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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 01:53:20 -0700 |
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font-style: normal;} + +span.spread1 {letter-spacing: .5em; padding-left: .5em;} +span.spread2 {letter-spacing: 1em; padding-left: 1em;} +span.spread3 {letter-spacing: 1.5em; padding-left: 1.5em;} +span.spread4 {letter-spacing: 2em; padding-left: 2em;} + +.invisible {visibility: hidden;} + +.inset {padding-left: 1em;} + +.smaller {font-size: 85%;} +.smallcaps {font-variant: small-caps;} + + +/* my additions */ + +ins.correction {text-decoration: none; border-bottom: thin dotted red;} +.greek {border-bottom: 1px dotted #666;} + +.pagenum {position: absolute; right: 2%; font-size: 95%; +font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; text-align: right; +text-indent: 0em;} +div.texts span.pagenum {right: 95%;} + +.linenum {float: right; font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal; +text-indent: 0em;} + +/* Transcriber's Note */ + +div.mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em 1em 1em; +margin: 1em 5%;} +p.mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: 1em; +margin: 1em 5%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%;} +div.mynote p {font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%;} +div.mynote a {text-decoration: none;} + +div.endnote {font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%; +padding: .5em 1em 1em; margin: 1em; border: 3px ridge #A9F;} + +</style> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Middle High German Primer, by Joseph Wright + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Middle High German Primer + Third Edition + +Author: Joseph Wright + +Release Date: September 16, 2007 [EBook #22636] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN PRIMER *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class = "mynote"> +<a name = "start" id = "start"> </a> + +<p> +This e-text includes characters that will only display in UTF-8 +(Unicode) file encoding:</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +ā ē ī ō ū (long vowels, printed with macron/overline)<br> +ẹ (e with dot under, used in reading passages<br> +ȥ (z with hook)</p> + +<p>A few additional characters are used only in the historical +introduction, and may be disregarded if they present problems, as may +the two or three Greek words:</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +ƀ, ʒ, χ, ŋ (b with line through stem; ezh; chi; eng)</p> + +<p>If any of these characters do not display properly—in +particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the +letter—or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph +appear as garbage, you may have an incompatible browser or unavailable +fonts. First, make sure that the browser’s “character set” or “file +encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change your +browser’s default font.</p> + +<p>Punctuation in the Glossary has been silently regularized. +Typographical errors are shown with <ins class = "correction" title = +"like this">mouse-hover popups</ins>.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "titlepage"> + +<h1 class = "small">A</h1> + +<h1>MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN<br> +PRIMER</h1> + +<h2 class = "smallest">WITH</h2> + +<h2 class = "smaller">GRAMMAR, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY</h2> + +<p> </p> + +<h3 class = "smallest">BY</h3> + +<h3>JOSEPH WRIGHT</h3> + +<h3 class = "smallest">M.A., PH.D., D.C.L., LL.D., LITT.D.</h3> + +<h3 class = "smallest">FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY<br> +CORPUS CHRISTI PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY<br> +IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD</h3> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<h5>THIRD EDITION</h5> + +<h5 class = "smaller">RE-WRITTEN AND ENLARGED</h5> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<h5>OXFORD<br> +AT THE CLARENDON PRESS<br> +1917</h5> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<hr class = "mid"> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<h5>OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS</h5> + +<h6>LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK<br> +TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY</h6> + +<h5>HUMPHREY MILFORD</h5> + +<h6>PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY</h6> + +</div> + +<hr class = "mid"> + +<div class = "preface"> + +<span class = "pagenum">iii</span> +<h3><a name = "preface" id = "preface"> +EXTRACTS FROM THE PREFACES</a><br> +<span class = "smaller">TO THE FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS</span></h3> + +<p><span class = "firstword">The</span> present book has been written in +the hope that it will serve as an elementary introduction to the larger +German works on the subject from which I have appropriated whatever +seemed necessary for the purpose. In the grammar much aid has been +derived from Paul’s <i>Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik</i>, second edition, +Halle, 1884, and Weinhold’s <i>Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik</i>, second +edition, Paderborn, 1883. The former work, besides containing by far the +most complete syntax, is also the only Middle High German Grammar which +is based on the present state of German Philology.... I believe +that the day is not far distant when English students will take a much +more lively interest in the study of their own and the other Germanic +languages (especially German and Old Norse) than has hitherto been the +case. And if this little book should contribute anything towards +furthering the cause, it will have amply fulfilled its purpose.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">London:</span> <i>January, 1888.</i></p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<span class = "firstword">When</span> I wrote the preface to the first +edition of this primer in 1888, I ventured to predict that the +interest of English students in the subject would grow and develop as +time went on, but I hardly expected that it would grow so much that a +second edition of the book would be required within +<span class = "pagenum">iv</span> +so short a period. It has been revised throughout, and several changes +have been made in the phonology, but I have not thought it advisable to +alter the general plan and scope of the former edition. After many years +of personal experience as a teacher and examiner in the older periods of +the German language, I have become firmly convinced that the larger +books on the subject contain too many details for beginners. I feel +sure that the easiest and best way to acquire a thorough knowledge of +Middle High German is to start with an elementary book like the present, +and then to learn the details of the grammar, especially the phonology +of the various dialects, from a more advanced work.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Oxford:</span> <i>December, 1898.</i></p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">v</span> +<h3>PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION</h3> + +<p><span class = "firstword">In</span> the preparation of the new +edition, I have steadily kept in view the class of students for whom the +book was originally written. When the first edition appeared +twenty-eight years ago, there were very few students in this country who +took up the serious study of the older periods of the various Germanic +languages at the Universities. In late years, however, the interest in +the study of these languages has grown so much that Honour Courses and +Examinations in them have been established at all our Universities. The +result is that a book even intended for beginners can now reasonably be +expected to be of a higher standard than the previous editions of this +Primer. The grammatical introduction has accordingly been entirely +rewritten and expanded to more than twice its original size. The texts +have also been nearly doubled by the addition of eighteen poems from +Walther von der Vogelweide, and selections from Reinmar, Ulrich von +Lichtenstein, and Wolfram von Eschenbach.</p> + +<p>The greater part of Middle High German literature is so excellent and +interesting that most students, who have mastered the grammatical +introduction and read the texts in the Primer, will doubtless desire to +continue the subject. Such students should procure a copy of either the +<i>Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik</i> by Hermann Paul, eighth edition, +Halle, 1911, or the <i>Mittelhochdeutsches Elementarbuch</i> by Victor +Michels, second edition, Heidelberg, 1912, where the +<span class = "pagenum">vi</span> +Grammar, especially the phonology and syntax, can be studied in greater +detail. They should also procure a copy of the <i>Mittelhochdeutsches +Taschenwörterbuch</i> by Matthias Lexer, tenth edition, Leipzig, 1910, +and also have access to the two standard Middle High German +dictionaries— <i>Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch mit Benutzung des +Nachlasses von Georg Friedrich Benecke</i>, ausgearbeitet von Wilhelm +Müller und Friedrich Zarncke, drei Bände, Leipzig, 1854-61, and +<i>Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch</i>, von Matthias Lexer, zugleich als +Supplement und alphabetischer Index zum <i>Mittelhochdeutschen +Wörterbuch</i> von Benecke-Müller-Zarncke, drei Bände, Leipzig, 1872-78. +An excellent bibliography of the best editions of the Middle High German +texts— classified according to the dialects in which they were +written— will be found on pp. 20-35 of Michels’ +<i>Elementarbuch</i>.</p> + +<p>May the new edition of the Primer continue to further the study of +the subject in the future to the same extent as it has done in the +past!</p> + +<p class = "right">JOSEPH WRIGHT.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Oxford,</span><br> +<span class = "inset"><i>October, 1916.</i></span></p> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<hr class = "mid"> + +<span class = "pagenum">vii</span> +<h3><a name = "contents" id = "contents">CONTENTS</a></h3> + +<table class = "toc" summary = "table of contents"> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td> +<td class = "right smaller">PAGES</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#intro">INTRODUCTION</a> +</td> +<td class = "number">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapdesc" colspan = "2"> +The classification of the MHG. dialects (<a href = +"#para1">§ 1</a>). +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "chapnum"> +<a href = "#chapI">CHAPTER I</a> +</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2">The Vowels</td> +<td class = "number">2-22</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapdesc" colspan = "2"> +<p>The MHG. alphabet (<a href = "#para2">§ 2</a>). Pronunciation of the +MHG. vowels (<a href = "#para3">§ 3</a>). Phonetic survey of the +MHG. vowel-system (<a href = "#para4">§ 4</a>). The OHG. +equivalents of the MHG. vowels (<a href = "#para5">§ 5</a>). The +characteristic differences between OHG. and MHG. (<a href = +"#para6">§ 6</a>). The weakening of unaccented vowels (<a href = +"#para7">§§ 7-8</a>). The loss of unaccented vowels (<a href = +"#para9">§ 9</a>). Umlaut (<a href = "#para10">§ 10</a>). The +MHG. equivalents of the OHG. vowels (<a href = "#para11">§ 11</a>). +Ablaut (<a href = "#para12">§ 12</a>). Other vowel changes (<a href += "#para13">§§ 13-18</a>).</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "chapnum"> +<a href = "#chapII">CHAPTER II</a> +</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2">The Consonants</td> +<td class = "number">22-35</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapdesc" colspan = "2"> +<p>Pronunciation of the consonants (<a href = "#para19">§§ 19-20</a>). +Phonetic survey of the MHG. consonants (<a href = +"#para21">§ 21</a>). Characteristic differences between High German +and the other West Germanic languages (<a href = +"#para22">§ 22</a>). The High German sound-shifting (<a href = +"#para23">§§ 23-7</a>). The interchange between <b>pf</b>, <b>b</b> and +<b>f</b>; <b>k</b>, <b>g</b> and <b>h</b>; <b>ȥȥ</b>, <b>ȥ</b> and +<b>ss</b>, <b>s</b> (<a href = "#para28">§ 28</a>). The loss of the +guttural nasal <b>ŋ</b> (<a href = "#para29">§ 29</a>). Verner’s +Law (<a href = "#para30">§ 30</a>). The doubling of consonants (<a +href = "#para31">§ 31</a>). The simplification of double consonants +(<a href = "#para32">§ 32</a>). The interchange between the lenes +and the fortes (<a href = "#para33">§ 33</a>). Interchange between +medial <b>h</b> and final <b>ch</b> (<a href = "#para34">§ 34</a>). +Initial and medial <b>j</b> (<a href = "#para35">§ 35</a>). Medial +and final <b>w</b> (<a href = "#para36">§ 36</a>). The loss of +intervocalic <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>g</b> (<a href = +"#para37">§ 37</a>). The loss of intervocalic <b>h</b> (<a href = +"#para38">§ 38</a>). The loss of final <b>r</b> (<a href = +"#para39">§ 39</a>). The change of medial <b>t</b> to <b>d</b> +after nasals and <b>l</b> (<a href = "#para40">§ 40</a>).</p> +</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<td> +<span class = "pagenum">viii</span> +</td> +<td class = "chapnum"> +<a href = "#chapIII">CHAPTER III</a> +</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2">Declension of Nouns</td> +<td class = "number">36-46</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapdesc" colspan = "2"> +<p>Introductory remarks (<a href = "#para41">§ 41</a>).</p> + +<p>A. The vocalic or strong declension:— Masculine nouns (<a href += "#para42">§§ 42-5</a>); Neuter nouns (<a href = +"#para46">§§ 46-7</a>); Feminine nouns (<a href = +"#para48">§§ 48-9</a>).</p> + +<p>B. The weak declension (<a href = "#para50">§§ 50-3</a>).</p> + +<p>C. Declension of proper names (<a href = "#para54">§ 54</a>).</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "chapnum"> +<a href = "#chapIV">CHAPTER IV</a> +</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2">Adjectives</td> +<td class = "number">46-52</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapdesc" colspan = "2"> +<p>A. The declension of adjectives (<a href = "#para55">§§ +55-6</a>).</p> + +<p>B. The comparison of adjectives (<a href = "#para57">§§ +57-9</a>).</p> + +<p>C. The formation of adverbs from adjectives (<a href = "#para60">§§ +60-1</a>).</p> + +<p>D. Numerals (<a href = "#para62">§§ 62-4</a>).</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "chapnum"> +<a href = "#chapV">CHAPTER V</a> +</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2">Pronouns</td> +<td class = "number">53-57</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapdesc" colspan = "2"> +<p>Personal (<a href = "#para65">§ 65</a>). Reflexive (<a href = +"#para66">§ 66</a>). Possessive (<a href = "#para67">§ 67</a>). +Demonstrative (<a href = "#para68">§ 68</a>). Relative (<a href = +"#para69">§ 69</a>). Interrogative (<a href = +"#para70">§ 70</a>). Indefinite (<a href = +"#para71">§ 71</a>).</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "chapnum"> +<a href = "#chapVI">CHAPTER VI</a> +</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2">Verbs</td> +<td class = "number">57-75</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapdesc" colspan = "2"> +<p>Classification of MHG. verbs (<a href = "#para72">§ 72</a>).</p> + +<p>A. Strong verbs:— The conjugation of the model strong verb +<b>nëmen</b> (<a href = "#para73">§§ 73-4</a>). Class I (<a href = +"#para76">§§ 76-7</a>). Class II (<a href = +"#para78">§§ 78-80</a>). Class III (<a href = +"#para81">§ 81</a>). Class IV (<a href = "#para82">§ 82</a>). +Class V (<a href = "#para83">§§ 83-4</a>). Class VI (<a href = +"#para85">§§ 85-6</a>). Class VII (<a href = +"#para87">§ 87</a>).</p> + +<p>B. Weak Verbs:—Classification of MHG. weak verbs (<a href = +"#para88">§§ 88-9</a>). Class I (<a href = +"#para90">§ 90</a>). Class II (<a href = +"#para92">§ 92</a>).</p> + +<p>C. Minor groups.— Preterite-presents (<a href = "#para93">§ +93</a>). Anomalous verbs (<a href = "#para94">§§ 94-8</a>). +Contracted verbs (<a href = "#para99">§ 99</a>).</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<span class = "pagenum">ix</span> +</td> +<td class = "chapnum"> +<a href = "#chapVII">CHAPTER VII</a> +</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2">Syntax</td> +<td class = "number">75-78</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "chapdesc" colspan = "2"> +<p>Cases (<a href = "#para100">§§ 100-2</a>). Adjectives (<a href = +"#para103">§ 103</a>). Pronouns (<a href = "#para104">§ 104</a>). +Verbs (<a href = "#para105">§§ 105-7</a>). Negation (<a href = +"#para108">§ 108</a>).</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "padding"> +<td class = "chapname" colspan = "3"> +<a href = "#texts">TEXTS:—</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "right">I.</td> +<td><a href = "#textI"> +Berthold von Regensburg</a></td> +<td class = "number">79-83</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">II.</td> +<td><a href = "#textII"> +The Swabian Lantrehtbuoch</a></td> +<td class = "number">83-85</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">III.</td> +<td><a href = "#textIII"> +Hartman von Ouwe</a></td> +<td class = "number">86-116</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">IV.</td> +<td><a href = "#textIV"> +Walther von der Vogelweide</a></td> +<td class = "number">116-133</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">V.</td> +<td><a href = "#textV"> +Reinmar</a></td> +<td class = "number">133-139</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">VI.</td> +<td><a href = "#textVI"> +Ulrich von Lichtenstein</a></td> +<td class = "number">140-148</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">VII.</td> +<td><a href = "#textVII"> +Das Nibelungen-Lied</a></td> +<td class = "number">149-158</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">VIII.</td> +<td><a href = "#textVIII"> +Wolfram von Eschenbach</a></td> +<td class = "number">158-168</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "padding"> +<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#textnotes">NOTES</a></td> +<td class = "number">169-171</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "padding"> +<td class = "chapname" colspan = "2"> +<a href = "#glossary">GLOSSARY</a></td> +<td class = "number">172-213</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +</div> + +<div class = "primer"> + +<span class = "pagenum">x</span> +<h4><a name = "abbrev" id = "abbrev"> +ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.</a></h4> + +<table class = "abbr" summary = "list of abbreviations"> +<col> +<col> +<tr> +<td>Goth.</td> +<td>= Gothic</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gr.</td> +<td>= Greek</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>HG.</td> +<td>= High German</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lat.</td> +<td>= Latin</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>MHG.</td> +<td>= Middle High German</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>NHG.</td> +<td>= New High German</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>OE.</td> +<td>= Old English</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>OHG.</td> +<td>= Old High German</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>OS.</td> +<td>= Old Saxon</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>P. Germ.</td> +<td>= Primitive Germanic</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>UF.</td> +<td>= Upper Franconian</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>UG.</td> +<td>= Upper German</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The asterisk * prefixed to a word denotes a theoretical form, as MHG. +<b>wärmen</b> from <b>*warmjan</b>, to warm.</p> + +<p>In representing prehistoric forms the following signs are +used:— +<b>þ</b> (= <b>th</b> in Engl. <b>thin</b>), <b>ð</b> +(= <b>th</b> in Engl. <b>then</b>), <b>ƀ</b> (= a bilabial +spirant, which may be pronounced like the <b>v</b> in Engl. +<b>vine</b>), <b>ʒ</b> (= <b>g</b> often heard in German +<b>sagen</b>), <b>χ</b> (= NHG. <b>ch</b> and the <b>ch</b> in +Scotch <b>loch</b>), <b>ŋ</b> (= <b>n</b> in Engl. +<b>sunk</b>).</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">1</span> +<h3>GRAMMAR</h3> + +<h4><a name = "intro" id = "intro"> +INTRODUCTION</a></h4> + +<p class = "para float"> +<a name = "para1" id = "para1"><b>§ 1.</b></a></p> + +<h5>MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN</h5> + +<p><span class = "firstword">Middle High German</span> (MHG.) embraces +the High German language from about the year 1100 to 1500. It is divided +into three great dialect-groups: Upper German, Franconian, and East +Middle German.</p> + +<p>1. Upper German is divided into: (<i>a</i>) Alemanic, embracing High +Alemanic (Switzerland), and Low Alemanic (South Baden, Swabia, and +Alsace). (<i>b</i>) Bavarian, extending over Bavaria and those parts of +Austria where German is spoken.</p> + +<p>2. Franconian (West Middle German), which is subdivided into Upper +Franconian and Middle Franconian. Upper Franconian consists of East +Franconian (the old duchy of Francia Orientalis) and Rhenish Franconian +(the old province of Francia Rhinensis), Middle Franconian extending +over the district along the banks of the Moselle and of the Rhine from +Coblence to Düsseldorf.</p> + +<p>3. East Middle German, extending over: Thuringia, Upper Saxony, and +Silesia.</p> + +<p>Since it is impossible to deal with all these dialects in an +elementary book like the present, we shall confine ourselves almost +exclusively to Upper German, and shall only deal with that period of +Middle High German which extends from about 1200 to 1300.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">2</span> +<h3>PHONOLOGY</h3> + +<h4><a name = "chapI" id = "chapI">CHAPTER I</a></h4> + +<h5>THE VOWELS</h5> + +<p><a name = "para2" id = "para2"><b>§ 2.</b></a> +MHG. had the following simple vowels and diphthongs:—</p> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms"> +<tr> +<td>Short vowels</td> +<td><b>a</b>, <b>ä</b>, <b>ë</b>,</td> +<td><b>e</b>, <b>i</b>, <b>o</b>, <b>u</b>, <b>ö</b>, <b>ü</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Long vowels</td> +<td><b>ā</b>, <b>æ</b>,</td> +<td><b>ē</b>, <b>ī</b>, <b>ō</b>, <b>ū</b>, <b>œ</b>, <b>iu</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Diphthongs</td> +<td></td> +<td><b>ei</b>, <b>ie</b>, <b>ou</b>, <b>uo</b>, <b>öu (eu), üe</b>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para2n" id = "para2n"><span class = +"smallcaps">Note.</span></a>— +<b>ë</b> represents primitive Germanic <b>e</b> (= Gr. <span class += "greek" title = "(epsilon)">ε</span>, Lat. <b>e</b>, as in Gr. <span +class = "greek" title = "deka">δέκα</span>, Lat. <b>decem</b>, MHG. +<b>zëhen</b>, <i>ten</i>) and is generally written <b>ë</b> in Old and +Middle High German grammars, in order to distinguish it from the OHG. +umlaut<b>-e</b> (<a href = "#para10">§ <b>10</b></a>). The former +was an open sound like the <b>e</b> in English <b>bed</b>, whereas the +latter was a close sound like the <b>é</b> in French <b>été</b>. +<b>ä</b> was a very open sound nearly like the <b>a</b> in English +<b>hat</b>, and arose in MHG. from the <b>i-</b>umlaut of <b>a</b> (<a +href = "#para10">§ <b>10</b></a>). Good MHG. poets do not rhyme +Germanic <b>ë</b> with the umlaut<b>-e</b>, and the distinction between +the two sounds is still preserved in many NHG. dialects. In like manner +the modern Bavarian and Austrian dialects still distinguish between +<b>ä</b> and <b>ë</b>. In the MHG. period <b>ä</b>, <b>ë</b>, and +<b>e</b> were kept apart in Bavarian, but in Alemanic and Middle German +<b>ä</b> and <b>ë</b> seem to have fallen together in <b>ë</b> or +possibly <b>ä</b>, as the two sounds frequently rhyme with each other in +good poets. MHG. texts do not always preserve in writing the distinction +between the old umlaut-<b>e</b> and the MHG. umlaut<b>-ä</b>, both being +often written <b>e</b> in the same text.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">3</span> +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Pronunciation of the Vowels.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para3" id = "para3"><b>§ 3.</b></a> +The approximate pronunciation of the above vowels and diphthongs was as +follows:—</p> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms"> +<col> +<col> +<col class = "padding"> +<tr> +<td><b>a</b> as in </td> +<td>NHG. m<i>a</i>nn</td> +<td><b>man</b>, <i>man</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ā</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td> +<td>Engl. f<i>a</i>ther</td> +<td><b>hāt</b>, <i>has</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ä</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td> +<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>m<i>a</i>n</td> +<td><b>mähte</b>, <i>powers</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>æ</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td> +<td><span class = "spread2">„</span><i>ai</i>r</td> +<td><b>lære</b>, <i>empty</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ë</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td> +<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>m<i>e</i>n</td> +<td><b>hëlfen</b>, <i>to help</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>e</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td> +<td>Fr. <i>é</i>t<i>é</i></td> +<td><b>geste</b>, <i>guests</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ē</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td> +<td>NHG. r<i>e</i>h</td> +<td><b>sē</b>, <i>sea</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>i</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td> +<td>Engl. b<i>i</i>t</td> +<td><b>biten</b>, <i>to beg</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ī</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td> +<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>w<i>ee</i>n</td> +<td><b>wīn</b>, <i>wine</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>o</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td> +<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>p<i>o</i>t</td> +<td><b>golt</b>, <i>gold</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ō</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td> +<td>NHG. t<i>o</i>t</td> +<td><b>tōt</b>, <i>dead</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>u</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td> +<td>Engl. p<i>u</i>t</td> +<td><b>guldīn</b>, <i>golden</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ū</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td> +<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>f<i>oo</i><ins class = "correction" +title = "printed italic">l </ins></td> +<td><b>hūs</b>, <i>house</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ö</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td> +<td>NHG. l<i>ö</i>cher</td> +<td><b>löcher</b>, <i>holes</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>œ</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td> +<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>sch<i>ö</i>n</td> +<td><b>schœne</b>, <i>beautiful</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ü</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td> +<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>f<i>ü</i>llen</td> +<td><b>vüllen</b>, <i>to fill</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>iu</b><span class = "spread1">„„</span></td> +<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>m<i>ü</i>de</td> +<td><b>hiuser</b>, <i>houses</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ei</b> </td> +<td>= <b>e</b> + <b>i</b></td> +<td><b>stein</b>, <i>stone</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ie</b> </td> +<td>= <b>i</b> + <b>e</b></td> +<td><b>knie</b>, <i>knee</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ou</b> </td> +<td>= <b>o</b> + <b>u</b></td> +<td><b>ouge</b>, <i>eye</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>öu</b> (<b>eu</b>) </td> +<td>= <b>ö</b> <i>or</i> <b>e</b> + <b>ü</b></td> +<td><b>dröuwen</b>, <i>to threaten</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>üe</b> </td> +<td>= <b>ü</b> + <b>e</b></td> +<td><b>grüeȥen</b>, <i>to greet</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>uo</b> </td> +<td>= <b>u</b> + <b>o</b></td> +<td><b>bruoder</b>, <i>brother</i>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>To the above list should be added the MHG. <b>e</b> in unaccented +syllables, which mostly arose from the weakening of the OHG. full +vowels, as OHG. <b>zunga</b>, <i>tongue</i>, <b>hirti</b>, +<i>shepherd</i>, <b>namo</b>, <i>name</i>, <b>fridu</b>, <i>peace</i> = +MHG. <b>zunge</b>, <b>hirte</b>, <b>name</b>, <b>fride</b>; OHG. +<b>habēn</b>, <i>to have</i>, <b>scōnī</b>, <i>beauty</i>, +<b>salbōn</b>, <i>to anoint</i>, <b>zungūn</b>, <i>tongues</i> = MHG. +<b>haben</b>, <b>schœne</b>, <b>salben</b>, <b>zungen</b>. The <b>e</b> +in this position was pronounced like the <b>-e</b> in NHG. <b>zunge</b>, +<b>name</b>, <b>friede</b>, &c.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">4</span> +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Phonetic Survey of the MHG. Vowel-system.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para4" id = "para4"><b>§ 4.</b></a></p> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms"> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt"> +Palatal</td> +<td> +<p>Short <b>ä</b>, <b>ë</b>, <b>e</b>, <b>i</b>, +<b>ö</b>, <b>ü</b>.</p> +<p>Long <b>æ</b>, <b>ē</b>, <b>ī</b>, <b>œ</b>, <b>iu</b> +(= <b>ü</b>).</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt"> +Guttural</td> +<td> +<p>Short <b>a</b>, <b>o</b>, <b>u</b>.</p> +<p>Long <b>ā</b>, <b>ō</b>, <b>ū</b>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">The OHG. Equivalents of the MHG. Vowels.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para5" id = "para5"><b>§ 5.</b></a> +The following are the OHG. equivalents of the MHG. short vowels, long +vowels and diphthongs of accented syllables:—</p> + +<p class = "space"> +1. The short vowels <b>a</b>, <b>ë</b>, <b>e</b>, <b>i</b>, <b>o</b>, +<b>u</b> = the corresponding OHG. short vowels, as <b>tac</b>, +<i>day</i>, <b>gast</b>, <i>guest</i>, <b>bant</b>, <i>he bound</i>, +<b>gap</b>, <i>he gave</i> = OHG. <b>tag</b>, <b>gast</b>, +<b>bant</b>, <b>gab</b>.</p> + +<p><b>wëc</b>, <i>way</i>, <b>nëmen</b>, <i>to take</i>, <b>zëhen</b>, +<i>ten</i> = OHG. <b>wëg</b>, <b>nëman</b>, <b>zëhan</b>.</p> + +<p><b>geste</b>, <i>guests</i>, <b>lember</b>, <i>lambs</i>, +<b>vert</b>, <i>he goes</i> = OHG. <b>gesti</b>, <b>lembir</b>, +<b>ferit</b>.</p> + +<p><b>wiȥȥen</b>, <i>to know</i>, <b>hilfe</b>, <i>I help</i>, +<b>visch</b>, <i>fish</i> = OHG. <b>wiȥȥan</b>, <b>hilfu</b>, +<b>fisk</b>.</p> + +<p><b>got</b>, <i>God</i>, <b>wol</b>, <i>well</i>, <b>geholfen</b>, +<i>helped</i> = OHG. <b>got</b>, <b>wola</b>, <b>giholfan</b>.</p> + +<p><b>sun</b>, <i>son</i>, <b>wurm</b>, <i>worm</i>, <b>gebunden</b>, +<i>bound</i> = OHG. <b>sunu</b>, <b>wurm</b>, <b>gibuntan</b>.</p> + +<p><b>ä</b> is the umlaut of <b>a</b> before certain consonant +combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG., as +<b>mähte</b>, <i>powers</i>, <b>hältet</b>, <i>he holds</i>, +<b>wärmen</b>, <i>to warm</i> = OHG. <b>mahti</b>, <b>haltit</b>, +<b>warmen from *warmjan</b> (<a href = "#para10">§ <b>10</b></a>). +It also occurs in derivatives ending in <b>-līch</b> and <b>-līn</b>, as +<b>mänlīch</b>, <i>manly</i>, <b>tägelīch</b>, <i>daily</i>, +<b>väterlīn</b>, dim. of <b>vater</b>, <i>father</i>; and in words which +originally had an <b>i</b> in the third syllable, the vowel of the +second syllable having become <b>i</b> by assimilation, as +<b>mägede</b>, <i>maids</i>, <b>zäher(e)</b>, <i>tears</i> = OHG. +<b>magadi</b>, <b>zahari</b>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">5</span> +<p><b>ö</b> is the umlaut of OHG. <b>o</b>, as <b>löcher</b>, +<i>holes</i>, <b>möhte</b>, <i>I might</i> = OHG. <b>lohhir</b>, +<b>mohti</b>; <b>götinne</b>, <i>goddess</i>, beside +<b>got</b>, <i>God</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ü</b> is the umlaut of OHG. <b>u</b>, as <b>dünne</b>, +<i>thin</i>, <b>süne</b>, <i>sons</i>, <b>züge</b>, <i>I might draw</i> += OHG. <b>dunni</b>, <b>suni</b>, <b>zugi</b>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +2. The long vowels <b>ā</b>, <b>ē</b>, <b>ī</b>, <b>ō</b>, <b>ū</b> = +the corresponding OHG. long vowels, as <b>sāt</b>, <i>seed</i>, +<b>slāfen</b>, <i>to sleep</i>, <b>nāmen</b>, <i>we took</i>, +<b>dāhte</b>, <i>he thought</i> = OHG. <b>sāt</b>, <b>slāfan</b>, +<b>nāmum</b>, <b>dāhta</b>.</p> + +<p><b>sēle</b>, <i>soul</i>, <b>mēre</b>, <i>more</i>, <b>lēren</b>, +<i>to teach</i> = OHG. <b>sēla</b>, <b>mēro</b>, <b>lēren</b>.</p> + +<p><b>wīp</b>, <i>wife</i>, <b>sīn</b>, <i>his</i>, <b>bīȥen</b>, <i>to +bite</i> = OHG. <b>wīb</b>, <b>sīn</b>, <b>bīȥan</b>.</p> + +<p><b>ōre</b>, <i>ear</i>, <b>tōt</b>, <i>death</i>, <b>kōs</b>, <i>I +chose</i> = OHG. <b>ōra</b>, <b>tōd</b>, <b>kōs</b>.</p> + +<p><b>hūs</b>, <i>house</i>, <b>tūsent</b>, <i>thousand</i>, +<b>dūhte</b>, <i>it seemed</i> = OHG. <b>hūs</b>, <b>dūsunt</b>, +<b>dūhta</b>.</p> + +<p><b>æ</b> is the umlaut of OHG. <b>ā</b>, as <b>lære</b>, +<i>empty</i>, <b>næme</b>, <i>thou tookest</i> = OHG. <b>lāri</b>, +<b>nāmi</b>.</p> + +<p><b>œ</b> is the umlaut of OHG. <b>ō</b>, as <b>schœne</b>, +<i>beautiful</i>, <b>hœher</b>, <i>higher</i>, <b>hœren</b>, <i>to +hear</i> = OHG. <b>scōni</b>, <b>hōhiro</b>, <b>hōren</b> from +<b>*hōrjan</b> older <b>*hausjan</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>iu</b> = (1) OHG. <b>iu</b> (diphthong), as <b>liute</b>, +<i>people</i>, <b>kiuset</b>, <i>he chooses</i> = OHG. <b>liuti</b>, +<b>kiusit</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<span class = "invisible"><b>iu</b></span> += (2) the umlaut of OHG. <b>ū</b>, as <b>hiuser</b>, <i>houses</i>, +<b>briute</b>, <i>brides</i> = OHG. <b>hūsir</b>, <b>brūti</b>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +3. The diphthongs <b>ei</b>, <b>ou</b>, <b>uo</b> = the corresponding +OHG. diphthongs, as <b>bein</b>, <i>bone</i>, <b>leiten</b>, <i>to +lead</i>, <b>schreip</b>, <i>I wrote</i> = OHG. <b>bein</b>, +<b>leiten</b>, <b>screib</b>.</p> + +<p><b>ouge</b>, <i>eye</i>, <b>houbet</b>, <i>head</i>, <b>bouc</b>, +<i>I bent</i> = OHG. <b>ouga</b>, <b>houbit</b>, <b>boug</b>.</p> + +<p><b>bruoder</b>, <i>brother</i>, <b>stuont</b>, <i>I stood</i>, +<b>vuor</b>, <i>I went</i> = OHG. <b>bruoder</b>, <b>stuont</b>, +<b>fuor</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>ie</b> = (1) OHG. <b>ie</b> (diphthong) older <b>ia</b>, <b>ea</b>, +<b>ē</b> (Germanic <b>ē</b>), as <b>hier</b>, <i>here</i>, <b>miete</b>, +<i>pay, reward</i>, <b>gienc</b>, <i>I went</i> = OHG. <b>hier</b>, +<b>mieta</b>, <b>gieng</b>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">6</span> +<p class = "deephang"> +<span class = "invisible"><b>ie</b></span> += (2) OHG. <b>io</b> (Germanic <b>eu</b>), as <b>bieten</b>, <i>to +offer</i>, <b>liep</b>, <i>dear</i> = OHG. <b>biotan</b>, +<b>liob</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<span class = "invisible"><b>ie</b></span> += (3) the OHG. <b>io</b> which occurs in the preterite of the old +reduplicated verbs whose presents have <b>ou</b>, <b>ō</b>, <b>uo</b> +(<a href = "#para87">§ <b>87</b></a>), as inf. <b>loufen</b>, <i>to +run</i>, <b>stōȥen</b>, <i>to push</i>, <b>ruofen</b>, <i>to call</i>, +preterite <b>lief</b>, <b>stieȥ</b>, <b>rief</b> = OHG. <b>liof</b>, +<b>stioȥ</b>, <b>riof</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<span class = "invisible"><b>ie</b></span> += (4) Upper German <b>iu</b> (OHG. <b>io</b>) before labials and +gutturals, as <b>liup</b>, <i>dear</i>, <b>tiuf</b>, <i>deep</i>, +<b>siuch</b>, <i>sick</i>, <b>liugen</b>, <i>to tell a lie</i> = +<b>liep</b>, <b>tief</b>, <b>siech</b>, <b>liegen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>öu</b> (<b>eu</b>) is the umlaut of OHG. <b>ou</b>, as +<b>löuber</b>, <i>leaves</i>, <b>löufel</b>, <i>runner</i> = OHG. +<b>loubir</b>, <b>loufil</b>.</p> + +<p><b>üe</b> is the umlaut of OHG. <b>uo</b>, as <b>grüene</b>, +<i>green</i>, <b>güete</b>, <i>goodness</i>, <b>vüere</b>, <i>thou didst +go</i> = OHG. <b>gruoni</b>, <b>guotī</b>, <b>fuori</b>.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Unaccented Vowels and Umlaut.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para6" id = "para6"><b>§ 6.</b></a> +The two most characteristic differences between OHG. and MHG. are: (1) +the spread of umlaut (<a href = "#para10">§ <b>10</b></a>); (2) the +weakening and partial loss of vowels in unaccented syllables.</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">1. The Weakening of Unaccented Vowels.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para7" id = "para7"><b>§ 7.</b></a> +The short vowels <b>a</b>, <b>i</b>, <b>o</b>, <b>u</b>, and the long +vowels <b>ē</b>, <b>ī</b>, <b>ō</b>, <b>ū</b> were weakened to <b>e</b>. +This <b>e</b> was pronounced like the final <b>-e</b> in NHG. +<b>leute</b>, see <a href = "#para3">§ <b>3</b></a>. Examples +are:—</p> + +<p><b>gëba</b>, <i>gift</i>, <b>hërza</b>, <i>heart</i>, <b>zunga</b>, +<i>tongue</i>, <b>taga</b>, <i>days</i> = MHG. <b>gëbe</b>, +<b>hërze</b>, <b>zunge</b>, <b>tage</b>; <b>heilag</b>, <i>holy</i>, +neut. <b>blindaȥ</b>, <i>blind</i>, <b>nëman</b>, <i>to take</i> = MHG. +<b>heilec</b>, <b>blindeȥ</b>, <b>nëmen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>kunni</b>, <i>race, generation</i>, <b>gesti</b>, <i>guests</i> = +MHG. <b>künne</b>, <b>geste</b>; <b>kuning</b>, <i>king</i>, +<b>beȥȥisto</b>, <i>best</i>, dat. pl. <b>gestim</b>, <i>to</i> +<span class = "pagenum">7</span> +<i>guests</i>, gen. pl. <b>lembiro</b>, <i>of lambs</i>, <b>nimit</b>, +<i>he takes</i> = MHG. <b>künec</b>, <b>beȥȥest</b> (<b>beste</b>), +<b>gesten</b>, <b>lember(e)</b>, <b>nimet</b>.</p> + +<p><b>haso</b>, <i>hare</i>, nom. acc. pl. fem. <b>blinto</b>, +<i>blind</i>, gen. pl. <b>tago</b>, <i>of days</i> = MHG. <b>hase</b>, +<b>blinde</b>, <b>tage</b>; acc. sing. <b>hason</b>, <i>hare</i> = MHG. +<b>hasen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>fridu</b>, <i>peace</i>, dat. sing. <b>gëbu</b>, <i>to a gift</i>, +<b>nimu</b>, <i>I take</i> = MHG. <b>fride</b>, <b>gëbe</b>, +<b>nime</b>; dat. pl. <b>tagum</b>, <i>to days</i>, <b>nāmum</b>, <i>we +took</i> = MHG. <b>tagen</b>, <b>nāmen</b>.</p> + +<p>Nom. sing. masc. <b>blintēr</b>, <i>blind</i>, <b>unsēr</b>, +<i>our</i>, <b>habēn</b>, <i>to have</i>, <b>nëmēm</b>, <i>we may +take</i> = MHG. <b>blinder</b>, <b>unser</b>, <b>haben</b>, +<b>nëmen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>scōnī</b>, <i>beauty</i> = MHG. <b>schœne</b>; <b>sālīg</b>, +<i>blessed</i>, <b>nāmīm</b>, <i>we might take</i> = MHG. <b>sælec</b>, +<b>næmen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>salbōn</b>, <i>to anoint</i>, <b>suohtōs(t)</b>, <i>thou +soughtest</i>, dat. pl. <b>gëbōm</b>, <b>hërzōm</b> = MHG. +<b>salben</b>, <b>suohtes(t)</b>, <b>gëben</b>, <b>hërzen</b>.</p> + +<p>Gen. dat. acc. sing., nom. acc. pl. <b>zungūn</b> = MHG. +<b>zungen</b>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para8" id = "para8"><b>§ 8.</b></a> +The vowel in suffixal and derivative syllables was generally weakened to +<b>e</b> just as in the inflexional syllables, but in some suffixal and +derivative syllables which had a secondary accent the vowel was not +weakened to <b>e</b>. This was especially the case with derivatives in +<b>-ære</b> (denoting nomina agentis), <b>-inne</b>, <b>-inc</b> +(<b>-ing</b>), <b>linc</b> (<b>-ling</b>), diminutives in <b>-īn</b> and +<b>-līn</b>, abstract nouns in <b>-nisse</b> (<b>-nusse</b>, +<b>-nüsse</b>), <b>-unge</b>. In others the vowel fluctuated between the +full vowel and <b>e</b>, as in <b>-isch</b> beside <b>-esch</b>; +<b>-ic</b> (= OHG. <b>-ag</b>, and <b>-ī̆g</b>) beside <b>-ec</b>; +superlative of adjectives <b>-ist</b> (= OHG. <b>-ist</b>) beside +<b>-est</b> (= OHG. <b>-ōst</b>); <b>-sal</b> beside <b>-sel</b>. +Beside the full forms <b>-līch</b>, <b>-rīch</b> occurred the shortened +forms <b>-lich</b>, <b>-rich</b>.</p> + +<p>The OHG. endings of the present participle <b>-anti</b>, +<b>-enti</b>, <b>-ōnti</b>, <b>ēnti</b> regularly became <b>-ende</b>, +but <b>-ant</b> occurs in a few old participles which had become nouns, +as <b>heilant</b>, <i>Saviour</i>, <b>wīgant</b>, <i>warrior</i>, +<b>vīant</b> beside <b>vīent</b> (<b>vīnt</b>), <i>fiend</i>, +<span class = "pagenum">8</span> +<i>enemy</i>. Examples are: <b>gartenære</b>, <i>gardener</i>, +<b>schepfære</b>, <i>creator</i>, <b>schrībære</b>, <i>scribe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>küneginne</b>, <i>queen</i>, <b>vriundinne</b>, <i>female +friend</i>, <b>wirtinne</b>, <i>mistress</i>.</p> + +<p><b>edelinc</b>, <i>son of a nobleman</i>, <b>hendelinc</b>, +<i>glove</i>, <b>vingerlinc</b>, <i>ring</i>; <b>müedinc</b>, <i>unhappy +man</i>.</p> + +<p><b>magedīn</b>, <i>little girl</i>, <b>vingerīn</b>, <i>ring</i>; +<b>kindelīn</b>, <i>little child</i>, <b>vogelīn</b>, <i>little +bird</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hindernisse</b>, <i>hindrance</i>, <b>verdërbnisse</b>, +<i>destruction</i>, <b>vinsternisse</b>, <i>darkness</i>, +<b>vancnüsse</b>, <i>captivity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>beȥȥerunge</b>, <i>improvement</i>, <b>handelunge</b>, +<i>action</i>, <b>mëldunge</b>, <i>announcement</i>.</p> + +<p><b>himelisch</b>, <i>heavenly</i>, <b>irdisch</b>, <i>earthly</i>, +<b>kindisch</b>, <i>childish</i>, beside <b>-esch</b>.</p> + +<p><b>heilic</b> (OHG. <b>heilag</b>), <i>holy</i>, <b>honic</b> (OHG. +<b>honag</b>, <b>honig</b>), <i>honey</i>, <b>künic</b> (OHG. +<b>cuning</b>, <b>cunig</b>), <i>king</i>, <b>manic</b> (OHG. +<b>manag</b>), <i>many a</i>, <b>sælic</b> (OHG. <b>sālīg</b>), +<i>blessed</i>, beside <b>-ec</b>.</p> + +<p><b>oberist</b> beside <b>oberest</b>, <i>highest</i>.</p> + +<p><b>kumbersal</b>, <i>distress</i>, <b>trüebsal</b>, <i>gloom</i>, +<b>wëhsal</b> beside <b>wëhsel</b>, <i>change</i>.</p> + +<p><b>bitterlīch</b>, <i>bitterly</i>, <b>sicherlīch</b>, <i>surely</i>, +<b>wīslīch</b>, <i>wisely</i>, beside <b>-lich</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Dietrīch</b>, <b>Heinrīch</b>, beside <b>-rich</b>.</p> + +<p>The OHG. pronominal ending of the nom. sing. fem. and the nom. acc. +pl. neuter remained unweakened, as OHG. <b>blintiu</b> = MHG. +<b>blindiu</b> (<a href = "#para55">§ <b>55</b></a>).</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">2. The Loss of Unaccented Vowels.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para9" id = "para9"><b>§ 9.</b></a> +The weakened <b>e</b> regularly disappeared:—</p> + +<p><a name = "para9_1" id = "para9_1">1.</a> +After <b>l</b> and <b>r</b> in dissyllables with short stems, as +<b>ar</b>, older <b>are</b> (OHG. <b>aro</b>), <i>eagle</i>, acc. gen. +dat. <b>arn</b>, beside <b>name</b>, <i>name</i>, <b>namen</b>; +<b>wol</b>, older <b>wole</b> (OHG. <b>wola</b>), <i>well</i>; +<b>gar</b> (OHG. <b>garo</b>), <i>ready</i>, <b>milch</b> (OHG. +<b>milih</b>), <i>milk</i>, <b>zal</b> (OHG. <b>zala</b>), +<i>number</i>; <b>kil</b>, <i>quill</i>, gen. <b>kil(e)s</b>, dat. +<b>kil</b>, +<span class = "pagenum">9</span> +pl. nom. acc. <b>kil</b>, dat. <b>kil(e)n</b>, beside <b>tac</b>, +<i>day</i>, gen. <b>tages</b>, dat. <b>tage</b>, pl. nom. acc. +<b>tage</b>, dat. <b>tagen</b>; <b>bërn</b>, <i>to bear</i>, +<b>stëln</b>, <i>to steal</i>, <b>nern</b>, <i>to rescue</i>, pres. +sing. <b>stil</b>, <b>stils(t)</b>, <b>stilt; ner, ners(t), nert</b>, +beside <b>hœren</b>, <i>to hear</i>, pres. sing. <b>hœre</b>, +<b>hœres(t)</b>, <b>hœret</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "para9_2" id = "para9_2">2.</a> +After liquids and nasals in trisyllabic and polysyllabic forms with long +stems, as <b>sælde</b> (OHG. <b>sālida</b>), <i>blessedness</i>, +<b>hērsen</b>, <b>hërsen</b> (OHG. <b>hērisōn</b>), <i>to rule</i>, +<b>zierde</b> (OHG. <b>ziarida</b>), <i>adornment</i>, <b>wandelte</b> +(OHG. <b>wantalōta</b>), <i>I wandered</i>, <b>zwīfeln</b> (OHG. +<b>zwīfalōn</b>), <i>to doubt</i>, <b>wundern</b> (OHG. +<b>wuntarōn</b>), <i>to wonder</i>, <b>schœnste</b> (OHG. +<b>scōnisto</b>), <i>most beautiful</i>, <b>diente</b>, <b>diende</b> +(OHG. <b>dionōta</b>), <i>I served</i>; <b>dienest</b>, <i>service</i>, +gen. <b>dienstes</b>; <b>engel</b>, <i>angel</i>, gen. <b>engel(e)s</b>, +dat. <b>engel(e)</b>, pl. nom. acc. gen. <b>engel(e)</b>, dat. +<b>engel(e)n</b>, and similarly with words like <b>acker</b>, +<i>acre</i>, <b>lūter</b>, <i>clear</i>, <b>buosem</b>, <i>bosom</i>, +<b>heiden</b>, <i>heathen</i>; <b>grœȥer</b> (OHG. <b>grōȥiro</b>), +<i>greater</i>, fem. dat. sing. <b>grœȥer</b> (OHG. <b>grōȥiru</b>); +dat. sing. <b>blindem(e)</b>, <i>blind</i>, <b>guotem(e)</b>, +<i>good</i> = OHG. <b>blintemu</b>, <b>guotemu</b>; gen. pl. +<b>blinder(e)</b> = OHG. <b>blintero</b>. After the analogy of forms +with long stems it was also dropped in forms with short stems, as pl. +<b>nagel</b>, <i>nails</i>, <b>vogel</b>, <i>birds</i>, beside +<b>nagele</b>, <b>vogele</b>; <b>wider</b> beside <b>widere</b> (OHG. +<b>widaro</b>), <i>wether</i>, dat. sing. <b>disem(e)</b>, <i>this</i>, +<b>vadem(e)</b>, <i>thread</i>, gen. <b>vadem(e)s</b>.</p> + +<p>There was however a strong tendency in MHG. for the medial vowel to +disappear in trisyllabic forms with long stems irrespectively as to +whether they contained a liquid or a nasal, as <b>market</b>, +<i>market</i>, gen. <b>marktes</b>; <b>rīchsen</b> (OHG. +<b>rīchisōn</b>), <i>to rule</i>, <b>ahte</b> (OHG. <b>ahtōta)</b>, +<i>he observed</i>, <b>wartte</b>, <b>warte</b> (OHG. <b>wartēta</b>), +<i>he waited</i>, <b>vrāgte</b> beside <b>vrāgete</b> (OHG. +<b>frāgēta</b>), <i>he asked</i>, <b>dancte</b> beside <b>dankete</b> +(OHG. <b>dankōta</b>), <i>he thanked</i>. See <a href = +"#para92">§ <b>92</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "para9_3" id = "para9_3">3.</a> +In the medial syllable of trisyllabic forms with long stems having +liquids or nasals in successive syllables, as <b>dīme</b> beside +<b>dīneme</b> (OHG. <b>dīnemu</b>), dat. of <b>dīn</b>, <i>thy</i>; +<span class = "pagenum">10</span> +<b>eime</b> beside <b>ein(e)me</b> (OHG. <b>einemu</b>), dat. of +<b>ein</b>, <i>one</i>; <b>hērre</b>, <b>hërre</b> (OHG. <b>hēriro</b>), +<i>master</i>; <b>minre</b> beside <b>minner(e)</b> (OHG. +<b>minniro</b>), <i>less</i>; <b>tiurre</b> (OHG. <b>tiuriro</b>), +<i>dearer</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "para9_4" id = "para9_4">4.</a> +Finally after a nasal, and medially after a nasal before a following +<b>t</b>, in forms with short stems, as <b>han(e)</b>, <i>cock</i>, +<b>nam(e)</b>, <i>name</i>, <b>sun</b> (OHG. <b>sun</b>, <b>sunu</b>), +<i>son</i>, <b>won(e)</b>, <i>I dwell</i>; <b>man(e)t</b>, <i>he +admonishes</i>, <b>won(e)t</b>, <i>he dwells</i>, <b>scham(e)t</b>, +<i>he shames</i>, <b>nim(e)t</b>, <i>he takes</i>, <b>nëm(e)t</b>, <i>ye +take</i>; pret. <b>won(e)te</b>, <b>scham(e)te</b>. In these and similar +forms the <b>e</b> was often restored through the influence of forms +which regularly preserved the <b>e</b>.</p> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para9_4n" id = "para9_4n"><span class = +"smallcaps">Note.</span></a>— +The <b>e</b>, when not preceded by a nasal, was sometimes dropped in +verbal forms ending in <b>t</b>. This was especially the case in +<b>wirst</b>, <b>wirt</b> older <b>wirdes(t)</b>, <b>wirdet</b>; +<b>siht</b>, <i>he sees</i>, <b>sëht</b>, <i>ye see</i>, older +<b>sihet</b>, <b>sëhet</b>; and often in forms like <b>gilt</b>, +<b>vint</b>, <b>spricht</b>, <b>sticht</b> beside <b>giltet</b>, +<b>vindet</b>, <b>sprichet</b>, <b>stichet</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "para9_5" id = "para9_5">5.</a> +The superlative of adjectives often has double forms, the one with the +loss of the medial <b>e</b>, and the other with the loss of the final +<b>e</b>, as <b>beste</b>, <i>best</i>, <b>ērste</b>, <i>first</i>, +<b>grœste</b>, <i>greatest</i>, <b>leste</b>, <i>last</i>, +<b>min(ne)ste</b>, <i>least</i>, <b>wir(se)ste</b>, <i>worst</i>, beside +<b>beȥȥest(e)</b>, <b>ērest(e)</b>, <b>grœȥest(e)</b>, +<b>leȥȥest(e)</b>, <b>minnest(e)</b>, <b>wirsest(e)</b>, OHG. +<b>beȥȥisto</b>, <b>ēristo</b>, <b>grōȥisto</b>, <b>leȥȥisto</b>, +<b>minnisto</b>, <b>wirsisto</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "para9_6" id = "para9_6">6.</a> +In the unstressed forms of dissyllables, as adv. <b>ane</b>, <b>abe</b>, +<b>mite</b>, <b>obe</b> beside the prepositions <b>an</b>, <i>on</i>, +<b>ab</b>, <i>of</i>, <b>mit</b>, <i>with</i>, <b>ob</b>, <i>over</i>; +dat. sing. <b>dëme</b>, <b>wëme</b>, <b>ime</b>, beside <b>dëm</b>, +<b>wëm</b>, <b>im</b>; <b>unde</b>, <i>and</i>, <b>wande</b>, +<i>for</i>, <i>because</i>, beside <b>und</b> (<b>unt</b>), +<b>wan(d)</b>; <b>hërre</b>, <b>vrouwe</b>, beside <b>hër</b>, +<b>vrou</b> before proper names and titles.</p> + +<p><a name = "para9_7" id = "para9_7">7.</a> +The <b>e</b> in the unaccented verbal prefixes <b>be-</b>, <b>ge-</b> +often disappeared before <b>l</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>r</b>, as <b>blīben</b>, +<i>to remain</i>, <b>glīch</b>, <i>like</i>, <b>glit</b>, <i>member</i>, +<b>glouben</b>, <i>to believe</i>, <b>gnāde</b>, <i>favour</i>, +<b>gnanne</b>, <i>namesake</i>, <b>gnuoge</b>, <i>many</i>, +<b>grade</b>, <i>quick</i>, <b>grëch</b>, <i>straight</i>, +<span class = "pagenum">11</span> +beside <b>belīben</b>, <b>gelīch</b>, <b>gelit</b>, <b>gelouben</b>, +<b>genāde</b>, <b>genanne</b>, <b>genuoge</b>, <b>gerade</b>, +<b>gerëch</b>; it disappeared before vowels during the OHG. period, as +<b>bange</b>, <i>anxious</i>: <b>ange</b>, <i>anxiously</i>, +<b>gëȥȥan</b> p.p. of <b>ëȥȥan</b>, <i>to eat</i>, <b>gunnan</b>, MHG. +<b>gunnen</b>, <b>günnen</b>, <i>to grant</i>.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">3. Umlaut.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para10" id = "para10"><b>§ 10.</b></a> +By umlaut is meant the modification (palatalization) of an accented +vowel through the influence of an <b>ī̆</b> or <b>j</b> which originally +stood in the following syllable. The only vowel which underwent this +change in OHG. was <b>a</b>, which became close <b>e</b> (<a href = +"#para2n">§ <b>2</b>, note</a>).