor-441"></a><a href="#footnote-441" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 441.">441</a></p> + +<p>The man who wrote these words was J. C. Beltrami, an Italian refugee, +who for political reasons had fled from his native land. In 1823 he met +Major Taliaferro at Pittsburgh and requested permission to accompany him +to the Falls of St. Anthony. This was granted, and in company with the +Indian agent he arrived at Fort Snelling on the first steamboat to brave +the current of the upper Mississippi.<a name="anchor-442" id="anchor-442"></a><a href="#footnote-442" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 442.">442</a> Here for almost two months he +was entertained by the officials at the post, visiting the Indian bands, +attending their councils, writing letters to <q>My Dear Countess</q>,<a name="anchor-443" id="anchor-443"></a><a href="#footnote-443" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 443.">443</a> +and conversing with Mrs. Snelling who alone could speak French with +him.<a name="anchor-444" id="anchor-444"></a><a href="#footnote-444" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 444.">444</a> He was on the point of setting out overland for Council Bluffs +when another party arrived at the post.</p> + +<p>In the list of the exploring expeditions which traversed the region +about the head of Lake Superior, by far the most important was the one +led by Stephen H. Long and conducted under the auspices of the War +Department. The permanent members of the <a id="Page_161" name="Page_161"></a><span class="pagenum">[161]</span> party were Major Long of +the Topographical Engineers, Thomas Say, zoölogist and antiquary, +William H. Keating, mineralogist and geologist, Samuel Seymour, +landscape painter and designer, and James E. Colhoun, astronomer and +assistant topographer. The start was made at Philadelphia on April 30, +1823, and the route led by way of Wheeling and Chicago to Fort Crawford +at Prairie du Chien. From this point Major Long and Mr. Colhoun +travelled by land and the others by water, the two parties arriving at +the fort on July 2nd and July 3rd respectively. After a few days wait +the journey was again resumed late on the afternoon of July 9th.<a name="anchor-445" id="anchor-445"></a><a href="#footnote-445" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 445.">445</a></p> + +<p>In the meantime much had been done. The orders issued to Major Long had +authorized him to call upon the commanding officer at any post for men, +horses, camp equipage, provisions, boats, clothing, medicines, and goods +to the value of three hundred dollars to be distributed among the +Indians.<a name="anchor-446" id="anchor-446"></a><a href="#footnote-446" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 446.">446</a> Biscuits were baked in the ovens of the fort; Joseph +Renville was engaged as an interpreter; and the detachment of troops +which had accompanied them from Prairie du Chien was exchanged for a new +guard, consisting of a sergeant, two corporals, and eighteen soldiers +under the command of Lieutenant St. Clair Denny.<a name="anchor-447" id="anchor-447"></a><a href="#footnote-447" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 447.">447</a></p> + +<p>But these preparations did not prevent them from enjoying the scenic +views about Fort Snelling. On the sixth of July a walk was taken to the +Falls of St. Anthony. An island in the river which divided the falls +into two parts tempted Mr. Say, Mr. Colhoun, <a id="Page_162" name="Page_162"></a><span class="pagenum">[162]</span> and Mr. Keating to +cross, the water being only two feet deep. But the ford was located only +a few feet above the ledge of the rock, and the slippery footing +rendered the exploit extremely dangerous. When this had been safely +accomplished, Mr. Say and Mr. Colhoun crossed in the same way the +eastern half of the falls, while Mr. Keating with great difficulty +returned to the western bank. Later when the others were crossing the +dangerous passage, they were seen to be in great difficulties whereupon +one of the soldiers went out and aided them to the shore. Only after +they had been strengthened by a dinner, prepared by the old sergeant who +was in charge of the government mills, were they able to return to the +fort.<a name="anchor-448" id="anchor-448"></a><a href="#footnote-448" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 448.">448</a></p> + +<p>The expedition went up the Minnesota River to its source, then down the +Red River to Lake Winnipeg and returned to the East by way of the fur +trader's route along the international boundary and Lake Superior. Fear +of the Indians living about the mouth of the Blue Earth River, one of +whose number had been arrested and sent to St. Louis for murder, had +suggested the necessity of the military escort. But when the place was +reached no trouble resulted, as the Indians had gone on their summer +hunt. Accordingly nine of the soldiers were sent back with canoes—some +of the supplies having been destroyed by accidents. Those who remained +had no easy task. There were only nine horses, and these were reserved +for the officers and <q>gentlemen</q> of the company, so that the privates +were obliged to walk.<a name="anchor-449" id="anchor-449"></a><a href="#footnote-449" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 449.">449</a> <a id="Page_163" name="Page_163"></a><span class="pagenum">[163]</span></p> + +<p>On August 9th when the party left Pembina behind, their number had +dwindled. Joseph Snelling, son of Colonel Snelling, who had gone with +them thus far, returned by the same route with three soldiers. J. C. +Beltrami, who had been allowed to cast his lot with theirs, and who had +been equipped and supplied by the Indian agent, who had presented him +with the <q>noble steed <q>Cadmus</q></q>,<a name="anchor-450" id="anchor-450"></a><a href="#footnote-450" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 450.">450</a> also left them. In company with +two Chippewas and a <em>bois-brulé</em> of Red River, he set out for the +southeast with the purpose of there finding the source of the +Mississippi. Upon a small lake, which he named Lake Julia, he conferred +the honor of being the head of the great river, while it seemed to him +that the <q>shades of Marco Polo, of Columbus, of Americus Vespucius, of +the Cabots, of Verazani, of the Zenos, and various others, appeared +present, and joyfully assisting at this high and solemn ceremony</q>.<a name="anchor-451" id="anchor-451"></a><a href="#footnote-451" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 451.">451</a> +After a journey of great suffering he was welcomed at Fort +Snelling—wearing a hat made of the bark of a tree, and clothes of +skins.<a name="anchor-452" id="anchor-452"></a><a href="#footnote-452" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 452.">452</a></p> + +<p>Not until late in the fall did the connection of Fort Snelling with this +expedition cease, when the soldiers who had accompanied the party as far +as Sault Ste. Marie returned to their post by the Fox-Wisconsin route +after a journey rendered exceedingly disagreeable by the cold.<a name="anchor-453" id="anchor-453"></a><a href="#footnote-453" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 453.">453</a></p> + +<p>In the summer of 1835 George Catlin and his wife spent several months at +Fort Snelling. Mr. Catlin was an artist who made a specialty of Indian +scenes, and his time was occupied in painting scenes of Indian <a id="Page_164" name="Page_164"></a><span class="pagenum">[164]</span> +life and portraits of Indian chiefs. His studio was a room in the +officers' quarters, and his models were the natives who lingered about +the agency.</p> + +<p>Mr. Catlin was extremely desirous of painting some pictures of Indian +dances and ball-plays. In order to persuade the Indians to do their +part, Lawrence Taliaferro told them on July 3rd that if they would come +the next day and entertain the visitors, the great gun at the fort would +be fired twenty-one times for their amusement. As this was the salute +for the national holiday, he was safe in making the prophecy. +Accordingly, on the fourth of July the prairie near the fort, for two +hours, rang with the excited shouts of the ball-players; and when this +pastime was finished the <q>beggar's-dance</q>, the <q>buffalo-dance</q>, the +<q>bear-dance</q>, the <q>eagle-dance</q>, and the <q>dance-of-the-braves</q> furnished +entertainment for three hours more.<a name="anchor-454" id="anchor-454"></a><a href="#footnote-454" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 454.">454</a></p> + +<p>On the sixteenth of July General Robert Patterson of Philadelphia with +his sister and daughter arrived on the steamboat <q>Warrior</q>. For their +amusement the Indians staged the <q>dog-dance</q>, using for their victims +two dogs which were presented to them by the officers of the garrison. +Accompanied by a soldier George Catlin left for Prairie du Chien on July +27th. <q>About this lovely spot</q>, he wrote, <q>I have whiled away a few +months with great pleasure, and having visited all the curiosities, and +all the different villages of Indians in the vicinity, I close my +notebook and start in a few days for Prairie du Chien, which is three +hundred miles below this; where I <a id="Page_165" name="Page_165"></a><span class="pagenum">[165]</span> shall have new subjects for my +brush and new themes for my pen, when I may continue my epistles.</q><a name="anchor-455" id="anchor-455"></a><a href="#footnote-455" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 455.">455</a></p> + +<p>In the thirties began that series of geological surveys which has +continued ever since, under both the national and State governments. In +the fall of 1835 George William Featherstonhaugh and William Williams +Mather, geologists in the service of the government, made a survey of +the Minnesota Valley. The detailed scientific report of the survey was +published by the government;<a name="anchor-456" id="anchor-456"></a><a href="#footnote-456" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 456.">456</a> while a popular description of the +trip, written by Mr. Featherstonhaugh, appeared in London in 1847 +entitled, <q>A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor</q>.</p> + +<p>From September 12th to September 15th on the up-journey and from October +16th to October 22nd on the return, the scientist was entertained at the +fort. The reception which he received did not impress him with its +cordiality. <q>I could not but reflect upon the contrast betwixt the very +kind attentions I had received at the other American posts, and the want +of them I experienced here.</q><a name="anchor-457" id="anchor-457"></a><a href="#footnote-457" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 457.">457</a> But the feeling was mutual. The keen +Indian agent characterized him by saying: <q>He attempted to pass current +for that which he possessed not—superior talent and modesty in his +profession.</q><a name="anchor-458" id="anchor-458"></a><a href="#footnote-458" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 458.">458</a> Mr. Featherstonhaugh was an Englishman in whose +narrative American institutions were not praised. Even the presence of +his American co-laborer, Mr. Mather, is not suspected by reading the +entertaining story, for his name is not mentioned once.</p> + +<p>It is difficult, therefore, to judge how accurate the <a id="Page_166" name="Page_166"></a><span class="pagenum">[166]</span> account of +his stay at Fort Snelling really is. The room which was given to him for +his use was <q>an old dirty, ill-smelling, comfortless store-room</q>, and +Major L—— (Loomis?) who was asked by the commandant to provide +accommodations for the visitor bored him with his psalm-singing and +exhortations, being <q>a living rod in soak to tickle up sluggish +Christians</q>. But, probably unwittingly, Featherstonhaugh admitted that +Fort Snelling was of some service to him. For the supplies and +vegetables taken from the post gardens brought the gunwale of the canoe +to within four inches of the water!<a name="anchor-459" id="anchor-459"></a><a href="#footnote-459" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 459.">459</a></p> + +<p>Further exploration of the upper Mississippi was made by Joseph N. +Nicollet during the summer of the next year. This French scientist was +aided in part by the War Department, and in part by the fur traders, P. +Chouteau, Jr., & Co., of St. Louis.<a name="anchor-460" id="anchor-460"></a><a href="#footnote-460" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 460.">460</a> While at Fort Snelling he +determined to visit the sources of the great river, and in his +enterprises he was greatly assisted by Lawrence Taliaferro, H. H. +Sibley, and the officers at the fort. Some of the soldiers wished to +accompany him, but the absence of many of the garrison at Prairie du +Chien made their presence at the post necessary. Some Chippewa Indians, +some half-breeds, and a Frenchman, Desiré Fronchet, were his only +companions when the ascent of the river was commenced. But at the first +stopping place, near the Falls of St. Anthony, a band of thieving Sioux +robbed him of many of his supplies, and the attempt would have been +given up had <a id="Page_167" name="Page_167"></a><span class="pagenum">[167]</span> not Major Taliaferro made good the loss from his own +means.<a name="anchor-461" id="anchor-461"></a><a href="#footnote-461" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 461.">461</a> Nicollet visited Lake Itasca and indicated its principal +tributary, so that some authors have credited him with being the +discoverer of the true source of the Mississippi.<a name="anchor-462" id="anchor-462"></a><a href="#footnote-462" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 462.">462</a></p> + +<p>After the return from this perilous journey, the winter was spent at +Fort Snelling in working over the notes and a map. For the kindness +shown him Mr. Nicollet expressed great appreciation, though the rude +hospitality of the frontier post could provide no supper better than +wild rice, mush, and milk, and no sleeping quarters better than the +storehouse. But here he was entertained, as the agent wrote, in Virginia +fashion where a call lasts six months and a visit one year; and the +nights were made merry with the music of the violin and piano, and with +the animated conversation of Taliaferro and Nicollet. For many hours on +cold winter nights he studied through his telescope the stars in the +clear heavens.<a name="anchor-463" id="anchor-463"></a><a href="#footnote-463" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 463.">463</a></p> + +<p>Mr. Nicollet devoted two more seasons to examining the country between +the Mississippi and Missouri rivers in company with John C. Frémont. In +1838 a trip was made from Fort Snelling to the pipestone quarry; and in +1839 his party ascended the Missouri River to Fort Pierre, and then +passed over the prairies to the Mississippi.<a name="anchor-464" id="anchor-464"></a><a href="#footnote-464" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 464.">464</a> The accounts of these +journeys were widely read, and coming from the pen of such an able +scientist and pleasing writer, the interest of the country was turned to +the rich possibilities of this new Northwest.<a name="anchor-465" id="anchor-465"></a><a href="#footnote-465" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 465.">465</a></p> + +<p>In addition to these well-known travellers there <a id="Page_168" name="Page_168"></a><span class="pagenum">[168]</span> was a host of +people who made the trip as a vacation jaunt. On June 1, 1836, the +<q>Palmyra</q> arrived with thirty passengers. The steamboat <q>Burlington</q> +tied up at Fort Snelling on June 13, 1838, having among its many +passengers Captain Frederick Marryat, the popular English novelist. Only +two days later the <q>Brazil</q> was moored near the <q>Burlington</q>, the +presence of two boats at the same time being considered a novel sight. +The family of Governor Henry Dodge was on this second boat.<a name="anchor-466" id="anchor-466"></a><a href="#footnote-466" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 466.">466</a></p> + +<p>On June 26, 1838, the <q>Burlington</q> was again at Fort Snelling. Among the +tourists on this trip was Mrs. Alexander Hamilton who had embarked at +Galena where she had been visiting her son, W. S. Hamilton, who was +connected with lead mining enterprises in Wisconsin. The fact that Mrs. +Hamilton had been a belle in society during the time of George +Washington, and the general sympathy felt for her ever since the tragic +death of her husband in 1804, caused her to be received with more +attention than was usually bestowed on tourists. At nine o'clock she was +taken in a carriage to the Falls of St. Anthony, and when she returned +to the fort in the afternoon the officers met her at the gate and led +her to a chair placed upon a carpet in the center of the parade ground. +After the troops had been reviewed she was entertained at the +headquarters of the fort until the <q>Burlington</q> left that same +evening.<a name="anchor-467" id="anchor-467"></a><a href="#footnote-467" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 467.">467</a></p> + +<p>The extent of this tourist traffic is well illustrated in the newspapers +of the time. Advertisements tell <a id="Page_169" name="Page_169"></a><span class="pagenum">[169]</span> of the interesting features to +be seen on a trip to the upper Mississippi, of the pleasures of +steamboat travel, and promise that <q>A first rate band of music will be +on board.</q><a name="anchor-468" id="anchor-468"></a><a href="#footnote-468" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 468.">468</a> An editor paused long enough in the exciting +presidential <q>Log Cabin</q> campaign of 1840 to remark that <q>Pleasure trips +to these Falls appear to be quite the go. Large parties of ladies and +gentlemen have passed up on the steamboats Loyal Hanna and Malta. And we +noticed in a late St. Louis paper, the advertisements of the Valley +Forge, Ione, Brazil and Monsoon, all for <q>pleasure excursions to St. +Peters</q>. We see also in the same paper, that the steamboat Fayette is +advertised <q>for Harrison and Reform</q>—rather an extensive country we +should think, at the present time.</q><a name="anchor-469" id="anchor-469"></a><a href="#footnote-469" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 469.">469</a> Even as far away as Louisville, +Kentucky, steamboats were chartered for trips to the upper waters of the +Mississippi River.<a name="anchor-470" id="anchor-470"></a><a href="#footnote-470" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 470.">470</a></p> + +<p>The pleasures of such a journey, the scenery enjoyed, the people met, +the events of the day spent at Fort Snelling are well illustrated by two +letters written by the Right Reverend Jackson Kemper, who was the +missionary bishop of the Northwest of the Episcopal Church.<a name="anchor-471" id="anchor-471"></a><a href="#footnote-471" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 471.">471</a> In the +month of August, 1843, he was the guest of Captain Throckmorton on the +steamboat <q>General Brooke</q>; and he made the trip to Fort Snelling to +confer with Rev. Ezekiel Gear who was the chaplain at the post. The +first letter was dated August 25, 1843, and was written to his daughter.</p> + +<p><q>Here we are snug and almost dry on a sand bar <a id="Page_170" name="Page_170"></a><span class="pagenum">[170]</span> and not more than +13 miles below St. Peters</q>, he wrote. <q>While the Captain and his men are +using all kinds of methods to get us off—the chief of which is to put +our freight into a large barge aside of us—I will write you a few +lines. It is now past 8 o'c. P. M. We still hope to get to the fort +before night (mid-night I mean). Then the Captain says he will give us +an early breakfast tomorrow and send us off to see the falls (5 Miles +distant) and we must return so as to start down the river by noon. This +is too bad in many respects; but what can we do? I have not time to stay +with Mr. Gear until the next boat arrives; that may not be for a week or +two; so I will say to Mr. G. when I see him: Here I am, & I have come +not to see the falls but you, and I am at your disposal as long as I am +here. If you choose to take me to the falls, it is well; if you prefer +that I should remain in your house I am content. It is still probable +that I shall be at Potosi next tuesday Morning. To travel on Sunday, and +particularly to do so without an opportunity of preaching, will be very +hard. There will probably be only 4 passengers besides myself on the +return. There was a little boat the other [day?] <ins class="corr" title="As in original.">a-head</ins> of us, and I +hoped she might be detained at the fort until Monday—but that prospect +has vanished, for she has just past us descending to Galena.</q></p> + +<p><q>It is supposed to be 500 miles from St. Louis to Prairie du Chien and +300 from there to St. Peters. We stopt at Prairie du Chien for some +hours and a Judge Lockwood came on board who with his wife is <a id="Page_171" name="Page_171"></a><span class="pagenum">[171]</span> an +Episcopalian. He told me there are several in and about the town & he +thought the prospect of organizing a church a fair one if a Missionary +could be obtained (We are off the sand bar). From the prairie our voyage +has been delightful. At the distance of a mile or two from the river on +each side are ranges of lofty hills, in a great variety of shapes. Many +of them appeared as if the river had flowed for ages near to their tops. +Some of them looked as if they had been cut in two; and on the peaks of +several were large blocks of rock. As we were woodding I spoke of going +up to one of them but was told it was dangerous on account of +rattle-snakes. There is a curious fact connected with that reptile. +Cannon river flows into the Mis<sup>i</sup> from the west—it is a long & narrow +stream—nine miles above Lake Pepin. They are never found north of that +stream, although they abound below it. One of the hills we saw yesterday +had 3 or 4 large blocks of rock upon it, called the pot and kettles from +their resemblance to those useful utensils. The prairies were frequent & +some peculiarly attractive. On Wabasa's we saw a Sioux village—and a +farmer's establishment—he being sent there by the U. S. to civilize the +Indians. This morning we passed another village called Red Wings but saw +very few of the inhabitants. The corn field was very … [illegible] and +there were in it elevated frames where the boys are kept to scare away +the blackbirds. I saw smoke near the frames, the boys having kindled a +fire to roast ears of corn for their comfort. The Sioux have winter & +summer <a id="Page_172" name="Page_172"></a><span class="pagenum">[172]</span> houses. <ins class="corr" title="This seems to refer to winter rather than summer.">The latter</ins> are conical made of buffalo robes +covering poles. The summer lodges looked something like poor log huts & +are made of poles & elm bark. Near Red Wings village there is a Miss<sup>y</sup> +establishment from Switzerland.—Lake Pepin is a beautiful sheet of +water thro wh the M. flows or is an expanse of the M. & is 25 miles by +3. It apparently abounded in large fish, for they were constantly +jumping out of the water. Its banks you know are celebrated for +agates—but we have not time to stop a moment.—The settlements above P. +du Chien are very few—now and then a solitary dwelling & a wood yard. +At one of these places the man told me his nearest neighbor was 20 miles +off. In winter there is a good deal of travelling on the river in +sleighs. About half way up Lake Pepin is the lover's rock of which you +have heard, the Chippeway river enters from the East just below the +commencement of the Lake, & its Mouth is 100 Miles below St. Peters. Up +it & like wise up the St. Croix are saw mills, as that country abounds +with Pine. The Mouth of the St. Croix is 30 miles below St. Peters. Here +is a beautiful lake as large as L. Pepin thro' which the St. C. flows +just before it joins the M.—We have a Mr. Akin on board whose trading +establishment is 300 Miles north of the St. Peters & 60 west of Lake +Superior. Then he has been among the Chippeways 33 yrs. He has been +thro' Lake Superior 30 times to New York for goods & returned as often; +and now for the first time he has traded with St. Louis. He knows +perfectly all the languages <a id="Page_173" name="Page_173"></a><span class="pagenum">[173]</span> around him. The most copious is the +Chippeway. He says they have some what of a written language, and he has +frequently seen an Indian write off a … [illegible] for another on a +piece of bark. He thinks the characters are something like those of the +Mexicans.—Now I suppose you would like to receive a letter with the S. +Peter's post Mark; and if I ascertain it will not take more than a Month +on its journey you shall receive this thro that channel; otherwise I +will reserve it for the p. o. of P. du Chien</q>.<a name="anchor-472" id="anchor-472"></a><a href="#footnote-472" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 472.">472</a></p> + +<p>The narrative is continued in a letter of August 29, 1843, written from +Potosi, Wisconsin, to his son:</p> + +<p><q>Although you may not have a very high opinion of the West, yet I think +you would have liked to be with me in my late trip to St. Peters. The +weather was delightful and the scenery grand and very novel. You have +probably seen my letter to your sister; I will therefore say, we arrived +at the end of our voyage last friday night, and as the fog was very +thick the next morning we could not see where we were until 8 oclock. +Then the fort on a high hill, with its flag flying, had a fine +appearance. Mr. Gear the chaplain soon called at the boat and appeared +greatly rejoiced to see me. I accompanied him to his quarters and saw +his family and some of the officers and ladies of the garrison, and then +he and I rode out 8 miles to the falls of St. Anthony. Though very +inferior to those of Niagara, they are still well worth seeing. The +scenery is wild—there are many immense rocks in the river, evidently +broken off from <a id="Page_174" name="Page_174"></a><span class="pagenum">[174]</span> the precipice over which the water is dashed with +considerable noise—the water in its fall is frequently broken—but even +when it is not so, the height is not more than 17-1/2 feet. Returning we +went to a hill from whence we could see the whole of the fall for there +is an island in the middle of the river which hides one half of it when +you are near. A mile or two further brought us to a most beautiful and +lofty cascade on Nine Mile river. The quantity of water was not large, +but it fell amidst the wildest scene, unbroken, over a ledge of rock +which extended far beyond its foundation.—There were not many Indians. +The few I saw were Sioux who looked much degenerated by their contact +with the Whites. The families of the officers appeared very happy; the +ladies told me they were like sisters. For months they have no visitors +but wild Indians—Sioux or Chippeways. An old Scotchman who had been in +this country 50 years told me that all the tribes to the North and West +speak the Chippeway language or its dialects; that the Sioux is entirely +different from it, but that a dialect of it is spoken by the +Winnebagoes, with this difference that the Sioux language has not the +sound of the letter R in it while almost every word of the Winnebago +abounds with Rs. He thinks that a person knowing the two languages—the +C. and S. could travel through the indian country from Mexico to the N. +Pole and make himself understood.—We had to return to the boat by one +oclock, and soon after we started down the river. Near the Mouth of the +St. Croix—about 45 <a id="Page_175" name="Page_175"></a><span class="pagenum">[175]</span> miles below St. Peters, I saw on a prairie a +large stone painted a bright red, to which the Indians offer sacrifices +of tobacco &c. and consider a <em>Wa-Kon</em> or Spirit.—As we were on our +journey sunday afternoon I saw a bark canoe paddling towards us with +great rapidity containing as I first thought an Indian and a white Man. +The steamer was stopt, and soon the chattels (kettle, coffee-pot, &c) +then the men afterwards the boat itself were on board. They proved to be +a miner who had gone from Galena and a stout lad. Eight months ago a +number of persons were induced by offers of land from Government to go +to Lake Superior in search of copper; and a large party had lately been +occupied in removing an immense block of copper from the bed of a river +which empties into the Lake. This miner had been thus occupied; and he +informed me that the task was done—that the block weighed three +tons—that it was to be taken to New York &c. as an object of curiosity. +A fortnight ago he had started from the spot—skirted the Lake to a +certain river, ascended that to its source, then carried the canoe with +its contents 2 or 3 miles on their shoulders until they met the head +waters of the St. Croix, and descended that river to the +Mississippi.</q><a name="anchor-473" id="anchor-473"></a><a href="#footnote-473" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 473.">473</a> </p> + + + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_176" name="Page_176"></a><span class="pagenum">[176]</span></p> +<h2><a name="XII" id="XII"></a>XII<br /> + +THE CHIPPEWA TREATY OF 1837</h2> + + +<p>The relations of the United States government to the Indians prior to +1871 shows a dual attitude. On the one hand, the Indians were the +government's wards. By the ninth of the Articles of Confederation, +Congress was given the right of <q>regulating the trade and managing all +affairs with the Indians who were not members of any of the +states</q><a name="anchor-474" id="anchor-474"></a><a href="#footnote-474" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 474.">474</a> and by the act regulating Indian trade no cession of land +could be valid unless made by treaty or convention.<a name="anchor-475" id="anchor-475"></a><a href="#footnote-475" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 475.">475</a> On the other +hand, these treaties were negotiated and proclaimed with all the pomp +and ceremony which would appeal to the Indian's mind and impress him +with his importance as a member of a sovereign nation. This was +distinctly a <q>legal fiction</q>, but it continued as the customary method +of procedure until the act of March 3, 1871, abolished the practice of +considering the tribes as independent nations.<a name="anchor-476" id="anchor-476"></a><a href="#footnote-476" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 476.">476</a></p> + +<p>As the nation increased in strength and the agricultural and commercial +forces of the country were pushing westward and coming into contact with +the distant tribes, the treaties increased in number and importance. +Urged by the cries of hungry land-seekers the cession of land by the +natives gradually became the most important phase of all treaties; and +<a id="Page_177" name="Page_177"></a><span class="pagenum">[177]</span> in order that the new settlements might be protected from +vengeful Indians the title to the land rested on legal cession rather +than on conquest. It is stated on the authority of the Commissioner of +Indian Affairs that <q>Except only in the case of the Sioux Indians in +Minnesota, after the outbreak of 1862, the Government has never +extinguished an Indian title as by right of conquest; and in this case +the Indians were provided with another reservation, and subsequently +were paid the net proceeds arising from the sale of the land +vacated.</q><a name="anchor-477" id="anchor-477"></a><a href="#footnote-477" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 477.">477</a></p> + +<p>The negotiation of a treaty was not an easy affair. There were no +recognized representatives of the tribe. In order that a treaty might be +satisfactory it was necessary that all factions be consulted; and the +braves who gathered often numbered into the hundreds. Thus, in planning +the negotiations a satisfactory place and an opportune time must be +selected, while the red men must be supported while away from home and +protected from lurking enemies. It was in these phases of treaty-making +that the military posts showed their importance.</p> + +<p>The first important treaty with which the tribes living about Fort +Snelling were concerned was that made at Prairie du Chien in 1825. The +little frontier village presented a gala appearance during the month of +August when the great convocation was held. There were Chippewas, Sioux, +Sacs and Foxes, <ins class="corr" title="Spelled as in original.">Menomonies</ins>, Iowas, Winnebagoes, and a portion of the +Ottawa, Chippewa, and Pottawattomie tribes living on the Illinois River +gathered to consult <a id="Page_178" name="Page_178"></a><span class="pagenum">[178]</span> with Governor Lewis Cass of Michigan and +General William Clark, the government's commissioners. Of the 1054 +drawing rations on the last day, 386 were of the delegation of Sioux and +Chippewas gathered by Major Taliaferro at Fort Snelling and brought down +in safety to make a triumphal entry in true Indian style with flags +flying, drums beating, and guns firing.<a name="anchor-478" id="anchor-478"></a><a href="#footnote-478" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 478.">478</a></p> + +<p>Although there was no cession of land, distinct progress was made in +that the territories of the various tribes were defined, thus making +negotiations easier for the future. Of especial importance was the +Sioux-Chippewa boundary line, which made clear the territory of each +tribe, so that when the year 1837 arrived and treaties were made to +obtain the lands east of the Mississippi, the areas with which each was +concerned were clearly understood.<a name="anchor-479" id="anchor-479"></a><a href="#footnote-479" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 479.">479</a></p> + +<p>By the year 1837 many conditions called for the cession of these lands. +The forests, the water-power, the mines of lead and other ores aroused +the desires of speculators. Settlers were thronging to Wisconsin, and it +was felt that if the land could be purchased and the Indians removed, +the people would be safe from any attacks, and the Indians would be +removed from the contaminating influence of many of the undesirable +whites.<a name="anchor-480" id="anchor-480"></a><a href="#footnote-480" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 480.">480</a> There were also the traders who for years past had given +credit to many worthless Indians who had never brought back from the +hunt furs sufficient to pay for the goods advanced them; and they hoped +that in the <a id="Page_179" name="Page_179"></a><span class="pagenum">[179]</span> payment for the lands certain sums would be reserved +for the liquidation of these debts.<a name="anchor-481" id="anchor-481"></a><a href="#footnote-481" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 481.">481</a></p> + +<p>In the early summer of 1837 Major Taliaferro was ordered to organize a +delegation of Sioux Indians who could be taken to Washington, where the +Sioux negotiations would take place. At the same time orders were issued +to summon the Chippewas of the upper Mississippi to a council to be held +at Fort Snelling. To both of these groups the subject of the purchase of +the Indian lands east of the Mississippi would be broached.<a name="anchor-482" id="anchor-482"></a><a href="#footnote-482" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 482.">482</a></p> + +<p>Miles Vineyard, who was the sub-agent at Fort Snelling, was immediately +sent to the villages of the Chippewas. Early in July the red men began +to arrive, and by July 20th about a thousand men, women, and children +had pitched their tepees near the fort. Many were the notable chiefs +gathered there with their warriors. With the Pillager band from Leech +Lake was Chief Flat Mouth, who had twenty-five times been on the warpath +without receiving a wound, who had delivered his English medal to Pike +in 1806, and whose band had been attacked by the Sioux under the walls +of Fort Snelling in 1827. The most famous of the Chippewa chiefs, he was +still living in 1852, being then seventy-eight years old.<a name="anchor-483" id="anchor-483"></a><a href="#footnote-483" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 483.">483</a></p> + +<p>The chief of the bands from Gull Lake and Swan River was +Hole-in-the-Day. Energetic, brave, and intelligent, he gained a great +influence over the Chippewas of the upper Mississippi. His name, which +literally meant a bright spot in the sky, is often written <a id="Page_180" name="Page_180"></a><span class="pagenum">[180]</span> +Hole-in-the-Sky. He was a frequent visitor at Fort Snelling and came to +his death at that place in 1847 when he fell from a wagon, breaking his +neck and dying instantly.<a name="anchor-484" id="anchor-484"></a><a href="#footnote-484" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 484.">484</a> His brother Strong Ground or Strong Earth +was also present at the council. He had been a member of Flat Mouth's +band at the time of the massacre in 1827. Thirty-six eagle plumes waved +from his head-dress at the time of his death, each of them representing +the scalp of an enemy. The first of these he obtained when as a small +boy he dashed into the ranks of the Sioux during a conflict and scalped +a fallen warrior.<a name="anchor-485" id="anchor-485"></a><a href="#footnote-485" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 485.">485</a> Chiefs and warriors from the St. Croix River, +Mille Lac, and Sandy Lake, with their followers, were also encamped near +the fort.</p> + +<p>There were also notables among the white men gathered there. The United +States commissioner was Henry Dodge, known as an Indian fighter, and at +that time Governor of Wisconsin Territory. General William R. Smith of +Pennsylvania, who had been appointed by the President to serve as a +commissioner with Governor Dodge, was unable to come. Lawrence +Taliaferro, the Indian agent, was busied with many duties connected with +the safety of the visitors. Four hundred Sioux hovered about, and these +had to be kept at a safe distance to avoid conflicts. Verplanck Van +Antwerp, the secretary of the commission; J. N. Nicollet, the explorer; +H. H. Sibley; and many other fur traders watched the negotiations and +put their names to the treaty as witnesses.<a name="anchor-486" id="anchor-486"></a><a href="#footnote-486" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 486.">486</a> <a id="Page_181" name="Page_181"></a><span class="pagenum">[181]</span></p> + +<p>The council began on July 20th. It was with the chiefs that Governor +Dodge parleyed, but the warriors and braves felt that they also should +have some part in the proceedings. On one occasion several hundred of +them, streaked with their brightest paint, waving their tomahawks and +spears and carrying the war flag of the Chippewas, together with the +flag of the United States, interrupted the council with their whoops and +drums; and when they had approached the chair of the Governor, paused +while two of the warriors harangued the crowd on the kindness of the +traders and the debts owed them.<a name="anchor-487" id="anchor-487"></a><a href="#footnote-487" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 487.">487</a></p> + +<p>The negotiations were carried on in a bower near the house of the agent. +The chiefs were assembled daily; the peace pipe was smoked; and the red +men, dressed only in leggings and breech cloths, with their long hair +hanging over their shoulders under the eagle feathers upon their heads, +and medals dangling from their necks, spoke of lands, of the traders, +and of wars. The speeches of the Indians seemed interminable. From day +to day action was postponed as they were waiting for other bands to +arrive.</p> + +<p>To prolong the council as long as possible was satisfying to the +appetite of the Indian. The rations issued by the commissary at Fort +Snelling were not to be eagerly exchanged for the fare of a Chippewa +lodge in the northern woods. But at first the menu was not satisfactory. +Nadin (the Wind) complained on July 24th: <q>You have everything around +you, and can give us some of the cattle that are around us on the +prairie. At the treaty of Prairie du Chien, <a id="Page_182" name="Page_182"></a><span class="pagenum">[182]</span> the case was as +difficult as this. The great Chief then fed us well with cattle.</q><a name="anchor-488" id="anchor-488"></a><a href="#footnote-488" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 488.">488</a> +Evidently this hint was acted upon, as the old records show that by July +30th ten beeves weighing 6123 pounds had been furnished the Chippewas +who were assembled to the number of 1400.<a name="anchor-489" id="anchor-489"></a><a href="#footnote-489" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 489.">489</a> The amount of supplies +used on such an occasion is indicated by instructions given to Alexander +Ramsey and John Chambers who in 1849 were commissioned to treat with the +Sioux Indians at Fort Snelling. They were authorized to obtain from the +commissary at Fort Snelling 15,000 rations of flour, 10,000 of pork, +10,000 of salt, 10,000 of beans, and 5000 of soap.<a name="anchor-490" id="anchor-490"></a><a href="#footnote-490" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 490.">490</a></p> + +<p>At the first meeting Governor Dodge spoke to the Chippewas of the +purpose of the council. Their lands east of the Mississippi, he informed +them, were not valuable in game and were not suited for agricultural +purposes. They were said to be covered with pine trees, which the white +men were eager to obtain, and accordingly the government was willing to +pay the Chippewa nation for them. Thus, by selling the land they could +obtain money for that which actually was of little value to them.<a name="anchor-491" id="anchor-491"></a><a href="#footnote-491" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 491.">491</a></p> + +<p>There evidently was no intention on the part of the Indians not to sell +the lands, but the council was protracted, pending the arrival of other +bands. Not until July 27th did they make any movement to close the deal. +On that day, Ma-ghe-ga-bo, a warrior of the Pillager band, dressed in +his most fantastic costume, covered a map of the land in question with a +piece of paper, remarking that when the paper was <a id="Page_183" name="Page_183"></a><span class="pagenum">[183]</span> removed the +land would be considered sold. He added a final request: <q>My father, in +all the country we sell you, we wish to hold on to that which gives us +life—the streams and lakes where we fish, and the trees from which we +make sugar.</q></p> + +<p>Finally he asked all the chiefs who agreed to sell the land to rise. +About thirty arose at his word. Immediately Ma-ghe-ga-bo raised the +paper from the map and seized the hand of Governor Dodge. The sale was +made. There remained only to agree upon the terms of the cession.<a name="anchor-492" id="anchor-492"></a><a href="#footnote-492" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 492.">492</a></p> + +<p>During the negotiations, reference had been made continually by the +Indians to the traders and the payment of the debts owed them. Pe-she-ke +said: <q>I have been supported by the trader, and without his aid, could +not get through the winter with naked skin. The grounds where your +children have to hunt are as bare as that on which I now stand, and have +no game upon them.… We have not much to give the traders, as our lands +and hunting grounds are so destitute. Do us a kindness by paying our old +debts.</q> That he was coached to make the remark is evident from his +statement that <q>No-body—no trader has instructed me what to say to +you.</q><a name="anchor-493" id="anchor-493"></a><a href="#footnote-493" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 493.">493</a></p> + +<p>On July 29th the terms were finally agreed upon, and while the secretary +was writing out the treaty the braves of the Chippewas held a dance +under the walls of Fort Snelling. This indicated not only their +satisfaction at the successful conclusion of the council, but was also +intended as a compliment to <a id="Page_184" name="Page_184"></a><span class="pagenum">[184]</span> the commissioner. Three hundred +warriors circled about in their gaudy costumes, recounting during the +pauses of the dance the deeds of bravery they had done and the number of +Sioux scalps they had obtained. At a distance a great number of Sioux +looked upon the scene, not daring to interfere when the troops of the +fort were so near.<a name="anchor-494" id="anchor-494"></a><a href="#footnote-494" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 494.">494</a></p> + +<p>By this treaty the Chippewas ceded an immense tract of land east of the +Mississippi. In return the United States agreed to pay annually for +twenty years $9500 in money, $19,000 in goods, $3000 for blacksmiths, +$1000 for farmers, $2000 in provisions, and $500 in tobacco. One hundred +thousand dollars was to be paid to the half-breeds, and $70,000 was set +aside to pay the claims of the fur traders. The privilege of hunting, +fishing, and gathering wild rice along the lakes and rivers of the ceded +territory was reserved for the Indians.<a name="anchor-495" id="anchor-495"></a><a href="#footnote-495" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 495.">495</a></p> + +<p>This cession of land by the Chippewas had its counterpart in a treaty +concluded by Sioux chiefs on September 29, 1837, in Washington, whither +they had been taken by Major Taliaferro. All their lands east of the +Mississippi—the land between the Black River and the Mississippi River +as far north as the Sioux-Chippewa boundary line was given up for +various considerations amounting in total to almost one million +dollars.<a name="anchor-496" id="anchor-496"></a><a href="#footnote-496" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 496.">496</a></p> + +<p>By these two treaties all the lands east of Fort Snelling were opened to +settlement and commercial exploitation. As soon as the news of their +ratification came, developments immediately began—developments <a id="Page_185" name="Page_185"></a><span class="pagenum">[185]</span> +which had an important bearing upon the future history of Old Fort +Snelling. The days when the Chippewa treaty was being drawn up are +important, not only because they present an interesting sight of the +picturesque features of an Indian council, but also because they show +how Fort Snelling was assisting in the opening up of the rich timber +lands and fertile prairies that border the Mississippi River.</p> + +<p>For many years the payment of annuities that had been promised the Sioux +was an annual reminder of these treaties. It was necessary that each +Indian receive his portion of the goods and money in person in order to +prevent fraud. In the late summer of each year all the warriors of Red +Wing's and Wabasha's villages would leave their homes for the fort. In +the agency building the United States officers, with the roll of the +Sioux nation before them, called the names of the individuals, who one +by one stepped up, touched the pen of the secretary, received the money, +and deposited it in the box of his band. Outside was the typical Indian +group—squaws, children, dogs, and braves smoking their pipes and +talking of past achievements. And in order that the Indians might always +be conscious of the presence of the soldiers of the <q>Great Father</q>, the +band of the fort played patriotic and thrilling airs.<a name="anchor-497" id="anchor-497"></a><a href="#footnote-497" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 497.">497</a></p> + +<p>With the transfer of the Indians to reservations higher up on the +Minnesota River the payment of these annuities became a task which could +no longer be performed at the fort. But the guarding of the <a id="Page_186" name="Page_186"></a><span class="pagenum">[186]</span> funds +was a necessity. Captain James Monroe spent the latter half of the month +of November, 1852, at Traverse des Sioux with one subaltern and +forty-seven men of the dragoons and infantry, protecting the money from +bandits and Indians. William T. Magruder was ordered on October 23, +1853, to proceed in command of a detachment of troops to escort the +money being sent to Fort Ridgely; and exactly a year later, an officer +and thirteen men were detailed to perform a similar task.<a name="anchor-498" id="anchor-498"></a><a href="#footnote-498" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 498.">498</a> </p> + + + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_187" name="Page_187"></a><span class="pagenum">[187]</span></p> +<h2><a name="XIII" id="XIII"></a>XIII<br /> + +CITIZENS AND SOLDIERS</h2> + + +<p><q>The frontier army post,</q> writes Professor F. J. Turner, <q>serving to +protect the settlers from the Indians, has also acted as a wedge to open +the Indian country, and has been a nucleus for settlement.