</p> + +<p>The change is first met with in OHG. monuments about the middle of +the eighth century. In the ninth century the process was practically +complete except when the <b>a</b> was followed by certain consonant +combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place. These consonant +combinations were:—</p> + +<p><a name = "para10_1" id = "para10_1">1.</a> +<b>ht</b>, <b>hs</b>, or consonant + <b>w</b>, as <b>maht</b>, +<i>power</i>, pl. <b>mahti; wahsit</b>, <i>he grows</i>, inf. +<b>wahsan</b>; <b>bi-scatwen</b> from <b>*-scatwjan</b>, <i>to +shade</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "para10_2" id = "para10_2">2.</a> +In Upper German before <b>l</b> + consonant, before <b>hh</b>, <b>ch</b> +(= Germanic <b>k</b>), and often before <b>r</b> + consonant, and +before <b>h</b> (= Germanic <b>h</b>), as Upper German +<b>haltit</b> beside Upper Franconian <b>heltit</b>, <i>he holds</i>, +inf. <b>haltan</b>; UG. <b>altiro</b> beside UF. <b>eltiro</b>, +<i>older</i>; UG. <b>sachit</b> beside UF. <b>sehhit</b>, <i>he +quarrels</i>, inf. <b>sachan</b>, Goth. <b>sakan</b>; UG. <b>warmen</b> +beside <b>wermen</b>, Goth. <b>warmjan</b>, <i>to warm</i>; UG. +<b>slahit</b> beside <b>slehit</b>, <i>he strikes</i>, inf. OHG. +<b>slahan</b>, Goth. <b>slahan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "para10_3" id = "para10_3">3.</a> +In words ending in <b>-nissi, -nissa</b>, or <b>-līh</b>, as +<b>firstantnissi</b>, <i>understanding</i>; <b>infancnissa</b>, +<i>assumption</i>; <b>kraftlīh</b>, <i>strong</i>; <b>tagalīh</b>, +<i>daily</i>.</p> + +<p>Umlaut must have taken place earlier in the spoken language than it +is expressed in late OHG. and early +<span class = "pagenum">12</span> +MHG. manuscripts, because the <b>ī̆</b> which caused the umlaut was +weakened to <b>e</b> in MHG. (<a href = "#para7">§ <b>7</b></a>) +and <b>j</b> had disappeared except between vowels. The vowels and +diphthongs which underwent umlaut in MHG. are <b>a</b>, <b>o</b>, +<b>u</b>, <b>ā</b>, <b>ō</b>, <b>ū</b>, <b>ou</b>, <b>uo</b>. The umlaut +of all these sounds was completed by about the year 1200.</p> + +<p><b>a</b> > <b>e</b>: <b>gast</b>, <i>guest</i>, pl. <b>geste</b> +(OHG. <b>gesti</b>); <b>lamp</b>, <i>lamb</i>, pl. <b>lember</b> (OHG. +<b>lembir</b>); inf. <b>graben</b>, <i>to dig</i>, pres. second and +third pers. sing. <b>grebes(t)</b>, <b>grebet</b> (OHG. <b>grebis</b>, +<b>grebit</b>); <b>lanc</b>, <i>long</i>, beside <b>lenge</b> (OHG. +<b>lengī</b>), <i>length</i>; <b>brennen</b>, Goth. <b>brannjan</b>, +<i>to burn</i>; <b>bette</b> (OHG. <b>betti</b>), <i>bed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>a</b> > <b>ä</b>: From the twelfth century onwards the umlaut +of <b>a</b> also occurs—often beside forms without umlaut—in +words containing the consonant combinations which prevented umlaut from +taking place in OHG., as pl. <b>mähte</b> (OHG. <b>mahti</b>), +<i>powers</i>; <b>geslähte</b> (OHG. <b>gislahti</b>), <i>race</i>, +<i>generation</i>; <b>wähset</b> (OHG. <b>wahsit</b>), <i>he grows</i>; +<b>wärmen</b> (OHG. <b>warmen</b>, older <b>*warmjan</b>), <i>to +warm</i>; Upper German <b>älter</b> (OHG. <b>altiro</b>), <i>older</i>; +<b>kälte</b> (OHG. <b>kaltī</b>), <i>coldness</i>; <b>hältet</b> (OHG. +<b>haltit</b>), <i>he holds</i>; <b>äher</b> (OHG. <b>ahir</b>), <i>ear +of corn</i>; <b>slähet</b> (OHG. <b>slahit</b>), <i>he strikes</i>. It +also occurs in derivatives ending in <b>-līch</b>, <b>-līn</b>, as +<b>mänlīch</b>, <i>manly</i>, <b>schämelīch</b>, <i>shameful</i>, +<b>tägelīch</b>, <i>daily</i>, <b>väterlīch</b>, <i>fatherly</i>, +<b>väterlīn</b>, dim. of <b>vater</b>, <i>father</i>. It is likewise met +with in MHG. words which originally had an <b>i</b> in the third +syllable, the vowel of the second syllable having become <b>i</b> by +assimilation, as <b>frävele</b> (OHG. <b>frafali</b>), <i>bold</i>, pl. +<b>mägede</b> (OHG. <b>magadi</b>), <i>maids</i>, pl. <b>zäher(e)</b> +(OHG. <b>zahari</b>), <i>tears</i>. See <a href = +"#para2">§ <b>2</b></a>, Note.</p> + +<p><b>o</b> > <b>ö</b>: Although <b>ö</b>, the umlaut of <b>o</b>, is +common in MHG. and still commoner in NHG., yet all words containing this +umlaut are really new formations due to levelling or analogy, because +primitive Germanic <b>u</b> (<a href = "#para15">§ <b>15</b></a>) +did not become <b>o</b> in OHG. when followed by an <b>ī̆</b> or +<b>j</b> in +<span class = "pagenum">13</span> +the next syllable. Examples are: <b>boc</b>, <i>he-goat</i>, beside dim. +<b>böcklīn</b> (OHG. <b>pochilī</b>); <b>dorf</b>, <i>village</i>, +beside pl. <b>dörfer</b>; <b>got</b>, <i>God</i>, beside <b>götinne</b>, +<i>goddess</i>; <b>hof</b>, <i>court</i>, beside <b>hövesch</b>, +<i>courtly</i>; <b>loch</b> (OHG. <b>loh</b>), <i>hole</i>, beside pl. +<b>löcher</b> (OHG. <b>lohhir</b>); <b>tohter</b>, <i>daughter</i>, +beside dim. <b>töhterlīn</b>; pret. subj. <b>möhte</b> (OHG. +<b>mohti</b>), <i>I might</i>; <b>törste</b> (OHG. <b>torsti</b>), <i>I +might dare</i>.</p> + +<p><b>u</b> > <b>ü</b>: <b>dünne</b> (OHG. <b>dunni</b>), +<i>thin</i>; <b>künne</b> (OHG. <b>kunni</b>), <i>race</i>, +<i>generation</i>; pl. <b>süne</b> (OHG. <b>suni</b>), <i>sons</i>; +<b>tür</b> (OHG. <b>turi</b>), <i>door</i>; pret. subj. <b>züge</b> +(OHG. <b>zugi</b>), inf. <b>ziehen</b>, <i>to draw</i>.</p> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para10n" id = "para10n"><span class = +"smallcaps">Note.</span></a>— +In Upper German certain consonant combinations often prevented umlaut +from taking place where it might be expected. Of these the principal +are:—</p> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para10n1" id = "para10n1">1.</a> Before a liquid + consonant, +as <b>hulde</b> (OHG. <b>huldī</b>), <i>favour</i>; <b>schuldec</b> +(OHG. <b>sculdīg</b>), <i>guilty</i>; <b>gedultec</b> (OHG. +<b>gidultīg</b>), <i>indulgent</i>; <b>burge</b> (OHG. <b>burgi</b>), +dat. of <b>burc</b>, <i>city</i>; <b>sturbe</b> (OHG. <b>sturbi</b>), +pret. subj. of <b>stërben</b>, <i>to die</i>; <b>wurfe</b> (OHG. +<b>wurfi</b>), pret. subj. of <b>wërfen</b>, <i>to throw</i>, cp. +<a href = "#para10_2">2 above</a>.</p> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para10n2" id = "para10n2">2.</a> <b>u</b> fluctuates with +<b>ü</b> when followed by a nasal + consonant, as <b>dunken</b>, <i>to +seem</i>, <b>umbe</b>, <i>about</i>, <b>wunne</b>, <i>joy</i>, beside +<b>dünken</b>, <b>ümbe</b> (OHG. <b>umbi</b>), <b>wünne</b>. This +fluctuation is especially common in the pret. subjunctive, as +<b>bunde</b>, <b>sunge</b>, beside <b>bünde</b>, <b>sünge</b>, inf. +<b>binden</b>, <i>to bind</i>, <b>singen</b>, <i>to sing</i>.</p> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para10n3" id = "para10n3">3.</a> <b>u</b> fluctuates with +<b>ü</b> when followed by <b>gg</b>, <b>ck</b>, <b>pf</b>, <b>tz</b>, +<b>ȥȥ</b>, <b>st</b>, <b>ch</b>, and <b>g</b>, as <b>brugge</b>, +<b>brügge</b>, <b>brucke</b>, <b>brücke</b>, <i>bridge</i>; +<b>mugge</b>, <b>mügge</b>, <b>mucke</b>, <b>mücke</b>, <i>midge</i>; +<b>drucken</b>, <b>drücken</b>, <i>to press</i>; <b>hupfen</b>, +<b>hüpfen</b>, <i>to hop</i>; <b>schupfen</b>, <b>schüpfen</b>, <i>to +push</i>; <b>nutzen</b>, <b>nützen</b>, <i>to use</i>; pret. subj. +<b>fluȥȥe</b>, <b>flüȥȥe</b>; <b>schuȥȥe</b>, <b>schüȥȥe</b>, inf. +<b>flieȥen</b>, <i>to flow</i>, <b>schieȥen</b>, <i>to shoot</i>; pl. +<b>bruste</b>, <b>brüste</b>, <i>breasts</i>; <b>kuchen</b>, +<b>küchen</b>, <i>kitchen</i>; pret. subj. <b>fluge</b>, <b>flüge</b>, +inf. <b>fliegen</b>, <i>to fly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ā</b> > <b>æ</b>: <b>lære</b> (OHG. <b>lāri</b>), <i>empty</i>; +<b>mære</b> (OHG. <b>māri</b>), <i>renowned</i>; <b>sæjen</b> (OHG. +<b>sājan</b>), <i>to sow</i>; pret. subj. <b>næme</b> (OHG. +<b>nāmi</b>), pl. <b>næmen</b> (OHG. <b>nāmīm</b>), inf. <b>nëmen</b>, +<i>to take</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">14</span> +<p><b>ō</b> > <b>œ</b>: <b>hœher</b> (OHG. <b>hōhiro</b>), +<i>higher</i>; <b>hœhest</b> (OHG. <b>hōhisto</b>), <i>highest</i>; +<b>hœren</b> (OHG. <b>hōren</b>, from older <b>*hōrjan</b>), <i>to +hear</i>; <b>schœne</b> (OHG. <b>scōni</b>), <i>beautiful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ū</b> > <b>iu</b>: pl. <b>briute</b> (OHG. <b>brūti</b>), +<i>brides</i>; <b>hiuser</b> (OHG. <b>hūsir</b>), <i>houses</i>.</p> + +<p>Traces of the umlaut of <b>ū</b>, written <b>iu</b> +(= <b>ǖ</b>), occur in late OHG. monuments of the tenth century. +It is common in the writings of Notker († 1022), as <b>hiute</b> +older <b>hūti</b>, <i>skins</i>; <b>chriuter</b> older <b>chrūtir</b>, +<i>herbs</i>. In other writings of the tenth to the twelfth century the +umlaut of <b>ū</b> is seldom found. Umlaut did not take place in Upper +German before a following <b>m</b>, as <b>rūmen</b> from <b>*rūmjan</b>, +<i>to make room</i>; <b>sūmen</b> from <b>*sūmjan</b>, <i>to +tarry</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ou</b> > <b>öu</b>, often written <b>eu</b>, rarely <b>oi</b>, +<b>öi</b>: <b>löufel</b> (OHG. <b>loufil</b>), <i>runner</i>; +<b>löuber</b> (OHG. <b>loubir</b>), <i>leaves</i>.</p> + +<p>Umlaut of <b>ou</b> did not take place in the combination <b>ouw</b> += OHG. <b>ouw</b>, <b>auw</b>, West Germanic <b>aww</b>, primitive +Germanic <b>awj</b>, as <b>frouwe</b> (OHG. <b>frouwa</b>, prim. +Germanic <b>*frawjō-</b>), <i>woman</i>; <b>ouwe</b> (OHG. <b>ouwa</b>, +<b>auwia</b>, prim. Germanic <b>*a(ʒ)wjō-</b>), <i>meadow</i>; +<b>frouwen</b> (OHG. <b>frouwen</b>, prim. Germanic <b>*frawjan</b>), +<i>to rejoice</i>, and similarly <b>douwen</b>, <i>to digest</i>, +<b>drouwen</b>, <i>to threaten</i>, <b>strouwen</b>, <i>to strew</i>. +Forms like <b>fröuwen</b>, <b>döuwen</b>, <b>dröuwen</b>, +<b>ströuwen</b> were analogical formations due to the influence of the +pres. second and third pers. singular and the preterite which regularly +had umlaut; see the Author’s Historical German Grammar, +§ <b>232</b>.</p> + +<p>Umlaut of <b>ou</b> did not take place in Upper German before labials +and <b>g</b>, as <b>erlouben</b>, <i>to allow</i>, <b>gelouben</b>, +<i>to believe</i>, <b>houbet</b>, <i>head</i>, <b>koufen</b>, <i>to +buy</i>, <b>troumen</b>, <i>to dream</i>, <b>toufen</b>, <i>to +baptize</i>, <b>bougen</b>, <i>to bend</i>, <b>ougen</b>, <i>to +show</i>, beside Middle German <b>erlöuben</b>, <b>gelöuben</b>, +<b>höubet</b>, <b>köufen</b>, <b>tröumen</b>, <b>töufen</b>, +<b>böugen</b>, <b>öugen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>uo</b> > <b>üe</b>: <b>grüene</b> (OHG. <b>gruoni</b>), +<i>green</i>; <b>güete</b> (OHG. <b>guotī</b>), <i>goodness</i>; +<b>vüeȥe</b> (OHG. <b>fuoȥi</b>), <i>feet</i>; pret. pl. subj. +<span class = "pagenum">15</span> +<b>vüeren</b> (OHG. <b>fuorīm</b>), <i>we might go</i>, inf. +<b>varn</b>, <i>to fare</i>, <i>go</i>; <b>buoch</b>, <i>book</i>, dim. +<b>büechlīn</b>; <b>muoter</b>, <i>mother</i>, dim. +<b>müeterlīn</b>.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">The MHG. Equivalents of the OHG. Vowels.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para11" id = "para11"><b>§ 11.</b></a> +OHG. had the following short vowels, long vowels, and +diphthongs:—</p> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms"> +<col> +<col> +<col class = "padding"> +<col class = "padding"> +<col> +<tr> +<td>Short Vowels</td> +<td class = "center"><b>a</b>, <b>e</b>, <b>ë</b>,</td> +<td class = "center"><b>i</b>,</td> +<td class = "center"><b>o</b>,</td> +<td><b>u</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Long Vowels</td> +<td><b>ā</b>, <b>ē</b>,</td> +<td class = "center"><b>ī</b>,</td> +<td class = "center"><b>ō</b>,</td> +<td><b>ū</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Diphthongs</td> +<td class = "center"><b>ei</b>,</td> +<td><b>ie</b> (<b>ia</b>, <b>ea</b>),<br> +<b>io</b> (<b>eo</b>),<br> + <b>iu</b>.</td> +<td><b>ou</b> (<b>au</b>),</td> +<td><b>uo</b>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The following are the MHG. equivalents of the above simple vowels and +diphthongs in accented syllables:—</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "para11_1" id = "para11_1">1.</a> +The short vowels: Apart from the changes caused by umlaut, viz. <b>a</b> +to <b>ä</b>, <b>o</b> to <b>ö</b>, <b>u</b> to <b>ü</b> (<a href = +"#para10">§ <b>10</b></a>), and of <b>ë</b> to <b>e</b> before +certain consonants, the OHG. short vowels remained in MHG., as</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>a</b> = (1) MHG. <b>a</b>, as OHG. <b>fater</b>, <i>father</i>, +<b>tag</b>, <i>day</i>, <b>faran</b>, <i>to go</i> = MHG. <b>vater</b>, +<b>tac</b>, <b>varn</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<span class = "invisible"><b>a</b></span> += (2) MHG. <b>ä</b>, in words containing the consonant combinations +which prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG., as OHG. <b>mahti</b>, +<i>powers</i>, <b>kaltī</b>, <i>coldness</i>, <b>ahir</b>, <i>ear of +corn</i>, <b>warmen</b>, <i>to warm</i> = MHG. <b>mähte</b>, +<b>kälte</b>, <b>äher</b>, <b>wärmen</b>, see <a href = +"#para10">§ <b>10</b></a>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>e</b> = MHG. <b>e</b>, as OHG. <b>gesti</b>, <i>guests</i>, +<b>lembir</b>, <i>lambs</i>, <b>brennen</b>, <i>to burn</i> = MHG. +<b>geste</b>, <b>lember</b>, <b>brennen</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>ë</b> = (1) MHG. <b>ë</b>, as OHG. <b>wëg</b>, <i>way</i>, +<b>hëlfan</b>, <i>to help</i>, <b>stëlan</b>, <i>to steal</i> = MHG. +<b>wëc</b>, <b>hëlfen</b>, <b>stëln</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<span class = "invisible"><b>ë</b></span> += (2) MHG. <b>e</b>, before <b>st</b>, <b>sch</b>, and palatal <b>g</b>, +as OHG. <b>nëst</b>, <i>nest</i>, <b>swëster</b>, <i>sister</i> = MHG. +<b>nest</b>, +<span class = "pagenum">16</span> +<b>swester</b>; and similarly, <b>gestern</b>, <i>yesterday</i>, +<b>deste</b>, <i>all the more</i>, <b>weste</b>, <i>I knew</i>, +<b>dreschen</b>, <i>to thrash</i>, <b>leschen</b>, <i>to go out</i>, +<b>degen</b>, <i>warrior</i>; and also in a few words before a following +<b>l</b>, as <b>helm</b>, <i>helmet</i>, <b>vels</b>, <i>rock</i>, +<b>welch</b>, <i>which</i>, &c.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>i</b> = MHG. <b>i</b>, as OHG. <b>fisk</b>, <i>fish</i>, <b>nimu</b>, +<i>I take</i>, <b>wiȥȥan</b>, <i>to know</i> = MHG. <b>visch</b>, +<b>nime</b>, <b>wiȥȥen</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>o</b> = (1) MHG. <b>o</b>, as OHG. <b>got</b>, <i>God</i>, p.p. +<b>giholfan</b>, <i>helped</i>, <b>tohter</b>, <i>daughter</i> = MHG. +<b>got</b>, <b>geholfen</b>, <b>tohter</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<span class = "invisible"><b>o</b></span> += (2) MHG. <b>ö</b>, as OHG. <b>lohhir</b>, <i>holes</i>, <b>mohti</b>, +<i>I might</i> = MHG. <b>löcher</b>, <b>möhte</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>u</b> = (1) MHG. <b>u</b>, as OHG. <b>sunu</b>, <b>sun</b>, +<i>son</i>, <b>butum</b>, <i>we offered</i>, <b>buntum</b>, <i>we +bound</i> = MHG. <b>sun</b>, <b>buten</b>, <b>bunden</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<span class = "invisible"><b>u</b></span> += (2) MHG. <b>ü</b>, as OHG. <b>dunni</b>, <i>thin</i>, <b>suni</b>, +<i>sons</i> = MHG. <b>dünne</b>, <b>süne</b>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "para11_2" id = "para11_2">2.</a> +The long vowels: Apart from the changes caused by umlaut, viz. <b>ā</b> +to <b>æ</b>, <b>ō</b> to <b>œ</b>, and <b>ū</b> to <b>iu</b> (<a href = +"#para10">§ <b>10</b></a>), the OHG. long vowels remained in MHG., +as</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>ā</b> = (1) MHG. <b>ā</b>, as OHG. <b>sāt</b>, <i>seed</i>, +<b>slāfan</b>, <i>to sleep</i>, <b>dāhta</b>, <i>I thought</i> = MHG. +<b>sāt</b>, <b>slāfen</b>, <b>dāhte</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<span class = "invisible"><b>ā</b></span> += (2) MHG. <b>æ</b>, as OHG <b>lāri</b>, <i>empty</i>, <b>nāmi</b>, <i>I +might take</i> = MHG. <b>lære</b>, <b>næme</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>ē</b> = MHG. <b>ē</b>, as OHG. <b>ēra</b>, <i>honour</i>, +<b>lēren</b>, <i>to teach</i>, <b>sēla</b>, <i>soul</i> = MHG. +<b>ēre</b>, <b>lēren</b>, <b>sēle</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>ī</b> = MHG. <b>ī</b>, as OHG. <b>sīn</b>, <i>his</i>, <b>wīb</b>, +<i>woman</i>, <b>snīdan</b>, <i>to cut</i> = MHG. <b>sīn</b>, +<b>wīp</b>, <b>snīden</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>ō</b> = (1) MHG. <b>ō</b>, as OHG. <b>ōra</b>, <i>ear</i>, +<b>tōd</b>, <i>death</i>, <b>kōs</b>, <i>I chose</i> = MHG. <b>ōre</b>, +<b>tōt</b>, <b>kōs</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<span class = "invisible"><b>ō</b></span> += (2) MHG. <b>œ</b>, as OHG. <b>hōhiro</b>, <i>higher</i>, <b>hōren</b>, +<i>to hear</i>, <b>scōni</b>, <i>beautiful</i> = MHG. <b>hœher</b>, +<b>hœren</b>, <b>schœne</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>ū</b> = (1) MHG. <b>ū</b>, as OHG. <b>hūs</b>, <i>house</i>, +<b>rūm</b>, <i>room</i>, <b>dūhta</b>, <i>it seemed</i> = MHG. +<b>hūs</b>, <b>rūm</b>, <b>dūhte</b>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">17</span> +<p class = "deephang"> +<span class = "invisible"><b>ū</b></span> += (2) MHG. <b>iu</b>, as OHG. <b>hūsir</b>, <i>houses</i>, <b>brūti</b>, +<i>brides</i> = MHG. <b>hiuser</b>, <b>briute</b>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "para11_3" id = "para11_3">3.</a> +The diphthongs:</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>ei</b> = MHG. <b>ei</b>, as OHG. <b>bein</b>, <i>bone</i>, +<b>leiten</b>, <i>to lead</i>, <b>sneid</b>, <i>I cut</i> = MHG. +<b>bein</b>, <b>leiten</b>, <b>sneit</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>ie</b> (older <b>ia</b>, <b>ea</b> = Germanic <b>ē</b>) = MHG. +<b>ie</b>, as OHG. <b>hier</b>, <i>here</i>, <b>mieta</b>, +<i>reward</i>, <b>hielt</b>, <i>I held</i>, <b>hieȥ</b>, <i>I +called</i>, <b>slief</b>, <i>I slept</i> = MHG. <b>hier</b>, +<b>miete</b>, <b>hielt</b>, <b>hieȥ</b>, <b>slief</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>io</b> (<b>eo</b>) = Germanic <b>eu</b> (<a href = +"#para16">§ <b>16</b></a>), and the <b>io</b> (<b>eo</b>) in the +preterites of the old reduplicated verbs whose presents have <b>ou</b>, +<b>ō</b>, <b>uo</b> (<a href = "#para87">§ <b>87</b></a>).</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<span class = "invisible"><b>io</b> (<b>eo</b>)</span> += MHG. <b>ie</b>, as OHG. <b>liob</b>, <i>dear</i>, <b>biotan</b>, <i>to +offer</i> = MHG. <b>liep</b>, <b>bieten</b>; OHG. <b>liof</b>, <i>I +ran</i>, <b>stioȥ</b>, <i>I pushed</i>, <b>riof</b>, <i>I called</i> = +MHG. <b>lief</b>, <b>stieȥ</b>, <b>rief</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>iu</b> = MHG. <b>ǖ</b> written <b>iu</b>, as OHG. <b>liuti</b>, +<i>people</i>, <b>kiusit</b>, <i>he chooses</i> = MHG. <b>liute</b>, +<b>kiuset</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>ou</b> (older <b>au</b>) = (1) MHG. <b>ou</b>, as OHG. <b>ouga</b>, +<i>eye</i>, <b>boug</b>, <i>I bent</i>, <b>loufan</b>, <i>to run</i> = +MHG. <b>ouge</b>, <b>bouc</b>, <b>loufen</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<span class = "invisible"><b>ou</b> (older <b>au</b>)</span> += (2) MHG. <b>öu</b> (<b>eu</b>), as OHG. <b>loubir</b>, <i>leaves</i>, +<b>loufil</b>, <i>runner</i> = MHG. <b>löuber</b>, <b>löufel</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<b>uo</b> = (1) MHG. <b>uo</b>, as OHG. <b>bruoder</b>, <i>brother</i>, +<b>muoter</b>, <i>mother</i>, <b>stuont</b>, <i>I stood</i> = MHG. +<b>bruoder</b>, <b>muoter</b>, <b>stuont</b>.</p> + +<p class = "deephang"> +<span class = "invisible"><b>uo</b></span> += (2) MHG. <b>üe</b>, as OHG. <b>gruoni</b>, <i>green</i>, <b>fuoȥi</b>, +<i>feet</i>, = MHG. <b>grüene</b>, <b>vüeȥe</b>.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Ablaut (Vowel Gradation).</h5> + +<p><a name = "para12" id = "para12"><b>§ 12.</b></a> +By ablaut is meant the gradation of vowels both in stem and suffix, +which was chiefly caused by the primitive Indo-Germanic system of +accentuation. See the Author’s Historical German Grammar, +§ <b>23</b>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">18</span> +<p>The vowels vary within certain series of related vowels, called +ablaut-series. In MHG. there are six such series, which appear most +clearly in the stem-forms of strong verbs. Four stem-forms are to be +distinguished in a MHG. strong verb which has vowel gradation as the +characteristic mark of its different stems:—(1) the present stem, +to which belong all the forms of the present, (2) the stem of the first +or third person of the preterite singular, (3) the stem of the preterite +plural, to which belong the second person of the preterite singular and +the whole of the preterite subjunctive, (4) the stem of the past +participle.</p> + +<p>By arranging the vowels according to these four stems we arrive at +the following system:—</p> + +<table class = "inline padded" summary = "list of forms"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>i.</td> +<td>ii.</td> +<td>iii.</td> +<td>iv.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">I.</td> +<td><b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>ei</b>, <b>ē</b></td> +<td><b>i</b></td> +<td><b>i</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">II.</td> +<td><b>ie</b></td> +<td><b>ou</b>, <b>ō</b></td> +<td><b>u</b></td> +<td><b>o</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">III.</td> +<td><b>i</b>, <b>ë</b></td> +<td><b>a</b></td> +<td><b>u</b></td> +<td><b>u</b>, <b>o</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">IV.</td> +<td><b>ë</b></td> +<td><b>a</b></td> +<td><b>ā</b></td> +<td><b>o</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">V.</td> +<td><b>ë</b></td> +<td><b>a</b></td> +<td><b>ā</b></td> +<td><b>ë</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">VI.</td> +<td><b>a</b></td> +<td><b>uo</b></td> +<td><b>uo</b></td> +<td><b>a</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para12n1" id = "para12n1"><span class = +"smallcaps">Note.</span>—1.</a> +On the difference between <b>ei</b> and <b>ē</b>, see <a href = +"#para17">§ <b>17</b></a>; <b>ou</b> and <b>ō</b>, § <b>18</b>; and +in Series III <b>i</b> and <b>ë</b>, § <b>14</b>; <b>u</b> and <b>o</b>, +§ <b>15</b>.</p> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para12n2" id = "para12n2">2.</a> Strong verbs belonging to +Series II have <b>iu</b> in the indicative pres. singular; and strong +verbs belonging to Series III-V with <b>ë</b> in the infinitive have +<b>i</b> in the indicative pres. singular (§§ <a href = +"#para14"><b>14</b></a>, <a href = "#para16"><b>16</b></a>).</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Examples.</h5> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms"> +<tr> +<td class = "right">I.</td> +<td><b>snīden</b>, <i>to cut</i></td> +<td><b>snīde</b></td> +<td><b>sneit</b></td> +<td><b>sniten</b></td> +<td><b>gesniten</b>;</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p><b>līhen</b>, <i>to lend</i></p></td> +<td><b>līhe</b></td> +<td><b>lēch</b></td> +<td><b>lihen</b></td> +<td><b>gelihen</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">II.</td> +<td><p><b>biegen</b>, <i>to bend</i></p></td> +<td><b>biuge</b></td> +<td><b>bouc</b></td> +<td><b>bugen</b></td> +<td><b>gebogen</b>;</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right"></td> +<td><p><b>sieden</b>, <i>to seethe</i></p></td> +<td><b>siude</b></td> +<td><b>sōt</b></td> +<td><b>suten</b></td> +<td><b>gesoten</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">III.</td> +<td><p><b>binden</b>, <i>to bind</i></p></td> +<td><b>binde</b></td> +<td><b>bant</b></td> +<td><b>bunden</b></td> +<td><b>gebunden</b>;</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p><b>hëlfen</b>, <i>to help</i></p></td> +<td><b>hilfe</b></td> +<td><b>half</b></td> +<td><b>hulfen</b></td> +<td><b>geholfen</b>.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "right"> +<span class = "pagenum">19</span> +IV.</td> +<td><p><b>nëmen</b>, <i>to take</i></p></td> +<td><b>nime</b></td> +<td><b>nam</b></td> +<td><b>nāmen</b></td> +<td><b>genomen</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">V.</td> +<td><p><b>gëben</b>, <i>to give</i></p></td> +<td><b>gibe</b></td> +<td><b>gap</b></td> +<td><b>gāben</b></td> +<td><b>gegëben</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">VI.</td> +<td><p><b>graben</b>, <i>to dig</i></p></td> +<td><b>grabe</b></td> +<td><b>gruop</b></td> +<td><b>gruoben</b></td> +<td><b>gegraben</b>.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>For further examples see the various classes of strong verbs §§ +<b>76</b>-<b>86</b>. Class VII of strong verbs embracing the old +reduplicated verbs (<a href = "#para87">§ <b>87</b></a>) has been +omitted from the ablaut-series, because the exact relation in which the +vowel of the present stands to that of the preterite has not yet been +satisfactorily explained.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Other Vowel Changes.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para13" id = "para13"><b>§ 13.</b></a> +Most of the following vowel changes took place in prehistoric times; but +as they play an important part in the verbs and word-formation, &c., +we shall give them here.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para14" id = "para14"><b>§ 14.</b></a> +<b>ë</b> (= Indo-Germanic <b>e</b>) became <b>i</b> in the prehistoric +period of all the Germanic languages:—</p> + +<p><a name = "para14_1" id = "para14_1">1.</a> +Before a nasal + consonant, as OE. <b>wind</b>, OHG. MHG. +<b>wint</b>, Lat. <b>ventus</b>, <i>wind</i>; OHG. <b>fimf</b>, +<b>finf</b>, Gr. <span class = "greek" title = "pente">πέντε</span>, +<i>five</i>. This explains why verbs like MHG. <b>binden</b>, <i>to +bind</i>, <b>rinnen</b>, <i>to run</i>, <b>singen</b>, <i>to sing</i>, +belong to the same ablaut-series as <b>hëlfen</b>, <i>to help</i>, +<b>wërden</b>, <i>to become</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "para14_2" id = "para14_2">2.</a> +Before other consonants when followed by an <b>ī̆</b> or <b>j</b> +in the next syllable, and further in OHG. when followed by an <b>u</b> +in the next syllable, as OHG. MHG. <b>ist</b>, Gr. <span class = "greek" +title = "esti">ἐστί</span>, <i>is</i>; OHG. <b>fihu</b>, Lat. +<b>pecu</b>, <i>cattle</i>; <b>ërde</b> (OHG. <b>ërda</b>), +<i>earth</i>, but <b>irdīn</b>, <i>earthen</i>; <b>ligen</b> (OHG. +<b>liggen</b> from <b>*ligjan</b>), <i>to lie down</i>, <b>sitzen</b> +(OHG. <b>sitzen</b> from <b>*sitjan</b>), <i>to sit</i>, but p.p. +<b>gelëgen</b> (OHG. <b>gilëgan</b>), <b>gesëȥȥen</b> (OHG. +<b>gisëȥȥan</b>). This explains why strong verbs belonging to the fourth +(§§ <a href = "#para12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href = +"#para82"><b>82</b></a>) and fifth (§§ <a href = +"#para12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href = "#para83"><b>83</b></a>) +ablaut-series have <b>i</b> throughout the present singular, and +similarly in verbs belonging to the third (§§ <a href = +"#para12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href = "#para81"><b>81</b></a>) series with +<b>ë</b> in the infinitive, as</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">20</span> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms"> +<tr> +<td>OHG. <b>nëman</b>, <i>to take</i>,</td> +<td>three persons sing.</td> +<td><b>nimu</b>, <b>nimis(t)</b>, <b>nimit</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>MHG. <b>nëmen</b>,<span class = "spread2">„</span></td> +<td><span class = "spread3">„„„</span></td> +<td><b>nime</b>, <b>nimes(t)</b>, <b>nimet</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>OHG. <b>gëban</b>, <i>to give</i>,</td> +<td><span class = "spread3">„„„</span></td> +<td><b>gibu</b>, <b>gibis(t)</b>, <b>gibit</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>MHG. <b>gëben</b>,<span class = "spread2">„</span></td> +<td><span class = "spread3">„„„</span></td> +<td><b>gibe</b>, <b>gibes(t)</b>, <b>gibet</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>OHG. <b>hëlfan</b>, <i>to help</i>,</td> +<td><span class = "spread3">„„„</span></td> +<td><b>hilfu</b>, <b>hilfis(t)</b>, <b>hilfit</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>MHG. <b>hëlfen</b>,<span class = "spread2">„</span></td> +<td><span class = "spread3">„„„</span></td> +<td><b>hilfe</b>, <b>hilfes(t)</b>, <b>hilfet</b>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para15" id = "para15"><b>§ 15.</b></a> +<b>u</b>, followed originally by an <b>ā̆</b>, <b>ō̆</b>, or <b>ē</b> in +the next syllable, became <b>o</b> when not protected by a nasal + +consonant or an intervening <b>ī̆</b> or <b>j</b>; hence the interchange +between <b>u</b> and <b>o</b> in the preterite plural and past +participle of verbs belonging to the second ablaut-series (§§ <a +href = "#para12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href = "#para78"><b>78</b></a>), as +<b>bugen</b> (OHG. <b>bugum</b>), <i>we bent</i>, p.p. <b>gebogen</b> +(OHG. <b>gibogan</b>); in the p.p. of verbs belonging to the third +ablaut-series (§§ <a href = "#para12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href = +"#para81"><b>81</b></a>), as <b>gebunden</b> (OHG. <b>gibuntan</b>), but +<b>geholfen</b> (OHG. <b>giholfan</b>); in weak verbs as <b>fürhten</b> +(OHG. <b>furhten</b> from <b>*furhtjan</b>), <i>to fear</i>, beside +pret. <b>vorhte</b> (OHG. <b>forhta</b>); <b>hügen</b> (OHG. +<b>huggen</b> from <b>*hugjan</b>) beside <b>hogen</b> (OHG. +<b>hogēn</b>), <i>to think</i>; in preterite presents like <b>durfen</b> +(OHG. <b>durfum</b>), <i>we dare</i>, beside pret. <b>dorfte</b> (OHG. +<b>dorfta</b>); in many nouns and adjectives, as <b>wolle</b> (OHG. +<b>wolla</b>), <i>wool</i>, beside <b>wüllīn</b>, <b>wullīn</b>, +<i>woollen</i>; <b>wolf</b> (stem <b>*wulfo-</b>), <i>wolf</i>, beside +<b>wülpinne</b>, <i>she-wolf</i>; <b>vol</b>, <i>full</i>, beside +<b>vülle</b> (OHG. <b>fullī</b>), <i>fulness</i>; <b>golt</b>, +<i>gold</i>, beside <b>guldīn</b>, <i>golden</i>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para16" id = "para16"><b>§ 16.</b></a> +From primitive Germanic <b>eu</b> were developed two different +diphthongs in OHG., viz. <b>eu</b> became <b>eo</b> (cp. <a href = +"#para15">§ <b>15</b></a>), later <b>io</b>, when originally +followed by an <b>ā̆</b>, <b>ō̆</b>, or <b>ē</b> in the next syllable, +and this <b>io</b> was regularly developed to <b>ie</b> +<span class = "pagenum">21</span> +in MHG.; whereas <b>eu</b> became <b>iu</b> in OHG. when originally +followed by an <b>ī̆</b>, <b>j</b> or <b>u</b> in the next syllable, and +this <b>iu</b> became <b>ǖ</b> (written <b>iu</b>) in MHG., even after +the <b>ī̆</b>, <b>j</b> or <b>u</b> had been weakened to <b>e</b>. This +law explains the difference between the diphthong <b>ie</b> in the +infinitive and the simple vowel <b>iu</b> (= <b>ǖ</b>) in the +three persons singular of the present indicative of verbs belonging to +the second ablaut-series (§§ <a href = "#para12"><b>12</b></a>, +<a href = "#para78"><b>78</b></a>), as</p> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms"> +<tr> +<td>OHG. <b>biogan</b>, <i>to bend</i>,</td> +<td>pres. sing.</td> +<td><b>biugu</b>, <b>biugis(t)</b>, <b>biugit</b>;</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>MHG. <b>biegen</b>,<span class = "spread2">„</span></td> +<td><span class = "spread2">„„</span></td> +<td><b>biuge</b>, <b>biuges(t)</b>, <b>biuget</b>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Cp. further <b>tief</b> (OHG. <b>tiof</b>), <i>deep</i>, beside OHG. +<b>tiufī</b>, <i>depth</i>; <b>lieht</b> (OHG. <b>lioht</b>), <i>a +light</i>, beside <b>liuhten</b> (OHG. <b>liuhten</b> from +<b>*liuhtjan</b>), <i>to light</i>.</p> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para16n" id = "para16n"><span class = +"smallcaps">Note.</span></a>— +The <b>iu</b> in the above and similar examples must not be confounded +with the <b>iu</b> in the OHG. and MHG. combination <b>iuw</b> which +arose from prim. Germanic <b>eww</b> (= <b>euw</b>), and +<b>ewj</b>, as <b>triuwe</b> (OHG. <b>triuwi</b>, Goth. <b>triggws</b>), +<i>true</i>; <b>triuwen</b>, <b>trūwen</b>, <i>to trust</i>, pret. +<b>triuete</b>, <b>triute</b>, <b>trūte</b>; <b>riuwe</b> (OHG. +<b>riuwa</b>), <i>regret</i>, <b>bliuwen</b> (OHG. <b>bliuwan</b>, Goth. +<b>bliggwan</b>), <i>to strike</i>, and similarly, <b>briuwen</b>, <i>to +brew</i>, <b>kiuwen</b>, <i>to chew</i>, <b>riuwen</b>, <i>to +regret</i>; <b>niuwe</b> (OHG. <b>niuwi</b>, Goth. <b>niujis</b>, prim. +Germanic stem-form <b>*newja-</b>), <i>new</i>. This <b>iu</b> before +<b>w</b> never interchanged with MHG. <b>ie</b> from prim. Germanic +<b>eu</b>, and explains why the strong verbs <b>bliuwen</b>, &c. +have <b>iu</b> in all forms of the present.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para17" id = "para17"><b>§ 17.</b></a> +Accented primitive Germanic <b>ai</b> (= Goth. <b>ái</b>) became +<b>ē</b> in OHG. before <b>r</b>, <b>w</b>, Germanic <b>h</b> (cp. +<a href = "#para23_1">§ <b>23</b>, 1</a>), and finally; in MHG. +it appears also as <b>ē</b> before the same consonants and finally, as +<b>mēre</b>, <b>mēr</b> (OHG. <b>mēro</b>, Goth. <b>máiza</b>), +<i>more</i>, <b>lēren</b> (OHG. <b>lēren</b>, Goth. <b>láisjan</b>), +<i>to teach</i>; <b>sēle</b> (OHG. <b>sēla</b>, older <b>sēula</b>, +Goth. <b>sáiwala</b>), <i>soul</i>; <b>snē</b> (OHG. <b>snēo</b>, Goth. +<b>snáiws</b>), <i>snow</i>, gen. OHG. and MHG. <b>snēwes</b>; +<b>spīwen</b>, <i>to spit</i>, pret. <b>spē</b> (OHG. <b>spēo</b>, Goth. +<b>spáiw</b>); <b>dīhen</b>, <i>to thrive</i>, pret. <b>dēch</b> (OHG. +<b>dēh</b>, Goth. <b>dáih</b>); <b>wē</b> (OHG. <b>wē</b>, Goth. +<b>wái</b>), <i>woe!</i>; in all other cases <b>ai</b> became <b>ei</b> +in both OHG. and MHG., as <b>stein</b> +<span class = "pagenum">22</span> +(Goth. <b>stáins</b>), <i>stone</i>, <b>heiȥen</b> (OHG. <b>heiȥan</b>, +Goth. <b>háitan</b>), <i>to call</i>; <b>snīden</b>, <i>to cut</i>, +pret. <b>sneit</b> (OHG. <b>sneid</b>, Goth. <b>snáiþ</b>). This +accounts for the difference between the <b>ei</b> and <b>ē</b> in the +preterite singular of strong verbs belonging to the first ablaut-series +(§§ <a href = "#para12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href = +"#para76"><b>76</b></a>).</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para18" id = "para18"><b>§ 18.</b></a> +Primitive Germanic <b>au</b> became <b>ō</b> in OHG. before the +consonants <b>d</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>ȥ</b>, <b>s</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>r</b>, +<b>l</b>, and Germanic <b>h</b> (cp. <a href = +"#para23_1"><b>23</b>, 1</a>). Before other consonants and finally +<b>au</b> became <b>ou</b> in the ninth century. Hence the difference +between <b>ō</b> and <b>ou</b> in the preterite singular of strong verbs +belonging to the second ablaut-series (§§ <a href = +"#para12"><b>12</b></a>, <a href = +"#para78"><b>78</b></a>), as:—</p> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms"> +<tr> +<td>Infinitive</td> +<td><b>bieten</b>, <i>to offer</i>,</td> +<td>pret. sing.</td> +<td><b>bōt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "spread3">„</span></td> +<td><b>sieden</b>, <i>to seethe</i>,</td> +<td><span class = "spread2">„„</span></td> +<td><b>sōt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "spread3">„</span></td> +<td><b>kiesen</b>, <i>to choose</i>,</td> +<td><span class = "spread2">„„</span></td> +<td><b>kōs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "spread3">„</span></td> +<td><b>dieȥen</b>, <i>to roar</i>,</td> +<td><span class = "spread2">„„</span></td> +<td><b>dōȥ</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "spread3">„</span></td> +<td><b>vliehen</b>, <i>to flee</i>,</td> +<td><span class = "spread2">„„</span></td> +<td><b>vlōch</b> (OHG. <b>flōh</b>);</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>but<span class = "spread1">„</span></td> +<td><b>biegen</b>, <i>to bend</i>,</td> +<td><span class = "spread2">„„</span></td> +<td><b>bouc</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "spread3">„</span></td> +<td><b>klieben</b>, <i>to cleave</i></td> +<td><span class = "spread2">„„</span></td> +<td><b>kloup</b>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<h4><a name = "chapII" id = "chapII"> +CHAPTER II</a></h4> + +<h5>THE CONSONANTS</h5> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">1. Pronunciation of the Consonants.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para19" id = "para19"><b>§ 19.</b></a> +The MHG. consonant-system was represented by the following letters: +<b>b</b>, <b>c</b>, <b>ch</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>f</b>, <b>g</b>, <b>h</b>, +<b>j</b>, <b>k</b>, <b>l</b>, <b>m</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>p</b>, <b>q</b>, +<b>r</b>, <b>s</b>, <b>sch</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>v</b>, <b>w</b>, +(<b>x</b>), <b>z</b>, <b>ȥ</b>.</p> + +<p>The letters <b>k</b>, <b>l</b>, <b>m</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>p</b>, +<b>t</b>, <b>w</b>, (<b>x</b>) had nearly the same sound-values as in +English. The remaining letters require special attention.</p> + +<p>When the pronunciation of consonants merely differs in the intensity +or force with which they are produced, +<span class = "pagenum">23</span> +they are called fortes or lenes according as they are produced with more +or less intensity or force. In MHG. the consonants <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>, +<b>g</b> were not voiced explosives like English <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>, +<b>g</b>, but were voiceless lenes, and only differed from the fortes +<b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>k</b> in being produced with less intensity or +force, see <a href = "#para33">§ <b>33</b></a>. A similar +difference in pronunciation existed between antevocalic and intervocalic +<b>v</b>, <b>s</b> and final <b>f</b>, <b>s</b>, see <a href = +"#para33">§ <b>33</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>c</b> and <b>k</b> represented the same sound. The latter was +generally used at the beginning, and the former at the end of a +syllable, as <b>kunst</b>, <i>art</i>; <b>trinken</b>, <i>to drink</i>, +<b>senken</b>, <i>to sink</i> (trans.), pret. <b>tranc</b>, +<b>sancte</b>.</p> + +<p><b>ch</b> had the same sound as in NHG. <b>nacht</b>, <b>noch</b>, as +<b>sprechen</b>, <i>to speak</i>, pret. <b>sprach</b>; <b>hōch</b>, +<i>high</i>.</p> + +<p><b>f</b> had a twofold pronunciation in the oldest HG. It was a +labiodental when it arose from Germanic <b>f</b> (cp. OHG. <b>fater</b>, +English <b>father</b>), and bilabial when it arose from Germanic +<b>p</b> (cp. inf. OHG. <b>slāfan</b>, English <b>sleep</b>), but during +the OHG. period the bilabial <b>f</b> became labiodental. The two kinds +of <b>f</b> did not however completely fall together in pronunciation. +<b>f</b> = Germanic <b>f</b> became a lenis initially before and +medially between vowels, and was often written <b>v</b> in the former +and generally <b>v</b> in the latter position, but remained a +fortis—written <b>f</b>—when final. In MHG. it was also +often written <b>f</b> initially before <b>l</b>, <b>r</b>, <b>u</b>, as +<b>fliehen</b>, <i>to flee</i>, <b>fride</b>, <i>peace</i>, <b>fünf</b>, +<i>five</i>, beside <b>vliehen</b>, <b>vride</b>, <b>vünf</b>. On the +other hand <b>f</b> = Germanic <b>p</b> (<ins class = "correction" title += "text reads ‘22, 1’"><a href = +"#para23_1">§ <b>23</b>, 1</a></ins>), which only occurred +medially and finally, was a fortis and was always written <b>f</b> +(<b>ff</b>), as <b>slāfen</b>, <i>to sleep</i>, pret. <b>slief</b>; +<b>tief</b>, <i>deep</i>, <b>schif</b> (gen. <b>schiffes</b>), +<i>ship</i>, <b>offen</b>, <i>open</i>. The two <b>f</b> sounds thus +fell together when final, but the distinction between the two sounds was +still preserved in MHG. in the intervocalic position, as <b>hof</b>, +<i>court</i>, <b>schif</b>, <i>ship</i>, but gen. <b>hoves</b>, +<b>schiffes</b>.</p> + +<p><b>h</b> before and after consonants was pronounced like <b>ch</b>, +<span class = "pagenum">24</span> +as <b>fuhs</b>, <i>fox</i>, <b>naht</b>, <i>night</i>, <b>bevëlhen</b>, +<i>to confide.</i> In other cases it had the same sound as the <b>h</b> +in English <b>hat</b>.</p> + +<p><b>j</b> had nearly the same sound as the <b>y</b> in English +<b>yet</b>, as <b>jār</b>, <i>year</i>, <b>junc</b>, <i>young</i>; +<b>blüejen</b>, <i>to blossom.</i></p> + +<p><b>q</b> occurred only in combination with <b>u</b> as in English, as +<b>quëc</b>, <i>quick, alive</i>, <b>quëden</b>, <i>to say.</i></p> + +<p><b>r</b> was a trilled sound in all positions like Scotch <b>r</b>, +as <b>rōt</b>, <i>red</i>, <b>hart</b>, <i>hard</i>, <b>bërn</b>, <i>to +bear</i>, <b>vater</b>, <i>father.</i></p> + +<p><b>s</b> was a lenis medially between vowels and probably also +initially before vowels, but a fortis in other positions, as <b>sun</b>, +<i>son</i>, <b>wësen</b>, <i>to be</i>, pret. <b>was</b>, +<b>bresten</b>, <i>to burst</i>. It may be pronounced like the <b>s</b> +in English <b>sit</b>.</p> + +<p><b>sch</b> was like the <b>sh</b> in English <b>ship</b>, as +<b>schif</b>, <i>ship</i>, <b>geschëhen</b>, <i>to happen</i>, +<b>visch</b>, <i>fish.</i></p> + +<p><b>v</b> was a voiceless lenis, and may be pronounced like the +<b>v</b> in NHG. <b>voll</b>. See <b>f</b>.</p> + +<p><b>w</b> was pronounced like the <b>w</b> in English <b>wet</b>, as +<b>wīn</b>, <i>wine</i>, <b>bliuwen</b>, <i>to strike.</i></p> + +<p><b>z</b> and <b>ȥ</b> were not distinguished in MHG. manuscripts, +both being written <b>z</b>. Both <b>z</b> and <b>ȥ</b> (but <b>ȥȥ</b> +medially between vowels when the first vowel was short) arose from +Germanic <b>t</b> (see <a href = "#para23">§ <b>23</b></a>). +<b>z</b> had the sound-value of <b>ts</b> (= NHG. <b>z</b>): +(<i>a</i>) always initially, as <b>zīt</b>, <i>time</i>; (<i>b</i>) +medially and finally after consonants (<b>l</b>, <b>m</b>, <b>n</b>, +<b>r</b>), as <b>holz</b> (gen. <b>holzes</b>), <i>wood</i>, +<b>hërze</b>, <i>heart</i>, <b>smërze</b>, <i>pain</i>, <b>ganz</b>, +<i>whole</i>; (<i>c</i>) finally after vowels (= Germanic +<b>tt</b>) in those words which change final <b>z</b> to <b>tz</b> when +it becomes medial, as <b>schaz</b> (gen. <b>schatzes</b>), OE. +<b>sceatt</b>, <i>money, treasure</i>. MHG. intervocalic <b>tz</b> +always arose from older <b>tt</b>, as <b>setzen</b> = OE. <b>settan</b>, +<i>to set</i>. <b>ȥ</b> was a kind of lisped <b>s</b> and only occurred +medially between and finally after vowels, as <b>bīȥen</b>, <i>to +bite</i>, <b>ëȥȥen</b>, <i>to eat</i>, <b>haȥ</b>, <i>hatred</i>. It +should be noted that good MHG. poets never rhymed pairs of words like +<b>was</b>, <i>was</i>, and <b>waȥ</b>, <i>what</i>; <b>missen</b>, +<i>to miss</i>, and <b>wiȥȥen</b>, <i>to know</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">25</span> +<p><b>ph</b> and <b>pf</b> represent the same sound, viz. the <b>pf</b> +in NHG. <b>pfund</b>, <i>pound</i>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para20" id = "para20"><b>§ 20.</b></a> +MHG. has the following double consonants medially between vowels: +<b>bb</b>, <b>gg</b>; <b>pp</b>, <b>tt</b>, <b>ck</b>; <b>ff</b>, +<b>ss</b>, <b>ȥȥ; mm, nn</b>; <b>ll</b>, <b>rr</b>. They were always +pronounced long as in Italian and Swedish, as <b>bit-ter</b>, +<i>bitter</i>, <b>ëȥ-ȥen</b>, <i>to eat</i>, <b>küs-sen</b>, <i>to +kiss</i>, <b>müg-ge</b>, <i>midge</i>, <b>rin-nen</b>, <i>to run</i>. In +NHG. double consonants are never long, they merely indicate that the +preceding vowel is short.</p> + + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para21" id = "para21"><b>§ 21.</b></a> +<b>Phonetic Survey of the MHG. Consonants.</b></p> + +<table class = "inline padded" summary = "list of forms"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Labial.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps">Dental.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps">Guttural.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt"> +<p>Voiceless explosives</p></td> +<td>fortis <b>p</b>, <b>pp</b><br> +lenis <b>b</b>, <b>bb</b></td> +<td><b>t</b>, <b>tt</b><br> +<b>d</b></td> +<td><b>k</b>, <b>ck</b><br> +<b>g</b>, <b>gg</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt">Spirants</td> +<td class = "bracket rt"> +fortis <b>f</b>, <b>ff</b><br> +lenis <b>v</b></td> +<td><b>s</b>, <b>ss</b>, <b>sch</b>, <b>ȥ</b>, <b>ȥȥ</b><br> +<b>s</b></td> +<td class = "middle"><b>h</b>, (<b>ch</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nasals</td> +<td><b>m</b>, <b>mm</b></td> +<td><b>n</b>, <b>nn</b></td> +<td><b>n</b> (= <b>ŋ</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Liquids</td> +<td></td> +<td><b>l</b>, <b>ll</b>; <b>r</b>, <b>rr</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Semi-vowels</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>w</b>, <b>j</b> (palatal)</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>To the above must be added the aspirate <b>h</b> and the affricatae +(i.e. an explosive + a homorganic spirant) <b>z</b> (i.e. <b>ts</b>) and +<b>pf</b> (<b>ph</b>).</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">2. Consonant Changes.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para22" id = "para22"><b>§ 22.</b></a> +The most characteristic difference between High German and the other +West Germanic languages is the shifting which the consonants <b>p</b>, +<b>t</b>, <b>k</b>, <b>þ</b>; <b>pp</b>, <b>tt</b>, <b>kk</b>, <b>þþ; +b</b> (<b>ƀ</b>), <b>d</b>, <b>g</b> (<b>ʒ</b>); <b>bb</b>, <b>dd</b>, +<b>gg</b> underwent partly in the prehistoric and partly in the historic +period of Old High German. In the following treatment of what is +generally called the High German sound-shifting only such points are +considered as are of importance for the purposes of this book. See Old +High German Primer, §§ <b>82-6.</b></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">26</span> +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para23" id = "para23"><b>§ 23.</b></a> +The voiceless explosives <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>k</b> underwent a +two-fold treatment according to their position in the word: +(1) Medially or finally after vowels; (2) Initially, medially +and finally after consonants (<b>l</b>, <b>m</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>r</b>), +and when doubled.</p> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para23n" id = "para23n"><span class = +"smallcaps">Note.</span></a>— +<b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>k</b> remained unshifted in the +combinations <b>sp</b>, <b>st</b>, <b>sk</b> as also <b>t</b> in the +combinations <b>tr</b>, <b>ht</b>, <b>ft</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "para23_1" id = "para23_1">1.</a> +Single <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>k</b> were shifted to the voiceless double +spirants <b>ff</b>, <b>ȥȥ</b>, <b>hh</b> (also written <b>ch</b>) = MHG. +<b>ff (f), ȥȥ (ȥ), ch</b>.</p> + +<p><b>p > ff</b>. OE. <b>open</b>, OHG. <b>offan</b>, MHG. +<b>offen</b>, <i>open</i>; OE. <b>slǣpan</b>, OHG. <b>slāffan</b>, MHG. +<b>slāfen</b>, <i>to sleep</i>; OE. <b>ūp</b>, OHG. MHG. +<b>ūf</b>, <i>up</i>.</p> + +<p><b>t > ȥȥ</b>. OE. <b>etan</b>, OHG. <b>ëȥȥan</b>, MHG. +<b>ëȥȥen</b>, <i>to eat</i>; OE. <b>hātan</b>, OHG. <b>heiȥȥan</b>, MHG. +<b>heiȥen</b>, <i>to call</i>; OE. <b>hwæt</b>, OHG. <b>hwaȥ</b>, MHG. +<b>waȥ</b>, <i>what</i>. In a few cases the <b>ȥ</b>, <b>ȥȥ</b> became +<b>s</b> in MHG. before <b>t</b> or <b>st</b>, as pret. <b>saste</b> +from <b>saȥte</b>: <b>setzen</b>, <i>to set</i>; <b>beste</b>, +<i>best</i>, <b>leste</b>, <i>last</i> = OHG. <b>beȥȥisto</b>, +<b>leȥȥisto</b>.</p> + +<p><b>k > hh</b>. OE. <b>ic</b>, OHG. <b>ih</b>, MHG. <b>ich</b>, +<i>I</i>; OE. <b>sprecan</b> (<b>specan</b>), OHG. <b>sprëhhan</b>, MHG. +<b>sprëchen</b>, <i>to speak</i>; OE. <b>tācen</b>, OHG. <b>zeihhan</b>, +MHG. <b>zeichen</b>, <i>token</i>. This <b>ch</b> must not be confused +with the MHG. <b>h</b>, <b>ch</b> which corresponded to Indo-Germanic +<b>k</b> (= Germanic <b>h</b>), as <b>ziehen</b>, <i>to draw, +lead</i>, pret. <b>zōch</b>, cp. Lat. <b>dūcō</b>, <i>I lead</i>, see +<a href = "#para34">§ <b>34</b></a>.</p> + +<p>The double consonants were simplified in OHG. and MHG. according to +§ <b>32</b>.</p> + +<p class = "space"> +<a name = "para23_2" id = "para23_2">2.</a> +<b>p</b>, <b>t</b> initially, medially and finally after consonants +(<b>l</b>, <b>m</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>r</b>), and when doubled, were shifted +to the affricatae <b>pf</b> (also written <b>ph</b>), <b>tz</b> +(generally written <b>zz</b> and <b>z</b>) = MHG. <b>pf</b> (<b>ph</b>), +<b>tz</b> (<b>z</b>).</p> + +<p><b>p > pf</b>. OE. <b>pund</b>, OHG. MHG. <b>pfunt</b>, +<i>pound</i>; OE. <b>gelimpan</b>, OHG. <b>gilimpfan</b>, MHG. +<b>gelimpfen</b>, <i>to be meet</i>; +<span class = "pagenum">27</span> +OE. <b>scieppan</b>, OHG. <b>skepfen</b>, MHG. <b>schepfen</b>, <i>to +create</i>. The <b>pf</b> became <b>f</b> after <b>l</b> and <b>r</b> +already in OHG., as <b>hëlfan</b>, MHG. <b>hëlfen</b>, OE. +<b>helpan</b>, <i>to help</i>; <b>wërfan</b>, MHG. <b>wërfen</b>, OE. +<b>weorpan</b>, <i>to throw</i>.</p> + +<p><b>t > z</b>. OE. <b>tunge</b>, OHG. <b>zunga</b>, MHG. +<b>zunge</b>, <i>tongue</i>; OE. <b>heorte</b>, OHG. <b>hërza</b>, MHG. +<b>hërze</b>, <i>heart</i>; OE. <b>sealt</b>, OHG. MHG. <b>salz</b>, +<i>salt</i>; OE. <b>sittan</b>, OHG. <b>sizzen</b>, <b>sitzen</b>, MHG. +<b>sitzen</b>, <i>to sit</i>; OE. <b>sceatt</b>, OHG. <b>scaz</b> (gen. +<b>scazzes</b>, <b>scatzes</b>), MHG. <b>schaz</b> (gen. +<b>schatzes</b>), <i>money, treasure</i>.</p> + +<p><b>k</b>, <b>kk</b> (written <b>ck</b>) remained unshifted (except in +High Alemanic), as OE. <b>corn</b>, OHG. MHG. <b>korn</b>, <i>corn</i>; +OE. <b>cnēo</b>, OHG. <b>kneo</b>, MHG. <b>knie</b>, <i>knee</i>; OE. +<b>sincan</b>, OHG. <b>sinkan</b>, MHG. <b>sinken</b>, <i>to sink</i>, +pret. <b>sanc</b>; OE. <b>þeccan</b>, OHG. MHG. <b>decken</b>, <i>to +cover</i>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para24" id = "para24"><b>§ 24.</b></a> +<b>þ</b> became <b>d</b>, and <b>þþ</b> became <b>tt</b>, as OE. +<b>þorn</b>, OHG. MHG. <b>dorn</b>, <i>thorn</i>; OE. <b>brōþor</b>, +OHG. MHG. <b>bruoder</b>, <i>brother</i>. OE. <b>smiþþe</b>, OHG. +<b>smitta</b>, MHG. <b>smitte</b>, <i>smithy</i>; OE. <b>moþþe</b>, late +MHG. <b>motte</b>, <i>moth</i>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para25" id = "para25"><b>§ 25.</b></a> +The voiced explosives <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>g</b>, and the voiced +spirants <b>ƀ</b>, <b>ʒ</b> did not undergo the same universal shifting +as the voiceless explosives. <b>ƀ</b>, <b>ʒ</b> became <b>b</b>, +<b>g</b>. <b>b</b>, <b>g</b> remained, and <b>d</b> became <b>t</b>, as +OE. <b>brōþor</b>, OHG. MHG. <b>bruoder</b>, <i>brother</i>; OE. +<b>bēodan</b>, OHG. <b>biotan</b>, MHG. <b>bieten</b>, <i>to offer</i>; +Goth. <b>giban</b> (= <b>giƀan</b>), OHG. <b>gëban</b>, MHG. +<b>gëben</b>, <i>to give</i>. OE. <b>dohtor</b>, OHG. MHG. +<b>tohter</b>, <i>daughter</i>; OE. <b>bēodan</b>, OHG. <b>biotan</b>, +MHG. <b>bieten</b>, <i>to offer</i>; OE. <b>dēad</b>, OHG. MHG. +<b>tōt</b>, <i>dead</i>. OE. <b>gōd</b>, OHG. MHG. <b>guot</b>, +<i>good</i>; OE. <b>flēogan</b>, OHG. <b>fliogan</b>, MHG. +<b>fliegen</b>, <i>to fly</i>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para26" id = "para26"><b>§ 26.</b></a> +The double consonants <b>bb</b>, <b>dd</b>, <b>gg</b> = OHG. <b>pp</b> +(<b>bb</b>), <b>tt</b>, <b>cc</b> (<b>gg</b>), and MHG. <b>pp</b> +(<b>bb</b>), <b>tt</b>, <b>ck</b> (<b>gg</b>), as OE. <b>sibb</b>, OHG. +<b>sippa</b> (<b>sibba</b>), MHG. <b>sippe</b> (<b>sibbe</b>), +<i>relationship</i>; OE. <b>cribb</b>, OHG. <b>krippa</b> +(<b>kribba</b>), MHG. <b>krippe (kribbe)</b>, <i>crib</i>. OE. +<b>biddan</b>, OHG. <b>bitten</b>, MHG. <b>bitten</b>, +<span class = "pagenum">28</span> +later <b>biten</b>, <i>to request</i>; OE. <b>þridda</b>, OHG. +<b>dritto</b>, MHG. <b>dritte</b>, later <b>drite</b>, <i>third</i>. OE. +<b>brycg</b>, OHG. <b>brucca (brugga)</b>, MHG. <b>brücke</b> +(<b>brügge</b>), <i>bridge</i>. The fluctuation in the writing of +<b>pp</b> and <b>bb</b>, <b>ck</b> and <b>gg</b> is merely +orthographical, and does not represent a difference in pronunciation. +Both pairs were used to express the lenes medially between vowels. For +other examples see <a href = "#para31">§ <b>31</b></a>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para27" id = "para27"><b>§ 27.</b></a> +The summary of the consonantal changes in §§ <b>23-6</b> may be +expressed as follows:—</p> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms"> +<tr> +<th class = "smallcaps">West Germanic.</th> +<th colspan = "3">MHG.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>p</b>; <b>t</b>; <b>k</b>; <b>þ</b></td> +<td>= <b>ff (f), pf</b>;</td> +<td><b>ȥȥ (ȥ), z</b>;</td> +<td><b>ch</b>; <b>d</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>pp</b>; <b>tt</b>; <b>kk</b>; <b>þþ</b></td> +<td>=<span class = "spread2"> </span><b>pf</b>;</td> +<td><span class = "spread1"> </span><b>tz (z)</b>;</td> +<td><b>ck</b>; <b>tt</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>b (ƀ)</b>; <b>d</b>; <b>g (ʒ)</b></td> +<td>= <b>b</b>;</td> +<td><b>t</b>;</td> +<td><b>g</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>bb</b>; <b>dd</b>; <b>gg</b></td> +<td>= <b>pp (bb)</b>;</td> +<td><b>tt</b>;</td> +<td><b>ck (gg)</b>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para28" id = "para28"><b>§ 28.</b></a> +The following sound-changes took place in primitive +Germanic:—Every labial + <b>t</b> became <b>ft</b>; every guttural ++ <b>t</b> became <b>ht</b>; every dental + <b>t</b> became <b>ss</b>, +which was simplified to <b>s</b> after long vowels. This explains the +frequent interchange in MHG. between <b>pf</b>, <b>b</b> and <b>f</b>; +between <b>k</b>, <b>g</b> and <b>h</b>; and between <b>ȥȥ</b>, <b>ȥ</b> +and <b>ss</b>, <b>s</b> in forms which are etymologically related.</p> + +<p><b>pf</b>, <b>b—f</b>. <b>schepfen</b>, <i>to create</i>: +<b>geschaft</b>, <i>creature</i>; <b>gëben</b>, <i>to give</i>: +<b>gift</b>, <i>gift</i>; <b>wëben</b>, <i>to weave</i>: English +<b>weft</b>.</p> + +<p><b>k</b>, <b>g—h</b>. <b>würken</b>, <i>to work</i>: pret. +<b>worhte</b>; <b>denken</b>, <i>to think</i>: pret. <b>dāhte</b>; +<b>mugen</b> (<b>mügen</b>), <i>to be able</i>: pret. <b>mohte</b>; +<b>bringen</b>, <i>to bring</i>: pret. <b>brāhte</b>.</p> + +<p><b>ȥȥ</b>, <b>ȥ—ss, s</b>. <b>gieȥen</b>, <i>to pour</i>: +<b>güsse</b>, <i>inundation</i>; <b>wiȥȥen</b>, <i>to know</i>: pret. +<b>wisse (wiste): wīs</b>, <i>wise</i>; <b>muoȥ</b>, <i>must</i>: pret. +<b>muose</b> (<b>muoste</b>); <b>ëȥȥen</b>, <i>to eat</i>: <b>ās</b>, +<i>carrion</i>. Preterites like <b>wiste</b>, <b>muoste</b> were formed +after the analogy of preterites like <b>worhte</b>, <b>dāhte</b>, where +the <b>t</b> was regular.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para29" id = "para29"><b>§ 29.</b></a> +The guttural nasal <b>ŋ</b> (written n) only occurred in +<span class = "pagenum">29</span> +the combinations <b>nk</b> (<b>nc</b>) and <b>ng</b>. It disappeared +before <b>h</b> (= prim. Germanic <b>χ</b>) in primitive Germanic +with lengthening of a preceding short vowel, as <b>vāhen</b> from prim. +Germanic <b>*faŋχanan</b>, <i>to seize, catch</i>, beside p.p. +<b>gevangen</b>; and similarly <b>hāhen</b>, <i>to hang</i>, p.p. +<b>gehangen</b>; pret. <b>brāhte</b>, <b>dāhte</b>, <b>dūhte</b>, beside +<b>bringen</b>, <i>to bring</i>, <b>denken</b>, <i>to think</i>, +<b>dunken</b>, <i>to seem</i>.</p> + +<p>The guttural nasal disappeared in an unstressed syllable when +preceded by an <b>n</b> in a stressed syllable in the course of the OHG. +and MHG. period, as OHG. <b>honag</b>, MHG. <b>honec</b>, beside OHG. +<b>honang</b>, <i>honey</i>; OHG. <b>kunig</b>, MHG. <b>künec</b>, +beside OHG. <b>kuning</b>, <i>king</i>; OHG. <b>pfennig</b>, MHG. +<b>pfennic</b>, beside OHG. <b>pfenning</b>, MHG. <b>pfenninc</b>, +penny. And similarly with dental <b>n</b>, as <b>senede</b> beside +<b>senende</b>, <i>longing, yearning</i>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para30" id = "para30"><b>§ 30.</b></a> +Strong verbs, which have a medial <b>v (f), d, h, s</b> in the present, +have respectively <b>b</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>g (ng), r</b> in the second +person sing. pret. indicative, the preterite plural indicative, the +pret. subjunctive and the past participle. This interchange of +consonants is called Verner’s Law, see OHG. Primer, §§ <b>72</b>, +<b>87</b>:—</p> + +<table class = "inline padded" summary = "list of forms"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Inf.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps">Pret. Pl.</th> +<th>P.P.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>v(f)—b.</b></td> +<td><p><b>heven</b>, <i>to raise</i></p></td> +<td><b>huoben</b></td> +<td><b>gehaben</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>d—t.</b></td> +<td><p><b>mīden</b>, <i>to avoid</i></p></td> +<td><b>miten</b></td> +<td><b>gemiten</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p><b>snīden</b>, <i>to cut</i></p></td> +<td><b>sniten</b></td> +<td><b>gesniten</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>h—g.</b></td> +<td><p><b>dīhen</b>, <i>to thrive</i></p></td> +<td><b>digen</b></td> +<td><b>gedigen</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p><b>ziehen</b>, <i>to draw</i></p></td> +<td><b>zugen</b></td> +<td><b>gezogen</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p><b>slahen</b>, <i>to strike</i></p></td> +<td><b>sluogen</b></td> +<td><b>geslagen</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>h—ng</b> (<a href = +"#para29">§ <b>29</b></a>).</p></td> +<td><p><b>hāhen</b>, <i>to hang</i></p></td> +<td><b>hiengen</b></td> +<td><b>gehangen</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p><b>vāhen</b>, <i>to catch</i></p></td> +<td><b>viengen</b></td> +<td><b>gevangen</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>s—r.</b></td> +<td><p><b>rīsen</b>, <i>to fall</i></p></td> +<td><b>rirn</b></td> +<td><b>gerirn</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p><b>kiesen</b>, <i>to choose</i></p></td> +<td><b>kurn</b></td> +<td><b>gekorn</b>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>This law has, however, many exceptions in MHG. owing to levelling +having taken place with the infinitive, +<span class = "pagenum">30</span> +present indicative and preterite singular, as <b>risen</b>, +<b>gerisen</b> beside <b>rirn</b>, <b>gerirn</b>.</p> + +<p>The same interchange of consonants exists between strong verbs and +their corresponding causative weak verbs, as <b>līden</b>, <i>to go</i>: +<b>leiten</b>, <i>to lead</i>; <b>hāhen</b>, <i>to hang</i>: +<b>hengen</b>, <i>to hang</i> (trans.); <b>ge-nësen</b>, <i>to be +saved</i>: <b>nern</b>, <i>to save</i>; and in nouns, &c., as +<b>hof</b> (gen. <b>hoves</b>), <i>court</i>: <b>hübesch</b>, +<i>courtly</i>; <b>tōt</b> (gen. <b>tōdes</b>), <i>death</i>: <b>tōt</b> +(gen. <b>tōtes</b>), <i>dead</i>; <b>swëher</b>, <i>father-in-law</i>: +<b>swiger</b>, <i>mother-in-law</i>; <b>hase</b>: English +<b>hare</b>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para31" id = "para31"><b>§ 31.</b></a> +The doubling of consonants took place under certain well-defined rules +partly in prim. Germanic and partly in prim. West Germanic, see the +Author’s Hist. Germ. Grammar, §§ <b>202</b>, <b>213-14</b>. Examples of +words which had double consonants in prim. Germanic are: <b>kopf</b>, +head; <b>napf</b> (OE. <b>hnæp</b>, gen. <b>hnæppes</b>), <i>basin</i>; +<b>boc</b> (OE. <b>bucca</b>), <i>buck</i>, gen. <b>bockes</b>; +<b>rinnen</b>, <i>to run</i>; <b>swimmen</b>, <i>to swim</i>; <b>vol</b> +(gen. <b>volles</b>), <i>full</i>; <b>vërre</b>, <i>far</i>; +<b>gewisser</b>, <i>certain</i>.</p> + +<p>The chief cases in which double consonants arose in prim. West +Germanic were:—</p> + +<p><a name = "para31_1" id = "para31_1">1.</a> +The assimilation of <b>ƀn</b>, <b>ʒn</b>, <b>pn</b> to <b>bb</b>, +<b>gg</b>, <b>pp</b> = MHG. <b>pp</b>, <b>ck (gg)</b>, <b>pf</b>, as +<b>knappe</b>: <b>knabe</b>, <i>boy</i>; <b>rappe</b>: <b>rabe</b>, +<i>raven</i>; <b>rocke</b><ins class = "correction" title = +"text has , for :">: </ins><b>rogge</b>, <i>rye</i>; <b>tropfe</b>, +<i>drop</i>: <b>triefen</b>, <i>to drip</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "para31_2" id = "para31_2">2.</a> +<b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>k</b> were doubled before a following <b>r</b> or +<b>l</b>. The doubling regularly took place in the inflected forms, and +was then extended to the uninflected forms by levelling, as <b>apfel</b> +(OE. <b>æppel</b>), <i>apple</i>; <b>kupfer</b> (Lat. <b>cuprum</b>), +<i>copper</i>; <b>bitter</b> (Goth. <b>báitrs</b>), <i>bitter</i>, see +<a href = "#para23n">§ <b>23</b> note</a>; <b>lützel</b> (OS. +<b>luttil</b>), <i>little</i>; <b>acker</b> (Goth. <b>akrs</b>), +<i>field</i>; <b>wacker</b> (OE. <b>wæccer</b>), <i>watchful</i>. See +<a href = "#para23_2">§ <b>23</b>, 2</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "para31_3" id = "para31_3">3.</a> +All single consonants, except <b>r</b>, were doubled after a short vowel +when there was originally a <b>j</b> in the next syllable. The +<b>bb</b>, <b>dd</b>, <b>gg</b>; <b>pp</b>, <b>tt</b>, <b>kk</b>, which +thus arose, became <b>pp</b> (<b>bb</b>), <b>tt</b>, <b>ck</b> +(<b>gg</b>); <b>pf</b>, <b>tz</b>, <b>ck</b> in MHG. (§§ <a href = +"#para23"><b>23</b></a>, 2, +<span class = "pagenum">31</span> +<b>26</b>), as <b>sippe</b> (<b>sibbe</b>), Goth. <b>sibja</b>, +<i>relationship</i>; <b>bitten</b>, later <b>biten</b>, Goth. +<b>bidjan</b>, <i>to request</i>; <b>tretten</b> (<i>wv.</i>): +<b>trëten</b> <i>(sv.), to tread</i>; <b>brücke</b> (<b>brügge</b>), +<i>bridge</i>; <b>ecke</b> (<b>egge</b>), <i>edge</i>; <b>mücke</b> +(<b>mügge</b>), <i>midge</i>; <b>rücke</b> (<b>rügge</b>), <i>ridge, +back</i>. <b>schepfen</b>, Goth. <b>skapjan</b>, <i>to create</i>; +<b>hitze</b>, <i>heat</i>: <b>heiȥ</b>, <i>hot</i>; <b>netzen</b>, <i>to +wet</i>: <b>naȥ</b>, <i>wet</i>; <b>setzen</b>, Goth. <b>satjan</b>, +<i>to set</i>; <b>sitzen</b>, <i>to sit</i>: pret. <b>saȥ</b>, p.p. +<b>gesëȥȥen</b>; <b>decken</b>, <i>to cover</i>: <b>dach</b>, +<i>cover</i>; <b>lücke</b>, <i>gap</i>: <b>loch</b>, <i>hole</i>. +<b>zellen</b>, later <b>zeln</b>, <i>to count</i>: <b>zal</b>, +<i>number</i>. <b>vremmen</b>, later <b>vremen</b> (OE. <b>fremman</b>), +<i>to perform</i>. <b>henne</b>, <i>hen</i>: <b>hane</b>, +<i>cock</i>.</p> + +<p>In MHG. the double consonants in verbs were often simplified through +the levelling out of forms which regularly had a single consonant, e.g. +regular forms were: <b>vremmen</b>, <i>to perform</i>, sing. +<b>vremme</b>, <b>vremes(t)</b>, <b>vremet</b>, pl. <b>vremmen</b>, +<b>vremmet</b>, <b>vremment</b>, pret. <b>vremete</b>, p.p. +<b>gevremet</b>, then the stem-form with single <b>m</b> was levelled +out into all the forms, and similarly with many other verbs, as +<b>denen</b>, <i>to stretch</i>; <b>seln</b>, <i>to hand over</i>; +<b>weln</b>, <i>to choose</i>; <b>wenen</b>, <i>to accustom</i>; +<b>legen</b> beside <b>lecken</b> (<b>leggen</b>), <i>to lay</i>; and +the strong verbs <b>biten</b>, <i>to beg</i>; <b>ligen</b> beside +<b>licken (liggen)</b>, <i>to lie down</i>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para32" id = "para32"><b>§ 32.</b></a> +Double consonants were simplified:—</p> + +<p><a name = "para32_1">1.</a> +When they became final, as <b>boc</b>, <i>buck</i>, <b>kus</b>, +<i>kiss</i>, <b>man</b>, <i>man</i>, <b>schif</b>, <i>ship</i>, +<b>stum</b>, <i>dumb</i>, <b>vël</b>, <i>hide</i>, beside gen. +<b>bockes</b>, <b>kusses</b>, <b>mannes</b>, <b>schiffes</b>, +<b>stummes</b>, <b>vëlles</b>; pret. <b>maȥ</b>, <b>ran</b>, +<b>traf</b>, beside <b>mëȥȥen</b>, <i>to measure</i>, <b>rinnen</b>, +<i>to run</i>, <b>trëffen</b>, <i>to hit</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "para32_2">2.</a> +Before other consonants, as pret. <b>dacte (dahte), nante (nande), +kuste</b>, beside <b>decken</b>, <i>to cover</i>, <b>nennen</b>, <i>to +name</i>, <b>küssen</b>, <i>to kiss</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "para32_3">3.</a> +After consonants, as pret. <b>sante</b> (<b>sande</b>) from +<b>*santte, wante</b> (<b>wande</b>) from <b>*wantte</b>, beside +<b>senden</b>, <i>to send</i>, <b>wenden</b>, <i>to turn</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "para32_4">4.</a> +After long vowels and diphthongs, as pret. sing. <b>leite</b> from +<b>*leitte</b>, pret. pl. <b>māȥen</b>, <b>trāfen</b>, <b>vielen</b>, +beside <b>leiten</b>, +<span class = "pagenum">32</span> +<i>to lead</i>, <b>mëȥȥen</b>, <i>to measure</i>, <b>trëffen</b>, <i>to +hit</i>, <b>vallen</b>, <i>to fall</i>. This simplification of double +consonants took place during the OHG. period, as <b>slāfan</b>, <i>to +sleep</i>, <b>heiȥan</b>, <i>to call</i>, <b>loufan</b>, <i>to run</i>, +<b>zeichan</b>, <i>token</i>, beside older OHG. <b>slāffan</b>, +<b>heiȥȥan</b>, <b>louffan</b>, <b>zeihhan</b>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para33" id = "para33"><b>§ 33.</b></a> +In MHG. the lenes <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>g</b> became the fortes +<b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>c (k)</b> when they ended a syllable, that is +when they came to stand finally, or medially before a voiceless +consonant. Traces of this law existed already in OHG. The interchange +between the lenes and fortes includes two independent processes, viz. +the change of the medial lenes <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>g</b> to the final +fortes <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>k</b>, and the change of the final +<b>f</b>, <b>s</b> to the medial intervocalic lenes <b>v</b> and to what +is written <b>s</b> (cp. also NHG. <b>lesen</b>, <b>las</b>). It must be +noted that in MHG. the interchanging pairs of consonants were all +voiceless and that the difference merely consisted in the intensity or +force with which the sounds were produced. This is quite different from +NHG. where the interchange is between voiced and voiceless sounds except +in the case of <b>f</b> which is voiceless in all positions in native +words. Examples are: <b>gëben</b>, <i>to give</i>, <b>gelouben</b>, +<i>to believe</i>, <b>wërben</b>, <i>to turn</i>, beside pret. +<b>gap</b>, <b>geloupte</b>, <b>warp</b>; gen. <b>lībes</b>, +<b>lambes</b>, beside nom. <b>līp</b>, <i>life</i>, <b>lamp</b>, +<i>lamb</i>. <b>binden</b>, <i>to bind</i>, <b>wërden</b>, <i>to +become</i>, beside pret. <b>bant</b>, <b>wart</b>; gen. <b>kindes</b>, +<b>tōdes</b>, beside nom. <b>kint</b>, <i>child</i>, <b>tōt</b>, +<i>death</i>. <b>biegen</b>, <i>to bend</i>, <b>singen</b>, <i>to +sing</i>, <b>zeigen</b>, <i>to show</i>, beside pret. <b>bouc</b>, +<b>sanc</b>, <b>zeicte</b>; gen. <b>tages</b>, <b>bërges</b>, beside +nom. <b>tac</b>, <i>day</i>, <b>bërc</b>, <i>mountain</i>. <b>nëve</b>, +<i>nephew</i>, beside <b>niftel</b>, <i>niece</i>; gen. <b>hoves</b>, +<b>brieves</b>, beside nom. <b>hof</b>, <i>court</i>, <b>brief</b>, +<i>letter</i>. <b>kiesen</b>, <i>to choose</i>, <b>lësen</b>, <i>to +gather</i>, <b>lœsen</b>, <i>to loose</i>, beside pret. <b>kōs</b>, +<b>las</b>, <b>lōste</b>; pl. <b>hiuser</b>, beside sing. <b>hūs</b>, +<i>house</i>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para34" id = "para34"><b>§ 34.</b></a> +Final <b>ch</b> after vowels interchanged with medial <b>h</b>, as +<b>schuoch</b>, <i>shoe</i>, gen. <b>schuohes</b>; <b>hōch</b>, +<i>high</i>, gen. <b>hōhes</b>; <b>nāch</b>, <i>near</i>, adv. +<b>nāhe</b>; pret. <b>geschach</b>, <b>sach</b>, beside +<b>geschëhen</b>, <i>to happen</i>, <b>sëhen</b>, <i>to see</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">33</span> + +<p>The medial combinations <b>lh</b>, <b>rh</b> were written <b>lch</b>, +<b>rch</b> when they came to stand finally, as <b>bevëlhen</b>, <i>to +confide</i>, pret. <b>bevalch</b>; gen. <b>schëlhes</b>, <b>twërhes</b>, +beside nom. <b>schëlch</b>, <b>twërch</b>, <i>askew</i>, see <a href = +"#para19">§ <b>19</b></a>. <b>h</b> (= <b>ch</b>) and +<b>ch</b> often disappeared in unstressed syllables and particles, as +<b>ē̆t</b>, <i>only</i>, <b>hīnte</b>, <b>hīnt</b>, <i>to-night</i>, +<b>niet</b>, <i>not</i>, <b>dur</b>, <i>through</i>, beside <b>ëht</b>, +<b>hīnaht</b>, <b>niht</b>, <b>nieht</b>, <b>durch</b>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para35" id = "para35"><b>§ 35.</b></a> +Initial <b>j</b> became or was written <b>g</b> before a following +<b>i</b>, as <b>gihet</b>, <i>he assures</i>, beside inf. <b>jëhen</b>, +pret. <b>jach</b>, and similarly <b>jësen</b>, <i>to ferment</i>, +<b>jëten</b>, <i>to weed</i>. In the verba pura forms with and without +the intervocalic glide <b>j</b> existed side by side in OHG. and MHG., +as <b>blüejen</b> (OHG. <b>bluojen</b>) beside <b>blüen</b> (OHG. +<b>bluoen</b>), <i>to bloom</i>; and similarly <b>dræjen</b>, <i>to +twist</i>, <b>müejen</b>, <i>to trouble</i>, <b>sæjen</b>, <i>to +sow</i>, beside <b>dræn</b>, <b>müen</b>, <b>sæn</b>. In a few words +forms with and without intervocalic <b>j (g)</b> existed side by side, +as gen. <b>blīges</b> beside nom. <b>blī</b>, <i>lead</i>; <b>eijer</b>, +<b>eiger</b> beside <b>eier</b>, <i>eggs</i>; <b>frījen</b>, +<b>frīgen</b> beside <b>frīen</b>, <i>to free</i>; <b>meige</b>, +<b>meie</b>, <i>May</i>; <b>nerigen</b>, <b>nerjen</b> beside +<b>nern</b>, <i>to save</i>, <i>rescue</i>; <b>swerigen</b>, +<b>swerjen</b> beside <b>swern</b>, <i>to swear</i>; gen. <b>zwīges</b>, +<b>zwīes</b>, nom. <b>zwī</b>, <i>twig</i>; gen. <b>zweiger</b>, +<b>zweier</b>, <i>of two</i>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para36" id = "para36"><b>§ 36.</b></a> +In OHG. <b>w</b> became vocalized to <b>o</b> when it came to stand at +the end of a word or syllable, and then generally disappeared after long +vowels, but the medial <b>w</b> regularly remained in OHG. and MHG. when +it was at the beginning of a syllable, as <b>blā</b> (OHG. <b>blāo</b>, +<b>blā</b>), <i>blue</i>, gen. <b>blāwes</b>; <b>snē</b> (OHG. +<b>snēo</b>, <b>snē</b>), <i>snow</i>, gen. <b>snēwes</b>; <b>strō</b> +(OHG. <b>strao</b>, <b>strō</b> by contraction), <i>straw</i>, gen. +<b>strōwes</b>; <b>knie</b> (OHG. <b>kneo</b>), <i>knee</i>, gen. +<b>kniewes</b>, OHG. <b>knëwes</b>; <b>schate</b> (OHG. <b>scato</b>), +<i>shadow</i>, gen. <b>schat(e)wes</b>; pret. <b>blou</b>, <b>hiu</b>, +<b>kou</b>, beside <b>bliuwen</b>, <i>to strike</i>, <b>houwen</b>, +<i>to hew</i>, <b>kiuwen</b>, <i>to chew</i>; <b>fal</b> (OHG. +<b>falo</b>), <i>fallow</i>, gen. <b>falwes</b>; <b>gar</b> (OHG. +<b>garo</b>), <i>ready</i>, gen. <b>garwes</b>; <b>mël</b> (OHG. +<b>mëlo</b>), <i>meal</i>, gen. <b>mëlwes</b>; <b>smër</b> (OHG. +<b>smëro</b>), +<span class = "pagenum">34</span> +<i>fat</i>; pret. <b>smirte</b>, <b>ströute</b>, beside <b>smirwen</b>, +<i>to smear</i>, <b>ströuwen</b>, <i>to strew</i>. See <a href = +"#para9">§ <b>9</b></a>, r.</p> + +<p>The <b>w</b> element sometimes disappeared in the initial +combinations <b>qua-</b>, <b>quā-</b>, <b>quë-</b>, <b>qui-</b>, +<b>quī-</b> partly with and partly without influencing the quality of +the following vowel, as pret. sing. <b>kam</b>, <b>kom</b> beside +<b>quam</b>, <i>he came</i>, pret. pl. <b>kōmen</b>, <b>kāmen</b> beside +<b>quāmen</b>; <b>kāle</b> beside <b>quāle</b>, <i>torture</i>; +<b>këc</b> beside <b>quec</b>, <i>alive</i>; <b>korder</b>, +<b>körder</b> beside <b>quërder</b>, <i>bait</i>; <b>komen</b>, +<b>kömen</b>, <b>kumen</b> beside <b>quëmen</b>, <i>to come</i>; pres. +sing. <b>kume</b>, <b>küm(e)s(t)</b>, <b>kum(e)s(t)</b>, <b>küm(e)t</b>, +<b>kum(e)t</b> = OHG. <b>quimu</b>, <b>quimis</b>, <b>quimit</b>; +<b>kücken</b> beside <b>quicken</b>, <i>to enliven</i>; <b>kīt</b> +beside <b>quīt</b> = <b>quidet</b>, <i>he says</i>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para37" id = "para37"><b>§ 37.</b></a> +Medial <b>-ibe-</b>, <b>-ide-</b>, <b>-ige-</b> were sometimes +contracted to <b>ī</b>; and medial <b>-age-</b>, <b>-ege-</b> to +<b>ei</b>, as <b>gīst</b>, <i>thou givest</i>, <b>gīt</b>, <i>he +gives</i>, beside <b>gibes(t)</b>, <b>gibet</b>; <b>quīst</b>, <i>thou +sayest</i>, <b>quīt</b>, <i>he says</i>, beside <b>quides(t)</b>, +<b>quidet</b>; <b>līst</b>, <i>thou liest down</i>, <b>līt</b>, <i>he +lies down</i>, beside <b>liges(t)</b>, <b>liget</b>. <b>meit</b> beside +<b>maget</b>, <i>maid</i>; <b>seist</b>, <i>thou sayest</i>, +<b>seit</b>, <i>he says</i>, beside <b>sages(t)</b>, <b>saget</b>; +<b>leist</b>, <i>thou layest</i>, <b>leit</b>, <i>he lays</i>, beside +<b>leges(t)</b>, <b>leget</b>; <b>eislīch</b> beside <b>egeslīch</b>, +<i>terrible</i>; <b>gein</b> beside <b>gegen</b>, <i>against</i>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para38" id = "para38"><b>§ 38.</b></a> +Intervocalic <b>h</b> often disappeared when the first vowel was long, +and then the two vowels underwent contraction, as <b>hān</b>, <i>to +hang</i>, <b>vān</b>, <i>to catch</i>, <b>vlēn</b>, <i>to implore</i>, +<b>hō</b> (adv.), <i>high</i>, beside <b>hāhen</b>, <b>vāhen</b>, +<b>vlēhen</b>, <b>hōhe</b>. Other contracted forms will be found in the +Glossary.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para39" id = "para39"><b>§ 39.</b></a> +The final <b>r</b> disappeared after long vowels in monosyllables when +the next word began with a consonant, but was often restored +analogically, as <b>dā</b> (OHG. <b>dār</b>), <i>there</i>: +<b>dārinne</b>, <i>therein</i>; <b>wā</b> (OHG. <b>wār</b>), +<i>where</i>: <b>wārinne</b>, <i>wherein</i>; <b>hie</b> (OHG. +<b>hiar</b>): <b>hierunder</b>, <i>hereunder</i>; adv. <b>mē</b> (OHG. +<b>mēr</b>), <i>more</i>; <b>ē</b> (OHG. <b>ēr</b>), <i>formerly</i>; +<b>sā</b> (OHG. <b>sār</b>), <i>at once</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">35</span> +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para40" id = "para40"><b>§ 40.</b></a> +Medial <b>t</b> (<a href = "#para25">§ <b>25</b></a>) became +<b>d</b> after nasals in late OHG. and early MHG., as <b>senden</b>, +<i>to send</i>, gen. <b>blindes</b> (nom. <b>blint</b>, <i>blind</i>), +pret. <b>nande</b>, <i>he named</i>, <b>rūmde</b>, <i>he left</i>, +beside early MHG. <b>senten</b>, <b>blintes</b>, <b>nante</b>, +<b>rūmte</b>. It also occasionally became <b>d</b> after <b>l</b>, as +<b>halden</b> beside <b>halten</b>, <i>to hold</i>, <b>solde</b> beside +<b>solte</b>, pret. of <b>suln</b>, <i>shall</i>.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">36</span> +<h3>ACCIDENCE</h3> + +<h4><a name = "chapIII" id = "chapIII"> +CHAPTER III</a></h4> + +<h5>DECLENSION OF NOUNS</h5> + + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para41" id = "para41"><b>§ 41.</b></a> +MHG. nouns have two numbers: singular and plural; three genders: +masculine, feminine, and neuter, as in OHG. and NHG., from which the +gender of nouns in MHG. does not materially differ; four cases: +nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative. Traces of an old locative +occur in what is called the uninflected dative singular of <b>hūs</b>, +<i>house</i>, beside <b>hūse</b>, and in proper names like +<b>Engellant</b> beside <b>Engellande</b>. The vocative is like the +nominative.</p> + +<p>In MHG., as in the older periods of the other Germanic languages, +nouns are divided into two great classes, according as the stem +originally ended in a vowel or a consonant, cp. the similar division of +nouns in Latin and Greek. Nouns whose stems originally ended in a vowel +belong to the vocalic or so-called strong declension. Those whose stems +originally ended in <b>-n</b> belong to the so-called weak or +<b>n-</b>declension. All other consonantal stems are generally put +together under the general heading, ‘Minor Declensions’. In OHG. nouns +whose stems originally ended in a vowel are subdivided into the +<b>a-</b>declension including pure <b>a-</b>stems, <b>ja-</b>stems, and +<b>wa-</b>stems; the <b>ō-</b>declension including pure <b>ō-</b>stems, +<b>jō-</b>stems, and <b>wō-</b>stems; the <b>ī̆-</b>declension, and the +<b>u-</b>declension. All the nouns belonging to the <b>u-</b>declension +went over into other +<span class = "pagenum">37</span> +declensions in MHG. (cp. §§ <a href = "#para43"><b>43</b></a>, <a href = +"#para44"><b>44</b></a>, <a href = "#para49"><b>49</b></a>). But as all +final vowels either disappeared (some of them already in OHG.) or were +weakened to <b>e</b> in MHG. (see §§ <a href = "#para7"><b>7</b></a>, +<a href = "#para8"><b>8</b></a>), it is no longer practicable to retain the +OHG. subdivision fully without entering into the oldest and in many +cases into the prehistoric period of the language, which would be quite +out of place in a MHG. grammar. The old ‘Minor Declensions’ had begun to +pass over into the vocalic, especially into the <b>i-</b> and <b>a-</b>, +declensions in the oldest OHG. The remnants of the old inflexions +preserved in MHG. will be noted in the following paragraphs. The neuter +nouns whose stems originally ended in <b>-os</b>, <b>-es</b> (cp. +<a href = "#para47">§ <b>47</b></a>) are in this Primer included in +the strong declension.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">A. The Vocalic or Strong Declension.</h5> + +<p class = "center">1. <b>Masculine Nouns.</b></p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para42" id = "para42"><b>§ 42.</b></a> +<b>First declension.</b>—To this declension belong all masculine +nouns which form their plural in <b>-e</b> only. It includes: (a) the +old masculine <b>a-</b>stems; (b) the old masculine <b>wa-</b>stems +which lost their final <b>-w</b> after long vowels in OHG., as +<b>sē</b>, <i>sea</i>, gen. <b>sēwes</b>, pl. <b>sēwe</b>, and similarly +<b>bū</b>, <i>dwelling</i>, <b>rē</b> (also neuter), <i>corpse</i>, +<b>snē</b>, <i>snow</i>, see <a href = "#para36">§ <b>36</b></a>; +and (c) the old masculine <b>i-</b>stems which could not have umlaut in +the plural (<a href = "#para44">§ <b>44</b></a>).</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Sing.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td> +<td><b>tac</b>, <i>day</i></td> +<td><b>kil</b>, <i>quill</i></td> +<td><b>engel</b>, <i>angel</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>tages</b></td> +<td><b>kil(e)s</b></td> +<td><b>engel(e)s</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>tage</b></td> +<td><b>kil(e)</b></td> +<td><b>engel(e)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Plur.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc. Gen.</td> +<td><b>tage</b></td> +<td><b>kil(e)</b></td> +<td><b>engel(e)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>tagen</b></td> +<td><b>kil(e)n</b></td> +<td><b>engel(e)n</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">38</span> +<p>On the interchange between fortis and lenis, as in <b>tac</b>, +<i>day</i>, <b>lop</b>, <i>praise</i>, <b>sant</b>, <i>sand</i>, +<b>hof</b>, <i>court</i>, gen. <b>tages</b>, <b>lobes</b>, +<b>sandes</b>, <b>hoves</b>, see <a href = +"#para33">§ <b>33</b></a>.</p> + +<p>Like <b>tac</b> are also declined the old consonantal stems +<b>vīent</b>, <i>enemy</i>, and <b>vriunt</b>, <i>friend</i>, but pl. +<b>vriunde</b> beside the old plural <b>vriunt</b>.</p> + +<p>Like <b>kil</b> are declined all monosyllabic masculine nouns having +a short stem-vowel and ending in <b>-l</b> or <b>-r</b> (<a href = +"#para9_1">§ <b>9</b>, 1</a>).</p> + +<p>Like <b>engel</b> are declined masculine polysyllabic nouns ending in +<b>-el</b>, <b>-em</b>, <b>-en</b>, <b>-er</b>, when their stem-syllable +is long, as <b>mantel</b>, <i>mantle</i>, <b>ātem</b>, <i>breath</i>, +<b>morgen</b>, <i>morning</i>, <b>acker</b>, <i>field</i>. Those in +<b>-em</b>, <b>-en</b> generally retain the <b>e</b> in the dative +plural. Polysyllabic nouns with short stem-syllables fluctuate between +the retention or loss of the <b>e</b>, as gen. sing. <b>vogeles</b> or +<b>vogels</b>, dat. sing, and nom. acc. pl. <b>vogele</b> or +<b>vogel</b>, and similarly <b>vadem</b>, <i>thread</i>, <b>rëgen</b>, +<i>rain</i>, <b>sumer</b>, <i>summer</i>, see <a href = +"#para9_2">§ <b>9</b>, 2</a>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para43" id = "para43"><b>§ 43.</b></a> +<b>Second declension.</b>—To this declension belong all masculine +nouns whose nom. and acc. singular end in <b>-e</b>, which is the only +difference between this and the first declension. It includes: (a) the +old masculine <b>ja-</b>stems; (b) many old <b>u-</b>stems with short +stem-syllable, as <b>fride</b> (OHG. <b>fridu</b>), <i>peace</i>, +<b>site</b> (OHG. <b>situ</b>), <i>custom</i>, and similarly +<b>huge</b>, <i>thought</i>, <b>mëte</b>, <i>mead</i>, <b>sige</b> +beside <b>sic</b>, <i>victory</i>, <b>wite</b>, <i>wood</i> (see <a href += "#para36">§ <b>36</b></a>); (c) the old short <b>i-</b>stem +<b>wine</b>, <i>friend</i>; and (d) the old masculine <b>wa-</b>stem +<b>schate</b> (gen. <b>schat(e)wes</b> beside <b>schates</b>), +<i>shadow</i>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Sing.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps">Plur.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td> +<td><b>hirte</b>, <i>shepherd</i></td> +<td><b>hirte</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>hirtes</b></td> +<td><b>hirte</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>hirte</b></td> +<td><b>hirten</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para44" id = "para44"><b>§ 44.</b></a> +<b>Third declension.</b>—To this declension belong all masculine +nouns which form their plural in <b>-e</b> and with +<span class = "pagenum">39</span> +umlaut of the stem-vowel. It includes: (a) the old masculine +<b>i-</b>stems; (b) the old masculine <b>u-</b>stem <b>sun</b> (OHG. +<b>sunu</b>, <b>sun</b>), <i>son</i>; and (c) the two old consonant +stems <b>fuoȥ</b>, <i>foot</i>, <b>zant</b> (gen. <b>zandes</b>), +<b>zan</b>, <i>tooth</i>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Sing.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Plur.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MHG.</td> +<td>OHG.</td> +<td>MHG.</td> +<td>OHG.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td> +<td><b>gast</b></td> +<td><b>gast</b>, <i>guest</i></td> +<td><b>geste</b></td> +<td><b>gesti</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>gastes</b></td> +<td><b>gastes</b></td> +<td><b>geste</b></td> +<td><b>gesteo</b>, <b>-io</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>gaste</b></td> +<td><b>gaste</b></td> +<td><b>gesten</b></td> +<td><b>gestim</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The singular of nouns of this declension was inflected like the +<b>a-</b>stems (<a href = "#para42">§ <b>42</b></a>) already in +OHG. And owing to the weakening of the case-endings of the plural in +passing from OHG. to MHG. (<a href = "#para7">§ <b>7</b></a>), the +only difference in the two declensions is the presence or absence of +umlaut in the plural. The old masculine <b>i-</b>stems which could not +have umlaut in the plural accordingly came to be inflected entirely like +the old masculine <b>a-</b>stems, as <b>schrit</b>, <i>step</i>, +<b>snit</b>, <i>cut</i>, <b>biȥ</b>, <i>bite</i>, pl. <b>schrite</b>, +<b>snite</b>, <b>biȥȥe</b>. A further consequence of the singular +being inflected alike in both declensions is that the old <b>a-</b>stems +began to have umlaut in the plural after the analogy of the +<b>i-</b>stems, as <b>gedenke</b>, <i>thoughts</i>, <b>nägele</b>, +<i>nails</i>, <b>wägene</b>, <i>wagons</i>, beside <b>gedanke</b>, +<b>nagele</b>, <b>wagene</b>.</p> + +<p>Nouns ending in the fortis <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>c</b>, or <b>f</b> +(= Germanic <b>f</b>) regularly change the fortis to lenis in the +inflected forms, as <b>korp</b>, <i>basket</i>, <b>walt</b>, +<i>wood</i>, <b>slac</b>, <i>blow</i>, <b>brief</b>, <i>letter</i>, gen. +<b>korbes</b>, <b>waldes</b>, <b>stages</b>, <b>brieves</b>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para45" id = "para45"><b>§ 45.</b></a> +The old consonant stems <b>vater</b>, <i>father</i>, <b>bruoder</b>, +<i>brother</i>, often remain uninflected in the singular, as gen. +<b>vater</b>, <b>bruoder</b> beside <b>vaters</b>, <b>bruoders</b> (cp. +<a href = "#para9_2">§ <b>9</b>, 2</a>). In the plural they +take umlaut, as <b>veter</b>, <b>brüeder</b>. The old consonant stem +<b>man</b>, <i>man</i>, is either declined like <b>tac</b> (<a href = +"#para42">§ <b>42</b></a>) or remains uninflected throughout, +as</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">40</span> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Sing.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps">Plur.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td> +<td><b>man</b></td> +<td><b>manne</b>, <b>man</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>mannes</b>, <b>man</b></td> +<td><b>manne</b>, <b>man</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>manne</b>, <b>man</b></td> +<td><b>mannen</b>, <b>man</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The nom. plural <b>man</b>, now written <b>mann</b>, is still +preserved in counting, as <b>hundert mann</b>, <i>a hundred men</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "center">2. <b>Neuter Nouns.</b></p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para46" id = "para46"><b>§ 46.</b></a> +<b>First Declension.</b>—To this declension belong all neuter +nouns which have their nominative case singular and plural alike. It +includes three different types of nouns: (a) The old neuter +<b>a-</b>stems like <b>wort</b>, <i>word</i>, <b>venster</b>, +<i>window</i>. (b) The old neuter <b>ja-</b>stems like +<b>künne</b>, <i>race</i>, <i>generation</i>, <b>bette</b>, <i>bed</i>, +<b>netze</b>, <i>net</i>. The characteristic of this type of noun is +that it has umlaut in all forms of the singular and plural when the +stem-vowel is capable of it (cp. <a href = +"#para31_3">§ <b>31</b>, 3</a>). And (c) the old neuter +<b>wa-</b>stems (cp. <a href = "#para36">§ <b>36</b></a>) like +<b>knie</b>, <i>knee</i>, gen. <b>kniewes</b>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "3">Sing.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td> +<td><b>wort</b></td> +<td><b>venster</b></td> +<td><b>künne</b></td> +<td><b>knie</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>wortes</b></td> +<td><b>vensters</b></td> +<td><b>künnes</b></td> +<td><b>kniewes</b> (<b>knies</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>worte</b></td> +<td><b>venster</b></td> +<td><b>künne</b></td> +<td><b>kniewe</b> (<b>knie</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "3">Plur.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td> +<td><b>wort</b></td> +<td><b>venster</b></td> +<td><b>künne</b></td> +<td><b>knie</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>worte</b></td> +<td><b>venster</b></td> +<td><b>künne</b></td> +<td><b>kniewe</b> (<b>knie</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>worten</b></td> +<td><b>venstern</b></td> +<td><b>künnen</b></td> +<td><b>kniewen</b> (<b>knien</b>)</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">41</span> +<p>(a) On the interchange between the fortes <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, +<b>c</b> and the lenes <b>b</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>g</b>, as in <b>grap</b>, +<i>grave</i>, <b>gëlt</b>, <i>money</i>, <b>dinc</b>, <i>thing</i>, gen. +<b>grabes</b>, <b>gëldes</b>, <b>dinges</b>, see <a href = +"#para33">§ <b>33</b></a>.</p> + +<p>Like <b>venster</b> are declined the neuter polysyllabic nouns ending +in <b>-el</b>, <b>-em</b>, <b>-en</b>, <b>-er</b>, as <b>luoder</b>, +<i>bait</i>, <b>wāfen</b>, <b>wāpen</b>, <i>weapon</i>; <b>schapel</b>, +<i>garland</i>, <b>gadem</b>, <i>house</i>, <b>wëter</b>, +<i>weather</i>. On the endings, see §§ <a href = +"#para9"><b>9</b></a>, <a href = "#para42"><b>42</b></a>.</p> + +<p>(b) Like <b>künne</b> is also declined the old neuter <b>u-</b>stem +<b>vihe</b> (OHG. <b>fihu</b>), <i>cattle</i>.</p> + +<p>(c) Like <b>knie</b> are declined <b>mël</b>, <i>meal</i>, <b>rē</b> +(also masc.), <i>corpse</i>, <b>smër</b>, <i>fat</i>, <b>strō</b>, +<i>straw</i>, <b>tou</b>, <i>dew</i>, <b>wē</b>, <i>woe</i>, gen. +<b>mëlwes</b>, <b>rēwes</b>, <b>smërwes</b>, <b>strōwes</b>, +<b>touwes</b>, <b>wēwes</b>, see <a href = +"#para36">§ <b>36</b></a>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para47" id = "para47"><b>§ 47.</b></a> +<b>Second declension.</b>—To this declension belong all neuter +nouns which form their plural in <b>-er</b> and by umlaut of the +stem-vowel when it is capable of it. This class of nouns corresponds to +the Latin neuters in <b>-us</b>, as <b>genus</b>, gen. <b>generis</b>, +pl. <b>genera</b>. The <b>-er</b> (OHG. <b>-ir</b>) was originally a +stem-forming suffix which came to be regarded as a plural ending. In the +oldest period of the language only about half-a-dozen nouns belonged to +this class, but during the MHG. period nearly twenty neuter +<b>a-</b>stems passed into this declension, and in NHG. the number has +increased to about a hundred.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Sing.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Plur.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MHG.</td> +<td>OHG.</td> +<td>MHG.</td> +<td>OHG.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td> +<td><b>lamp</b></td> +<td><b>lamb</b>, <i>lamb</i></td> +<td><b>lember</b></td> +<td><b>lembir</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>lambes</b></td> +<td><b>lambes</b></td> +<td><b>lember</b></td> +<td><b>lembiro</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>lambe</b></td> +<td><b>lambe</b></td> +<td><b>lembern</b></td> +<td><b>lembirum</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>On the loss of the <b>e</b> in the gen. and dat. plural, see <a href += "#para9_2">§ <b>9</b>, <b>2</b></a>.</p> + +<p>Other examples are: <b>ei</b> (pl. <b>eiger</b>, <b>eijer</b>, +<b>eier</b>, § <b>35</b>), +<span class = "pagenum">42</span> +<i>egg</i>, <b>huon</b>, <i>hen</i>, <b>kalp</b>, <i>calf</i>, +<b>rat</b>, <i>wheel</i>, <b>rint</b>, <i>bullock</i>, <b>tal</b>, +<i>dale</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "center">3. <b>Feminine Nouns.</b></p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para48" id = "para48"><b>§ 48.</b></a> +<b>First declension.</b>—To this declension belong all feminine +nouns having their nominative case singular and plural alike. It +includes: (a) the old feminine <b>ō-</b>stems, as <b>gëbe</b>, +<i>gift</i>, <b>sēle</b>, <i>soul</i>, <b>zal</b>, <i>number</i>; (b) +the old feminine <b>jō-</b>stems, as <b>küneginne</b>, <b>künegin</b>, +<b>künegīn</b>, <i>queen</i>, and similarly <b>vriundinne</b>, +<i>friend</i>, <b>gütinne</b>, <i>goddess</i>; (c) the old feminine +<b>wō-</b>stems with and without <b>w</b>, as <b>brāwe</b>, <b>brā</b>, +<i>brow</i>, pl. <b>brā</b> beside weak pl. <b>brāwen</b>; <b>diuwe</b>, +<b>diu</b>, <i>servant</i>; (d) the old feminine abstract nouns in +<b>-ī</b>, as <b>vinster</b> (OHG. <b>finstrī</b>), <i>darkness</i>, +<b>schœne</b> (OHG. <b>scōnī</b>), <i>beauty</i>; and (e) the old +consonant stem, <b>swester</b>, <b>swëster</b>, <i>sister</i>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Sing.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td> +<td><b>gëbe</b></td> +<td><b>zal</b></td> +<td><b>vinster</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>gëbe</b></td> +<td><b>zal</b></td> +<td><b>vinster</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>gëbe</b></td> +<td><b>zal</b></td> +<td><b>vinster</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Plur.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td> +<td><b>gëbe</b></td> +<td><b>zal</b></td> +<td><b>vinster</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>gëben</b></td> +<td><b>zaln</b></td> +<td><b>vinstern</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>gëben</b></td> +<td><b>zaln</b></td> +<td><b>vinstern</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>On the endings in nouns declined like <b>zal</b>, <i>number</i>, +<b>dol</b>, <i>pain</i>, <b>wal</b>, <i>choice</i>, <b>nar</b>, +<i>food</i>, <b>schar</b>, <i>flock</i>, and <b>vinster</b>, see +§ <a href = "#para9_1"><b>9</b>, 1, 2</a>.</p> + +<p>The gen. plural had the ending of the weak declension already in the +oldest period of the language. Through the nom. singular and the gen. +and dat. plural having the same endings as the feminine weak declension +(<a href = "#para53">§ <b>53</b></a>), <b>ō-</b>stems began in OHG. +to be inflected after the analogy +<span class = "pagenum">43</span> +of the weak declension, especially in the plural. This process spread +considerably in MHG. with concrete nouns, but not often with abstract +nouns.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para49" id = "para49"><b>§ 49.</b></a> +<b>Second declension.</b>—To this declension belong all feminine +nouns which form their plural in <b>-e</b> and have umlaut in the +stem-vowel. It includes: (a) the old feminine <b>i-</b>stems; (b) the +old <b>u-</b>stem <b>hant</b>, <i>hand</i>; and (c) several old +consonantal stems, see below.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Sing.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Plur.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MHG.</td> +<td>OHG.</td> +<td>MHG.</td> +<td>OHG.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td> +<td><b>anst</b></td> +<td><b>anst</b>, <i>favour</i></td> +<td><b>enste</b></td> +<td><b>ensti</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><p><b>enste</b> <i>or</i> <b>anst</b></p></td> +<td><b>ensti</b></td> +<td><b>enste</b></td> +<td><b>ensteo</b>, <b>-io</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><p><b>enste</b> <i>or</i> <b>anst</b></p></td> +<td><b>ensti</b></td> +<td><b>ensten</b></td> +<td><b>enstim</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In <b>jugent</b> (OHG. <b>jugund</b>, pl. <b>jugundi</b>), +<i>youth</i>, gen. dat. <b>jugende</b> beside <b>jugent</b>, pl. +<b>jugende</b>, the original <b>-i</b> being in the third syllable did +not cause umlaut in the stem-syllable; and similarly <b>tugent</b>, +<i>valour</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hant</b>, <i>hand</i>, originally belonged to the +<b>u-</b>declension, which explains forms like gen. sing, and plural +<b>hande</b> beside <b>hende</b>, dat. pl. <b>handen</b> beside +<b>henden</b>. The old gen. plural has been preserved in NHG. +<b>allerhand</b>, and the dat. plural in <b>abhanden</b>, +<b>beihanden</b>, <b>vorhanden</b>, <b>zuhanden</b>.</p> + +<p>Several old consonant stems went over partly or entirely into this +declension, viz. <b>maget</b>, <b>meit</b> (<a href = +"#para37">§ <b>37</b></a>), <i>maid</i>, pl. <b>mägede</b> or +<b>meide</b>; <b>kuo</b>, <i>cow</i>, pl. <b>küeje</b> or <b>küewe</b> +(OHG. <b>kuoi</b>), <b>sū</b>, <i>sow</i>, pl. <b>siuwe</b> (OHG. +<b>sūi</b>); both these nouns generally remained uninflected in the gen. +and dat. singular. <b>naht</b>, <i>night</i>, has gen. and dat. singular +<b>naht</b> beside <b>nähte</b>; pl. nom. acc. gen. <b>naht</b> beside +<b>nähte</b>, dat. <b>nahten</b> beside <b>nähten</b>, cp. also NHG. +<b>weihnachten</b>, MHG. <b>zën wīhen nahten</b>. The MHG. adverbial +gen. <b>nahts</b>, <b>dës nahtes</b> +<span class = "pagenum">44</span> +was formed after the analogy of <b>dës tages</b>. Like <b>naht</b> were +also inflected <b>brust</b>, <i>breast</i>, and <b>burc</b>, +<i>citadel</i>.</p> + +<p><b>muoter</b>, <i>mother</i>, and <b>tohter</b>, <i>daughter</i>, +remain uninflected in the singular. In the plural they have umlaut: +<b>müeter</b>, <b>töhter</b>.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">B. The Weak Declension (N-Stems).</h5> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para50" id = "para50"><b>§ 50.</b></a> +The weak declension contains a large number of masculine and feminine +nouns, but only four neuter nouns, viz. <b>hërze</b>, <i>heart</i>, +<b>ōre</b>, <i>ear</i>, <b>ouge</b>, <i>eye</i>, and <b>wange</b>, +<i>cheek</i>; these nouns, especially <b>hërze</b>, sometimes form their +nom. acc. plural after the analogy of nouns like <b>künne</b> (<a href = +"#para46">§ <b>46</b></a>). The original case endings of the weak +declension had disappeared in the oldest period of the language except +in the nom. singular (masc. <b>-o</b>, fem., and neut. <b>-a</b>), the +gen. pl. (<b>ōno</b>) and dat. pl. (<b>-ōm</b>). Owing to the weakening +of the <b>-o</b>, <b>-a</b> to <b>-e</b> in MHG. the nom. singular +became alike in all genders. And similarly the endings <b>-ōno</b>, +<b>-ōm</b> and the endings of the other oblique forms were all weakened +to <b>-en</b> in MHG. (<a href = "#para7">§ <b>7</b></a>), so that +the element which originally formed part of the stem came to be regarded +as a case ending.</p> + +<p>On the loss of the final and medial <b>e</b> in nouns like <b>ar</b>, +<i>eagle</i>, <b>bir</b> (fem.), <i>pear</i>, <b>gevangen(e)</b>, +<i>prisoner</i>, beside the inflected forms <b>arn</b>, <b>birn</b>, +<b>gevangen</b> from <b>*gevangen-en</b> through the intermediate stage +<b>*gevangenn</b>, see <a href = "#para9_1">§ <b>9</b>, +<b>1</b>, <b>2</b></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "para float"> +<a name = "para51" id = "para51"><b>§ 51.</b></a></p> + +<p class = "center">1. <b>Masculine Nouns.</b></p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Sing.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MHG.</td> +<td>OHG.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom.</td> +<td><b>bote</b></td> +<td><b>boto</b>, <i>messenger</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Acc.</td> +<td><b>boten</b></td> +<td><b>boton</b>, <b>-un</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>boten</b></td> +<td><b>boten</b>, <b>-in</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>boten</b></td> +<td><b>boten</b>, <b>-in</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<span class = "pagenum">45</span> +</td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Plur.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td> +<td><b>boten</b></td> +<td><b>boton</b>, <b>-un</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>boten</b></td> +<td><b>botōno</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>boten</b></td> +<td><b>botōm</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class = "para float"> +<a name = "para52" id = "para52"><b>§ 52.</b></a></p> + +<p class = "center">2. <b>Neuter Nouns.</b></p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Sing.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MHG.</td> +<td>OHG.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td> +<td><b>hërze</b></td> +<td><b>hërza</b>, <i>heart</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>hërzen</b></td> +<td><b>hërzen</b>, <b>-in</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>hërzen</b></td> +<td><b>hërzen</b>, <b>-in</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Plur.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td> +<td><b>hërzen</b></td> +<td><b>hërzun</b>, <b>-on</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>hërzen</b></td> +<td><b>hërzōno</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>hërzen</b></td> +<td><b>hërzōm</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class = "para float"> +<a name = "para53" id = "para53"><b>§ 53.</b></a></p> + +<p class = "center">3. <b>Feminine Nouns.</b></p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Sing.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MHG.</td> +<td>OHG.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom.</td> +<td><b>zunge</b></td> +<td><b>zunga</b>, <i>tongue</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Acc.</td> +<td><b>zungen</b></td> +<td><b>zungūn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>zungen</b></td> +<td><b>zungūn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>zungen</b></td> +<td><b>zungūn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Plur.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td> +<td><b>zungen</b></td> +<td><b>zungūn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>zungen</b></td> +<td><b>zungōno</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>zunge</b></td> +<td><b>zungōm</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">C. Declension of Proper Names.</h5> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para54" id = "para54"><b>§ 54.</b></a> +Names of persons ending in <b>e</b> in the nominative follow the weak +declension. Masculine names of persons take <b>-es</b> in the genitive, +<b>-e</b> in the dative, and <b>-en</b> in the accusative after the +analogy of the strong adjectives. The accusative ending <b>-en</b> was +sometimes extended to the +<span class = "pagenum">46</span> +dative, and the dative ending <b>-e</b> to the accusative. And sometimes +both these cases were without endings. Names of countries ending in +<b>-lant</b> often have no ending in the dative, as <b>Engellant</b> +beside <b>Engellande</b>, see <a href = "#para41">§ <b>41</b></a>. +Feminine names of persons ending in a consonant take <b>-e</b> in the +genitive, dative and accusative, but occasionally remain uninflected +throughout.