</q><a name="anchor-499" id="anchor-499"></a><a href="#footnote-499" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 499.">499</a> When +the Fifth Infantry built its cantonment on the Minnesota River there +were no other habitations in the neighborhood. Traders yearly frequented +the region and wintered on the banks of the Mississippi and Minnesota +rivers, but their headquarters were located at Prairie du Chien. +Immediately after the beginning of the military establishment, however, +the movement mentioned by Professor Turner was initiated.</p> + +<p>In the spring of 1820 J. B. Faribault came up with cattle for the +garrison and decided to locate in the vicinity as a fur trader. On +August 9th the Indians granted Pike's Island to his wife, Pelagi +Faribault, who was the daughter of a Frenchman and a Sioux woman. +Faribault immediately built houses upon the island, but high water +washed them away. Thereupon he removed to the east side of the +Mississippi. It is probably to this establishment that Beltrami referred +in 1823 when he wrote that <q>there are no buildings round the fort, +except three or four log-houses <a id="Page_188" name="Page_188"></a><span class="pagenum">[188]</span> on the banks of the river, in +which some subaltern agents of the Southwest Company live among the +frogs.</q><a name="anchor-500" id="anchor-500"></a><a href="#footnote-500" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 500.">500</a> This position was also upon low land, and on April 21, +1826, when the ice began to move, Faribault's houses were carried away, +while he and his family escaped in canoes.<a name="anchor-501" id="anchor-501"></a><a href="#footnote-501" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 501.">501</a> After this second +disaster Faribault's establishment was erected at Mendota, where Alexis +Bailly had already located.<a name="anchor-502" id="anchor-502"></a><a href="#footnote-502" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 502.">502</a> The growth of this village was very +slow. But gradually old fur traders settled about it with their +families; voyageurs, when not employed on the rivers, lounged about the +trading house; and the agents and clerks of the American Fur Company had +their permanent homes in the rude log cabins which were clustered about.</p> + +<p>In the meantime a new element had been added to the surroundings of the +fort. It was already three-quarters of a century since the traders had +erected the first trading post upon the Red River of the North. The +early French voyageurs had left a race of half-breeds, popularly called +<em>bois-brulés</em>, who were the vassals of the two great companies. When +their strength had been spent in the labors of hunting and trapping, +they retired to the vicinity of some post—the largest of these +settlements being Fort Garry, the germ of the modern city of Winnipeg, +which as early as 1823 boasted of a population of about six +hundred.<a name="anchor-503" id="anchor-503"></a><a href="#footnote-503" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 503.">503</a></p> + +<p>But not all of these half-breeds were traders. Thomas Douglas, the fifth +Lord Selkirk had secured from the Hudson's Bay Company the grant of an +<a id="Page_189" name="Page_189"></a><span class="pagenum">[189]</span> immense tract of land on the Red River, and in 1811 he began the +colonization of the region with poor immigrants from Scotland and +Ireland. But the knowledge of the internal troubles of the company put +an end to the immigration from these two countries, and Lord Selkirk +turned to Switzerland for new recruits. In 1821 a ship full of Swiss +sailed for Fort York on Hudson's Bay, and late in the fall the party +reached the Red River after a toilsome journey up the Nelson River and +across Lake Winnipeg. Being artisans and city-dwellers they were unable +to endure the rough agricultural labors in the bleak north. Cold, +floods, grasshoppers, and uncongenial neighbors rendered the location +unpleasant.<a name="anchor-504" id="anchor-504"></a><a href="#footnote-504" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 504.">504</a></p> + +<p>Travellers from the south brought news of a better locality, and towards +this place there soon began a movement which, while not great in any one +year, was long continued. In 1821 five families made the journey to Fort +Snelling, and their success inspired others. In 1823 thirteen families +made the perilous journey of four hundred miles. From year to year, as +families became discouraged they left the colony. Four hundred and +eighty-nine persons had arrived at Fort Snelling up to 1835.<a name="anchor-505" id="anchor-505"></a><a href="#footnote-505" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 505.">505</a></p> + +<p>The many hardships endured by these travellers, and their pitiful +condition, appealed to the sympathy of the Americans,<a name="anchor-506" id="anchor-506"></a><a href="#footnote-506" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 506.">506</a> and they were +welcomed and aided by the officers at Fort Snelling. During their stay +one party was granted the use of the old barracks at Camp Cold Water. +Employment was given the men upon the reservation, and those who +preferred <a id="Page_190" name="Page_190"></a><span class="pagenum">[190]</span> to remain were allowed to settle upon the military +grounds. Comparatively few, however, made their homes here, the greater +number proceeding to Galena, Illinois, and Vevay, Indiana. On one +occasion provisions for the down-river journey in government keel-boats +were issued by Colonel Snelling.<a name="anchor-507" id="anchor-507"></a><a href="#footnote-507" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 507.">507</a></p> + +<p>A third class of settlers around the fort was composed of discharged +soldiers. Men stationed at Fort Snelling saw the agricultural value of +the surrounding lands, or the possibility of riches in the fur trade. +Joseph R. Brown, who came as a drummer boy with Colonel Leavenworth in +1819, entered the employ of the post sutler when he ceased his +connection with the army, and later he became an Indian trader.<a name="anchor-508" id="anchor-508"></a><a href="#footnote-508" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 508.">508</a> +Edward Phelan, John Hays, and William Evans, whose terms of service at +Fort Snelling expired about this time were among the first settlers on +the land ceded in the treaty of 1837.<a name="anchor-509" id="anchor-509"></a><a href="#footnote-509" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 509.">509</a></p> + +<p>In the fall of 1837 it was revealed by a survey that there were one +hundred and fifty-seven white persons, not connected with the fort, +living on the reservation. Of these, eighty-two had their homes in the +vicinity of Camp Cold Water and seventy-five at the fur trading +establishments. Approximately two hundred horses and cattle were owned +by these persons.<a name="anchor-510" id="anchor-510"></a><a href="#footnote-510" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 510.">510</a></p> + +<p>For many years pleasant relations existed between the officers at the +post and the civilians. The physician of the garrison willingly +responded to calls for his aid made by the people living outside the +fort. <a id="Page_191" name="Page_191"></a><span class="pagenum">[191]</span></p> + +<p><q>I am compelled</q>, wrote Joseph Renville to H. H. Sibley, <q>to ask you for +some assistance in regard to a disease which is very bad here—the +whooping cough. I pray you to ask the doctor for some medicine, +particularly for some camphor.</q><a name="anchor-511" id="anchor-511"></a><a href="#footnote-511" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 511.">511</a> Many a time Lawrence Taliaferro +presided at a frontier wedding, when in one of the rude huts on the +reservation the picturesque figure of the fur trader mingled with the +glittering uniform of the officer, and dusky faces peered in at the +windows awaiting the end of the ceremony when they also could partake of +such a feast as only the prairies, lakes, and sutler's store could +provide.<a name="anchor-512" id="anchor-512"></a><a href="#footnote-512" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 512.">512</a></p> + +<p>In the troubles which naturally arose between the settlers and the +Indians, the agent was the mediator. Thirty of Peter Musick's cattle +were killed by Indians who, wanting only powder horns, left the +carcasses to the wolves.<a name="anchor-513" id="anchor-513"></a><a href="#footnote-513" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 513.">513</a> On July 13, 1834, Jacob <ins class="corr" title="This name appears with 2 spellings.">Falstrom</ins> came to +the agency bringing the feet and hams of an ox which he claimed had been +shot by a Sioux Indian at Mud Lake. He claimed thirty-five dollars from +the Indian Department for the loss which he had sustained. As he was a +poor man and had a large family to support Major Taliaferro was moved to +make an effort to aid him. <q>I proposed</q>, he wrote in his diary the same +evening, <q>to contribute $5 for the benefit of J. <ins class="corr" title="This name appears with 2 spellings.">Faustram</ins> to Several of +the Gentlemen of the Post—but not meeting with a corresponding +Sentiment—the poor fellow must be informed of my bad success in his +behalf</q>.<a name="anchor-514" id="anchor-514"></a><a href="#footnote-514" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 514.">514</a></p> + +<p>Only a week later Joseph R. Brown asked to be <a id="Page_192" name="Page_192"></a><span class="pagenum">[192]</span> paid for a hog +which the Indians had killed.<a name="anchor-515" id="anchor-515"></a><a href="#footnote-515" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 515.">515</a> During the summer of 1837 Louis Massy +claimed $150; Abraham Perry $50; and Benjamin F. Baker $750 for similar +damages.<a name="anchor-516" id="anchor-516"></a><a href="#footnote-516" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 516.">516</a> Many years later the agent wrote of these unpleasant +duties: <q>The traders would make a detective of the agent if practicable. +All thefts on each other were reported to the agent for justice. +Deserting boatmen (fed on corn and tallow) must be forced to proceed up +the St. Peter's with their outfits for the trade, right or wrong. Every +ox, cow, calf or hog lost by persons on the Indian lands, the agents +were expected to find the culprits or pay for these often fictitious +losses.</q><a name="anchor-517" id="anchor-517"></a><a href="#footnote-517" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 517.">517</a></p> + +<p>A new era in the history of these settlers began when the treaties of +1837 opened the lands east of the Mississippi to settlement. Some time +before they had heard rumors of the coming negotiations at Washington, +and those living west of the Mississippi sent a memorial to the +President stating that they had settled upon the land thinking it was +part of the public domain and believing that they would have the right +of preëmption upon their claims. But now, if a new treaty was made and +the land west of the Mississippi purchased for a military reservation, +they asked that they be allowed reasonable compensation for the +improvements they had made. However, in the treaty no mention was made +of a military reservation, the title to the land around the fort being +allowed to rest upon Pike's treaty of 1805.<a name="anchor-518" id="anchor-518"></a><a href="#footnote-518" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 518.">518</a></p> + +<p>But to Major J. Plympton, who became the commanding officer at Fort +Snelling during the summer <a id="Page_193" name="Page_193"></a><span class="pagenum">[193]</span> of 1837, the presence of these people +was undesirable, and so in a letter written to the Adjutant-General he +called attention to the settlement and complained of the difficulty of +obtaining fuel for the garrison when the squatters were also engaged in +the same task. In his reply on November 17, 1837, the Adjutant-General +directed that a reservation be marked off—the extent of Pike's purchase +being indefinite.<a name="anchor-519" id="anchor-519"></a><a href="#footnote-519" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 519.">519</a></p> + +<p>On March 26, 1838, Major Plympton sent a map of the territory which he +chose to have considered as a military reservation. This reservation, +contrary to the expectations of many, included land on the east side of +the Mississippi. Thus there were many who thought that they had been +using their legal rights of preëmption when in reality they were only +squatters. Order No. 65 issued at the post on July 26, 1838, forbade the +erection of any buildings or fences upon the reservation, and prohibited +the cutting of timber except for public use.<a name="anchor-520" id="anchor-520"></a><a href="#footnote-520" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 520.">520</a> During this same time +there seems to have been, on the part of those living on the west bank +of the Mississippi, a movement to the east side. Mrs. Abraham Perry came +to Agent Taliaferro on October 18, 1838, and complained that the Indians +had killed three of her cattle <q>just below the stone cave</q>—that is, +Fountain Cave which was on the east bank of the river.<a name="anchor-521" id="anchor-521"></a><a href="#footnote-521" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 521.">521</a> Yet her +husband was among those who had signed the petition of August 16, 1837, +as residents on the west side.</p> + +<p>Within these lands were also a number of shacks <a id="Page_194" name="Page_194"></a><span class="pagenum">[194]</span> along the river +bank a few miles below Fort Snelling. Here whiskey was clandestinely +transferred from the boats before they proceeded upstream. During the +winter of 1839 the presence of these resorts had a deteriorating effect +upon the garrison. Surgeon Emerson wrote to the Surgeon General of the +United States on April 23, 1839: <q>Since the middle of winter we have +been completely inundated with ardent spirits, and consequently the most +beastly scenes of intoxication among the soldiers of this garrison and +the Indians in its vicinity, which no doubt will add many cases to our +sick-list.… I feel grieved to witness such scenes of drunkenness and +dissipation where I have spent many days of happiness, when we had no +ardent spirits among us, and consequently sobriety and good conduct +among the command.</q><a name="anchor-522" id="anchor-522"></a><a href="#footnote-522" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 522.">522</a></p> + +<p>Brigadier General John E. Wool inspected Fort Snelling on June 2nd, and +in a letter on June 28th he urged that the settlers be driven off the +reservation. <q>Such is the character of the white inhabitants of that +country</q>, he wrote, <q>that if they cannot be permitted to carry on their +nefarious traffic with the Indians, it will sooner or later involve them +in a war with the United States.</q><a name="anchor-523" id="anchor-523"></a><a href="#footnote-523" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 523.">523</a></p> + +<p>Influenced by these letters and reports Secretary of War J. R. Poinsett +determined to compel all the settlers to leave. It is, however, wrong to +suppose that all were guilty of whiskey-peddling. In a letter in which +he commented on the number of persons present at the Sunday services in +the fort the chaplain <a id="Page_195" name="Page_195"></a><span class="pagenum">[195]</span> wrote that <q>Some of the inhabitants also in +the vicinity who were regular in their attendance have removed.</q><a name="anchor-524" id="anchor-524"></a><a href="#footnote-524" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 524.">524</a></p> + +<p>The instructions for the removal were made out on October 21, 1839, and +sent to Edward James, Marshal of the Territory of Wisconsin. They stated +that if force should prove necessary to compel the people to leave, the +Marshal should call upon the commanding officer at Fort Snelling for +such aid. In that case he was instructed to act <q>with as much +forbearance, consideration, and delicacy as may be consistent with the +prompt and faithful performance of the duties hereby assigned to +you</q>.<a name="anchor-525" id="anchor-525"></a><a href="#footnote-525" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 525.">525</a></p> + +<p>The orders were not received by Marshal James until February 18, 1840, +and he immediately forwarded them to his deputy, Ira B. Brunson of +Prairie du Chien. As soon as navigation opened in the spring he left for +Fort Snelling. Notice was at once given to the settlers to move, and +when they refused a detachment of soldiers was called out on May 6th and +under the direction of a lieutenant and Marshal Brunson the household +goods of the settlers were carried out and their cabins destroyed.<a name="anchor-526" id="anchor-526"></a><a href="#footnote-526" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 526.">526</a></p> + +<p>These ejected settlers found new homes a few miles down the river. In +the midst of their rude homes a log chapel was dedicated in November, +1841, to the Apostle St. Paul by the Reverend Lucian Galtier.<a name="anchor-527" id="anchor-527"></a><a href="#footnote-527" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 527.">527</a> As +the ceded lands were more and more occupied, the little village enjoyed +a corresponding growth. Gradually the name of the chapel was adopted as +the name of the settlement. In 1849 the <a id="Page_196" name="Page_196"></a><span class="pagenum">[196]</span> Territory of Minnesota +was organized with the seat of the legislature at St. Paul. The new +community prospered, and the town swarmed with settlers, Indians, +travellers, and adventurers who lived in tents or slept in barns in lieu +of better accommodations. There were also capitalists, tradesmen, and +officials who here made their homes.<a name="anchor-528" id="anchor-528"></a><a href="#footnote-528" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 528.">528</a></p> + +<p>It was inevitable that between this new community and Fort Snelling +close relations should exist. The Territorial government was weak; to +enforce order it was necessary for the Governor to make requisition on +the fort for troops.<a name="anchor-529" id="anchor-529"></a><a href="#footnote-529" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 529.">529</a> The jail at Fort Snelling was also utilized +for the punishment of many undesirable characters always drawn to a new +region. James Higby who sold a promissory note which had already been +paid, and Jacob Shipler who was arrested on a charge of assault and +battery were both given terms in the jail at the fort. John R. McGregor, +who became angry and threw his wife against a cooking stove, was +separated from his help-meet for a period of three months while he +languished in the fort.<a name="anchor-530" id="anchor-530"></a><a href="#footnote-530" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 530.">530</a></p> + +<p>The soldiers, in return, visited the frontier town, conducting +themselves in the eyes of one observer <q>with much dignity and +sobriety</q>.<a name="anchor-531" id="anchor-531"></a><a href="#footnote-531" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 531.">531</a> Not always, however, could their actions be thus +described. Two soldiers who had just returned from an expedition to the +Indian country, started for St. Paul on the evening of their return, +carrying with them their blankets which they meant to sell for +<q>refreshment</q>. <a id="Page_197" name="Page_197"></a><span class="pagenum">[197]</span> But their birch canoe upset and before aid could +reach them they were drowned.<a name="anchor-532" id="anchor-532"></a><a href="#footnote-532" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 532.">532</a></p> + +<p>But relations of a more innocent and more desirable sort also existed. +In the officials of the Territory the officers at the fort found +congenial spirits. One of the popular pastimes of the little city was to +ride out upon the frozen Mississippi in sleighs to Fort Snelling. <q>This +command</q>, narrates an official report, <q>had the honor of receiving His +Excellency W. A. Gorman Gov. of Minnesota and the Hon. James Shields +late of the U. S. Senate, on the 9th inst. by whom the Command was +reviewed &c. in presence of a large concourse of Citizens.</q><a name="anchor-533" id="anchor-533"></a><a href="#footnote-533" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 533.">533</a> The +band of the Sixth Regiment which had paraded through the streets of +Mexico City playing <q>Yankee Doodle</q> now found occupation in playing for +the balls and parties of the frontier town. Even the inhabitants of +Stillwater, twenty-five miles distant, called on the fort to furnish the +music for the Valentine Ball on February 14, 1850.<a name="anchor-534" id="anchor-534"></a><a href="#footnote-534" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 534.">534</a> During the same +month a concert was given, the proceeds going to the Washington Monument +Association. A year later the ladies who had arranged to give a tea +party to raise money for the benefit of the poor children of the +community changed their plans and accepted the offer of the band who +volunteered to give a concert for the purpose.<a name="anchor-535" id="anchor-535"></a><a href="#footnote-535" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 535.">535</a> The value of this +association of citizens with the soldiers led to the remark of an editor +that <q>We consider this band as well as the whole garrison, with its high +intelligence—but especially <a id="Page_198" name="Page_198"></a><span class="pagenum">[198]</span> the band, of infinite value to St. +Paul—in fact, it is the most powerful element of influence amongst us, +for our good, next to the pulpit and the press.</q><a name="anchor-536" id="anchor-536"></a><a href="#footnote-536" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 536.">536</a></p> + +<p>The tourists who for many years had been frequenting the upper +Mississippi now increased in numbers. In the <q>Drive of All Visitors</q> +were included the Falls of St. Anthony, Lake Harriet, Minnehaha Falls, +and Fort Snelling.<a name="anchor-537" id="anchor-537"></a><a href="#footnote-537" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 537.">537</a> From the lookout tower of the fort on the edge +of the cliff, could be viewed the same scenery which had charmed Carver +a hundred years before. Undoubtedly many thought as did the newspaper +man who wrote: <q>In the contemplation of this scene from Ft. Snelling, +one is ravished with a desire to get upon it; and to appropriate a +little domain for his home. It has the look of home. How can the Sioux +ever consent to part with these lands?</q><a name="anchor-538" id="anchor-538"></a><a href="#footnote-538" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 538.">538</a></p> + +<p>But two years later they did part with them. The two treaties in which +the cession was acknowledged were brought about without military +aid.<a name="anchor-539" id="anchor-539"></a><a href="#footnote-539" class="fnanchor" title="Go to footnote 539.">539</a> This was in itself prophetic of the new status of the fort. +With the growth of the Territorial organization, one by one the duties +connected with Indian affairs, liquor troubles, and the protection of +life and property were taken over by the civil officers, with the +military men as the executors of their laws only when the regular forces +of administration were unable to handle the difficulties.</p> + +<p>And now the fort which had so long looked down upon the canoes of the +Indians and traders saw on <a id="Page_199" name="Page_199"></a><span class="pagenum">[199]</span> its two rivers a new procession. +Flatboats, steamboats, and canoes bore upstream the hardy pioneers and +their families, and returned loaded with the products of the farm and +the forest. The post which could have successfully resisted the attack +of Indian warriors, or even the siege of a civilized enemy was to fall +before the invasion of the pioneers. The frontier had suddenly leaped +far to the westward. In 1858, when the troops were withdrawn, there was +no need of an establishment such as had existed during the first forty +years. It was the passing of Old Fort Snelling which for so many years +had been the remotest outpost of American law.</p> + +<p>The development of the Northwest was not brought about by the +spectacular and romantic incidents which the chroniclers loved to +record. So gradual was its progress that the factors contributing to it +can be seen only in the perspective of fifty years. It was the result of +the monotonous details of the life of the fur trader who was the +unwitting explorer of the Northwest, and the forerunner of the permanent +resident. The routine duties of garrison life and expeditions to the +Indian country, often barren of any visible result, added to its +progress, as also did the weary marches of the explorer and the minute +notations of the scientist who accompanied him. The patient sacrifices +of the missionary who toiled at unaccustomed labors in the half-cleared +cornfield and taught his primitive pupils in the log mission-house, +introduced a new civilization. The <a id="Page_200" name="Page_200"></a><span class="pagenum">[200]</span> daily contact of the Indian +and the white man at the fort and agency were prophetic of a new +relationship between the two races.</p> + +<p>But because these events were so commonplace the contemporary +chroniclers have bequeathed only a brief though eloquent epitome of this +old Mississippi River post. It was the exception and not the rule to +note that a company of soldiers was up the river watching the movements +of the Indians, that a missionary had been presented with a ham, or that +an explorer took with him so many vegetables from the gardens of the +fort that the gunwale of his boat was brought within four inches of the +water. But such are the stray references which indicate the almost +complete dependence upon the fort of all the factors in the development +of the Northwest.</p> + + +<p>In the preceding pages an attempt has been made to gather together from +all sources the references which bear upon each particular phase of the +process. In most cases they are few, not because the military men were +not concerned with them, but because at every post in the Mississippi +Valley conditions were practically the same and the public, being +acquainted with these routine duties, was more interested in the +picturesque Indian legends or in the duels between the officers. Of +these latter incidents the pages of the history of Fort Snelling are +full and in this respect it was typical of the American army post. But +it is also an example of that which is of <a id="Page_201" name="Page_201"></a><span class="pagenum">[201]</span> more importance—the +contribution of the army to the transformation of the Mississippi +Valley.</p> + +<p>In many ways Fort Snelling is unique in the list of American forts. The +British flag was borne in triumph to wave from the flagstaff of Fort +Ticonderoga after it had been evacuated by the colonial patriots during +the dark days of 1777; but never was a foreign flag borne into Fort +Snelling except to be burned in the sight of awestruck Indians. The guns +of Fort Sumter announced the opening of the Civil War; never were the +cannon at Fort Snelling fired at a foe. Mackinac was successively +garrisoned by French, English, and American soldiers; whenever occupied +by troops Fort Snelling flew the stars and stripes. The stockades at +Boonesborough and Harrodstown were besieged by hundreds of savages who +fought to gain entrance and obtain the scalps of the pioneer men and +women there gathered for safety; no hostile demonstration was ever +staged near Fort Snelling. Its history was not made by the rifles and +sabers of the soldiers; the axe and the plow of the pioneer who worked +in safety beneath its potential protection have left their history upon +the landscape of the great Northwest. <a id="Page_202" name="Page_202"></a></p> + +<p><a id="Page_203" name="Page_203"></a></p> + + + +<p><a id="Page_204" name="Page_204"></a></p> + + + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_205" name="Page_205"></a><span class="pagenum">[205]</span></p> +<h2><a name="NOTES_AND_REFERENCES" id="NOTES_AND_REFERENCES"></a>NOTES AND REFERENCES</h2> + +<div class="footnotes"> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p class="center">CHAPTER I</p> + +<ul> +<li><p><a name="footnote-1" id="footnote-1"></a>Carver's <em>Travels through the Interior Parts of North-America</em>, pp. +vii, viii.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-1" class="label">1</a> </li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-2" id="footnote-2"></a> To the region lying on the upper waters of three great river +systems--the Mississippi, the St. Lawrence, and the Red River of the +North--the writer has applied the name <q>Upper Northwest</q> to distinguish +it from the <q>Old Northwest</q> and the <q>Pacific Northwest</q>.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-2" class="label">2</a> </li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-3" id="footnote-3"></a> For a summary of the French explorations see Folwell's <em>Minnesota</em>, +pp. 1–29. Thwaites's <em>France in America</em>, p. 74, contains an excellent +map of the French operations in the West.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-3" class="label">3</a> </li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-4" id="footnote-4"></a> The report of Louis Antoine Bougainville, written in 1757 and based +on the reports of Canadian officials, shows the extent of French +commerce at the close of the period of French control. At Green Bay (La +Baye) trade was carried on with the Folles-Avoines, Sacs, Foxes, Sioux, +and other tribes, the annual output being from five to six hundred +packages of furs. In the North, extending westward along what is now the +international boundary to the Lake of the Woods and then along the lakes +and rivers of the Lake Winnipeg system, was the territory of the post +known as <q>The Sea of the West</q>. This included seven forts and produced a +yearly supply of from three to four hundred packages. <q>These regions are +everywhere vast prairies; this is the route to take for the upper +Missouri.</q>--<em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XVIII, pp. 167–195. +A picturesque account of the life of the French traders is given in +Neill's <em>The History of Minnesota</em> (Fourth Edition), pp. 115–119.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-4" class="label">4</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-5" id="footnote-5"></a> <em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XVIII, p. 251; Turner's +<em>The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin</em> in the +<em>Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science</em>, +Vol. IX, pp. 584, 585.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-5" class="label">5</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_206" name="Page_206"></a><span class="pagenum">[206]</span><a name="footnote-6" id="footnote-6"></a> Thwaites's <em>Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition</em>, +Vol. VII, p. 373. In 1792, Peter Grant built a trading house on the site +of St. Vincent, Minnesota, on the east bank of the Red River, and in +1800–1801 the fort of Pembina was erected by the great traveller, +Alexander Henry, the younger.--<em>South Dakota Historical Collections</em>, +Vol. I, p. 138.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-6" class="label">6</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-7" id="footnote-7"></a> <em>American State Papers, Indian Affairs</em>, Vol. I, p. 684.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-7" class="label">7</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-8" id="footnote-8"></a> Thwaites's <em>Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition</em>, +Vol. I, pp. 227, 228. Traders of the Hudson's Bay Company also +frequented the spot. Sergeant John Ordway records in his journal for +December 1, 1804, that <q>a Scotsman who is tradeing at the Mandens came +to visit us. he belonged to the hudson bay company.… he brought over +Tobacco Beeds & other kinds of Goods. & traded with the Mandens for +their furs & buffalow Robes. they bring Some Guns to trade for horses &C. this hudsons bay comp<sup>y</sup> lay Garrisoned near the N. W. Comp<sup>y</sup>.… +Eight or 10 days travel by land a North course from this.</q>--<em>Wisconsin +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XXII, p. 169.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-8" class="label">8</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-9" id="footnote-9"></a> Chittenden's <em>The History of the American Fur Trade of the Far +West</em>, Vol. II, p. 556.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-9" class="label">9</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-10" id="footnote-10"></a> Coues's <em>The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike</em>, Vol. I, pp. 279, 280.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-10" class="label">10</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-11" id="footnote-11"></a> Coues's <em>The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike</em>, Vol. I, p. 286.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-11" class="label">11</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-12" id="footnote-12"></a> Coues's <em>The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike</em>, Vol. I, p. 280.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-12" class="label">12</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-13" id="footnote-13"></a> Coues's <em>The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike</em>, Vol. I, p. 156.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-13" class="label">13</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-14" id="footnote-14"></a> Coues's <em>The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike</em>, Vol. I, p. 171.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-14" class="label">14</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-15" id="footnote-15"></a> Coues's <em>The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike</em>, Vol. I, p. 252.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-15" class="label">15</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-16" id="footnote-16"></a> Wilkinson's instructions to Pike are printed in Coues's <em>The +Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike</em>, Vol. II, pp. 842–844. Before the +founding of Fort Snelling the Minnesota River was called by the French +voyageurs the <q>St. Pierre</q>. When the Americans were established on its +banks they anglicized this name into <q>St. Peter's</q>. The fort, the +agency, and the fur traders' establishment are commonly referred to in +early literature as <q>St. Peter's</q>. By a joint resolution of Congress on +June 19, 1852, the name Minnesota was ordered to be used in all public +documents in which the river was mentioned. This was the Indian name for +the river.--<em>United States Statutes at Large</em>, <a id="Page_207" name="Page_207"></a><span class="pagenum">[207]</span>Vol. X, p. 147. In +mentioning this river use is made in this volume of the modern name, +except when quoting.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-16" class="label">16</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-17" id="footnote-17"></a> The account of the treaty is given in Coues's <em>The Expeditions of +Zebulon M. Pike</em>, Vol. I, pp. 83, 84. The treaty itself is printed on +page 231 and Pike's speech on pages 226–230. Article I contains the land +cession: <q>That the Sioux nation grant unto the United States, for the +purpose of establishment of military posts, nine miles square at the +mouth of the St. Croix, also from below the confluence of the +Mississippi and St. Peters up the Mississippi to include the falls of +St. Anthony, extending nine miles on each side of the river, that the +Sioux nation grants to the United States the full sovereignty and power +over said district forever.</q> The meaning of all this is extremely vague.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-17" class="label">17</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-18" id="footnote-18"></a> <em>American State Papers, Indian Affairs</em>, Vol. I, p. 798.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-18" class="label">18</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-19" id="footnote-19"></a> <em>Publications of the Canadian Archives, No. 7, Documents Relating +to the Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit, 1812</em>, pp. 11, +13.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-19" class="label">19</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-20" id="footnote-20"></a> A petition of the London merchants to the English government stated +that before the war the annual export of furs from Canada amounted to +£250,000. Updyke's <em>The Diplomacy of the War of 1812</em>, p. 204.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-20" class="label">20</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-21" id="footnote-21"></a> <em>Publications of the Canadian Archives, No. 7, Documents Relating +to the Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit, 1812</em>, pp. 72, +73.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-21" class="label">21</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-22" id="footnote-22"></a> <em>Publications of the Canadian Archives, No. 7, Documents Relating +to the Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit, 1812</em>, pp. +66–69. The figures are given on page 69.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-22" class="label">22</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-23" id="footnote-23"></a> <em>Publications of the Canadian Archives, No. 7, Documents Relating +to the Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit, 1812</em>, p. 184.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-23" class="label">23</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-24" id="footnote-24"></a> The best account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn is given in +Quaife's <em>Chicago and the Old Northwest</em>, 1673–1835, pp. 211–231.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-24" class="label">24</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-25" id="footnote-25"></a> <em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XIX, p. 323.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-25" class="label">25</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-26" id="footnote-26"></a> Coues's <em>The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike</em>, Vol. I, pp. 120, 194. +</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-26" class="label">26</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_208" name="Page_208"></a><span class="pagenum">[208]</span><a name="footnote-27" id="footnote-27"></a> <em>Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XV, p. 219. It +must be stated that the British in no way sought intentionally to use +the Indians for the purpose of massacreing the whites. The instructions +to Dickson declared that he <q>should restrain them by all the means in +your power from acts of Cruelty and inhumanity</q>. On March 16, 1813, +Dickson reported to the military secretary at Quebec that he had taken +steps to redeem the soldiers, women, and children of the ill-fated Fort +Dearborn garrison, who were still captives.--<em>Michigan Pioneer and +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XV, pp. 258, 259.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-27" class="label">27</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-28" id="footnote-28"></a> <em>Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XV, pp. 321, +322.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-28" class="label">28</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-29" id="footnote-29"></a> There is a summary of Dickson's activities in the <em>Wisconsin +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XII, pp. 133–153.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-29" class="label">29</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-30" id="footnote-30"></a> <em>Niles' Register</em>, Vol. VI, p. 176.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-30" class="label">30</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-31" id="footnote-31"></a> <em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XIII, p. 10; <em>Niles' +Register</em>, Vol. VI, p. 242.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-31" class="label">31</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-32" id="footnote-32"></a> <em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XI, pp. 254–270.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-32" class="label">32</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-33" id="footnote-33"></a> <em>Treaties and Conventions concluded between the United States of +America and other powers since July 4, 1776</em>, pp. 404, 405.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-33" class="label">33</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-34" id="footnote-34"></a> <em>American State Papers, Indian Affairs</em>, Vol. II, pp. 10, 11; +Chittenden's <em>The History of the American Fur Trade of the Far West</em>, +Vol. II, p. 561.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-34" class="label">34</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-35" id="footnote-35"></a> These treaties were concluded: on July 18th with the Pottawattomies +and Piankashaws; on July 19th with the Tetons and Sioux of the Lakes, +Sioux of St. Peter's River, and Yankton Sioux; September 2nd with the +Kickapoos; September 8th with the Wyandots; September 12th with the +Osages; September 13th with the Sacs of the Missouri; September 14th +with the Foxes; September 16th with the Iowas. The treaties are +published in Kappler's <em>Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties</em>, Vol. II, pp. +110–123. The reports of the commissioners and also the treaties are +printed in the <em>American State Papers, Indian Affairs</em>, Vol. II, pp. +1–11.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-35" class="label">35</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-36" id="footnote-36"></a> <em>American State Papers, Indian Affairs</em>, Vol. II, p. 9.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-36" class="label">36</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-37" id="footnote-37"></a> For these migrations see the <em>Michigan Pioneer and Historical +Collections</em>, Vol. XXIII, pp. 97, 443; Kingsford's <em>The History of +Canada</em>, Vol. IX, p. 69; <em>Report on Canadian Archives</em>, 1896, p. 157. +<a id="Page_209" name="Page_209"></a><span class="pagenum">[209]</span>During the negotiations at Ghent the British commissioners had +sought to have established a permanent Indian territory to be a barrier +state between the two powers.--Updyke's <em>The Diplomacy of the War of +1812</em>, p. 204.</p> + +<p>The Indians felt they had been abandoned by the English. Hence the +liberality in gift distribution was an attempt to appease them.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-37" class="label">37</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-38" id="footnote-38"></a> See the reports of W. H. Puthuff in the <em>Wisconsin Historical +Collections</em>, Vol. XIX, pp. 430–433, 472–474.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-38" class="label">38</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-39" id="footnote-39"></a> Schoolcraft's <em>Personal Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty Years with +the Indian Tribes</em>, p. 19.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-39" class="label">39</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-40" id="footnote-40"></a> Irving's <em>The Sketch-Book</em> (Hudson Edition), p. 489.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-40" class="label">40</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-41" id="footnote-41"></a> Carr's <em>Missouri</em>, p. 121.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-41" class="label">41</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-42" id="footnote-42"></a> <em>Niles' Register</em>, Vol. VIII, p. 436, August 19, 1815.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-42" class="label">42</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-43" id="footnote-43"></a> <em>American State Papers, Indian Affairs</em>, Vol. II, p. 86.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-43" class="label">43</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-44" id="footnote-44"></a> <em>United States Statutes at Large</em>, Vol. III, p. 332. John Jacob +Astor of the American Fur Company has received the credit for the +passage of this law.--Folwell's <em>Minnesota</em>, p. 54; Coman's <em>Economic +Beginnings of the Far West</em>, Vol. I, pp. 344, 345. This is neglecting +the fact that there was a unanimous outcry against foreign traders--one +of the signs that the War of 1812 marks the rise of American +nationality. The legislation of April 29, 1816, was not wholly +satisfactory to Astor. <q>I have seen a letter</q>, wrote William H. Puthuff, +Indian agent at Mackinac, <q>addressed by J. J. Astor to a Mr. Franks a +British trader now at this place in which Mr. Astor expresses surprise +and regret at the passage of a law forbidding British subjects from +trading with Indians, within the American limits etc.</q>--<em>Wisconsin +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XIX, p. 423. What Mr. Astor wanted was the +prohibition of trade by American private citizens as well as by British +private citizens. If his American Fur Company were given a monopoly as +he desired, he also wanted to be free to employ such persons--American +or British--as he needed.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-44" class="label">44</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-45" id="footnote-45"></a> Or, more correctly from the point where a north and south line +drawn through the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods would +intersect this parallel.--<em>Treaties and Conventions concluded between +the United States of America and other powers since July 4, 1776</em>, p. +416. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-45" class="label">45</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_210" name="Page_210"></a><span class="pagenum">[210]</span><a name="footnote-46" id="footnote-46"></a> <em>Treaties and Conventions concluded between the United States of +America and other powers since July 4, 1776</em>, p. 377.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-46" class="label">46</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-47" id="footnote-47"></a> Coues's <em>The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike</em>, Vol. I, p. 279.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-47" class="label">47</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-48" id="footnote-48"></a> <em>Niles' Register</em>, Vol. XIV, pp. 387–389.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-48" class="label">48</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-49" id="footnote-49"></a> There is an excellent account of the United States trading house +system in Quaife's <em>Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673–1835</em>, pp. +289–309.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-49" class="label">49</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-50" id="footnote-50"></a> Coues's <em>The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike</em>, Vol. I, p. 228.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-50" class="label">50</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-51" id="footnote-51"></a> <em>American State Papers, Indian Affairs</em>, Vol. II, p. 6.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-51" class="label">51</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-52" id="footnote-52"></a> <em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XX, p. 39.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-52" class="label">52</a></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center">CHAPTER II</p> + +<ul> +<li><p><a name="footnote-53" id="footnote-53"></a> For the erection of these posts see Quaife's <em>Chicago and the Old +Northwest, 1673–1835</em>, p. 265; Thwaites's <em>Wisconsin</em>, pp. 180–182; +Gue's <em>History of Iowa</em>, Vol. I, pp. 137, 138.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-53" class="label">53</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-54" id="footnote-54"></a> <em>American State Papers, Military Affairs</em>, Vol. I, p. 669.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-54" class="label">54</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-55" id="footnote-55"></a> Major Long's journal is printed in the <em>Minnesota Historical +Collections</em>, Vol. II, pp. 9–88.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-55" class="label">55</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-56" id="footnote-56"></a> <em>Niles' Register</em>, Vol. XIV, p. 192.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-56" class="label">56</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-57" id="footnote-57"></a> <em>American State Papers, Military Affairs</em>, Vol. I, p. 779.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-57" class="label">57</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-58" id="footnote-58"></a> Neill's <em>The History of Minnesota</em> (Fourth Edition), p. 319.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-58" class="label">58</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-59" id="footnote-59"></a> <em>American State Papers, Military Affairs</em>, Vol. II, p. 32.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-59" class="label">59</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-60" id="footnote-60"></a> The story of the Yellowstone Expedition is narrated in detail in +Chittenden's <em>The History of the American Fur Trade of the Far West</em>, +Vol. II, pp. 562–587. See also the preface to James's <em>Account of an +Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains</em> in Thwaites's <em>Early +Western Travels</em>, Vol. XIV, pp. 9–26. For the site of this fort see +Thwaites's <em>Early Western Travels</em>, Vol. XXII, p. 275, note 231.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-60" class="label">60</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-61" id="footnote-61"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 1st Session, 34th Congress, Vol. I, Pt. 2, +Document No. 1, p. 21.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-61" class="label">61</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-62" id="footnote-62"></a> Leavenworth's <em>A Genealogy of the Leavenworth Family in the United +States</em>, p. 152. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-62" class="label">62</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_211" name="Page_211"></a><span class="pagenum">[211]</span><a name="footnote-63" id="footnote-63"></a> Van Cleve's <em><q>Three Score Years and Ten,</q> Life-Long Memories of +Fort Snelling, Minnesota</em>, p. 7.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-63" class="label">63</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-64" id="footnote-64"></a> In the <em>Detroit Gazette</em>, February 18, 1820, Vol. III, No. 135, +there is reprinted from the <em>National Intelligencer</em> an <q>Extract of a +letter from a gentleman of the expedition to the Falls of St. Anthony, +to his friend in Washington, dated Cantonment of the 5th regt. U. S. +Infantry, St. Peter's River, Nov. 10, 1819.</q> It is from this letter that +the dates of arriving at and leaving the various places are taken. The +Adjutant General in an order praised the garrison at Fort Howard <q>for +the economy and expedition with which the command constructed transport +boats for the accommodation of the 5th regiment in its passage to the +Mississippi.</q>--<em>Detroit Gazette</em>, September 10, 1819.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-64" class="label">64</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-65" id="footnote-65"></a> <em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, Vol. V, p. 96, note. Mrs. Van +Cleve gives another version of this affair: <q>When all was in order, +Colonel Leavenworth stepped forth, and, through an interpreter, formally +requested of the Chief permission to pass peaceably through their +country. The Chief, a very handsome young brave, advanced, and, with his +right arm uncovered, said, with most expressive gestures: 'My brother, +do you see the calm, blue sky above us? Do you see the lake that lies so +peacefully at our feet? So calm, so peaceful are our hearts towards you. +Pass on!'</q>--Van Cleve's <em><q>Three Score Years and Ten,</q> Life-Long Memories +of Fort Snelling, Minnesota</em>, p. 11.</p> + +<p>That these Indians were not so friendly as this account would indicate +is apparent from the statement in Major Forsyth's narrative that Captain +Whistler of Fort Howard had been fired at, at different times during the +summer of 1819 by these Winnebagoes.--<em>Minnesota Historical +Collections</em>, Vol. III, p. 167.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-65" class="label">65</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-66" id="footnote-66"></a> Major Forsyth's narrative, covering the time from his departure +from St. Louis on June 7th until his arrival there again on September +17th, is published in the <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. III, +pp. 139–167; also in the <em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, +pp. 188–219. It is from this narrative that the facts regarding the +progress of the expedition were obtained.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-66" class="label">66</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-67" id="footnote-67"></a> Major Forsyth's narrative in the <em>Minnesota Historical +Collections</em>, Vol. III, pp. 147, 148, 149.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-67" class="label">67</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-68" id="footnote-68"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. III, p. 149; Van Cleve's +<a id="Page_212" name="Page_212"></a><span class="pagenum">[212]</span><em><q>Three Score Years and Ten,</q> Life-Long Memories of Fort +Snelling, Minnesota</em>, p. 15.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-68" class="label">68</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-69" id="footnote-69"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. III, pp. 149–153, 159. +Mrs. Van Cleve says that a few days were spent on the shores of Lake +Pepin.--Van Cleve's <em><q>Three Score Years and Ten,</q> Life-Long Memories of +Fort Snelling, Minnesota</em>, p. 16. Mrs. Ellet in her sketch of Mrs. Clark +says a week was spent at this place.--Ellet's <em>Pioneer Women of the +West</em>, p. 350.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-69" class="label">69</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-70" id="footnote-70"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. III, pp. 153, 154. Neill +records that the troops did not reach the Minnesota River <q>until +September</q>.--Neill's <em>The History of Minnesota</em> (Fourth Edition), p. +320. But in Appendix L., p. 891, he gives the same dates as Forsyth. In +Folwell's <em>Minnesota</em>, p. 55, the statement is made that <q>the command +arrived at Mendota August 23</q>. As the main body of soldiers did not +arrive until August 24th, this latter date should be taken as the +birthday of Fort Snelling.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-70" class="label">70</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-71" id="footnote-71"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. III, pp. 154–157; <em>Detroit +Gazette</em>, October 22, 1819, February 18, 1820.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-71" class="label">71</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-72" id="footnote-72"></a> <em>Detroit Gazette</em>, February 18, 1820.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-72" class="label">72</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-73" id="footnote-73"></a> Van Cleve's <em><q>Three Score Years and Ten,</q> Life-Long Memories of +Fort Snelling, Minnesota</em>, pp. 18, 19. The baby was Charlotte Ouisconsin +Clark who married General Horatio P. Van Cleve. In 1888 she published a +book of reminiscences. It possesses all the merits and defects of a book +of reminiscences--vividness of pictures--inaccuracy in regard to +specific facts.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-73" class="label">73</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-74" id="footnote-74"></a> Ellet's <em>Pioneer Women of the West</em>, p. 351; <em>Minnesota Historical +Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 48.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-74" class="label">74</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-75" id="footnote-75"></a> Mrs. Van Cleve, who received her information from her father, gives +the number as forty.--Van Cleve's <em><q>Three Score Years and Ten,</q> +Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota</em>, p. 19. James Doty, who +kept the official journal of the Cass Expedition of 1820, and who +received his information from the officers at Camp Cold Water, gives the +number as forty.--<em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XIII, p. 214. +Philander Prescott in his reminiscences states that <q>Some fifty or sixty +had died, and some ten men died after I arrived</q>.--<em>Minnesota Historical +Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 478. L. Grignon wrote on April 3, 1820, that +<q>They tell me that fifty Sol<a id="Page_213" name="Page_213"></a><span class="pagenum">[213]</span>diers of the river St. Pierre have +died of Scurvy</q>.--<em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XX, p. 161.</p> + +<p>In writing of the attack of scurvy Mr. H. H. Sibley remarks: <q>It was +doubtless caused by the bad quality of the provisions, especially of the +pork, which was spoiled by the villany of the contractors, or their +agents, in drawing the brine from the barrels that contained it, after +leaving St. Louis, in order to lighten the load, and causing the barrels +to be refilled with river water, before their delivery at the post, +to avoid detection. The troops were compelled to live on this +unwholesome fare for two successive seasons, before the fraud was +discovered.</q>--<em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. I, pp. 473, 474. +Nowhere else is this explanation given. Sickness could easily come at a +frontier post without such villainy. During the same winter at Camp +Missouri over half of the garrison of seven hundred men were sick, and +nearly one hundred of them died. At Council Bluff there was also a great +deal of sickness.--<em>Detroit Gazette</em>, July 21, September 1, 1820.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-75" class="label">75</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-76" id="footnote-76"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. I, p. 473.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-76" class="label">76</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-77" id="footnote-77"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, p. 103.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-77" class="label">77</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-78" id="footnote-78"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, pp. 478, 479.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-78" class="label">78</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-79" id="footnote-79"></a> <em>Reports of Committees</em>, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, +Report No. 351, p. 136.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-79" class="label">79</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-80" id="footnote-80"></a> These facts are from the reminiscences of Philander Prescott in the +<em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, pp. 478, 479.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-80" class="label">80</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-81" id="footnote-81"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, p. 105.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-81" class="label">81</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-82" id="footnote-82"></a> Snelling to Taliaferro, November 7, 1821.--<em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, +Vol. I, No. 30.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-82" class="label">82</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-83" id="footnote-83"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, p. 107. Mrs. Van Cleve +states that the fort was occupied in the fall of 1821.--Van Cleve's +<em><q>Three Score Years and Ten,</q> Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, +Minnesota</em>, p. 32.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-83" class="label">83</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-84" id="footnote-84"></a> <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1830, No. 153.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-84" class="label">84</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-85" id="footnote-85"></a> Schoolcraft's <em>Narrative Journal of Travels from Detroit Northwest +through the Great Chain of American Lakes to the sources of the +Mississippi River</em>, pp. 292–315. The official journal was kept by James +Doty. The time spent with Leavenworth's troops is described in the +<em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XIII, pp. 212–216. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-85" class="label">85</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_214" name="Page_214"></a><span class="pagenum">[214]</span><a name="footnote-86" id="footnote-86"></a> Captain Kearny's journal is printed in the <em>Missouri Historical +Society Collections</em>, Vol. III, pp. 8–29, 99–131. Pages 104–110 are +devoted to the time spent at Camp Cold Water.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-86" class="label">86</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-87" id="footnote-87"></a> These facts regarding the change of the name are taken from Upham's +<em>The Women and Children of Fort St. Anthony, Later named Fort Snelling</em> +in the <em>Magazine of History</em>, Vol. XXI, pp. 38, 39. Dr. Upham received +his information from a letter from the Adjutant General of the United +States.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-87" class="label">87</a></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"> +CHAPTER III</p> + +<ul> +<li><p><a name="footnote-88" id="footnote-88"></a> See Miss Gallaher's article on <em>The Military-Indian Frontier +1830–1835</em> in <em>The Iowa Journal of History and Politics</em>, Vol. XV, pp. +393–428.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-88" class="label">88</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-89" id="footnote-89"></a> Langham to Taliaferro, August 19, 1820.--<em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, Vol. +I, No. 62.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-89" class="label">89</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-90" id="footnote-90"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, p. 117.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-90" class="label">90</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-91" id="footnote-91"></a> Neill's <em>The History of Minnesota</em> (Fourth Edition), p. 901.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-91" class="label">91</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-92" id="footnote-92"></a> Marsh to Taliaferro, June 26, 1827.--<em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, Vol. I, +No. 76.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-92" class="label">92</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-93" id="footnote-93"></a> This was the opening of the Winnebago War, often called the <q>Red +Bird War</q>. Accounts of it are given in William Joseph Snelling's <em>Early +Days at Prairie du Chien</em> in the <em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, +Vol. V, pp. 144–153; and <em>State Papers</em>, 1st Session, 20th Congress, +Vol. I, Document No. 1, pp. 150–163.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-93" class="label">93</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-94" id="footnote-94"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, p. 118.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-94" class="label">94</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-95" id="footnote-95"></a> For the movement of troops see <em>State Papers</em>, 1st Session, 20th +Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, pp. 150–163.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-95" class="label">95</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-96" id="footnote-96"></a> Taliaferro to Cass, October 4, 1832.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1832, +No. 226.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-96" class="label">96</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-97" id="footnote-97"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 2nd Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document +No. 1, pp. 439, 440, 459; Neill's <em>The History of Minnesota</em> (Fourth +Edition), pp. 483–487.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-97" class="label">97</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-98" id="footnote-98"></a> For an account of the Winnebagoes and their many migrations see +Jackson's <em>A Century of Dishonor</em>, pp. 218–256. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-98" class="label">98</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_215" name="Page_215"></a><span class="pagenum">[215]</span><a name="footnote-99" id="footnote-99"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. III, Pt. 2, +Document No. 5, pp. 1028, 1029; <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, September 13, +1849.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-99" class="label">99</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-100" id="footnote-100"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, November 28, December 12, 1849.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-100" class="label">100</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-101" id="footnote-101"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 1st Session, 32nd Congress, Vol. II, Pt. 3, +Document No. 2, p. 421. <q>The recent arrival at Fort Snelling of a +company of dragoons, so long wanted, will greatly assist in intercepting +the migration southward of this discontented people.</q>--Report of +Alexander Ramsey, October 21, 1850, in <em>Senate Documents</em>, 2nd Session, +31st Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 81.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-101" class="label">101</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-102" id="footnote-102"></a> This reservation was agreed upon by the treaty concluded at +Washington, D. C., on February 27, 1855; Kappler's <em>Indian Affairs, Laws +and Treaties</em>, Vol. II, pp. 690–693.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-102" class="label">102</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-103" id="footnote-103"></a> <em>Senate Documents</em>, 2nd Session, 28th Congress, Vol. I, Document +No. 1, pp. 316, 423.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-103" class="label">103</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-104" id="footnote-104"></a> Bryce's <em>The Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay Company</em>, pp. +365–372. A description of a hunt, written in French by Rev. M. Belcourt, +is given in <em>Executive Documents</em>, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. +VIII, Document No. 51, pp. 44–52.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-104" class="label">104</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-105" id="footnote-105"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. VIII, +Document No. 51, p. 4.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-105" class="label">105</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-106" id="footnote-106"></a> This was during the period that Professor William A. Dunning +describes as <q>The Roaring Forties</q>. <q>And the far flung interests of the +British Empire need no more striking illustration than the fact that in +whatever direction the Americans sought to expand their bounds, whether +on the Atlantic or on the Pacific, in the Gulf of the tropics or under +the Arctic circle, they found subjects of the Queen, with vested rights, +opposing the movement.</q>--Dunning's <em>The British Empire and the United +States</em>, pp. 96, 97.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-106" class="label">106</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-107" id="footnote-107"></a> Captain Sumner's report is printed in the <em>Executive Documents</em>, +1st Session, 29th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 2, pp. 217–220. It is +reprinted with explanatory notes in <em>The Iowa Journal of History and +Politics</em>, Vol. XI, pp. 258–267.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-107" class="label">107</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-108" id="footnote-108"></a> The report of Major Woods is printed in <em>Executive Documents</em>, 1st +Session, 31st Congress, Vol. VIII, Document No. 51. It contains +fifty-five pages. Accompanying the expedition was John Pope, Brevet +<a id="Page_216" name="Page_216"></a><span class="pagenum">[216]</span>Captain of the Topographical Engineers. His report is published +in <em>Senate Documents</em>, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. X, Document No. +42. There is an excellent map attached to the report.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-108" class="label">108</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-109" id="footnote-109"></a> Colonel Smith's report is printed in the <em>Executive Documents</em>, +2nd Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. II, Document No. 1, pp. +426–454.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-109" class="label">109</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-110" id="footnote-110"></a> Ansel Briggs to the Secretary of War.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, +1849, No. 206. The petition was dated Washington, Iowa, July 31, +1849.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1849, No. 208.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-110" class="label">110</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-111" id="footnote-111"></a> Major Woods's report is found in the <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1849, +No. 174.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-111" class="label">111</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-112" id="footnote-112"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, April 3, 1850.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-112" class="label">112</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-113" id="footnote-113"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, May 16, 1850.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-113" class="label">113</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-114" id="footnote-114"></a> See the letter of William Hutchinson, who was one of the party. It +is published in <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, June 13, 1850. <q>Iowa City looks +as it did five years ago</q>, he wrote. <q>A few houses were built since that +time; but evidently were not the capitol located at this place, it would +be no <em>great shakes</em>, though in time it is bound to come out. Some years +since, Uncle Sam erected expensive bridges for the good citizens of +Iowa, betwixt Dubuque and Iowa City; and strange to say the people are +suffering them to rot down without covering them. Iowa City has grown in +ten years as large as Saint Paul, which is not 2 years old. Steamboats +often get up to this place, but all will not suffice.</q></p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-114" class="label">114</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-115" id="footnote-115"></a> Report of Major Woods.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1850, No. 363.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-115" class="label">115</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-116" id="footnote-116"></a> <em>The Iowa Star</em> (Fort Des Moines), July 18, 1850.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-116" class="label">116</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-117" id="footnote-117"></a> <em>The Annals of Iowa</em> (First Series), Vol. VII, pp. 284, 285.</p> + +<p><q>Part of Company D. 1st regiment of U. S. Dragoons under command of +Lieut. Gardner passed through here on their way to the Missouri river. +We understand they intend to pay a visit to the Indian tribes on the +upper Missouri and from thence across Minnesota Territory to their +quarters at Ft. Snelling.</q>--Quoted from the <em>Fort Des Moines Gazette</em> in +the <em>Miners' Express</em> (Dubuque), September 4, 1850. The return of the +troops to Fort Snelling is noted in <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, October 3, +1850. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-117" class="label">117</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_217" name="Page_217"></a><span class="pagenum">[217]</span><a name="footnote-118" id="footnote-118"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 1st Session, 32nd Congress, Vol. II, Pt. 3, +Document No. 2, p. 284. An account of the journey is printed in <em>The +Minnesota Pioneer</em>, February 12, 1852.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-118" class="label">118</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-119" id="footnote-119"></a> Asa Whitney, a New York merchant, petitioned Congress in January, +1845, for a franchise and a grant of land to make this dream a +reality.--<em>Congressional Globe</em>, 2nd Session, 28th Congress, pp. 218, +219.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-119" class="label">119</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-120" id="footnote-120"></a> Act of March 3, 1853.--<em>United States Statutes at Large</em>, Vol. X, +p. 219.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-120" class="label">120</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-121" id="footnote-121"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 2nd Session, 33rd Congress, Document No. +91, pp. 1, 13, 74.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-121" class="label">121</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-122" id="footnote-122"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 1st Session, 36th Congress, Document No. +56, p. 36; <em>Post Returns</em>, May, 1853, in the archives of the War +Department, Washington, D. C.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-122" class="label">122</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-123" id="footnote-123"></a> A brief account of the expedition is given in Paxson's <em>The Last +American Frontier</em>, pp. 197–203. The reports of all the surveys were +published by the government. That of Governor Stevens consists of 651 +pages, added to the report of the Secretary of War, published in +<em>Executive Documents</em>, 2nd Session, 33rd Congress, Document No. 91. In +1859 Governor Stevens submitted a <em>Narrative and Final Report</em>, +published in two parts in the <em>Executive Documents</em>, 1st Session, 36th +Congress, Document No. 56. The various reports of all the explorers are +bound in a set of twelve volumes, in which Governor Stevens's first +account may be found in Vol. I, and the later narrative in Vol. XII, +Pts. I and II.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-123" class="label">123</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-124" id="footnote-124"></a> Order No. 7 stated: <q>It is considered of great consequence that +the several trains should not be intermingled; and the dragoons attached +to the several parties will continue with them, camping and working with +them, receiving their orders only from their particular chiefs, even +when the whole force is brought together.</q>--<em>Executive Documents</em>, 2nd +Session, 33rd Congress, Document No. 91, p. 46.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-124" class="label">124</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-125" id="footnote-125"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 2nd Session, 28th Congress, Vol. I, +Document No. 2, p. 112.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-125" class="label">125</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-126" id="footnote-126"></a> Kappler's <em>Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties</em>, Vol. II, p. 566.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-126" class="label">126</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-127" id="footnote-127"></a> Kappler's <em>Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties</em>, Vol. II, pp. +567–570. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-127" class="label">127</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_218" name="Page_218"></a><span class="pagenum">[218]</span><a name="footnote-128" id="footnote-128"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. X, Pt. I, p. 181.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-128" class="label">128</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-129" id="footnote-129"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 2nd Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, +Document No. 1, p. 161.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-129" class="label">129</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-130" id="footnote-130"></a> <em>Senate Documents</em>, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. I, Document +No. 1, pp. 180–183.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-130" class="label">130</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-131" id="footnote-131"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, July 19, 1849.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-131" class="label">131</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-132" id="footnote-132"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, September 6, 1849, July 11, November 21, +1850.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-132" class="label">132</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-133" id="footnote-133"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. X, Pt. I, pp. 193, 199.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-133" class="label">133</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-134" id="footnote-134"></a> Kappler's <em>Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties</em>, Vol. II, pp. +588–593.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-134" class="label">134</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-135" id="footnote-135"></a> Holcombe's <em>Minnesota in Three Centuries</em>, Vol. II, pp. 327, 328; +<em>Annals of Iowa</em> (First Series), Vol. VII, p. 290; <em>Post Returns</em>, +March, April, 1853, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, +D. C.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-135" class="label">135</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-136" id="footnote-136"></a> For Colonel Smith's expedition see above, Note 109. For the +building of Fort Abercrombie see the <em>Collections of the State +Historical Society of North Dakota</em>, Vol. II, Pt. II, p. 7.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-136" class="label">136</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-137" id="footnote-137"></a> <em>Reports of Committees</em>, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, +Report No. 351, pp. 10–12.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-137" class="label">137</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-138" id="footnote-138"></a> <em>Congressional Globe</em>, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Pt. III, p. +2595.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-138" class="label">138</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-139" id="footnote-139"></a> For the sale of Fort Snelling see Dr. Folwell's paper on <em>The Sale +of Fort Snelling</em>, 1857, in the <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. +XV, pp. 393–410.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-139" class="label">139</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-140" id="footnote-140"></a> The report of the committee may be found in <em>Reports of +Committees</em>, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Report No. 351.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-140" class="label">140</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-141" id="footnote-141"></a> <em>Congressional Globe</em>, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Pt. III, p. +2614.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-141" class="label">141</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-142" id="footnote-142"></a> <em>Congressional Globe</em>, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Pt. III, p. +2618.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-142" class="label">142</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-143" id="footnote-143"></a> Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VIII, p. 431.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-143" class="label">143</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-144" id="footnote-144"></a> For papers relating to the readjustment see <em>Executive Documents</em>, +3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-144" class="label">144</a> +</li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"> +CHAPTER IV</p> + +<ul> +<li><p><a id="Page_219" name="Page_219"></a><span class="pagenum">[219]</span><a name="footnote-145" id="footnote-145"></a> Quoted in Williams's <em>A History of the City of Saint Paul</em>, pp. +58, 59.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-145" class="label">145</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-146" id="footnote-146"></a> In the <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VIII, pp. 430, +431, there is a list of the commanding officers from September, 1819 to +May, 1858.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-146" class="label">146</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-147" id="footnote-147"></a> For the life of Henry Leavenworth see the <em>Kansas Historical +Collections</em>, Vol. VII, pp. 577, 578, Vol. IX, p. 569, Vol. XI, p. xxi; +Powell's <em>List of Officers of the Army of the United States, from 1779 +to 1900</em>, p. 428; Chittenden's <em>The History of the American Fur Trade of +the Far West</em>, Vol. II, pp. 630–632; Leavenworth's <em>A Genealogy of the +Leavenworth Family in the United States</em>, pp. 150–154.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-147" class="label">147</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-148" id="footnote-148"></a> <em>American State Papers, Indian Affairs</em>, Vol. I, p. 777.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-148" class="label">148</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-149" id="footnote-149"></a> Ellet's <em>Pioneer Women of the West</em>, pp. 310–323, contains a +sketch of the activities of Captain Snelling during the war.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-149" class="label">149</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-150" id="footnote-150"></a> Ellet's <em>Pioneer Women of the West</em>, pp. 313, 314.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-150" class="label">150</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-151" id="footnote-151"></a> Ellet's <em>Pioneer Women of the West</em>, p. 316.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-151" class="label">151</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-152" id="footnote-152"></a> From the reminiscences of Mrs. Ann Adams in the <em>Minnesota +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, pp. 96, 97. Mrs. Adams, as a child, +lived several years in the Snelling household.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-152" class="label">152</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-153" id="footnote-153"></a> Powell's <em>List of Officers of the Army of the United States, from +1779 to 1900</em>, p. 599; Ellet's <em>Pioneer Women of the West</em>, p. 334.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-153" class="label">153</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-154" id="footnote-154"></a> From a manuscript entitled <q>Remarks on General Wm. Hull's Memoirs +of the Campaign of the Northwestern Army, 1812</q>, by Josiah +Snelling.--<em>Draper Collection</em>, 8 U. 114, pp. 42, 43.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-154" class="label">154</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-155" id="footnote-155"></a> <em>The Works of Daniel Webster</em>, Vol. V, p. 410.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-155" class="label">155</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-156" id="footnote-156"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VIII, pp. 440, 441.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-156" class="label">156</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-157" id="footnote-157"></a> See the sketch of Captain Scott in Van Cleve's <em><q>Three Score Years +and Ten,</q> Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota</em>, pp. 28, 29.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-157" class="label">157</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-158" id="footnote-158"></a> <em>Senate Documents</em>, 1st Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document +No. 1, p. 367.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-158" class="label">158</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-159" id="footnote-159"></a> There is a sketch of Martin Scott in the <em>Minnesota Historical +Collections</em>, Vol. III, pp. 180–187, from which this story is taken. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-159" class="label">159</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_220" name="Page_220"></a><span class="pagenum">[220]</span><a name="footnote-160" id="footnote-160"></a> Powell's <em>List of Officers of the Army of the United States, from +1779 to 1900</em>, p. 577.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-160" class="label">160</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-161" id="footnote-161"></a> <em>Niles' Register</em>, Vol. 73, p. 130.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-161" class="label">161</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-162" id="footnote-162"></a> The frontispiece of Mrs. Eastman's <em>Dahcotah; or, Life and Legends +of the Sioux around Fort Snelling</em> was painted by Captain Eastman.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-162" class="label">162</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-163" id="footnote-163"></a> Appletons' <em>Cyclopaedia of American Biography</em>, Vol. II, p. 292.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-163" class="label">163</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-164" id="footnote-164"></a> In his notes to <em>Hiawatha</em> Longfellow quotes from the introduction +of Mrs. Eastman's book, p. ii.--<em>Longfellow's Complete Poetical Works</em> +(Cambridge Edition), p. 666.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-164" class="label">164</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-165" id="footnote-165"></a> Appletons' <em>Cyclopaedia of American Biography</em>, Vol. II, p. 292.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-165" class="label">165</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-166" id="footnote-166"></a> Powell's <em>List of Officers of the Army of the United States, from +1779 to 1900</em>, p. 449; <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VIII, p. +441.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-166" class="label">166</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-167" id="footnote-167"></a> <em>The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography</em>, Vol. VIII, pp. +89, 90.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-167" class="label">167</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-168" id="footnote-168"></a> Rhodes's <em>History of the United States</em>, Vol. IV, p. 328.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-168" class="label">168</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-169" id="footnote-169"></a> <em>The American Annual Cyclopaedia</em>, 1863, p. 816.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-169" class="label">169</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-170" id="footnote-170"></a> Bancroft's <em>History of Oregon</em>, Vol. II, pp. 611, 612. For the +career of General Canby see Appletons' <em>Cyclopaedia of American +Biography</em>, Vol. I, pp. 517, 518.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-170" class="label">170</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-171" id="footnote-171"></a> This incident is taken from Folsom's <em>Fifty Years in the +Northwest</em>, pp. 755, 756. Mr. Folsom says he took it <q>from a St. Paul +paper of 1887</q>.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-171" class="label">171</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-172" id="footnote-172"></a> For the Dred Scott case see McMaster's <em>A History of the People of +the United States</em>, Vol. VIII, pp. 278, 279.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-172" class="label">172</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-173" id="footnote-173"></a> <em>United States Statutes at Large</em>, Vol. I, p. 50.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-173" class="label">173</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-174" id="footnote-174"></a> <em>United States Statutes at Large</em>, Vol. IV, p. 564.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-174" class="label">174</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-175" id="footnote-175"></a> <em>United States Statutes at Large</em>, Vol. IV, pp. 729–739.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-175" class="label">175</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-176" id="footnote-176"></a> <em>United States Statutes at Large</em>, Vol. IX, p. 395.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-176" class="label">176</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-177" id="footnote-177"></a> Quoted from the complaint of the agent, Nathaniel McLean, +September 25, 1850, in <em>Senate Documents</em>, 2nd Session, 31st Congress, +Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 106. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-177" class="label">177</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_221" name="Page_221"></a><span class="pagenum">[221]</span><a name="footnote-178" id="footnote-178"></a> <em>Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro</em> in the <em>Minnesota +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 249.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-178" class="label">178</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-179" id="footnote-179"></a> <em>Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro</em> in the <em>Minnesota +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, pp. 253, 254.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-179" class="label">179</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-180" id="footnote-180"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 353.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-180" class="label">180</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-181" id="footnote-181"></a> Taliaferro to Crawford, July 15, 1839.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, +1839, No. 512.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-181" class="label">181</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-182" id="footnote-182"></a> These papers are in the possession of the Minnesota Historical +Society. The dates covered in these diaries are from December, 1830, to +June, 1831; May 25 to September 21, 1833; May 23 to August 28, 1834.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-182" class="label">182</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-183" id="footnote-183"></a> These letters are in the possession of the Minnesota Historical +Society. In Volume I of these letters is the following notice: <q>These +326 letters, are part of the great mass of correspondence received by +Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro, Indian Agent at Fort Snelling, 1819–1840. They +constitute but a small part of his accumulations in twenty years. The +rest were burned in his house at Bedford, Pa., in 18__. It was a great +loss to us, as, had they been spared, we would have received all of +them. But even these 326 contain a large amount of valuable material for +Minnesota history. Even as autographs they are valuable, [see +autobiography of Taliaferro, Vol. 6, Coll.] These letters were given by +Maj. T. in March, 1868. Arranged, bound and indexed (by J. F. W.) 1891.</q></p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-183" class="label">183</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-184" id="footnote-184"></a> Photostatic copies of many of these letters were taken and are to +be found in the library of the Wisconsin Historical Society, where they +were consulted.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-184" class="label">184</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-185" id="footnote-185"></a> These letter books are now in the possession of the Kansas State +Historical Society at Topeka, where they were consulted. The only volume +containing letters from Major Taliaferro is referred to as the <em>William +Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832</em>.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-185" class="label">185</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-186" id="footnote-186"></a> <em>Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro</em> in the <em>Minnesota +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 253.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-186" class="label">186</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-187" id="footnote-187"></a> Powell's <em>List of Officers of the Army of the United States, from +1779 to 1900</em>, p. 620. In the <em>Taliaferro Letters</em> are many letters from +William Clark and Elbert Herring in which they address Mr. Taliaferro as +<q>major</q>. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-187" class="label">187</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_222" name="Page_222"></a><span class="pagenum">[222]</span><a name="footnote-188" id="footnote-188"></a> <em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, Vol. I, No. 11. A note on this letter gives +these dates.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-188" class="label">188</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-189" id="footnote-189"></a> Nowhere is the date of his arrival at Fort Snelling given. In his +autobiography he writes of his journey: <q>Jean Baptiste Faribault and +family, had gone through by land, in charge of Colonel Leavenworth's +horses and cows</q>.--<em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 198. +It was in the spring of 1820 that Faribault performed this +service.--<em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, p. 103.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-189" class="label">189</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-190" id="footnote-190"></a> Clark to the Secretary of War, August 20, 1832.--<em>Indian Office +Files</em>, 1832, No. 285. For his resignation see <em>Indian Office Files</em>, +1824, No. 39.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-190" class="label">190</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-191" id="footnote-191"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, March 24, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-191" class="label">191</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-192" id="footnote-192"></a> Taliaferro to Crawford, December 12, 1839.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, +1839, No. 516.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-192" class="label">192</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-193" id="footnote-193"></a> Neill's <em>The History of Minnesota</em> (Fourth Edition), pp. 337–339.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-193" class="label">193</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-194" id="footnote-194"></a> In the report for 1850 the agency at St. Peter's is designated a +<q>Sub-Agency</q>.--<em>Senate Documents</em>, 2nd Session, 31st Congress, Vol. I, +Document No. 1, p. 103.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-194" class="label">194</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-195" id="footnote-195"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XII, pp. 339, 340.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-195" class="label">195</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-196" id="footnote-196"></a> <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1834, No. 213, 1827, No. 54, 1843, No. 222.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-196" class="label">196</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-197" id="footnote-197"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XII, p. 341.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-197" class="label">197</a></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"> +CHAPTER V</p> + +<ul> +<li><p><a name="footnote-198" id="footnote-198"></a> See <em>Notes on Canada and the North-West States of America</em> in +<em>Blackwood's Magazine</em>, Vol. LXXVIII, p. 323, September, 1855. These +articles by Laurence Oliphant were later published in book form under +the title of <em>Minnesota and the Far West</em>.