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Masculine.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom.</td> +<td><b>Sīfrit</b></td> +<td><b>Hagene</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>Sīfrides</b></td> +<td><b>Hagenen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat. Acc.</td> +<td><b>Sīfrit</b>, <b>Sīfride(n)</b></td> +<td><b>Hagenen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Feminine.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom.</td> +<td><b>Kriemhilt</b></td> +<td><b>Uote</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen. Dat. Acc.</td> +<td><b>Kriemhilde</b>, <b>Kriemhilt</b></td> +<td><b>Uoten</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<h4><a name = "chapIV" id = "chapIV"> +CHAPTER IV</a></h4> + +<h5>ADJECTIVES</h5> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">A. The Declension of Adjectives.</h5> + +<p class = "center">1. <b>The Strong Declension.</b></p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para55" id = "para55"><b>§ 55.</b></a> +The MHG. adjectives are declined as strong or weak. They have three +genders, and the same cases as nouns. The endings of the strong +declension are partly nominal and partly pronominal. The nominal endings +are: the accusative feminine singular, as <b>blinde</b> like <b>gëbe</b> +(<a href = "#para48">§ <b>48</b></a>); and the genitive singular +masculine and neuter, as <b>blindes</b> like <b>tages</b>, <b>wortes</b> +(§§ <a href = "#para43"><b>43</b></a>, <a href = +"#para46"><b>46</b></a>). All the other endings are pronominal. The +so-called uninflected form of adjectives in the nom. singular masculine +and feminine +<span class = "pagenum">47</span> +and the nom. acc. neuter is a remnant of the time when adjectives and +nouns were declined alike, see the Author’s Hist. Germ. Grammar, §§ +<b>399-400</b>. The strong declension includes three different types of +adjectives, all of which are declined alike: (a) The old <b>a-</b>stems, +as <b>blint</b>, infl. form <b>blinter</b>, <i>blind</i>; <b>bar</b>, +<i>bare</i>, <b>guot</b>, <i>good</i>, <b>heilec</b>, <i>holy</i>, +<b>hol</b>, <i>hollow</i>, <b>michel</b>, <i>great</i>, <b>vinster</b>, +<i>dark</i>, and similarly with a very large number of adjectives, +including the past participles of strong and weak verbs. (b) The old +<b>ja-</b>stems, as <b>lære</b> (OHG. <b>lāri</b>), infl. <b>lærer</b>, +<i>empty</i>; <b>dünne</b>, <i>thin</i>, <b>enge</b>, <i>narrow</i>, +<b>grüene</b>, <i>green</i>, <b>niuwe</b>, <i>new</i>, <b>reine</b>, +<i>pure</i>, <b>schœne</b>, <i>beautiful</i>, <b>senfte</b>, +<i>soft</i>, <b>wilde</b>, <i>wild</i>, and many others, including the +present participles of strong and weak verbs. The <b>ja-</b>stems only +differ from the <b>a-</b>stems in having <b>-e</b> in the uninflected +form and umlaut in the stem-syllable when it is capable of it. (c) The +old <b>wa-</b>stems, as <b>blā</b> (OHG. <b>blāo</b>, <b>blā</b>), infl. +form <b>blāwer</b>, <i>blue</i>; <b>gar</b> (OHG. <b>garo</b>), infl. +form <b>garwer</b> (see §§ <a href = "#para9_1"><b>9</b>, 1</a>, +<a href = "#para36"><b>36</b></a>), <i>ready</i>; <b>grā</b>, <i>grey</i>, +<b>val</b>, <i>fallow</i>, <b>gël</b>, <i>yellow</i>, <b>kal</b>, +<i>bald</i>, &c., all of which have <b>w</b> in the inflected +forms.</p> + +<p>The adjectival <b>i-</b> and <b>u-</b>stems had come to be declined +like the <b>ja-</b>stems in the prehistoric period of the language, but +a few remnants of such adjectives have survived in MHG. in forms without +the final <b>-e</b> beside those with it, as <b>bereit</b>, +<b>bereite</b>, <i>ready</i>, <b>dic</b>, <b>dicke</b>, <i>thick</i>, +<b>gāch</b>, <b>gæhe</b>, <i>quick</i>, <b>grīs</b>, <b>grīse</b>, +<i>old</i>, <i>grey</i>, <b>hēr</b>, <b>hēre</b>, <i>high</i>, +<i>noble</i>, <b>rasch</b>, <b>resche</b>, <i>quick</i>, <b>rīch</b>, +<b>rīche</b>, <i>noble</i>, <b>swā</b>, <b>swære</b>, <i>heavy</i>, +<b>was</b>, <b>wasse</b>, <i>sharp</i>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Sing.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "ital">Masc.</th> +<th class = "ital">Neut.</th> +<th class = "ital">Fem.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nom.</td> +<td><b>blinder</b>, <i>blind</i></td> +<td><b>blindeȥ</b></td> +<td><b>blindiu</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Acc.</td> +<td><b>blinden</b></td> +<td><b>blindeȥ</b></td> +<td><b>blinde</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gen.</td> +<td><b>blindes</b></td> +<td><b>blindes</b></td> +<td><b>blinder(e)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dat.</td> +<td><b>blindem(e)</b></td> +<td><b>blindem(e)</b></td> +<td><b>blinder(e)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<span class = "pagenum">48</span> +</td> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Plur.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nom.</td> +<td><b>blinde</b></td> +<td><b>blindiu</b></td> +<td><b>blinde</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Acc.</td> +<td><b>blinde</b></td> +<td><b>blindiu</b></td> +<td><b>blinde</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gen.</td> +<td><b>blinder(e)</b></td> +<td><b>blinder(e)</b></td> +<td><b>blinder(e)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dat.</td> +<td><b>blinden</b></td> +<td><b>blinden</b></td> +<td><b>blinden</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>On the loss of the <b>-e</b> in <b>blindem(e)</b>, <b>blinder(e)</b>, +see <a href = "#para9">§ <b>9</b>, 2</a>. Umlaut caused by the +<b>-iu</b> occurs in the nom. sing. feminine and nom. acc. pl. neuter of +<b>al</b>, <i>all</i>, and <b>ander</b>, <i>other, second</i>, as +<b>älliu</b>, <b>ändriu</b>. This rarely happens in other words.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Sing.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "ital">Masc.</th> +<th class = "ital">Neut.</th> +<th class = "ital">Fem.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nom.</td> +<td><b>micheler</b>, <i>great</i></td> +<td><b>michel(e)ȥ</b></td> +<td><b>micheliu</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Acc.</td> +<td><b>michel(e)n</b></td> +<td><b>michel(e)ȥ</b></td> +<td><b>michel(e)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gen.</td> +<td><b>michel(e)s</b></td> +<td><b>michel(e)s</b></td> +<td><b>michelre</b>, <b>micheler</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dat.</td> +<td><b>michelme</b>, <b>michel(e)m</b></td> +<td><b>michelme</b>, <b>michel(e)m</b></td> +<td><b>michelre</b>, <b>micheler</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Plur.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nom.</td> +<td><b>michel(e)</b></td> +<td><b>micheliu</b></td> +<td><b>michel(e)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Acc.</td> +<td><b>michel(e)</b></td> +<td><b>micheliu</b></td> +<td><b>michel(e)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gen.</td> +<td><b>michelre</b>, <b>micheler</b></td> +<td><b>michelre</b>, <b>micheler</b></td> +<td><b>michelre</b>, <b>micheler</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dat.</td> +<td><b>michel(e)n</b></td> +<td><b>michel(e)n</b></td> +<td><b>michel(e)n</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Like <b>michel</b> are inflected monosyllabic adjectives ending in +<b>-l, -r</b> with a short stem-vowel, and polysyllabic adjectives +ending in <b>-el, -en, -er</b>, as <b>bar</b>, <i>bare</i>, <b>hol</b>, +<i>hollow</i>; <b>zwīvel</b>, <i>doubtful</i>, <b>eigen</b>, <i>own</i>, +<b>tougen</b>, <i>secret</i>, <b>ander</b>, <i>other, second</i>, +<b>bitter</b>, <i>bitter</i>, <b>vinster</b>, <i>dark</i>; <b>ëben</b>, +<i>even</i>, <b>übel</b>, <i>evil, bad</i>, &c. See § <a href = +"#para9_1"><b>9</b>, 1, 2</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">49</span> +<p class = "center">2. <b>The Weak Declension.</b></p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para56" id = "para56"><b>§ 56.</b></a> +The weak declension of adjectives agrees exactly with that of the +nouns.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Sing.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "ital">Masc.</th> +<th class = "ital">Neut.</th> +<th class = "ital">Fem.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nom.</td> +<td><b>blinde</b>, <i>blind</i></td> +<td><b>blinde</b></td> +<td><b>blinde</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Acc.</td> +<td><b>blinden</b></td> +<td><b>blinde</b></td> +<td><b>blinden</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gen.</td> +<td><b>blinden</b></td> +<td><b>blinden</b></td> +<td><b>blinden</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dat.</td> +<td><b>blinden</b></td> +<td><b>blinden</b></td> +<td><b>blinden</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Plural <b>blinden</b> for all cases and genders.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">B. The Comparison Of Adjectives.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para57" id = "para57"><b>§ 57.</b></a> +The comparative was formed by means of the suffix <b>-er(e)</b> = OHG. +<b>-iro, -ōro</b>, and the superlative by means of the suffix +<b>-est(e)</b> = OHG. <b>-isto, -ōsto</b>. On the loss of the medial or +final <b>e</b> in such forms as <b>tiurre</b>, <i>dearer</i>, +<b>tiurste</b>; <b>minner</b>, <b>minre</b>, <i>less</i>, +<b>minnest</b>, <b>min(ne)ste</b>, see <a href = +"#para9_3">§ <b>9</b>, 3</a>. Most monosyllables have umlaut +in the comparative and superlative either exclusively or have mutated +beside unmutated forms. The cause of these double forms is in a great +measure due to the two OHG. double suffixes: comp. <b>-iro, -ōro</b> and +superl. <b>-isto, -ōsto</b> having fallen together in <b>-er(e)</b> and +<b>-est(e)</b> in MHG., as <b>elter</b>, <i>older</i>, <b>ermer</b>, +<i>poorer</i>, <b>jünger</b>, <i>younger</i>, <b>grœȥer</b>, +<i>greater</i>, <b>hœher</b>, <i>higher</i>, beside <b>alter</b>, +<b>armer</b>, <b>junger</b>, <b>grōȥer</b>, <b>hōher</b>; superl. +<b>eltest</b>, <b>ermest</b>, <b>jüngest</b>, <b>grœȥest</b>, +<b>hœhest</b>, beside <b>altest</b>, <b>armest</b>, <b>jungest</b>, +<b>grōȥest</b>, <b>hōhest</b>. Adjectives which have umlaut in the +positive regularly preserve it in the comparative and superlative.</p> + +<p>The comparative is declined weak, but the superlative is declined +strong and weak.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">50</span> +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para58" id = "para58"><b>§ 58.</b></a> +The following adjectives form their comparative and superlative from a +different root than the positive:—</p> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms"> +<tr> +<td><b>guot</b>, <i>good</i>,</td> +<td><p><b>beȥȥer</b>, <b>beȥȥest</b>, <b>beste</b> (<a href = +"#para23">§ <b>23</b></a>).</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>übel</b>, <i>bad</i>,</td> +<td><p><b>wirser</b>, <b>wirsest</b>, <b>wir(se)ste</b>.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>lützel</b>, <i>little</i>,</td> +<td><p><b>minner</b>, <b>minre</b> (<a href = +"#para9_3">§ <b>9</b>, 3</a>), <b>minnest</b>, +<b>min(ne)ste</b>.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>michel</b>, <i>great</i>,</td> +<td><p><b>mērer</b>, <b>mēr(r)e, meiste</b>.</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para59" id = "para59"><b>§ 59.</b></a> +The following adjectives are defective:—</p> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms"> +<tr> +<td><p><b>ērer</b>, <b>ērre</b>, <b>ërre</b>, <i>former</i>,</p></td> +<td><p><b>ērest</b>, <b>ērste</b>, <i>first</i>.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>hinder</b>, <i>hinder</i>,</td> +<td><b>hinderste</b>, <i>hindmost</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ober</b>, <i>upper</i>,</td> +<td><b>oberste</b>, <i>uppermost</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p><b>leȥȥeste</b>, <b>leste</b> (<a href = +"#para23">§ <b>23</b></a>), <i>last</i>.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>vorder</b>, <i>former</i>,</td> +<td><b>vorderste</b>, <i>foremost</i>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">C. Formation of Adverbs from Adjectives.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para60" id = "para60"><b>§ 60.</b></a> +<a name = "para60_1" id = "para60_1">1.</a> +By adding <b>-e</b> (= OHG. <b>-o</b>) to the adjective when this +does not already end in <b>-e</b>, as <b>ëben</b>, <i>even</i>, +<b>hōch</b>, <i>high</i>, <b>lanc</b>, <i>long</i>: adv. <b>ëbene</b>, +<b>hōhe</b>, <b>lange</b>; <b>edele</b> (OHG. <b>edili</b>), +<i>noble</i>, <b>übel</b> (OHG. <b>ubil</b>), <i>evil</i>: adv. +<b>edele</b> (OHG. <b>edilo</b>), <b>übele</b> (OHG. <b>ubilo</b>).</p> + +<p><a name = "para60_2" id = "para60_2">2.</a> +Dissyllabic adjectives ending in <b>-e</b> and containing a +mutated stem-vowel change it to the corresponding unmutated vowel, when +used as adverbs, as <b>schœne</b> (OHG. <b>scōni</b>), <i>beautiful</i>, +<b>herte</b>, <i>hard</i>, <b>senfte</b>, <i>soft</i>, <b>süeȥe</b>, +<i>sweet</i>, <b>swære</b>, <i>heavy</i>: adv. <b>schōne</b>, +<b>harte</b>, <b>sanfte</b>, <b>suoȥe</b>, <b>swāre</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "para60_3" id = "para60_3">3.</a> +By adding <b>-līche</b> or <b>-līchen</b> to the adjective, as +<b>ganz</b>, <i>whole</i>, <b>vlīȥec</b>, <i>diligent</i>: adv. +<b>ganzlīche(n)</b>, <b>vlīȥeclīche(n)</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "para60_4" id = "para60_4">4.</a> +The comparative and superlative degrees of adverbs are the same as +the corresponding uninflected forms of the adjectives without +umlaut:—</p> + +<table class = "inline padded" summary = "list of forms"> +<tr> +<td>Adjective</td> +<td><b>lanc</b>, <i>long</i></td> +<td><b>lenger</b></td> +<td><b>lengest</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Adverb</td> +<td><b>lange</b></td> +<td><p><b>langer</b><br> +(OHG. <b>langōr</b>)</p></td> +<td><p><b>langest</b><br> +(OHG. <b>langōst</b>).</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">51</span> +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para61" id = "para61"><b>§ 61.</b></a> +The following are irregular:—</p> + +<table class = "inline padded" summary = "list of forms"> +<tr> +<td><b>wol</b>, <i>well</i></td> +<td><b>baȥ</b>, <i>better</i></td> +<td><b>best(e)</b>, <i>best</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>wirs</b>, <i>worse</i></td> +<td><p><b>wirsest</b>, <b>wirste</b>, <i>worst</i>.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p><b>min</b>, <b>minner</b>, <b>minre</b>, <i>less</i></p></td> +<td><p><b>minnest</b>, <b>minste</b>, <i>least</i>.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p><b>mē</b>, <b>mēr</b>, <b>mēre</b>, <i>more</i></p></td> +<td><p><b>meist</b>, <b>meiste</b>, <i>most</i>.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>ē</b>, <i>formerly</i></td> +<td><p><b>ēr(e)st, ērste</b>, <i>first</i>.</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "para float"> +<a name = "para62" id = "para62"><b>§ 62.</b></a></p> + +<p class = "center smallcaps">D. Numerals.</p> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms"> +<tr> +<th class = "smallcaps">Cardinal.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps">Ordinal.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>ein</b>, <b>-er, -eȥ, -iu</b>, <i>one</i></td> +<td><b>ērste</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>zwei</b>, <i>two</i></td> +<td><b>ander</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>drī</b>, <i>three</i></td> +<td><b>dritte</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>vier</b>, <i>four</i></td> +<td><b>vierde</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>fünf</b> (<b>finf</b>), <i>five</i></td> +<td><b>fünfte</b>, <b>finfte</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>sëhs</b>, <i>six</i></td> +<td><b>sëhste</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>siben</b>, <i>seven</i></td> +<td><b>sibende</b>, <b>-te</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>ahte</b>, <i>eight</i></td> +<td><b>ahtede</b>, <b>ahte</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>niun</b>, <i>nine</i></td> +<td><b>niunde</b>, <b>-te</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>zëhen</b>, <i>ten</i></td> +<td><b>zëhende</b>, <b>-te</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>einlif</b> (<b>eilif</b>), <i>eleven</i></td> +<td><b>ei(n)lifte, eilfte</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>zwelf</b>, <i>twelve</i></td> +<td><b>zwelfte</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>drīzëhen</b>, <i>thirteen</i></td> +<td><b>drīzëhende</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>vierzëhen</b>, <i>fourteen</i></td> +<td><b>vierzëhende</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>fünfzëhen</b>, <i>fifteen</i></td> +<td><b>fünfzëhende</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>sëh(s)zëhen</b>, <i>sixteen</i></td> +<td><b>së(h)szëhende</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>sibenzëhen</b>, <i>seventeen</i></td> +<td><b>sibenzëhende</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>ah(t)zëhen</b>, <i>eighteen</i></td> +<td><b>ah(t)zëhende</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>niunzëhen</b>, <i>nineteen</i></td> +<td><b>niunzëhende</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>zweinzic</b> (<i>or</i> <b>-zec</b>),</td> +<td><i>twenty</i></td> +<td><b>zweinzigeste</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>drīȥic</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td> +<td><i>thirty</i></td> +<td><b>drīȥigeste</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>vierzic</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td> +<td><i>forty</i></td> +<td><b>vierzigeste</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>fünfzic</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td> +<td><i>fifty</i></td> +<td><b>fünfzigeste</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<span class = "pagenum">52</span> +<b>sëhszic</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td> +<td><i>sixty</i></td> +<td><b>sëhszigeste</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>sibenzic</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td> +<td><i>seventy</i></td> +<td><b>sibenzigeste</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ah(t)zic</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td> +<td><i>eighty</i></td> +<td><b>ah(t)zigeste</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>niunzic</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td> +<td><i>ninety</i></td> +<td><b>niunzigeste</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket left"> +<b>zëhenzic</b><br> +<i>or</i> <b>hundert</b></td> +<td class = "bracket rt"> +<i>hundred</i></td> +<td><b>zëhenzigeste</b><br> +<i>or</i> <b>hundertste</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket left"> +<b>zwei hunt</b><br> +<i>or</i> <b>hundert</b></td> +<td class = "middle"><i>two hundred</i></td> +<td class = "middle"><b>zweihundertste</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>tūsent</b></td> +<td><i>thousand</i></td> +<td><b>tūsenste</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>zwei tūsent</b></td> +<td><i>two thousand</i></td> +<td><b>zweitūsentste</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para63" id = "para63"><b>§ 63.</b></a> +<b>Ein</b> follows the strong declension, when used as a numeral. The +dat. <b>einme</b> is generally contracted to <b>eime</b> (<a href = +"#para9_3">§ <b>9</b>, 3</a>). When <b>ein</b> is used in the +sense of <i>alone</i>, it follows the weak declension. On the inflexion +of <b>ander</b>, <i>second</i>, see <a href = +"#para55">§ <b>55</b></a>. <b>Zwei</b> and <b>drī</b> are declined +as follows:—</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "ital">Masc.</th> +<th class = "ital">Neut.</th> +<th class = "ital">Fem.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td> +<td><b>zwēne</b></td> +<td><b>zwei</b></td> +<td><b>zwō</b>, <b>zwuo</b>, <b>zwā</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>zwei(g)er</b> (<a href = "#para35">§ <b>35</b></a>)</td> +<td><b>zwei(g)er</b></td> +<td><b>zwei(g)er</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>zwein</b>, <b>zweien</b></td> +<td><b>zwein</b>, <b>zweien</b></td> +<td><b>zwein</b>, <b>zweien</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td> +<td><b>drī</b>, <b>dr[i]e</b></td> +<td><b>driu</b></td> +<td><b>drī</b>, <b>drīe</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>drī(g)er</b> (<a href = "#para35">§ <b>35</b></a>)</td> +<td><b>drī(g)er</b></td> +<td><b>drī(g)er</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>drī̆n</b>, <b>drīen</b></td> +<td><b>drī̆n</b>, <b>drī̆en</b></td> +<td><b>drī̆n</b>, <b>drīen</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para64" id = "para64"><b>§ 64.</b></a> +The other cardinals up to twelve are sometimes inflected; when such is +the case the endings are:—</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<th class = "ital" colspan = "2">Masc. and Fem.</th> +<th class = "ital">Neut.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Nom. Acc.</td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +<td><b>-iu</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>-er</b></td> +<td><b>-er</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>-en</b></td> +<td><b>-en</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><b>hundert</b> and <b>tūsent</b> are neuter nouns.</p> + + + +<span class = "pagenum">53</span> +<h4><a name = "chapV" id = "chapV"> +CHAPTER V</a></h4> + +<h5>PRONOUNS</h5> + + +<p class = "para float"> +<a name = "para65" id = "para65"><b>§ 65.</b></a></p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">1. Personal.</h5> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Sing.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nom.</td> +<td><b>ich</b>, <i>I</i></td> +<td><b>du</b>, <b>dū</b>, <i>thou</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Acc.</td> +<td><b>mich</b></td> +<td><b>dich</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gen.</td> +<td><b>mīn</b></td> +<td><b>dīn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dat.</td> +<td><b>mir</b></td> +<td><b>dir</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Plur.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nom.</td> +<td><b>wir</b></td> +<td><b>ir</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Acc.</td> +<td><b>unsich</b>, <b>uns</b></td> +<td><b>iuch</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gen.</td> +<td><b>unser</b></td> +<td><b>iuwer</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dat.</td> +<td><b>uns</b></td> +<td><b>iu</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Sing.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "ital">Masc.</th> +<th class = "ital">Neut.</th> +<th class = "ital">Fem.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nom.</td> +<td><b>ër</b>, <i>he</i></td> +<td><b>ëȥ</b>, <i>it, there</i></td> +<td><p><b>si</b>, <b>sī</b>, <b>siu</b>, <b>sie</b>, <i>she</i></p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Acc.</td> +<td><b>in</b></td> +<td><b>ëȥ</b></td> +<td><p><b>sie</b>, <b>si</b>, <b>sī</b></p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gen.</td> +<td>(<b>ës</b>)</td> +<td><b>ës</b></td> +<td><b>ir(e)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dat.</td> +<td><b>im(e)</b></td> +<td><b>im(e)</b></td> +<td><b>ir(e)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Plur.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right" colspan = "2"> +Nom. Acc.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<b>si</b>, <b>sī</b>, <b>sie</b> (Neut. also <b>siu</b>), +<i>they</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right" colspan = "2"> +Gen.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<b>ir(e)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right" colspan = "2"> +Dat.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<b>in</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para65n1" id = "para65n1"><span class = +"smallcaps">Note.</span>—1.</a> +The gen. <b>ir</b> is often used as a possessive pronoun. For <b>ëȥ</b> +the form <b>iȥ</b> sometimes appears.</p> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para65n2" id = "para65n2">2.</a> For the acc. pl. +<b>unsich</b> the dat. <b>uns</b> is mostly used. <b>iu</b> is often +used for <b>iuch</b>, and <i>vice versa</i>. <b>im</b>, <b>ir</b> are +more usual than <b>ime</b>, <b>ire</b>.</p> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para65n3" id = "para65n3">3.</a> The unstressed forms of +personal pronouns are often +<span class = "pagenum">54</span> +attached to other words, as <b>ichȥ</b>, <b>iȥ</b> = <b>ich ëȥ</b>; +<b>ichne</b>, <b>ine</b>, <b>ichn</b> = <b>ich ne</b> (<i>not</i>); +<b>tuostu</b> = <b>tuost du</b>; <b>dune</b>, <b>dun</b> = <b>du ne</b> +(<i>not</i>); <b>tuoȥ</b> = <b>tuo ëȥ</b>; <b>eist</b>, <b>ēst</b> = +<b>ëȥ ist</b>; <b>deiȥ</b> = <b>daȥ ëȥ</b>; <b>mohter = mohte ër</b>; +<b>baten</b> = <b>bat in</b>; <b>wirȥ</b> = <b>wir ëȥ</b>, &c.</p> + +<p class = "para float"> +<a name = "para66" id = "para66"><b>§ 66.</b></a></p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">2. Reflexive.</h5> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Sing.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps">Plur.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Acc.</td> +<td><b>sich</b></td> +<td><b>sich</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gen.</td> +<td><p><b>sīn</b> (fem. <b>ir</b>)</p></td> +<td><b>ir</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dat.</td> +<td><b>im</b>, <b>ir</b></td> +<td><b>in</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "para float"> +<a name = "para67" id = "para67"><b>§ 67.</b></a></p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">3. Possessive.</h5> + +<p><b>mīn</b>, <i>my</i>; <b>dīn</b>, <i>thy</i>; <b>sīn</b>, +<i>his</i>; <b>ir</b>, <i>her</i>; <b>unser</b>, <i>our</i>; +<b>iuwer</b>, <i>your</i>; <b>ir</b>, <i>their</i>.</p> + +<p>They are declined like the strong adjective <b>michel</b>, +<i>great</i> (<a href = "#para55">§ <b>55</b></a>). The dat. sing. +forms <b>dīnme</b>, <b>sīnme</b> are generally contracted to +<b>dīme</b>, <b>sīme</b>, see <a href = +"#para9_3">§ <b>9</b>, 3</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "para float"> +<a name = "para68" id = "para68"><b>§ 68.</b></a></p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">4. Demonstrative.</h5> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Sing.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "ital">Masc.</th> +<th class = "ital">Neut.</th> +<th class = "ital">Fem.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nom.</td> +<td><b>dër</b>, <i>the</i></td> +<td><b>daȥ</b></td> +<td><b>diu</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Acc.</td> +<td><b>dën</b></td> +<td><b>daȥ</b></td> +<td><b>die</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gen.</td> +<td><b>dës</b></td> +<td><b>dës</b></td> +<td><b>dër(e)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dat.</td> +<td><b>dëm(e)</b></td> +<td><b>dëm(e)</b></td> +<td><b>dër(e)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Instr.</td> +<td></td> +<td><b>diu</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Plur.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "ital">Masc.</th> +<th class = "ital">Neut.</th> +<th class = "ital">Fem.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nom.</td> +<td><b>die</b></td> +<td><b>diu</b></td> +<td><b>die</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Acc.</td> +<td><b>die</b></td> +<td><b>diu</b></td> +<td><b>die</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gen.</td> +<td><b>dër(e)</b></td> +<td><b>dër(e)</b></td> +<td><b>dër(e)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dat.</td> +<td><b>dën</b></td> +<td><b>dën</b></td> +<td><b>dën</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">55</span> +<p>Like <b>dër</b> is also declined <b>jener</b>, <i>that</i>, except +that the Nom., Acc. sg. neut. ends in <b>-eȥ</b>. <b>dër</b>, &c., +is used both as definite article and relative pronoun.</p> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para68n1" id = "para68n1"><span class = +"smallcaps">Note.</span>—1.</a> +For the fem. nom. sing. and the neut. nom. acc. pl. <b>diu</b>, the form +<b>die</b> was sometimes used; and conversely <b>diu</b> for <b>die</b> +in the fem. acc. singular. <b>diu</b> and <b>die</b> were sometimes +weakened to <b>de</b>, and to <b>d’</b> before words beginning with a +vowel. <b>daȥ</b> was sometimes weakened to <b>deȥ</b>, and still +further to <b>ȥ</b> which was then attached to a preceding word, as +<b>lātȥ kind</b> = <b>lāt daȥ kint</b>; <b>anȥ</b>, <b>inȥ</b> = +<b>an</b>, <b>in daȥ</b>. <b>dēst</b>, <b>deis</b>, <b>dēs</b> = <b>daȥ +ist</b>.</p> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para68n2" id = "para68n2">2.</a> The various cases were often +fused into one word with prepositions, as <b>anme</b>, <b>ame</b>, +<b>am</b> = <b>an dëme</b>; <b>zëme</b>, <b>zëm</b> = <b>ze dëme</b>; +<b>ūfme</b> = <b>ūf dëme</b>; <b>zër</b> = <b>ze dër</b> (fem.); +<b>übern</b> = <b>über dën</b>; <b>ūfën</b> = <b>ūf dën</b>; <b>zën</b> += <b>ze dën</b>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Sing.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "ital">Masc.</th> +<th class = "ital">Neut.</th> +<th class = "ital">Fem.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nom.</td> +<td><p><b>dirre</b> (<b>diser</b>, <b>dise</b>), <i>this</i></p></td> +<td><p><b>ditze</b>, <b>diz</b>, <b>diȥ</b></p></td> +<td><b>disiu</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Acc.</td> +<td><b>disen</b></td> +<td><p><b>ditze</b>, <b>diz</b>, <b>diȥ</b></p></td> +<td><b>dise</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gen.</td> +<td><b>dises</b></td> +<td><b>dises</b></td> +<td><b>dirre</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dat.</td> +<td><b>disem(e)</b></td> +<td><b>disem(e)</b></td> +<td><b>dirre</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Plur.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nom.</td> +<td><b>dise</b></td> +<td><b>disiu</b></td> +<td><b>dise</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Acc.</td> +<td><b>dise</b></td> +<td><b>disiu</b></td> +<td><b>dise</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gen.</td> +<td><b>dirre</b></td> +<td><b>dirre</b></td> +<td><b>dirre</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dat.</td> +<td><b>disen</b></td> +<td><b>disen</b></td> +<td><b>disen</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">5. Relative.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para69" id = "para69"><b>§ 69.</b></a> +A relative pronoun proper did not exist in the oldest periods of the +Germanic languages, and accordingly the separate languages expressed it +in various ways. In MHG. the following pronouns and adverbial particles +were used to express it:—</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">56</span> +<p>1. <b>dër</b>, <b>daȥ</b> (also used as a conjunction), <b>diu</b>, +also in combination with the particles <b>dar der dā</b>. 2. <b>sō</b>, +<b>alsō</b> (<b>alse</b>, <b>als</b>), <i>as</i>; <b>sam</b> +(<b>alsam</b>), <i>as</i>. 3. <b>dā(r)</b>, <i>where</i>, <b>dar</b>, +<i>thither, whither</i>, <b>darinne</b>, <i>therein</i>, <b>dannen</b>, +<i>wherefrom</i>, <b>darumbe</b>, <i>therefore</i>, <b>dō</b>, <i>when, +as.</i> 4. Indefinite relatives, as <b>swër</b> (from <b>sō +wër</b>), <i>whoever</i>, <b>swelch</b>, <i>each who</i>, <b>swëder</b>, +<i>who of two</i>; <b>swā</b>, <b>swar</b>, <i>wherever</i>, +<b>swannen</b>, <b>swanne</b> (<b>swenne</b>), <i>whenever</i>, +<b>swie</b>, <i>however, howsoever.</i> 5. The conjunction +<b>unde</b>, <i>and</i>.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">6. Interrogative.</h5> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para70" id = "para70"><b>§ 70.</b></a> +The MHG. simple interrogative pronoun has no independent form for the +feminine, and is declined in the singular only.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "ital">Masc. Fem.</th> +<th class = "ital">Neut.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nom.</td> +<td><b>wër</b>, <i>who</i></td> +<td><b>waȥ</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Acc.</td> +<td><b>wën</b></td> +<td><b>waȥ</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gen.</td> +<td><b>wës</b></td> +<td><b>wës</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dat.</td> +<td><b>wëm(e)</b></td> +<td><b>wëm(e)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Instr.</td> +<td></td> +<td><b>wiu</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In the same manner are declined the compounds:</p> + +<p><b>swër</b> (from <b>sō wër</b>), <i>whoever</i>, <b>etewër</b>, +<b>eteswër</b>, <i>anyone</i>, <b>neiȥwër</b> (= <b>ne weiȥ +wër</b>, <i>I do not know who</i>), <i>anyone</i>.</p> + +<p><b>wëder</b>, <i>who of two</i>, is declined like a strong adjective; +<b>welīch</b> (<b>welch</b>), <i>which</i>, is also declined like a +strong adjective, but the nom. singular remains uninflected.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">7. Indefinite.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para71" id = "para71"><b>§ 71.</b></a> +<b>ander</b>, <i>other</i>; <b>dechein</b>, <b>dehein</b>, +<b>dekein</b>, <i>no, none</i>; <b>dewëder</b>, <i>neither</i>; +<b>ein</b>, <i>one, some one</i>: when <b>ein</b> is used with the +meaning <i>alone</i> it follows the weak declension; <b>etelīch</b>, +<b>etlīch</b>, <b>eteslīch</b>, <b>etslīch</b>, <i>anyone, many a</i>, +pl. = <i>some</i>; <b>etewër</b>, <b>eteswër</b>, <i>anyone</i>; +<b>etewaȥ</b>, <i>anything</i>; +<span class = "pagenum">57</span> +<b>iegelīch</b>, <b>ieslīch</b>, <b>iegeslīch</b>, <i>each</i>; +<b>ieman</b>, <b>iemen</b>, <i>someone, somebody</i>; <b>iewëder</b>, +<b>ietwëder</b>, <i>each</i>; <b>iewelīch</b>, <b>iewelich</b>, +<i>each</i>; <b>iewiht</b>, <b>iht</b>, <i>anything</i>; <b>kein</b>, +<i>no</i>; <b>man</b>, <i>one</i>; <b>manec</b>, <i>many a</i>, declined +<b>maneger</b>, <b>manegeȥ</b>, <b>manegiu</b>, &c.; <b>nehein</b>, +<i>no, none</i>; <b>niht</b>, <i>nothing</i>; <b>solch</b>, <i>such</i>, +declined like <b>manec</b>; <b>sum</b>, <i>any one at all</i>, pl. +<i>some</i>; <b>sumelīch</b>, <b>sumlīch</b>, <i>many a</i>; +<b>swelch</b>, <i>each who</i>; <b>swër</b>, <i>whoever</i>; +<b>wëder</b>, <i>which of two</i>; <b>welīch</b> (<b>welch</b>), +<i>which</i>, declined like <b>manec</b>.</p> + + + + +<h4><a name = "chapVI" id = "chapVI"> +CHAPTER VI</a></h4> + +<h5>VERBS</h5> + + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para72" id = "para72"><b>§ 72.</b></a> +The MHG. verb has the following independent forms:—one voice +(active), two numbers, three persons, two tenses (present and +preterite), two complete moods (indicative and subjunctive, the latter +originally the optative), besides an imperative which is only used in +the present tense; two verbal nouns (the present infinitive, and the +gerund, generally called the inflected infinitive), a present +participle with active meaning, and one verbal adjective (the past +participle).</p> + +<p>The MHG. verbs are divided into two great classes:—Strong and +Weak. The strong verbs form their preterite (originally the perfect) and +past participle by means of ablaut (<a href = +"#para12">§ <b>12</b></a>). The weak verbs form their preterite by +the addition of the syllable <b>-te</b>, and their past participle by +means of a <b>t</b>-suffix. The strong verbs were originally further +sub-divided into reduplicated and non-reduplicated verbs. The +reduplication had, however, entirely disappeared in the oldest period of +the language. The non-reduplicated verbs are divided into six classes +according to the six ablaut-series (<a href = +"#para12">§ <b>12</b></a>). The originally reduplicated verbs are +put together here and called Class VII. Besides +<span class = "pagenum">58</span> +these two great classes of strong and weak verbs, there are a few others +which will be treated under the general heading <i>Minor Groups</i>.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">A. Strong Verbs.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para73" id = "para73"><b>§ 73.</b></a> +We are able to conjugate a MHG. strong verb when we know the four stems, +as seen in (1) the infinitive or first pers. sing. of the present +indicative, (2) the first or third pers. sing. of the preterite +indicative, (3) the first pers. plural of the preterite indicative, (4) +the past participle. The pret. subjunctive and the second pers. pret. +indicative have the same stem-vowel as the pret. plural indicative.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para74" id = "para74"><b>§ 74.</b></a> +The conjugation of <b>nëmen</b>, OHG. <b>nëman</b>, <i>to take</i>, will +serve as a model for all strong verbs.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td class = "center" colspan = "5"> +<i>Present.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Indic.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Subj.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "center">MHG.</td> +<td>OHG.</td> +<td>MHG.</td> +<td>OHG.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sing.</td> +<td>1. <b>nime</b></td> +<td><b>nimu</b></td> +<td><b>nëme</b></td> +<td><b>nëme</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>2. <b>nimes(t)</b></td> +<td><b>nimis(t)</b></td> +<td><b>nëmes(t)</b></td> +<td><b>nëmēs(t)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>3. <b>nimet</b></td> +<td><b>nimit</b></td> +<td><b>nëme</b></td> +<td><b>nëme</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Plur.</td> +<td>1. <b>nëmen</b></td> +<td><b>nëmemēs</b>, <b>-ēm</b></td> +<td><b>nëmen</b></td> +<td><b>nëmēm</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>2. <b>nëmet</b></td> +<td><b>nëmet</b></td> +<td><b>nëmet</b></td> +<td><b>nëmēt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>3. <b>nëment</b></td> +<td><b>nëmant</b></td> +<td><b>nëmen</b></td> +<td><b>nëmēn</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Imper.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Infin.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "center">MHG.</td> +<td>OHG.</td> +<td>MHG.</td> +<td>OHG.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sing.</td> +<td>2. <b>nim</b></td> +<td><b>nim</b></td> +<td><b>nëmen</b></td> +<td><b>nëman</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Plur.</td> +<td>1. <b>nëmen</b></td> +<td><b>nëmemēs</b>, <b>-ēm</b></td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>2. <b>nëmet</b>, (<b>-ent</b>)</td> +<td><b>nëmet</b></td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Gerund.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +<td>MHG.</td> +<td>OHG.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td> +<td class = "right">Gen.</td> +<td><b>nëmen(n)es</b></td> +<td><b>nëmannes</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td> +<td class = "right">Dat.</td> +<td><b>nëmen(n)e</b></td> +<td><b>nëmanne</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Present Participle.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +<td><b>nëmende</b></td> +<td><b>nëmanti</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">59</span> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td class = "center" colspan = "5"> +<i>Preterite.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Indic.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "2">Subj.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "center">MHG.</td> +<td>OHG.</td> +<td>MHG.</td> +<td>OHG.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sing.</td> +<td>1. <b>nam</b></td> +<td><b>nam</b></td> +<td><b>næme</b></td> +<td><b>nāmi</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>2. <b>næme</b></td> +<td><b>nāmi</b></td> +<td><b>næmes(t)</b></td> +<td><b>nāmīst</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>3. <b>nam</b></td> +<td><b>nam</b></td> +<td><b>næme</b></td> +<td><b>nāmi</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Plur.</td> +<td>1. <b>nāmen</b></td> +<td><b>nāmum</b></td> +<td><b>næmen</b></td> +<td><b>nāmīm</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>2. <b>nāmet</b></td> +<td><b>nāmut</b></td> +<td><b>næmet</b></td> +<td><b>nāmīt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>3. <b>nāmen</b></td> +<td><b>nāmun</b></td> +<td><b>næmen</b></td> +<td><b>nāmīn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps" colspan = "3">Past Participle.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MHG.</td> +<td></td> +<td>OHG.</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>genomen</b></td> +<td></td> +<td><b>ginoman</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para74n" id = "para74n"><span class = +"smallcaps">Note.</span></a>— +The <b>e</b> in the endings is regularly lost according to the rule +given in § <a href = "#para9_1"><b>9</b>, 1</a>, as sing. +<b>stil</b>, <b>stilst</b>, <b>stilt</b>, inf. <b>stëln</b>, <i>to +steal</i>; sing. <b>var</b>, <b>verst</b>, <b>vert</b>, inf. +<b>varn</b>, <i>to go</i>. It was also frequently lost in the third +pers. sing. pres. indicative of other verbs, as <b>vint</b> = +<b>vindet</b>, <b>siht</b> = <b>sihet</b>, see § <a href = +"#para9_4n"><b>9</b>, 4 note</a>. The <b>n</b> in the first pers. +plural was sometimes dropped when the pronoun came after the verb, as +<b>nëme wir</b> = <b>nëmen wir</b>.</p> + +<p class = "note"> +The imperative singular sometimes has <b>-e</b> after the analogy of +weak verbs (<a href = "#para90">§ <b>90</b></a>).</p> + +<p class = "note"> +The OHG. forms given above show in what forms umlaut regularly took +place, viz. in the second and third pers. singular of the pres. +indicative, when possible, in the second pers. singular of the pret. +indicative, and in the pret. subjunctive. The second pers. singular of +the pret. indicative always has the same stem-vowel as the pret. +subjunctive. On the absence of umlaut in the pret. subjunctive of +certain types of verbs, see <a href = "#para10">§ <b>10</b>, +note</a>. Forms without and with umlaut are found in the second and +third pers. singular of the present in verbs belonging to Class VII, as +<b>slāfes(t)</b>, <b>slāfet</b> beside <b>slæfes(t)</b>, +<b>slæfet</b>.</p> + +<p class = "note"> +Concerning the changes between <b>i</b>, <b>ë</b>; <b>u</b>, <b>o</b>; +<b>iu</b>, <b>ie</b>; <b>ei</b>, <b>ē</b>; <b>ou</b>, <b>ō</b> in the +various classes of strong verbs, see <a href = "#para14">§§ +<b>14-17</b></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">60</span> +<h5 class = "smallcaps">The Classification of the Strong Verbs.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para75" id = "para75"><b>§ 75.</b></a> +We shall only give in each class a few verbs to illustrate the gradation +of vowels and consonant changes. All other verbs occurring in the texts +will be found in the Glossary referred to their proper class.</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class I.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para76" id = "para76"><b>§ 76.</b></a> +The verbs of this class belong to the first ablaut-series (<a href = +"#para12">§ <b>12</b></a>) and therefore have <b>ī</b> in all forms +of the present; <b>ei</b> in the first and third pers. sing. of the +preterite, but <b>ē</b> before <b>ch</b> (= Germanic <b>h</b>, +<a href = "#para23">§ <b>23</b></a>), and finally (<a href = +"#para17">§ <b>17</b></a>); and <b>i</b> in the preterite plural +and past participle, thus:—</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td><p><b>bīten</b>, <i>to wait</i></p></td> +<td><b>beit</b></td> +<td><b>biten</b></td> +<td><b>gebiten</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>swīgen</b>, <i>to be silent</i></p></td> +<td><b>sweic</b></td> +<td><b>swigen</b></td> +<td><b>geswigen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>trīben</b>, <i>to drive</i></p></td> +<td><b>treip</b></td> +<td><b>triben</b></td> +<td><b>getriben</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>And similarly <b>belīben</b>, <i>to remain</i>, <b>bīȥen</b>, <i>to +bite</i>, <b>rīben</b>, <i>to rub</i>, <b>rīten</b>, <i>to ride</i>, +<b>schīnen</b>, <i>to shine</i>, <b>schrīben</b>, <i>to write</i>, +<b>sīgen</b>, <i>to sink</i>, <b>strīten</b>, <i>to quarrel</i>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td><p><b>snīden</b>, <i>to cut</i></p></td> +<td><b>sneit</b></td> +<td><b>sniten</b></td> +<td><b>gesniten</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>dīhen</b>, <i>to thrive</i></p></td> +<td><b>dēch</b></td> +<td><b>digen</b></td> +<td><b>gedigen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>rīsen</b>, <i>to fall</i></p></td> +<td><b>reis</b></td> +<td><b>rirn</b> (<b>risen</b>)</td> +<td><b>gerirn</b> (<b>gerisen</b>)</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>And similarly <b>līden</b>, <i>to suffer</i>, <b>mīden</b>, <i>to +avoid</i>, <b>nīden</b>, <i>to envy</i>, <b>līhen</b>, <i>to lend</i>, +<b>zīhen</b>, <i>to accuse</i>. See <a href = +"#para30">§ <b>30</b></a>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para77" id = "para77"><b>§ 77.</b></a> +The following two verbs which are also used as weak verbs have mixed +forms in the preterite and past participle:—</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td><p><b>schrīen</b>, <i>to scream</i></p></td> +<td><b>schrē</b></td> +<td><b>schriuwen</b></td> +<td><b>geschriuwen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>schrei</b></td> +<td><b>schrūwen</b></td> +<td><b>geschrūwen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><b>schrirn</b></td> +<td><b>geschrirn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>spīwen</b>, <i>to vomit</i></p></td> +<td><b>spē</b></td> +<td><b>spiwen</b></td> +<td><b>gespiwen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>spei</b></td> +<td><b>spiuwen</b></td> +<td><b>gespiuwen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><b>spūwen</b></td> +<td><b>gespūwen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><b>spirn</b></td> +<td><b>gespirn</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">61</span> +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class II.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para78" id = "para78"><b>§ 78.</b></a> +The verbs of this class belong to the second ablaut-series (<a href = +"#para12">§ <b>12</b></a>) and therefore have <b>ie</b> in the +present, but <b>iu</b> in the present singular (<a href = +"#para16">§ <b>16</b></a>); <b>ou</b> in the first and third pers. +sing. of the preterite, but <b>ō</b> before <b>t</b>, <b>ȥ</b>, <b>s</b> +and <b>ch</b> (= Germanic <b>h</b>), § <b>18</b>; <b>u</b> in the +pret. plural; and <b>o</b> in the past participle, thus:—</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td><p><b>biegen</b>, <i>to bend</i></p></td> +<td><b>biuge</b></td> +<td><b>bouc</b></td> +<td><b>bugen</b></td> +<td><b>gebogen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>triefen</b>, <i>to drop</i></p></td> +<td><b>triufe</b></td> +<td><b>trouf</b></td> +<td><b>truffen</b></td> +<td><b>getroffen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>bieten</b>, <i>to offer</i></p></td> +<td><b>biute</b></td> +<td><b>bōt</b></td> +<td><b>buten</b></td> +<td><b>geboten</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>schieȥen</b>, <i>to shoot</i></p></td> +<td><b>schiuȥe</b></td> +<td><b>schōȥ</b></td> +<td><b>schuȥȥen</b></td> +<td><b>geschoȥȥen</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>And similarly <b>klieben</b>, <i>to cleave</i>, <b>kriechen</b>, +<i>to creep</i>, <b>liegen</b>, <i>to lie</i>, <b>riechen</b>, <i>to +smell</i>, <b>schieben</b>, <i>to shove</i>, <b>vliegen</b>, <i>to +fly</i>; <b>dieȥen</b>, <i>to roar</i>, <b>gieȥen</b>, <i>to pour</i>, +<b>vlieȥen</b>, <i>to flow</i>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td><p><b>sieden</b>, <i>to seethe</i></p></td> +<td><b>siude</b></td> +<td><b>sōt</b></td> +<td><b>suten gesoten</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>ziehen</b>, <i>to draw</i></p></td> +<td><b>ziuhe</b></td> +<td><b>zōch</b></td> +<td><b>zugen gezogen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>kiesen</b>, <i>to choose</i></p></td> +<td><b>kius</b></td> +<td><b>kōs</b></td> +<td><b>kurn</b></td> +<td><b>gekorn</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>And similarly <b>vliehen</b>, <i>to flee</i>, <b>niesen</b>, <i>to +sneeze</i>, <b>verliesen</b>, <i>to lose</i>, <b>vriesen</b>, <i>to +freeze</i>. See <a href = "#para30">§ <b>30</b></a>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para79" id = "para79"><b>§ 79.</b></a> +On the stem-vowels in the following verbs, see <a href = +"#para16n">§ <b>16</b>, note</a> and <a href = +"#para36">§ <b>36</b></a>:—</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td><p><b>bliuwen</b>, <i>to strike</i></p></td> +<td><b>bliuwe</b></td> +<td><b>blou</b></td> +<td><b>blūwen</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><b>bliuwen</b></td> +<td><b>gebliuwen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td><b>blouwen</b></td> +<td><b>geblouwen</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>And similarly <b>briuwen</b>, <i>to brew</i>, <b>kiuwen</b>, <i>to +chew</i>, <b>riuwen</b>, <i>to pain</i>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para80" id = "para80"><b>§ 80.</b></a> +To this class also belong the three aorist presents:—</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td><p><b>lūchen</b>, <i>to shut</i></p></td> +<td><p><b>liuche</b> (<b>lūche</b>)</p></td> +<td><b>louch</b></td> +<td><b>luchen</b></td> +<td><b>gelochen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>sūfen</b>, <i>to gulp down</i></p></td> +<td><b>sūfe</b></td> +<td><b>souf</b></td> +<td><b>suffen</b></td> +<td><b>gesoffen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>sūgen</b>, <i>to suck</i></p></td> +<td><b>sūge</b></td> +<td><b>souc</b></td> +<td><b>sugen</b></td> +<td><b>gesogen</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">62</span> +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class III.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para81" id = "para81"><b>§ 81.