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-198" class="label">198</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-199" id="footnote-199"></a> This is the height given in Nicollet's <em>Report intended to +illustrate a Map of the Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi +River</em>, p. 69.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-199" class="label">199</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-200" id="footnote-200"></a> Seymour's <em>Sketches of Minnesota, the New England of the West</em>, p. +103. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-200" class="label">200</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_223" name="Page_223"></a><span class="pagenum">[223]</span><a name="footnote-201" id="footnote-201"></a> This sketch of the fort is obtained from the map of Fort Snelling +in the <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VIII, p. 431; and from a +<em>Report of the capacity and condition of the barracks, quarters, +hospital, storehouses, &c., at Fort Snelling, Minnesota Territory, made +to the Quartermaster General</em>. This report was made on August 23, 1856. +It is printed in <em>Reports of Committees</em>, 1st Session, 35th Congress, +Vol. II, Report No. 351, pp. 407–409.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-201" class="label">201</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-202" id="footnote-202"></a> <em>American State Papers, Military Affairs</em>, Vol. IV, p. 122.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-202" class="label">202</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-203" id="footnote-203"></a> Latrobe's <em>The Rambler in North America</em>, Vol. II, p. 295.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-203" class="label">203</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-204" id="footnote-204"></a> A statement of the equipment at the various posts during the +fourth quarter of 1834 is printed in the <em>American State Papers, +Military Affairs</em>, Vol. V, p. 853–900.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-204" class="label">204</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-205" id="footnote-205"></a> Taliaferro to Lucas, September 30, 1839.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, +1839, No. 492.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-205" class="label">205</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-206" id="footnote-206"></a> <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1830, No. 153.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-206" class="label">206</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-207" id="footnote-207"></a> Taliaferro to William Clark, August 17, 1830.--<em>Indian Office +Files</em>, 1830, No. 139.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-207" class="label">207</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-208" id="footnote-208"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, April 7, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-208" class="label">208</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-209" id="footnote-209"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, March 8, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-209" class="label">209</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-210" id="footnote-210"></a> Taliaferro to Lucas, September 30, 1839.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, +1839, No. 492; <em>Executive Documents</em>, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. +VII, Document No. 9, p. 19.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-210" class="label">210</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-211" id="footnote-211"></a> <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1830, No. 153.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-211" class="label">211</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-212" id="footnote-212"></a> <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1834, No. 207.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-212" class="label">212</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-213" id="footnote-213"></a> <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1830, No. 153. In the Sibley House at +Mendota is hung an oil painting of Fort Snelling made by Sergeant Thomas +who was stationed at Fort Snelling sometime between 1836 and 1842. This +painting, which was made from the hill behind Sibley House, shows the +location of these various buildings.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-213" class="label">213</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-214" id="footnote-214"></a> For Baker's house see <em>Executive Documents</em>, 3rd Session, 40th +Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 19, 33, 34; also <em>Reports of +Committees</em>, 1st session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Report No. 351, p. +400.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-214" class="label">214</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-215" id="footnote-215"></a> Latrobe's <em>The Rambler in North America</em>, Vol. II, pp. 295, 296. +Charles Joseph Latrobe visited the post in the fall of 1833. +</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-215" class="label">215</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_224" name="Page_224"></a><span class="pagenum">[224]</span><a name="footnote-216" id="footnote-216"></a> These buildings are shown in the picture mentioned in note 213, +above.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-216" class="label">216</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-217" id="footnote-217"></a> There is a description of Mendota given in Seymour's <em>Sketches of +Minnesota, the New England of the West</em>, pp. 101, 102.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-217" class="label">217</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-218" id="footnote-218"></a> Seymour's <em>Sketches of Minnesota, the New England of the West</em>, p. +117; Bishop's <em>Floral Home; or, First Years of Minnesota</em>, pp. 156, 157.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-218" class="label">218</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-219" id="footnote-219"></a> These figures are taken from Keating's <em>Narrative of an Expedition +to the Source of St. Peter's River</em>, Vol. I, p. 309.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-219" class="label">219</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-220" id="footnote-220"></a> Latrobe's <em>The Rambler in North America</em>, Vol. II, p. 302.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-220" class="label">220</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-221" id="footnote-221"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, +Document No. 9, pp. 37, 38; <em>Reports of Committees</em>, 1st Session, 35th +Congress, Vol. II, Report No. 351, p. 148.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-221" class="label">221</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-222" id="footnote-222"></a> Upham's <em>The Women and Children of Fort St. Anthony, later named +Fort Snelling</em> in <em>The Magazine of History</em>, Vol. XXI, p. 37.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-222" class="label">222</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-223" id="footnote-223"></a> See below, the chapter entitled <em>Soldiers of the Cross</em>.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-223" class="label">223</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-224" id="footnote-224"></a> This enumeration of the Indian villages is from Pond's <em>The +Dakotas or Sioux in Minnesota as they were in 1834</em> in the <em>Minnesota +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XII, pp. 320–330. The spelling of the +names follows that used by Pond, although they were all written in many +ways. The population figures are from Taliaferro's report in 1834, found +in <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1834, No. 203.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-224" class="label">224</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-225" id="footnote-225"></a> See the description of an Indian village in Latrobe's <em>The Rambler +in North America</em>, Vol. II, pp. 288, 289; also, Keating's <em>Narrative of +an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River</em>, Vol. I, pp. 342, 343.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-225" class="label">225</a></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"> +CHAPTER VI</p> + +<ul> +<li><p><a name="footnote-226" id="footnote-226"></a> On December 22, 1819, the House of Representatives passed a +resolution directing the Secretary of War, J. C. Calhoun, to prepare a +system of martial law and field service. His report was communicated to +the House on December 26, 1820, and was entitled <em>Systems of Martial +Law, and Field Service, and Police</em>. It is composed of two parts, +namely, <em>General Regulations for the Army</em>, and <em>A System of Martial +Law</em>. It is from these regulations that the following sketch of the +routine life at a military post is built up. The report <a id="Page_225" name="Page_225"></a><span class="pagenum">[225]</span>is +published in the <em>American State Papers, Military Affairs</em>, Vol. II, pp. +201–274.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-226" class="label">226</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-227" id="footnote-227"></a> Ingersoll's <em>A History of the War Department of the United +States</em>, pp. 205, 206.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-227" class="label">227</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-228" id="footnote-228"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, p. 119.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-228" class="label">228</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-229" id="footnote-229"></a> <em>American State Papers, Military Affairs</em>, Vol. II, p. 210.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-229" class="label">229</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-230" id="footnote-230"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 95.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-230" class="label">230</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-231" id="footnote-231"></a> <em>American State Papers, Military Affairs</em>, Vol. II, p. 210.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-231" class="label">231</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-232" id="footnote-232"></a> <em>American State Papers, Military Affairs</em>, Vol. II, pp. 217, 218.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-232" class="label">232</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-233" id="footnote-233"></a> These account books are in the possession of the Minnesota +Historical Society.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-233" class="label">233</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-234" id="footnote-234"></a> Bishop's <em>Floral Home; or, First Years of Minnesota</em>, p. 161.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-234" class="label">234</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-235" id="footnote-235"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, March 22, 1831; <em>Post Returns</em>, March, 1840, +in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-235" class="label">235</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-236" id="footnote-236"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 97.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-236" class="label">236</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-237" id="footnote-237"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 345.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-237" class="label">237</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-238" id="footnote-238"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, pp. 336, 344.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-238" class="label">238</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-239" id="footnote-239"></a> <em>American State Papers, Military Affairs</em>, Vol. III, pp. 341, 342; +<em>Post Returns</em>, September, 1828, in the archives of the War Department, +Washington, D. C.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-239" class="label">239</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-240" id="footnote-240"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, February 3, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-240" class="label">240</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-241" id="footnote-241"></a> This report is published in <em>the American State Papers, Military +Affairs</em>, Vol. III, pp. 273–277.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-241" class="label">241</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-242" id="footnote-242"></a> <em>American State Papers, Military Affairs</em>, Vol. II, pp. 558, 706, +Vol. III, p. 115.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-242" class="label">242</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-243" id="footnote-243"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 345.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-243" class="label">243</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-244" id="footnote-244"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. I, p. 476.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-244" class="label">244</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-245" id="footnote-245"></a> <em>American State Papers, Military Affairs</em>, Vol. III, pp. 341, 342.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-245" class="label">245</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-246" id="footnote-246"></a> <em>American State Papers, Military Affairs</em>, Vol. III, p. 277.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-246" class="label">246</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-247" id="footnote-247"></a> <em>American State Papers, Military Affairs</em>, Vol. II, p. 205; +<em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 101. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-247" class="label">247</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_226" name="Page_226"></a><span class="pagenum">[226]</span><a name="footnote-248" id="footnote-248"></a> Eastman's <em>Dahcotah; or, Life and Legends of the Sioux around Fort +Snelling</em>, pp. 144, 145.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-248" class="label">248</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-249" id="footnote-249"></a> <em>American State Papers, Military Affairs</em>, Vol. II, p. 265.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-249" class="label">249</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-250" id="footnote-250"></a> <em>Detroit Gazette</em>, February 18, 1820.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-250" class="label">250</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-251" id="footnote-251"></a> Keating's <em>Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's +River</em>, Vol. I, p. 305.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-251" class="label">251</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-252" id="footnote-252"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, July 15, 1852.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-252" class="label">252</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-253" id="footnote-253"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, +Document No. 9, p. 26; <em>Post Returns</em>, July, 1827, in the archives of +the War Department, Washington, D. C.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-253" class="label">253</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-254" id="footnote-254"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 340.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-254" class="label">254</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-255" id="footnote-255"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VIII, p. 432.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-255" class="label">255</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-256" id="footnote-256"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, p. 115.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-256" class="label">256</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-257" id="footnote-257"></a> Joseph M. Street to Postmaster General Barry, April 27, +1831.--<em>Street Papers</em>, No. 15, Historical Department, Des Moines, Iowa.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-257" class="label">257</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-258" id="footnote-258"></a> Williams's <em>A History of the City of Saint Paul</em>, p. 44.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-258" class="label">258</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-259" id="footnote-259"></a> <em>Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin</em>, 1913, +pp. 116, 117.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-259" class="label">259</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-260" id="footnote-260"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, April 2, 5, 10, February 27, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-260" class="label">260</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-261" id="footnote-261"></a> Street to Clark, March 10, 1831.--<em>William Clark Papers, +Correspondence, 1830–1832</em>, p. 132; <em>Post Returns</em>, March, 1830. See +also <em>Post Returns</em>, December, 1829, December, 1830, in the archives of +the War Department, Washington, D. C.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-261" class="label">261</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-262" id="footnote-262"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 342.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-262" class="label">262</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-263" id="footnote-263"></a> <em>Reports of Committees</em>, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, +Report No. 351, p. 131.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-263" class="label">263</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-264" id="footnote-264"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 342.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-264" class="label">264</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-265" id="footnote-265"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, p. 130. <q>Monsieur +Tonson</q> was a very popular farce written by W. T. Moncrief in 1821. The +French barber, Morbleu, is greatly troubled by a steady stream of +visitors who come to make inquiries regarding a certain fictitious Mr. +Thompson, hoping thereby to gain information regarding Adolphine de +Courcy who has been traced to his door.--Walsh's <em>Heroes and Heroines of +Fiction</em>, p. 360. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-265" class="label">265</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_227" name="Page_227"></a><span class="pagenum">[227]</span><a name="footnote-266" id="footnote-266"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, January 20, February 22, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-266" class="label">266</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-267" id="footnote-267"></a> Snelling to Taliaferro, October 19, July 25, 1824.--<em>Taliaferro +Letters</em>, Vol. I, Nos. 50, 56.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-267" class="label">267</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-268" id="footnote-268"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, November 28, 1849.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-268" class="label">268</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-269" id="footnote-269"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, February 10, 11, 24, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-269" class="label">269</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-270" id="footnote-270"></a> George F. Turner to H. H. Sibley, February 11, 1842.--<em>Sibley +Papers, 1840–1850</em>.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-270" class="label">270</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-271" id="footnote-271"></a> Taliaferro to Street, March 30, 1831.--<em>Street Papers</em>, No. 12.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-271" class="label">271</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-272" id="footnote-272"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 100.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-272" class="label">272</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-273" id="footnote-273"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, p. 112.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-273" class="label">273</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-274" id="footnote-274"></a> Neill's <em>The History of Minnesota</em> (Fourth Edition), p. 920. +General Edmund P. Gaines inspected the post shortly afterwards and +reported: <q>From a conversation with the colonel, I can have no doubt +that he has erred in the course pursued by him in reference to some of +those controversies, inasmuch as he has intimated to his officers his +willingness to sanction, in certain cases, and even to participate in +<em>personal conflicts</em>, contrary to the twenty-fifth article of +war.</q>--<em>American State Papers, Military Affairs</em>, Vol. IV, p. 123.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-274" class="label">274</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-275" id="footnote-275"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, March 27, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-275" class="label">275</a></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"> +CHAPTER VII</p> + +<ul> +<li><p><a name="footnote-276" id="footnote-276"></a> Morse's <em>A Report to the Secretary of War of the United States on +Indian Affairs</em>, pp. 78, 79.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-276" class="label">276</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-277" id="footnote-277"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XII, pp. 321, 322.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-277" class="label">277</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-278" id="footnote-278"></a> <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1834, No. 203.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-278" class="label">278</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-279" id="footnote-279"></a> Taliaferro to Clark, August 5, 1830.--<em>William Clark Papers, +Correspondence, 1830–1832</em>, p. 2.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-279" class="label">279</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-280" id="footnote-280"></a> This description of Indian life is based on Pond's <em>The Dakotas or +Sioux in Minnesota as they were in 1834</em> in the <em>Minnesota Historical +Collections</em>, Vol. XII, pp. 319–501.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-280" class="label">280</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-281" id="footnote-281"></a> The quotations are taken from Beltrami's description of an Indian +council which he attended at Fort Snelling in 1823.--Beltrami's <em>A +Pilgrimage in Europe and America</em>, Vol. II, pp. 217–219. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-281" class="label">281</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_228" name="Page_228"></a><span class="pagenum">[228]</span><a name="footnote-282" id="footnote-282"></a> These are taken from a list which is typical of the character of +the presents, among the papers of Thomas Forsyth.--<em>Draper Manuscripts</em>, +2T2.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-282" class="label">282</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-283" id="footnote-283"></a> <em>Annals of Congress</em>, 1st session, 17th Congress, Vol. I, pp. 319, +320.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-283" class="label">283</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-284" id="footnote-284"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, February 19, 1831. The speech of the chief +closes thus: <q>We know you have nothing on hand for your children, but we +hope you will give us some Pork & Bread & a little Tobacco--as our pipes +are out & have been for some time our old men will be pleased.</q> The +village of the Red Head was St. Louis, the Red Head being General +William Clark, the superintendent of Indian affairs.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-284" class="label">284</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-285" id="footnote-285"></a> <q>The Crane and the Hole in the Day--and other Chippeways at the +Agency this day--Several Sissiton Sioux also at the Agency. Issued 24 +Rats Bread 20 pounds of Pork--15 lbs. of tobacco.</q>--<em>Taliaferro's +Diary</em>, January 23, 1831. See also the diary under the dates of December +24, 1830, January 13, 17, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-285" class="label">285</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-286" id="footnote-286"></a> Cass to Taliaferro, July 28, 1825.--<em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, Vol. I, +No. 57.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-286" class="label">286</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-287" id="footnote-287"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, July 19, 1834.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-287" class="label">287</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-288" id="footnote-288"></a> <em>United States Statutes at Large</em>, Vol. IV, p. 738.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-288" class="label">288</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-289" id="footnote-289"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, March 4, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-289" class="label">289</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-290" id="footnote-290"></a> Taliaferro to Harris, February 21, 1838.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, +1838, No. 631.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-290" class="label">290</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-291" id="footnote-291"></a> For the suffering during the winter of 1842–1843 and the steps +taken to relieve it see the letter from Dr. Williamson in the +<em>Missionary Herald</em>, Vol. 39, p. 355, September, 1843; and Bruce to +Chambers, April 3, 1843, in <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1843, No. 222.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-291" class="label">291</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-292" id="footnote-292"></a> Taliaferro to Dodge, June 30, 1838.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1838, +No. 690.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-292" class="label">292</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-293" id="footnote-293"></a> Taliaferro to Clark, March 3, 1831.--<em>William Clark Papers, +Correspondence, 1830–1832</em>, p. 129.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-293" class="label">293</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-294" id="footnote-294"></a> Taliaferro to Clark, September 14, 1834.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, +1834, No. 206.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-294" class="label">294</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-295" id="footnote-295"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, July 7, 1834.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-295" class="label">295</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-296" id="footnote-296"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, December 25, 1830. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-296" class="label">296</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_229" name="Page_229"></a><span class="pagenum">[229]</span><a name="footnote-297" id="footnote-297"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, June 28, 30, 1834. On January 17, 1831, he +gave a blanket in which to bury a woman.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-297" class="label">297</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-298" id="footnote-298"></a> <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1832, Nos. 287, 294, 295, 296.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-298" class="label">298</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-299" id="footnote-299"></a> <em>Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro</em> in the <em>Minnesota +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 236.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-299" class="label">299</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-300" id="footnote-300"></a> Snelling to Taliaferro, November 13, 1820.--<em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, +Vol. I, No. 21.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-300" class="label">300</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-301" id="footnote-301"></a> Found among the <em>Sibley Papers, 1830–1840</em>.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-301" class="label">301</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-302" id="footnote-302"></a> Taliaferro to Cass, March 3, 1832.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1832, +No. 289.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-302" class="label">302</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-303" id="footnote-303"></a> Taliaferro to Clark, July 15, 1831.--<em>William Clark Papers, +Correspondence, 1830–1832</em>, p. 235.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-303" class="label">303</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-304" id="footnote-304"></a> <em>Post Returns</em>, April, May, 1834, July, 1835, in the archives of +the War Department, Washington, D. C.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-304" class="label">304</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-305" id="footnote-305"></a> <q>These warriors of Mr. Rainville's were constantly with me, for +they knew that I was an English warrior, as they called me, and they are +very partial to the English.</q>--Marryat's <em>A Diary in America</em>, Vol. II, +p. 91. Captain Marryat, the English novelist, visited the upper +Mississippi region in 1837.</p> + +<p><q>Many and strong are the recollections of the Sioux and other tribes, of +their alliance with the British in the last and revolutionary wars, of +which I have met many curious instances</q>.--Catlin's <em>Letters and Notes +on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians</em>, +Vol. II, p. 657, footnote.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-305" class="label">305</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-306" id="footnote-306"></a> <em>Niles' Register</em>, Vol. XXVI, p. 363, July 31, 1824; Vol. LIII, p. +33, September 16, 1837.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-306" class="label">306</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-307" id="footnote-307"></a> Marryat'a <em>A Diary in America</em>, Vol. III, pp. 221, 222.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-307" class="label">307</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-308" id="footnote-308"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XII, p. 320.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-308" class="label">308</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-309" id="footnote-309"></a> <em>Niles' Register</em>, Vol. LIII, p. 82, October 7, 1837.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-309" class="label">309</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-310" id="footnote-310"></a> Snelling to Taliaferro, October 19, 1824.--<em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, +Vol. I, No. 50.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-310" class="label">310</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-311" id="footnote-311"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, March 18, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-311" class="label">311</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-312" id="footnote-312"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, March 11, 1831. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-312" class="label">312</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_230" name="Page_230"></a><span class="pagenum">[230]</span><a name="footnote-313" id="footnote-313"></a> Taliaferro to Clark, April 3, 1831.--<em>William Clark Papers, +Correspondence</em>, 1830–1832, p. 161.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-313" class="label">313</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-314" id="footnote-314"></a> Renville to Sibley, August 21, 1840.--<em>Sibley Papers, 1830–1840</em>.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-314" class="label">314</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-315" id="footnote-315"></a> Quoted in Neill's <em>The History of Minnesota</em>, pp. 338, 339. The +two men murdered on the Missouri River in 1820 were Isadore Poupon, a +French half-breed, and Joseph F. Andrews, a Canadian.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-315" class="label">315</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-316" id="footnote-316"></a> Quaife's <em>Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673–1835</em>, p. 283.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-316" class="label">316</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-317" id="footnote-317"></a> Snelling to Taliaferro, March 19, 1822.--<em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, +Vol. I, No. 32. The quotation is taken from this letter. See also +Calhoun to Snelling, September 18, 1822.--<em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, Vol. I, +No. 40.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-317" class="label">317</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-318" id="footnote-318"></a> Letter of George Johnson, November 2, 1825.--<em>Indian Office +Files</em>, 1825–1826, No. 4.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-318" class="label">318</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-319" id="footnote-319"></a> Taliaferro to Harris, September 10, 1838.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, +1838, No. 663.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-319" class="label">319</a></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"> +CHAPTER VIII</p> + +<ul> +<li><p><a name="footnote-320" id="footnote-320"></a> Morse's <em>A Report to the Secretary of War of the United States on +Indian Affairs</em>, p. 28.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-320" class="label">320</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-321" id="footnote-321"></a> Kellogg's <em>Early Narratives of the Northwest, 1634–1699</em>, p. 50.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-321" class="label">321</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-322" id="footnote-322"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 209.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-322" class="label">322</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-323" id="footnote-323"></a> Baker to Taliaferro, May 19, 1829.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1829, +No. 64.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-323" class="label">323</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-324" id="footnote-324"></a> Speech of Flat Mouth, May 27, 1827.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1827, +No. 14.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-324" class="label">324</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-325" id="footnote-325"></a> <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1827, No. 9.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-325" class="label">325</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-326" id="footnote-326"></a> From Mrs. Van Cleve's reminiscences in the <em>Minnesota Historical +Collections</em>, Vol. III, p. 80.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-326" class="label">326</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-327" id="footnote-327"></a> The information upon which the entire incident is built is +contained in the letter of Snelling to Atkinson, May 31, 1827, in +<em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1827, No. 10; the letter of Taliaferro to Clark, +May 31, 1827, in Indian Office Files, 1827, No. 12; Neill's <em>The History +of Minnesota</em>, pp. 391–394; <em>Reminiscences of Mrs. Ann Adams</em> in the +<em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, pp. 107–110; <em>A +Reminiscence</em> <a id="Page_231" name="Page_231"></a><span class="pagenum">[231]</span><em>of Ft. Snelling</em>, by Mrs. Charlotte O. Van Cleve, +in the <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. III, pp. 76–81; <em>Running +the Gantlet</em> by William J. Snelling (the son of Colonel Snelling) in the +<em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. I, pp. 439–456.</p> + +<p>The last mentioned account was originally published as a magazine +article, and much of it is undoubtedly the product of the author's +imagination. It is from this that the writer drew the story of Toopunkah +Zeze. The article by Mrs. Van Cleve is full of errors and there are some +mistakes in Mrs. Adams's reminiscences. For the facts of the attack the +writer depended upon the two reports in the <em>Indian Office Files</em>. In a +letter written from Prairie du Chien the next winter Joseph Street says +that a hostage, an innocent man, was among the Sioux who were +executed.--Street to Dr. Alexander Posey, December 11, 1827, in the +<em>Street Papers</em>, No. 7.</p> + +<p>Of those who were shot, says Sibley in his reminiscences, all +recovered.--<em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. I, p. 475. On the +other hand Flat Mouth complained to Schoolcraft in 1832 that four of the +number died.--Schoolcraft's <em>Narrative of an Expedition through the +Upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake</em>, p. 85.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-327" class="label">327</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-328" id="footnote-328"></a> <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1829, No. 63.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-328" class="label">328</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-329" id="footnote-329"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, p. 135. As here given +the mother's speech is partly direct, and partly indirect discourse. The +writer has changed it all to the direct discourse.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-329" class="label">329</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-330" id="footnote-330"></a> The attack on Hole-in-the-Day's band is narrated in the letter of +Plympton to General Jones, August 13, 1838.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, +1838, No. 618. See also <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, pp. +134–136; Pond's <em>Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas</em>, pp. 136, +137.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-330" class="label">330</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-331" id="footnote-331"></a> The particulars of the encounter in 1839 are given in a letter +written by the Right Reverend Mathias Loras in July 1839, and published +in <em>Acta et Dicta: A Collection of historical data regarding the origin +and growth of the Catholic Church in the Northwest</em>, Vol. I, No. 1, pp. +18–21; and Pond's <em>Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas</em>, pp. +139–147.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-331" class="label">331</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-332" id="footnote-332"></a> <q>Instead of lessening the disasters of Indian warfare, the +building of Fort Snelling in the heart of the Indian country and upon +the line dividing the ranges of the Dakotas and the Chippewas, had the +direct effect of vastly increasing the horrors of that warfare.<a id="Page_232" name="Page_232"></a><span class="pagenum">[232]</span> +Depending upon the protection of the military, both tribes brought their +women and children into the disputed territory, where before the coming +of the soldiers they would never have dared to expose them, and it soon +developed that the fort afforded no protection to the children of the +forest against the savagery of their hereditary enemies, who made +treaties of peace only to thereby gain better opportunity for +butchery.</q>--Robinson's <em>A History of the Dakota or Sioux Indians</em>, p. +154. This is Part II of the <em>South Dakota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. +II.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-332" class="label">332</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-333" id="footnote-333"></a> At the forks of the Chippewa River in 1838, eleven Sioux were +killed while asleep, by Chippewas whom they were entertaining. The +mission at Lake Pokegama was attacked in 1840. In 1842, a battle was +fought at Pine Coulie near the Indian village of Kaposia. In 1850, on +Apple River in Wisconsin, fourteen Chippewas were scalped. See the +article by Rev. S. W. Pond on <em>Indian Warfare in Minnesota</em> in the +<em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. III, pp. 129–138. As late as +1854, D. B. Herriman, the Chippewa agent, reported that during the +preceding year nearly one hundred Chippewas had been killed and scalped +by the Sioux. But none of these massacres took place at the +fort.--<em>Executive Documents</em>, 2nd Session, 33rd Congress, Vol. I, Pt. 1, +Document No. 1, p. 260.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-333" class="label">333</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-334" id="footnote-334"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. VIII, +Document No. 51, p. 31.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-334" class="label">334</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-335" id="footnote-335"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, January 23, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-335" class="label">335</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-336" id="footnote-336"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, June 4, 1831. For other occasions during the +winter and spring of 1831 when the agent records the presence of both +Sioux and Chippewas see the diary under date of January 31, March 5, May +2, June 15.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-336" class="label">336</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-337" id="footnote-337"></a> Taliaferro to Clark, July 6, 1831.--<em>William Clark Papers, +Correspondence, 1830–1832</em>, p. 231.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-337" class="label">337</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-338" id="footnote-338"></a> Speech of Taliaferro to the Sioux.--<em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, February +19, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-338" class="label">338</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-339" id="footnote-339"></a> Report of J. N. Nicollet in <em>Executive Documents</em>, 2nd Session, +28th Congress, Vol. II, Document No. 52, p. 66.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-339" class="label">339</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-340" id="footnote-340"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, January 10, 18, 26, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-340" class="label">340</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-341" id="footnote-341"></a> Taliaferro to Clark, February 8, 1831.--<em>William Clark Papers, +Correspondence, 1830–1832</em>, p. 121. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-341" class="label">341</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_233" name="Page_233"></a><span class="pagenum">[233]</span><a name="footnote-342" id="footnote-342"></a> The text of the treaty is printed in Kappler's <em>Indian Affairs, +Laws and Treaties</em>, Vol. II, pp. 250–255. The treaty was signed on +August 19, 1825.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-342" class="label">342</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-343" id="footnote-343"></a> <em>Missionary Herald</em>, Vol. XXX, p. 223, June, 1834. Reverend W. T. +Boutwell accompanied Mr. Schoolcraft on this journey, and his account of +it is published in the religious paper.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-343" class="label">343</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-344" id="footnote-344"></a> Schoolcraft's <em>Narrative of an Expedition through the Upper +Mississippi to Itasca Lake</em>, p. 265.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-344" class="label">344</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-345" id="footnote-345"></a> <em>United States Statutes at Large</em>, Vol. IV, p. 684.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-345" class="label">345</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-346" id="footnote-346"></a> Taliaferro to William Clark, May 31, 1835.--<em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, +Vol. III, No. 234.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-346" class="label">346</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-347" id="footnote-347"></a> Taliaferro to Herring, July 16, 1835.--<em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, Vol. +III, No. 238.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-347" class="label">347</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-348" id="footnote-348"></a> Taliaferro to William Clark, September 2, 1835; Taliaferro to E. +Herring, September 20, 1835.--<em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, Vol. III, Nos. 251, +252.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-348" class="label">348</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-349" id="footnote-349"></a> Taliaferro to William Clark, May 26, 1831.--<em>William Clark Papers, +Correspondence, 1830–1832</em>, p. 195.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-349" class="label">349</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-350" id="footnote-350"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, January 25, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-350" class="label">350</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-351" id="footnote-351"></a> <em>Senate Documents</em>, 1st Session, 28th Congress, Vol. I, Document +No. 1, p. 269.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-351" class="label">351</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-352" id="footnote-352"></a> <em>Senate Documents</em>, 1st Session, 29th Congress, Vol. I, Document +No. 1, p. 490.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-352" class="label">352</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-353" id="footnote-353"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, January 2, 1851.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-353" class="label">353</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-354" id="footnote-354"></a> Snelling to Atkinson, May 31, 1827.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1827, +No. 10.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-354" class="label">354</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-355" id="footnote-355"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, May 16, 1850. Other occasions when +Indians were imprisoned for similar causes are mentioned in <em>The +Minnesota Pioneer</em>, September 23, 1852, April 20, 1854.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-355" class="label">355</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-356" id="footnote-356"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, October 14, 1852.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-356" class="label">356</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-357" id="footnote-357"></a> Report of Agent A. J. Bruce, September 1, 1846.--<em>Executive +Documents</em>, 2nd Session, 29th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 4, p. 246. +</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-357" class="label">357</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_234" name="Page_234"></a><span class="pagenum">[234]</span><a name="footnote-358" id="footnote-358"></a> Beltrami's <em>A Pilgrimage in Europe and America</em>, Vol. II, pp. 233, +234.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-358" class="label">358</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-359" id="footnote-359"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, January 31, 1831; Taliaferro to Captain W. +R. Lovett, June 30, 1831, in <em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, Vol. II, No. 150.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-359" class="label">359</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-360" id="footnote-360"></a> Pond's <em>Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas</em>, p. 138.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-360" class="label">360</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-361" id="footnote-361"></a> Taliaferro to Clark, October 4, 1830.--<em>William Clark Papers, +Correspondence, 1830–1832</em>, p. 68.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-361" class="label">361</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-362" id="footnote-362"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, June 29, 1834.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-362" class="label">362</a></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"> +CHAPTER IX</p> + +<ul> +<li><p><a name="footnote-363" id="footnote-363"></a> For an account of the attack on the trading house system see +Quaife's <em>Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673–1835</em>, pp. 301–309; also +<em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XX, pp. xiii-xviii.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-363" class="label">363</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-364" id="footnote-364"></a> This account of the fur trade is based upon the reminiscences of +Mr. H. H. Sibley in the <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. III, +pp. 245–247; and Turner's <em>The Character and Influence of the Indian +Trade in Wisconsin</em> in the <em>Johns Hopkins University Studies in +Historical and Political Science</em>, Vol. IX, pp. 601–607.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-364" class="label">364</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-365" id="footnote-365"></a> If an Indian failed continually in paying up his credits, the +trader would refuse him any more goods. This would bring on the enmity +of the hunter and his whole family. Such was the case of Joseph R. Brown +mentioned in the <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. III, p. 247.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-365" class="label">365</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-366" id="footnote-366"></a> <em>United States Statutes at Large</em>, Vol. II, pp. 139–146, Vol. III, +pp. 332, 333, Vol. IV, pp. 729–735.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-366" class="label">366</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-367" id="footnote-367"></a> A copy of an American trading license is published in the <em>Report +from the Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company</em>, p. 282.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-367" class="label">367</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-368" id="footnote-368"></a> <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1831, No. 70.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-368" class="label">368</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-369" id="footnote-369"></a> <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1831, No. 82.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-369" class="label">369</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-370" id="footnote-370"></a> <em>Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro</em> in the <em>Minnesota +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 200.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-370" class="label">370</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-371" id="footnote-371"></a> <em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XX, p. 43</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-371" class="label">371</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-372" id="footnote-372"></a> Sibley to Featherstonhaugh.--<em>Sibley Papers</em>. This letter is +printed in Holcombe's <em>Minnesota in Three Centuries</em>, Vol. II, p. 57. +</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-372" class="label">372</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_235" name="Page_235"></a><span class="pagenum">[235]</span><a name="footnote-373" id="footnote-373"></a> Chittenden's <em>The History of the American Fur Trade of the Far +West</em>, Vol. I, p. 323.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-373" class="label">373</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-374" id="footnote-374"></a> A list of the posts in the agency in 1826 is given in the +<em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, pp. 113, 114.</p> + +<p><q>The Secretary of War directs that the traders in the St Peters Agency, +who have been directed by you to build their houses in a particular +form, as designated by you, be informed that they are at liberty to +adapt the shape of their building to their own convenience. He moreover +directs that the term of Forts, by which they are designated, be changed +into Posts.</q>--William Clark to Taliaferro, March 26, 1827, in +<em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, Vol. I, No. 72.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-374" class="label">374</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-375" id="footnote-375"></a> Taliaferro to Herring, September 15, 1834, in <em>Indian Office +Files</em>, 1834, No. 210; <em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, Vol. I, No. 74.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-375" class="label">375</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-376" id="footnote-376"></a> See Sibley's story of a tea party given to a number of traders at +Fort Snelling.--<em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. III, pp. 248, +249.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-376" class="label">376</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-377" id="footnote-377"></a> Coues's <em>The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike</em>, Vol. I, p. 230.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-377" class="label">377</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-378" id="footnote-378"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, February 22, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-378" class="label">378</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-379" id="footnote-379"></a> Schoolcraft's <em>Narrative of an Expedition through the Upper +Mississippi to Itasca Lake</em>, p. 44.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-379" class="label">379</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-380" id="footnote-380"></a> <em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XX, pp. 306, 307.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-380" class="label">380</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-381" id="footnote-381"></a> <em>United States Statutes at Large</em>, Vol. IV, p. 564.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-381" class="label">381</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-382" id="footnote-382"></a> Norman W. Kittson to Sibley, March 2, 1846.--<em>Sibley Papers, +1840–1850</em>. Mr. Kittson was the manager of the American Fur Company's +business along the international boundary, with his headquarters at +Pembina. He, with the late James J. Hill, was one of the promoters of +the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railroad Company.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-382" class="label">382</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-383" id="footnote-383"></a> <em>Report from the Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company</em>, p. +370.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-383" class="label">383</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-384" id="footnote-384"></a> <em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XX, p. 383.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-384" class="label">384</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-385" id="footnote-385"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, January 30, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-385" class="label">385</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-386" id="footnote-386"></a> Kittson to Sibley, August 7, 1846.--<em>Sibley Papers, 1840–1850</em>.</p> + +<p>Mr. Kittson was the organizer of the picturesque caravans of Red River +carts (at one time called <q>Kittson's carts</q>) which carried <a id="Page_236" name="Page_236"></a><span class="pagenum">[236]</span>on the +extensive commerce between the Canadian and American settlements. At an +early date this trade assumed large proportions. <q>The van of the Red +River train numbering from an hundred to two hundred carts made entirely +of wood and green hides and drawn by oxen and ponies in harness, reached +St. Paul on Sunday with furs, hides, buffalo robes, dried buffalo +tongues, pemmican, etc. They have been forty days on the route.</q>--<em>The +Minnesota Pioneer</em>, July 26, 1849.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-386" class="label">386</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-387" id="footnote-387"></a> <em>Missionary Herald</em>, Vol. 38, p. 58, February, 1842.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-387" class="label">387</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-388" id="footnote-388"></a> <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1839, No. 62.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-388" class="label">388</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-389" id="footnote-389"></a> <em>Missionary Herald</em>, Vol. 40, p. 281, August, 1844.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-389" class="label">389</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-390" id="footnote-390"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 2nd Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, +Document No. 1, p. 563.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-390" class="label">390</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-391" id="footnote-391"></a> <em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XX, p. 383.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-391" class="label">391</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-392" id="footnote-392"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, July 23, 1834.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-392" class="label">392</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-393" id="footnote-393"></a> <em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, Vol. I, No. 74.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-393" class="label">393</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-394" id="footnote-394"></a> Marsh to Street, April 28, 1832.--<em>Street Papers</em>, No. 20.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-394" class="label">394</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-395" id="footnote-395"></a> <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1835, No. 326.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-395" class="label">395</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-396" id="footnote-396"></a> Bailly to Street, August 3, 1832.--<em>Street Papers</em>, No. 28.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-396" class="label">396</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-397" id="footnote-397"></a> Street to Cass, October 3, 1832.--<em>Street Papers</em>, No. 69.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-397" class="label">397</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-398" id="footnote-398"></a> <q>Several persons have been arrested near Crow Wing for selling +whiskey to the Winnebago Indians; and twelve or fifteen barrels of +whiskey have been overtaken and knocked in the head, by Capt. Monroe's +troops.</q>--<em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, August 9, 1849.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-398" class="label">398</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-399" id="footnote-399"></a> <em>Senate Documents</em>, 1st Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document +No. 1, p. 922.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-399" class="label">399</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-400" id="footnote-400"></a> Taliaferro to Clark, August 17, 1830.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, +1830, No. 143.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-400" class="label">400</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-401" id="footnote-401"></a> <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1830, No. 140.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-401" class="label">401</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-402" id="footnote-402"></a> Taliaferro to Clark, August 2, 1829.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1829, +No. 65.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-402" class="label">402</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-403" id="footnote-403"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 2nd Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, +Document No. 1, p. 444. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-403" class="label">403</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_237" name="Page_237"></a><span class="pagenum">[237]</span><a name="footnote-404" id="footnote-404"></a> <em>Senate Documents</em>, 1st Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document +No. 1, p. 919.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-404" class="label">404</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-405" id="footnote-405"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, May 12, 1849.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-405" class="label">405</a></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"> +CHAPTER X</p> + +<ul> +<li><p><a name="footnote-406" id="footnote-406"></a> Taliaferro writes: <q>It was some length of time before he could +induce the Indians to respect the Sabbath-day--all days being alike to +them. It so happened that hundreds of important peace conventions were +made and confirmed by the hostile tribes on the Lord's day. But time and +patience brought them to reason, and for many years they respected the +white man's great <q>medicine day.</q> The sign given for the day of rest was +the agency flag floating from the flagstaff, at the agency council +house.</q>--<em>Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro</em> in the <em>Minnesota +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 236.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-406" class="label">406</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-407" id="footnote-407"></a> <em>Missionary Herald</em>, Vol. 45, p. 429, December, 1849.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-407" class="label">407</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-408" id="footnote-408"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XII, pp. 326, 327; +<em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, August 14, 1833.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-408" class="label">408</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-409" id="footnote-409"></a> Street to Taliaferro, August 12, 1829.--<em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, Vol. +II, No. 108.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-409" class="label">409</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-410" id="footnote-410"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, pp. 119–121.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-410" class="label">410</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-411" id="footnote-411"></a> Taliaferro to Eaton.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1830, No. 151.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-411" class="label">411</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-412" id="footnote-412"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, April 18, May 1, June 8, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-412" class="label">412</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-413" id="footnote-413"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, August 14, 1833.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-413" class="label">413</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-414" id="footnote-414"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, April 18, 1831.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-414" class="label">414</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-415" id="footnote-415"></a> Pond's <em>Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas</em>, p. iv.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-415" class="label">415</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-416" id="footnote-416"></a> <em>Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro</em> in the <em>Minnesota +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 255.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-416" class="label">416</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-417" id="footnote-417"></a> <em>Senate Documents</em>, 3rd Session, 25th Congress, Vol. I, Document +No. 1, p. 523.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-417" class="label">417</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-418" id="footnote-418"></a> Pond's <em>Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas</em>, pp. 12–30. +This volume, written by the son of Samuel Pond, tells of the work of his +father and uncle. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-418" class="label">418</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_238" name="Page_238"></a><span class="pagenum">[238]</span><a name="footnote-419" id="footnote-419"></a> Pond's <em>Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas</em>, p. 30. +Among the <em>Kemper Papers</em> (Vol. XX, No. 34) the writer found the +following permit to enter the Indian country:</p> + +<p><q>The Right Reverend, Jackson Kemper, Missionary Bishop of the Protestant +Episcopal Church, having signified to this Department, his desire to +visit and remain sometime in the Indian country, and requested the +permission required by law to enable him to do so, such permission is +hereby granted; and he is commended to the friendly attention of civil +and military officers and agents, and of citizens, and if at any time it +shall be necessary to their protection.</q></p> + +<p><q>Given under my hand and<br /> + the Seal of the War Department<br /> + this 1st day of October 1838.</q></p> + +<p><q>S. Cooper.<br /> + Acting Secretary of War.</q></p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-419" class="label">419</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-420" id="footnote-420"></a> Pond's <em>Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas</em>, pp. 31, 32; +<em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XII, pp. 324, 325.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-420" class="label">420</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-421" id="footnote-421"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, July 7, 1834.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-421" class="label">421</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-422" id="footnote-422"></a> Pond's <em>Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas</em>, pp. 38–42.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-422" class="label">422</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-423" id="footnote-423"></a> Pond's <em>Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas</em>, p. 47.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-423" class="label">423</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-424" id="footnote-424"></a> Featherstonhaugh's <em>A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor</em>, Vol. II, +p. 11.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-424" class="label">424</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-425" id="footnote-425"></a> Pond's <em>Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas</em>, p. 43.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-425" class="label">425</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-426" id="footnote-426"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, pp. 127–146.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-426" class="label">426</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-427" id="footnote-427"></a> Pond's <em>Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas</em>, pp. 127, +133.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-427" class="label">427</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-428" id="footnote-428"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. III, Pt. +II, Document No. 5, pp. 1054, 1055.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-428" class="label">428</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-429" id="footnote-429"></a> Riggs's <em>Mary and I, Forty Years with the Sioux</em>, pp. 41, 42.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-429" class="label">429</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-430" id="footnote-430"></a> Pond's <em>Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas</em>, pp. 49–59.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-430" class="label">430</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-431" id="footnote-431"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 2nd Session, 29th Congress, Vol. I, +Document No. 4, p. 315. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-431" class="label">431</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_239" name="Page_239"></a><span class="pagenum">[239]</span><a name="footnote-432" id="footnote-432"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 1st Session, 32nd Congress, Vol II, Pt. +III, p. 439.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-432" class="label">432</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-433" id="footnote-433"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 343.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-433" class="label">433</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-434" id="footnote-434"></a> Pond's <em>Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas</em>, pp. 63, 64.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-434" class="label">434</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-435" id="footnote-435"></a> <em>Missionary Herald</em>, Vol. 41, p. 281, August, 1845; Vol. 32, pp. +188, 189, May, 1836.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-435" class="label">435</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-436" id="footnote-436"></a> <em>The Spirit of Missions</em>, Vol. IV, p. 61, February, 1839; Tanner's +<em>History of the Diocese of Minnesota</em>, p. 24; <em>Post Returns</em>, April, +1839, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-436" class="label">436</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-437" id="footnote-437"></a> Gear to Kemper, Nov. 29, 1841.--<em>Kemper Letters</em>, Vol. 25, No. +103. See also <em>The Spirit of Missions</em>, Vol. 5, p. 68, March, 1840.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-437" class="label">437</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-438" id="footnote-438"></a> <em>Acta et Dicta</em>, Vol. I, No. 1, July, 1907, pp. 14–21; <em>Minnesota +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. III, pp. 222–230.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-438" class="label">438</a></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"> +CHAPTER XI</p> + +<ul> +<li><p><a name="footnote-439" id="footnote-439"></a> Catlin's <em>Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition +of the North American Indians</em>, Vol. II, p. 592.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-439" class="label">439</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-440" id="footnote-440"></a> Merrick's <em>Old Times on the Upper Mississippi</em>, p. 187. The +following description was given by Philander Prescott, a fur trader:</p> + +<p><q>The Indians say they had dreamed of seeing some monster of the deep the +night before, which frightened them very much. It appears they did not +discover the boat until it had got into the mouth of the St. Peter's, +below Mr. Sibley's. They stood and gazed with astonishment at what they +saw approaching, taking the boat to be some angry god of the water, +coughing and spouting water upwards, sideways and forward. They had not +courage enough to stand until the boat came near them. The women and +children took to the woods, with their hair floating behind them in the +breeze, from the speed they were going, in running from supposed danger. +Some of the men had a little more courage, and only moved off to a short +distance from the shore, and the boat passed along and landed. +Everything being quiet for a moment, the Indians came up to the boat +again, and stood looking at the monster of the deep. All at once the +boat began to blow off steam, and the bravest warriors could not stand +this awful roaring, but took to the woods, men, women and children, with +their <a id="Page_240" name="Page_240"></a><span class="pagenum">[240]</span>blankets flying in the wind; some tumbling in the brush +which entangled their feet as they ran away--some hallooing, some +crying, to the great amusement of the people on board the +steamboat.</q>--Quoted in the <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. III, +p. 104, note 1.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-440" class="label">440</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-441" id="footnote-441"></a> Beltrami's <em>A Pilgrimage in Europe and America</em>, Vol. II, p. 199.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-441" class="label">441</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-442" id="footnote-442"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, pp. 191–193.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-442" class="label">442</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-443" id="footnote-443"></a> Beltrami published an account of his travels in French in New +Orleans in 1824. The English version is entitled <em>A Pilgrimage in Europe +and America, leading to the Discovery of the Sources of the Mississippi +and Bloody River</em>, and was published in London in two volumes in 1828. +It is composed of twenty-two letters addressed to <q>My Dear Countess</q> and +dedicated <q>to the Fair Sex</q>.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-443" class="label">443</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-444" id="footnote-444"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 101.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-444" class="label">444</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-445" id="footnote-445"></a> The story of this exploration was published under the title of +<em>Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake +Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, Etc. performed in the year 1823, by order +of the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of +Stephen H. Long, U. S. T. E.</em> It was written by Professor Keating from +the notes of the party. An English edition appeared in London in 1825. +The references given are to this publication.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-445" class="label">445</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-446" id="footnote-446"></a> J. C. Calhoun to Major Long.--<em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, Vol. I, No. +41.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-446" class="label">446</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-447" id="footnote-447"></a> Keating's <em>Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's +River</em>, Vol. I, p. 324, Vol. II, p. 112.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-447" class="label">447</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-448" id="footnote-448"></a> Keating's <em>Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's +River</em>, Vol. I, pp. 306–310.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-448" class="label">448</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-449" id="footnote-449"></a> Keating's <em>Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's +River</em>, Vol. I, p. 356.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-449" class="label">449</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-450" id="footnote-450"></a> <em>Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro</em> in the <em>Minnesota +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 241.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-450" class="label">450</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-451" id="footnote-451"></a> Beltrami's <em>A Pilgrimage in Europe and America</em>, Vol. II, p. 414. +</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-451" class="label">451</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_241" name="Page_241"></a><span class="pagenum">[241]</span><a name="footnote-452" id="footnote-452"></a> <q>My head was covered with the bark of a tree, formed into the +shape of a hat and sewed with threads of bark; and shoes, a coat, and +pantaloons, such as are used by Canadians in the Indian territories, and +formed of original skins sewed together by thread made of the +muscles of that animal, completed the grotesque appearance of my +person.</q>--Beltrami's <em>A Pilgrimage in Europe and America</em>, Vol. II, p. +481. For a short summary of Beltrami's work see the <em>Minnesota +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, pp. 183–196.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-452" class="label">452</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-453" id="footnote-453"></a> Keating's <em>Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's +River</em>, Vol. II, p. 200.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-453" class="label">453</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-454" id="footnote-454"></a> Catlin's <em>North American Indians</em>, Vol. II, pp. 599–602.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-454" class="label">454</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-455" id="footnote-455"></a> Catlin's <em>North American Indians</em>, Vol. II, pp. 602–607. This +quotation is from page 607.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-455" class="label">455</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-456" id="footnote-456"></a> <em>Senate Documents</em>, 1st Session, 24th Congress, Vol. IV, Document +No. 333.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-456" class="label">456</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-457" id="footnote-457"></a> Featherstonhaugh's <em>A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor</em>, Vol. I, +p. 262.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-457" class="label">457</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-458" id="footnote-458"></a> <em>Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro</em> in the <em>Minnesota +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 246.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-458" class="label">458</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-459" id="footnote-459"></a> Featherstonhaugh's <em>A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor</em>, Vol. I, +pp. 261, 266, 288.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-459" class="label">459</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-460" id="footnote-460"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. I, pp. 187, 188.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-460" class="label">460</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-461" id="footnote-461"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 2nd Session, 28th Congress, Vol. II, +Document No. 52, p. 53.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-461" class="label">461</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-462" id="footnote-462"></a> Brower's <em>The Mississippi River and its Source</em> which comprises +Vol. VII of the <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>. See p. 162.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-462" class="label">462</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-463" id="footnote-463"></a> <em>Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro</em> in the <em>Minnesota +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, pp. 242–245; <em>Minnesota Historical +Collections</em>, Vol. I, p. 189.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-463" class="label">463</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-464" id="footnote-464"></a> In his reminiscences John C. Frémont has left a very interesting +account of these two expeditions.--Frémont's <em>Memoirs of My Life</em>, Vol. +I, pp. 30–54.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-464" class="label">464</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-465" id="footnote-465"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. I, p. 183.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-465" class="label">465</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-466" id="footnote-466"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, pp. 129, 133, 134. +</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-466" class="label">466</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_242" name="Page_242"></a><span class="pagenum">[242]</span><a name="footnote-467" id="footnote-467"></a> Neill's <em>The History of Minnesota</em> (Fourth Edition), pp. 914, 915.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-467" class="label">467</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-468" id="footnote-468"></a> <em>North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser</em>, June 26, 1840.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-468" class="label">468</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-469" id="footnote-469"></a> <em>North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser</em>, June 5, 1840.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-469" class="label">469</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-470" id="footnote-470"></a> <em>Louisville Journal</em> quoted in the <em>North Western Gazette and +Galena Advertiser</em>, June 14, 1838.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-470" class="label">470</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-471" id="footnote-471"></a> Jackson Kemper was appointed missionary bishop of the Northwest in +1835 and held the position until 1859 when he accepted the bishopric of +Wisconsin. His papers and diaries are in the archives of the Wisconsin +Historical Society. For an account of his work see Tiffany's <em>A History +of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States</em>, pp. 448, 493.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-471" class="label">471</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-472" id="footnote-472"></a> <em>Kemper Papers</em>, Vol. XXVII, No. 113.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-472" class="label">472</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-473" id="footnote-473"></a> <em>Kemper Papers</em>, Vol. XXVII, No. 116.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-473" class="label">473</a></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"> +CHAPTER XII</p> + +<ul> +<li><p><a name="footnote-474" id="footnote-474"></a> <em>Journals of Congress</em>, Vol. III, p. 589.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-474" class="label">474</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-475" id="footnote-475"></a> <em>United States Statutes at Large</em>, Vol. I, p. 138.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-475" class="label">475</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-476" id="footnote-476"></a> <em>United States Statutes at Large</em>, Vol. XVI, p. 566.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-476" class="label">476</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-477" id="footnote-477"></a> <em>Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs</em>, 1890, p. xxix.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-477" class="label">477</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-478" id="footnote-478"></a> These figures are taken from an account of the proceedings of the +council published in <em>Niles' Register</em>, Vol. XXIX, pp. 187–192. +Taliaferro gives the number of his party as being 385 <q>Sioux and +Chippewas, including the interpreters and attendants.</q>--<em>Auto-biography +of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro</em> in the <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, +Vol. VI, p. 206.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-478" class="label">478</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-479" id="footnote-479"></a> The text of the treaty is printed in Kappler's <em>Indian Affairs, +Laws and Treaties</em>, Vol. II, pp. 250–255.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-479" class="label">479</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-480" id="footnote-480"></a> These are the reasons given by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs +in his report on December 1, 1837.--<em>Senate Documents</em>, 2nd Session, +25th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, pp. 526, 527.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-480" class="label">480</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-481" id="footnote-481"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, p. 129.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-481" class="label">481</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-482" id="footnote-482"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, p. 131; Vol. VI, p. +214. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-482" class="label">482</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_243" name="Page_243"></a><span class="pagenum">[243]</span><a name="footnote-483" id="footnote-483"></a> For an account of the life of Flat Mouth see Coues's <em>The +Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike</em>, Vol. I, p. 169, note 10.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-483" class="label">483</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-484" id="footnote-484"></a> Sketches of the life of Hole-in-the-Day are given in <em>The Spirit +of Missions</em>, Vol. VIII, p. 461, December, 1843; <em>North Western Gazette +and Galena Advertiser</em>, August 3, 1839; <em>Prairie du Chien Patriot</em>, June +8, 1847.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-484" class="label">484</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-485" id="footnote-485"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. V, p. 353.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-485" class="label">485</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-486" id="footnote-486"></a> The names of the witnesses of the treaty are given in Kappler's +<em>Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties</em>, Vol. II, p. 493.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-486" class="label">486</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-487" id="footnote-487"></a> A contemporary account of the proceedings of the council published +in the <em>Iowa News</em> (Dubuque), Vol. I, Nos. 11 and 14, is reprinted in +<em>The Iowa Journal of History and Politics</em>, Vol. IX, pp. 408–433.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-487" class="label">487</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-488" id="footnote-488"></a> <em>The Iowa Journal of History and Politics</em>, Vol. IX, p. 420.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-488" class="label">488</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-489" id="footnote-489"></a> Dodge to Harris, July 30, 1837.--<em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1837, No. +226.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-489" class="label">489</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-490" id="footnote-490"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. III, Pt. +2, Document No. 5, p. 985. The Indians desired whiskey at the councils. +In order to prove that it was not refused because of stinginess, two +barrels were opened at Prairie du Chien and the whiskey allowed to run +on the ground. The old Indian Wakh-pa-koo-tay mourned the loss: <q>It was +a great pity, there was enough wasted to have kept me drunk all the days +of my life.</q>--<em>Wisconsin Historical Collections</em>, Vol. V, p. 124.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-490" class="label">490</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-491" id="footnote-491"></a> <em>The Iowa Journal of History and Politics</em>, Vol. IX, pp. 409, 410.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-491" class="label">491</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-492" id="footnote-492"></a> <em>The Iowa Journal of History and Politics</em>, Vol. IX, pp. 424–426.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-492" class="label">492</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-493" id="footnote-493"></a> <em>The Iowa Journal of History and Politics</em>, Vol. IX, pp. 416, 417.</p> + +<p>Taliaferro was violently opposed to granting any funds to the +traders.--<em>Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro</em> in the <em>Minnesota +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, pp. 215, 216.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-493" class="label">493</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-494" id="footnote-494"></a> <em>The Iowa Journal of History and Politics</em>, Vol. IX, pp. 431, 432. +</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-494" class="label">494</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_244" name="Page_244"></a><span class="pagenum">[244]</span><a name="footnote-495" id="footnote-495"></a> The text of the treaty is to be found in Kappler's <em>Indian +Affairs, Laws and Treaties</em>, Vol. II, pp. 491–493.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-495" class="label">495</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-496" id="footnote-496"></a> <em>Niles' Register</em>, Vol. LIII, pp. 81, 82; Kappler's <em>Indian +Affairs, Laws and Treaties</em>, Vol. II, pp. 493, 494.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-496" class="label">496</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-497" id="footnote-497"></a> See an account of the payment in 1849 at Fort Snelling in <em>The +Minnesota Pioneer</em>, September 27, 1849.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-497" class="label">497</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-498" id="footnote-498"></a> <em>Post Returns</em>, November, 1852, October, 1853, October, 1854, in +the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-498" class="label">498</a></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center"> +CHAPTER XIII</p> + +<ul> +<li><p><a name="footnote-499" id="footnote-499"></a> Turner's <em>The Significance of the Frontier in American History</em> in +the <em>Annual Report of the American Historical Association</em>, 1893, p. +211.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-499" class="label">499</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-500" id="footnote-500"></a> Beltrami's <em>A Pilgrimage in Europe and America</em>, Vol. II, p. 202.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-500" class="label">500</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-501" id="footnote-501"></a> Neill's <em>The History of Minnesota</em> (Fourth Edition), p. 453; +<em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. I, p. 468.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-501" class="label">501</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-502" id="footnote-502"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. III, p. 319.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-502" class="label">502</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-503" id="footnote-503"></a> Keating's <em>Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's +River</em>, Vol. II, p. 60.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-503" class="label">503</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-504" id="footnote-504"></a> Much has been written on the founding of this colony and the +romantic events connected with the struggle between the Hudson's Bay +Company and the North West Company, in which many of the colonists were +the innocent victims. Interesting accounts are given in Kingsford's <em>The +History of Canada</em>, Vol. IX, pp. 108–150; Bryce's <em>The Remarkable +History of the Hudson's Bay Company</em>, pp. 202–257; Bryce's <em>Lord +Selkirk</em> in <em>The Makers of Canada</em>, Vol. V, pp. 115–206; Laut's <em>The +Conquest of the Great Northwest</em>, pp. 113–202; <em>Minnesota Historical +Collections</em>, Vol. VI, pp. 75–89.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-504" class="label">504</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-505" id="footnote-505"></a> There is a summary of the early trading relations of the Red River +Colony with the American settlements in the <em>Collections of the State +Historical Society of North Dakota</em>, Vol. IV, pp. 251, 252. The arrival +of these people at Fort Snelling is noted in the <em>Minnesota Historical +Collections</em>, Vol. II, pp. 124, 127; VI, p. 350.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-505" class="label">505</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-506" id="footnote-506"></a> <q>Two families of Swiss emigrants who arrived here yesterday were +robbed of almost everything they possessed</q>.--Snelling to <a id="Page_245" name="Page_245"></a><span class="pagenum">[245]</span> +Taliaferro, October 19, 1824, in <em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, Vol. I, No. 50. +See also the story of the Tully children in Van Cleve's <em><q>Three Score +Years and Ten,</q> Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota</em>, pp. +49–61.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-506" class="label">506</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-507" id="footnote-507"></a> The facts concerning the migrations of these Red River refugees +are taken from the reminiscences of Mrs. Ann Adams who was herself one +of the travellers.--<em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, pp. +75–95. See also Chetlain's <em>The Red River Colony</em>. This is a small +pamphlet written by the son of one of the refugees.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-507" class="label">507</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-508" id="footnote-508"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XIV, p. 84.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-508" class="label">508</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-509" id="footnote-509"></a> Williams's <em>A History of the City of Saint Paul</em>, pp. 70, 71.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-509" class="label">509</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-510" id="footnote-510"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, +Document No. 9, p. 16.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-510" class="label">510</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-511" id="footnote-511"></a> Renville to Sibley, February 22, 1835.--<em>Sibley Papers, +1830–1840</em>. A story is told of a certain <q>Simple-hearted, honest fellow</q> +named Sinclair. <q>One time he was sick, at Mendota, and Surgeon Emerson, +at the fort, sent by some one, a box of pills, for him to take a dose +from. N. W. Kittson called on him a little while after this, and found +that Sinclair had not only swallowed all the pills, but was then chewing +up the box!</q>--Williams's <em>A History of the City of Saint Paul</em>, p. 123.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-511" class="label">511</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-512" id="footnote-512"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, pp. 127, 129.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-512" class="label">512</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-513" id="footnote-513"></a> Snelling to Taliaferro, October 19, 1824.--<em>Taliaferro Letters</em>, +Vol. I, No. 50.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-513" class="label">513</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-514" id="footnote-514"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, July 13, 14, 1834; <em>Indian Office Files</em>, +1834, No. 239.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-514" class="label">514</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-515" id="footnote-515"></a> <em>Taliaferro's Diary</em>, July 21, 1834.