</b></a> +The verbs of this class belong to the third ablaut-series (<a href = +"#para12">§ <b>12</b></a>), and include the strong verbs having a +medial nasal or a liquid + consonant. Those with nasal + consonant have +<b>i</b> throughout the present tense and <b>u</b> in the past +participle; the others have <b>i</b> in the present singular, <b>ë</b> +in the plural, and <b>o</b> in the past participle (see §§ <a href = +"#para14"><b>14</b></a>, <a href = "#para15"><b>15</b></a>), +thus:—</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td><p><b>binden</b>, <i>to bind</i></p></td> +<td><b>binde</b></td> +<td><b>bant</b></td> +<td><b>bunden</b></td> +<td><b>gebunden</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>rinnen</b>, <i>to run</i></p></td> +<td><b>rinne</b></td> +<td><b>ran</b></td> +<td><b>runnen</b></td> +<td><b>gerunnen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>singen</b>, <i>to sing</i></p></td> +<td><b>singe</b></td> +<td><b>sanc</b></td> +<td><b>sungen</b></td> +<td><b>gesungen</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>And similarly <b>brinnen</b>, <i>to burn</i>, <b>dringen</b>, <i>to +press</i>, <b>entrinnen</b>, <i>to escape</i>, <b>gelingen</b>, <i>to +succeed</i>, <b>gewinnen</b>, <i>to gain</i>, <b>schrinden</b>, <i>to +split</i>, <b>sinken</b>, <i>to sink</i>, <b>sinnen</b>, <i>to +reflect</i>, <b>spinnen</b>, <i>to spin</i>, <b>swimmen</b>, <i>to +swim</i>, <b>trinken</b>, <i>to drink</i>, <b>vinden</b> (p.p. +<b>vunden</b>), <i>to find</i>, <b>winden</b>, <i>to wind</i>. +<b>beginnen</b>, <i>to begin</i>, pret. sing. <b>began</b> beside +<b>begunde</b>, <b>begonde</b>, pl. <b>begunden</b>, p.p. +<b>begunnen</b>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td><p><b>bërgen</b>, <i>to hide</i></p></td> +<td><b>birge</b></td> +<td><b>bare</b></td> +<td><b>burgen</b></td> +<td><b>geborgen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>hëlfen</b>, <i>to help</i></p></td> +<td><b>hilfe</b></td> +<td><b>half</b></td> +<td><b>hulfen</b></td> +<td><b>geholfen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>stërben</b>, <i>to die</i></p></td> +<td><b>stirbe</b></td> +<td><b>starp</b></td> +<td><b>sturben</b></td> +<td><b>gestorben</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>And similarly <b>bevëlhen</b>, <i>to order</i>, <b>emphëlhen</b>, +<b>enphëlhen</b>, <i>to recommend</i>, <b>gëlten</b>, <i>to pay</i>, +<b>mëlken</b>, <i>to milk</i>, <b>schëlten</b>, <i>to revile</i>, +<b>swëllen</b>, <i>to swell</i>, <b>verdërben</b>, <i>to destroy</i>, +<b>wërfen</b>, <i>to throw</i>, <b>wërren</b>, <i>to confuse</i>, +<b>wërden</b>, <i>to become</i>, pret. pl. <b>wurten</b>, <b>wurden</b>, +p.p. <b>worten</b>, <b>(ge)worden</b>, see <a href = +"#para30">§ <b>30</b></a>.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class IV.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para82" id = "para82"><b>§ 82.</b></a> +The verbs of this class belong to the fourth ablaut-series (<a href = +"#para12">§ <b>12</b></a>). They include those strong verbs which +have a liquid or a nasal before or after the stem-vowel, and a few +others, thus:—</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">63</span> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr class = "center"> +<td><b>ë</b></td> +<td><b>i</b></td> +<td><b>a</b></td> +<td><b>ā</b></td> +<td><b>o</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>nëmen</b>, <i>to take</i></p></td> +<td><b>nime</b></td> +<td><b>nam</b></td> +<td><b>nāmen</b></td> +<td><b>genomen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>bërn</b>, <i>to bear</i></p></td> +<td><b>bir</b> (<a href = "#para9_1">§ <b>9</b>, 1</a>)</td> +<td><b>bar</b></td> +<td><b>bāren</b></td> +<td><b>geborn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>stëln</b>, <i>to steal</i></p></td> +<td><b>stil</b> (<a href = "#para9_1">§ <b>9</b>, 1</a>)</td> +<td><b>stal</b></td> +<td><b>stālen</b></td> +<td><b>gestoln</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>brëchen</b>, <i>to break</i></p></td> +<td><b>briche</b></td> +<td><b>brach</b></td> +<td><b>brāchen</b></td> +<td><b>gebrochen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>vëhten</b>, <i>to fight</i></p></td> +<td><b>vihte</b></td> +<td><b>vaht</b></td> +<td><b>vāhten</b></td> +<td><b>gevohten</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>And similarly <b>schërn</b>, <i>to shear</i>, <b>schrëcken</b>, <i>to +frighten</i>, <b>sprëchen</b>, <i>to speak</i>, <b>vlëhten</b>, <i>to +plait</i>, <b>zëmen</b> (p.p. also <b>gezëmen</b>), <i>to be +befitting</i>, <b>stëchen</b>, <i>to prick</i>, <b>trëffen</b> (p.p. +<b>troffen</b>), <i>to hit</i>; <b>dreschen</b>, <i>to thrash</i>, +<b>leschen</b>, <i>to be extinguished</i>, see § <a href = +"#para11_1"><b>11</b>, 1</a>. <b>komen</b> (OHG. <b>quëman</b>), +<i>to come</i>, <b>kume</b>, <b>quam</b>, <b>quāmen</b>, <b>komen</b>; +on other forms of this verb, see <a href = +"#para36">§ <b>36</b></a>.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class V.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para83" id = "para83"><b>§ 83.</b></a> +The verbs of this class belong to the fifth ablaut-series (<a href = +"#para12">§ <b>12</b></a>). They include the strong verbs +containing a medial consonant other than a nasal or liquid, +thus:—</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr class = "center"> +<td><b>ë</b></td> +<td><b>i</b></td> +<td><b>a</b></td> +<td><b>ā</b></td> +<td><b>ë</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>gëben</b>, <i>to give</i></p></td> +<td><b>gibe</b></td> +<td><b>gap</b></td> +<td><b>gāben</b></td> +<td><b>gegëben</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>jëhen</b>, <i>to say</i></p></td> +<td><b>gihe</b> (<a href = "#para35">§ <b>35</b></a>)</td> +<td><b>jach</b></td> +<td><b>jāhen</b></td> +<td><b>gejëhen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>sëhen</b>, <i>to see</i></p></td> +<td><b>sihe</b></td> +<td><b>sach</b></td> +<td><b>sāhen</b></td> +<td><b>gesëhen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>wëgen</b>, <i>to move</i></p></td> +<td><b>wige</b></td> +<td><b>wac</b></td> +<td><b>wāgen</b></td> +<td><b>gewëgen</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>And similarly <b>geschëhen</b>, <i>to happen</i>, <b>knëten</b>, +<i>to knead</i>, <b>mëȥȥen</b>, <i>to measure</i>, <b>pflëgen</b>, <i>to +be accustomed</i>, <b>trëten</b>, <i>to tread</i>, <b>vergëȥȥen</b>, +<i>to forget</i>, <b>wëben</b>, <i>to weave</i>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td><p><b>wësen</b>, <i>to be</i></p></td> +<td><b>wise</b></td> +<td><b>was</b></td> +<td><b>wāren</b></td> +<td><b>gewësen</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>And similarly <b>genësen</b> (pret. pl. also <b>genāsen</b>), <i>to +recover</i>, <b>jësen</b>, <i>to ferment</i>, <b>lësen</b> (pret. pl. +also <b>lāsen</b>), <i>to gather, read</i>. See <a href = +"#para30">§ <b>30</b></a>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td><b>ëȥȥen</b>, <i>to eat</i></td> +<td><b>iȥȥe</b></td> +<td><b>āȥ</b>(<b>aȥ</b>)</td> +<td><b>āȥen</b></td> +<td><b>gëȥȥen</b> (<a href = +"#para9_7">§ <b>9</b>, 7</a>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>vrëȥȥen</b>, <i>to devour</i></td> +<td><b>vriȥȥe</b></td> +<td><b>vrāȥ</b></td> +<td><b>vrāȥen</b></td> +<td><b>vrëȥȥen</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">64</span> +<p>These verbs had a long vowel in the pret. singular in the oldest +period of all the Germanic languages, cp. also Lat. <b>ēdī</b>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para84" id = "para84"><b>§ 84.</b></a> +To this class also belong the three verbs:—</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td><p><b>bit(t)en</b>, <i>to beg</i></p></td> +<td><b>bite</b></td> +<td><b>bat</b></td> +<td><b>bāten</b></td> +<td><b>gebëten</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>ligen</b>, <i>to lie down</i></p></td> +<td><b>lige</b></td> +<td><b>lac</b></td> +<td><b>lāgen</b></td> +<td><b>gelëgen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>sitzen</b>, <i>to sit</i></p></td> +<td><b>sitze</b></td> +<td><b>saȥ</b></td> +<td><b>sāȥen</b></td> +<td><b>gesëȥȥen</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><b>bit(t)en</b>, OHG. <b>bitten</b> from <b>*bidjan</b>; +<b>ligen</b>, OHG. <b>liggen</b> from <b>*ligjan</b>; <b>sitzen</b>, +OHG. <b>sitzen</b> from <b>*sitjan</b>, see §§ <a href = +"#para14"><b>14</b></a>, <a href = "#para31_3"><b>31</b>, 3</a>. +The inf. <b>ligen</b> is sometimes contracted to <b>līn</b>, see <a href += "#para37">§ <b>37</b></a>.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class VI.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para85" id = "para85"><b>§ 85.</b></a> +The verbs of this class belong to the sixth ablaut-series (<a href = +"#para12">§ <b>12</b></a>), and accordingly have <b>a</b> in the +present; <b>uo</b> in the pret. singular and plural; and <b>a</b> in the +past participle. They have umlaut in the second and third pers. +singular, as <b>grebes(t)</b>, <b>grebet</b>; <b>verst</b>, <b>vert</b>. +See <a href = "#para10">§ <b>10</b></a>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td><p><b>graben</b>, <i>to dig</i></p></td> +<td><b>gruop</b></td> +<td><b>gruoben</b></td> +<td><b>gegraben</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>tragen</b>, <i>to carry</i></p></td> +<td><b>truoc</b></td> +<td><b>truogen</b></td> +<td><b>getragen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>maln</b>, <i>to grind</i></p></td> +<td><b>muol</b></td> +<td><b>muolen</b></td> +<td><b>gemaln</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>varn</b>, <i>to go</i></p></td> +<td><b>vuor</b></td> +<td><b>vuoren</b></td> +<td><b>gevarn</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>And similarly <b>laden</b>, <i>to load</i>, <b>nagen</b>, <i>to +gnaw</i>, <b>schaffen</b>, <i>to create</i>, <b>spanen</b>, <i>to +entice</i>, <b>waschen</b>, <i>to wash</i>, <b>wahsen</b>, <i>to +grow</i>, <b>waten</b>, <i>to wade</i>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td><p><b>slahen</b>, <i>to strike</i></p></td> +<td><b>sluoc</b></td> +<td><b>sluogen</b></td> +<td><b>geslagen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>twahen</b>, <i>to wash</i></p></td> +<td><b>twuoc</b></td> +<td><b>twuogen</b></td> +<td><b>getwagen</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>See <a href = "#para30">§ <b>30</b></a>. The pret. sing. +<b>sluoc</b>, <b>twuoc</b> for <b>*sluoch</b>, <b>*twuoch</b> were +formed after the analogy of the pret. plural.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para86" id = "para86"><b>§ 86.</b></a> +To this class also belong:—</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">65</span> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td><p><b>stān</b>, <b>stēn</b> (<a href = +"#para96">§ <b>96</b></a>), <i>to stand</i></p></td> +<td><b>stuont</b></td> +<td><b>stuonden</b></td> +<td><b>gestanden</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>entseben</b> (older <b>entseven</b>), <i>to +perceive</i></p></td> +<td><b>entsuop</b></td> +<td><b>entsuoben</b></td> +<td><b>entsaben</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>gewähenen</b>, <i>to mention</i></p></td> +<td><b>gewuoc</b></td> +<td><b>gewuogen</b></td> +<td><b>gewagen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p><b>heben</b> (older <b>heven</b>), <i>to raise</i></p></td> +<td><b>huop</b></td> +<td><b>huoben</b></td> +<td><b>gehaben</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "middle"><p><b>swern</b> (see <a href = +"#para35">§ <b>35</b></a>), <i>to swear</i></p></td> +<td class = "middle"><b>swuor</b></td> +<td class = "middle"><b>swuoren</b></td> +<td class = "bracket left"><b>geswarn</b><br> +<b>gesworn</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The pret. singular <b>stuont</b>, <b>entsuop</b>, <b>gewuoc</b>, +<b>huop</b> for <b>*stuot</b> (cp. Engl. <b>stood</b>), <b>*entsuof</b>, +<b>*gewuoch</b>, <b>*huof</b> were formed after the analogy of the pret. +plural. On the <b>b</b>, <b>g</b> in the pret. plural, see <a href = +"#para30">§ <b>30</b></a>. The last four verbs in the list +originally had a <b>j</b> in the present, which accounts for the umlaut, +cp. OHG. <b>heffen</b>, Goth. <b>hafjan</b>, <i>to raise</i>. +<b>heben</b> had its <b>b</b> from forms where it was regular.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class VII.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para87" id = "para87"><b>§ 87.</b></a> +To this class belong the verbs which originally had reduplicated +preterites. The present and past participle have the same stem-vowel; +and the preterite singular and plural have <b>ie</b>. In OHG. the verbs +which had <b>a</b>, <b>ā</b> or <b>ei</b> in the present had <b>ia</b> +(older <b>ea</b>, <b>ē</b>) in the preterite; and those which had <b>ou +(ō)</b>, <b>uo</b> in the present had <b>io</b> (older <b>eo</b>) in the +preterite. But in MHG. the <b>ia</b> and <b>io</b> regularly fell +together in <b>ie</b> (<a href = +"#para11_3">§ <b>11</b>, 3</a>), so that all the preterites +had <b>ie</b>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td><b>bannen</b>, <i>to banish</i></td> +<td><b>bien</b></td> +<td><b>bienen</b></td> +<td><b>gebannen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>halten</b>, <i>to hold</i></td> +<td><b>hielt</b></td> +<td><b>hielten</b></td> +<td><b>gehalten</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>slāfen</b>, <i>to sleep</i></td> +<td><b>slief</b></td> +<td><b>sliefen</b></td> +<td><b>geslāfen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>heiȥen</b>, <i>to call</i></td> +<td><b>hieȥ</b></td> +<td><b>hieȥen</b></td> +<td><b>geheiȥn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>loufen</b>, <i>to run</i></td> +<td><b>lief</b></td> +<td><b>liefen</b></td> +<td><b>geloufen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ruofen</b>, <i>to call</i></td> +<td><b>rief</b></td> +<td><b>riefen</b></td> +<td><b>geruofen</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">66</span> +<p>And similarly <b>halsen</b>, <i>to embrace</i>, <b>salzen</b>, <i>to +salt</i>, <b>spalten</b>, <i>to split</i>, <b>spannen</b>, <i>to +span</i>, <b>vallen</b>, <i>to fall</i>, <b>valten</b>, <i>to fold</i>, +<b>wallen</b>, <i>to bubble</i>; <b>bāgen</b>, <i>to quarrel</i>, +<b>blāsen</b>, <i>to blow</i>, <b>brāten</b>, <i>to roast</i>, +<b>lāȥen</b> (see also § <b>99</b>), <i>to let</i>, <i>leave</i>, +<b>rāten</b>, <i>to advise</i>; <b>meiȥen</b>, <i>to cut</i>, +<b>scheiden</b>, <i>to separate</i>, <b>sweifen</b>, <i>to rove</i>; +<b>bōȥen</b>, <i>to strike</i>, <b>stōȥen</b>, <i>to push</i>, +<b>houwen</b> (pret. <b>hiu</b> and <b>hie</b>, pl. <b>hiuwen</b>, +<b>hiewen</b>), <i>to hew</i>, <b>wuofen</b>, <i>to bewail</i>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><p><b>gān</b>, <b>gēn</b>, <i>to go</i></p></td> +<td><b>gienc</b> (<b>gie</b>)</td> +<td><b>giengen</b></td> +<td><b>(ge)gangen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr class = "middle"> +<td class = "bracket left"> +<b>hāhen</b> (<a href = "#para29">§ <b>29</b></a>)<br> +<b>hān</b> (<a href = "#para38">§ <b>38</b></a>)</td> +<td>, <i>to hang</i></td> +<td><b>hienc</b> (<b>hie</b>)</td> +<td><b>hiengen</b></td> +<td><b>gehangen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr class = "middle"> +<td class = "bracket left"> +<b>vāhen</b> (<a href = "#para29">§ <b>29</b></a>)<br> +<b>vān</b> (<a href = "#para38">§ <b>38</b></a>)</td> +<td>, <i>to catch</i></td> +<td><b>vienc</b> (<b>vie</b>)</td> +<td><b>viengen</b></td> +<td><b>gevangen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><p><b>erren</b>, <b>ern</b>, <i>to plough</i></p></td> +<td><b>ier</b></td> +<td><b>ieren</b></td> +<td><b>gearn</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>On the interchange between <b>h</b> and <b>ng</b>, see <a href = +"#para30">§ <b>30</b></a>; <b>erren</b>, <b>ern</b> from older +<b>*arjan</b>.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">B. Weak Verbs.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para88" id = "para88"><b>§ 88.</b></a> +The OHG. weak verbs were divided into three great classes according as +the infinitive ended in <b>-en</b> from older <b>*-jan, -on</b>, or +<b>-ēn</b>.</p> + +<p class = "mynote"> +Inflectional tables in this section have been reformatted for greater +readability. A representative screen shot of the original format is +shown at the <a href = "#para88note">end of the text</a>.</p> + +<p>The characteristic endings of the three OHG. classes were:—</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "center" colspan = "2"><i>Present.</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Class I.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps">Class II.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps">Class III.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Indic. sing.</td> +<td><b>-u</b></td> +<td><b>-ōn</b></td> +<td><b>-ēn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-is(t)</b></td> +<td><b>-ōs(t)</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs(t)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-it</b></td> +<td><b>-ōt</b></td> +<td><b>-ēt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3"> +<span class = "spread2">„</span>plur.</td> +<td><b>-ēn</b></td> +<td><b>-ōn</b></td> +<td><b>-ēn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-et</b></td> +<td><b>-ōt</b></td> +<td><b>-ēt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-ent</b></td> +<td><b>-ōnt</b></td> +<td><b>-ēnt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Subj. sing.</td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +<td><b>-o</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-ēs(t)</b></td> +<td><b>-ōs(t)</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs(t)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +<td><b>-o</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3"> +<span class = "spread2">„</span>plur.</td> +<td><b>-ēn</b></td> +<td><b>-ōn</b></td> +<td><b>-ēn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-ēt</b></td> +<td><b>-ōt</b></td> +<td><b>-ēt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-ēn</b></td> +<td><b>-ōn</b></td> +<td><b>-ēn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Imper. sing.</td> +<td><b>-i</b></td> +<td><b>-o</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt" rowspan = "2"><span class = +"spread2">„</span>plur.</td> +<td><b>-ēn</b></td> +<td><b>-ōn</b></td> +<td><b>-ēn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-et</b></td> +<td><b>-ōt</b></td> +<td><b>-ēt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> </td> +</tr> + +<!-- F1: The top part of this table will probably need to be inverted(?) +or something. Please send message when finished so I can see what I +should have done. --> + +<tr> +<td> +<span class = "pagenum">67</span> +</td> +<td class = "center" colspan = "2"><i>Preterite.</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Class I.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps">Class II.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps">Class III.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Indic. sing.</td> +<td><b>-ta</b>, <b>-ita</b></td> +<td><b>-ōta</b></td> +<td><b>-ēta</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-tōs(t)</b>, <b>-itōs(t)</b></td> +<td><b>-ōtōs(t)</b></td> +<td><b>-ētōs(t)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-ta</b>, <b>-ita</b></td> +<td><b>-ōta</b></td> +<td><b>-ēta</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3"><span class = +"spread2">„</span>plur.</td> +<td><b>-tun</b>, <b>-itun</b></td> +<td><b>-ōtun</b></td> +<td><b>-ētun</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-tut</b>, <b>-itut</b></td> +<td><b>-ōtut</b></td> +<td><b>-ētut</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-tun</b>, <b>-itun</b></td> +<td><b>-ōtun</b></td> +<td><b>-ētun</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Subj. sing.</td> +<td><b>-ti</b>, <b>-iti</b></td> +<td><b>-ōti</b></td> +<td><b>-ēti</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-tīs(t)</b>, <b>-itīs(t)</b></td> +<td><b>-ōtīs(t)</b></td> +<td><b>-ētīs(t)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-ti</b>, <b>-iti</b></td> +<td><b>-ōti</b></td> +<td><b>-ēti</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3"> +<span class = "spread2">„</span>plur.</td> +<td><b>-tīn</b>, <b>-itīn</b></td> +<td><b>-ōtīn</b></td> +<td><b>-ētīn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-tīt</b>, <b>-itīt</b></td> +<td><b>-ōtīt</b></td> +<td><b>-ētīt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-tīn</b>, <b>-itīn</b></td> +<td><b>-ōtīn</b></td> +<td><b>-ētīn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>Past Participle.</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Uninfl. form</td> +<td><b>-it</b></td> +<td><b>-ōt</b></td> +<td><b>-ēt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Infl.<span class = "spread3">„</span></td> +<td><b>-tēr</b>, <b>-itēr</b></td> +<td><b>-ōtēr</b></td> +<td><b>-ētēr</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>Infinitive.</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>-en</b></td> +<td><b>-ōn</b></td> +<td><b>-ēn</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In OHG. the verbs of Class I were divided into two sub-divisions: +(<i>a</i>) polysyllabic verbs and those containing an old long +stem-syllable; (<i>b</i>) those which originally had a short +stem-syllable (cp. <a href = "#para31_3">§ <b>31</b>, 3</a>). +The former formed their preterite in <b>-ta</b>, and the latter in +<b>-ita</b>; and similarly in the inflected form of the past participle. +In MHG. all the unaccented vowels <b>i</b>, <b>e</b>, <b>a</b>, +<b>o</b>, <b>u</b>, <b>ī</b>, <b>ē</b>, <b>ō</b> regularly fell together +in <b>e</b> (<a href = "#para7">§ <b>7</b></a>), so that the old +distinction between the endings of the three classes of verbs was to a +great extent obliterated. The OHG. verbs with a short stem-syllable +belonging to Classes II and III came in MHG. to be inflected entirely +like sub-division (<i>b</i>) of Class I; and those with a long +stem-syllable mostly came to be inflected like sub-division (<i>a</i>) +of Class I, see §§ <a href = "#para9_2"><b>9</b>, 2</a>, <a +href = "#para92"><b>92</b></a>.</p> + +<p>Owing to all the OHG. unaccented vowels being weakened to <b>e</b> +the MHG. endings are:—</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">68</span> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Sing.</th> +<th>Plur.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Pres. Indic.:</td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +<td><b>-en</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-es(t)</b></td> +<td><b>-et</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-et</b></td> +<td><b>-ent</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3"> +<span class = "spread2">„</span>Subj.:</td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +<td><b>-en</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-es(t)</b></td> +<td><b>-et</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +<td><b>-en</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3"><p>Pret. Indic.<br> +and Subj.:</p></td> +<td><b>-te</b>, <b>-ete</b></td> +<td><b>-ten</b>, <b>-eten</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-tes(t)</b>, <b>-etes(t)</b></td> +<td><b>-tet</b>, <b>-etet</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-te</b>, <b>-ete</b></td> +<td><b>-ten</b>, <b>-eten</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt" rowspan = "2">Imper.</td> +<td></td> +<td><b>-en</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +<td><b>-et</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>P.P. Uninfl. form</td> +<td><b>-et</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "invisible">P.P.</span> +Infl.<span class = "spread3">„</span></td> +<td><b>-ter</b>, <b>-eter</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Infin.</td> +<td><b>-en.</b></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Final <b>-n</b> in the first pers. sing. of the pres. indicative of +the old Classes II and III remained in early MHG., but during the MHG. +period the first person was remodelled after the analogy of +Class I.</p> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para88n" id = "para88n"><span class = +"smallcaps">Note.</span></a>— +Old forms with <b>ō̆ (u)</b> for later <b>e</b> occasionally occur in +verbs originally belonging to the OHG. Class II; and in like manner +<b>ī̆</b> for <b>e</b> in the pret. subjunctive.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para89" id = "para89"><b>§ 89.</b></a> +The MHG. weak verbs are divided into two classes, according as the +preterite is formed in <b>-te</b> or <b>-ete</b> (see however § +<b>40</b>). The inflexion of the present is the same in both +classes.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class I.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para90" id = "para90"><b>§ 90.</b></a> +To this class belong (1) verbs which have old long stem-syllables. Those +having a mutated vowel in the present have the corresponding unmutated +vowel in the preterite. The <b>i</b> which would have caused umlaut in +the preterite disappeared in the prehistoric period of the language. The +past participle generally has two forms: one with a mutated vowel, and +the other without it, properly from the old inflected form which did not +have umlaut. (2) Verbs having a short stem-vowel followed by a +single +<span class = "pagenum">69</span> +consonant (<b>l</b>, <b>r</b>), and trisyllabic verbs containing an +<b>l</b>, <b>n</b>, or <b>r</b> in the second syllable, as <b>zeln</b>, +older <b>zellen</b> (<a href = +"#para31_3">§ <b>31</b>, 3</a>), <i>to count</i>, pret. +<b>zelte</b> beside <b>zalte</b>, p.p. <b>gezelt</b> beside +<b>gezalt</b>; <b>nern</b>, <i>to rescue</i>, pret. <b>nerte</b> (OHG. +<b>nerita</b>), p.p. <b>genert</b>; and similarly <b>doln</b> (OHG. +<b>dolōn</b>), <i>to tolerate</i>, <b>seln</b>, <i>to hand over</i>, +<b>spiln</b>, <i>to play</i>, <b>weln</b>, <i>to choose</i>; +<b>wern</b>, <i>to defend</i>; <b>wandeln</b> (OHG. <b>wantalōn</b>), +<i>to change</i>, pret. <b>wandelte</b>; <b>vordern</b> (OHG. +<b>fordarōn</b>), <i>to further</i>, pret. <b>vorderte</b>; +<b>sëgenen</b> (OHG. <b>sëganōn</b>), <i>to bless</i>, pret. +<b>sëgente</b>. See §§ <a href = "#para9_1"><b>9</b>, 1, +2</a>, <a href = "#para92"><b>92</b></a>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td class = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>Present.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Indic.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps">Subj.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps">Imper.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sing.</td> +<td>1. <b>kenne</b></td> +<td><b>kenne</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>2. <b>kennes(t)</b></td> +<td><b>kennes(t)</b></td> +<td><b>kenne</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>3. <b>kennet</b></td> +<td><b>kenne</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Plur.</td> +<td>1. <b>kennen</b></td> +<td><b>kennen</b></td> +<td><b>kennen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>2. <b>kennet</b></td> +<td><b>kennet</b></td> +<td><b>kennet</b>, (<b>-ent</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>3. <b>kennent</b></td> +<td><b>kennen</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>Preterite.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sing.</td> +<td>1. <b>kante</b></td> +<td><b>kante</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>2. <b>kantes(t)</b></td> +<td><b>kantes(t)</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>3. <b>kante</b></td> +<td><b>kante</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Plur.</td> +<td>1. <b>kanten</b></td> +<td><b>kanten</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>2. <b>kantet</b></td> +<td><b>kantet</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>3. <b>kanten</b></td> +<td><b>kanten</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Infin. <b>kennen</b>, <i>to know</i>; Pres. Part. <b>kennende</b>; +Past Part. <b>gekennet</b>, <b>gekant</b>.</p> + +<p>And similarly with a large number of verbs, as <b>blüemen</b>, <i>to +bloom</i>, <b>brennen</b>, <i>to burn</i>, <b>füllen</b>, <i>to +fill</i>, <b>grüeȥen</b>, <i>to greet</i>, <b>hœren</b>, <i>to hear</i>, +<b>küssen</b>, <i>to kiss</i>, <b>lœsen</b>, <i>to loose</i>, +<b>nennen</b>, <i>to name</i>, <b>rennen</b>, <i>to run</i>, +<b>senden</b> (pret. <b>sante</b>), <i>to send</i>, <b>senken</b>, <i>to +sink</i>, <b>setzen</b> (pret. <b>satte</b>, <b>sazte</b>, p.p. +<b>gesat</b>, <b>gesazt</b>, +<span class = "pagenum">70</span> +<b>gesetzt</b>), <i>to set</i>, <b>stellen</b>, <i>to place</i>, +<b>süeȥen</b>, <i>to sweeten</i>, <b>vellen</b>, <i>to fell</i>, +<b>wǣnen</b>, <i>to fancy</i>, <b>wünschen</b>, <i>to wish</i>; +<b>gelouben</b>, <i>to believe</i>, <b>kēren</b>, <i>to turn</i>, +<b>koufen</b>, <i>to buy</i>, <b>leiten</b> (pret. <b>leite</b>), <i>to +lead</i>, <b>ougen</b>, <i>to show</i>, <b>suochen</b>, <i>to seek</i>. +The verba pura have double forms in the present and preterite, as +<b>dræjen</b>, <b>dræn</b> (<a href = "#para35">§ <b>35</b></a>), +<i>to turn</i>, pret. <b>drāte</b> beside the new formation +<b>dræjete</b>, <b>dræte</b>, and similarly <b>blüejen</b>, <i>to +bloom</i>, <b>müejen</b>, <i>to trouble</i>, <b>rüejen</b>, <i>to +row</i>, <b>sæjen</b>, <i>to sow</i>, <b>wæjen</b>, <i>to blow</i>. +Verbs with medial <b>ck</b> have double preterites, as <b>decken</b>, +<i>to cover</i>, pret. <b>dacte</b> beside <b>dahte</b>, and similarly +<b>drücken</b>, <b>drucken</b>, <i>to press</i>, <b>smecken</b>, <i>to +taste</i>, <b>wecken</b>, <i>to awake</i>. See also +§ <b>92</b>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para91" id = "para91"><b>§ 91.</b></a> +The following are irregular:—</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<th class = "ital">Infin.</th> +<th class = "ital">Pret.</th> +<th class = "ital">P.P.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>denken</b>, <i>to think</i></td> +<td><b>dāhte</b></td> +<td><b>gedāht</b> (§§ <a href = "#para28"><b>28</b></a>, <a href = +"#para29"><b>29</b></a>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dunken</b>, <b>dünken</b>, <i>to seem</i></td> +<td><b>dūhte</b></td> +<td><b>gedūh</b> (§§ <a href = "#para28"><b>28</b></a>, <a href = +"#para29"><b>29</b></a>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>furhten</b>, <b>fürhten</b>, <i>to fear</i></td> +<td><b>vorhte</b></td> +<td><b>gevorht</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>wurken</b>, <b>würken</b>, <i>to work</i></td> +<td><b>worhte</b></td> +<td><b>geworht</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>bringen</b>, <i>to bring</i></td> +<td><b>brāhte</b></td> +<td><b>gebrāht</b> (§§ <a href = "#para28"><b>28</b></a>, <a href = +"#para29"><b>29</b></a>)</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "note"> +<a name = "para91n" id = "para91n"><span class = +"smallcaps">Note.</span></a>— +The second pers. sing. of <b>brāhte</b> is <b>bræhte</b> or +<b>brāhtes(t)</b>, pret. subj. <b>bræhte</b>; and similarly with +<b>dāhte</b>; the subj. of <b>dūhte</b> is <b>dūhte</b> or +<b>diuhte</b>.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Class II.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para92" id = "para92"><b>§ 92.</b></a> +The verbs belonging to this class form their preterite in <b>-ete</b> +and their past participle in <b>-et</b>. In other respects Class II has +the same endings as Class I.</p> + +<p>It includes: (<i>a</i>) The dissyllabic verbs, having a short +stem-vowel followed by a single consonant other than <b>l</b>, <b>r</b>, +which in OHG. belonged to Classes II and III, as <b>loben</b> (OHG. +<b>lobōn</b>), <i>to praise</i>, pret. <b>lobete</b>, p.p. +<b>gelobet</b>; <b>lëben</b> (OHG. <b>lëbēn</b>), <i>to live</i>, pret. +<b>lëbete</b>, p.p. <b>gelëbet</b> (see <a href = +"#para88">§ <b>88</b></a>). (<i>b</i>) The dissyllabic verbs +of OHG. Class I with a short +<span class = "pagenum">71</span> +stem-vowel followed by double consonants other than <b>ll</b> (see +<a href = "#para31_3">§ <b>31</b>, 3</a>), as <b>legen</b>, older +<b>leggen</b> (OHG. <b>leggen</b>), <i>to lay</i>, pret. <b>legete</b> +or <b>leite</b> (<a href = "#para37">§ <b>37</b></a>), p.p. +<b>geleget</b> or <b>geleit</b>; <b>denen</b>, older <b>dennen</b> (OHG. +<b>dennen</b>), <i>to stretch</i>, pret. <b>denete</b>, p.p. +<b>gedenet</b>.</p> + +<p>Other examples belonging to Class II are: <b>bëten</b>, <i>to +pray</i>, <b>dagen</b>, <i>to be silent</i>, <b>klagen</b>, <i>to +complain</i>, <b>klëben</b>, <i>to stick</i>, <b>laden</b>, <i>to +invite</i>, <b>namen</b>, <i>to name</i>, <b>sagen</b>, <i>to say</i>, +pret. <b>sagete</b> and <b>seite</b> (<a href = +"#para37">§ <b>37</b></a>).</p> + +<p>The verbs with a long stem-syllable, which belonged to OHG. Classes +II and III, went over in MHG. either into Class I (1), see <a href += "#para90">§ <b>90</b></a>, or had preterites in <b>-te</b> beside +<b>-ete</b>, as <b>danken</b>, <i>to thank</i>, pret. <b>dancte</b> +beside <b>dankete</b>, p.p. <b>gedanct</b> beside <b>gedanket</b>; +<b>vrāgen</b>, <i>to ask</i>, pret. <b>vrāgte</b> beside <b>vrāgete</b>, +p.p. <b>gevrāgt</b> beside <b>gevrāget</b>, and similarly <b>ahten</b>, +<i>to observe</i>, <b>minnen</b>, <i>to love</i>, <b>trahten</b>, <i>to +strive</i>, &c., see §§ <a href = "#para9_2"><b>9</b>, 2</a>, +<a href = "#para90"><b>90</b></a>; <b>dienen</b>, <i>to serve</i>, pret. +<b>diende</b> (<a href = +"#para40">§ <b>40</b></a>), &c.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">C. Minor Groups.</h5> + +<p class = "center">1. <b>Preterite-Presents.</b></p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para93" id = "para93"><b>§ 93.</b></a> +These have strong preterites with a present meaning, from which new weak +preterites have been formed. The 2nd pers. sg. ends in <b>-t</b>, and +has the same stem-vowel as the 1st and 3rd pers. sg. The following verbs +belong to this class:—</p> + +<p><b>weiȥ</b>, <i>I know</i>, 2nd pers. sg. <b>weist</b>; pl. +<b>wiȥȥen</b>; inf. <b>wiȥȥen</b>; pres. p. <b>wiȥȥende</b>; pret. +<b>wisse</b>, <b>wesse</b>, <b>wiste</b> <i>or</i> <b>weste</b>; p.p. +<b>gewist</b> <i>or</i> <b>gewest</b>.</p> + +<p><b>touc</b>, <i>I am of use</i>, inf. and pl. <b>tugen</b> <i>or</i> +<b>tügen</b>; pret. <b>tohte</b>; subj. <b>töhte</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gan</b>, <i>I grant</i>, 2nd pers. sg. <b>ganst</b>; inf. and pl. +<b>gunnen</b> <i>or</i> <b>günnen</b>; pret. <b>gunde</b>; subj. +<b>gunde</b> <i>or</i> <b>günde</b>; p.p. <b>gegunnen</b>, +<b>gegunnet</b>, <i>or</i> <b>gegunst</b>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">72</span> +<p><b>kan</b>, <i>I know</i>, 2nd pers. sg. <b>kanst</b>; inf. and pl. +<b>kunnen</b> <i>or</i> <b>künnen</b>; pret. <b>kunde</b> +(<b>konde</b>); subj. <b>kunde</b> <i>or</i> <b>künde</b>.</p> + +<p><b>darf</b>, <i>I need</i>, 2nd pers. sg. <b>darft</b>; pl. +<b>durfen</b> <i>or</i> <b>dürfen</b>; pret. <b>dorfte</b>; subj. +<b>dörfte</b>; infin. and p.p. only in <b>bedürfen</b>, +<b>bedorft</b>.</p> + +<p><b>tar</b>, <i>I dare</i>, <i>venture</i>, 2nd pers. sg. +<b>tarst</b>; inf. and pl. <b>turren</b> <i>or</i> <b>türren</b>; pret. +<b>torste</b>; subj. <b>törste</b>.</p> + +<p><b>sol</b>, <i>I shall</i>, 2nd pers. sg. <b>solt</b>; inf. and pl. +<b>suln</b> <i>or</i> <b>süln</b>; pret. <b>solde</b> <i>or</i> +<b>solte</b>.</p> + +<p><b>mac</b>, <i>I can</i>, 2nd pers. sg. <b>maht</b>; pl. +<b>magen</b>, <b>megen</b>, <b>mugen</b>, <i>or</i> <b>mügen</b>; pret. +<b>mahte</b> <i>or</i> <b>mohte</b>; subj. <b>mehte (mahte)</b> +<i>or</i> <b>möhte</b>.</p> + +<p><b>muoȥ</b>, <i>I must</i>, 2nd pers. sg. <b>muost</b>; pl. +<b>müeȥen</b>; pret. <b>muoste</b> <i>or</i> <b>muose</b>; subj. +<b>müeste</b> <i>or</i> <b>müese</b>.</p> + + +<p class = "center">2. <b>Anomalous Verbs.</b></p> + +<p class = "para float"> +<a name = "para94" id = "para94"><b>§ 94.</b></a></p> + +<p class = "center">(1) <b>tuon</b>, <i>to do</i>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td class = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>Present.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Indic.</th> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Subj.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3"> +Sing.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>tuon</b> (<b>tuo</b>)</td> +<td><b>tuo</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>tuos(t)</b></td> +<td><b>tuos(t)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>tuot</b></td> +<td><b>tuo</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3"> +Plur.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>tuon</b></td> +<td><b>tuon</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>tuot</b> (<b>tuont</b>)</td> +<td><b>tuot</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>tuont</b></td> +<td><b>tuon</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Infin.</td> +<td><b>tuon</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Imper.</td> +<td><b>tuo</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Pres. P.</td> +<td><b>tuonde</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>Preterite.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3"> +Sing.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>tëte</b> (<b>tët</b>)</td> +<td><b>tæte</b> (<b>tëte</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>tæte</b></td> +<td><b>tætes(t)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>tëte</b> (<b>tët</b>)</td> +<td><b>tæte</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Plur.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>tāten</b>, (<b>tæten</b>, <b>tëten</b>)</td> +<td><b>tæten</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "center" colspan = "4"> +P.P. <b>getān</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<span class = "pagenum">73</span> + +<p class = "para float"> +<a name = "para95" id = "para95"><b>§ 95.</b></a></p> + +<p class = "center">(2) <b>gān</b>, <i>to go</i>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td class = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>Present.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Indic.</th> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Subj.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3"> +Sing.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>gān</b>, <b>gēn</b></td> +<td><b>gē</b> (<b>gā</b>, <b>gange</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>gās(t)</b>, <b>gēs(t)</b></td> +<td><b>gēs(t)</b> (<b>gās(t)</b>, <b>ganges(t)</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>gāt</b>, <b>gēt</b></td> +<td><b>gē</b> (<b>gā</b>, <b>gange</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Plur.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>gān</b>, <b>gēn</b></td> +<td><b>gēn</b> (<b>gān</b>, <b>gangen</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Infin.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>gān</b>, <b>gēn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Imper.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<b>ganc</b>, <b>genc</b>, <b>ginc</b> (<b>gā</b>, <b>gē</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Pres. P.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>gānde</b>, <b>gēnde</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>Preterite.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Sing.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>gienc</b> <i>or</i> <b>gie</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Plur.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>giengen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>P.P.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>(ge)gangen</b> <i>or</i> <b>gegān</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "para float"> +<a name = "para96" id = "para96"><b>§ 96.</b></a></p> + +<p class = "center">(3) <b>stān</b>, <i>to stand</i>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td class = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>Present.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Indic.</th> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Subj.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3"> +Sing.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>stān</b>, <b>stēn</b>, <b>stā</b>, <b>stē</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +<b>stā</b>, <b>stē</b> (<b>stande</b>), <b>&c.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>stās(t)</b>, <b>stēs(t)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>stāt</b>, <b>stēt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Plur.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>stān</b>, <b>stēn</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Infin.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>stān</b>, <b>stēn</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Imper.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>stā</b>, <b>stē</b>, <b>stant</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>Preterite.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>stuont</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>P.P.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>gestanden</b> <i>or</i> <b>gestān</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">74</span> + +<p class = "para float"> +<a name = "para97" id = "para97"><b>§ 97.</b></a></p> + +<p class = "center"> +(4) <b>sīn</b>, <b>wësen</b>, <i>to be</i>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td class = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>Present.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Indic.</th> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Subj.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Sing.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>bin</b></td> +<td><b>sī</b> (<b>sīge</b>, <b>sīe</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>bis(t)</b></td> +<td><b>sīs(t)</b> (<b>sīges(t)</b>, <b>sīes(t)</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>ist</b></td> +<td><b>sī</b> (<b>sīge</b>, <b>sīe</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Plur.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>birn</b>, <b>sīn</b></td> +<td><b>sīn</b> (<b>sīgen</b>, <b>sīen</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>birt</b>, <b>sīt</b></td> +<td><b>sīt</b> (<b>sīget</b>, <b>sīet</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>sint</b></td> +<td><b>sīn</b> (<b>sīgen</b>, <b>sīen</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "smallcaps">Infin.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>sīn</b>, <b>wësen</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">Indic. Pret. Sing.</td> +<td><b>was</b>;</td> +<td>pl. <b>wāren</b> (<a href = "#para30">§ <b>30</b></a>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">Subj.<span class = "spread3">„„</span></td> +<td><b>wære</b>;</td> +<td>pl. <b>wæren</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>P.P.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>gewësen</b> (<b>gewëset</b>)</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "para float"> +<a name = "para98" id = "para98"><b>§ 98.</b></a></p> + +<p class = "center"> +(5) <b>wellen</b>, <i>to will</i>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td class = "center" colspan = "3"> +<i>Present.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "smallcaps">Indic.</th> +<th class = "smallcaps">Subj.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sing.</td> +<td>1. <b>wil</b></td> +<td><b>welle</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>2. <b>wil</b>, <b>wilt</b></td> +<td><b>welles(t)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>3. <b>wil</b></td> +<td><b>welle</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Plur.</td> +<td>1. <b>wellen</b>, <b>weln</b></td> +<td><b>wellen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>2. <b>wellet</b>, <b>welt</b></td> +<td><b>wellet</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>3. <b>wellen</b>, <b>weln</b></td> +<td><b>wellen</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pret.</td> +<td><b>wolte</b> <i>or</i> <b>wolde</b> (<a href = +"#para40">§ <b>40</b></a>)</td> +<td><b>wolte</b> <i>or</i> <b>wölte</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Infin.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>wellen</b>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "center">3. <b>Contracted Verbs.</b></p> + +<p class = "para float"> +<a name = "para99" id = "para99"><b>§ 99.</b></a></p> + +<p class = "center"> +(1) <b>lān</b> = <b>lāȥen</b>, <i>to let</i>, <i>leave</i>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "ital">Sing.</th> +<th class = "ital">Plur.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Pres.</td> +<td><b>lān</b></td> +<td><b>lān</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>lās(t)</b>, <b>læs(t)</b></td> +<td><b>lāt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>lāt</b> (<b>læt</b>)</td> +<td><b>lān</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pret.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<b>lie</b> <i>or</i> <b>lieȥ</b> (<a href = +"#para87">§ <b>87</b></a>).</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Imper.</td> +<td><b>lā</b></td> +<td><b>lāt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Infin.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>lān</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>P.P.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>(ge)lān</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum">75</span> + +<p class = "center"> +(2) <b>hān</b> = <b>haben</b>, <i>to have</i>.</p> + +<table class = "inflection" summary = "inflectional table"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class = "ital">Sing.</th> +<th class = "ital">Plur.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Pres.</td> +<td><b>hān</b></td> +<td><b>hān</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>hās(t)</b></td> +<td><b>hāt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>hāt</b></td> +<td><b>hān</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Pret.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<b>hāte</b> (<b>hëte</b>, <b>hēt(e)</b>, <b>hiet(e)</b>, +<b>hæte)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>hātes(t)</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right"><b>&c.</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "bracket rt3" rowspan = "3">Subj. pres.</td> +<td><b>habe</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>habes(t)</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "right"><b>&c.</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "spread2">„</span>pret.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>hæte</b>, <b>hete</b>, <b>hēte</b>, <b>hiete</b>, +<b>hatte</b>, <b>&c.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Infin.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>hān</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>P.P.</td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>gehabet</b>, <b>gehapt</b>, <b>gehāt</b>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The contracted form <b>hān</b>, &c., is mostly used as an +auxiliary.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "chapVII" id = "chapVII"> +CHAPTER VII</a></h4> + +<h5>SYNTAX</h5> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Cases.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para100" id = "para100"><b>§ 100.</b></a> +<b>Accusative.</b> The accusative has much the same function as in NHG. +It is sometimes used, however, where the dat. or a preposition would be +required in NHG.:—<b>ër vuor waȥȥer unde wëge</b>, <i>he went by +water and land</i>. The acc. is used after <b>wol</b>, <i>well</i>, when +used as an interjection, as <b>wol mich</b>. A double accusative is +required not only after <b>lēren</b>, <i>to teach</i>, but also after +<b>hëln</b>, <b>verhëln</b>, <i>to conceal</i>, <b>verdagen</b>, +<b>verswīgen</b>, <i>to keep secret</i>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para101" id = "para101"><b>§ 101.</b></a> +<b>Dative.</b> <b>ruofen</b>, <i>to call</i>, and <b>schirmen</b>, <i>to +protect</i>, take the dative. The dative is often used adverbially: +<b>allenthalben</b>, <i>on all sides</i>, <b>wīlen(t)</b>, +<i>formerly</i>, &c.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para102" id = "para102"><b>§ 102.</b></a> +<b>Genitive.</b> The genitives <b>hande</b>, <b>slahte</b>, <b>leie</b> += <i>manner</i> are used adverbially: <b>maneger hande</b>, +<b>slahte</b>, <i>or</i> <b>leie</b>, <i>in many ways</i>, +<i>manifoldly</i>.</p> + +<p>The gen. is used in combination with the comparative of adjectives, +as <b>dicker eines dūmes</b>, <i>thicker by the breadth of a thumb</i>. +Indefinite and interrogative pronouns, used +<span class = "pagenum">76</span> +substantively, take the genitive: <b>iemen armer liute</b>, <i>any poor +people</i>; <b>niht schœneres</b>, <i>nothing more beautiful</i>; <b>dës +enmac niht sīn</b>, <i>that cannot be</i>; <b>waȥ mannes ër wære</b>, +<i>what kind of man he was</i>. In the same manner the rel. <b>swaȥ</b> +may take the genitive: <b>swaȥ man vant dër armen</b>, <i>whatever poor +people one found</i>.</p> + +<p>The genitive may be used predicatively:—<b>sīt sī dës +goteshūses sint</b>, <i>since they belong to the house of God</i>; +<b>diu sorge ist mīn eines niht</b>, <i>I am not the only one who has +sorrow</i>.</p> + +<p>Impersonal verbs often take the genitive: <b>mich genüeget dës</b>, +<i>that is enough for me</i>; <b>mich gezimt dës</b>, <i>that pleases +me</i>.</p> + +<p>The genitives <b>dës</b> and <b>wës</b> may be used adverbially in +the sense of <i>therefore</i>, <i>wherefore</i>; and likewise many +nouns: <b>tages</b>, <i>by day</i>; <b>dës sëlben tages</b>, <i>the same +day</i>; <b>nahtes</b>, <i>by night</i>.</p> + +<p>Interjections usually take the genitive: <b>owē mir mīnes leides!</b> +<i>alas! for my grief</i>. <b>vil</b>, <i>much</i>, <i>many</i>; +<b>mē(re)</b>, <i>more</i>; <b>wēnic</b>, <b>lützel</b>, <i>little</i>; +<b>minner</b>, <b>minre</b>, <i>less</i>; and <b>genuoc</b>, +<i>enough</i>, used as indeclinable substantives, are followed by the +genitive. Cardinal numerals, used substantively, are also followed by +the genitive: <b>zweinzec starker man</b>, <i>twenty strong men</i>.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Adjectives.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para103" id = "para103"><b>§ 103.</b></a> +The weak and strong forms are used in the same manner as in Mod. HG. +<b>dirre</b>, <i>this</i>, is followed by the weak or strong form; +<b>aller</b>, <i>all</i>, usually by the strong. The strong or weak form +can be used after pronouns, as <b>ich armer</b> or <b>ich arme</b>, <i>I +poor ...