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-515" class="label">515</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-516" id="footnote-516"></a> <em>Indian Office Files</em>, 1837, Nos. 448, 447, 445.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-516" class="label">516</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-517" id="footnote-517"></a> <em>The Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro</em> in the <em>Minnesota +Historical Collections</em>, Vol. VI, p. 231.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-517" class="label">517</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-518" id="footnote-518"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, +Document No. 9, pp. 14, 15.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-518" class="label">518</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-519" id="footnote-519"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, +Document No. 9, pp. 16, 17. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-519" class="label">519</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_246" name="Page_246"></a><span class="pagenum">[246]</span><a name="footnote-520" id="footnote-520"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, +Document No. 9, pp. 18, 23.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-520" class="label">520</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-521" id="footnote-521"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. II, p. 136; Williams's <em>A +History of the City of Saint Paul</em>, pp. 66, 67.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-521" class="label">521</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-522" id="footnote-522"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, +Document No. 9, pp. 23, 24.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-522" class="label">522</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-523" id="footnote-523"></a> <em>Executive Documents</em>, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, +Document No. 9, pp. 26, 27.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-523" class="label">523</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-524" id="footnote-524"></a> <em>The Spirit of Missions</em>, Vol. V, p. 335, November, 1840. A recent +sketch of Fort Snelling states that there were <q>no white neighbors +except traders, agents of fur companies, refugees from civilization and +disreputable hangers-on.</q>--Hammond's <em>Quaint and Historic Forts of North +America</em>, p. 272. Many of the evicted settlers can not be classed among +these.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-524" class="label">524</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-525" id="footnote-525"></a> This order is published in Williams's <em>A History of the City of +Saint Paul</em>, p. 94.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-525" class="label">525</a></li> + +<li><a name="footnote-526" id="footnote-526"></a> <p>For the expulsion of the settlers see Williams's <em>A History of the +City of Saint Paul</em>, pp. 99, 100; also, Neill's <em>The History of +Minnesota</em> (Fourth Edition), p. 459. Williams (p. 100) says that in 1849 +and 1852 memorials were presented to Congress by those who had been +expelled, in which they stated that <q>the soldiery fell upon them without +warning, treated them with unjustifiable rudeness, broke and destroyed +furniture wantonly, insulted the women, and, in one or two instances, +fired at and killed cattle.</q></p> + +<p>Father Galtier, who was there at the time, wrote: <q>Consequently a deputy +marshall from Prairie du Chien was ordered to remove the houses. He went +to work, assisted by some soldiers, and, one after another, unroofed the +cottages, extending about five miles along the river. The settlers were +forced to seek new homes.</q> He makes no mention of personal +violence.--<em>Acta et Dicta</em>, Vol. I, No. 1, p. 64.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-526" class="label">526</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-527" id="footnote-527"></a> Williams's <em>A History of the City of Saint Paul</em>, p. 111.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-527" class="label">527</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-528" id="footnote-528"></a> See the description of St. Paul in 1849 in Seymour's <em>Sketches of +Minnesota, the New England of the West</em>, pp. 94–100.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-528" class="label">528</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-529" id="footnote-529"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, January 30, 1850.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-529" class="label">529</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-530" id="footnote-530"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, January 23, February 27, June 27, 1850. +</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-530" class="label">530</a> +</li> + +<li><p><a id="Page_247" name="Page_247"></a><span class="pagenum">[247]</span><a name="footnote-531" id="footnote-531"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, November 27, 1851.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-531" class="label">531</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-532" id="footnote-532"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, April 17, 1851.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-532" class="label">532</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-533" id="footnote-533"></a> <em>Minnesota Historical Collections</em>, Vol. XV, p. 534; <em>Post +Returns</em>, July, 1855, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, +D. C.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-533" class="label">533</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-534" id="footnote-534"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, February 20, 27, 1850.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-534" class="label">534</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-535" id="footnote-535"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, February 6, 13, 1850; <em>Minnesota +Chronicle and Register</em>, February 10, 1851.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-535" class="label">535</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-536" id="footnote-536"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, February 13, 1850.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-536" class="label">536</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-537" id="footnote-537"></a> Bishop's <em>Floral Home; or, First Years of Minnesota</em>, pp. 152–163.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-537" class="label">537</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-538" id="footnote-538"></a> <em>The Minnesota Pioneer</em>, August 23, 1849.</p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-538" class="label">538</a></li> + +<li><p><a name="footnote-539" id="footnote-539"></a> These two treaties were the treaty with the Sisseton and Wahpeton +bands of Sioux at Traverse des Sioux, July 23, 1851; and with the +Mdewakanton and Wahpakoota bands of Sioux at Mendota on August 5, +1851.--Kappler's <em>Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties</em>, Vol. II, pp. +588–593. </p> +<a title="Return to text" href="#anchor-539" class="label">539</a></li> +</ul> + +</div> +</div> + +<p><a id="Page_248" name="Page_248"></a></p> +<p><a id="Page_249" name="Page_249"></a></p> +<p><a id="Page_250" name="Page_250"></a></p> + + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<p><a id="Page_251" name="Page_251"></a><span class="pagenum">[251]</span></p> +<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2> + +<div class="index"> +<ul><li> Abercrombie, John J., fort built by, <a href="#Page_050">50</a></li> +<li> Adams, Mrs. Ann, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> +<li> Agency house, fire in, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li> Agriculture (see <a href="#farm">Farming</a>)</li> +<li> Aitkin, Mr., <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> +<li> Akin, Mr., information furnished by, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +<li> Alcohol, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li> American Fur Company, +<ul> +<li> fort purchased from, <a href="#Page_021">21</a>;</li> +<li> warehouse and store of, <a href="#Page_081">81</a>;</li> +<li> monopoly of, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li> Americans, hostility of Indians to, +<ul> +<li> during War of 1812, <a href="#Page_008">8</a>–12;</li> +<li> Indians impressed by supremacy of, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>–118;</li> +<li> protection promised by, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li> Ammunition, giving of, to Indians, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li> Andrews, Joseph F., <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> +<li> Annuities, <a href="#Page_042">42</a>, <a href="#Page_043">43</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; +<ul> +<li> payment of, to Indians, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li> Apple River, massacre on, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> +<li> Apples, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li> Ardourly, Jack, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li> Armorer's shop, <a href="#Page_077">77</a>, <a href="#Page_078">78</a>, <a href="#Page_079">79</a></li> +<li> Articles of Confederation, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li> Assiniboine River, <a href="#Page_005">5</a></li> +<li> Astor, John Jacob, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li> Atkinson, Henry, fort named in honor of, <a href="#Page_030">30</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_034">34</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li> <em>Aunt Phyllis's Cabin</em>, <a href="#Page_062">62</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li> Badger, The, murder of, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li> Bailly, Alexis, <a href="#Page_099">99</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>; +<ul> +<li> disagreement between Taliaferro and, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li> +<li> whiskey in store of, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li> Baker, Benjamin, trading house of, <a href="#Page_078">78</a>, <a href="#Page_079">79</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li> Ball-plays, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>; +<ul> +<li> holding of, for Catlin, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li> Balls, music for, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li> Band, fund for maintenance of, <a href="#Page_087">87</a>; +<ul> +<li> music by, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li> Barracks, +<ul> +<li> building of, <a href="#Page_025">25</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_073">73</a>;</li> +<li> description of, <a href="#Page_074">74</a>, <a href="#Page_075">75</a>;</li> +<li> taking of sick soldiers from, <a href="#Page_085">85</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li> Bean, J. L., boundary line surveyed by, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li> Bear, hunting of, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li> Bear dance, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li> Bedford (Pennsylvania), <a href="#Page_071">71</a></li> +<li> Beef, <a href="#Page_085">85</a>; +<ul> +<li> ration of, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li> Beggars' dance, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li> Belen Gate of City of Mexico, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +<li> Beltrami, J. C., +<ul> +<li> description of council by, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</li> +<li> visit of, to Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>–163</li> +</ul></li> +<li> Bennington (Vermont), <a href="#Page_061">61</a></li> +<li> Benton, Thomas H., <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li> Berries, gathering of, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li> Big Eagle, <a href="#Page_083">83</a></li> +<li> Big Stone Lake, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li> Big Thunder, <a href="#Page_083">83</a>; +<ul> +<li> desire of, to raise corn, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li> Birthplace of soldiers, <a href="#Page_092">92</a></li> +<li> Black Dog, village of, <a href="#Page_083">83</a></li> +<li> Black Hawk War, position of Fort Snelling during, <a href="#Page_035">35</a></li> +<li> Black Hole, confinement of offenders in, <a href="#Page_091">91</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li> Black River, <a href="#Page_036">36</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li> Blacksmith shop, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li> Blacksmiths, work of, <a href="#Page_078">78</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li> Blankets, giving of, to Indians, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li> Bliss, John H., <a href="#Page_068">68</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>; +<ul> +<li> punishment inflicted by, <a href="#Page_090">90</a>, <a href="#Page_091">91</a>;</li> +<li> statement by, <a href="#Page_099">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li> Bliss, Mrs. John H., <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li> Blockhouses, <a href="#Page_074">74</a></li> +<li> Blue Earth River, Winnebago reservation on, <a href="#Page_037">37</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><a id="Page_252" name="Page_252"></a><span class="pagenum">[252]</span></li> +</ul></li> +<li> Boarding-school, success of, among Indians, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li> Boatmen, foreigners as, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li> <em>Bois brulés</em>, +<ul> +<li> difficulties with, <a href="#Page_037">37</a>–40;</li> +<li> location of, around fort, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li> Books, fund for purchase of, <a href="#Page_087">87</a></li> +<li> Boonesborough (Kentucky), <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li> Boston, <a href="#Page_056">56</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li> Bougainville, Louis Antoine, report of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +<li> Boundary line of 1825, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li> Brandy, <a href="#Page_086">86</a></li> +<li> Braves, desire of, to take part in council, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li> <q>Brazil</q> (steamboat), <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li> Bread, character of, <a href="#Page_086">86</a></li> +<li> Bread tickets, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li> Breakfast, <a href="#Page_085">85</a></li> +<li> Brewers, <a href="#Page_092">92</a></li> +<li> Briggs, Ansel, <a href="#Page_041">41</a></li> +<li> Brock, General, <a href="#Page_008">8</a></li> +<li> Brooke, George M., site for fort chosen by, <a href="#Page_048">48</a></li> +<li> Broom, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li> Brown, Joseph R., <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li> Brown, Private, purchases by, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li> Brown's Falls, <a href="#Page_081">81</a></li> +<li> Bruce, Amos J., <a href="#Page_071">71</a></li> +<li> Brunson, Alfred, work of, among Indians, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> +<li> Brunson, Ira B., <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li> Buchanan County (Iowa), <a href="#Page_041">41</a></li> +<li> Buck, Solon J., acknowledgments to, ix</li> +<li> Buffalo, hunting of, by half-breeds, <a href="#Page_037">37</a>, <a href="#Page_038">38</a>, <a href="#Page_040">40</a></li> +<li> Buffalo dance, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li> <q>Burlington</q> (steamboat), <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li> Butter, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li>Calhoun, John C., <a href="#Page_019">19</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> +<li>California, emigration to, <a href="#Page_043">43</a></li> +<li>Camp Cold Water, +<ul> +<li> establishment of, <a href="#Page_027">27</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_058">58</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Camp Missouri, sickness at, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> +<li>Camp Pierce, <a href="#Page_046">46</a></li> +<li>Campbell, Duncan, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Campbell, Scott, service of, as interpreter, <a href="#Page_071">71</a>, <a href="#Page_072">72</a></li> +<li>Canada, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>, <a href="#Page_008">8</a>, <a href="#Page_057">57</a>, <a href="#Page_092">92</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>; +<ul> +<li> taking of furs to, <a href="#Page_006">6</a>;</li> +<li> importance of fur trade to, <a href="#Page_009">9</a>;</li> +<li> visits of Indians to, <a href="#Page_037">37</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li> +<li> difficulties with half-breeds from, <a href="#Page_037">37</a>–40;</li> +<li> export of furs from, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Canal, <a href="#Page_020">20</a></li> +<li>Canby, Edward R. S., sketch of life of, <a href="#Page_063">63</a>–65</li> +<li>Candles, <a href="#Page_086">86</a></li> +<li>Candy, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li>Canister shot, <a href="#Page_077">77</a></li> +<li>Cannon, description of, <a href="#Page_077">77</a></li> +<li>Cannon River, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li>Canoes, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> +<li>Cantonment Leavenworth, establishment of, <a href="#Page_056">56</a></li> +<li>Cantonment New Hope, establishment of, <a href="#Page_025">25</a>; +<ul> +<li> removal of troops from, <a href="#Page_027">27</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_055">55</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Cards, playing of, <a href="#Page_099">99</a></li> +<li>Carpenters, employment of soldiers as, <a href="#Page_096">96</a></li> +<li>Cartridges, stock of, <a href="#Page_077">77</a></li> +<li>Carver, Jonathan, exploration by, <a href="#Page_001">1</a>; +<ul> +<li> statement by, <a href="#Page_001">1</a>, <a href="#Page_002">2</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Cass, Lewis, visit of, at Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_028">28</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li> +<li> expedition of, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Cat'o'nine tails, <a href="#Page_090">90</a></li> +<li>Catholic chapel, <a href="#Page_081">81</a></li> +<li>Catholics, religious work among, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li>Catlin, George, visit of, at Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Catlin, Mrs. George, visit of, to Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Cattle, feeding of, <a href="#Page_082">82</a>, <a href="#Page_096">96</a></li> +<li>Cellars, <a href="#Page_075">75</a></li> +<li>Cemetery, <a href="#Page_081">81</a>, <a href="#Page_089">89</a>, <a href="#Page_093">93</a></li> +<li>Certificates, giving of, to Indians, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Chambers, John, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Chapel, <a href="#Page_081">81</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Chaplain, <a href="#Page_088">88</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; +<ul> +<li> service of Gear as, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Chatel, Mr., work of, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>Checkers, playing of, <a href="#Page_099">99</a><a id="Page_253" name="Page_253"></a><span class="pagenum">[253]</span></li> +<li>Cheese, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li>Cherokee Indians, removal of, <a href="#Page_063">63</a>, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +<li>Cherubusco, Battle of, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +<li>Chess, playing of, <a href="#Page_099">99</a></li> +<li>Chicago, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Chiefs, giving of certificates to, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>; +<ul> +<li> visit of, to Washington, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</li> +<li> council with, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Children, education of, at fort, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Chippewa, Battle of, <a href="#Page_055">55</a></li> +<li>Chippewa Indians, +<ul> +<li> early traders among, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_007">7</a>, <a href="#Page_048">48</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, +<a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</li> +<li> unwillingness of, to make treaty, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>;</li> +<li> treaty between Sioux and, <a href="#Page_028">28</a>;</li> +<li> treaty with, <a href="#Page_045">45</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>–186;</li> +<li> land ceded by, <a href="#Page_047">47</a>, <a href="#Page_048">48</a>;</li> +<li> home of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li> +<li> war parties against, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li> +<li> hostility of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> +<li> feuds between Sioux and, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>–134;</li> +<li> killing of, by Sioux, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li> +<li> murderers killed by, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>–124;</li> +<li> murder of Sioux warrior by, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li> +<li> battle between Sioux and, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li> +<li> boundary line between Sioux and, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li> +<li> trustworthiness of, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> +<li> language of, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</li> +<li> summoning of, to council, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Chippewa River, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>; +<ul> +<li> murder of Sioux on, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Choctaw Indians, removal of, <a href="#Page_063">63</a>, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +<li>Chouteau, Auguste, activities of, as commissioner, <a href="#Page_012">12</a>, <a href="#Page_013">13</a></li> +<li>Christianity, influence of, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; +<ul> +<li> method of preaching, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Church, organization of, at Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>; +<ul> +<li> attendance at, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Churns, <a href="#Page_076">76</a></li> +<li>Civil War, +<ul> +<li> use of Fort Snelling during, <a href="#Page_052">52</a>;</li> +<li> service of Eastman in, <a href="#Page_062">62</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_063">63</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li> +<li> service of Canby in, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Clark, Charlotte Ouisconsin, <a href="#Page_023">23</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li>Clark, Dan E., acknowledgments to, x</li> +<li>Clark, Nathan, <a href="#Page_021">21</a></li> +<li>Clark, Mrs. Nathan, <a href="#Page_023">23</a></li> +<li>Clark, William, expedition under, <a href="#Page_004">4</a>, <a href="#Page_005">5</a>; +<ul> +<li> Fort Shelby established by, <a href="#Page_011">11</a>;</li> +<li> activities of, as commissioner, <a href="#Page_012">12</a>, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_069">69</a>, <a href="#Page_070">70</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Clarke, Colonel, <a href="#Page_044">44</a></li> +<li>Clerks, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li>Cloud Man, +<ul> +<li> resolution of, to become farmer, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Cloves, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li>Coe, Alvan, coming of, to Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Coffee, <a href="#Page_086">86</a></li> +<li>Colhoun, James E., <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li>Colors, guarding of, <a href="#Page_085">85</a></li> +<li>Columbia, Department of, <a href="#Page_065">65</a></li> +<li>Columbia Fur Company, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li>Columbia River, <a href="#Page_005">5</a></li> +<li>Commanders of Fort Snelling, +<ul> +<li> influence of, <a href="#Page_054">54</a>;</li> +<li> sketches of lives of, <a href="#Page_054">54</a>–65</li> +</ul></li> +<li>Commanding officer, quarters of, <a href="#Page_075">75</a></li> +<li>Commerce, extent of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +<li>Commissary, office of, <a href="#Page_075">75</a></li> +<li>Commissary department, storehouse of, <a href="#Page_075">75</a></li> +<li>Commissioner of Indian Affairs, +<ul> +<li> report of, <a href="#Page_037">37</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_067">67</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Confederation, forming of, among Indians, <a href="#Page_013">13</a></li> +<li>Congress, right of, +<ul> +<li> to regulate Indian affairs, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> +<li> memorials to, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Connecticut, <a href="#Page_001">1</a></li> +<li>Contreras, Battle of, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +<li>Coon, story about Scott and, <a href="#Page_060">60</a>, <a href="#Page_061">61</a></li> +<li>Cooper, S., <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> +<li>Coöperation in fur trade, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Copper, mining of, <a href="#Page_025">25</a>; block of, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Corn, feeding of, to cattle, <a href="#Page_082">82</a>; +<ul> +<li> raising of, by Indians, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</li> +<li> giving of, to Indians, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Council, holding of, with Indians, <a href="#Page_035">35</a>, <a href="#Page_036">36</a>, <a href="#Page_043">43</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>–109, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>–183</li> +<li>Council Bluff (Nebraska), +<ul> +<li> fort at, <a href="#Page_020">20</a>;</li> +<li> route of road to Fort Snelling from, <a href="#Page_028">28</a>, <a href="#Page_029">29</a>;</li> +<li> naming of fort at, <a href="#Page_030">30</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li> +<li> sickness at, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Council Hall, description of, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Council House, erection of, <a href="#Page_028">28</a>;<a id="Page_254" name="Page_254"></a><span class="pagenum">[254]</span> +<ul> +<li> description of, <a href="#Page_077">77</a>;</li> +<li> burning of, <a href="#Page_077">77</a>, <a href="#Page_078">78</a>;</li> +<li> rebuilding of, <a href="#Page_078">78</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><em>Coureurs des bois</em>, activities of, <a href="#Page_003">3</a></li> +<li>Court-martial, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Crane, The, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> +<li>Crawford, Captain, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Crawford County (Wisconsin) volunteers from, <a href="#Page_035">35</a></li> +<li>Credit, fur trade carried on by means of, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li>Creek Indians, removal of, <a href="#Page_063">63</a>, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +<li>Croghan, George, visit of, to Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Cross Timbers (Indian Territory), <a href="#Page_056">56</a></li> +<li>Crow Wing, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> +<li>Crow Wing River, <a href="#Page_047">47</a></li> +<li>Currants, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +</ul><ul> +<li><em>Dahcotah: or, Life and Legends of the Sioux around Fort Snelling</em>, +<a href="#Page_088">62</a></li> +<li>Dana, Captain, <a href="#Page_049">49</a></li> +<li>Dance of the braves, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Dances, holding of, by Indians, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Dakota, Department of, <a href="#Page_052">52</a></li> +<li>Dakota Indians (see <a href="#sioux">Sioux Indians</a>)</li> +<li>Dearborn, Major, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li>Deaths, number of, at Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_093">93</a></li> +<li>Debts, payment of, to traders, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>De Courcy, Adolphine, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Deer, hunting of, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Delaware County (New York), <a href="#Page_055">55</a></li> +<li>Delhi (New York), <a href="#Page_056">56</a></li> +<li>Democrats, charges of graft against, <a href="#Page_051">51</a></li> +<li>Denny, St. Clair, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Des Moines River, <a href="#Page_018">18</a>, <a href="#Page_044">44</a></li> +<li>Deserters, dangers faced by, <a href="#Page_092">92</a></li> +<li>Desertions, causes of, <a href="#Page_091">91</a>; +<ul> +<li> prevalence of, <a href="#Page_091">91</a>, <a href="#Page_092">92</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Details, duties of, <a href="#Page_085">85</a></li> +<li>Detroit, <a href="#Page_011">11</a>, <a href="#Page_019">19</a>; +<ul> +<li> departure of troops from, <a href="#Page_021">21</a>;</li> +<li> surrender of, <a href="#Page_057">57</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Devil's Lake, <a href="#Page_040">40</a></li> +<li>Dickson, Robert, activities of, in behalf of English, <a href="#Page_011">11</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>, <a href="#Page_016">16</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> +<li> instructions to, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Diet, description of, <a href="#Page_085">85</a></li> +<li>Dinner, <a href="#Page_085">85</a></li> +<li>Dixon, Private, desertion of, <a href="#Page_092">92</a></li> +<li>Dodge, Henry, visit of, to Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>; +<ul> +<li> council of, with Indians, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>–183</li> +</ul></li> +<li>Dog dance, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Dominoes, playing of, <a href="#Page_099">99</a></li> +<li>Doty, James D., <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li>Douglas, Thomas, settlement of, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Draft riots, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +<li>Dragoons, expedition of, <a href="#Page_038">38</a>, <a href="#Page_039">39</a>, <a href="#Page_045">45</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>; +<ul> +<li> activities of, in Iowa, <a href="#Page_044">44</a>, <a href="#Page_045">45</a>;</li> +<li> service of, on survey, <a href="#Page_046">46</a>, <a href="#Page_047">47</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_048">48</a>, <a href="#Page_056">56</a>, <a href="#Page_063">63</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</li> +<li> frontier service of, <a href="#Page_049">49</a>;</li> +<li> arrival of, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Dress parade, <a href="#Page_085">85</a></li> +<li>Drummond Island, visits of Indians to, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>, <a href="#Page_014">14</a></li> +<li>Drunkenness, prevalence of, in garrison, <a href="#Page_089">89</a>, <a href="#Page_090">90</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>; +<ul> +<li> punishment for, <a href="#Page_090">90</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Dubuque, <a href="#Page_043">43</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li>Dubuque, Diocese of, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li>Ducks, <a href="#Page_096">96</a>, <a href="#Page_097">97</a></li> +<li>Dueling, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Duluth, Daniel Greyloson, <a href="#Page_003">3</a></li> +<li>Dunning, William A., <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>Eagle dance, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Eastman, Mary Henderson, writings of, <a href="#Page_062">62</a></li> +<li>Eastman, Seth, <a href="#Page_035">35</a>, <a href="#Page_099">99</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>; +<ul> +<li> sketch of life of, <a href="#Page_062">62</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Eastman, Mrs. Seth, description by, <a href="#Page_094">94</a></li> +<li>Eaton, John H., <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Eatonville (Minnesota), colony at, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>; +<ul> +<li> success of colony at, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li> +<li> Pond brothers in charge of, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Education, work of, among Indians, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li><q>Education Families</q>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Education of children, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Edwards, Ninian, activities of, as commissioner, <a href="#Page_012">12</a>, <a href="#Page_013">13</a></li> +<li>Eighth United States Infantry, <a href="#Page_018">18</a></li> +<li><a id="Page_255" name="Page_255"></a><span class="pagenum">[255]</span></li> +<li>Elk, hunting of, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Emerson, John, sketch of life of, <a href="#Page_065">65</a>, <a href="#Page_066">66</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Emerson, Mrs. John, <a href="#Page_066">66</a></li> +<li>Emigration, <a href="#Page_014">14</a>, <a href="#Page_015">15</a></li> +<li>England, <a href="#Page_070">70</a></li> +<li>English, rule of, in West, <a href="#Page_002">2</a>, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>; +<ul> +<li> activities of, in fur trade, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>, <a href="#Page_004">4</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</li> +<li> power of, over Indians, <a href="#Page_005">5</a>–17;</li> +<li> support of, by Indians in War of 1812, <a href="#Page_008">8</a>–12;</li> +<li> medals given by, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li> +<li> persistence of influence of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> +<li> use of Indians by, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>English River, <a href="#Page_042">42</a></li> +<li>English trading companies, <a href="#Page_002">2</a></li> +<li>Episcopal Church, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Evans, William, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Exploring expeditions, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>Factors, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>; +<ul> +<li> relations of, with officers of fort, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Factory System, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Fall, activities of Indians during, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Falls of St. Anthony, <a href="#Page_007">7</a>, <a href="#Page_024">24</a>, <a href="#Page_029">29</a>, <a href="#Page_030">30</a>, <a href="#Page_086">86</a>, <a href="#Page_096">96</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>; +<ul> +<li> journey of Long to, <a href="#Page_019">19</a>;</li> +<li> plan to establish fort near, <a href="#Page_020">20</a>;</li> +<li> saw mill at, <a href="#Page_027">27</a>, <a href="#Page_028">28</a>;</li> +<li> fort named for, <a href="#Page_029">29</a>;</li> +<li> road to, <a href="#Page_081">81</a>;</li> +<li> description of, <a href="#Page_081">81</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</li> +<li> legend concerning, <a href="#Page_081">81</a>, <a href="#Page_082">82</a>;</li> +<li> visits of travelers to, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>–175;</li> +<li> attempt to cross, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Falstrom, Jacob, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Faribault, Jean Baptiste, house of, <a href="#Page_080">80</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</li> +<li> trading post of, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Faribault, Pelagi, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Farmers, <a href="#Page_092">92</a>; +<ul> +<li> employment of soldiers as, <a href="#Page_095">95</a>;</li> +<li> work of, among Indians, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a name="farm" id="farm"></a>Farming, efforts to introduce, among Indians, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>–150; +<ul> +<li> work of Indians at, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li> +<li> assistance to Indians in, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li> +<li> instruction of Indians in, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><q>Fashionable Tour</q>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>–175</li> +<li>Fat Duty Win (Indian), <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li><q>Fayette</q> (steamboat), <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Fayette County (Iowa), <a href="#Page_041">41</a></li> +<li>Featherstonhaugh, George William, visit of, to Fort Snelling, +153, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li>Ferries, <a href="#Page_014">14</a></li> +<li>Ferry house, <a href="#Page_081">81</a></li> +<li>Ferryman, <a href="#Page_081">81</a></li> +<li>Fifth United States Infantry, disembarkment of, <a href="#Page_002">2</a>; +<ul> +<li> orders to, <a href="#Page_019">19</a>, <a href="#Page_020">20</a>;</li> +<li> location of parts of, <a href="#Page_021">21</a>:</li> +<li> journey of, to mouth of Minnesota River, <a href="#Page_021">21</a>–24;</li> +<li> companies of, taken to Fort Crawford, <a href="#Page_032">32</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_055">55</a>, <a href="#Page_058">58</a>, <a href="#Page_059">59</a>, <a href="#Page_062">62</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Finley, Mr., home of, <a href="#Page_081">81</a></li> +<li>Fireplaces, heating by means of, <a href="#Page_099">99</a></li> +<li>Fires, epidemic of, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>First United States Infantry, <a href="#Page_058">58</a>, <a href="#Page_059">59</a>, <a href="#Page_062">62</a></li> +<li>Fishing tackle, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li>Flag staff, <a href="#Page_075">75</a></li> +<li>Flags, giving up of, by Indians, <a href="#Page_006">6</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li> +<li> slur against, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Flat Mouth, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; +<ul> +<li> career of, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Flatboats, <a href="#Page_014">14</a>, <a href="#Page_086">86</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> +<li>Flogging, <a href="#Page_090">90</a></li> +<li>Florida War, service of Eastman in, <a href="#Page_062">62</a>; +<ul> +<li> service of Canby in, <a href="#Page_063">63</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Flour, <a href="#Page_086">86</a></li> +<li>Food, character of, <a href="#Page_026">26</a>, <a href="#Page_085">85</a>–87</li> +<li>Folles-Avoine Indians, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +<li>Fond du Lac, Department of, <a href="#Page_006">6</a></li> +<li>Foraging, <a href="#Page_085">85</a>, <a href="#Page_096">96</a></li> +<li>Foreigners, permission to, to engage in fur trade, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li>Forests, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Forsyth, Thomas, journey of, up Mississippi, <a href="#Page_022">22</a>; +<ul> +<li> presents distributed by, <a href="#Page_023">23</a>;</li> +<li> arrival of, at mouth of Minnesota River, <a href="#Page_024">24</a>;</li> +<li> return trip of, <a href="#Page_024">24</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Fort Abercrombie, facts concerning early history of, <a href="#Page_049">49</a>, <a href="#Page_050">50</a></li> +<li>Fort Armstrong, construction of, <a href="#Page_018">18</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_020">20</a>;</li> +<li> garrison for, <a href="#Page_022">22</a>;</li> +<li> journey of Webb to, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Fort Atkinson (Iowa), dragoons from, <a href="#Page_035">35</a>; +<ul> +<li> expedition from, <a href="#Page_038">38</a>;</li> +<li> Major Woods at, <a href="#Page_041">41</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a id="Page_256" name="Page_256"></a><span class="pagenum">[256]</span></li> +<li>Fort Atkinson (Nebraska), naming of, <a href="#Page_030">30</a>; +<ul> +<li> sickness at, <a href="#Page_093">93</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Fort Benton, <a href="#Page_046">46</a></li> +<li>Fort Bridger, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +<li>Fort Calhoun (Nebraska), <a href="#Page_020">20</a></li> +<li>Fort Clarke, establishment of, <a href="#Page_044">44</a>, <a href="#Page_045">45</a></li> +<li>Fort Crawford, establishment of, <a href="#Page_018">18</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_020">20</a>, <a href="#Page_023">23</a>, <a href="#Page_059">59</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> +<li> arrival of troops at, <a href="#Page_022">22</a>;</li> +<li> reënforcement of garrison of, <a href="#Page_032">32</a>, <a href="#Page_034">34</a>;</li> +<li> removal of troops from, <a href="#Page_033">33</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Fort Dearborn, massacre at, <a href="#Page_010">10</a>, <a href="#Page_011">11</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_018">18</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> +<li> re-occupation of, <a href="#Page_018">18</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Fort Defiance, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +<li>Fort Des Moines, <a href="#Page_044">44</a></li> +<li>Fort Dodge, establishment of, <a href="#Page_044">44</a>, <a href="#Page_045">45</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_049">49</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Fort Erie, <a href="#Page_057">57</a></li> +<li>Fort Gaines, <a href="#Page_043">43</a>, <a href="#Page_048">48</a></li> +<li>Fort Garry, <a href="#Page_040">40</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li>Fort Howard, erection of, <a href="#Page_019">19</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_021">21</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Fort Leavenworth, establishment of, <a href="#Page_056">56</a></li> +<li>Fort McKay, name of Fort Shelby changed to, <a href="#Page_012">12</a>; +<ul> +<li> re-occupation of site of, <a href="#Page_018">18</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Fort Pierre, purchase of, <a href="#Page_021">21</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Fort Ridgely, <a href="#Page_049">49</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Fort Ripley, <a href="#Page_048">48</a></li> +<li>Fort St. Anthony, <a href="#Page_029">29</a></li> +<li>Fort Shelby, establishment of, <a href="#Page_011">11</a>, <a href="#Page_012">12</a>; +<ul> +<li> capture of, by English, <a href="#Page_012">12</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Fort Snelling, significance of establishment of, <a href="#Page_002">2</a>; +<ul> +<li> establishment and early history of, <a href="#Page_018">18</a>–30;</li> +<li> range of influence of, <a href="#Page_021">21</a>;</li> +<li> erection of, <a href="#Page_027">27</a>, <a href="#Page_028">28</a>;</li> +<li> garden at, <a href="#Page_028">28</a>;</li> +<li> route of road to, <a href="#Page_028">28</a>, <a href="#Page_029">29</a>;</li> +<li> naming of, <a href="#Page_029">29</a>, <a href="#Page_030">30</a>;</li> +<li> service of, in protection of frontier, <a href="#Page_031">31</a>–53;</li> +<li> attitude of War Department toward, <a href="#Page_031">31</a>;</li> +<li> Territorial jurisdictions over site of, <a href="#Page_032">32</a>;</li> +<li> activities of troops at, during Winnebago outbreak, <a href="#Page_032">32</a>–34;</li> +<li> character and duties of garrison of, <a href="#Page_034">34</a>, <a href="#Page_035">35</a>;</li> +<li> service of troops from, in removal of Winnebagoes, <a href="#Page_035">35</a>–37;</li> +<li> expeditions from, <a href="#Page_039">39</a>–45;</li> +<li> surveying party escorted by dragoons from, <a href="#Page_046">46</a>, <a href="#Page_047">47</a>;</li> +<li> relation of, to other forts, <a href="#Page_047">47</a>;</li> +<li> fort built by troops from, <a href="#Page_048">48</a>, <a href="#Page_049">49</a>, <a href="#Page_050">50</a>;</li> +<li> history of later years of, <a href="#Page_050">50</a>–53;</li> +<li> desire to locate town on site of, <a href="#Page_050">50</a>–52;</li> +<li> officers' training camp at, <a href="#Page_053">53</a>;</li> +<li> biographical sketches of men connected with, <a href="#Page_054">54</a>–72;</li> +<li> Dred Scott at, <a href="#Page_066">66</a>;</li> +<li> service of Indian agent at, <a href="#Page_066">66</a>–72;</li> +<li> description of, <a href="#Page_073">73</a>–83;</li> +<li> view from, <a href="#Page_079">79</a>, <a href="#Page_080">80</a>;</li> +<li> glimpses of garrison life at, <a href="#Page_084">84</a>–102;</li> +<li> relation of, to Indian affairs, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>–118;</li> +<li> efforts of authorities at, to keep peace between Sioux and Chippewas, +119–134;</li> +<li> regulation of fur trade by officers at, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>–139;</li> +<li> regulation of liquor traffic by officers at, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>–145;</li> +<li> work of missionaries at, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>–158;</li> +<li> religious activities at, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>–158;</li> +<li> visits of travelers to, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>–175, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</li> +<li> Indian treaty made at, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>–186;</li> +<li> part of, in opening country to settlement, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</li> +<li> part of, in settlement of West, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>–201;</li> +<li> settlements around, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>–190;</li> +<li> removal of settlers from vicinity of, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>–195;</li> +<li> relations between St. Paul and, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>–198;</li> +<li> withdrawal of troops from, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> +<li> unique facts concerning, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li> +<li> arrival of troops at, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> +<li> oil painting of, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</li> +<li> effect of, on Indian affairs, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Fort Sumter, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li>Fort Ticonderoga, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li>Fort Union, <a href="#Page_046">46</a></li> +<li>Fort William, <a href="#Page_009">9</a></li> +<li>Fort York, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Forts, resistance to building of, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>; +<ul> +<li> location of, <a href="#Page_018">18</a>;</li> +<li> building of, <a href="#Page_018">18</a>–20, <a href="#Page_047">47</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> +<li> degeneration of Indians in vicinity of, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><q>Four Hearts</q>, <a href="#Page_068">68</a></li> +<li>Four Legs, attempt of, to delay troops, <a href="#Page_021">21</a></li> +<li>Fourth United States Infantry, <a href="#Page_056">56</a></li> +<li>Fowle, Major, <a href="#Page_034">34</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li><a id="Page_257" name="Page_257"></a><span class="pagenum">[257]</span></li> +<li>Fox Indians, rumor of attack by, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</li> +<li> treaty with, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +<li> (see <a href="#sac">Sac and Fox Indians</a>)</li> +</ul></li> +<li>Fox River, <a href="#Page_019">19</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; +<ul> +<li> canal between Wisconsin River and, <a href="#Page_020">20</a>;</li> +<li> ascent of, by troops, <a href="#Page_021">21</a>, <a href="#Page_022">22</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>France, <a href="#Page_001">1</a>, <a href="#Page_092">92</a></li> +<li>Franks, Mr., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Frémont, John C., <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> +<li>French, rule of, in West, <a href="#Page_002">2</a>, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>; +<ul> +<li> influence of, over Indians, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>;</li> +<li> extent of trade during control of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>French traders, <a href="#Page_002">2</a></li> +<li>Frontier, difficulties on, <a href="#Page_015">15</a>; +<ul> +<li> plan for protection of, <a href="#Page_019">19</a>;</li> +<li> service of Fort Snelling in protection of, <a href="#Page_031">31</a>–53;</li> +<li> service of Taylor on, <a href="#Page_059">59</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Fuel, use of wood for, <a href="#Page_099">99</a></li> +<li>Funerals, conduct of, <a href="#Page_093">93</a></li> +<li>Fur trade, <a href="#Page_002">2</a>, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>, <a href="#Page_035">35</a>; +<ul> +<li> activities of English in, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>, <a href="#Page_004">4</a>, <a href="#Page_005">5</a>–17;</li> +<li> importance of, to Canada, <a href="#Page_009">9</a>;</li> +<li> regulation of, <a href="#Page_015">15</a>–17, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>–139;</li> +<li> quantity of furs secured in, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> +<li> use of liquor in, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</li> +<li> extent of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Fur traders (see <a href="#traders">Traders</a>)</li> +<li>Furs, taking of, to Canada, <a href="#Page_006">6</a>; +<ul> +<li> sorting and packing of, <a href="#Page_081">81</a>;</li> +<li> quantity and kind of, secured by traders, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> +<li> annual export of, from Canada, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +</ul></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>Gaines, Edmund P., <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> +<li>Gale, Captain, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Galena (Illinois), <a href="#Page_032">32</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Galtier, Lucian, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>Game, killing of, <a href="#Page_042">42</a></li> +<li>Garden, products of, <a href="#Page_028">28</a>; +<ul> +<li> making of, <a href="#Page_095">95</a>, <a href="#Page_096">96</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Gardiner, Captain, <a href="#Page_046">46</a></li> +<li>Gardner, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li>Garrison, life of, at Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_084">84</a>–102</li> +<li>Gear, Ezekiel, purchases made by, <a href="#Page_088">88</a>, <a href="#Page_089">89</a>; +<ul> +<li> service of, as chaplain, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Geese, <a href="#Page_096">96</a></li> +<li><q>General Ashley</q> (keel boat), <a href="#Page_033">33</a></li> +<li><q>General Brooke</q> (steamboat), <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li><q>General Fatigue</q>, <a href="#Page_085">85</a></li> +<li>Genoa (Italy), <a href="#Page_070">70</a></li> +<li>Geological surveys, beginning of, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>George the Third, medals of, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li>Gettysburg, Battle of, <a href="#Page_063">63</a></li> +<li>Ghent, negotiations at, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Good Road (Chief), <a href="#Page_083">83</a>; village of, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Gooding, Mrs., <a href="#Page_023">23</a></li> +<li>Gooding, Miss, <a href="#Page_029">29</a></li> +<li>Goods for Indian trade, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li>Goose River, <a href="#Page_040">40</a></li> +<li>Gorgets, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Gorman, W. A., <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li>Graft, charges of, <a href="#Page_051">51</a></li> +<li>Graham's Point, <a href="#Page_050">50</a></li> +<li>Grant, Peter, trading post of, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li>Grapeshot, <a href="#Page_077">77</a></li> +<li>Gray, A., report by, <a href="#Page_008">8</a></li> +<li>Great Britain, exploration of domain of, <a href="#Page_001">1</a>; +<ul> +<li> diplomatic correspondence with, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Great Lakes, <a href="#Page_002">2</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Green, Platt Rogers, marriage of, <a href="#Page_029">29</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_083">83</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Green Bay, <a href="#Page_004">4</a>, <a href="#Page_021">21</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>; +<ul> +<li> fort on, <a href="#Page_019">19</a>;</li> +<li> fur trade at, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Greenly, Mr., <a href="#Page_043">43</a>, <a href="#Page_044">44</a></li> +<li>Greenough, I. K., <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Green's Villa, <a href="#Page_082">82</a></li> +<li>Grist mill, <a href="#Page_082">82</a></li> +<li>Grooms, Mr., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li>Groseilliers, Medard Chuart, exploration by, <a href="#Page_003">3</a></li> +<li>Guardhouse, <a href="#Page_075">75</a></li> +<li>Gull Lake, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Guns, giving of, to Indians, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>Half-breeds, difficulties with, <a href="#Page_037">37</a>–40; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> +<li> location of, around fort, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Hamilton, Mrs. Alexander, visit of, to Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Hannibal (negro servant), <a href="#Page_090">90</a></li> +<li>Harness, <a href="#Page_075">75</a></li> +<li>Harriet (negro woman), <a href="#Page_066">66</a></li> +<li>Harriman, D. B., <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> +<li>Harrison, William H., <a href="#Page_057">57</a><a id="Page_258" name="Page_258"></a><span class="pagenum">[258]</span></li> +<li>Harrodstown (Kentucky), <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> +<li>Hartford (Connecticut), <a href="#Page_021">21</a></li> +<li>Hastings (Minnesota), <a href="#Page_026">26</a></li> +<li>Hay, raising of, <a href="#Page_096">96</a></li> +<li>Hays, John, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Heald, Nathan, <a href="#Page_010">10</a></li> +<li>Heiskell, William King, Fort Snelling reservation sold by, <a href="#Page_051">51</a></li> +<li>Hennepin, Louis, <a href="#Page_003">3</a></li> +<li>Henry, Alexander, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li>Herring, Elbert, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> +<li><em>Hiawatha</em>, <a href="#Page_062">62</a></li> +<li>Higby, James, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li><q>Highland Mary</q>, <a href="#Page_043">43</a></li> +<li>Hill, James J., <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> +<li>Hivernants, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li>Hole-in-the-Day, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>; +<ul> +<li> career of, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Holland, <a href="#Page_092">92</a></li> +<li>Homesickness, <a href="#Page_025">25</a></li> +<li>Horses, feeding of, <a href="#Page_085">85</a>; +<ul> +<li> raising of hay for, <a href="#Page_096">96</a>;</li> +<li> exchange of, for liquor, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Hospital, <a href="#Page_075">75</a>; +<ul> +<li> taking of sick soldiers to, <a href="#Page_085">85</a>;</li> +<li> number of soldiers in, <a href="#Page_093">93</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Howitzers, <a href="#Page_077">77</a></li> +<li>Hudson's Bay, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Hudson's Bay Company, <a href="#Page_008">8</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> +<li>Huggins, Alexander G., <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> +<li>Hull, William, <a href="#Page_010">10</a>, <a href="#Page_057">57</a>; +<ul> +<li> surrender of Detroit by, <a href="#Page_057">57</a>, <a href="#Page_058">58</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Hunt, Abigail, marriage of, <a href="#Page_057">57</a></li> +<li>Hunting, skill of Scott in, <a href="#Page_060">60</a>, <a href="#Page_061">61</a>; +<ul> +<li> success of soldiers in, <a href="#Page_096">96</a>, <a href="#Page_097">97</a>;</li> +<li> activities of Indians in, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li> +<li> efforts to supplement, by farming, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Hunting grounds, <a href="#Page_082">82</a></li> +<li>Hunting parties, size of, <a href="#Page_038">38</a>; +<ul> +<li> encounters by, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> +<li> watching of, by Indian agent, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +</ul></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>Illinois, admission of, <a href="#Page_015">15</a>; +<ul> +<li> Indian outbreak in, <a href="#Page_032">32</a>–34</li> +</ul></li> +<li>Illinois River, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Indian affairs, regulation of, <a href="#Page_034">34</a>, <a href="#Page_035">35</a>, <a href="#Page_067">67</a>; +<ul> +<li> relation of Fort Snelling to, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>–118, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Indian agency, buildings of, <a href="#Page_077">77</a>; +<ul> +<li> proposed removal of, <a href="#Page_078">78</a>;</li> +<li> councils with Indians at, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>–109</li> +</ul></li> +<li>Indian agent, protection for, <a href="#Page_018">18</a>; +<ul> +<li> service of Taliaferro as, <a href="#Page_066">66</a>–71;</li> +<li> relation between military authorities and, <a href="#Page_067">67</a>;</li> +<li> house of, <a href="#Page_077">77</a>, <a href="#Page_078">78</a>;</li> +<li> task of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li> +<li> visit of Indians to, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</li> +<li> aid given to sick Indians by, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li> +<li> efforts of, to promote peace between Sioux and Chippewas, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>–134;</li> +<li> service of, as mediator, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Indian ball, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Indian country, preparations for march into, <a href="#Page_093">93</a>–95</li> +<li>Indian dances, holding of, for Catlin, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Indian schools, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Indian Territory, removal of Indians to, <a href="#Page_063">63</a>, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +<li><em>Indian Tribes of the United States, History, Conditions, and Future +Prospects of the</em>, <a href="#Page_062">62</a></li> +<li>Indian villages, <a href="#Page_083">83</a></li> +<li>Indiana, admission of, <a href="#Page_015">15</a>; +<ul> +<li>reference to, <a href="#Page_063">63</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Indians, influence of French traders over, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>; +<ul> +<li> trade of English with, <a href="#Page_004">4</a>;</li> +<li> power of English over, <a href="#Page_005">5</a>–17, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> +<li> support of British by, in War of 1812, <a href="#Page_008">8</a>–12;</li> +<li> treaties with, <a href="#Page_012">12</a>, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>;</li> +<li> sending of presents to, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>, <a href="#Page_023">23</a>;</li> +<li> visits of, to Drummond Island, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>, <a href="#Page_014">14</a>;</li> +<li> proposals for dealing with, <a href="#Page_015">15</a>;</li> +<li> regulation of trade with, <a href="#Page_015">15</a>–17;</li> +<li> refusal of, to supply troops with food, <a href="#Page_026">26</a>;</li> +<li> relation of Fort Snelling to, <a href="#Page_031">31</a>;</li> +<li> hostility of, <a href="#Page_032">32</a>–34;</li> +<li> opposition of, to half-breeds, <a href="#Page_037">37</a>;</li> +<li> power of agents over, <a href="#Page_067">67</a>;</li> +<li> tepees of, <a href="#Page_073">73</a>;</li> +<li> blacksmith work for, <a href="#Page_078">78</a>;</li> +<li> legend of, concerning Falls of St. Anthony, <a href="#Page_081">81</a>, <a href="#Page_082">82</a>;</li> +<li> treatment of deserters by, <a href="#Page_092">92</a>, <a href="#Page_093">93</a>;</li> +<li> plan for civilization of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li> +<li> number of, around Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li> +<li> character of life among, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>–106;</li> +<li> councils with, at Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>–109;<a id="Page_259" name="Page_259"></a><span class="pagenum">[259]</span></li> +<li> effect of military display on, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> +<li> relief of sufferings of, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> +<li> visit of, to agent, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</li> +<li> help to, in sickness, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li> +<li> vaccination of, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li> +<li> evidence of power of government given to, by Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>–118;</li> +<li> medals and certificates given to, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> +<li> influence of Fort Snelling over, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>–118;</li> +<li> regulation of fur trade with, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>–139;</li> +<li> goods used in trade with, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> +<li> efforts to suppress liquor traffic with, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>–145;</li> +<li> evil effects of liquor on, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li> +<li> work of missionaries among, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>–158;</li> +<li> degeneration among, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</li> +<li> log village for, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</li> +<li> work of, at farming, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li> +<li> assistance to, in farming, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li> +<li> boarding-school for, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li> +<li> effect of religious work among, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</li> +<li> paintings of, by Catlin, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li> +<li> relations of United States with, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>–178;</li> +<li> speeches by, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</li> +<li> disputes between settlers and, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> +<li> drunkenness among, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</li> +<li> use of, by British, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</li> +<li> plans for permanent territory for, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</li> +<li> respect of, for Sabbath, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</li> +<li> steamboats feared by, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Indigo, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li>Intemperance, prevalence of, in garrison, <a href="#Page_089">89</a>, <a href="#Page_090">90</a></li> +<li>Interior, Department of, Indian affairs placed under control of, <a href="#Page_067">67</a></li> +<li>Interpreter, service of Campbell as, <a href="#Page_071">71</a>, <a href="#Page_072">72</a>; +<ul> +<li> danger to, from fire, <a href="#Page_078">78</a>;</li> +<li> activities of, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li> +<li> service of Renville as, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Interpreters, foreigners as, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li><q>Ione</q> (steamboat), <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Iowa, journey of Kearny across, <a href="#Page_029">29</a>; +<ul> +<li> removal of Winnebagoes from, <a href="#Page_035">35</a>, <a href="#Page_036">36</a>, <a href="#Page_047">47</a>;</li> +<li> expeditions from Fort Snelling into, <a href="#Page_041">41</a>–45</li> +</ul></li> +<li>Iowa, Territory of, <a href="#Page_032">32</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li>Iowa City, Major Woods at, <a href="#Page_041">41</a>, <a href="#Page_042">42</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_043">43</a>;</li> +<li> description of, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Iowa County, petition from, <a href="#Page_041">41</a></li> +<li>Iowa Indians, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; +<ul> +<li> treaty with, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Iowa River, difficulties with Indians along, <a href="#Page_041">41</a>, <a href="#Page_042">42</a>–44; +<ul> +<li> departure of Indians from, <a href="#Page_044">44</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Ireland, <a href="#Page_092">92</a>; +<ul> +<li> immigrants from, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Iron, mining of, <a href="#Page_025">25</a></li> +<li>Irving, Washington, <a href="#Page_014">14</a></li> +<li>Izard, George, <a href="#Page_057">57</a></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>Jack, Captain, war with, <a href="#Page_065">65</a></li> +<li>Jackson, Andrew, <a href="#Page_015">15</a></li> +<li>Jail, use of, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>James, Edward, settlers removed by, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +<li>James River, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Jarvis, Doctor, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li>Jefferson, Thomas, statement of, concerning trade, <a href="#Page_004">4</a></li> +<li>Jesuits, work of, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li>Jewellers, <a href="#Page_092">92</a></li> +<li>Jews' harps, giving of, to Indians, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Johnson, George, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Johnson County (Iowa), <a href="#Page_041">41</a></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>Kansas State Historical Society, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> +<li>Kaposia, <a href="#Page_083">83</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>; +<ul> +<li> missionary at, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> +<li> abandonment of mission at, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</li> +<li> school at, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li> +<li> battle near, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Kearny, Stephen Watts, survey of route for military road by, <a href="#Page_029">29</a></li> +<li>Keating, William H., <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li>Keelboats, <a href="#Page_086">86</a></li> +<li>Kemper, Jackson, letters describing visit of, to Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>–175; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Kentucky, settlement of, <a href="#Page_014">14</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_015">15</a>, <a href="#Page_063">63</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Kickapoo Indians, treaty with, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +<li>Kinzie, John, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li>Kitchens, <a href="#Page_075">75</a></li> +<li>Kittson, Norman W., <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> +<li>Knives, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>La Baye, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +<li>Laborers, <a href="#Page_092">92</a></li> +<li>Lac du Flambeau, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Lac du Traverse, <a href="#Page_016">16</a></li> +<li>Lac qui Parle, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Laidlaw, William, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><a id="Page_260" name="Page_260"></a><span class="pagenum">[260]</span></li> +<li>Lake Calhoun, <a href="#Page_082">82</a>, <a href="#Page_096">96</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>; +<ul> +<li> mission on, <a href="#Page_083">83</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Lake Harriet, <a href="#Page_082">82</a>, <a href="#Page_096">96</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>; +<ul> +<li> Indian boarding-school at, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Lake Huron, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>, <a href="#Page_014">14</a>, <a href="#Page_019">19</a>, <a href="#Page_021">21</a></li> +<li>Lake Itasca, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li>Lake Julia, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Lake Michigan, <a href="#Page_017">17</a>, <a href="#Page_019">19</a>, <a href="#Page_021">21</a></li> +<li>Lake Mini-Waken, <a href="#Page_040">40</a></li> +<li>Lake of the Isles, <a href="#Page_082">82</a>, <a href="#Page_096">96</a></li> +<li>Lake of the Woods, <a href="#Page_016">16</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +<li>Lake Pepin, <a href="#Page_023">23</a>, <a href="#Page_024">24</a>, <a href="#Page_029">29</a>, <a href="#Page_093">93</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li>Lake Pokegama, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> +<li>Lake St. Croix, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> +<li>Lake Superior, trading posts on, <a href="#Page_006">6</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_009">9</a>, <a href="#Page_047">47</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Lake Traverse, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Lake Winnebago, <a href="#Page_021">21</a></li> +<li>Lake Winnipeg, <a href="#Page_004">4</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +<li>Lakes, hunting in region of, <a href="#Page_082">82</a>, <a href="#Page_083">83</a></li> +<li>Landing at Fort Snelling, description of, <a href="#Page_073">73</a></li> +<li>Lands, questions concerning, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Land's End, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li>Land-seekers, effect of coming of, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>; +<ul> +<li> land cessions urged by, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Latrobe, Charles Joseph, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> +<li><q>Laughing Water,</q> 82</li> +<li>Laundresses, quarters of, <a href="#Page_075">75</a></li> +<li>Lead mines, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Leavenworth, Henry, <a href="#Page_021">21</a>, <a href="#Page_029">29</a>, <a href="#Page_063">63</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>; +<ul> +<li> message of, to Indian chief, <a href="#Page_021">21</a>, <a href="#Page_022">22</a>;</li> +<li> journey of, to mouth of Minnesota River, <a href="#Page_022">22</a>–24;</li> +<li> arrival of, at mouth of Minnesota River, <a href="#Page_024">24</a>;</li> +<li> return of, to Prairie du Chien, <a href="#Page_024">24</a>;</li> +<li> camp moved by, <a href="#Page_027">27</a>;</li> +<li> successor to, <a href="#Page_027">27</a>;</li> +<li> sketch of life of, <a href="#Page_055">55</a>, <a href="#Page_056">56</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Lee, Francis, <a href="#Page_049">49</a></li> +<li>Leech Lake, Pike at, <a href="#Page_006">6</a>; +<ul> +<li> trading post on, <a href="#Page_006">6</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Legend concerning Falls of St. Anthony, <a href="#Page_081">81</a>, <a href="#Page_082">82</a></li> +<li><em>Legend of Sleepy Hollow, The</em>, <a href="#Page_014">14</a></li> +<li>Lewis, Meriwether, expedition under, <a href="#Page_004">4</a>, <a href="#Page_005">5</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_072">72</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Library, purchase of books for, <a href="#Page_087">87</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_099">99</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Licenses, granting of, to traders, <a href="#Page_016">16</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li>Linn County (Iowa), <a href="#Page_041">41</a></li> +<li>Liquor, <a href="#Page_086">86</a>; +<ul> +<li> effect of, on Indians, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li> +<li> suppression of traffic in, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> +<li> power of, among Indians, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</li> +<li> prices charged for, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> +<li> destruction of, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Liquor traffic, regulation of, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>–145</li> +<li>Little Crow, <a href="#Page_068">68</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Little Falls (Minnesota), <a href="#Page_006">6</a>, <a href="#Page_081">81</a></li> +<li>Little Thunder, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Lockwood, Judge, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Log cabins, erection of, <a href="#Page_025">25</a></li> +<li>Log village for Indians, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Long, Stephen H., site for fort approved by, <a href="#Page_019">19</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_095">95</a>;</li> +<li> expedition of, to upper Mississippi, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>–163</li> +</ul></li> +<li>Longfellow, Henry W., <a href="#Page_062">62</a></li> +<li>Lookout platform, <a href="#Page_074">74</a></li> +<li>Loomis, Gustavus, <a href="#Page_036">36</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> +<li> punishment inflicted by, <a href="#Page_090">90</a></li> +<li>Loras, Mathias, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>; +<ul> +<li> activities of, at Mendota, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Lords of the North, <a href="#Page_054">54</a>–72</li> +<li>Louisiana, transfer of, <a href="#Page_007">7</a></li> +<li>Louisiana Purchase, effect of, <a href="#Page_004">4</a></li> +<li>Louisville (Kentucky), <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Lover's rock, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +<li>Lower Red Cedar Lake, trading post on, <a href="#Page_006">6</a></li> +<li><q>Loyal Hanna</q> (steamboat), <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Lumber, making of, <a href="#Page_027">27</a>, <a href="#Page_028">28</a>, <a href="#Page_082">82</a></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>McCain, H. P., acknowledgments to, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></li> +<li>M'Gillis, Hugh, <a href="#Page_006">6</a></li> +<li>McGregor, John R., <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>McKenny, T. L., <a href="#Page_017">17</a></li> +<li>McKenzie, Kenneth, trading house bought by, <a href="#Page_079">79</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>McLean, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_071">71</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> +<li>McMahon, Doctor, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> +<li>McNeil, Colonel, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li>Mackinac, capture of, by British, <a href="#Page_009">9</a>, <a href="#Page_010">10</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_011">11</a>, <a href="#Page_012">12</a>, <a href="#Page_018">18</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</li> +<li> transfer of, to Americans, <a href="#Page_018">18</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Madison, James, <a href="#Page_012">12</a><a id="Page_261" name="Page_261"></a><span class="pagenum">[261]</span></li> +<li>Magazine, <a href="#Page_074">74</a>; +<ul> +<li> contents of, <a href="#Page_076">76</a>, <a href="#Page_077">77</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Ma-ghe-ga-bo, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Magruder, William T., <a href="#Page_063">63</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li>Mahoney, Sergeant, purchases made by, <a href="#Page_089">89</a></li> +<li>Mail, carrying of, to Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_097">97</a>–99, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Maize, raising of, <a href="#Page_095">95</a></li> +<li><q>Malta</q> (steamboat), <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Man-of-the-sky, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Mandan (North Dakota), <a href="#Page_005">5</a></li> +<li>Mandan Indians, Lewis and Clark among, <a href="#Page_005">5</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Maple sugar, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>March, preparations for, <a href="#Page_093">93</a>–95</li> +<li>Marengo (Iowa), difficulties with Indians near, <a href="#Page_042">42</a>, <a href="#Page_043">43</a></li> +<li>Marion (Iowa), <a href="#Page_042">42</a></li> +<li>Marquette, Jacques, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li>Marryat, Frederick, visit of, to Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> +<li>Marsh, John, letter from, <a href="#Page_033">33</a>; +<ul> +<li> service of, as tutor, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Marston, Major, <a href="#Page_022">22</a></li> +<li>Massacre of 1862, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Massy, Louis, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Mather, William Williams, visit of, to Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Mdewakanton Sioux Indians, treaty with, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> +<li>Meals, character of, <a href="#Page_085">85</a>–87</li> +<li>Medals, giving up of, by Indians, <a href="#Page_006">6</a>; +<ul> +<li> giving of, by English, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li> +<li> giving of, by United States, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> +<li> slur against, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Mendota, treaty of, <a href="#Page_049">49</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>; +<ul> +<li> settlement at, <a href="#Page_080">80</a>, <a href="#Page_081">81</a>;</li> +<li> headquarters of fur trade at, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> +<li> factor at, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</li> +<li> religious activities at, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</li> +<li> traders at, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Menominee Indians, unwillingness of, to make treaty, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Mess-rooms, <a href="#Page_075">75</a></li> +<li>Mexican War, services of Taylor in, <a href="#Page_059">59</a>; +<ul> +<li> services of Scott in, <a href="#Page_061">61</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_063">63</a>;</li> +<li> service of Canby in, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Mexico, City of, <a href="#Page_064">64</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li>Michigan, Territory of, <a href="#Page_032">32</a></li> +<li>Military frontier, forward movement of, <a href="#Page_017">17</a>, <a href="#Page_018">18</a></li> +<li>Military posts, establishment of, <a href="#Page_002">2</a>; +<ul> +<li> permission for establishment of, <a href="#Page_007">7</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Military reservation, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>; +<ul> +<li> removal of settlers from, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>–195</li> +</ul></li> +<li>Military road, survey of route for, <a href="#Page_028">28</a>, <a href="#Page_029">29</a></li> +<li>Military rules, severity of, <a href="#Page_091">91</a></li> +<li>Mille Lac, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Miller, John, <a href="#Page_019">19</a></li> +<li>Mills, <a href="#Page_082">82</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>; +<ul> +<li> guarding of, <a href="#Page_096">96</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Minneapolis, real estate speculation at, <a href="#Page_050">50</a></li> +<li>Minnehaha Creek, <a href="#Page_027">27</a></li> +<li>Minnehaha Falls, <a href="#Page_062">62</a>, <a href="#Page_096">96</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> +<li>Minnesota, Indians in, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; +<ul> +<li> diocese of Dubuque extended over, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Minnesota, Territory of, <a href="#Page_032">32</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>; +<ul> +<li> organization of, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a name="minn_r" id="minn_r">Minnesota River</a>, Carver on, <a href="#Page_001">1</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_002">2</a>, <a href="#Page_021">21</a>, <a href="#Page_030">30</a>, <a href="#Page_031">31</a>, <a href="#Page_047">47</a>, <a href="#Page_055">55</a>, <a href="#Page_074">74</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, +<a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</li> +<li> cession of land at mouth of, secured by Pike, <a href="#Page_007">7</a>, <a href="#Page_008">8</a>;</li> +<li> promise of trading house at mouth of, <a href="#Page_017">17</a>;</li> +<li> selection of site for fort at mouth of, <a href="#Page_019">19</a>;</li> +<li> arrival of troops at mouth of, <a href="#Page_024">24</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li> +<li> fort located at junction of Mississippi River and, <a href="#Page_027">27</a>;</li> +<li> concentration of Sioux Indians along, <a href="#Page_049">49</a>;</li> +<li> scenery at mouth of, <a href="#Page_079">79</a>, <a href="#Page_080">80</a>;</li> +<li> Indian villages on, <a href="#Page_083">83</a>;</li> +<li> clearing of timber from banks of, <a href="#Page_099">99</a>;</li> +<li> expedition up, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> +<li> name of, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Minnesota Valley, settlement of, <a href="#Page_039">39</a>; +<ul> +<li> geological survey in, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Mission, <a href="#Page_083">83</a></li> +<li>Missionaries, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>–158; +<ul> +<li> methods of, suggested by Taliaferro, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li> +<li> service of, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Missionary societies, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li>Missions, activities at, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Mississippi River, Carver on, <a href="#Page_001">1</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_002">2</a>, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>, <a href="#Page_015">15</a>, <a href="#Page_021">21</a>, <a href="#Page_030">30</a>, <a href="#Page_048">48</a>, <a href="#Page_055">55</a>, <a href="#Page_058">58</a>, <a href="#Page_074">74</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, +<a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;<a id="Page_262" name="Page_262"></a><span class="pagenum">[262]</span></li> +<li> foreign jurisdictions over country west of, <a href="#Page_002">2</a>, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>;</li> +<li> expedition of Pike up, <a href="#Page_004">4</a>;</li> +<li> activities of British traders on, <a href="#Page_005">5</a>–8;</li> +<li> cession of land on, secured by Pike, <a href="#Page_007">7</a>, <a href="#Page_008">8</a>;</li> +<li> treaties with Indians on, <a href="#Page_012">12</a>, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>;</li> +<li> proposed trading posts on, <a href="#Page_017">17</a>;</li> +<li> forts on, <a href="#Page_018">18</a>, <a href="#Page_019">19</a>;</li> +<li> fort located at junction of Minnesota River and, <a href="#Page_027">27</a>;</li> +<li> exploration of, by Cass, <a href="#Page_028">28</a>;</li> +<li> scenery along, <a href="#Page_079">79</a>, <a href="#Page_080">80</a>;</li> +<li> road along, <a href="#Page_081">81</a>;</li> +<li> Indian villages on, <a href="#Page_083">83</a>;</li> +<li> low water in, <a href="#Page_086">86</a>;</li> +<li> seizure of liquor on, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</li> +<li> first steamboat on upper, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li> +<li> attempt to find source of, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li> +<li> discovery of source of, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> +<li> advertisements of trip on, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li> +<li> description of journey up, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>–175;</li> +<li> reasons for cession of land east of, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</li> +<li> cession of land east of, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>–185, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> +<li> military reservation on, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Mississippi Valley, settlement of, <a href="#Page_039">39</a>; +<ul> +<li> erection of military posts in, <a href="#Page_047">47</a>;</li> +<li> work of missionaries in, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</li> +<li> opening of, to settlement, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Missouri, increase in population of, <a href="#Page_015">15</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_066">66</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Missouri, Territory of, <a href="#Page_029">29</a>, <a href="#Page_032">32</a></li> +<li>Missouri Compromise, <a href="#Page_066">66</a></li> +<li>Missouri Fur Company, murder of employees of, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li>Missouri Indians, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Missouri River, <a href="#Page_002">2</a>, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>, <a href="#Page_006">6</a>, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>, <a href="#Page_021">21</a>, <a href="#Page_030">30</a>, <a href="#Page_037">37</a>, <a href="#Page_046">46</a>, <a href="#Page_056">56</a>, <a href="#Page_072">72</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, +<a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>; +<ul> +<li> English traders on, <a href="#Page_004">4</a>;</li> +<li> Lewis and Clark expedition on, <a href="#Page_004">4</a>, <a href="#Page_005">5</a>;</li> +<li> treaties with Indians on, <a href="#Page_012">12</a>, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>;</li> +<li> forts on, <a href="#Page_019">19</a>, <a href="#Page_020">20</a>;</li> +<li> return of Sacs and Foxes from, <a href="#Page_042">42</a>;</li> +<li> removal of Indians to, <a href="#Page_044">44</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Modoc Indians, war with, <a href="#Page_065">65</a></li> +<li>Molino del Rey, Battle of, death of Scott in, <a href="#Page_060">60</a>, <a href="#Page_061">61</a>, <a href="#Page_062">62</a></li> +<li>Moncrief, W. T., <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> +<li>Monroe, James, <a href="#Page_036">36</a>, <a href="#Page_049">49</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> +<li><em>Monsieur Tonson</em>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li><q>Monsoon</q> (steamboat), <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Montreal, activities of merchants of, <a href="#Page_004">4</a></li> +<li>Moores, Hazen, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Morgan's Bluff, <a href="#Page_089">89</a></li> +<li>Morrill, Mr., <a href="#Page_050">50</a></li> +<li>Morse, Jedidiah, plan of, for civilizing Indians, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Mud Lake, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Mumford, Mr., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Murderers, surrender of, by Indians, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>; +<ul> +<li> killing of, by Chippewas, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>–124;</li> +<li> punishment of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Murphy, R. G., <a href="#Page_071">71</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li>Musick, Peter, killing of cattle of, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Musket flints, <a href="#Page_077">77</a></li> +<li>Muskrat furs, exchange of, for liquor, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Muskrats, trapping of, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Mutinies, causes of, <a href="#Page_091">91</a></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>Nadin, complaint of, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Nadoueseronoms, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li>Navajo Indians, expedition against, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +<li>Needles, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li>Nelson River, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Neutral Ground, removal of Winnebagoes from, <a href="#Page_047">47</a></li> +<li>New Mexico, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +<li>New Orleans, <a href="#Page_056">56</a></li> +<li>New Ulm (Minnesota), <a href="#Page_049">49</a></li> +<li>New York City, <a href="#Page_056">56</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; +<ul> +<li> draft riots in, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Niagara Falls, <a href="#Page_055">55</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li>Nichols, R. C., building of Fort Armstrong by, <a href="#Page_018">18</a></li> +<li>Nicollet, Jean, exploration by, <a href="#Page_003">3</a></li> +<li>Nicollet, Joseph N., explorations by, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Nine Mile River, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> +<li>Nokay River, <a href="#Page_048">48</a></li> +<li>North, Lords of, <a href="#Page_054">54</a>–72</li> +<li>North Dakota, <a href="#Page_040">40</a></li> +<li>North West Company, activities of, <a href="#Page_004">4</a>; +<ul> +<li> traders of, <a href="#Page_005">5</a>;</li> +<li> extent of commerce of, <a href="#Page_006">6</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_008">8</a>, <a href="#Page_009">9</a>, <a href="#Page_010">10</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a><a id="Page_263" name="Page_263"></a><span class="pagenum">[263]</span></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Northern Pacific Survey, <a href="#Page_046">46</a></li> +<li>Northwest, period of foreign rule in, <a href="#Page_001">1</a>–17; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_018">18</a>;</li> +<li> importance of Fort Snelling in, <a href="#Page_055">55</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li> +<li> guardian of, <a href="#Page_030">30</a>;</li> +<li> work of missionaries in, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>–158;</li> +<li> coming of first steamboat to, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li> +<li> missionary bishop of, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</li> +<li> part of Fort Snelling in development of, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> +<li> meaning of term, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +</ul></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>Oak Grove, mission at, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Oats, raising of, <a href="#Page_095">95</a></li> +<li>O'Fallon, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_016">16</a></li> +<li>Officer of the day, <a href="#Page_085">85</a></li> +<li>Officers' Mess, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li>Officers' quarters, description of, <a href="#Page_075">75</a>; +<ul> +<li> fire in, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Officers' Training Camp, <a href="#Page_053">53</a></li> +<li><q>O. H. Perry</q> (keelboat), <a href="#Page_033">33</a>, <a href="#Page_034">34</a></li> +<li>Ojibway Indians, home of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Old Northwest, settlement of, <a href="#Page_014">14</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Oliphant, Laurence, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> +<li>Oliver, Lieutenant, experiences of, <a href="#Page_026">26</a></li> +<li>Orderly-room, <a href="#Page_075">75</a></li> +<li>Ordnance, alleged lack of, <a href="#Page_076">76</a>; +<ul> +<li> stock of, <a href="#Page_076">76</a>, <a href="#Page_077">77</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Ordnance sergeant, quarters of, <a href="#Page_075">75</a></li> +<li>Ordway, John, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li>Oregon treaty, <a href="#Page_046">46</a></li> +<li>Orphan asylum, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Orphans, fund for relief of, <a href="#Page_087">87</a></li> +<li>Osage Indians, treaty with, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +<li>Ottawa Indians, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li>Otter furs, exchange of, for liquor, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Otter Tail Lake, <a href="#Page_037">37</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Otto, Helen, acknowledgments to, x</li> +</ul><ul> +<li>Pacific Coast, emigration to, <a href="#Page_045">45</a>; +<ul> +<li> necessity of railroad to, <a href="#Page_046">46</a>;</li> +<li> survey of route for railroad to, <a href="#Page_046">46</a>, <a href="#Page_047">47</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Pacific Northwest, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +<li>Page, Captain, <a href="#Page_036">36</a></li> +<li>Painted rock, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Painters, <a href="#Page_092">92</a></li> +<li><q>Palmyra</q> (steamboat), <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Paper, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li>Papermakers, <a href="#Page_092">92</a></li> +<li>Parade ground, <a href="#Page_073">73</a>; +<ul> +<li> sweeping of, <a href="#Page_085">85</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Parkman, Francis, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li>Parties, holding of, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Pattern farms, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Patterson, Robert, visit of, to Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Pawnee Indians, campaign against, <a href="#Page_056">56</a></li> +<li>Paymaster, office of, <a href="#Page_075">75</a></li> +<li>Peace conferences between Indians, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Peace pipe, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>; +<ul> +<li> smoking of, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Pelzer, Louis, vii</li> +<li>Pembina, hunting party from, <a href="#Page_038">38</a>; +<ul> +<li> expedition to, <a href="#Page_039">39</a>, <a href="#Page_040">40</a>, <a href="#Page_045">45</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Pemmican, making of, <a href="#Page_037">37</a></li> +<li>Peoria (Illinois), <a href="#Page_099">99</a></li> +<li>Pepper, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li>Perrot, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_003">3</a></li> +<li>Perry, Abraham, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Perry, Mrs. Abraham, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li>Pe-she-ke, speech by, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Pettijohn, Eli, purchase made by, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li>Phelan, Edward, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Physician at Fort Snelling, sketch of life of, <a href="#Page_065">65</a>, <a href="#Page_066">66</a>; +<ul> +<li> service of, to settlers, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Piankashaw Indians, treaty with, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +<li>Picnic grounds, <a href="#Page_082">82</a></li> +<li>Picnics, <a href="#Page_096">96</a></li> +<li>Pike, Zebulon M., expedition under, <a href="#Page_004">4</a>; +<ul> +<li> activities of English traders investigated by, <a href="#Page_005">5</a>–8;</li> +<li> cession of land secured by, <a href="#Page_007">7</a>, <a href="#Page_008">8</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_011">11</a>, <a href="#Page_022">22</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</li> +<li> promise made by, <a href="#Page_017">17</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Pike's Island, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Pillager band of Chippewas, treaty with, <a href="#Page_045">45</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Pilot Knob, <a href="#Page_080">80</a></li> +<li>Pine Bend, <a href="#Page_086">86</a></li> +<li>Pine Coulie, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> +<li>Pine timber, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +<li>Pinisha, <a href="#Page_083">83</a></li> +<li>Pipestone quarry, trip to, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li>Pioneers, protection of, against Indians, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;<a id="Page_264" name="Page_264"></a><span class="pagenum">[264]</span> +<ul> +<li> coming of, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> +<li> (see <a href="#settlers">Settlers</a>)</li> +</ul></li> +<li>Pittsburgh, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Plattsburg, <a href="#Page_057">57</a></li> +<li>Pleasures of soldiers, <a href="#Page_096">96</a>, <a href="#Page_097">97</a></li> +<li>Plympton, J., <a href="#Page_065">65</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li>Poage, Sarah, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> +<li>Poinsett, J. R., <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Police