</i> In the vocative the weak form without the article is used, +as <b>guoten liute</b>, <i>(ye) good people</i>. When the same adjective +refers to nouns of different gender, it is put in the neuter plural.</p> + +<p><b>ein</b> and the possessive pronouns are followed by the +<span class = "pagenum">77</span> +strong form in the Nom. and Acc. singular; by the strong or weak form in +the pl. and Gen. and Dative singular.</p> + +<p>The possessive pronouns are declined strong.</p> + +<p>The uninflected form of the adjective is used side by side with the +inflected in the Nom. singular, all genders, and Acc. singular neuter, +when the adjective comes before the noun: <b>ein guot man</b>, <i>a good +man</i>. When the adjective stands after the noun the uninflected form +may be used without reference to number, gender, or case, <b>ein</b>, +<b>dehein</b>, and the possessive pronouns have the uninflected form in +the Nom. for all genders, and Acc. neuter. The uninflected form of +<b>al</b>, <i>all</i>, can be used before all forms of the definite +article: <b>in al dër wërlte</b>, <i>in all the world</i>. See <a href = +"#para55">§ <b>55</b></a>.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Pronouns.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para104" id = "para104"><b>§ 104.</b></a> +<b>im</b>, <b>ir</b>, pl. <b>in</b>, are used to express the dative of +the reflexive pronoun. <b>dër</b> is sometimes used pleonastically, as +<b>dër brunne</b>, <b>dër was küele</b>, <i>the spring was cool</i>. +<b>man</b> used as an indefinite pronoun can take the definite article +along with it.</p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Verbs.</h5> + +<p><a name = "para105" id = "para105"><b>§ 105.</b></a> +<b>Number.</b> The verb can be used in the singular after a compound +subject, as <b>Volkēr und Hagene sō sēre wüeten began</b>, <i>... began +to rage so furiously</i>.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para106" id = "para106"><b>§ 106.</b></a> +<b>Tenses.</b> The fut. simple is expressed by <b>sol</b>, <b>muoȥ</b>, +<b>wil</b> and the infin., or simply by the pres., as in OE.: <b>ich sol +gān</b>, <i>I shall go</i>; <b>bin ich gnislīch</b>, <b>sō genise +ich</b>, <i>if I am curable</i>, <i>I shall recover</i>. For the fut. +pf. the pf. is used: <b>daȥ ist schiere getān</b>, <i>that will soon +have been done</i>. The pf. is expressed either by the simple pret. or +the p.p. and the verbs <b>hān</b>, <b>sīn</b>; in subordinate sentences +the pret. often has the meaning of the pluperfect: <b>dō du</b> +<span class = "pagenum">78</span> +<b>von ir schiede, zehant sie starp</b>, <i>she died immediately after +thou hadst taken leave of her</i>.</p> + +<p>The preterite acquires a pluperfect, and the present a future perfect +meaning when the prefix <b>ge</b> is added to them: <b>swenne iuwer sun +gewahset</b>, <i>when your son (shall have) has grown up</i>; <b>dō ich +in gesach</b>, <i>when I had seen him</i>. The present participle with +<b>sīn</b> is sometimes used as in English, see ‘Arme Heinrich,’ +l. 24.</p> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para107" id = "para107"><b>§ 107.</b></a> +<b>Voice.</b> The present and preterite passive are expressed by +<b>wërden</b> and the p.p., and the corresponding perfect tenses by +<b>sīn</b> and the p.p.</p> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "list of forms"> +<tr> +<td>Pres.</td> +<td><b>ich wirde gelobet</b>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pret.</td> +<td><b>ich wart</b><span class = "spread3">„</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Perf.</td> +<td><b>ich bin</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Plupf.</td> +<td><b>ich was</b><span class = "spread4">„</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Inf.</td> +<td><b>gelobet sīn</b>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "para"> +<a name = "para108" id = "para108"><b>§ 108.</b></a> +<b>Negation.</b> Negation in sentences is expressed by <b>ne</b> +(<b>en</b>, <b>n</b>) before the verb, and <b>niht</b> after it: <b>ër +enist guot</b>, <i>he is not good</i>. <b>niht</b> is frequently +omitted, especially after the preterite presents, the verbs +<b>wellen</b>, <b>lān</b>, sentences containing negative pronouns or +adverbs, and in subordinate sentences.</p> + +<p><b>en</b> without <b>niht</b> is used with the subjunctive in +subordinate sentences in the sense of <i>unless</i>, <i>if not</i>, +<i>except that</i>, <i>when that</i>, <i>that not</i>, &c.: <b>dën +līp wil ich verliesen, si enwërde mīn wīp</b>, <i>I will die if she will +not become my wife</i>; <b>ich wæne nieman in dër wërlte lëbe, ërn habe +ein leit</b>, <i>I believe no one lives in the world who has not his +trouble</i>.</p> + +<p><b>en</b> is further also used in the sense of Latin ‘quin’: <b>ich +mac daȥ niht bevarn, mirn wërde mīn ritterschaft benomen</b>, <i>I +cannot prevent my knighthood being taken away from me</i>.</p> + +</div> <!-- end div primer --> + +<hr class = "mid"> + +<div class = "texts"> + +<span class = "pagenum">79</span> +<h3><a name = "texts" id = "texts"> +TEXTS</a></h3> + +<p class = "mynote"> +Line numbers have been removed from the prose passages. In the verse +passages, some unstressed e’s, and a few i’s, were printed with an under-dot: ẹ ị. This usage is not explained. Some under-dots may be +flyspecks, and a few umlauts were uncertain.</p> + +<h4><a name = "textI" id = "textI">I</a><br> +BERTHOLD VON REGENSBURG.</h4> + +<p class = "note"> +His name was properly Berthold Lech. He was the most celebrated preacher +of the thirteenth century. He died in Regensburg in 1272. The following +extract is from a sermon on Matt. v. 8.</p> + +<p>‘Sælic sint die armen: wan daȥ himelrīch ist ir,’ etc. Mit disen aht +tugenden sint alle die ze himelrīche komen, die dā sint, und mit den +selben aht tugenden müeȥent noch alle die dar komen, die iemer mēr dar +komen süln. Nū wil ich die siben under wegen lān und wil niuwen von ir +einer sagen, wan alse vil guoter dinge an ir ieglīcher ist; und von ir +ieglīcher wære gar vil und gar lanc sunderlīchen ze sagenne; und wie +manigiu untugent uns an disen ahte tugenden irret, daȥ würde eht von +ieglīcher gar lanc ze sagenne. Wan man eȥ alleȥ in einer predigen niht +verenden mac, noch in vieren, noch in zehenen, sō wil ich iu hiute +niuwen sagen von den, die ein reine herze habent, und von den man hiute +dā liset in dem heiligen ewangelio ‘sælic sint, die reines herzen sint: +die <a name = "tagA" id = "tagA" href = "#noteA">werdent got +sehende</a>.’A Die sint wol von rehte sælic, die dā got sehent. Ein +übergülde ist eȥ aller der sælikeit, diu ie wart oder iemer mēr eht +werden mac, swer got ansehende eht wirt, alsō süeȥe und alsō wünneclich +ist diu gesiht, die man an got siht. Sō wart nie deheiner muoter ir kint +nie sō liep, ān unser frouwen, und solte si eȥ drīe tage ane sehen ān +underlāȥ, <a name = "tagB" id = "tagB" href = "#noteB">daȥ si anders +niht enpflæge</a>, wan eht si ir liebeȥ kint solte an sehen: si æȥe an +dem vierden tage vil gerner ein stücke brōtes. Und wolte ich vil gerner, +daȥ +<span class = "pagenum">80</span> +ich alsō ein guot mensche wære, als daȥ wār ist, daȥ ich iezuo reden +wil. Ob daȥ alsō wære, daȥ man zuo einem menschen spræche, der iezuo bī +gote ist, ‘du hāst zehen kint ūf ertrīche, und du solt in koufen allen +samt, daȥ sie ēre und guot haben unz an ir tōt, dā mit, daȥ du einigen +ougenblic von gotes angesiht tuost, niuwen als lange als einȥ sīn hant +möht umbe kēren, und sich danne wider zuo gote, und du solt dīn ougen +niemer mēr von im kēren’: der mensche entæte sīn niht. Alse wār, herre, +dīn wārheit ist, alse wār ist disiu rede, daȥ er disiu zehen kint unze +an ir tōt ē nāch dem almuosen lieȥe gēn, ē danne er sich die kleine wīle +von gote wolte wenden. In habent die engel wol sehzic hundert jār an +gesehen, und sehent in hiute als gerne als des ērsten tages. Und sie +sint ouch alle samt sam des ērsten tages, dō sie got an sehende wurden. +Dō wart ir deheiner sīt nie eltlīcher danne des ērsten tages, und sint +doch sider wol sehzic hundert jār alt. Swelher hundert jār alt würde +under uns, der wære den liuten alse smæhe an ze sehenne von +ungestaltheit und von dem gebresten, den daȥ alter an im hæte gemaht: sō +mālet man die engele—dā sehet ir wol, swā man sie mālt, daȥ man +sie eht anders niht enmālt wan als ein kint von fünf jāren, als +junclich, oder von sehsen. Wan alle, die got sehent, die werdent niemer +eltlīcher, die in in himelrīche sehent in sīnen freuden und in sīnen +ēren. Ūf ertrīche sehen wir in alle tage in sīnem gewalte. Dehein +irdenischer muot noch irdenisch līp möhte daȥ niht erlīden, daȥ in +dehein irdenisch ouge iemer an gesehen möhte in sīnen freuden und in +sīnen ēren, als er ze himelrīche ist. Wir sagen iu ettewenne ein +glīchnisse, wie schœne got sī. Seht, alleȥ daȥ wir iemer gesagen künnen +oder mügen, daȥ ist rehte dem glīche, als obe ein kint uns solte sagen, +ob eȥ müglich wære, von aller der wirde und von aller der gezierde, die +diu werlt hāt, von der liehten sunnen, von den liehten sternen, von +edelre gesteine craft und von ir maniger slahte varwe, von der edelen +würze craft und von dem edelen gesmacke, und von der rīchen gezierde, +die man ūȥer sīden und ūȥer golde machet in dirre werlte, und von +maniger hande +<span class = "pagenum">81</span> +süeȥen stimme, die diu werlt hāt, von vögelīn sange und von seitenspil, +und von maniger hande bluomen varwe, und von aller der gezierde, die +disiu werlt hāt. Alse unmügelich unde alse unkuntlīchen eime kinde dā +von ze redenne ist, als unkunt ist ouch uns dā von ze redenne, von der +unsegelīchen wünne, diu dā ze himel ist, und von dem wünneclīchen +antlütze des lebendigen gotes. Wan alliu diu freude, diu dā ze himele +ist, der ist niht wan von dem schīne, der von unsers herren antlütze +gēt. Und rehte als alle sternen ir lieht von der sunnen nement, alsō +habent alle heiligen ir gezierde und ir schōnheit von gote, und engele +und alleȥ himelische her. Reht als alle die sternen des himeles, der +māne und die planēten, grōȥ und kleine, die habent alle samt ir lieht +von der sunnen, diu uns dā liuhtet: und alsō hāt alleȥ himelischeȥ her, +engel und heiligen, die hœhsten und die minnesten, die habent alle samt +ir freude und ir wünne und ir gezierde und die <ins class = "correction" +title = "text has circumflex, but see Glossary">ēre</ins> und die wirde +und ouch die schœnde, daȥ habent sie alle samt von der angesihte gotes, +daȥ sie got an sehent. Die engele, die dā unser hüetent, die sehent in +ze aller zīt an, als ob sie bī im wæren. Wan alliu diu freude, diu in +himelrīche ist, diu diuhte sie ze nihte, solten sie got niht an sehen. +Und dā von ‘sælic sint, die reines herzen sint; wan sie werdent got +sehende.’ Nu sehent, wie sælic die sint, die dā reineȥ herze tragent. +Ir, junge werlt, die noch unbewollen sint mit sünden, behaltent iuwer +herze vor allen tœtlīchen sünden, sō werdent ir got sehende in solīchen +freuden und in sō grōȥen ēren, die ouge nie gesach oder ōre nie gehōrte, +alse sant Paulus dā sprichet; und alse sant Johannes sprichet: ‘wær eȥ +mügelich, daȥ man eȥ alleȥ samt geschrīben möhte, sō möhte diu werlt diu +buoch in ir niht behalten, dā eȥ an gestüende, daȥ ich gesach. Und +alleȥ, daȥ ich gesach, daȥ was niht wan got alleine.’ Und dar umbe +möhten wir doch gerne ze dem himelrīche komen und drumbe arbeiten. Ob +uns niht diu minne und diu liebe dar twünge, der wir gote schuldic sīn, +seht, sō möhten wir dar umbe dar komen, durch daȥ wunder, daȥ dā ist. Eȥ +ist maniger vor mir: der im <a name = "tagC" id = "tagC" href = +"#noteC">von sō getāner freude</a> seite, daȥ si jenhalp meres wære, er +füere gar gerinclīchen <span class = "pagenum">82</span> +dar von hinnen über mer, niuwen daȥ erȥ gesæhe. Sō möhtent ir +hundertstunt gerner dar umb arbeiten, daȥ irȥ iemer mēre ēwiclīchen +nieȥen soltet. Die vil wünneclīchen angesiht des almehtigen gotes und +der himelischen küniginne ze der zeswen sīner sīten in guldīner wæte, +die möhtet ir gerne an sehen. Wan würde iu einiger anblic, sō wære in +alliu diu freude und diu ēre und aller der wollust, den diu werlt ie +gewan, daȥ wær iu hinne für als widerzæme und ouch alse unmære, reht als +sant Paulus dā sprach. Nu hœret wie er sprach; er sprach: ‘alliu diu ēre +und diu freude und daȥ gemach, diu disiu werlt ie gewan von keisern und +von künigen, wider der freude, diu in himelrīch ist; als widerzæme einem +wære ein diep an einem galgen, als kurz einem diu wīle dā mite wære, daȥ +er einen erhangen man triuten solte, wider aller der freude, die diu +werlt hāt: alse widerzæme ist mir diu freude aller der werlte wider der +ēwigen freude.’ Ei wol iuch wart, daȥ iuch iuwer muoter ie getruoc, die +sō getāne freude süln besitzen. Der ist, ob got wil, vil maniger vor +mīnen ougen. Ouch ist maniger, der vil kleine freude dar für nimt hie ūf +ertrīche, und daȥ dem guoten sante Paulen gar versmāhte, des wirt im der +tūsentste teil niht. Und die habent übel kouft, die sō übergrōȥe freude +gebent umb ein sō kurzeȥ freudelīn in dirre werlte. Die habent übel +gevarn; wan sie habent weder hie noch dort niht. Als ich iezuo sprach, +rehte in glīcher wīse, rehte alse alle sternen des himeles ir lieht von +der sunnen habent, alsō hāt alleȥ himelisch her ir lieht von dem wāren +sunnen, sīt danne unser herre der wāre sunne und daȥ wāre lieht ist, +alse der guote sant Johannes dā sprichet. Der hei et in daȥ wāre lieht; +als ouch daȥ vil wār ist: wan er ist daȥ wāre lieht, daȥ niemer mēr +verlischet. Und alle, die von sīme gotvarwen liehte enzündet werdent, +die erleschent ouch niemer mēre von der schōnheit, die sie von dem wāren +sunnen hānt. Und als vil diu sunne liehter und gelpfer ist, danne wir dā +sehen, rehte als vil diu liehtes und glastes über alle sterne hāt, die +an dem himel stēnt: als vil hāt der wāre sunne in himelrīche schīnes und +glastes mēr über alle engele und ist geschœnet +<span class = "pagenum">83</span> +und gewirdet an allen ēren, alse billich ist. Und dā von sint sie sælic, +die ein reineȥ herze habent; wan si werdent got sehende<ins class = +"correction" title = "final period missing">. </ins></p> + + +<h4><a name = "textII" id = "textII">II</a><br> +THE SWABIAN LANTREHTBUOCH.</h4> + +<p class = "note"> +This work was compiled by David von Augsburg, about 1280 <span class = +"smaller">A.D.</span></p> + +<p class = "center smallcaps"> +Hie hebet sich an daȥ Lantrehtbuoch.</p> + +<p>Herre got, himelischer vater, durch dīne milte güete geschüefe du den +menschen in drīvaltiger werdikeit. Diu ērste, daȥ er nāch dir gebildet +ist. Daȥ ist ouch ein alsō hōhiu werdikeit, der dir alleȥ menschlich +künne sunderlīchen immer danken sol. Wan des haben wir gar michel reht, +vil lieber herre, himelischer vater, sīt du uns zuo dīner hōhen gotheit +alsō werdiclīchen geedelt hāst. Diu ander werdikeit, dā du, herre got, +almähtic schepfer, den menschen zuo geschaffen hāst, daȥ ist diu, daȥ du +alle dise werelt, die sunnen unde den mānen, die sterne unde diu vier +element, viur, waȥȥer, luft unde die erden, die vogel in den lüften, die +vische in dem wāge, diu tier in dem walde, die würme in der erden, golt +unde edel gesteine, der edeln würze süeȥen smac, der bluomen liehte +varwe, der boume fruht unde ēt alle crēatūre: daȥ hāst du, herre, alleȥ +dem menschen ze nutze unde ze dienste geschaffen durch die triuwe unde +durch die minne, die du ze dem menschen hetest. Diu dritte werdikeit, dā +du, herre, den menschen mit gewirdet unde geedelt hāst, daȥ ist diu, daȥ +der mensche die wirde unde die ēre, die vreude unde die wünne immer mit +dir ēwiclīchen nieȥen sol. Der werelde dienst unde nuz hāst du, herre, +dem menschen umbe sust gegeben ze einer manunge unde ze einem vorbilde. +Sīt des sō vil ist, des du, herre, dem menschen umbe sust gegeben hāst, +dā bī sol der mensche nu trahten, sō <a name = "tagD" id = "tagD" href = +"#noteD">mege</a> des wol gar übermæȥiclīchen vil sīn, des du dem +menschen umbe sīnen +<span class = "pagenum">84</span> +dienst geben wilt. Unde dar umbe sol ein iegelīch mensche got dienen mit +ganzen triuwen; wan der lōn ist alsō übermæȥiclīchen grōȥ, daȥ in herzen +sin nie betrahten möhte noch menschen zunge nie gesprechen möhte, noch +ougen sehen künde in nie beliuhten, noch ōre nie gehœren. Daȥ wir nu got +der hōhen werdikeit gedanken unde den grōȥen lōn verdienen, des helfe +uns der almähtige got. āmen.</p> + +<p>Sīt uns got in sō hōher werdikeit geschaffen hāt, sō wil er ouch, daȥ +wir werdeȥ leben haben, unde daȥ wir einander wirde unde ēre erbieten, +triuwe unde wārheit, niht haȥ unde nīt einander tragen. Wir sullen mit +fride unde mit suone under einander leben. Fridlich leben hāt unser +herre got liep. Wan er kom von himelrīche ūf erderīche durch anders niht +wan durch den rehten fride, daȥ er uns einen rehten fride schüefe vor +der ēwigen marter, ob wir selben wellen. Unde dā von sungen die engel ob +der krippen: ‘<i>Gloria in excelsis deo et in terra pax hominibus bonae +voluntatis</i>’—‘Gots ēre in dem himel unde guot fride ūf der +erden allen den, die guoten willen habent ūf erderīche!’ Dō unser herre +got hie ūf erderīche gie, sō was daȥ ie sīn ellich wort: ‘<i>Pax +vobis!</i>’ daȥ sprichet: ‘der fride sī mit iu!’ unde alsō sprach er +alle zīt zuo sīnen jungern unde zuo andern liuten. Unde dā bī suln wir +merken, wie rehte liep der almehtige got den rehten vride hāt. Wan dō er +von erderīche wider ūf zuo himel fuor, dō sprach er aber zuo sīnen +jungern: ‘der vride sī mit iu!’ unde enphalh dem guoten Sant Pēter, daȥ +er phleger wære über den rehten fride, unde gap im den gewalt, daȥ er +den himel ūf slüȥȥe allen den, die den fride hielten, unde swer den +fride bræche, daȥ er dem den himel vor beslüȥȥe. Daȥ ist alsō +gesprochen: ēt alle, die diu gebot unsers herren zebrechent, die habent +ouch den rehten fride gebrochen. Daȥ ist ouch von gote reht, swer diu +gebot unsers herren zebrichet, daȥ man dem den himel vor besliuȥet, sīt +uns got nu geholfen hāt, daȥ wir mit rehtem leben unde mit fridlīchem +leben daȥ himelrīch verdienen mügen. Wan daȥ was niht vor gotes geburt, +swie wol der mensche tæt in aller der werelde, sō mohte er doch <span +class = "pagenum">85</span> +ze dem himelrīch niht komen. Got geschuof des ērsten himel unde erden, +dar nāch den menschen unde sazte in in daȥ paradys. Der zebrach die +gehōrsam uns allen ze schaden; dar umbe gienge wir irre sam diu +hirtelōsen schāf, daȥ wir in daȥ himelrīch niht mohten, unz an die zīt, +daȥ uns got den wec dar wīste mit sīner marter, unde dar umbe solde wir +got immer loben unde ēren von allem unserm herzen unde von aller unserre +sēle unde von aller unserre maht, daȥ wir nu sō wol ze den ēwigen +freuden kæmen, ob wir wolden; daȥ hie vor manigen heiligen patriarken +unde prophēten tiure was. Diu genāde unde diu sælikeit ist uns kristen +liuten nu widervaren, daȥ wir nu wol daȥ himelrīch mugen verdienen. Unde +swer des niht entuot unde diu gebot unsers herren zebrichet, daȥ richet +er billīchen an im.</p> + + +<p class = "center smallcaps"> +Von vrīen liuten.</p> + +<p>Wir zelen drīer hande vrīen. Der heiȥent eine <a name = "tagE" id = +"tagE" href = "#noteE">sempervrīen</a>: daȥ sint die vrīen herren, als +fürsten unde die ander frīen ze man hānt. Sō heiȥent die andern <a name += "tagF" id = "tagF" href = "#noteF">miter</a> vrīen: daȥ sint die, die +der hōhen vrīen man sint. Die driten vrīen daȥ sint die vrīen lantsæȥen, +die gebūren, die dā vrī sint. Der hāt ieglīcher sīn sunder reht, als wir +her nāch wol bescheiden. </p> + +<p class = "center smallcaps"> +Von tiutscher liute ēren.</p> + +<p>Die tiutschen kiesent den künic: daȥ erwarb in der künic Karl. Swenne +er gewīhet wirt unt ūf den stuol ze Ache gesetzet wirt mit der willen, +die in erwelt hānt, sō hāt er küniclīchen gewalt unde namen.—Den +künic kiuset man ze rihter umbe eigen unde umbe lēhen unde über +ieglīches menschen līp unde umbe alleȥ, daȥ vür in ze klagen kumet. Der +keiser mac in allen landen niht gesīn, unde mac alleȥ ungerihte niht +verrihten. Dā von līhet er den fürsten unde andern herren wereltlīch +gerihte. An die vierten hant mac dehein gerihte nimmer komen mit rehte, +dā man umbe menschenbluot rihten sol ode umbe alle vrevel.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum">86</span> +<h4><a name = "textIII" id = "textIII">III</a><br> +HARTMAN VON OUWE.</h4> + +<p class = "note"> +He was born somewhere between 1160-1170, in the neighbourhood of +Rottenburg in Swabia, and died about 1220.</p> + +<p class = "note"> +The following extract is taken from Paul’s edition: Der Arme Heinrich, +Halle, 1882.</p> + +<div class = "poem w20"> +<p>Ein ritter sō gelēret was</p> +<p>daȥ er an den buochen las</p> +<p>swaȥ er dar an geschriben vant.</p> +<p>der was Hartman genant,</p> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +<p>dienstman was er ze Ouwe.</p> +<p>er nam <a name = "textIII_6" id = "textIII_6" href = +"#textnoteIII_6">im</a> mange schouwe</p> +<p>an mislīchen buochen:</p> +<p>dar an begunde er suochen</p> +<p>ob er iht des funde</p> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +<p>dā mite er swære stunde</p> +<p>möhte senfter machen,</p> +<p>und von sō gewanten sachen</p> +<p>daȥ gotes ēren töhte</p> +<p>und dā mite er sich möhte</p> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +<p>gelieben den liuten.</p> +<p>nu beginnet er in diuten</p> +<p>ein rede die er geschriben vant.</p> +<p>dar umbe hāt er sich genant,</p> +<p>daȥ er sīner arbeit</p> +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +<p>die er dar an hāt geleit</p> +<p>iht āne lōn belībe,</p> +<p>und swer nāch sīnem lībe</p> +<p>sī hœre sagen oder lese,</p> +<p><a name = "textIII_24" id = "textIII_24" href = "#textnoteIII_24">daȥ +er im bittende wese</a></p> +<span class = "linenum">25</span> +<p>der sēle heiles hin ze gote.</p> +<p>man seit, er sī sīn selbes bote</p> +<span class = "pagenum">87</span> +<p>unde erlœse sich dā mite,</p> +<p>swer über des andern schulde bite.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Er las ditze mære,</p> +<span class = "linenum">30</span> +<p>wie ein herre wære</p> +<p><a name = "textIII_31" id = "textIII_31" href = "#textnoteIII_31">ze +Swāben</a> geseȥȥen:</p> +<p>an dem enwas vergeȥȥen</p> +<p>deheiner der tugende</p> +<p>die ein ritter in sīner jugende</p> +<span class = "linenum">35</span> +<p>ze vollem lobe haben sol.</p> +<p>man sprach dō niemen alsō wol</p> +<p>in allen den landen.</p> +<p><a name = "textIII_38" id = "textIII_38" href = "#textnoteIII_38">er +hete ze sīnen handen</a></p> +<p>geburt und dar zuo rīcheit:</p> +<span class = "linenum">40</span> +<p>ouch was sīn tugent vil breit.</p> +<p>swie ganz sīn habe wære,</p> +<p>sīn geburt unwandelbære</p> +<p>und wol den fürsten gelīch,</p> +<p>doch was er unnāch alsō rīch</p> +<span class = "linenum">45</span> +<p>der gebürte und des guotes</p> +<p>sō der ēren und des muotes.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Sīn name der was erkennelich,</p> +<p>und hieȥ der herre Heinrich,</p> +<p>und was von Ouwe geborn.</p> +<span class = "linenum">50</span> +<p>sīn herze hāte <a name = "textIII_50" id = "textIII_50" href = +"#textnoteIII_50">versworn</a></p> +<p>valsch und alle törperheit,</p> +<p>und behielt ouch vaste den eit</p> +<p>stæte unz an sīn ende.</p> +<p>ān alle missewende</p> +<span class = "linenum">55</span> +<p>stuont sī ēre und sīn leben.</p> +<p>im was der rehte wunsch gegeben</p> +<p>ze werltlīchen ēren:</p> +<p>die kunde er wol gemēren</p> +<p>mit aller hande reiner tugent.</p> +<span class = "linenum">60</span> +<p>er was ein bluome der jugent,</p> +<p>der werlte fröude ein spiegelglas.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">88</span> +<p>stæter triuwe ein adamas,</p> +<p>ein ganziu krōne der zuht.</p> +<p>er was der nōthaften fluht,</p> +<span class = "linenum">65</span> +<p>ein schilt sīner māge,</p> +<p>der milte ein glīchiu wāge:</p> +<p>im enwart über noch gebrast.</p> +<p>er truoc den arbeitsamen last</p> +<p>der ēren über rücke.</p> +<span class = "linenum">70</span> +<p>er was des rātes brücke,</p> +<p>und sanc vil wol von minnen.</p> +<p>alsus kund er gewinnen</p> +<p>der werlte lop unde prīs.</p> +<p>er was hübesch und dar zuo wīs.</p> + +<span class = "linenum">75</span> +<p class = "indent"> +Dō der herre Heinrich</p> +<p>alsō geniete sich</p> +<p>ēren unde guotes</p> +<p>und frœlīches muotes</p> +<p>und werltlīcher wünne</p> +<span class = "linenum">80</span> +<p>(er was für al sīn künne</p> +<p>geprīset unde geēret),</p> +<p>sīn hōher muot wart verkēret</p> +<p>in ein leben gar geneiget.</p> +<p>an im wart erzeiget,</p> +<span class = "linenum">85</span> +<p>also ouch an Absolōne,</p> +<p>daȥ diu üppige krōne</p> +<p>werltlīcher süeȥe</p> +<p>vellet under füeȥe</p> +<p>ab ir besten werdekeit,</p> +<span class = "linenum">90</span> +<p>als uns diu schrift hāt geseit.</p> +<p>eȥ spricht an einer stete dā,</p> +<p>‘mēdiā vītā</p> +<p>in morte sumus’:</p> +<p>daȥ bediutet sich alsus,</p> +<span class = "linenum">95</span> +<p>daȥ wir in dem tōde sweben</p> +<p>sō wir aller beste wænen leben.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">89</span> +<p class = "indent"> +Dirre werlte veste,</p> +<p>ir stæte, unde ir beste</p> +<p>unde ir grœste magenkraft,</p> +<span class = "linenum">100</span> +<p>diu stāt āne meisterschaft.</p> +<p><a name = "textIII_101" id = "textIII_101" href = +"#textnoteIII_101">des muge wir</a> an der kerzen sehen</p> +<p>ein wāreȥ bilde geschehen,</p> +<p>daȥ sī zeiner aschen wirt</p> +<p>enmitten dō sī lieht birt.</p> +<span class = "linenum">105</span> +<p>wir sīn von brœden sachen.</p> +<p>nū <a name = "textIII_106" id = "textIII_106" href = +"#textnoteIII_106">sehent</a> wie unser lachen</p> +<p>mit weinen erlischet.</p> +<p>unser süeȥe ist vermischet</p> +<p>mit bitterre gallen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">110</span> +<p>unser bluome der muoȥ vallen</p> +<p>so er allergrüenest wænet sīn.</p> +<p>an hern Heinrīche wart wol schīn,</p> +<p>der in dem hœhsten werde</p> +<p>lebet ūf dirre erde,</p> +<span class = "linenum">115</span> +<p>derst der versmæhete vor gote.</p> +<p>er viel von sīme gebote</p> +<p>ab sīner besten werdekeit</p> +<p>in ein versmæhelīcheȥ leit:</p> +<p>in ergreif diu miselsuht.</p> +<span class = "linenum">120</span> +<p>dō man die swæren gotes zuht</p> +<p>gesach an sīnem lībe,</p> +<p>manne unde wībe</p> +<p>wart er dō widerzæme.</p> +<p>nū sehent wie genæme</p> +<span class = "linenum">125</span> +<p>er ē der werlte wære,</p> +<p>und wart nū alse unmære</p> +<p>daȥ in niemen gerne an sach:</p> +<p>alse ouch Jōbe geschach,</p> +<p>dem edeln und dem rīchen,</p> +<span class = "linenum">130</span> +<p>der ouch vil jæmerlīchen</p> +<p>dem miste wart ze teile</p> +<span class = "pagenum">90</span> +<p>mitten in sīme heile.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Und <a name = "textIII_133" id = "textIII_133" href = +"#textnoteIII_133">dō der arme Heinrich</a></p> +<p>alrēst verstuont sich</p> +<span class = "linenum">135</span> +<p>daȥ er der werlte widerstuont,</p> +<p>als alle sīne gelīchen tuont,</p> +<p>dō schiet in sīn bitter leit</p> +<p>von Jōbes gedultikeit.</p> +<p>wan eȥ leit Jōb der guote</p> +<span class = "linenum">140</span> +<p>mit gedultigem muote,</p> +<p>do eȥ ime ze līdenne geschach,</p> +<p>durch der sēle gemach.</p> +<p>den siechtuom und die smācheit</p> +<p>die er von der werlte leit,</p> +<span class = "linenum">145</span> +<p>des lobet er got und fröute sich.</p> +<p>dō tet der arme Heinrich</p> +<p>leider niender alsō:</p> +<p>wan er was trūrec unde unfrō.</p> +<p>sīn swebendeȥ herze daȥ verswanc,</p> +<span class = "linenum">150</span> +<p>sīn swimmendiu fröude ertranc,</p> +<p>sīn hōchvart muoste vallen,</p> +<p>sīn honic wart ze gallen,</p> +<p>ein swinde vinster donreslac</p> +<p>zerbrach im sīnen mitten tac,</p> +<span class = "linenum">155</span> +<p>ein trüebeȥ wolken unde dic</p> +<p>bedaht’ im sīner sunnen blic.</p> +<p>er sente sich vil sēre</p> +<p>daȥ er sō manege ēre</p> +<p>hinder im müeste lāȥen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">160</span> +<p>verfluochet und verwāȥen</p> +<p>wart vil ofte der tac</p> +<p>dā sīn geburt ane lac.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Ein wēnic fröuwet er sich doch</p> +<p>von <a name = "textIII_164" id = "textIII_164" href = +"#textnoteIII_164">eime</a> trōste dannoch:</p> +<span class = "linenum">165</span> +<p>wan im wart dicke geseit</p> +<p>daȥ disiu selbe siecheit</p> +<span class = "pagenum">91</span> +<p>wære vil mislich</p> +<p>und etelīchiu gnislich.</p> +<p>des wart vil maneger slahte</p> +<span class = "linenum">170</span> +<p>sīn gedinge und sīn ahte.</p> +<p>er gedāhte daȥ er wære</p> +<p>vil līhte genisbære,</p> +<p>und fuor alsō drāte</p> +<p>nāch der arzāte rāte</p> +<span class = "linenum">175</span> +<p>gegen Munpasiliere.</p> +<p>dā vant er vil schiere</p> +<p>niht wan den untrōst</p> +<p>daȥ er niemer würde erlōst.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Daȥ hōrte er vil ungerne,</p> +<span class = "linenum">180</span> +<p>und fuor gegen Sālerne</p> +<p>und suochte ouch dā durch genist</p> +<p>der wīsen arzāte list.</p> +<p>den besten meister er dā vant.</p> +<p>der seite ime zehant</p> +<span class = "linenum">185</span> +<p>ein seltsæne mære,</p> +<p>daȥ er genislich wære</p> +<p>und wære doch iemer ungenesen.</p> +<p>dō sprach er ‘wie mac daȥ wesen?</p> +<p>diu rede ist harte unmügelich.</p> +<span class = "linenum">190</span> +<p>bin ich <a name = "textIII_190" id = "textIII_190" href = +"#textnoteIII_190">gnislich</a>, sō genise ich:</p> +<p>und swaȥ mir für wirt geleit</p> +<p>von guote oder von arbeit,</p> +<p>daȥ trūwe ich vollebringen.’</p> +<p>‘nū lāt daȥ gedingen’</p> +<span class = "linenum">195</span> +<p>sprach der meister aber dō:</p> +<p>‘iuwẹrre sühte ist alsō</p> +<p>(waȥ frumet daȥ ichȥ iu kunt tuo?):</p> +<p>dā hœret arzenīe zuo:</p> +<p>des wæret ir genislīch.</p> +<span class = "linenum">200</span> +<p>nu enist ab nieman sō rīch</p> +<p>noch von sō starken sinnen</p> +<span class = "pagenum">92</span> +<p>der sī müge gewinnen.</p> +<p>des sint ir iemer ungenesen,</p> +<p>got enwellẹ der arzāt wesen.’</p> + +<span class = "linenum">205</span> +<p class = "indent"> +Dō sprach der arme Heinrich</p> +<p>‘war umbe untrœstent ir mich?</p> +<p>jā hān ich guotes wol die kraft:</p> +<p>ir enwellent iuwer meisterschaft</p> +<p>und iuwer reht ouch brechen</p> +<span class = "linenum">210</span> +<p>und dar zuo versprechen</p> +<p>beidiu mīn silber und mīn golt,</p> +<p>ich mache iuch mir alsō holt</p> +<p>daȥ ir mich harte gerne ernert.’</p> +<p>‘mir wærẹ der wille unrewert’</p> +<span class = "linenum">215</span> +<p>sprach der meister aber dō:</p> +<p>‘und wærẹ der arzenīe alsō</p> +<p>daȥ man sī veile funde</p> +<p>oder daȥ man sī kunde</p> +<p>mit deheinen dingẹn erwerben,</p> +<span class = "linenum">220</span> +<p>ich enlieȥe iuch niht verderben.</p> +<p>nu enmac des leider niht sīn:</p> +<p>dā von muoȥ iu diu helfe mīn</p> +<p>durch alle nōt sīn versaget.</p> +<p>ir müesent haben eine maget</p> +<span class = "linenum">225</span> +<p>diu vollen ērbære</p> +<p>und ouch des willen wære</p> +<p>daȥ sī den tōt durch iuch lite.</p> +<p>nu enist eȥ niht der liute site</p> +<p>daȥ eȥ iemen gerne tuo.</p> +<span class = "linenum">230</span> +<p>sō hœrt ouch anders niht dar zuo</p> +<p>niwan der megede herzen bluot:</p> +<p>daȥ wærẹ für iuwer suht guot.’</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Nu erkantẹ der arme Heinrich</p> +<p>daȥ daȥ wære unmügelich</p> +<span class = "linenum">235</span> +<p>daȥ iemen den erwürbe</p> +<p>der gerne für in stürbe.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">93</span> +<p>alsus was im der trōst benomen</p> +<p>ūf den er dar was komen,</p> +<p>und dar nāch <a name = "textIII_239" id = "textIII_239" href = +"#textnoteIII_239">für die selben frist</a></p> +<span class = "linenum">240</span> +<p><a name = "textIII_240" id = "textIII_240" href = +"#textnoteIII_240">hāt er ze sīner genist</a></p> +<p>dehein gedinge mēre.</p> +<p>des wart sīn herzesēre</p> +<p>alsō kreftic unde grōȥ</p> +<p>daȥ in des aller meist verdrōȥ,</p> +<span class = "linenum">245</span> +<p>ob er langer solte leben.</p> +<p>nū fuor er heim und begunde geben</p> +<p>sīn erbe und ouch sīn varnde guot,</p> +<p>als in dō sīn selbes muot</p> +<p>und wīser rāt lērte,</p> +<span class = "linenum">250</span> +<p>da erȥ aller bestẹ bekērte.</p> +<p>er begundẹ bescheidenlīchen</p> +<p>sīn armen friunde rīchen</p> +<p>und trōste ouch frömde armen,</p> +<p>daȥ sich got erbarmen</p> +<span class = "linenum">255</span> +<p>geruochte über der sēle heil:</p> +<p>gotes hiusern viel daȥ ander teil.</p> +<p>alsus sō <a name = "textIII_257" id = "textIII_257" href = +"#textnoteIII_257">tet er sich abe</a></p> +<p>bescheidenlīchen sīner habe</p> +<p>unz an ein geriute:</p> +<span class = "linenum">260</span> +<p>dar flōch er die liute.</p> +<p>disiu jæmerlīchẹ geschiht</p> +<p>diu was sīn eines klage niht:</p> +<p>in klageten elliu diu lant</p> +<p>dā er inne was erkant,</p> +<span class = "linenum">265</span> +<p>und ouch von vrömden landen</p> +<p>die in nāch sage erkanden.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Der ē ditz geriute</p> +<p>und der eȥ dannoch biute,</p> +<p>daȥ was ein frīer būman</p> +<span class = "linenum">270</span> +<p>der vil selten ie gewan</p> +<p>dehein grōȥ ungemach,</p> +<span class = "pagenum">94</span> +<p>daȥ andẹrn gebūren doch geschach,</p> +<p>die wirs geherret wāren,</p> +<p>und sī die niht verbāren</p> +<span class = "linenum">275</span> +<p>beidiu mit stiure und mit bete.</p> +<p>swaȥ dirrẹ gebūre gerne tete,</p> +<p>des dūhte sīnen herren gnuoc:</p> +<p>dar zuo er in übertruoc</p> +<p>daȥ er dehein arbeit</p> +<span class = "linenum">280</span> +<p>von frömdem gewalte leit.</p> +<p>des was deheiner sīn gelīch</p> +<p>in dem lande alsō rīch.</p> +<p>zuo deme zōch sich</p> +<p>sīn herrẹ, der arme Heinrich.</p> +<span class = "linenum">285</span> +<p>swaȥ er in het ē gespart,</p> +<p>wie wol daȥ nū gedienet wart</p> +<p>und wie schōne er sīn genōȥ!</p> +<p>wan in vil lützel des verdrōȥ</p> +<p>swaȥ im geschach durch in.</p> +<span class = "linenum">290</span> +<p>er hete die triuwe und ouch den sin</p> +<p>daȥ er vil willeclīche leit</p> +<p>den kumber und die arbeit</p> +<p>diu ime ze līdenne geschach.</p> +<p>er schuof ime rīch gemach.</p> + +<span class = "linenum">295</span> +<p class = "indent"> +Got hete dem meiger gegeben</p> +<p>nāch sīner ahte ein reineȥ leben.</p> +<p>er hete ein wol erbeiten līp</p> +<p>und ein wol werbendeȥ wīp,</p> +<p>dar zuo het er schœniu kint,</p> +<span class = "linenum">300</span> +<p>diu gar des mannes fröude sint,</p> +<p>unde hete, sō man saget,</p> +<p>undẹr den kinden eine maget,</p> +<p>ein kint von ahte jāren:</p> +<p>daȥ kunde wol gebāren</p> +<span class = "linenum">305</span> +<p>sō rehte güetlīchen:</p> +<p>sī wolte nie entwīchen</p> +<span class = "pagenum">95</span> +<p>von ir herren einen fuoȥ:</p> +<p>umb sīne hulde und sīnen gruoȥ</p> +<p>sō diente si ime alle wege</p> +<span class = "linenum">310</span> +<p>mit ir güetlīchen pflege.</p> +<p>sī was ouch sō genæme</p> +<p>daȥ sī wol gezæme</p> +<p>ze kinde deme rīche</p> +<p>an ir wætlīche.</p> + +<span class = "linenum">315</span> +<p class = "indent"> +Die andern heten den sin</p> +<p>daȥ sī ze rehter māȥe in</p> +<p>wol gemīden kunden:</p> +<p>sō flōch sī zallen stunden</p> +<p>zuo ime und niender anders war.</p> +<span class = "linenum">320</span> +<p>sī was sīn kurzewīle gar.</p> +<p>sī hete gar ir gemüete</p> +<p>mit reiner kindes güete</p> +<p>an ir herren gewant,</p> +<p>daȥ man sī zallen zīten vant</p> +<span class = "linenum">325</span> +<p>undẹr ir herren fuoȥe.</p> +<p>mit süeȥer unmuoȥe</p> +<p>wonte sī ir herren bī.</p> +<p>dar zuo sō liebte er ouch sī</p> +<p>swā mite sō er mohte,</p> +<span class = "linenum">330</span> +<p>und daȥ der meide tohte</p> +<p>zuo ir kintlīchen spil,</p> +<p>des gab der herre ir vil.</p> +<p>ouch half in sēre daȥ diu kint</p> +<p>sō līhte ze gewenenne sint.</p> +<span class = "linenum">335</span> +<p>er gewan ir swaȥ er veile vant,</p> +<p>spiegel unde hārbant,</p> +<p>gürtel unde vingerlīn</p> +<p>und swaȥ kinden liep solte sīn.</p> +<p>mit dienste brāhte er s’ ūf die vart</p> +<span class = "linenum">340</span> +<p>daȥ sī im alsō heimlich wart</p> +<p>daȥ er sī sīn gemahele hieȥ.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">96</span> +<p>diu guote maget in lieȥ</p> +<p>belīben selten eine:</p> +<p>er dūhte sī vil reine.</p> +<span class = "linenum">345</span> +<p>swie starke ir daȥ geriete</p> +<p>diu kindische miete,</p> +<p>iedoch geliebte irȥ aller meist</p> +<p>von gotes gebe ein süeȥer geist.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Ir dienst war sō güetlich.</p> +<span class = "linenum">350</span> +<p>dō dō der arme Heinrich</p> +<p>driu jār dā <a name = "textIII_351" id = "textIII_351" href = +"#textnoteIII_351">getwelte</a></p> +<p>unde im got gequelte</p> +<p>mit grōȥem jāmer den līp,</p> +<p>nū saȥ der meier und sīn wīp</p> +<span class = "linenum">355</span> +<p>unde ir tohter, diu maget</p> +<p>von der ich iu ē hān gesaget,</p> +<p>bī im in ir unmüeȥekeit</p> +<p>und begunden klagen ir herren leit.</p> +<p>diu klage tet in michel nōt:</p> +<span class = "linenum">360</span> +<p>wan sī vorhten daȥ sīn tot</p> +<p>sī sēre solte letzen</p> +<p>und vil gar entsetzen</p> +<p>ēren unde guotes</p> +<p>und daȥ herters muotes</p> +<span class = "linenum">365</span> +<p>würde ein ander herre.</p> +<p>si gedāhten alsō verre</p> +<p>unz dirre selbe būman</p> +<p>alsus frāgen began.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Er sprach ‘lieber herre mīn,</p> +<span class = "linenum">370</span> +<p>möht eȥ mit iuwern hulden sīn,</p> +<p>ich frāgte vil gerne,</p> +<p><a name = "textIII_372" id = "textIII_372" href = +"#textnoteIII_372">sō vil ze Sālerne</a></p> +<p>von arzenīen meister ist,</p> +<p>wie kumet daȥ ir deheines list</p> +<span class = "linenum">375</span> +<p>ze iuwerme ungesunde</p> +<p>niht gerāten <a name = "textIII_376" id = "textIII_376" href = +"#textnoteIII_376">kunde</a>?</p> +<span class = "pagenum">97</span> +<p>herre, des wundert mich.’</p> +<p>dō holtẹ der arme Heinrich</p> +<p>tiefen sūft von herzen</p> +<span class = "linenum">380</span> +<p>mit bitterlīchem smerzen:</p> +<p>mit solher riuwe er dō sprach</p> +<p>daȥ ime der sūft daȥ wort zerbrach.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +‘Ich hān disen schemelīchen spot</p> +<p>vil wol gedienet umbe got.</p> +<span class = "linenum">385</span> +<p>wan dū sæhe wol hie vor</p> +<p>daȥ hōh offen stuont mīn tor</p> +<p>nāch werltlīcher wünne</p> +<p>und daȥ niemen in sīnem künne</p> +<p>sīnen willen baȥ hete dan ich:</p> +<span class = "linenum">390</span> +<p>und was daȥ doch unmügelich,</p> +<p>wan ich enhete niht gar.</p> +<p>dō nam ich sīn vil kleine war</p> +<p>der mir daȥ selbe wunschleben</p> +<p>von sīnen gnāden hete gegeben.</p> +<span class = "linenum">395</span> +<p>daȥ herze mir dō alsō stuont</p> +<p>als alle werlttōren tuont,</p> +<p>den daȥ saget ir muot</p> +<p>daȥ sī ēre unde guot</p> +<p>āne got mügen hān.</p> +<span class = "linenum">400</span> +<p>sus troug ouch mich mīn tumber wān,</p> +<p>wan ich in lützel ane sach</p> +<p>von des genāden mir geschach</p> +<p>vil ēren unde guotes.</p> +<p>dō dō des hōhen muotes</p> +<span class = "linenum">405</span> +<p>den hōhen portenærẹ bedrōȥ,</p> +<p>die sælden porte er mir beslōȥ.</p> +<p>dane kum ich leider niemer in:</p> +<p>daȥ verworhte mir mīn tumber sin.</p> +<p>got hāt durch rāche an mich geleit</p> +<span class = "linenum">410</span> +<p>ein sus gewante siecheit</p> +<p>die niemen mag erlœsen,</p> +<span class = "pagenum">98</span> +<p>nū versmæhent mich die bœsen,</p> +<p>die biderben ruochent mīn niht.</p> +<p>swie bœse er ist der mich gesiht,</p> +<span class = "linenum">415</span> +<p>des boeser muoȥ ich dannoch sīn.</p> +<p>sīn unwert tuot er mir schīn:</p> +<p>er <ins class = "correction" title = "or ‘wirfet’?">wirfẹt</ins> diu +ougen abe mir.</p> +<p>nū schīnet ērste an dir</p> +<p>dīn triuwe die dū hāst,</p> +<span class = "linenum">420</span> +<p>daȥ dū mich siechen bī dir lāst</p> +<p>und von mir niht enfliuhest.</p> +<p>swie dū mich niht enschiuhest,</p> +<p>swie ich niemen liep sī danne dir,</p> +<p>swie vil dīns heiles stē an mir,</p> +<span class = "linenum">425</span> +<p>du vertrüegest doch wol mīnen tōt.</p> +<p>nū wes unwert und wes nōt</p> +<p>wart ie zer werlte merre?</p> +<p>hie vor was ich dīn herre</p> +<p>und bin dīn dürftige nū.</p> +<span class = "linenum">430</span> +<p>mīn lieber friunt, nu koufest dū</p> +<p>und mīn gemahele und dīn wīp</p> +<p>an mir den ēwigen līp</p> +<p>daȥ dū mich siechen bī dir lāst.</p> +<p>des dū mich gefrāget hāst,</p> +<span class = "linenum">435</span> +<p>daȥ sage ich dir vil gerne.</p> +<p>ichn kunde ze Sālerne</p> +<p>einen meister niender vinden</p> +<p>der sich mīn underwinden</p> +<p>getörste oder wolte.</p> +<span class = "linenum">440</span> +<p>wan dā mite ich solte</p> +<p>mīner sühte genesen,</p> +<p>daȥ müeste ein solhiu sache wesen</p> +<p>die in der werlte nieman</p> +<p>mit nihte gewinnen kan.</p> +<span class = "linenum">445</span> +<p>mir wart niht anders dā gesaget</p> +<p>wan ich müeste haben eine maget</p> +<span class = "pagenum">99</span> +<p>diu vollen manbære</p> +<p>und ouch des willen wære</p> +<p>daȥ sī den tōt durch mich lite</p> +<span class = "linenum">450</span> +<p>und man sī zuo dem herzen snite,</p> +<p>und mir wærẹ niht anders guot</p> +<p>wan von ir herzen daȥ bluot.</p> +<p>nū ist genuoc unmügelich</p> +<p>daȥ ir deheiniu durch mich</p> +<span class = "linenum">455</span> +<p>gerne līde den tōt.</p> +<p>des muoȥ, ich schemelīche nōt</p> +<p>tragen unz an mīn ende.</p> +<p>daȥ mirȥ got schiere sende!’</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Daȥ er dem vater hete gesagt,</p> +<span class = "linenum">460</span> +<p>daȥ erhōrte ouch diu reine magt:</p> +<p>wan eȥ hete diu vil süeȥe</p> +<p>ir lieben herren füeȥe</p> +<p>stānde in ir schōȥen,</p> +<p>man möhte wol genōȥen</p> +<span class = "linenum">465</span> +<p>ir kintlīch gemüete</p> +<p>hin ze der engel güete.</p> +<p>sīner rede nam sī war</p> +<p>unde marhte sī ouch gar:</p> +<p>sī enkam von ir herzen nie</p> +<span class = "linenum">470</span> +<p>unz man des nahtes slāfen gie.</p> +<p>dō sī zir vater füeȥen lac</p> +<p>und ouch ir muoter, sō sī pflac,</p> +<p>und sī beide entsliefen,</p> +<p>manegen sūft tiefen</p> +<span class = "linenum">475</span> +<p>holte sī von herzen.</p> +<p>umbe ir herren smerzen</p> +<p>wart ir riuwe alsō grōȥ</p> +<p>daȥ ir ougen regen begōȥ</p> +<p>der slāfenden füeȥe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">480</span> +<p>sus erwahte sī diu süeȥe.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Dō sī der trehene enpfunden,</p> +<span class = "pagenum">100</span> +<p>si erwachten und begunden</p> +<p>sī frāgen waȥ ir wære</p> +<p>und welher hande swære</p> +<span class = "linenum">485</span> +<p>sī alsō stille möhte klagen.</p> +<p>nu enwolte sī <a name = "textIII_486" id = "textIII_486" href = +"#textnoteIII_486">es</a> in niht sagen,</p> +<p>wan daȥ ir vater aber tete</p> +<p>vil manege drō unde bete</p> +<p>daȥ sī eȥ ime wolte sagen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">490</span> +<p>sī sprach ‘ir möhtent mit mir klagen.</p> +<p>waȥ möhte uns mē gewerren</p> +<p>danne umb unsern herren,</p> +<p>daȥ wir den suln verliesen</p> +<p>und mit ime verkiesen</p> +<span class = "linenum">495</span> +<p>beide guot und ēre?</p> +<p>wir gewinnen niemer mēre</p> +<p>deheinen herren alsō guot</p> +<p>der uns tuo daȥ er uns tuot.’</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Sī sprāchen ‘tohter, dū hāst wār.</p> +<span class = "linenum">500</span> +<p>nū frumet uns leider niht ein hār</p> +<p>unser riuwe und dīn klage:</p> +<p>liebeȥ kint, dā von gedage.</p> +<p>eȥ ist uns alsō leit sō dir.</p> +<p>leider nū enmuge wir</p> +<span class = "linenum">505</span> +<p>ime ze keinen staten komen.</p> +<p>got der hāt in uns benomen:</p> +<p>het eȥ iemen anders getān,</p> +<p>der müese unsern fluoch hān.’</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Alsus gesweigẹten sī sī dō.</p> +<span class = "linenum">510</span> +<p>die naht beleip sī unfrō</p> +<p>und morne allen den tac.</p> +<p>swes iemen anders pflac,</p> +<p>diz enkam von ir herzen nie</p> +<p>unz man des andern nahtes gie</p> +<span class = "linenum">515</span> +<p>slāfen nāch gewonheit.</p> +<p>dō sī sich hete geleit</p> +<span class = "pagenum">101</span> +<p>an ir alte bettestat,</p> +<p>sī bereite aber ein bat</p> +<p>mit weinenden ougen:</p> +<span class = "linenum">520</span> +<p>wan sī truoc tougen</p> +<p>nāhe in ir gemüete</p> +<p>die aller meisten güete</p> +<p>die ich von kinde ie vernam.</p> +<p>welch kint getete ouch ie alsam?</p> +<span class = "linenum">525</span> +<p>des einen sī sich gar verwac,</p> +<p>gelebetẹ sī morne den tac,</p> +<p>daȥ sī benamen ir leben</p> +<p>umbe ir herren wolte geben.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Von dem gedanke wart sī dō</p> +<span class = "linenum">530</span> +<p>vil ringes muotes unde frō,</p> +<p>und hete deheine sorge mē,</p> +<p>wan ein vorhtẹ diu tete ir wē,</p> +<p>sō sīȥ ir herren sagte,</p> +<p>daȥ er dar an verzagte,</p> +<span class = "linenum">535</span> +<p>und swenne sīȥ in allen drin</p> +<p>getæte kunt, daȥ sī an in</p> +<p>der gehenge niht enfunde</p> +<p>daȥ mans ir iht gunde.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Des wart sō grōȥ ir ungehabe</p> +<span class = "linenum">540</span> +<p>daȥ ir muoter dar abe</p> +<p>unde ir vater wart erwaht</p> +<p>als ouch an der vordern naht.</p> +<p>sī rihten sich ūf zuo ir</p> +<p>und sprāchen ‘sich, waȥ wirret dir?</p> +<span class = "linenum">545</span> +<p>dū bist vil alwære</p> +<p>daȥ du dich sō manege swære</p> +<p><a name = "textIII_547" id = "textIII_547" href = +"#textnoteIII_547">von solher klage hāst an genomen</a></p> +<p>der niemen mac zeim ende komen.</p> +<p>war umbẹ lāstu uns niht slāfen?’</p> +<span class = "linenum">550</span> +<p>sus begunden sī sī strāfen.</p> +<p>waȥ ir diu klage töhte,</p> +<span class = "pagenum">102</span> +<p>die niemen doch enmöhte</p> +<p>verenden noch gebüeȥen?</p> +<p>sus wānden sī die süeȥen</p> +<span class = "linenum">555</span> +<p>gesweigen an der selben stunt:</p> +<p>dō was ir wille in vil unkunt.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Sus antwurte in diu maget.</p> +<p>‘als uns mīn herre hāt gesaget,</p> +<p>sō mac man in vil wol ernern.</p> +<span class = "linenum">560</span> +<p>zewāre, ir welt mirȥ danne wern,</p> +<p>sō bin ich ze der arzenīe guot.</p> +<p>ich bin ein maget und hān den muot,</p> +<p>ē ich in sihe verderben,</p> +<p>ich wil ē für in sterben.’</p> + +<span class = "linenum">565</span> +<p class = "indent"> +Von dirre rede wurden dō</p> +<p>trūric unde unfrō</p> +<p>beide muoter unde vater.</p> +<p>sīne tohter die bat er</p> +<p>daȥ sī die rede lieȥe</p> +<span class = "linenum">570</span> +<p>und ir herren gehieȥe</p> +<p>daȥ sī geleisten möhte,</p> +<p>wand ir diz niht entöhte.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Er sprach ‘tohter, du bist ein kint</p> +<p>und dīne triuwe die sint</p> +<span class = "linenum">575</span> +<p>ze grōȥ an disen dingen.</p> +<p>du enmaht es niht für bringen</p> +<p>als dū uns hie hāst verjehen.</p> +<p>dū hāst des tōdes niht gesehen.</p> +<p>swenn eȥ dir kumet ūf die frist</p> +<span class = "linenum">580</span> +<p>daȥ des dehein rāt ist,</p> +<p>dū enmüeȥest sterben,</p> +<p>und möhtest dūȥ erwerben,</p> +<p>dū lebetest gerner dannoch:</p> +<p>wan dun kæme nie in leider loch.</p> +<span class = "linenum">585</span> +<p>dā von tuo zuo dīnen munt:</p> +<p>und wirstū für dise stunt</p> +<span class = "pagenum">103</span> +<p>der rede iemer mēre lūt,</p> +<p>eȥ gāt dir ūf dīne hūt.’</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Alsus sō wānde er sī dō</p> +<span class = "linenum">590</span> +<p>bēdiu mit bete und mit drō</p> +<p>gesweigen: dō <a name = "textIII_591" id = "textIII_591" href = +"#textnoteIII_591">enmohter</a>.</p> +<p>sus antwurt ime sīn tohter.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +‘Vater mīn, swie tump ich sī,</p> +<p>mir wonet iedoch diu witze bī</p> +<span class = "linenum">595</span> +<p>daȥ ich von sage wol die nōt</p> +<p>erkenne daȥ des lībes tōt</p> +<p>ist starc unde strenge.</p> +<p>swer ouch dannẹ die lenge</p> +<p>mit arbeiten leben sol,</p> +<span class = "linenum">600</span> +<p>dem ist iedoch niht ze wol.</p> +<p>wan swenne er hie geringet</p> +<p>und ūf sīn alter bringet</p> +<p>den līp mit michelre nōt,</p> +<p>sō muoȥ er līden doch den tōt.</p> +<span class = "linenum">605</span> +<p>ist ime diu sēle dannẹ verlorn,</p> +<p>sō wære er beȥȥer ungeborn.</p> +<p>eȥ ist mir komen ūf daȥ zil,</p> +<p>des ich got iemer loben wil,</p> +<p>daȥ ich den jungen līp mac geben</p> +<span class = "linenum">610</span> +<p>umbẹ daȥ ēwige leben.</p> +<p>nū sult ir mirȥ niht leiden.</p> +<p>ich wil mir unde iu beiden</p> +<p>vil harte wol mite varn.</p> +<p>ich mag iuch eine wol bewarn</p> +<span class = "linenum">615</span> +<p>vor schaden und vor leide,</p> +<p>als ich iu nū bescheide.</p> +<p>ir hānt ēre unde guot:</p> +<p>daȥ meinet mīnes herren muot;</p> +<p>wan er iu leit nie gesprach</p> +<span class = "linenum">620</span> +<p>und ouch daȥ guot nie abe gebrach.</p> +<p><a name = "textIII_621" id = "textIII_621" +href = "#textnoteIII_621">die wīle daȥ</a> er leben sol</p> +<span class = "pagenum">104</span> +<p>sō stēt iuwer sache wol:</p> +<p>und lāȥe wir den sterben,</p> +<p>sō müeȥen wir verderben.</p> +<span class = "linenum">625</span> +<p>den wil ich uns fristen</p> +<p>mit alsō schœnen listen</p> +<p>dā mite wir alle sīn genesen.</p> +<p>nū gunnet mirs, wan eȥ muoȥ wesen.’</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Diu muoter weinende sprach,</p> +<span class = "linenum">630</span> +<p>dō sī der tohter ernst ersach,</p> +<p>‘gedenke, tohter, liebeȥ kint,</p> +<p>wie grōȥ die arbeite sint</p> +<p>die ich durch dich erliten hān,</p> +<p>und lā mich beȥȥern lōn enpfān</p> +<span class = "linenum">635</span> +<p>dan ich dich hœre sprechen.</p> +<p>dū wilt mīn herze brechen.</p> +<p>senfte mir der rede ein teil.</p> +<p>jā wiltū alleȥ dīn heil</p> +<p>an uns verwürken wider got.</p> +<span class = "linenum">640</span> +<p><a name = "textIII_640" id = "textIII_640" href = +"#textnoteIII_640">wan</a> gedenkest dū an sīn gebot?</p> +<p>jā gebōt er unde bat er</p> +<p>daȥ man muoter unde vater</p> +<p>minne und ēre biete,</p> +<p>und geheiȥet daȥ ze miete</p> +<span class = "linenum">645</span> +<p>daȥ der sēle rāt werde</p> +<p>und lanclīp ūf der erde.