guard, <a href="#Page_085">85</a></li> +<li>Pond, Gideon, coming of, to Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>; +<ul> +<li> work of, among Indians, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>–156</li> +</ul></li> +<li>Pond, S. W., <a href="#Page_072">72</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; +<ul> +<li> coming of, to Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li> +<li> work of, among Indians, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>–156</li> +</ul></li> +<li>Pontiac's conspiracy, <a href="#Page_003">3</a></li> +<li>Pope, John, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> +<li>Pork, <a href="#Page_086">86</a>; +<ul> +<li> ration of, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> +<li> giving of, to Indians, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Portage des Sioux, <a href="#Page_017">17</a></li> +<li>Post fund, <a href="#Page_087">87</a></li> +<li>Post school, <a href="#Page_075">75</a>; +<ul> +<li> fund for maintenance of, <a href="#Page_087">87</a>;</li> +<li> organization of, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Potatoes, raising of, <a href="#Page_095">95</a></li> +<li>Potosi (Wisconsin), <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li>Pottawattamie Indians, <a href="#Page_042">42</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; +<ul> +<li> treaty with, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Poupon, Isadore, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> +<li>Powder, stock of, <a href="#Page_077">77</a></li> +<li>Poweshiek (Chief), <a href="#Page_044">44</a></li> +<li>Prairie du Chien, <a href="#Page_011">11</a>, <a href="#Page_016">16</a>, <a href="#Page_020">20</a>, <a href="#Page_021">21</a>, <a href="#Page_026">26</a>, <a href="#Page_032">32</a>, <a href="#Page_033">33</a>, <a href="#Page_034">34</a>, <a href="#Page_041">41</a>, <a href="#Page_058">58</a>, <a href="#Page_066">66</a>, <a href="#Page_092">92</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, +<a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, +<a href="#Page_246">246</a>; +<ul> +<li> establishment of Fort Shelby at, <a href="#Page_011">11</a>, <a href="#Page_012">12</a>;</li> +<li> capture of, by British, <a href="#Page_012">12</a>;</li> +<li> round-about route to, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>;</li> +<li> Fort Crawford at, <a href="#Page_018">18</a>;</li> +<li> arrival of troops at, <a href="#Page_022">22</a>;</li> +<li> return of Leavenworth to, <a href="#Page_024">24</a>;</li> +<li> carrying of mail between Fort Snelling and, <a href="#Page_097">97</a>–99, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</li> +<li> treaty made at, in 1825, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Preëmption, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Prescott, Philander, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li>Presents, giving of, to Indians, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>, <a href="#Page_023">23</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>President of United States, <a href="#Page_016">16</a></li> +<li>Prevost, George, <a href="#Page_008">8</a></li> +<li>Prices, fixing of, <a href="#Page_087">87</a></li> +<li>Prison, number of soldiers in, <a href="#Page_091">91</a></li> +<li>Prisoners, guarding of, <a href="#Page_085">85</a></li> +<li>Provencalle, Louis, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Provisions, distribution of, to Indians, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>; +<ul> +<li> character of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Pump, <a href="#Page_074">74</a></li> +<li>Punishments, character of, <a href="#Page_090">90</a>, <a href="#Page_091">91</a></li> +<li>Puthuff, William H., <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>Quaife, Milo M., acknowledgments to, ix</li> +<li>Quarrels in garrison, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Quarrying, employment of soldiers at, <a href="#Page_096">96</a></li> +<li>Quartermaster, trouble between physician and, <a href="#Page_065">65</a>, <a href="#Page_066">66</a>; +<ul> +<li> office of, <a href="#Page_075">75</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Quebec, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>Radisson, Pierre Esprit, exploration by, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Railroad, survey of route for, <a href="#Page_046">46</a>, <a href="#Page_047">47</a></li> +<li>Rainville, Mr., <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> +<li>Raisins, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li>Ramsey, Alexander, <a href="#Page_036">36</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>; +<ul> +<li> treaty made by, <a href="#Page_045">45</a>;</li> +<li> council called by, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Rations, character of, <a href="#Page_085">85</a>–87, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_095">95</a>;</li> +<li> issuance of, to Indians, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Real estate speculation, <a href="#Page_050">50</a></li> +<li>Reconnoitering, <a href="#Page_085">85</a></li> +<li>Red Bird, hostility of Indians under, <a href="#Page_033">33</a>, <a href="#Page_034">34</a></li> +<li>Red Bird War, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> +<li><q>Red Head,</q> 108, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> +<li>Red River carts, caravans of, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> +<li>Red River of the North, trading posts on, <a href="#Page_004">4</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_016">16</a>, <a href="#Page_049">49</a>, <a href="#Page_050">50</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li> +<li> difficulties with half-breeds from, <a href="#Page_037">37</a>–40;</li> +<li> expeditions to, <a href="#Page_038">38</a>–40, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> +<li> Lord Selkirk's colony on, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Red River Trail, <a href="#Page_046">46</a></li> +<li>Red Wing (Chief), <a href="#Page_092">92</a>; +<ul> +<li> village of, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</li> +<li> payment of annuities to Indians under, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><em>Regulations for the Army, General</em>, <a href="#Page_084">84</a>, <a href="#Page_086">86</a></li> +<li><a id="Page_265" name="Page_265"></a><span class="pagenum">[265]</span></li> +<li>Renville, Daniel, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>Renville, Joseph, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>; +<ul> +<li> service of, as interpreter, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Renville, Rosalie, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>Republicans, charges of graft made by, <a href="#Page_051">51</a></li> +<li><em>Reveille</em>, <a href="#Page_084">84</a></li> +<li>Revival, success of, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>Reynolds, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_086">86</a></li> +<li>Riggs, S. R., <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> +<li>Road to Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_073">73</a>, <a href="#Page_081">81</a></li> +<li>Robertson, Mr., work of, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>Robertson, Gustavus A., <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>Rock Island, building of fort on, <a href="#Page_018">18</a>; +<ul> +<li> garrison for fort on, <a href="#Page_022">22</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Rock River, hostility of Indians on, <a href="#Page_012">12</a>, <a href="#Page_013">13</a></li> +<li>Rocky Mountains, <a href="#Page_016">16</a></li> +<li>Roll call, <a href="#Page_084">84</a>, <a href="#Page_085">85</a>; +<ul> +<li> punishment for absence from, <a href="#Page_090">90</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Round Tower, Old, <a href="#Page_072">72</a>; +<ul> +<li> description of, <a href="#Page_074">74</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Routine duties, description of, <a href="#Page_084">84</a>, <a href="#Page_085">85</a></li> +<li>Rum, <a href="#Page_086">86</a>; +<ul> +<li> evil effect of, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Rum River, <a href="#Page_027">27</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>; +<ul> +<li> battle on, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Runners, sending of, to Indian camps, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li>Rupel, J. B. F., <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Ryerson, Private, purchases by, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>Sabbath, respect of Indians for, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> +<li>Sac Indians, hostility of, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>; +<ul> +<li> pursuit of, <a href="#Page_035">35</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</li> +<li> treaty with, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a name="sac" id="sac">Sac and Fox Indians</a>, <a href="#Page_035">35</a>, <a href="#Page_042">42</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; +<ul> +<li> return of, to Iowa, <a href="#Page_042">42</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>St. Anthony (Minnesota), real estate speculation at, <a href="#Page_050">50</a></li> +<li>St. Croix River, trading posts on, <a href="#Page_006">6</a>; +<ul> +<li> cession of land at mouth of, <a href="#Page_008">8</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>St. Joseph's, <a href="#Page_010">10</a></li> +<li>St. Lawrence River, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +<li>St. Louis, <a href="#Page_004">4</a>, <a href="#Page_005">5</a>, <a href="#Page_011">11</a>, <a href="#Page_022">22</a>, <a href="#Page_048">48</a>, <a href="#Page_056">56</a>, <a href="#Page_058">58</a>, <a href="#Page_069">69</a>, <a href="#Page_072">72</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, +<a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>; +<ul> +<li> troops from, <a href="#Page_034">34</a>;</li> +<li> bringing of supplies from, <a href="#Page_086">86</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>St. Paul, <a href="#Page_036">36</a>, <a href="#Page_046">46</a>, <a href="#Page_071">71</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>; +<ul> +<li> real estate speculation at, <a href="#Page_050">50</a>;</li> +<li> founding of, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</li> +<li> relations between fort and, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>–198</li> +</ul></li> +<li>St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railroad Company, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> +<li>St. Peter's, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li>St. Peter's agency, service of Taliaferro at, <a href="#Page_068">68</a>–71</li> +<li>St. Peter's River (see <a href="#minn_r">Minnesota River</a>)</li> +<li>St. Vincent (Minnesota), <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li>Salt, <a href="#Page_086">86</a></li> +<li>Sandy Lake, trading post on, <a href="#Page_006">6</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Sanford, John F. A., Dred Scott bought by, <a href="#Page_066">66</a></li> +<li>Santa Fe Trail, dangers on, <a href="#Page_056">56</a></li> +<li>Sauk River, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Sault Ste. Marie, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Saw mill, erection of, <a href="#Page_027">27</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_082">82</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Saxton, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_046">46</a></li> +<li>Say, Thomas, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li>Scalp dance, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Scalps, taking of, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> +<li>Scenery, description of, around Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_079">79</a>, <a href="#Page_080">80</a></li> +<li>School, organization of, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Schoolcraft, Henry R., statement by, <a href="#Page_014">14</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Schools, success of, among Indians, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>Scientific expeditions, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li>Scotland, <a href="#Page_092">92</a>; +<ul> +<li> immigrants from, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Scott, Dred, fugitive slave case of, <a href="#Page_066">66</a></li> +<li>Scott, Martin, sketch of life of, <a href="#Page_059">59</a>–62</li> +<li>Scott, Winfield, naming of Fort Snelling suggested by, <a href="#Page_029">29</a>, <a href="#Page_030">30</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_055">55</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><em>Scott vs. Sanford</em>, <a href="#Page_066">66</a></li> +<li>Scrub brush, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li>Scurvy, ravages of, <a href="#Page_026">26</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> +<li>Second United States Infantry, <a href="#Page_063">63</a></li> +<li>Secretary of War, <a href="#Page_019">19</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li>Selkirk, Lord, colony of, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li>Settlement, opening up country to, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a><a id="Page_266" name="Page_266"></a><span class="pagenum">[266]</span></li> +<li>Settlements, protection for, <a href="#Page_018">18</a></li> +<li><a name="settlers" id="settlers">Settlers</a>, annoyance of, by Indians, <a href="#Page_042">42</a>, <a href="#Page_043">43</a>; +<ul> +<li> desire of, for land cession, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li> +<li> service of Fort Snelling to, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>–201;</li> +<li> disputes between Indians and, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> +<li> memorial of, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> +<li> efforts to exclude from reservation, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>–195;</li> +<li> ejection of, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Seymour, Samuel, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Shakopee (Minnesota), <a href="#Page_083">83</a></li> +<li>Shakpay, <a href="#Page_083">83</a></li> +<li>Shambaugh, Benj. F., introduction by, v; +<ul> +<li> acknowledgments to, vii, ix</li> +</ul></li> +<li>Shapaydan, <a href="#Page_083">83</a></li> +<li>Shaw, Mr., <a href="#Page_022">22</a></li> +<li>Sherman, W. T., military career of, <a href="#Page_063">63</a></li> +<li>Sheyenne River, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li>Shields, James, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li>Shining Mountains, <a href="#Page_003">3</a></li> +<li>Shipler, Jacob, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Shoemakers, <a href="#Page_092">92</a></li> +<li>Shoes, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li>Shot, stock of, <a href="#Page_077">77</a></li> +<li>Sibley, General, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +<li>Sibley, Henry H., description by, <a href="#Page_026">26</a>, <a href="#Page_027">27</a>; +<ul> +<li> house of, <a href="#Page_080">80</a>;</li> +<li> hunting by, <a href="#Page_096">96</a>, <a href="#Page_097">97</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</li> +<li> relations between officers of fort and, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Sibley House, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> +<li>Sick, taking of, to hospital, <a href="#Page_085">85</a></li> +<li>Sickness, prevalence of, among troops, <a href="#Page_026">26</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>; +<ul> +<li> losses because of, <a href="#Page_093">93</a>;</li> +<li> help to Indians in case of, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Sinclair, Mr., <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> +<li><a name="sioux" id="sioux">Sioux Indians</a>, early traders among, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>; +<ul> +<li> land at mouth of Minnesota ceded by, <a href="#Page_007">7</a>, <a href="#Page_008">8</a>;</li> +<li> visits of, to Drummond Island, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>, <a href="#Page_014">14</a>;</li> +<li> goods sent to, <a href="#Page_022">22</a>;</li> +<li> treaty between Chippewas and, <a href="#Page_028">28</a>;</li> +<li> unfriendliness of, <a href="#Page_033">33</a>;</li> +<li> part of, in Black Hawk War, <a href="#Page_035">35</a>;</li> +<li> hostility between half-breeds and, <a href="#Page_037">37</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_048">48</a>, <a href="#Page_098">98</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, +<a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</li> +<li> concentration of, <a href="#Page_049">49</a>:</li> +<li> massacre by, <a href="#Page_052">52</a>, <a href="#Page_083">83</a>;</li> +<li> visit of, to Washington, <a href="#Page_068">68</a>;</li> +<li> villages of, <a href="#Page_083">83</a>;</li> +<li> home of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li> +<li> number of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li> +<li> migrations of, to Canada, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li> +<li> vaccination of, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li> +<li> hostility of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> +<li> disillusionment of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> +<li> influence of Fort Snelling over, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>–118;</li> +<li> rumor of attack by, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> +<li> feuds between Chippewas and, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>–134;</li> +<li> killing of Chippewas by, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li> +<li> surrender of murderers by, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li> +<li> battle between Chippewas and, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li> +<li> boundary line between Chippewas and, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li> +<li> imprisonment of, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</li> +<li> untrustworthiness of, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> +<li> temperance society among, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> +<li> farmer for, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</li> +<li> language of, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</li> +<li> delegation of, to Washington, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</li> +<li> treaty made by, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> +<li> payment of annuities to, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</li> +<li> amount of land ceded by, in 1805, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Sioux of the Lakes, treaty with, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +<li>Sioux of St. Peter's River, treaty with, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +<li>Sioux-Chippewa boundary line, <a href="#Page_048">48</a></li> +<li>Sioux language, school books in, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>Sisseton Sioux Indians, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>; +<ul> +<li> treaty with, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Sixth United States Infantry, company of, in Iowa, <a href="#Page_044">44</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_048">48</a>, <a href="#Page_057">57</a>, <a href="#Page_063">63</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</li> +<li> frontier service of, <a href="#Page_049">49</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Skunk River, <a href="#Page_042">42</a></li> +<li>Smallpox, efforts to check, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li>Smith, C. F., expedition under, <a href="#Page_040">40</a>; +<ul> +<li> site for fort recommended by, <a href="#Page_049">49</a>, <a href="#Page_050">50</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Smith, William R., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Smuggling of whiskey, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Snelling, Josiah, building of fort by, <a href="#Page_027">27</a>, <a href="#Page_028">28</a>; +<ul> +<li> letter by, <a href="#Page_028">28</a>;</li> +<li> activities of, during Winnebago outbreak, <a href="#Page_032">32</a>–34;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_055">55</a>, <a href="#Page_096">96</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</li> +<li> sketch of life of, <a href="#Page_056">56</a>–59;</li> +<li> punishments inflicted by, <a href="#Page_090">90</a>;</li> +<li> description by, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li> +<li> evil effects of liquor described by, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Snelling, Mrs. Josiah, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><a id="Page_267" name="Page_267"></a><span class="pagenum">[267]</span></li> +<li>Snelling, William J., <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li>Soap, <a href="#Page_086">86</a>; +<ul> +<li> purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Social life, <a href="#Page_099">99</a>–102</li> +<li>Soiree, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Soldiers, building of fort by, <a href="#Page_027">27</a>; +<ul> +<li> surroundings of, at Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_073">73</a>–83;</li> +<li> life of, at Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_084">84</a>–102;</li> +<li> occupation of, <a href="#Page_092">92</a>;</li> +<li> birthplace of, <a href="#Page_092">92</a>;</li> +<li> journeys into Indian country enjoyed by, <a href="#Page_093">93</a>–95;</li> +<li> employments of, <a href="#Page_095">95</a>, <a href="#Page_096">96</a>;</li> +<li> pleasures of, <a href="#Page_096">96</a>, <a href="#Page_097">97</a>;</li> +<li> carrying of mail by, <a href="#Page_097">97</a>, <a href="#Page_098">98</a>;</li> +<li> social life among, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>–102;</li> +<li> quarrels among, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li> +<li> dependence of missionaries on, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li> +<li> revival among, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li> +<li> church services for, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li> +<li> expedition escorted by, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li> +<li> drunkenness among, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</li> +<li> arrival of, at Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li> +<li> ejection of settlers by, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Soup, character of, <a href="#Page_086">86</a>, <a href="#Page_087">87</a></li> +<li>South Dakota, Indians in, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Southwest Company, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li>Spain, exploration of domain of, <a href="#Page_001">1</a></li> +<li>Spanish, rule of, in West, <a href="#Page_002">2</a>, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>; +<ul> +<li> Indian trade won from, by English, <a href="#Page_004">4</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Speculators, desire of, for land cession, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Speeches, making of, by Indians, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Split Upper Lip, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Spring, eagerness for coming of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>; +<ul> +<li> activities of Indians in, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Squad-rooms, <a href="#Page_075">75</a></li> +<li>Squatters, huts of, <a href="#Page_079">79</a> +<ul> +<li> (see <a href="#settlers">Settlers</a>)</li> +</ul></li> +<li>Starch, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li>Stairway, <a href="#Page_073">73</a></li> +<li>Stanton, Edwin M., <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +<li>Steamboating, beginning of, on upper Mississippi, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Steamboats, use of, to bring supplies, <a href="#Page_086">86</a>; +<ul> +<li> mail carried by, <a href="#Page_097">97</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> +<li> advertisements of, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li> +<li> attitude of Indians toward, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Steele, Franklin, Fort Snelling reservation sold to, <a href="#Page_051">51</a>, <a href="#Page_052">52</a>; +<ul> +<li> adjustment with, <a href="#Page_052">52</a>;</li> +<li> home of, <a href="#Page_079">79</a>;</li> +<li> account books of, <a href="#Page_087">87</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Steen, Mr., <a href="#Page_043">43</a>, <a href="#Page_044">44</a></li> +<li>Stevens, Isaac I., survey of route for railroad by, <a href="#Page_046">46</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Stevens, Jedediah I., coming of, to Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>; +<ul> +<li> work of, among Indians, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> +<li> preaching by, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Stillwater (Minnesota), <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li>Stockade, erection of, <a href="#Page_025">25</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_073">73</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Store, purchase of goods at, <a href="#Page_087">87</a>–89</li> +<li>Storehouse, <a href="#Page_075">75</a></li> +<li>Storer, William, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Stoves, use of, for heating, <a href="#Page_099">99</a></li> +<li>Stowe, Harriet Beecher, <a href="#Page_062">62</a></li> +<li>Straits of Mackinac, <a href="#Page_021">21</a></li> +<li>Street, Joseph M., <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> +<li>Strong Earth, complaint of, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; +<ul> +<li> career of, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Strong Ground, career of, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Sugar, <a href="#Page_086">86</a>; +<ul> +<li> purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Sugar bush, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Summer, activities of Indians during, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Sumner, Edwin V., expedition under, <a href="#Page_038">38</a></li> +<li>Superintendent of Indian Affairs, <a href="#Page_067">67</a>, <a href="#Page_071">71</a></li> +<li>Supplies, character of, <a href="#Page_026">26</a>; +<ul> +<li> bringing of, to Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_086">86</a>;</li> +<li> amount of, furnished to Indians, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Supreme Court of United States, <a href="#Page_066">66</a></li> +<li>Surveyors, destruction of landmarks of, <a href="#Page_042">42</a></li> +<li>Suspenders, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li>Sutler, home of, <a href="#Page_079">79</a>; +<ul> +<li> purchase of goods from, <a href="#Page_087">87</a>–89;</li> +<li> service of Brown as, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Swan, <a href="#Page_096">96</a></li> +<li>Swan River, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Switzerland, immigrants from, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>Taliaferro, Lawrence, <a href="#Page_028">28</a>, <a href="#Page_035">35</a>, <a href="#Page_066">66</a>, <a href="#Page_072">72</a>, <a href="#Page_077">77</a>, <a href="#Page_078">78</a>, <a href="#Page_084">84</a>, <a href="#Page_089">89</a>, <a href="#Page_091">91</a>, <a href="#Page_098">98</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, +<a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>; +<ul> +<li> threat against, <a href="#Page_033">33</a>;</li> +<li> service of, as Indian agent, <a href="#Page_068">68</a>–71;</li> +<li> letters and papers of, <a href="#Page_069">69</a>, <a href="#Page_070">70</a>;<a id="Page_268" name="Page_268"></a><span class="pagenum">[268]</span></li> +<li> speech by, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li> +<li> suffering of Indians relieved by, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> +<li> visit of Indians to, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</li> +<li> aid given to sick Indians by, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li> +<li> murderers demanded by, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li> +<li> efforts of, to civilize Indians, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li> +<li> difficulties of, with Sioux and Chippewas, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>–134;</li> +<li> traders' licenses granted by, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li> +<li> disagreement between Bailly and, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li> +<li> liquor laws enforced by, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>–144;</li> +<li> efforts of, to induce Indians to farm, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>–150;</li> +<li> coöperation of, with missionaries, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>–158;</li> +<li> wedding ceremony performed by, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</li> +<li> service of, as mediator, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Tatling, results of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Tattoo, <a href="#Page_085">85</a></li> +<li>Taylor, Zachary, service of, at Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_059">59</a></li> +<li>Tea party, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li>Teamsters, employment of soldiers as, <a href="#Page_096">96</a></li> +<li>Temperance societies, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li>Tennessee, settlement of, <a href="#Page_014">14</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_015">15</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Tenth United States Infantry, expedition of companies of, <a href="#Page_040">40</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_063">63</a>, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Tepees, repairing of, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Teton Sioux Indians, treaty with, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +<li>Theatrical performances, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Thespian Players, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Third Artillery, <a href="#Page_063">63</a></li> +<li>Third United States Infantry, <a href="#Page_019">19</a>, <a href="#Page_021">21</a></li> +<li>Thomas, Sergeant, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> +<li>Throckmorton, Captain, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Timber, destruction of, <a href="#Page_042">42</a></li> +<li>Timber lands, opening up of, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li>Tintatonwan village, <a href="#Page_083">83</a></li> +<li>Tippecanoe, Battle of, <a href="#Page_056">56</a></li> +<li>Toopunkah Zeze, killing of, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> +<li>Tourist traffic, extent of, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Tourists, increase in number of, <a href="#Page_198">198</a> +<ul> +<li> (see <a href="#travelers">Travelers</a>)</li> +</ul></li> +<li><a name="traders" id="traders">Traders</a>, activities of, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>, <a href="#Page_004">4</a>; +<ul> +<li> regulation of activities of, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>–145;</li> +<li> granting of licenses to, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li> +<li> law suit begun by, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</li> +<li> opposition of, to farming, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li> +<li> religious work among, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</li> +<li> desire of, for treaty, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</li> +<li> presence of, at council, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li> +<li> speeches of Indians concerning, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</li> +<li> payment of debts to, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> +<li> location of, at Mendota, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li> +<li> service of, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Trading companies, development of, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; +<ul> +<li> profit of, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Trading house, <a href="#Page_078">78</a>, <a href="#Page_079">79</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Trading houses, establishment of, <a href="#Page_017">17</a>; +<ul> +<li> protection for, <a href="#Page_018">18</a>;</li> +<li> cluster of, <a href="#Page_080">80</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Trading posts, location of, <a href="#Page_006">6</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>; +<ul> +<li> permission for establishment of, <a href="#Page_007">7</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Training camp, use of Fort Snelling as, <a href="#Page_052">52</a>, <a href="#Page_053">53</a></li> +<li><a name="travelers" id="travelers">Travelers</a>, visits of, to Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>–175</li> +<li>Traverse des Sioux, treaty of, <a href="#Page_049">49</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> +<li>Treaties, making of, with Indians, <a href="#Page_012">12</a>, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>, <a href="#Page_028">28</a>, <a href="#Page_047">47</a>, <a href="#Page_048">48</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>–186, +<a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>; +<ul> +<li> making of, between tribes, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Treaty of Ghent, terms of, <a href="#Page_012">12</a>, <a href="#Page_018">18</a></li> +<li>Treaty of Paris (1783), <a href="#Page_016">16</a></li> +<li>Trinkets, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li>Troops, proposed employment of, in mining, <a href="#Page_025">25</a>; +<ul> +<li> troubles of, during first winter, <a href="#Page_025">25</a>–27;</li> +<li> ravages of scurvy among, <a href="#Page_026">26</a>;</li> +<li> new camp for, <a href="#Page_027">27</a>;</li> +<li> service of, in protection of frontier, <a href="#Page_031">31</a>–53;</li> +<li> withdrawal of, from Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_052">52</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> +<li> (also see Soldiers)</li> +</ul></li> +<li>Truces, making of, between tribes, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li>Turkey River, removal of Winnebagoes from, <a href="#Page_035">35</a>, <a href="#Page_036">36</a>; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_047">47</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Turner, F. J., <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Tutor, service of Marsh as, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +</ul><ul> +<li><em>Uncle Tom's Cabin</em>, <a href="#Page_062">62</a></li> +<li>United States, establishment of military posts by, <a href="#Page_002">2</a>;<a id="Page_269" name="Page_269"></a><span class="pagenum">[269]</span> +<ul> +<li> agreement of, to make peace with Indians, <a href="#Page_012">12</a>;</li> +<li> northern boundary of, <a href="#Page_016">16</a>;</li> +<li> expansion of, <a href="#Page_045">45</a>, <a href="#Page_046">46</a>;</li> +<li> hostility of Indians to, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> +<li> relations of, with Indians, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>–178;</li> +<li> agreement of, with Chippewas, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> +<li> land ceded to, by Sioux in 1805, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Upper country, extent of, <a href="#Page_002">2</a></li> +<li>Utah, <a href="#Page_064">64</a></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>Vaccination of Indians, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li>Vail, J., <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Valentine Ball, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li><q>Valley Forge</q> (steamboat), <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Van Antwerp, Ver Planck, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li>Van Cleve, Horatio P., <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> +<li>Van Cleve, Mrs., <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> +<li>Vancouver (Washington), <a href="#Page_047">47</a></li> +<li>Vevay (Indiana), <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Vinegar, <a href="#Page_086">86</a></li> +<li>Vineyard, Miles, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li>Virginia, <a href="#Page_070">70</a></li> +<li><q>Virginia</q> (steamboat), trip of, up Mississippi River, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li>Volga River, <a href="#Page_041">41</a></li> +<li>Voyageurs, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>Wabasha (Chief), <a href="#Page_033">33</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; +<ul> +<li> land sold by, <a href="#Page_035">35</a>;</li> +<li> meeting of couriers at village of, <a href="#Page_098">98</a>;</li> +<li> missionary at village of, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> +<li> village of, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li> +<li> payment of annuities to Indians under, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Wabasha's Prairie, <a href="#Page_035">35</a></li> +<li>Wahpakoota Sioux Indians, treaty with, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> +<li>Wahpeton Sioux Indians, treaty with, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> +<li>Wall around Fort Snelling, description of, <a href="#Page_073">73</a>, <a href="#Page_074">74</a>, <a href="#Page_076">76</a></li> +<li>Wakh-pa-koo-tay, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> +<li>Wakinyantanka, <a href="#Page_083">83</a></li> +<li>Wamditanka, <a href="#Page_083">83</a></li> +<li>Wapsipinicon River, <a href="#Page_042">42</a></li> +<li>War Department, <a href="#Page_019">19</a>, <a href="#Page_022">22</a>, <a href="#Page_039">39</a>, <a href="#Page_044">44</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>; +<ul> +<li> naming of Fort Snelling by, <a href="#Page_029">29</a>, <a href="#Page_030">30</a>;</li> +<li> attitude of, toward Fort Snelling, <a href="#Page_031">31</a>;</li> +<li> Indian affairs placed under control of, <a href="#Page_067">67</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>War of 1812, English supported by Indians during, <a href="#Page_008">8</a>–12; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_018">18</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</li> +<li> service of Snelling during, <a href="#Page_057">57</a>;</li> +<li> service of Taliaferro in, <a href="#Page_070">70</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>War parties, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li><a name="sioux_1" id="sioux_1"></a>Warfare, history of, between <ins class="corr" title="Spelled 'Siuox' in original.">Sioux</ins> and Chippewas, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>–134</li> +<li><q>Warrior</q> (steamboat), <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li>Warriors, desire of, to take part in council, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li>Washington, George, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Washington (Connecticut), <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li>Washington, D. C., <a href="#Page_046">46</a>, <a href="#Page_058">58</a>, <a href="#Page_062">62</a>, <a href="#Page_064">64</a>, <a href="#Page_098">98</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>; +<ul> +<li> visit of Indians to, <a href="#Page_068">68</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</li> +<li> treaty with Sioux at, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Washington Monument Association, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +<li>Washington Territory, <a href="#Page_046">46</a></li> +<li>Washington's birthday, celebration of, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Water power, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Weapons, stock of, <a href="#Page_076">76</a>, <a href="#Page_077">77</a></li> +<li>Webb, James, journey of, to Fort Armstrong, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li>Webster, Daniel, statement by, <a href="#Page_059">59</a></li> +<li>Weddings, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>West, prediction of Carver concerning, <a href="#Page_001">1</a>, <a href="#Page_002">2</a>; +<ul> +<li> foreign jurisdictions in, <a href="#Page_002">2</a>, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>;</li> +<li> English supported by Indians in, <a href="#Page_008">8</a>–12;</li> +<li> rapid development of, <a href="#Page_014">14</a>;</li> +<li> cause of trouble in, <a href="#Page_015">15</a>;</li> +<li> influence of Fort Snelling in, <a href="#Page_052">52</a>;</li> +<li> service of Canby in, <a href="#Page_065">65</a>;</li> +<li> work of missionaries in, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>West Point Military Academy, <a href="#Page_062">62</a>, <a href="#Page_063">63</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Westward movement, <a href="#Page_014">14</a>, <a href="#Page_015">15</a></li> +<li>Wheat, spoiling of, <a href="#Page_086">86</a>; raising of, <a href="#Page_095">95</a></li> +<li>Wheeling (West Virginia), <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li>Wheelwrights, <a href="#Page_092">92</a></li> +<li>Whiskey, <a href="#Page_086">86</a>; +<ul> +<li> drinking of, by soldiers, <a href="#Page_089">89</a>;</li> +<li> efforts to suppress traffic in, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>–145;</li> +<li> smuggling of, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> +<li> destruction of, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</li> +<li> traffic in, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Whistler, Captain, <a href="#Page_021">21</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li>White Head, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Whitney, Asa, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> +<li><a id="Page_270" name="Page_270"></a><span class="pagenum">[270]</span></li> +<li>Whooping cough, epidemic of, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> +<li>Widows, fund for relief of, <a href="#Page_087">87</a></li> +<li>Wilcox, Captain, <a href="#Page_032">32</a></li> +<li>Williams, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_099">99</a></li> +<li>Williamson, Thomas S., <a href="#Page_110">110</a>; +<ul> +<li> work of, among Indians, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>–157</li> +</ul></li> +<li>Williamson, Mrs. Thomas S., <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> +<li>Wines, seizure of, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; +<ul> +<li> giving of, to Indians, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Winnebago Indians, unwillingness of, to make treaty, <a href="#Page_013">13</a>; +<ul> +<li> attempt of, to delay troops, <a href="#Page_021">21</a>, <a href="#Page_022">22</a>;</li> +<li> outbreak of, <a href="#Page_032">32</a>–34;</li> +<li> removal of, to new reservation, <a href="#Page_035">35</a>–37, <a href="#Page_048">48</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_041">41</a>, <a href="#Page_042">42</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li> +<li> treaty with, <a href="#Page_047">47</a>;</li> +<li> new reservation for, <a href="#Page_048">48</a>;</li> +<li> disturbances among, <a href="#Page_048">48</a>, <a href="#Page_049">49</a>;</li> +<li> language of, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Winnebago War, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> +<li>Winnipeg, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li>Winona (Minnesota), <a href="#Page_035">35</a></li> +<li>Winter, difficulty in securing mail during, <a href="#Page_097">97</a>–99; +<ul> +<li> life at Fort Snelling during, <a href="#Page_099">99</a>–102;</li> +<li> life among Indians during, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Wisconsin, Nicollet in, <a href="#Page_003">3</a>; +<ul> +<li> Indian outbreak in, <a href="#Page_032">32</a>–34;</li> +<li> desire of Winnebagoes to return to, <a href="#Page_036">36</a>;</li> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> +<li> desire for land cession in, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li> +<li> bishop of, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Wisconsin, Territory of, <a href="#Page_032">32</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>; +<ul> +<li> marshal of, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Wisconsin Historical Society, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> +<li>Wisconsin River, <a href="#Page_019">19</a>, <a href="#Page_020">20</a>, <a href="#Page_034">34</a>; +<ul> +<li> canal between Fox River and, <a href="#Page_020">20</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Women, social life of, at fort, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>–102</li> +<li>Wood, Doctor, aid given to sick Indians by, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li>Wood, securing of, for fuel, <a href="#Page_099">99</a></li> +<li>Woods, Samuel, expedition under, <a href="#Page_038">38</a>, <a href="#Page_041">41</a>–45; +<ul> +<li> reference to, <a href="#Page_040">40</a>;</li> +<li> fort established by, <a href="#Page_044">44</a>, <a href="#Page_045">45</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Wool, John E., <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>Wyandot Indians, treaty with, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +</ul><ul> +<li>Yankton Sioux Indians, half-breed killed by, <a href="#Page_037">37</a>; +<ul> +<li> treaty with, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Yeast powder, purchase of, <a href="#Page_088">88</a></li> +<li>Yellowstone Expedition, <a href="#Page_020">20</a>; +<ul> +<li> failure of, <a href="#Page_021">21</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Yellowstone River, fort at mouth of, <a href="#Page_019">19</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +<p><a id="Page_271" name="Page_271"></a><span class="pagenum">[271]</span></p> + +</div> +<div class="section"> +<div class="tnotes"> +<h3>Transcriber's Notes:</h3> + +<p>Note: There are a number of inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation +which are left as in the original, as they were copied directly from +various sources, such as personal journals.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_012">Page 12</a>, para, 3: Treaty of Ghent, 1914, changed to 1814.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_013">Page 13</a>: 'Menominees' spelled as in original.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_098">Page 98</a>: 'inteligence' spelled as in original.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_101">Page 101</a>: 'Dear' spelled as in original.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_113">Page 113</a>: 'afraid to die. the' as in original. Note: This writer/source +doesn't capitalize normally.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_128">Page 128</a>: Chippeways spelled as in original.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_129">Page 129</a>: 'liveing' spelled as in original.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_134">Page 134</a>: 'Chippeways' spelled as in original.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_143">Page 143</a>: 'Societties' spelled as in original.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_156">Page 156</a>: 'revival among the the soldiers, and' (Removed extra the).</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_170">Page 170</a>: 'a-head' spelled as in original.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_172">Page 172</a>: The latter apparently refers to winter, even though the phrase +is 'winter and summer'.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_177">Page 177</a>: 'Menomonies' spelled as in original.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page_191">Page 191</a>: Falstrom also spelled Faustram on same page.</p> + +<p><a href="#footnote-8">Footnote 8</a>: 'tradeing' spelled as in original.</p> + +<p><a href="#footnote-8">Footnote 8</a>: 'visit us. he' as in original.</p> + +<p><a href="#footnote-8">Footnote 8</a>: 'Mandens' spelled as in original.</p> + +<p><a href="#footnote-27">Footnote 27</a>: 'massacreing' spelled as in original.</p> + +<p><a href="#footnote-183">Footnote 183</a>: Part of year missing from original. Changed from '18 ' to +'18__'.</p> + +<p>Index: <a href="#sioux_1">Warfare</a>, history of: <q>Siuox</q> changed to <q>Sioux</q>.</p> +</div> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Old Fort Snelling, by Marcus L. Hansen + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD FORT SNELLING *** + +***** This file should be named 22719-h.htm or 22719-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/7/1/22719/ + +Produced by K Nordquist, Sigal Alon, Leonard Johnson and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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