</p> +<p>dū gihst, dū wellest dīn leben</p> +<p>umb unser beider fröude geben:</p> +<p>dū wilt uns beiden</p> +<span class = "linenum">650</span> +<p>daȥ leben vaste leiden.</p> +<p>daȥ dīn vater unde ich</p> +<p>gerne leben, daȥ ist durch dich.</p> +<span class = "linenum">a</span> +<p>waȥ solte uns līp unde guot,</p> +<span class = "linenum">b</span> +<p>waȥ solte uns werltlich muot,</p> +<span class = "linenum">c</span> +<p>swenne wir dīn enbæren?</p> +<span class = "linenum">d</span> +<p>dune<span class = "spread1">. . . . . .</span></p> +<span class = "pagenum">105</span> +<p>jā soltū, liebiu tohter mīn,</p> +<p>unser beider fröude sīn,</p> +<span class = "linenum">655</span> +<p>gar unsers lībes wünne,</p> +<p>ein bluome in dīme künne,</p> +<p>unsers alters ein stap.</p> +<p>und lāstū uns über dīn grap</p> +<p>gestēn von dīnen schulden,</p> +<span class = "linenum">660</span> +<p>dū muost von gotes hulden</p> +<p>iemer sīn gescheiden:</p> +<p>daȥ koufest an uns beiden.’</p> +<span class = "linenum">a</span> +<p>‘wiltu uns tohter wesen guot,</p> +<span class = "linenum">b</span> +<p>sō soltū rede und den muot</p> +<span class = "linenum">c</span> +<p>durch unsers herren hulde lān,</p> +<span class = "linenum">d</span> +<p>die ich von dir vernomen hān.’</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Si sprach ‘muoter, ich getrūwe dir</p> +<p>und mīnem vater her ze mir</p> +<span class = "linenum">665</span> +<p>aller der genāden wol</p> +<p>der vater unde muoter sol</p> +<p>leisten ir kinde,</p> +<p>als ich eȥ wol bevinde</p> +<p>an iu allertegelich.</p> +<span class = "linenum">670</span> +<p>von iuwern gnāden hān ich</p> +<p>die sēle und einen schœnen līp.</p> +<p>mich lobet man unde wīp,</p> +<p>und alle die mich sehende sint,</p> +<p>ich sī daȥ schœneste kint</p> +<span class = "linenum">675</span> +<p>daȥ sī zir lebene haben gesehen.</p> +<p>wem soll ich der genāden jehen</p> +<p>niuwan iu zwein nāch gote?</p> +<p>des sol ich ze iuwerm gebote</p> +<p>iemer vil gerne stān:</p> +<span class = "linenum">680</span> +<p>wie michel reht ich des hān!</p> +<p>muoter, sæligeȥ wīp,</p> +<p>sīt ich nū sēle unde līp</p> +<p>von iuwern genāden hān,</p> +<span class = "pagenum">106</span> +<p>sō lāntȥ an iuwern hulden stān</p> +<span class = "linenum">685</span> +<p>daȥ ich ouch die beide</p> +<p>von dem tiuvel scheide</p> +<p>und mich gote müeȥe geben.</p> +<p>jā ist dirre werlte leben</p> +<p>niuwan der sēle verlust.</p> +<span class = "linenum">690</span> +<p>ouch hāt mich werltlīch gelust</p> +<p>unz her noch niht berüeret,</p> +<p>der hin zer helle füeret.</p> +<p>nū wil ich gote genāde sagen</p> +<p>daȥ er in mīnen jungen tagen</p> +<span class = "linenum">695</span> +<p>mir die sinne hāt gegeben</p> +<p>daȥ ich ūf diz brœde leben</p> +<p>ahte harte kleine.</p> +<p>ich wil mich alsus reine</p> +<p>antwürtẹn in gotes gewalt.</p> +<span class = "linenum">700</span> +<p>ich fürhte, solt ich werden alt,</p> +<p>daȥ mich der werlte süeȥe</p> +<p>zuhte under füeȥe,</p> +<p>als sī vil manegen hāt gezogen</p> +<p>den ouch ir süeȥe hāt betrogen:</p> +<span class = "linenum">705</span> +<p>sō würde ich līhte gote entsaget.</p> +<p>gote müeȥe eȥ sīn geklaget</p> +<p>daȥ ich unz morne leben sol:</p> +<p>mir behaget diu werlt niht sō wol.</p> +<p>ir meiste liep ist herzeleit</p> +<span class = "linenum">710</span> +<p>(daȥ sī iu für wār geseit),</p> +<p>ir süeȥer lōn ein bitter nōt,</p> +<p>ir lancleben ein gæher tōt.</p> +<p>wir hān niht gewisses mē</p> +<p>wan hiute wol und morne wē</p> +<span class = "linenum">715</span> +<p>und ie ze jungest der tōt.</p> +<p>daȥ ist ein jæmerlīchiu nōt.</p> +<p>eȥ enschirmet geburt noch guot,</p> +<p>schœne, sterke, hōher muot,</p> +<span class = "pagenum">107</span> +<p>eȥ enfrumt tugent noch ēre</p> +<span class = "linenum">720</span> +<p>für den tōt niht mēre</p> +<p>dann ungeburt und untugent.</p> +<p>unser leben und unser jugent</p> +<p>ist ein nebel unde ein stoup,</p> +<p>unser stæte bibent als ein loup.</p> +<span class = "linenum">725</span> +<p>er ist ein vil verschaffen gouch</p> +<p>der gerne in sich vaȥȥt den rouch,</p> +<p>eȥ sī wīp oder man,</p> +<p>der diz niht wol bedenken kan</p> +<p>und ouch der werlt nāch volgende ist.</p> +<span class = "linenum">730</span> +<p>wan uns ist über den fūlen mist</p> +<p>der pfeller hie gespreitet:</p> +<p>swen nū der blic verleitet,</p> +<p>der ist zuo der hellẹ geborn</p> +<p>unde enhāt niht mē verlorn</p> +<span class = "linenum">735</span> +<p>wan beidiu sēle unde līp.</p> +<p>nu gedenkent, sæligeȥ wīp,</p> +<p>müeterlīcher triuwe</p> +<p>und senftent iuwer riuwe</p> +<p>die ir dā habent umbe mich:</p> +<span class = "linenum">740</span> +<p>so bedenket ouch der vater sich.</p> +<p>ich weiȥ wol daȥ er mir heiles gan.</p> +<p>er ist ein alsō biderber man</p> +<p>daȥ er erkennet wol daȥ ir</p> +<p>unlange doch mit mir</p> +<span class = "linenum">745</span> +<p>iuwer fröude mügent hān,</p> +<p>ob ich joch lebende bestān.</p> +<p>belībe ich āne man bī iu</p> +<p>zwei jār oder driu,</p> +<p>sō ist mīn herre līhte tōt,</p> +<span class = "linenum">750</span> +<p>und kument in sō grōȥe nōt</p> +<p>vil līhte von armuot</p> +<p>daȥ ir mir alsolheȥ guot</p> +<p>zeinem man niht mugent geben,</p> +<span class = "pagenum">108</span> +<p>ich enmüeȥe alse swache leben</p> +<span class = "linenum">755</span> +<p>daȥ ich iu lieber wære tōt.</p> +<p>nu <a name = "textIII_756" id = "textIII_756" href = +"#textnoteIII_756">verswīgẹ wir</a> aber der nōt,</p> +<p>daȥ uns niht enwerre</p> +<p>und uns mīn lieber herre</p> +<p>were und alsō lange lebe</p> +<span class = "linenum">760</span> +<p>unz daȥ man mich zeim manne gebe</p> +<p>der rīche sī unde wert:</p> +<p>sō ist geschehen des ir dā gert</p> +<p>und wænent mir sī wol geschehen.</p> +<p>anders hāt mir mīn muot verjehen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">765</span> +<p>wirt er mir liep, daȥ ist ein nōt:</p> +<p>wirt er mir leit, daȥ ist der tōt.</p> +<p>wan sō hān ich iemer leit</p> +<p>und bin mit ganzer arbeit</p> +<p>gescheiden von gemache</p> +<span class = "linenum">770</span> +<p>mit maneger hande sache</p> +<p>diu den wīben wirret</p> +<p>und sī ze fröuden irret.</p> +<p>nū setzt mich in den vollen rāt</p> +<p>der dā niemer zergāt.</p> +<span class = "linenum">775</span> +<p>mīn gert ein frīer būman</p> +<p>dem ich wol mīnes lībes gan.</p> +<p>zwāre, dem sult ir mich geben,</p> +<p>sō ist geschaffet wol mīn leben.</p> +<p>im gēt sīn pfluoc harte wol,</p> +<span class = "linenum">780</span> +<p>sīn hof ist alles rātes vol,</p> +<p>da enstirbet ros noch daȥ rint,</p> +<p>da enmüent diu weinenden kint,</p> +<p>da enist ze heiȥ noch ze kalt,</p> +<p>dā wirt von jāren niemen alt,</p> +<span class = "linenum">785</span> +<p>der alte wirt junger,</p> +<p>da enist frost noch hunger,</p> +<p>da enist deheiner slahte leit,</p> +<p>da ist ganziu fröude ān arbeit.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">109</span> +<p>ze dem wil ich mich ziehen</p> +<span class = "linenum">790</span> +<p>und solhen bū fliehen</p> +<p>den daȥ fiur und der hagel sleht</p> +<p>und der wāc abe tweht,</p> +<p>mit dem man ringet unde ie ranc.</p> +<p>swaȥ man daȥ jār alse lanc</p> +<span class = "linenum">795</span> +<p>dar ūf gearbeiten mac,</p> +<p>daȥ verliuset schiere ein halber tac.</p> +<p>den bū den wil ich lāȥen:</p> +<p>er sī von mir verwāȥen.</p> +<p>ir minnent mich: deist billich.</p> +<span class = "linenum">800</span> +<p>nū sihe ich gerne daȥ mich</p> +<p>iuwer minne iht unminne.</p> +<p>ob ir iuch rehter sinne</p> +<p>an mir verstān kunnent</p> +<p>und ob ir mir gunnent</p> +<span class = "linenum">805</span> +<p>beide guotes unde ēren,</p> +<p>sō lāȥet mich kēren</p> +<p>ze unserm herren Jēsū Krist,</p> +<p>des gnāde alsō stæte ist</p> +<p>daȥ sī niemer zergāt,</p> +<span class = "linenum">810</span> +<p>unde ouch zuo mir armen hāt</p> +<p>alsō grōȥe minne</p> +<p>als zeiner küniginne.</p> +<p>ich sol von mīnen schulden</p> +<p>ūȥ iuwern hulden</p> +<span class = "linenum">815</span> +<p>niemer komen, wil eȥ got.</p> +<p>eȥ ist gewisse sīn gebot</p> +<p>daȥ ich iu sī undertān,</p> +<p>wan ich den līp von iu hān:</p> +<p>daȥ leist ich āne riuwe.</p> +<span class = "linenum">820</span> +<p>ouch sol ich māne triuwe</p> +<p>an mir selber niht brechen.</p> +<p>ich hōrte ie daȥ sprechen,</p> +<p>swer den andern fröuwet sō</p> +<span class = "pagenum">110</span> +<p>daȥ er selbe wirt unfrō,</p> +<span class = "linenum">825</span> +<p>und swer den andern krœnet</p> +<p>und sich selben hœnet,</p> +<p>der triuwen sī ze vil.</p> +<p>wie gerne ich iu des volgen wil</p> +<p>daȥ ich iu triuwe leiste,</p> +<span class = "linenum">830</span> +<p>mir selber doch die meiste.</p> +<p>welt ir mir wenden mīn heil,</p> +<p>sō lāȥ ich iuch ein teil</p> +<p>ē nāch mir geweinen,</p> +<p>ich enwelle mir erscheinen</p> +<span class = "linenum">835</span> +<p>wes ich mir selber schuldic bin.</p> +<p>ich wil iemer dā hin</p> +<p>da ich volle fröude vinde.</p> +<p>ir hānt doch mē kinde:</p> +<p>diu lānt iuwer fröude sīn</p> +<span class = "linenum">840</span> +<p>und getrœstent ir iuch mīn.</p> +<p>wan mir mac daȥ nieman erwern,</p> +<p>zwāre, ich enwelle ernern</p> +<p>mīnen herren unde mich.</p> +<p>muoter, jā hōrte ich dich</p> +<span class = "linenum">845</span> +<p>klagen unde sprechen ē,</p> +<p>eȥ tæte <a name = "textIII_846" id = "textIII_846" href = +"#textnoteIII_846">dīme</a> herzen wē,</p> +<p>soltest dū ob mīme grabe stān.</p> +<p>des wirst du harte wol erlān:</p> +<p>dū stāst ob mīme grabe niht.</p> +<span class = "linenum">850</span> +<p>wan dā der tōt geschiht,</p> +<p>daȥ enlāt dich niemen sehen:</p> +<p>eȥ sol ze Sālerne geschehen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">a</span> +<p>dā sol uns viere der tōt</p> +<span class = "linenum">b</span> +<p>lœsẹen von aller slahte nōt.</p> +<p>des tōdes des genese wir,</p> +<p>und ich doch verre baȥ dan ir.’</p> + +<span class = "linenum">855</span> +<p class = "indent"> +Dō sī daȥ kint dō sāhen</p> +<p>ze dem tōde sō gāhen,</p> +<span class = "pagenum">111</span> +<p>und eȥ sō wīslīchen sprach</p> +<p>unde menschlich reht zerbrach,</p> +<p>si begunden ahten under in</p> +<span class = "linenum">860</span> +<p>daȥ die wīsheit und den sin</p> +<p>niemer erzeigen kunde</p> +<p>dehein zunge in kindes munde.</p> +<p>sī jāhen daȥ der heiliggeist</p> +<p>der rede wære ir volleist,</p> +<span class = "linenum">865</span> +<p>der ouch sante Niklauses pflac</p> +<p>dō er in der wagen lac</p> +<p>und in die wīsheit lērte</p> +<p>daȥ er ze gote kērte</p> +<p>sīne kintlīche güete:</p> +<span class = "linenum">870</span> +<p>und bedāhtẹn sich in ir gemüete</p> +<p>daȥ sī niht enwolden</p> +<p>sī wenden noch ensolden</p> +<p>des sī sich hete an genomen:</p> +<p>der willẹ sī ir von gote komen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">875</span> +<p>von jāmẹr erkalte in der līp,</p> +<p>dō der meiger und sīn wīp</p> +<p>an dem bette sāȥen</p> +<p>und vil gar vergāȥen</p> +<p>durch des kindes minne</p> +<span class = "linenum">880</span> +<p>der zungen und der sinne</p> +<p>sā ze der selben stunde.</p> +<p>ir enwederȥ enkunde</p> +<p>einic wort gesprechen.</p> +<p>daȥ gegihtẹ begunde brechen</p> +<span class = "linenum">885</span> +<p>die muoter von leide.</p> +<p>sus gesāȥen sī beide</p> +<p>riuwic unde unfrō</p> +<p>unz sī sich bedāhten dō</p> +<p>waȥ in ir trūren töhte:</p> +<span class = "linenum">890</span> +<p>sō man ir doch niht enmöhte</p> +<p>benemen ir willen unde ir muot,</p> +<span class = "pagenum">112</span> +<p>sō enwære in niht alsō guot</p> +<p>sō daȥ sī irs wol gunden,</p> +<p>wan sī doch niht enkunden</p> +<span class = "linenum">895</span> +<p>ir niemer werden āne baȥ;</p> +<p>enpfiengen sī der rede haȥ,</p> +<p>eȥ möhte in umbe ir herren</p> +<p>vil harte wol gewerren,</p> +<p>und verviengen anders niht dā mite.</p> +<span class = "linenum">900</span> +<p>mit vil willeclīchem site</p> +<p>sprāchen sī beide dō</p> +<p>daȥ sī der rede wæren frō.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Des fröute sich diu reine maget.</p> +<p>dō eȥ vil kūme was getaget</p> +<span class = "linenum">905</span> +<p>dō gie sī dā ir herre slief.</p> +<p>sīn trūtgemahele ime rief,</p> +<p>sī sprach ‘herre, slāfent ir?’</p> +<p>‘nein ich, gemahele, sage mir,</p> +<p>wie bistū hiute alsō fruo?’</p> +<span class = "linenum">910</span> +<p>‘herrẹ, dā twinget mich derzuo</p> +<p>der jāmer iuwerr siecheit.’</p> +<p>er sprach ‘gemahelẹ, daȥ ist dir leit:</p> +<p>daȥ erzeigest du an mir wol,</p> +<p>als eȥ dir got vergelten sol.</p> +<span class = "linenum">915</span> +<p>nune mag es dehein rāt sīn.’</p> +<p>‘entriuwen, lieber herre mīn,</p> +<p>iuwer wirt vil guot rāt.</p> +<p>sīt eȥ alsus umbe iuch stāt</p> +<p>daȥ man iu gehelfen mac,</p> +<span class = "linenum">920</span> +<p>ichn gesūme iuch niemer tac.</p> +<p>herre, ir hānt uns doch gesaget,</p> +<p>ob ir hetent eine maget</p> +<p>diu gernẹ den tōt durch iuch lite,</p> +<p>dā soltent ir genesen mite.</p> +<span class = "linenum">925</span> +<p>diu wil ich weiȥgot selbe sīn:</p> +<p>iuwer leben ist nützer dan daȥ mīn.’</p> +<span class = "pagenum">113</span> + +<p class = "indent"> +Dō gnādẹte ir der herre</p> +<p>des willen harte verre.</p> +<p>und ervollẹten im diu ougen</p> +<span class = "linenum">930</span> +<p>von jāmer alsō tougen.</p> +<p>er sprach ‘gemahelẹ, ja ist der tōt</p> +<p>iedoch niht ein senftiu nōt,</p> +<p>als dū dir līhte hāst gedāht.</p> +<p>du hāst mich des wol innen brāht,</p> +<span class = "linenum">935</span> +<p>möhtestū, dū hülfest mir.</p> +<p>des genüegẹt mich wol von dir.</p> +<p>ich erkenne dīnen süeȥen muot:</p> +<p>dīn wille ist reine unde guot.</p> +<p>ichn sol ouch niht mē von dir gern.</p> +<span class = "linenum">940</span> +<p>dū maht mich des niht wol gewern</p> +<p>daȥ dū dā gesprochen hāst.</p> +<p>die triuwe die du an mir begāst,</p> +<p>die sol dir vergelten got.</p> +<p>ditz wærẹ der lantliute spot,</p> +<span class = "linenum">945</span> +<p>swaȥ ich mich für dise stunde</p> +<p>arzenīen underwunde,</p> +<p>und mich doch niht vervienge</p> +<p>wan als eȥ doch ergienge.</p> +<p>gemahele, dū tuost als diu kint</p> +<span class = "linenum">950</span> +<p>diu dā gæhes muotes sint:</p> +<p>swaȥ den kumet in den muot,</p> +<p>eȥ sī übel oder guot,</p> +<p>dar zuo ist in allen gāch,</p> +<p>und geriuwẹt sī sēre dar nāch.</p> +<span class = "linenum">955</span> +<p>gemahele, alsō tuost ouch dū.</p> +<p>der rede ist dir ze muote nū:</p> +<p>der <ins class = "correction" title = "probably ‘die’">d e</ins> +von dir nemen wolte,</p> +<p>sō manȥ danne enden solte,</p> +<p>so geriuweȥ dich vil līhte doch.’</p> +<span class = "linenum">960</span> +<p>und daȥ sī sich ein teil noch</p> +<p>baȥ bedæhte des bat er.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">114</span> +<p>er sprach ‘dīn muoter und dīn vater</p> +<p>die enmugen dīn niht wol enbern.</p> +<p>ich sol ouch niht ir leides gern</p> +<span class = "linenum">965</span> +<p>die mir ie gnāde tāten.</p> +<p>swaȥ sī dir beide rāten,</p> +<p>liebẹ gemahele, daȥ tuo.’</p> +<p>hie mite lachete er dar zuo,</p> +<p>wan er lützel sich versach</p> +<span class = "linenum">970</span> +<p>daȥ doch sider dō geschach.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Sus sprach er zuo der guoter.</p> +<p>der vater und diu muoter</p> +<p>sprāchen ‘lieber herre,</p> +<p>ir hānt uns vil verre</p> +<span class = "linenum">975</span> +<p>geliebet und geēret:</p> +<p>daȥ enwærẹ niht wol bekēret,</p> +<p>wir engültenȥ iu mit guote.</p> +<p>unser tohter ist ze muote</p> +<p>daȥ sī den tōt durch iuch dol:</p> +<span class = "linenum">980</span> +<p>des gunne wir ir harte wol.</p> +<p>eȥ ist hiutẹ der dritte tac</p> +<p>daȥ sī uns alleȥ ane lac</p> +<p>daȥ wir ir sīn gunden:</p> +<p>nū hāt sīȥ an uns funden.</p> +<span class = "linenum">985</span> +<p>nū lāȥe iuch got mit ir genesen:</p> +<p>wir wellen ir durch iuch entwesen.’</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Do im sīn gemahele dō bōt</p> +<p>für sīnen siechtuom ir tōt</p> +<p>und man ir ernest ersach,</p> +<span class = "linenum">990</span> +<p>dō wart dō michel ungemach</p> +<p>und jæmerlīch gebærde.</p> +<p>manc mislīchiu beswærde</p> +<p>huop sich dō under in,</p> +<p>zwischẹn dem herren unde in drin.</p> +<span class = "linenum">995</span> +<p>ir vater unde ir muoter die</p> +<p>erhuoben michel weinen hie:</p> +<span class = "pagenum">115</span> +<p>des weinens tet in michel nōt</p> +<p>umb ir vil lieben kindes tōt.</p> +<p>nū begunde ouch der herre</p> +<span class = "linenum">1000</span> +<p>gedenken alsō verre</p> +<p>an des kindes triuwe,</p> +<p>und begreif in ein riuwe,</p> +<p>daȥ er sēre weinen began,</p> +<p>und zwīvelte vaste dran</p> +<span class = "linenum">1005</span> +<p>weder eȥ beȥȥer getān</p> +<p>möhte sīn oder verlān.</p> +<p>von vorhten weinte ouch diu maget:</p> +<p>sī wānde er wære dran verzaget.</p> +<p>sus wārens alle unfrō.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1010</span> +<p>sī gerten keines dankes dō.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Ze jungest dō bedāhte sich</p> +<p>ir herrẹ, der arme Heinrich,</p> +<p>und begunde sagen in</p> +<p>grōȥe gnāde allen drin</p> +<span class = "linenum">1015</span> +<p>der triuwen und des guotes</p> +<p>(diu maget wart rīches muotes</p> +<p>daȥ ers gevolgẹte gerne),</p> +<p>und bereitẹ sich ze Sālerne</p> +<p>sō er schiereste mohte.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1020</span> +<p>swaȥ ouch der megede tohte,</p> +<p>daȥ wart vil schiere bereit:</p> +<p>schœniu pfert und rīchiu kleit,</p> +<p>diu sī getruoc nie vor der zīt:</p> +<p>hermin unde samīt,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1025</span> +<p>den besten zobel den man vant,</p> +<p>daȥ was der megede gewarit.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Nū wer möhte volgesagen</p> +<p>die herzeriuwe und daȥ klagen,</p> +<p>der muoter grimmigeȥ leit</p> +<span class = "linenum">1030</span> +<p>und ouch des vater arbeit?</p> +<p>eȥ wærẹ wol undẹr in beiden</p> +<span class = "pagenum">116</span> +<p>ein jæmerliīcheȥ scheiden,</p> +<p>dō sī ir liebeȥ kint von in</p> +<p>gefrumten sō gesundeȥ hin</p> +<span class = "linenum">1035</span> +<p>niemer mē ze sehenne in den tōt,</p> +<p>wan daȥ in senftet ir nōt</p> +<p>diu reine gotes güete,</p> +<p>von der doch daȥ gemüete</p> +<p>ouch dem jungen kinde quam</p> +<span class = "linenum">1040</span> +<p>daȥ eȥ den tōt gerne nam.</p> +<p>eȥ was āne ir rāt kōmen:</p> +<p>dā von wart von ir herzẹn genomen</p> +<p>alliu klage und swære,</p> +<p>wan eȥ anders wunder wære</p> +<span class = "linenum">1045</span> +<p>daȥ in ir herze niht zerbrach.</p> +<p>ze liebe wart ir ungemach,</p> +<p>daȥ sī dar nāch deheine nōt</p> +<p>liten umbe ir kindes tōt.</p> +</div> + + + +<h4><a name = "textIV" id = "textIV">IV</a><br> +WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE.</h4> + +<p class = "note"> +The exact dates of his birth and death are unknown. His chief poems were +written between the years 1187 and 1230.</p> + +<p class = "note"> +The best edition of his works is: Walther von der Vogelweide, +herausgegeben und erklärt von W. Wilmanns, Halle, 1883 (2nd +edit.).</p> + + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<h5>1.</h5> + +<p class = "indent"> +Ir sult sprechen: ‘willekomen!’</p> +<p>der iu mære bringet, daȥ bin ich.</p> +<p class = "indent"> +Alleȥ daȥ ir habt vernomen,</p> +<p>daȥ ist gar ein wint: nū frāget mich.</p> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +<p class = "indent"> +Ich wil aber miete:</p> +<p>wirt mīn lōn iht guot,</p> +<p>sō sage ich iu vil līhte, daȥ in sanfte tuot.</p> +<p>seht, waȥ man mir ēren biete.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">117</span> +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Ich wil tiuschen frouwen sagen</p> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +<p>solhiu mære, daȥ si deste baȥ</p> +<p class = "indent"> +Al der werlte suln behagen:</p> +<p>āne grōȥe miete tuon ich daȥ.</p> +<p class = "indent"> +Waȥ wold’ ich ze lōne?</p> +<p>si sint mir ze hēr;</p> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +<p>sō bin ich gefüege und bite si nihtes mēr</p> +<p>wan daȥ si mich grüeȥen schōne.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Ich hān lande vil gesehen</p> +<p>unde nam der besten gerne war:</p> +<p class = "indent"> +Übel müeȥe mir geschehen,</p> +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +<p>künde ich ie mīn herze bringen dar,</p> +<p class = "indent"> +Daȥ im wol gevallen</p> +<p>wolde fremeder site.</p> +<p>nū waȥ hülfe mich, ob ich unrehte strite?</p> +<p>tiuschiu zuht gāt vor in allen.</p> + +<span class = "linenum">25</span> +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Von der Elbe unz an den Rīn</p> +<p>und her wider unz an Ungerlant</p> +<p class = "indent"> +Mügen wol die besten sīn,</p> +<p>die ich in der werlte hān erkant.</p> +<p class = "indent"> +Kan ich rehte schouwen</p> +<span class = "linenum">30</span> +<p>guot gelāȥ und līp,</p> +<p>sam mir got, sō swüere ich wol, daȥ hie diu wīp</p> +<p>beȥȥer sint danne ander frouwen.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Tiusche man sint wol gezogen,</p> +<p>rehte als engel sint diu wīp getān.</p> +<span class = "linenum">35</span> +<p class = "indent"> +Swer si schiltet, derst betrogen:</p> +<p>ich enkan sīn anders niht verstān.</p> +<p class = "indent"> +Tugent und reine minne,</p> +<p>swer die suochen wil,</p> +<p>der sol komen in unser lant: da ist wünne vil:</p> +<span class = "linenum">40</span> +<p>lange müeȥe ich leben dar inne!</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum">118</span> + +<div class = "poem w30"> +<h5>2.</h5> + +<p class = "indent"> +Owē war sint verswunden alliu mīniu jār!</p> +<p>ist mir mīn leben getroumet oder ist eȥ wār?</p> +<p>daȥ ich ie wānde, daȥ iht wære, was daȥ iht?</p> +<p>dar nāch hān ich geslāfen und enweiȥ es niht.</p> +<span class = "linenum">45</span> +<p class = "indent"> +Nū bin ich erwachet, und ist mir unbekant,</p> +<p>daȥ mir hie vor was kündic als mīn ander hant.</p> +<p>liut unde lant, dā ich von kinde bin erzogen,</p> +<p>die sint mir fremde worden, reht’ als eȥ sī +gelogen:</p> +<p class = "indent"> +Die mīne gespilen wāren, die sint træge und alt;</p> +<span class = "linenum">50</span> +<p>bereitet ist daȥ velt, verhouwen ist der walt:</p> +<p>wan daȥ daȥ waȥȥer fliuȥet, als eȥ wīlent flōȥ,</p> +<p>für wār ich wāndẹ mīn ungelücke würde grōȥ.</p> +<p>mich grüeȥet maneger trāge, der mich bekande ē wol.</p> +<p>diu werlt ist allenthalben ungenāden vol.</p> +<span class = "linenum">55</span> +<p>als ich gedenke an manegen wünneclīchen tac,</p> +<p>die sint mir enpfallen gar als in daȥ mer ein slac,</p> +<p>iemer mēre owē!</p> +<p class = "indent"> +Owē wie jæmerlīche junge liute tuont!</p> +<p>den vil unriuweclīche ir gemüete stuont,</p> +<span class = "linenum">60</span> +<p>die kunnen niuwan sorgen: owē wie tuont si sō?</p> +<p>swar ich zer werlte kēre, dā ist nieman frō:</p> +<p class = "indent"> +Tanzen unde singen zergāt mit sorgen gar.</p> +<p>nie kristenman gesach sō jæmerlīchiu jār.</p> +<p>nū merket, wie den frouwen ir gebende stāt;</p> +<span class = "linenum">65</span> +<p>die stolzen ritter tragent dörperlīche wāt.</p> +<p class = "indent"> +Uns sint unsenfte brieve her von Rōme komen,</p> +<p>uns ist erloubet trūren und fröude gar benomen.</p> +<p>daȥ müet mich inneclīchen (wir lebten ē vil wol),</p> +<p>daȥ ich nū für mīn lachen weinen kiesen sol.</p> +<span class = "linenum">70</span> +<p>diu wilden vogellīn betrüebet unser klage:</p> +<p>waȥ wunders ist, ob ich dā von vil gar verzage?</p> +<span class = "pagenum">119</span> +<p>waȥ spriche ich tumber man durch mīnen bœsen zorn?</p> +<p>swer dirre wünne volget, der hāt jene dort verlorn</p> +<p>iemer mēre, owē!</p> +<span class = "linenum">75</span> +<p class = "indent"> +Owē wie uns mit süeȥen dingen ist vergeben!</p> +<p>ich sihe die gallen mitten in dem honege sweben.</p> +<p>diu werlt ist ūȥen schœne, wīȥ, grüen’ unde rōt</p> +<p>und innen swarzer varwe, vinster sam der tōt.</p> +<p class = "indent"> +Swen si nū habe verleitet, der schouwe sīnen trōst:</p> +<span class = "linenum">80</span> +<p>er wirt mit swacher buoȥe grōȥer sünde erlōst.</p> +<p>dar an gedenket, ritter! eȥ ist iuwer dinc;</p> +<p>ir traget die liehten helme und manegen herten +rinc,</p> +<p class = "indent"> +Dar zuo die vesten schilte und diu gewīhten swert.</p> +<p>wolte got, wær ich der sigenünfte wert,</p> +<span class = "linenum">85</span> +<p>sō wolte ich nōtic man verdienen rīchen solt.</p> +<p>joch meine ich niht die huoben noch der hērren +golt:</p> +<p>ich wolte selbe krōne ēweclīchen tragen;</p> +<p>die möhte ein soldenære mit sīme sper bejagen.</p> +<p>möht ich die lieben reise gevaren über sē,</p> +<span class = "linenum">90</span> +<p>sō wolte ich denne singen ‘wol’ und niemer mēre +‘owē,’</p> +<p>niemer mēre ‘owē!’</p> +</div> + +<div class = "poem w20"> +<h5>3.</h5> + +<p>Dō der sumer komen was</p> +<p>und die bluomen durch daȥ gras</p> +<p>wünneclīche ensprungen,</p> +<span class = "linenum">95</span> +<p>aldā die vogele sungen,</p> +<p>dār kom ich gegangen</p> +<p>an einen anger langen,</p> +<p>dā ein lūter brunne entspranc;</p> +<p>vor dem walde was sīn ganc,</p> +<span class = "linenum">100</span> +<p>dā diu nahtegale sanc.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Bī dem brunnen stuont ein boum,</p> +<p>dā gesach ich einen troum.</p> +<p>ich was zuo dem brunnen</p> +<p>gegangen von der sunnen,</p> +<span class = "pagenum">120</span> +<span class = "linenum">105</span> +<p>daȥ diu linde mære</p> +<p>den küelen schaten bære.</p> +<p>bī dem brunnen ich gesaȥ:</p> +<p>mīner swære ich gar vergaȥ,</p> +<p>schiere entslief ich umbe daȥ.</p> + +<span class = "linenum">110</span> +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō bedūhte mich zehant,</p> +<p>wie mir dienten elliu lant,</p> +<p>wie mīn sēle wære</p> +<p>ze himel āne swære</p> +<p>und der līp hie solte</p> +<span class = "linenum">115</span> +<p>gebāren swie er wolte.</p> +<p>dā enwas mir niht ze wē.</p> +<p>got der waldes, swie’ȥ ergē:</p> +<p>schœner troum enwart nie mē.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Gerne sliefe ich iemer dā,</p> +<span class = "linenum">120</span> +<p>wan ein unsæligiu krā,</p> +<p>diu begonde schrīen.</p> +<p>daȥ alle krā gedīen</p> +<p>alse ich in des günne!</p> +<p>si nam mir michel wunne.</p> +<span class = "linenum">125</span> +<p>von ir schrīenne ich erschrac:</p> +<p>wan daȥ dā niht steines lac,</p> +<p>sō wær’ eȥ ir suontac.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Wan ein wunderalteȥ wīp</p> +<p>diu getrōste mir den līp.</p> +<span class = "linenum">130</span> +<p>die begonde ich eiden.</p> +<p>nū hāt si mir bescheiden</p> +<p>waȥ der troum bediute.</p> +<p>daȥ merken wīse liute;</p> +<p>zwēne und einer daȥ sint drī;</p> +<span class = "linenum">135</span> +<p>dannoch seitẹ si mir dā bī,</p> +<p>daȥ mīn dūme ein vinger sī.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum">121</span> + +<div class = "poem w20"> +<h5>4.</h5> + +<p>Ich saȥ ūf eime steine</p> +<p>und dahte bein mit beine;</p> +<p>dar ūf satzt ich den ellenbogen;</p> +<span class = "linenum">140</span> +<p>ich hete in mīne hant gesmogen</p> +<p>daȥ kinne und ein mīn wange:</p> +<p>dō dāhte ich mir vil ange,</p> +<p>wie man zer werlte solte leben.</p> +<p>deheinen rāt <a name = "textIV_144" id = "textIV_144" href = +"#textnoteIV_144">kond</a> ich gegeben,</p> +<span class = "linenum">145</span> +<p>wie man driu dinc erwürbe,</p> +<p>der keineȥ niht verdürbe.</p> +<p>diu zwei sint ēre und varnde guot,</p> +<p>daȥ dicke einander schaden tuot;</p> +<p>daȥ dritte ist gotes hulde,</p> +<span class = "linenum">150</span> +<p>der zweier übergulde.</p> +<p>die wolte ich gerne in einen schrīn;</p> +<p>jā leider des enmac niht sīn,</p> +<p>daȥ guot und werltlīch ēre</p> +<p>und gotes hulde mēre</p> +<span class = "linenum">155</span> +<p>zesamene in ein herze komen.</p> +<p>stīg’ unde wege sint in benomen:</p> +<p>untriuwe is in der sāȥe,</p> +<p>gewalt vert ūf der strāȥe,</p> +<p>fride unde reht sint sēre wunt.</p> +<span class = "linenum">160</span> +<p>diu driu enhabent geleites niht,</p> +<p>diu zwei enwerden ē gesunt.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w20"> +<h5>5.</h5> + +<p>Ich hōrte ein waȥȥer dieȥen</p> +<p>und sach die vische flieȥen;</p> +<p>ich sach swaȥ in der werlte was,</p> +<span class = "linenum">165</span> +<p>velt unde walt, loup rōr und gras;</p> +<p>swaȥ kriuchet unde fliuget</p> +<p>und bein zer erden biuget,</p> +<span class = "pagenum">122</span> +<p>daȥ sach ich unde sage iu daȥ:</p> +<p>der keineȥ lebet āne haȥ.</p> +<span class = "linenum">170</span> +<p>daȥ wilt und daȥ gewürme</p> +<p>die strītent starke stürme,</p> +<p>sam tuont die vogel under in;</p> +<p>wan daȥ sie habent einen sin:</p> +<p><a name = "textIV_174" id = "textIV_174" href = "#textnoteIV_174">sie +diuhten sich ze nihte,</a></p> +<span class = "linenum">175</span> +<p>sie enschüefen starc gerihte:</p> +<p>sie kiesent künege unde reht,</p> +<p>sie setzent hērren unde kneht.</p> +<p>sō wē dir, <a name = "textIV_178" id = "textIV_178" href = +"#textnoteIV_178">tiuschiu zunge</a>,</p> +<p>wie stēt dīn ordenunge,</p> +<span class = "linenum">180</span> +<p>daȥ nū diu mucke ir künic hāt</p> +<p>und daȥ dīn ēre alsō zergāt!</p> +<p><a name = "textIV_182" id = "textIV_182" href = +"#textnoteIV_182">bekērā</a> dich, bekēre!</p> +<p>die zirken sint ze hēre,</p> +<p>die armen künege dringent dich:</p> +<p><a name = "textIV_185" id = "textIV_185" href = +"#textnoteIV_185">Philippe</a> setze en weisen ūf und heiȥ sie treten +hinder sich!</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w20"> +<h5>6.</h5> + +<p>Ich sach mit mīnen ougen</p> +<p><a name = "textIV_187" id = "textIV_187" href = "#textnoteIV_187">man +unde wībe</a> tougen,</p> +<p>dā ich gehōrte und gesach</p> +<p>swaȥ iemen tet, swaȥ iemen sprach.</p> +<span class = "linenum">190</span> +<p>ze Rōme hōrte ich liegen</p> +<p>und zwēne künege triegen.</p> +<p>dā von huop sich der meiste strīt,</p> +<p>der ē was oder iemer sīt,</p> +<p>daȥ sich begonden zweien</p> +<span class = "linenum">195</span> +<p>die pfaffen unde leien.</p> +<p>daȥ was ein nōt vor aller nōt:</p> +<p>līp unde sēle lac dā tōt,</p> +<p>die pfaffen striten sēre:</p> +<p>doch wart der leien mēre.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">123</span> +<span class = "linenum">200</span> +<p>diu swert sie legeten dernider</p> +<p>und griffen zuo der stōle wider:</p> +<p>sie bienen die sie wolten</p> +<p>und niuwet den sie solten.</p> +<p>dō stōrte man diu goteshūs.</p> +<span class = "linenum">205</span> +<p>ich hōrte verre in einer klūs</p> +<p>vil michel ungebære:</p> +<p>dā weinde ein klōsenære,</p> +<p>er klagete gote sīniu leit:</p> +<p>‘ōwē, der bābest ist ze junc: hilf, hērre, dīner Kristenheit!’</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<h5>7.</h5> + +<span class = "linenum">210</span> +<p>Diu krōne ist elter dan der künec Philippes sī:</p> +<p>dā muget ir alle schouwen wol ein wunder bī,</p> +<p>wie s’ ime der smit sō ebene habe gemachet.</p> +<p>sīn keiserlicheȥ houbet zimt ir alsō wol,</p> +<p>daȥ sie ze rehte nieman <a name = "textIV_214" id = "textIV_214" href += "#textnoteIV_214">guoter</a> scheiden sol.</p> +<span class = "linenum">215</span> +<p>ir dwedereȥ daȥ ander niht enswachet.</p> +<p>sie liuhtent beide ein ander an,</p> +<p>daȥ edele gesteine wider den jungen man:</p> +<p>die ougenweide sehent die fürsten gerne.</p> +<p>swer nū des rīches irre gē,</p> +<span class = "linenum">220</span> +<p>der schouwe, wem der weise ob sīme nacke stē:</p> +<p>der stein ist aller fürsten leitesterne.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<h5>8.</h5> + +<p>Mir ist verspart der sælden tor:</p> +<p>dā stēn ich als ein weise vor,</p> +<p>mich hilfet niht swaȥ ich dar an geklopfe.</p> +<span class = "linenum">225</span> +<p>wie möhte ein wunder grœȥer sīn?</p> +<p>eȥ regent beidenthalben mīn,</p> +<p>daȥ mir des alles niht enwirt ein tropfe.</p> +<p>des fürsten milte ūȥ Ōsterrīche</p> +<p>freut dem süeȥen regen gelīche</p> +<span class = "pagenum">124</span> +<span class = "linenum">230</span> +<p>beidiu liute und ouch daȥ lant.</p> +<p>er ist ein schœne wol gezieret heide,</p> +<p>dar abe man <a name = "textIV_232" id = "textIV_232" href = +"#textnoteIV_232">bluomen</a> brichet wunder:</p> +<p>und bræche mir ein blat dar under</p> +<p>diu sīn vil milte rīchiu hant,</p> +<span class = "linenum">235</span> +<p>sō möhte ich loben die süeȥen ougenweide.</p> +<p>hie bī sī er an mich gemant.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w30"> +<h5>9.</h5> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Ich hān mīn lēhen, al die werlt! ich hān mīn lēhen!</p> +<p>nū enfürhte ich niht den hornunc an die zēhen</p> +<p>und wil alle bœse hērren deste minre vlēhen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">240</span> +<p>der edel künec, der milte künec hāt mich berāten,</p> +<p>daȥ ich den sumer luft und in dem winter hitze hān.</p> +<p>mīn’ nāhgebūren dunke ich verre baȥ getān:</p> +<p>sie sehent mich niht mēr an in butzen wīs, alsō sie tāten.</p> +<p>ich bin ze lange arm gewesen ān’ mīnen danc.</p> +<span class = "linenum">245</span> +<p>ich was sō volle scheltens, daȥ mīn ātem stanc.</p> +<p>daȥ hāt der künec gemachet reine und dar zuo mīnen sanc.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w20"> +<h5>10.</h5> + +<p>Ōwē hovelīcheȥ singen,</p> +<p>daȥ dich ungefüege dœne</p> +<p>solten ie ze hove verdringen!</p> +<span class = "linenum">250</span> +<p><a name = "textIV_250" id = "textIV_250" href = "#textnoteIV_250">daȥ +sie schiere got gehœne!</a></p> +<p>ōwē, daȥ dīn wirde alsō geliget,</p> +<p>des sint alle dīne friunde unfrō.</p> +<p>daȥ muoȥ eht sō sīn, nū sī alsō:</p> +<p>frō Unfuoge, ir habt gesiget.</p> + +<span class = "linenum">255</span> +<p class = "stanza indent"> +<a name = "textIV_255" id = "textIV_255" href = "#textnoteIV_255">Der +uns freude wider bræhte</a>,</p> +<p>diu reht und gefüege wære,</p> +<p>hei wie wol man des gedæhte,</p> +<p>swā man von im seite mære!</p> +<span class = "pagenum">125</span> +<p>eȥ wær’ ein vil hovelīcher muot,</p> +<span class = "linenum">260</span> +<p>des ich iemer gerne wünschen sol.</p> +<p>frouwen unde hērren zæme eȥ wol:</p> +<p>ōwē daȥ eȥ nieman tuot!</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Die daȥ rehte singen stœrent,</p> +<p>der ist ungelīche mēre</p> +<span class = "linenum">265</span> +<p>danne die eȥ gerne hœrent.</p> +<p>des volg’ ich der alten lēre:</p> +<p>ich enwil niht werben ze der mül;</p> +<p>dā der stein sō riuschend’ umbe gāt</p> +<p>und daȥ rat sō manegẹ unwīse hāt,</p> +<span class = "linenum">270</span> +<p>merket wer dā harpfen sül!</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Die sō frevellīchen schallent,</p> +<p>der muoȥ ich vor zorne lachen,</p> +<p>daȥ s’ in selben wol gevallent</p> +<p>mit als ungefüegen sachen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">275</span> +<p>die tuont sam die frösche in eime sē,</p> +<p>den ir schrīen alsō wol behaget,</p> +<p>daȥ diu nahtegal dā von verzaget,</p> +<p>sō si gerne sunge mē.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Der unfuoge swīgen hieȥe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">280</span> +<p>waȥ man noch von freuden sunge,</p> +<p>und sie abe den bürgen stieȥe,</p> +<p>daȥ si dā die frōn iht twunge!</p> +<p>wurden ir die grōȥen höve benomen,</p> +<p>daȥ wær’ alleȥ nāch dem willen mīn:</p> +<span class = "linenum">285</span> +<p><a name = "textIV_285" id = "textIV_285" href = +"#textnoteIV_285">bien</a> gebūren lieȥe ich sie wol sīn,</p> +<p>dannen ist s’ ouch here komen.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<h5>11.</h5> + +<p>Der rīfe tet den kleinen vogelen wē,</p> +<p>daȥ sie niht ensungen.</p> +<p>nū hōrte ich s’aber wünneclīche als ē:</p> +<span class = "linenum">290</span> +<p>nū ist diu heide entsprungen.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">126</span> +<p>dā sach ich bluomen strīten wider den klē,</p> +<p><a name = "textIV_292" id = "textIV_292" href = +"#textnoteIV_292">weder ir</a> lenger wære.</p> +<p>mīner frouwen seite ich disiu mære.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Uns hāt der winter kalt und ander nōt</p> +<span class = "linenum">295</span> +<p>vil getān ze leide.</p> +<p>ich wānde, daȥ ich iemer bluomen rōt</p> +<p>sæhe an grüener heide.</p> +<p>joch schāte eȥ guoten liuten, wære ich tōt,</p> +<p>die nāch freuden rungen</p> +<span class = "linenum">300</span> +<p>und ie gerne tanzten unde sprungen.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Versūmde ich disen wünneclīchen tac,</p> +<p>sō wær’ ich verwāȥen</p> +<p>und wære an freude ein angestlīcher slac:</p> +<p>dennoch müese ich lāȥen</p> +<span class = "linenum">305</span> +<p>al mīne freude, der ich wīlent pflac.</p> +<p>got gesegen’ iuch alle:</p> +<p>wünschet noch, daȥ mir ein heil gevalle.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<h5>12.</h5> + +<p>Wīp muoȥ ēt iemer sīn der wībe <a name = "textIV_308" id = +"textIV_308" href = "#textnoteIV_308">hōhste name</a></p> +<p>und tiuret baȥ dan frouwe, als ich’ȥ erkenne.</p> +<span class = "linenum">310</span> +<p>swā nū deheiniu sī, diu sich ir wīpheit schame,</p> +<p>diu merke disen sanc und kiese denne.</p> +<p>under frouwen sint unwīp,</p> +<p>under wīben sint sie tiure:</p> +<p>wībes name und wībes līp</p> +<span class = "linenum">315</span> +<p>die sint beide vil gehiure.</p> +<p>swie’ȥ umb’ alle frouwen var,</p> +<p>wīp sint alle frouwen gar.</p> +<p>zwīvellop daȥ hœnet,</p> +<p>als under wīlen frouwe: wīp dēst ein name der s’alle krœnet.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum">127</span> +<div class = "poem w25"> +<h5>13.</h5> + +<span class = "linenum">320</span> +<p>Sō die bluomen ūȥ dem grase dringent,</p> +<p>same sie lachen gegen der spileden sunnen,</p> +<p>in einem meien an dem morgen fruo,</p> +<p>und diu kleinen vogellīn wol singent</p> +<p>in ir besten wīse die sie kunnen,</p> +<span class = "linenum">325</span> +<p>waȥ wünne mac sich dā genōȥen zuo?</p> +<p>eȥ ist wol halb ein himelrīche.</p> +<p>suln wir sprechen, waȥ sich deme gelīche,</p> +<p>sō sage ich, waȥ mir dicke baȥ</p> +<p>in mīnen ougen hāt getān,</p> +<span class = "linenum">330</span> +<p>und tæte ouch noch, gesæhe ich daȥ.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Swā ein edeliu schœne frouwe reine</p> +<p>wol gekleidet unde wol gebunden</p> +<p>durch kurzewīle zuo vil liuten gāt,</p> +<p>hovelīchen hōchgemuot, niht eine,</p> +<span class = "linenum">335</span> +<p>umbe sehendẹ ein wēnic under stunden:</p> +<p>alsam der sunne gegen den sternen stāt:</p> +<p>der meie bringe uns al sīn wunder,</p> +<p>waȥ ist dā sō wünneclīches under</p> +<p>als ir vil minneclīcher līp?</p> +<span class = "linenum">340</span> +<p>wir lāȥen alle bluomen stān,</p> +<p>und kapfen an daȥ werde wīp.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Nū wol dan, welt ir die wārheit schouwen,</p> +<p>gēn wir zuo des meien hōchgezīte!</p> +<p>der ist mit aller sīner krefte komen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">345</span> +<p>seht an in und seht an werde frouwen,</p> +<p>wedereȥ daȥ ander überstrīte,</p> +<p>daȥ beȥȥer spil ob ich daȥ habe genomen.</p> +<p>ōwē der mich dā welen hieȥe,</p> +<p>deich daȥ eine durch daȥ ander lieȥe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">350</span> +<p>wie rehte schiere ich danne küre!</p> +<p>hēr Meie, ir müeset merze sīn,</p> +<p>ē ich mīne frouwen dā verlüre.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum">128</span> + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<h5>14.</h5> + +<p>Swie wol der heide ir manicvaltiu varwe stāt,</p> +<p>sō wil ich doch dem walde jehen,</p> +<span class = "linenum">355</span> +<p>daȥ er vil mēre wünneclīcher dinge hāt.</p> +<p>noch ist dem velde baȥ geschehen.</p> +<p>sō wol dir, sumer, sus getāner emȥekeit!</p> +<p>sumer, daȥ ich iemer lobe dīne tage,</p> +<p>mīn trōst, sō trœste ouch mīne klage:</p> +<span class = "linenum">360</span> +<p>ich sage dir, waȥ mir wirret:</p> +<p>diu mir ist liep, der bin ich leit.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Ich mac der guoten niht vergeȥȥen noch ensol,</p> +<p>diu mir sō vil gedanke nimet.</p> +<p>die wīle ich singe, wil ich vinden iemer wol</p> +<span class = "linenum">365</span> +<p>ein niuwe lop, daȥ ir gezimet.</p> +<p>nū habe ir diȥ für guot (sō lobe ich danne mē):</p> +<p>eȥ tuot in den ougen wol, daȥ man sie siht,</p> +<p>und daȥ man ir vil tugende giht,</p> +<p>daȥ tuot wol in den ōren.</p> +<span class = "linenum">370</span> +<p>sō wol ir des! sō wē mir, wē!</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<h5>15.</h5> + +<p>In einen zwīvellīchen wān</p> +<p>was ich geseȥȥen und gedāhte,</p> +<p>ich wolte von ir dienste gān,</p> +<p>wan daȥ ein trōst mich wider brāhte.</p> +<span class = "linenum">375</span> +<p>trōst mag eȥ rehte niht geheiȥen, ouwē des!</p> +<p>eȥ ist vil kūme ein kleineȥ trœstelīn,</p> +<p>sō kleine, swenne ich’ȥ iu gesage, ir spottet mīn;</p> +<p>doch fröwet sich lützel ieman, er enwiȥȥe wes.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Mich hāt ein halm gemachet frō:</p> +<span class = "linenum">380</span> +<p>er giht, ich süle genāde vinden.</p> +<p>ich maȥ daȥ selbe kleine strō,</p> +<p>als ich hie vore sach von kinden.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">129</span> +<p>nū hœret unde merket, ob si’ȥ denne tuo:</p> +<p>‘si tuot, si entuot, si tuot, si entuot, si tuot.’</p> +<span class = "linenum">385</span> +<p>swie dicke ich’ȥ tete, sō was ie daȥ ende guot.</p> +<p>daȥ trœstet mich: dā hœret ouch geloube zuo.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "poem w20"> +<h5>16.</h5> + +<p>Nieman kan beherten</p> +<p>kindes zuht mit gerten:</p> +<p>den man z’ēren bringen mac,</p> +<span class = "linenum">390</span> +<p>dem ist ein wort als ein slac.</p> +<p>dem ist ein wort als ein slac,</p> +<p>den man z’ēren bringen mac:</p> +<p>kindes zuht mit gerten</p> +<p>nieman kan beherten.</p> + +<span class = "linenum">395</span> +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Hüetet iuwer zungen,</p> +<p>daȥ zimt wol den jungen;</p> +<p>stōȥ den rigel für die tür,</p> +<p>lā kein bœse wort dar für.</p> +<p>lā kein bœse wort dar für,</p> +<span class = "linenum">400</span> +<p>stōȥ den rigel für die tür:</p> +<p>daȥ zimt wol den jungen,</p> +<p>hüetet iuwer zungen.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Hüetet iuwer ougen</p> +<p>offenbāre und tougen:</p> +<span class = "linenum">405</span> +<p>lāt sie guote site spehen</p> +<p>und die bœsen übersehen;</p> +<p>und die bœsen übersehen</p> +<p>lāt sie, guote site spehen:</p> +<p>offenbāre und tougen</p> +<span class = "linenum">410</span> +<p>hüetet iuwer ougen.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Hüetet iuwer ōren,</p> +<p>oder ir sīt tōren:</p> +<span class = "pagenum">130</span> +<p>lāt ir bœsiu wort dar in,</p> +<p>daȥ gunēret iu den sin.</p> +<span class = "linenum">415</span> +<p>daȥ gunēret in den sin,</p> +<p>lāt ir bœsiu wort dar in,</p> +<p>oder ir sīt tōren:</p> +<p>hüetet iuwer ōren.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Hüetet wol der drīer</p> +<span class = "linenum">420</span> +<p>leider alze frīer:</p> +<p>zungen ougen ōren sint</p> +<p>dicke schalchaft, z’ēren blint.</p> +<p>dicke schalchaft, z’ēren blint</p> +<p>zungen ougen ōren sint:</p> +<span class = "linenum">425</span> +<p>leider alze frīer</p> +<p>hüetet wol der drīer.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<h5>17.</h5> + +<p>Junc man, in swelher aht dū bist,</p> +<p>ich wil dich lēren einen list:</p> +<p><a name = "textIV_429" id = "textIV_429" href = "#textnoteIV_429">dū +lā dir niht ze wē sīn nāch dem guote</a>:</p> +<span class = "linenum">430</span> +<p>lā dir’ȥ ouch niht z’unmære sīn.</p> +<p>und volges dū der lēre mīn,</p> +<p>sō wis gewis, eȥ frumt dir an dem muote.</p> +<p>die rede wil ich dir baȥ bescheiden.</p> +<p>lāst dū dir’ȥ ze sēre leiden,</p> +<span class = "linenum">435</span> +<p><ins class = "correction" title = "or ‘zergān’?">zergāt</ins> eȥ so +ist dīn freude tōt:</p> +<p>wilt aber dū daȥ guot ze sēre minnen,</p> +<p>dū maht verliesen sēle und ēre.</p> +<p>dā von sō volge mīner lēre:</p> +<p>leg’ ūf die wāge ein rehteȥ lōt</p> +<span class = "linenum">440</span> +<p>und wig ouch dar mit allen dīnen sinnen,</p> +<p>als eȥ diu māȥe eht ie gebōt.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<span class = "pagenum">131</span> +<h5>18.</h5> + +<p>Die väter hānt ir kint erzogen,</p> +<p>dar an sie beide sint betrogen:</p> +<p>sie brechent dicke Salomōnes lēre:</p> +<span class = "linenum">445</span> +<p>der sprichet, swer den besmen spar,</p> +<p>daȥ der den sun versūme gar:</p> +<p>des sint die ungebatten gar ān’ ēre.</p> +<p>hie vor dō was diu werlt sō schœne,</p> +<p>nū ịst sie worden alsō hœne.</p> +<span class = "linenum">450</span> +<p>des enwas niht wīlent ē:</p> +<p>die jungen hānt die alten sō verdrungen.</p> +<p>nū spottet alse dar der alten!</p> +<p>eȥ wirt iu selben noch behalten.</p> +<p>beitet unz iuwer jugent zergē:</p> +<span class = "linenum">455</span> +<p>swaȥ ir nū tuot, daȥ rechent iuwer jungen,</p> +<p>daȥ weiȥ ich wol und weiȥ noch mē.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<h5>19.</h5> + +<p>Wer zieret nū der ēren sal?</p> +<p>der jungen ritter zuht ist smal,</p> +<p>sō pflegent die knehte gar unhövescher dinge</p> +<span class = "linenum">460</span> +<p>mit worten und mit werken ouch.</p> +<p>swer zühte hāt, der ist ir gouch.</p> +<p>nemt war, wie gar unfuoge für sich dringe!</p> +<p>hie vor dō berte man die jungen,</p> +<p>die dā pflāgen frecher zungen;</p> +<span class = "linenum">465</span> +<p>nū ist eȥ ir werdekeit:</p> +<p>sie schallent unde scheltent reine frouwen.</p> +<p>wē ir hiuten unde ir hāren,</p> +<p>die niht kunnen frō gebāren</p> +<p>sunder wībe herzeleit!</p> +<span class = "linenum">470</span> +<p>dā mac man sünde bī der schande schouwen,</p> +<p>die maneger ūf sich selben leit.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<span class = "pagenum">132</span> +<h5>20.</h5> + +<p>Swer āne vorhte, hērre got,</p> +<p>wil sprechen dīniu zehen gebot</p> +<p>und brichet diu, daȥ ist niht rehtiu minne.</p> +<span class = "linenum">475</span> +<p><a name = "textIV_475" id = "textIV_475" href = +"#textnoteIV_475">dich heiȥet vater maneger vil</a>:</p> +<p>swer mīn ze bruoder niht enwil,</p> +<p>der sprichet starkiu wort ūȥ krankem sinne.</p> +<p>wir wahsen ūȥ gelīchem dinge:</p> +<p>spīse frumet uns, diu wirt ringe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">480</span> +<p>sō si durch den munt gevert.</p> +<p>wer kan den hērren von dem knehte scheiden</p> +<p>swa ẹr ir gebeine blōȥeȥ fünde,</p> +<p>und hæte er ir joch lebender künde,</p> +<p>sō gewürme daȥ fleisch verzert?</p> +<span class = "linenum">485</span> +<p>im dienent kristen, juden unde heiden,</p> +<p>der elliu lebendiu wunder nert.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w30"> +<h5><a name = "textIV_487" id = "textIV_487">21.</a></h5> + +<p>Ōwē daȥ wīsheit unde tugent,</p> +<p>des mannes schœne noch sīn jugent</p> +<p>niht erben sol, sō ie der līp erstirbet!</p> +<span class = "linenum">490</span> +<p>daȥ mac wol klagen ein wīser man,</p> +<p>der sich des schaden versinnen kan.</p> +<p>Reinmār, waȥ guoter kunst an dir verdirbet!</p> +<p>dū solt von schulden iemer des genieȥen,</p> +<p>daȥ dich des tages wolte nie verdrieȥen,</p> +<span class = "linenum">495</span> +<p>du’n spræches ie den frouwen wol und guoten wībes siten.</p> +<p>des suln sie iemer danken dīner zungen.</p> +<p>und hætest niht wan eine rede gesungen:</p> +<p>‘<a name = "textIV_498" id = "textIV_498" href = "#textnoteIV_498">sō +wol dir, wīp, wie reine ein nam!</a>’, dū hætest an gestriten</p> +<p>ir lobe, daȥ elliu wīp dir iemer gnāden solten biten.</p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">133</span> +<div class = "poem w30"> +<h5>22.</h5> + +<span class = "linenum">500</span> +<p>Dēswār, Reinmār, dū riuwes mich</p> +<p>michels harter denne ich dich,</p> +<p>obe dū lebtes unde ich wære erstorben</p> +<p>ich wil’ȥ bī mīnen triuwen sagen:</p> +<p>dich selben wil ich lützel klagen,</p> +<span class = "linenum">505</span> +<p>ich klage dīn edelen kunst, daȥ s’ist verdorben.</p> +<p>dū kundest al der werlte freude mēren,</p> +<p>sō du’ȥ ze guoten dingen woltest kēren.</p> +<p>mich riuwet dīn wol redender munt und dīn vil süeȥer sanc,</p> +<p>daȥ der verdorben ist bī mīnen zīten.</p> +<span class = "linenum">510</span> +<p>daȥ dū niht eine wīle mohtest bīten!</p> +<p>sō leiste ich dir geselleschaft: mīn singen ist niht lanc.</p> +<p>dīn sēle müeȥe wol gevarn und habe dīn zunge danc.</p> +</div> + + + +<h4><a name = "textV" id = "textV">V</a><br> +REINMAR.</h4> + + +<p class = "note"> +Reinmar, often called Reinmar der Alte, was by birth an Alsatian. He +spent many years of his active life as Court poet at Vienna, where he +was extremely popular. Next to his rival Walther von der Vogelweide he +was the most prolific and important lyrical poet of his period, cp. +<a href = "#textIV_487">ll. 487-512</a>, pp. 132-3. He died some time during +the first decade of the thirteenth century. See Burdach, Reinmar der +Alte und Walther von der Vogelweide, Leipzig, 1880, and Bartsch, +Deutsche Liederdichter des zwölften his vierzehnten Jahrhunderts, +Stuttgart, 1879.</p> + + +<div class = "poem w20"> + +<h5>1</h5> + +<p>‘Sī koment underwīlen her</p> +<p>die baȥ dā heime möhten sīn.</p> +<p>Ein ritter des ich lange ger,</p> +<p>bedæhte er baȥ den willen mīn,</p> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +<p>sō wære er z’allen zīten hie,</p> +<p>als ich in gerne sæhe.</p> +<p>owē des, waȥ suochent die</p> +<p>die nīdent daȥ ob iemen guot geschæhe?’</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">134</span> +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Mir ist geschehen daȥ ich niht bin</p> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +<p>langer vrō wan unz ich lebe.</p> +<p>sī wundert wer mir schœnen sin</p> +<p>und daȥ hōhgemüete gebe</p> +<p>daȥ ich zer werlte niht getar</p> +<p>ze rehte alsō gebāren,</p> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +<p>nie genam ich vrowen war,</p> +<p>ich wære in holt die mir ze māȥe wāren.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<h5>2</h5> + +<p>Ein rede der liute tuot mir wē:</p> +<p>da enkan ich niht gedulteclīchen zuo gebāren.</p> +<p>nu tuont si’ȥ alle deste mē:</p> +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +<p>sī frāgent mich ze vil von mīner frouwen jāren</p> +<p>und sprechent welher tage sī sī,</p> +<p>dur daȥ ich ir sō lange bin gewesen mit triuwen bī;</p> +<p>sī jehent daȥ es möhte mich verdrieȥen.</p> +<p>nu lā daȥ aller beste wīp</p> +<span class = "linenum">25</span> +<p>ir zühtelōser vrāge mich genieȥen.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<h5>3</h5> + +<p>Sī jehent, der sumer der sī hie,</p> +<p>diu wunne diu sī komen</p> +<p>und daȥ ich mich wol gehabe als ē.</p> +<p>nu rātet unde sprechet wie:</p> +<span class = "linenum">30</span> +<p>der tōt hāt mir benomen</p> +<p>daȥ ich niemer überwinde mē.</p> +<p>waȥ bedarf ich wunneclīcher zīt,</p> +<p>sīt aller vröuden hērre <a name = "textV_33" id = "textV_33" href = +"#textnoteV_33">Liutpolt</a> in der erde līt,</p> +<p>den ich nie tac getrūren sach?</p> +<span class = "linenum">35</span> +<p>eȥ hāt diu werlt an ime verlorn</p> +<p>daȥ ir an manne nie</p> +<p>sō jæmerlīcher schade geschach.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">135</span> +<p class = "stanza indent"> +‘Mir armen wībe was ze wol,</p> +<p>dō ich gedāhte an in</p> +<span class = "linenum">40</span> +<p>wie mīn heil an sīnem lībe lac.</p> +<p>daȥ ich des nū niht haben sol,</p> +<p>des gāt mit sorgen hin</p> +<p>swaȥ ich iemer mē geleben mac.</p> +<p>mīner wunnen spiegel derst verlorn</p> +<span class = "linenum">45</span> +<p>den ich mir hete ze sumerlīcher ougen weide erkorn,</p> +<p>des muoȥ ich leider ænic sīn.</p> +<p>dō man mir seite er wære tōt,</p> +<p>zehant wiel mir daȥ bluot</p> +<p>von herzen ūf die sēle mīn.</p> + +<span class = "linenum">50</span> +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Die fröide mir verboten hāt</p> +<p>mīns lieben hērren tōt</p> +<p>alsō deich ir mēr enberen sol.</p> +<p>sīt des nu niht mac werden rāt,</p> +<p>in ringe mit der nōt,</p> +<span class = "linenum">55</span> +<p>daȥ mīn klagedeȥ herze ist jāmers vol,</p> +<p>diu in iemer weinet, daȥ bin ich,</p> +<p>wan er vil sælic man, jā trōste er wol ze lebenne mich.</p> +<p>der ist nu hin: waȥ töhte ich hie?</p> +<p>wis ime genædic, hērre got,</p> +<span class = "linenum">60</span> +<p>wan tugenthafter gast</p> +<p>kam in dīn ingesinde nie.’</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w20"> +<h5>4</h5> + +<p>Ich welte ūf guoter liute sage</p> +<p>und ouch durch mīnes herzen rāt</p> +<p>ein wīp von der ich dicke trage</p> +<span class = "linenum">65</span> +<p>vil manige nōt diu nāhe gāt.</p> +<p>die swære ich z’allen zīten klage,</p> +<p>wand eȥ mir kumberlīche stāt.</p> +<p>ich tet ir schīn den dienst mīn:</p> +<p>wie möhte ein grœȥer wunder sīn,</p> +<span class = "linenum">70</span> +<p>daȥ sī mich des engelten lāt?</p> +<span class = "pagenum">136</span> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Ze rehter māȥe sol ein man</p> +<p>beidiu daȥ herze und al den sin</p> +<p>ze stæte wenden, ob er kan:</p> +<p>daȥ wirt im līhte ein guot gewin.</p> +<span class = "linenum">75</span> +<p>swem dā von ie kein leit <a name = "textV_75" id = "textV_75" href = +"#textnoteV_75">bekan</a>,</p> +<p>der weiȥ wol wie’ch gebunden bin.</p> +<p>ich gloube im wol, als er mir sol.</p> +<p>von schulden ich den kumber dol:</p> +<p>ich brāhte selbe mich dar in.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<h5>5</h5> + +<span class = "linenum">80</span> +<p>‘Er hāt ze lange mich gemiten</p> +<p>den ich mit triuwen nie gemeit.</p> +<p>von sīner schulde ich hān erliten</p> +<p>daȥ ich nie grœȥer nōt erleit.</p> +<p>sō lebt mīn līp nāch sīnem lībe.</p> +<span class = "linenum">85</span> +<p>ich bin ein wīp, daȥ im von wībe</p> +<p>nie liebes mē geschach, swie mir von im geschæhe.</p> +<p>mīn ouge in gerner nie gesach dann ich in hiute sæhe.’</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Mir ist vil liebe nu geschehen,</p> +<p>daȥ mir sō liebe nie geschach.</p> +<span class = "linenum">90</span> +<p>sō gerne hān ich sī gesehen</p> +<p>daȥ ich sī gerner nie gesach.</p> +<p>ich scheide ir muot von schwachem muote:</p> +<p>sī ist sō guot, ich wil mit guote</p> +<p>ir lōnen, ob ich kan, als ich doch gerne kunde.</p> +<span class = "linenum">95</span> +<p>vil mēre fröiden ich ir gan dann ich mir selben gunde.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w20"> +<h5>6</h5> + +<p>Wol mich lieber mære,</p> +<p>diu ich hān vernomen,</p> +<p>daȥ der winter swære</p> +<p>welle ze ende komen.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">137</span> +<span class = "linenum">100</span> +<p>kūme ich des erbeiten mac,</p> +<p>want ich fröide niht enpflac</p> +<p>sīt der kalte rīfe lac.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Mich enhaȥȥet niemen,</p> +<p>ob ich bin gemeit.</p> +<span class = "linenum">105</span> +<p>Weiȥ got, tuot eȥ iemen,</p> +<p>deist unsælekeit,</p> +<p>wande ich schaden niht enkan.</p> +<p>swes ot sī mir wole gan,</p> +<p>waȥ wil des ein ander man?</p> + +<span class = "linenum">110</span> +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Solte ich mīne liebe</p> +<p>bergen unde heln,</p> +<p>sō müest ich ze diebe</p> +<p>werden unde steln.</p> +<p>sinneclīch ich daȥ bewar.</p> +<span class = "linenum">115</span> +<p>mīn gewerbe ist anderswar,</p> +<p>ich gē dannen oder dar.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Sō sī mit dem balle</p> +<p>trībet kindes spot,</p> +<p>daȥ’s iht sēre valle,</p> +<span class = "linenum">120</span> +<p>daȥ verbiete got.</p> +<p>megde, lāt iur dringen sīn:</p> +<p>stōȥet ir mīn frouwelīn,</p> +<p>so’st der schade halber mīn.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w20"> +<h5>7</h5> + +<p>Ich sach vil wunneclīche stān</p> +<span class = "linenum">125</span> +<p>die heide mit den bluomen rōt,</p> +<p>der vīol der ist wol getān:</p> +<p>des hāt diu nahtegal ir nōt</p> +<p>wol überwunden diu sī twanc.</p> +<p>zergangen ist der winter lanc.</p> +<span class = "linenum">130</span> +<p>ich hōrte ir sanc.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">138</span> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Dō ich daȥ grüene loup ersach,</p> +<p>dō lieȥ ich vil der swære mīn.</p> +<p>von einem wībe mir geschach</p> +<p>daȥ ich muoȥ iemer mēre sīn</p> +<span class = "linenum">135</span> +<p>vil wunneclīchen wol gemuot.</p> +<p>eȥ sol mich alleȥ dunken guot</p> +<p>swaȥ sī mir tuot.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Sī schiet von sorgen mīnen līp,</p> +<p>daȥ ich dekeine swære hān.</p> +<span class = "linenum">140</span> +<p>wan āne sī vier tūsent wīp</p> +<p>dien heten’s alle niht getān.</p> +<p>ir güete wendet mīniu leit.</p> +<p>ich hān sī mir ze friunt bereit,</p> +<p>swaȥ iemen seit.</p> + +<span class = "linenum">145</span> +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Mir’n mac niht leides widerstān:</p> +<p>des wil ich gar ān angest sīn.</p> +<p>ergienge eȥ als ich willen hān,</p> +<p>sō læge’s an dem arme mīn.</p> +<p>daȥ mir der schœnen wurde ein teil,</p> +<span class = "linenum">150</span> +<p>daȥ diuhte mich ein michel heil,</p> +<p>und wære ouch geil.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Deich ir sō holdeȥ herze trage,</p> +<p>daȥ ist in sumelīchen leit.</p> +<p>dar umbe ich niemer sō verzage:</p> +<span class = "linenum">155</span> +<p>sī vliesent alle ir arebeit.</p> +<p>waȥ hilfet sī ir arger list?</p> +<p>si’n wiȥȥen wie’ȥ ergangen ist</p> +<p>in kurzer frist.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<h5>8</h5> + +<p>Mīn ougen wurden liebes alsō vol,</p> +<span class = "linenum">160</span> +<p>dō ich die minneclīchen ērst gesach,</p> +<p>daȥ eȥ mir hiute und iemer mē tuot wol.</p> +<p>ein minneclīcheȥ wunder dō geschach:</p> +<span class = "pagenum">139</span> +<p>sī gie mir alse sanfte dur mīn ougen</p> +<p>daȥ sī sich in der enge niene stieȥ.</p> +<span class = "linenum">165</span> +<p>in mīnem herzen sī sich nider lieȥ:</p> +<p>dā trage ich noch die werden inne tougen.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Lā stān, lā stān! waȥ tuost du, sælic wīp,</p> +<p>daȥ du mich heimesuochest an der stat,</p> +<p>dar sō gewalteclīche wībes līp</p> +<span class = "linenum">170</span> +<p>mit starker heimesuoche nie getrat?</p> +<p>genāde, frowe! ich mac dir niht gestrīten.</p> +<p>mīn herze ist dir baȥ veile danne mir:</p> +<p>eȥ solde sīn bī mir, nu’st eȥ bī dir:</p> +<p>des muoȥ ich ūf genāde lōnes bīten.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w20"> +<h5>9</h5> + +<span class = "linenum">175</span> +<p>Ze fröiden nāhet alle tage</p> +<p>der werlte ein wunneclīchiu zīt,</p> +<p>ze senfte maniges herzen klage</p> +<p>die nu der swære winter gīt.</p> +<p>von sorge ich dicke sō verzage,</p> +<span class = "linenum">180</span> +<p>swenn alsō jæmerlīche līt</p> +<p>diu heide breit. daȥ ist mir leit.</p> +<p>diu nahtegal uns schiere seit</p> +<p>daȥ sich gescheiden hāt der strīt.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w30"> +<h5><a name = "textV_184" id = "textV_184">10</a></h5> + +<p>Sō wol dir, wīp, wie reine ein nam!</p> +<span class = "linenum">185</span> +<p>wie sanfte er doch z’erkennen und ze nennen ist!</p> +<p>eȥ wart nie niht sō lobesam,</p> +<p>swā du’ȥ an rehte güete kērest, sō dū bist.</p> +<p>dīn lop mit rede nieman wol volenden kan.</p> +<p>swes dū mit triuwen pfligest wol, der ist ein sælic man</p> +<span class = "linenum">190</span> +<p>und mac vil gerne leben.</p> +<p>dū gīst al der werlte hohen muot:</p> +<p>maht dū ouch mir ein wēnic freude geben?</p> + +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">140</span> +<h4><a name = "textVI" id = "textVI">VI</a><br> +ULRICH VON LICHTENSTEIN.</h4> + + +<p class = "note"> +Ulrich von Lichtenstein came of a better-class Styrian family, and was +born about the year 1200 and died in 1275 or 1276. He was one of the +best representatives of the later Court lyrical poets. For editions of +his works, see Lachmann, Ausgabe der Dichtungen Ulrichs von +Lichtenstein, Berlin, 1841; Bechstein, Ulrichs von Lichtenstein +Frauendienst, Leipzig, 1887. The following extracts are taken from +Bartsch, Deutsche Liederdichter des zwölften bis vierzehnten +Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart, 1889.</p> + + +<div class = "poem w20"> +<h5>1<br> +Ein tanzwīse, und ist diu vierde wīse.</h5> + +<p>In dem walde süeȥe dœne</p> +<p>singent kleiniu vogellīn.</p> +<p>an der heide bluomen schœne</p> +<p>blüejent gegen des meien schīn.</p> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +<p>alsō blüet mīn hōher muot</p> +<p>mit gedanken gegen ir güete,</p> +<p>diu mir rīchet mīn gemüete</p> +<p>sam der troum den armen tuot.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Eȥ ist ein vil hōch gedinge</p> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +<p>den ich gegen ir tugenden trage,</p> +<p>daȥ mir noch an ir gelinge,</p> +<p>daȥ ich sælde an ir bejage.</p> +<p>des gedingen bin ich vrō.</p> +<p>god geb’ daȥ ich’ȥ wol verende,</p> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +<p>daȥ sie mir den wān iht wende</p> +<p>der mich freut sō rehte hō.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Sie vil süeȥe, valsches āne,</p> +<p>vrī vor allem wandel gar,</p> +<p>lāȥe mich in liebem wāne</p> +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +<p>die wīl eȥ niht baȥ envar;</p> +<p>daȥ diu vreude lange wer,</p> +<p>daȥ ich weinens iht erwache,</p> +<p>daȥ ich gegen dem trōste lache</p> +<p>des ich von ir hulden ger.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">141</span> + +<span class = "linenum">25</span> +<p class = "indent"> +Wünschen unde wol gedenken</p> +<p>dēst diu meiste vreude mīn.</p> +<p>des sol mir ir trōst niht wenken,</p> +<p>sie enlāȥe mich ir sīn</p> +<p>mit den beiden nāhen bī,</p> +<span class = "linenum">30</span> +<p>sō daȥ sie mit willen gunne</p> +<p>mir von ir sō werder wunne</p> +<p>daȥ sie sælic immer sī.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Sælic meie, du aleine</p> +<p>trœstest al die welde gar.</p> +<span class = "linenum">35</span> +<p>du und al diu werlt gemeine</p> +<p>vreut mich min dann umb ein hār.</p> +<p>wie möht’ ir mir vreude geben</p> +<p>āne die vil lieben guoten?</p> +<p>von der sol ich trōstes muoten;</p> +<span class = "linenum">40</span> +<p>wan ir trōstes muoȥ ich leben.</p> +</div> + + +<div class = "poem w20"> +<h5>2<br> +Ein sincwīse, und ist diu sibende wīse.</h5> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Wē war umbe sul wir sorgen?</p> +<p>vreude ist guot.</p> +<p>von den wīben sol man borgen</p> +<p>hōhen muot.</p> +<span class = "linenum">45</span> +<p>wol im der in kan gewinnen</p> +<p>von in! der’st ein sælic man.</p> +<p>freude sol man durch sie minnen,</p> +<p>wan dā līt vil ēren an.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Wir suln tanzen singen lachen</p> +<span class = "linenum">50</span> +<p>durch diu wīp.</p> +<p>dā mit mac ein man gemachen</p> +<p>daȥ sīn līp</p> +<span class = "pagenum">142</span> +<p>wirdet wert, ob er mit triuwen</p> +<p>dienet guoter wībe gruoȥ.</p> +<span class = "linenum">55</span> +<p>swen sīn dienest wil geriuwen,</p> +<p>dem wirt selten kumbers buoȥ.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Mit dem waȥȥer man daȥ, fiuwer</p> +<p>laschet gar:</p> +<p>vinster ist der sunnen tiuwer.</p> +<span class = "linenum">60</span> +<p>beidiu wār</p> +<p>sint diu mære: ir hœret mēre.</p> +<p>habet für wār ūf minen līp:</p> +<p>rehten man von herzen sēre</p> +<p>scheidet nieman wan diu wīp.</p> + +<span class = "linenum">65</span> +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Owē owē, frowe Minne,</p> +<p>mir ist wē.</p> +<p>nu grīf her wie sēre ich brinne.</p> +<p>kalder snē</p> +<p>müeste von der hitze brinnen</p> +<span class = "linenum">70</span> +<p>diu mir an dem herzen līt.</p> +<p>kanstu, Minne, triuwe minnen,</p> +<p>sō hilfestu mir enzīt.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "poem w30"> +<h5>3<br> +Daȥ ist ein ūȥreise.</h5> + +<p>Wil iemen nāch ēren die zīt wol vertrīben,</p> +<p>ze sælden sich kēren, bī freuden belīben,</p> +<span class = "linenum">75</span> +<p>der diene ze flīȥe mit triuwen vil schōne</p> +<p>nāch der minne lōne: der ist süeȥe, reine,</p> +<p>vil guot und aleine den guoten gemeine.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Swer volget dem schilde, der sol eȥ enblanden</p> +<p>dem lībe, dem guote, dem herzen, den handen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">80</span> +<p>des lōnet vil hōhe mit guotem gewinne</p> +<p>diu vil werde Minne: diu gīt freud’ und ēre.</p> +<p>wol ir süeȥen lēre! sie kan trœsten sēre.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">143</span> + +<p class = "indent"> +Der schilt wil mit zühten vil baltlīcheȥ ellen:</p> +<p>er haȥȥet, er schiuhet Schand’ und ir gesellen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">85</span> +<p>got des niht enwelle daȥ man bī im vinde</p> +<p>sō swachlīch gesinde, er wil daȥ die sīnen</p> +<p>ūf ēre sich pīnen, in tugenden erschīnen.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Erg’ unde unfuoge und unfuore diu wilde</p> +<p>gezimt niht dem helme und touc niht dem schilde,</p> +<span class = "linenum">90</span> +<p>der schilt ist ein dach daȥ niht schande kan decken.</p> +<p>sīn blic tæt’ enblecken an ēren die weichen,</p> +<p>von vorhten erbleichen: diu varwe ist ir zeichen.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Hōchgemuote frouwen, ir sült wol gedenken:</p> +<p>getriuwen gesellen vil stæte āne wenken</p> +<span class = "linenum">95</span> +<p>den minnet, den meinet, mit herzen, mit muote,</p> +<p>daȥ in iwer huote behalte, behüete</p> +<p>mit liebe, mit güete, vrī vor ungemüete.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Sie ist āne schulde mir haȥlīch erbolgen</p> +<p>der ich ze dienste dem schilde wil volgen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">100</span> +<p>nu hān ich für zürnen noch für herzen sēre</p> +<p>niht ander schilt mēre wan den trōst aleine,</p> +<p>daȥ ich sie baȥ meine dann ie wīp deheine.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Gein ir langen kriege setz’ ich mīn gedulde:</p> +<p>sō stē gein ir haȥȥe ze wer mīn unschulde.</p> +<span class = "linenum">105</span> +<p>mīn wer gein den valschen daȥ sol sīn mīn triuwe</p> +<p>vil süeȥe āne riuwe: mīn kampflīch gewæte</p> +<p>für ir nīdetæte daȥ sol sīn mīn stæte.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "poem w30"> +<h5>4<br> +Ditz ist der leich.</h5> + +<p>Got füege mir’ȥ ze guote:</p> +<p>ich bin noch in dem muote</p> +<span class = "linenum">110</span> +<p>daȥ ich wil guoten wīben</p> +<p>mit dienest āne valschen muot immer bī belīben.</p> +<p>dā von rāt’ ich einen rāt</p> +<p>der allen wol gemuoten mannen tugentlīchen stāt.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">144</span> + +<p class = "indent"> +Ich rāt’ iu, ēre gerende man,</p> +<span class = "linenum">115</span> +<p>mit triuwen, als ich beste kan:</p> +<p>ob ir welt werende freude hān,</p> +<p>sō sīt den wīben undertān</p> +<p>mit triwen āne valschen muot.</p> +<p>ir güete ist alsō rehte guot,</p> +<span class = "linenum">120</span> +<p>swer in mit triwen dienest tuot,</p> +<p>den kunnen sie wol machen frō.</p> +<p>der werlde heil gar an in līt:</p> +<p>ir güete ist freuden hōchgezīt,</p> +<p>ir schœne sō vil freuden gīt,</p> +<span class = "linenum">125</span> +<p>dā von diu herze stīgent hō.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Werdekeit</p> +<p>sunder leit</p> +<p>kunnen sie wol friunden geben.</p> +<p>swem sō sī</p> +<span class = "linenum">130</span> +<p>witze bī,</p> +<p>der sol nāch ir hulden streben</p> +<p>unde zinsen in sīn leben:</p> +<p>daȥ rāte ich ūf die triwe mīn.</p> +<p>swer ēren sælic welle sīn</p> +<span class = "linenum">135</span> +<p>und rīche an hōhem muote,</p> +<p>der sol mit triwen guotiu wīp</p> +<p>reht minnen als sīn selbes līp.</p> +<p>vil guot vor allem guote</p> +<p>ist der wībe güete, unde ir schœne schœne ob aller schœne.</p> +<span class = "linenum"><i>140</i></span> +<p>ir schœne ir güete ir werdikeit ich immer gerne krœne.</p> +<p>an ir schœne und an ir güete stāt mīn heil und ouch mīn wunne.</p> +<p>wær’ guoter wībe schœne niht, wie selten ich gewunne</p> +<p>deheinen ēren gernden muot.</p> +<p>wol mich daȥ sie sint alsō guot,</p> +<span class = "linenum">145</span> +<p>daȥ man hāt von ir güete</p> +<p>sō hōhen trōst für senediu leit.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">145</span> +<p>ir schœne, ir güete, ir werdikeit</p> +<p>gīt mir vil hōch gemüete.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Mīn muot von wīben hōhe stāt.</p> +<span class = "linenum">150</span> +<p>waȥ danne ob mir ir einiu hāt</p> +<p>erzeiget hōhe missetāt?</p> +<p>dēswār des mac wol werden rāt.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Waȥ sie gegen mir hāt getān,</p> +<p>daȥ wil ich gerne wiȥȥen lān</p> +<span class = "linenum">155</span> +<p>mit zühten, als ich beste kan,</p> +<p>ūf genāde guotiu wīp.</p> +<p>ich hān ir driu und zehen jār</p> +<p>gedienet sunder wenken gar,</p> +<p>bī mīnen triwen, daȥ ist wār,</p> +<span class = "linenum">160</span> +<p>daȥ in der zīt mīn seneder līp</p> +<p>nie gewan</p> +<p>sölhen wān,</p> +<p>des mīn stæte wurde kranc.</p> +<p>al mīn gir</p> +<span class = "linenum">165</span> +<p>was gein ir</p> +<p>sleht mit triwen āne wanc.</p> +<p>nu vert entwer ir habedanc</p> +<p>reht als ein rat daȥ umbe gāt</p> +<p>und als ein marder den man hāt</p> +<span class = "linenum">170</span> +<p>in eine lin gebunden.</p> +<p>kund’ ich als sie unstæte sīn,</p> +<p>sō hæt’ ich nāch dem willen mīn</p> +<p>ān sie ein frowen funden.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Ē daz ich mīn ritterlīche stæte bræch’ an guoten wīben</p> +<span class = "linenum">175</span> +<p>ich wold’ ē immer valscher wībe hulde vrī belīben.</p> +<p>ich muoȥ in der stæten wībe dienest sunder lōn verderben</p> +<p>oder ich muoȥ ir stæten herzen liebe alsus erwerben</p> +<p>daȥ ich gewenke nimmer wanc</p> +<p>von in. ir hōhen habedanc,</p> +<span class = "pagenum">146</span> +<span class = "linenum">180</span> +<p>und mag ich den erringen,</p> +<p>sō hān ich alleȥ daȥ ich wil,</p> +<p>süeȥ’ ougen wunne, herzen spil,</p> +<p>vil wunne an allen dingen.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Nu waȥ bedarf mīn seneder līp</p> +<span class = "linenum">185</span> +<p>genāden mēr, ob ich ein wīp</p> +<p>ze frowen vinde alsō gemuot,</p> +<p>diu sich vor wandel hāt behuot</p> +<p>und niht wan daȥ beste tuot?</p> +<p>der sol mīn dienest sīn bereit</p> +<span class = "linenum">190</span> +<p>immer mē,</p> +<p>swie’ȥ ergē,</p> +<p>sunder valsch mit stætikeit.</p> +<p>dā von gewinne ich werdikeit</p> +<p>und alsō freuderīchen sin,</p> +<span class = "linenum">195</span> +<p>des ich getiuret immer bin</p> +<p>an aller hande dingen.</p> + +<p class = "indent"> +Vind’ ich sie, ich sol sō ritterlīchen nāch ir hulden ringen.</p> +<p>daȥ mir von ir stætikeit muoȥ hō an ir gelingen.</p> +<p>sie muoȥ abr ūf die triwe mīn</p> +<span class = "linenum">200</span> +<p>gar vrī vor allem wandel sīn,</p> +<p>diech mēr mich lāȥe twingen</p> +<p>und ouch in kumber bringen.</p> +<p>jā gehœret man mich nimmer mē</p> +<p>deheines valschen wībes lop gesprechen noch gesingen.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<h5>5</h5> + +<span class = "linenum">205</span> +<p>In dem lufte süeȥem meien,</p> +<p>sō der walt gekleidet stāt,</p> +<p>sō siht man sich schōne zweien</p> +<p>alleȥ daȥ iht liebes hāt,</p> +<p>unde ist mit ein ander vrō.</p> +<span class = "linenum">210</span> +<p>daȥ ist reht: diu zīt wil sō.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">147</span> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Swā sich liep ze liebe zweiet,</p> +<p>hōhen muot diu liebe gīt.</p> +<p>in der beider herzen meiet</p> +<p>eȥ mit vreuden alle zīt.</p> +<span class = "linenum">215</span> +<p>trūrens wil diu liebe niht,</p> +<p>swā man liep bī liebe siht.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Swā zwei liep ein ander meinent</p> +<p>herzenlīchen āne wanc</p> +<p>und sich beidiu sō vereinent</p> +<span class = "linenum">220</span> +<p>daȥ ir liebe ist āne kranc,</p> +<p>die hāt got zesamne geben</p> +<p>ūf ein wunneclīcheȥ leben.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Stætiu liebe heiȥet minne.</p> +<p>liebe, minne, ist al ein:</p> +<span class = "linenum">225</span> +<p>die kan ich in mīnem sinne</p> +<p>niht gemachen wol zuo zwein.</p> +<p>liebe muoȥ mir minne sīn</p> +<p>immer in dem herzen mīn.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Swā ein stæteȥ herze vindet</p> +<span class = "linenum">230</span> +<p>stæte liebe, stæten muot,</p> +<p>dā von al sīn trūren swindet.</p> +<p>stætiu liebe ist alsō guot</p> +<p>daȥ sie stæte freude gīt</p> +<p>stætem herzen alle zīt.</p> + +<span class = "linenum">235</span> +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Möhte ich stæte liebe vinden,</p> +<p>der wold’ ich sō stæte sīn</p> +<p>daȥ ich dā mit überwinden</p> +<p>wolde gar die sorge mīn.</p> +<p>stæter liebe wil ich gern</p> +<span class = "linenum">240</span> +<p>unde unstæte gar verbern.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<span class = "pagenum">148</span> +<h5>6</h5> + +<p>Disiu liet diu heiȥent vrowen tanz:</p> +<p>diu sol niemen singen, er’n sī vrō.</p> +<p>swer mit zühten treit der freuden kranz,</p> +<p>und dem sīn muot stāt von wīben hō,</p> +<span class = "linenum">245</span> +<p>dem erloube ich sie ze singen wol:</p> +<p>blīdeclīchen man sie tanzen sol.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Trūren ist ze wāre niemen guot</p> +<p>wan dem einen der sīn sünde klaget,</p> +<p>hōhen lop erwirbet hōher muot.</p> +<span class = "linenum">250</span> +<p>guoten wīben hōchmuot wol behaget:</p> +<p>dā von wil ich immer mēre sīn</p> +<p>hōchgemuot durch dich, guot vrowe mīn.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Vreude gibt mir dīn wol redender munt,</p> +<p>hōhen muot dīn reine senfte sit’:</p> +<span class = "linenum">255</span> +<p>vreuden tou mir ūȥ des herzen grunt</p> +<p>kumt von dir in elliu mīniu lit.</p> +<p>got hāt sīnen vlīȥ an dich geleit,</p> +<p>dā von dī lop ēren krōne treit.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Liehtiu ougen, dā bī brūne brā,</p> +<span class = "linenum">260</span> +<p>hāstu und zwei rōtiu wängelīn.</p> +<p>schœne bistu hie und schœne dā.</p> +<p>brūn rōt wīȥ, der drīer varwe schīn</p> +<p>treit dīn hōchgeborner schœner līp.</p> +<p>tugende hāstu vil, guot wīplīch wīp.</p> + +<span class = "linenum">265</span> +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Daȥ du alsō manege tugende hāst,</p> +<p>dā von bin ich alles trūrens vrī.</p> +<p>sō du alsō schœniu vor mir gāst,</p> +<p>sō ist mir als ich in dem himel sī.</p> +<p>got sō schœnen engel nie gewan</p> +<span class = "linenum">270</span> +<p>den ich für dich wolde sehen an.</p> +</div> + + + +<span class = "pagenum">149</span> +<h4><a name = "textVII" id = "textVII">VII</a><br> +DAS NIBELUNGEN-LIED.</h4> + +<p class = "para float">B. Text.</p> +<!-- vielleicht nur ein Kommentar für Fettschrift --> +<h5>ĀVENTIURE XVII.</h5> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">Wie Kriemhilt ir man klagte und wie er begraben +wart.</h5> + +<p class = "note"> +The following extract is from Bartsch’s edition, Leipzig, 1879.</p> + +<div class = "poem"> +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō erbiten si der nahte und fuoren über Rīn.</p> +<p>von heleden kunde nimmer wirs gejaget sīn.</p> +<p>ein tier daȥ si dā sluogen, daȥ weinden edeliu +kint.</p> +<span class = "linenum">4</span> +<p>jā muosen sīn engelten vil guote wīgande sint.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Von grōȥer übermüete muget ir hœren sagen,</p> +<p>und von eislīcher rāche. dō hieȥ Hagene tragen</p> +<p>Sīfriden alsō tōten von Nibelunge lant</p> +<span class = "linenum">8</span> +<p>für eine kemenāten dā man Kriemhilde vant.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Er hieȥ in tougenlīchen legen an die türe,</p> +<p>daȥ sin dā solde vinden so si gienge derfüre</p> +<p>him zer mettīne ē daȥ eȥ wurde tac,</p> +<span class = "linenum">12</span> +<p>der diu vrouwe Kriemhilt vil selten keine verlac.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Man lūte dā zem münster nāch gewoneheit.</p> +<p>vrou Kriemhilt diu schœne wahte manige meit:</p> +<p>ein lieht bat si ir bringen und ouch ir gewant.</p> +<span class = "linenum">16</span> +<p>dō kom ein kamerære dā er Sīfriden vant.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Er sah in bluotes rōten: sīn wāt was elliu naȥ.</p> +<p>daȥ eȥ sīn herre wære, nine wesse er daȥ.</p> +<p>hin zer kemenāten daȥ lieht truog an der hant</p> +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +<p>von dem vil leider mære diu vrouwe Kriemhilt +ervant.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō si mit ir vrouwen zem münster wolde gān,</p> +<p>dō sprach der kamerære ‘jā sult ir stille stān:</p> +<p>eȥ līt vor dem gademe ein ritter tōt erslagen.’</p> +<span class = "linenum">24</span> +<p>dō begonde Kriemhilt vil harte unmæȥlīche klagen.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">150</span> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Ē daȥ si rehte erfunde daȥ iȥ wære ir man,</p> +<p>an die Hagenen vrāge denken si began,</p> +<p>wie er in solde vristen: dō wart ir ērste leit.</p> +<span class = "linenum">28</span> +<p>von ir was allen vreuden mit <a name = "textVII_28" id += "textVII_28" href = "#textnoteVII_28">sīme</a> tōde widerseit.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō seic si zuo der erden, daȥ si niht ensprach:</p> +<p>die schœnen vreudelōsen ligen man dō sach.</p> +<p>Kriemhilde jāmer wart unmāȥen grōȥ:</p> +<span class = "linenum">32</span> +<p>do ẹrschrē si <a name = "textVII_32" id = "textVII_32" href = +"#textnoteVII_32">nāch unkrefte</a> daȥ al diu kemenāte +erdōȥ.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō sprach daȥ gesinde: ‘waȥ ob eȥ ist ein gast?’</p> +<p>daȥ bluot ir ūȥ dem munde von herzen jāmer brast.</p> +<p>dō sprach si ‘eȥ ist Sīfrit, der mīn vil lieber +man:</p> +<span class = "linenum">36</span> +<p>eȥ hāt gerāten Prünhilt, daȥ eȥ hat Hagene getān.’</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Diu vrouwe <a name = "textVII_37" id = "textVII_37" href = +"#textnoteVII_37">bat sich wīsen</a> dā si den helt +vant.</p> +<p>si huop sīn schœne houbet mit ir vil wīȥen hant.</p> +<p>swie rōt eȥ was von bluote, si het in schiere +erkant.</p> +<span class = "linenum">40</span> +<p>dō lac vil jæmerlīche der helt von Nibelunge lant.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō rief vil trūreclīche diu küneginne milt:</p> +<p>‘owē mir mīnes leides! nu ist dir dīn schilt</p> +<p>mit swerten niht verhouwen: du līst <a name = +"textVII_43" id = "textVII_43" href = +"#textnoteVII_43">ermorderōt</a>.</p> +<span class = "linenum">44</span> +<p>unt wesse ich wer iȥ het getān, ich riete im immer +sīnen tōt.’</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Alleȥ ir gesinde klagete und scrē</p> +<p>mit ir lieben vrouwen, wand’ in was harte wē</p> +<p>umb’ ir vil edelen herren, den si dā heten verlorn.</p> +<span class = "linenum">48</span> +<p>dō het gerochen Hagene harte Prünhilde zorn.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō sprach diu jāmerhafte: ‘ir sult hine gān</p> +<p>und wecket harte balde die Sīfrides man.</p> +<p>ir sult ouch Sigemunde mīnen jāmer sagen,</p> +<span class = "linenum">52</span> +<p>ob er mir helfen welle den küenen Sīfriden klagen.’</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō lief ein bote balde da ẹr si ligen vant,</p> +<p>die Sīfrides helede von Nibelunge lant.</p> +<p>mit den vil leiden mæren ir vreude er in benam.</p> +<span class = "linenum">56</span> +<p>si wolden’ȥ niht gelouben unz man daȥ weinen +vernam.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">151</span> +<p>Der bote kom ouch schiere dā der künic lac.</p> +<p>Sigemunt der herre des slāfes niht enpflac:</p> +<p>ich wæn’ sīn herze im sagete daȥ im was geschehen,</p> +<span class = "linenum">60</span> +<p>ern möhte sīnen lieben sun lebenden nimmer gesehen.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +‘Wachet, herre Sigemunt. mich bat nāch iu gān</p> +<p>Kriemhilt mīn vrouwe. der ist ein leit getān</p> +<p>daȥ ir vor allen leiden an ir herze gāt:</p> +<span class = "linenum">64</span> +<p>daȥ sult ir klagen helfen, wand’ eȥ iuch sēre +bestāt.’</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Ūf rihte sich dō Sigemunt; er sprach: ‘waȥ sint diu +leit</p> +<p>der schœnen Kriemhilde, diu du mir hāst geseit?’</p> +<p>der bote sprach mit weinen: ‘ine kan iu niht +verdagen:</p> +<span class = "linenum">68</span> +<p>jā ist von Niderlanden der küene Sīfrit erslagen.’</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō sprach der herre Sigemunt: ‘lāt daȥ schimpfen sīn</p> +<p>und alsō bœsiu mære durch den willen mīn,</p> +<p>daȥ ir daȥ saget iemen daȥ er sī erslagen:</p> +<span class = "linenum">72</span> +<p>wand’ ine kunde in nimmer unz an mīn ende +verklagen.’</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +‘Welt ir mir niht gelouben daȥ ir mich hœret sagen,</p> +<p>sō muget ir selbe hœren Kriemhilde klagen</p> +<p>unt alleȥ ir gesinde den Sīfrides tōt.’</p> +<span class = "linenum">76</span> +<p>vil sēre erscrac dō Sigemunt: des gie im wærlīchen +nōt.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Mit hundert sīnen mannen er von den betten spranc.</p> +<p>si zuhten zuo den handen diu scharpfen wāfen lanc,</p> +<p>si liefen zuo dem wuofe vil jāmerliche dan.</p> +<span class = "linenum">80</span> +<p>dō kōmen tūsent recken des küenen Sīfrides man.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō si sō jæmerlīche die vrouwen hōrten klagen,</p> +<p>dō wānden sumelīche, si solden kleider tragen.</p> +<p>janẹ mohten si der sinne vor leide niht gehaben:</p> +<span class = "linenum">84</span> +<p>in wart vil michel swære in ir herzen begraben.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō kom der künec Sigemunt da ẹr Kriemhilde vant.</p> +<p>er sprach: ‘owē der reise here in ditze lant.</p> +<p>wer hāt mich mīnes kindes und iuch des iuwern man</p> +<span class = "linenum">88</span> +<p>bī alsō guoten friunden sus mortlīch <a name = +"textVII_88" id = "textVII_88" href = "#textnoteVII_88">āne +getān</a>?’</p> +<span class = "pagenum">152</span> + +<p class = "stanza"> +‘Hey solde ich den bekennen,’ sprach daȥ vil edele +wīp,</p> +<p>‘holt enwurde im nimmer mīn herze unt ouch mīn līp:</p> +<p>ich geriete im alsō leide daȥ die friunde sīn</p> +<span class = "linenum">92</span> +<p>von den mīnen schulden müesen <a name = "textVII_92" id += "textVII_92" href = "#textnoteVII_92">weinende sīn</a>.’</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Sigemunt der herre den fürsten umbeslōȥ.</p> +<p>dō wart von sīnen vriunden der jāmer alsō grōȥ</p> +<p>daȥ von dem starken wuofe palas unde sal</p> +<span class = "linenum">96</span> +<p>und ouch diu stat ze Wormeȥ von ir weinen erschal.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Donẹ kunde niemen trœsten daȥ Sīfrides wīp.</p> +<p>man zōch ūȥ den kleidern den sīnen schœnen līp.</p> +<p>man wuosch im sīne wunden unt leit’ in ūf +den rē.</p> +<span class = "linenum">100</span> +<p>dō was sīnen liuten von grōȥem jāmere wē.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō sprāchen* sīne recken von Nibelunge lant:</p> +<p>‘in sol immer rechen mit willen unser hant.</p> +<p>er ist in dirre bürge, der iȥ hāt getān.’</p> +<span class = "linenum">104</span> +<p>dō īlten nāch wāfen alle Sīfrides man.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Die ūȥ erwelten degene mit schilden kōmen dar,</p> +<p>einlef hundert recken: die hete an sīner schar</p> +<p>Sigemunt der herre. sīnes sunes tōt</p> +<span class = "linenum">108</span> +<p>den wolde er gerne rechen: des gie im wærlīchen +nōt.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Sinẹ wessen wen si solden mit strīte dō bestān,</p> +<p>sīne tæten’ȥ Gunther unde sīne man,</p> +<p>mit den der herre Sīfrit an daȥ gejegede reit.</p> +<span class = "linenum">112</span> +<p>Kriemhilt sach si gewāfent: daȥ was ir grœȥlīche +leit.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Swie michel wær’ ir jāmer und swie starc ir nōt,</p> +<p>dō vorhte si harte der Nibelunge tōt</p> +<p>von ir bruoder mannen, daȥ si eȥ understuont.</p> +<span class = "linenum">116</span> +<p>si warnt’ si güetlīche sō vriunde liebe vriunde +tuont.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō sprach diu jāmers rīche: ‘mīn her Sigemunt,</p> +<p>wes welt ir beginnen? iu ist niht rehte kunt.</p> +<p>jā hāt der künic Gunther sō manigen küenen man:</p> +<span class = "linenum">120</span> +<p>ir welt iuch alle vliesen, welt ir die recken +bestān.’</p> +<span class = "pagenum">153</span> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Mit ūf erbürten schilden in was ze strīte nōt.</p> +<p>diu edel küneginne bat und ouch gebōt</p> +<p>daȥ siȥ mīden solden, die recken vil gemeit.</p> +<span class = "linenum">124</span> +<p>dō siȥ niht lāȥen wolden, daȥ was ir wærlīchen +leit.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Si sprach: ‘herre Sigemunt, ir sult iȥ lāȥen stān</p> +<p>unz eȥ sich baȥ gefüege: sō wil ich mīnen man</p> +<p>immer mit iu rechen. der mir in hāt benomen,</p> +<span class = "linenum">128</span> +<p>wirde ich des bewīset, ich sol im schedelīche +komen.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Eȥ ist der übermüeten hie bī Rīne vil:</p> +<p>dā von ich iu des strītes rāten niht enwil.</p> +<p>si habent wider einen ie wol drīȥec man.</p> +<span class = "linenum">132</span> +<p>nu lāȥ’ in got gelingen als si umb uns gedienet +hān.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Ir sult hie belīben, unt dolt mit mir diu leit;</p> +<p>als iȥ tagen beginne, ir helde vil gemeit,</p> +<p>sō helfet mir besarken den mīnen lieben man.’</p> +<span class = "linenum">136</span> +<p>dō sprāchen die degene: ‘daȥ sol werden getān.’</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Iu enkunde niemen daȥ wunder volsagen</p> +<p>von rittern unt von vrouwen, wie man die hōrte +klagen,</p> +<p>sō daȥ man des wuofes wart in der stat geware.</p> +<span class = "linenum">140</span> +<p>die edelen burgære die kōmen gāhende dare.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Si klageten mit den gesten, want in was harte leit.</p> +<p>die Sīfrides schulde in niemen het geseit,</p> +<p>durch waȥ der edele recke verlüre den sīnen līp.</p> +<span class = "linenum">144</span> +<p>dō weinden mit den vrouwen der guoten burgære wīp.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Smide hieȥ man gāhen, wurken einen sarc,</p> +<p>von silber und von golde, vil michel unde starc.</p> +<p>man hieȥ in vaste spengen mit stahel, der was guot.</p> +<span class = "linenum">148</span> +<p>dō was al den liuten harte trūrec der muot.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Diu naht was zergangen: man sagte eȥ wolde tagen.</p> +<p>dō hieȥ diu edele vrouwe zuo den münster tragen</p> +<p>Sīfrit den herren, ir vil lieben man.</p> +<span class = "linenum">152</span> +<p>swaȥ er dā vriunde hēte, die sach man weinende gān.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">154</span> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō sị in zem munster brāhten,// vil der gloken klanc.</p> +<p>dō hōrt’ man allenthalben vil maniges pfaffen sanc.</p> +<p>dō kom der künic Gunther mit den sīnen man</p> +<span class = "linenum">156</span> +<p>und ouch der grimme Hagene zuo dem wuofe gegān.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Er sprach: ‘vil liebiu swester, owē der leide dīn,</p> +<p>daȥ wir niht mohten āne des grōȥen schaden sīn.</p> +<p>wir müeȥen klagen immer den Sīfrides līp.’</p> +<span class = "linenum">160</span> +<p>‘daȥ tuot ir āne schulde’, sprach daȥ jāmerhafte +wīp.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +‘Wær’ iu dar umbe leide, son wær’ es niht geschehen.</p> +<p>ir hetet mīn vergeȥȥen, des mag ich wol jehen,</p> +<p>da ịch dā wart gescheiden von mīme lieben man.</p> +<span class = "linenum">164</span> +<p>daȥ wolde got’, sprach Kriemhilt, ‘wær’ iȥ mir selber +getān.’</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Si buten vaste ir lougen. Kriemhilt begonde jehen</p> +<p>‘swelher sich unschuldige, der lāȥe daȥ gesehen;</p> +<p>der sol zuo der bāre vor den liuten gēn.</p> +<span class = "linenum">168</span> +<p>dā bī mac man die wārheit harte schiere verstēn.’</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Daȥ ist ein michel wunder: vil dicke eȥ noch geschiht,</p> +<p>swā man den mortmeilen bī dem tōten siht,</p> +<p>sō bluotent im die wunden: als ouch dā gescach.</p> +<span class = "linenum">172</span> +<p>dā von man die sculde dā ze Hagenen gesach.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Die wunden vluȥȥen sēre alsam si tāten ē.</p> +<p>die ē dā sēre klageten, des wart nu michel mē.</p> +<p>dō sprach der künic Gunther ‘ich wil’ȥ iuch wiȥȥen +lān.</p> +<span class = "linenum">176</span> +<p>in sluogen schāchære: Hagene hāt es niht getān.’</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +‘Mir sint die schāchære’, sprach si, ‘vil wol bekant.</p> +<p>nu lāȥe eȥ got errechen noch sīner vriunde hant.</p> +<p>Gunther unde Hagene, jā habet ir iȥ getān.’</p> +<span class = "linenum">180</span> +<p>die Sīfrides degene heten dō ze strīte wān.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō sprach aber Kriemhilt: ‘nu habt mit mir die nōt.’</p> +<p>dō kōmen dise beide dā si in funden tōt,</p> +<p>Gērnōt ir bruoder und Gīselher daȥ kint.</p> +<span class = "linenum">184</span> +<p>in triuwen si in klageten mit den anderen sint.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">155</span> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Si weinden inneclīche den Kriemhilde man.</p> +<p>man solde messe singen: zuo dem münster dan</p> +<p>giengen allenthalben man wīp unde kint.</p> +<span class = "linenum">188</span> +<p>die sīn doch līhte enbāren, die weinden Sīfriden +sint.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Gērnōt und Gīselher sprāchen: ‘swester mīn,</p> +<p>nu trœste dich nāch tōde, als iȥ doch muoȥ sīn.</p> +<p>wir wellen dich’s ergetzen die wīle unt wir +geleben.’</p> +<span class = "linenum">192</span> +<p>donẹ kunde ir trōst deheinen zer werlde niemen +gegeben.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Sīn sarc der was bereitet wol umbe’n mitten tac.</p> +<p>man huop in von der bāre dā er ūfe lac.</p> +<p>in wolde noch diu frouwe lāȥen niht begraben.</p> +<span class = "linenum">196</span> +<p>des muosen al die liute michel arebeite haben.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +In einen rīchen pfellel man den tōten want.</p> +<p>ich wæne man dā iemen āne weinen vant.</p> +<p>dō klagete herzenlīche Uote, ein edel wīp,</p> +<span class = "linenum">200</span> +<p>und alleȥ ir gesinde den sīnen wætlīchen līp.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō man daȥ gehōrte, daȥ man zem münster sanc,</p> +<p>unt in gesarket hēte, dō huop sich grōȥ gedranc:</p> +<p>durch willen sīner sēle waȥ opfers man dō truoc!</p> +<span class = "linenum">204</span> +<p>er hete bī den vīnden doch guoter vriunde genuoc.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Kriemhilt diu arme zir kameræren sprach:</p> +<p>‘si suln durch mīne liebe līden ungemach,</p> +<p>die im iht guotes günnen und mir wesen holt;</p> +<span class = "linenum">208</span> +<p>durch Sīfrides sēle sol man teilen sīn golt.’</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dehein kint was sō kleine daȥ witze mohte haben,</p> +<p>daȥ muose gēn zem opfer. ē ẹr wurde begraben,</p> +<p>baȥ danne hundert messe man dā des tages sanc.</p> +<span class = "linenum">212</span> +<p>von Sīfrides vriunden wart dō grōȥer gedranc.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō man dā hete gesungen, daȥ volc <a name = "textVII_213" +id = "textVII_213" href = "#textnoteVII_213">huop sich von dan</a>.</p> +<p>dō sprach diu vrouwe Kriemhilt ‘irn sult niht eine +lān</p> +<p>hīnte mich bewachen den ūȥ erwelten degen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">216</span> +<p>eȥ ist an sīme lībe al mīn vreude gelegen.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">156</span> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Drī tage und drī nahte wil ich in lāȥen stān,</p> +<p>unz ich mich geniete mīns vil lieben man.</p> +<p>waȥ ob daȥ got gebiutet daȥ mich ouch nimet der +tōt?</p> +<span class = "linenum">220</span> +<p>sō wære wol verendet mīn armer Kriemhilde nōt.’</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Zen herbergen giengen die liute von der stat.</p> +<p>pfaffen unde müniche si belīben bat</p> +<p>und alleȥ sīn gesinde, daȥ des heldes pflac.</p> +<span class = "linenum">224</span> +<p>si heten naht vil arge unt vil müelīchen tac.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Ān eȥȥen und ān trinken beleip dā manic man.</p> +<p>die eȥ nemen wolden, den wart daȥ kunt getān,</p> +<p>daȥ man’s in den vollen gæbe: daȥ schuof Sigemunt.</p> +<span class = "linenum">228</span> +<p>dō was den Nibelungen vil michel arebeite kunt.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Die drīe tagezīte, sō wir hœren sagen,</p> +<p>die dā kunden singen, daȥ si muosen tragen</p> +<p>vil der arebeite. waȥ man in opfers truoc!</p> +<span class = "linenum">232</span> +<p>die vil arme wāren, die wurden rīche genuoc.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Swaȥ man vant der armen die es niht mohten hān,</p> +<p>die hieȥ man doch zem opfer mit dem golde gān</p> +<p>ūȥ sīn selbes kamere. do ẹr niht solde leben,</p> +<span class = "linenum">236</span> +<p>umbe sīne sēle wart manic tūsent marc gegeben.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Urbor ūf der erden teilte s’in diu lant,</p> +<p>swā sō man diu klōster und guote liute vant.</p> +<p>silber unde wæte gap man den armen gnuoc.</p> +<span class = "linenum">240</span> +<p>si tet dem wol gelīche daȥ sim holden willen truoc.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +An dem dritten morgen ze rehter messezīt</p> +<p>sō was bī dem münster der kirchof alsō wīt</p> +<p>von den lantliuten weinens alsō vol:</p> +<span class = "linenum">244</span> +<p>si dienden im nāch tōde als man lieben vriunden +sol.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +In den tagen vieren, man hāt gesaget daȥ,</p> +<p>ze drīȥec tūsent marken, oder dannoch baȥ,</p> +<p>wart durch sīne sēle den armen dā gegeben.</p> +<span class = "linenum">248</span> +<p>dō was gelegen ringe sīn grōȥiu schœne und ouch sīn +leben.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">157</span> +<p>Dō gote dā wart gedienet und daȥ man vol gesanc,</p> +<p>mit ungefüegem leide vil des volkes ranc.</p> +<p>man hieȥ in ūȥ dem münster zuo dem grabe tragen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">252</span> +<p>die sīn ungern enbāren, die sah man weinen unde +klagen.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Vil lūte scrīende daȥ liut gie mit im dan:</p> +<p>vrō enwas dā niemen, weder wīp noch man.</p> +<p>ē daȥ man in begrüebe, man sanc unde las:</p> +<span class = "linenum">256</span> +<p>hey waȥ guoter pfaffen ze sīner pīfilde was!</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Ē daȥ zem grabe kœme daȥ Sīfrides wīp,</p> +<p>dō ranc mit solhem jāmer der ir getriuwer līp,</p> +<p>daȥ man si mit dem brunnen vil dicke dā vergōȥ.</p> +<span class = "linenum">260</span> +<p>eȥ was ir ungemüete vil harte unmæȥlīchen grōȥ.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Eȥ was ein michel wunder daȥ si ie genas.</p> +<p>mit klage ir helfende manic vrouwe was.</p> +<p>dō sprach diu küneginne: ‘ir Sīfrides man,</p> +<span class = "linenum">264</span> +<p>ir sult durch iuwer triuwe an mir genāde begān.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Lāt mir nāch mīme leide daȥ kleine liep geschehen,</p> +<p>daȥ ich sīn schœne houbet noch eines müeȥe sehen.’</p> +<p>dō bat si’s alsō lange mit jāmers sinnen starc,</p> +<span class = "linenum">268</span> +<p>daȥ man zebrechen muose den vil hērlīchen sarc.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō brāhte man die vrouwen dā si in ligen vant.</p> +<p>si huop sīn schœne houbet mit ir vil wīȥen hant;</p> +<p>dō kuste s’ alsō tōten den edelen ritter guot.</p> +<span class = "linenum">272</span> +<p>ir vil liehten ougen vor leide weineten bluot.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Ein jæmerlīcheȥ scheiden wart dō dā getān.</p> +<p>dō truoc man si von dannen: sine mohte niht gegān.</p> +<p>dō vant man sinnelōse daȥ hērlīche wīp.</p> +<span class = "linenum">276</span> +<p>vor leide möht’ ersterben der ir vil wünneclīcher +līp.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Dō man den edelen herren hete nu begraben,</p> +<p>leit āne māȥe sah man die alle haben</p> +<p>die mit im komen wāren von Nibelunge lant.</p> +<span class = "linenum">280</span> +<p>vil selten vrœlīchen man dō Sigemunden vant.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">158</span> +<p>Dō was der etelīcher der drīer tage lanc</p> +<p>vor dem grōȥem leide niht aȥ noch entranc.</p> +<p>doch mohten si dem lībe sō gar geswīchen niht:</p> +<span class = "linenum">284</span> +<p>si nerten sich nāch sorgen, sō noch genuogen +geschiht.</p> +</div> + + + +<h4><a name = "textVIII" id = "textVIII">VIII</a><br> +WOLFRAM VON ESCHENBACH.</h4> + + +<p class = "note"> +Wolfram von Eschenbach was a native of Bavaria. Of his life little is +known, not even the exact dates of his birth and death. He flourished in +the latter part of the twelfth and early part of the thirteenth century, +and was by far the best and most extensive representative of the Court +epic poetry. He is best known by his Parzival, which contains 24,812 +lines divided up into sixteen books. The following extract is taken from +Book III. For editions of his works, see Lachmann, Wolfram von +Eschenbach, Berlin, 1833, fifth edition, Berlin, 1891; Bartsch, +Wolfram’s von Eschenbach Parzival und Titurel, Leipzig, 1875.</p> + +<div class = "poem w25"> +<p class = "indent"> +Sich zōch diu frouwe jāmers balt</p> +<p>ūȥ ir lande in einen walt,</p> +<p>zer waste in Soltāne;</p> +<p>niht durch bluomen ūf die plāne,</p> +<span class = "linenum">5</span> +<p>ir herzen jāmer was sō ganz,</p> +<p>sinẹ kērte sich an keinen kranz,</p> +<p>er wære rōt oder val.</p> +<p>sie brāhte dar durch flühtesal</p> +<p>des werden Gahmuretes kint.</p> +<span class = "linenum">10</span> +<p>liute, die bī ir dā sint,</p> +<p>müeȥen būwen unde riuten.</p> +<p>sie kunde wol getriuten</p> +<p>ir sun. ē daȥ sich der versan,</p> +<p>ir volc sie gar für sich gewan:</p> +<span class = "linenum">15</span> +<p>eȥ wære man oder wīp,</p> +<p>den gebōt sie allen an den līp,</p> +<p><a name = "textVIII_17" id = "textVIII_17" href = +"#textnoteVIII_17">daȥ se iemer rīters wurden lūt</a>.</p> +<p>‘wan friesche daȥ mīns herzen trūt,</p> +<span class = "pagenum">159</span> +<p>welch rīters leben wære,</p> +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +<p>daȥ wurde mir vil swære.</p> +<p>nu habet iuch an der witze kraft,</p> +<p>und helt in alle rīterschaft.’</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Der site fuor angestlīche vart.</p> +<p>der knappe alsus verborgen wart</p> +<span class = "linenum">25</span> +<p>zer waste in Soltāne erzogen,</p> +<p>an küneclīcher fuore betrogen;</p> +<p>eȥ ẹnmöhte an eime site sīn:</p> +<p>bogen unde bölzelīn</p> +<p>die sneit er mit sīn selbes hant,</p> +<span class = "linenum">30</span> +<p>und schōȥ vil vogele die er vant.</p> +<p>swenne ab er den vogel erschōȥ,</p> +<p>des schal von sange ē was sō grōȥ,</p> +<p>sō weinde er unde roufte sich,</p> +<p>an sīn hār kērt’ er gerich.</p> +<span class = "linenum">35</span> +<p>sīn līp was klār unde fier:</p> +<p>ūf dem plān am rivier</p> +<p>twuog er sich alle morgen.</p> +<p>er’n kunde niht gesorgen,</p> +<p>eȥ ẹnwære ob im der vogelsanc,</p> +<span class = "linenum">40</span> +<p>die suoȥe in sīn herze dranc:</p> +<p>daȥ erstracte im sīniu prüstelīn.</p> +<p>al <a name = "textVIII_42" id = "textVIII_42" href = +"#textnoteVIII_42">weinde</a> er lief zer künegīn.</p> +<p>sō sprach sie ‘wer hāt dir getān?</p> +<p>du wær’ hin ūȥ ūf den plān.’</p> +<span class = "linenum">45</span> +<p>er’n kunde es ir gesagen niht,</p> +<p>als kinden līhte noch geschiht.</p> +<p>dem mære gienc sie lange nāch.</p> +<p>eins tages sie in kapfen sach</p> +<p>ūf die boume nāch der vogele schal.</p> +<span class = "linenum">50</span> +<p>sie wart wol innen daȥ zeswal</p> +<p>von der stimme ir kindes brust.</p> +<p>des twang in art und sīn gelust.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">160</span> +<p>frou Herzeloyde kērte ir haȥ</p> +<p>an die vogele, sine wesse um waȥ:</p> +<span class = "linenum">55</span> +<p>sie wolte ir schal verkrenken.</p> +<p>ir būliutẹ und ir enken</p> +<p>die hieȥ sie vaste gāhen,</p> +<p>vogele würgen unde vāhen.</p> +<p>die vogele wāren baȥ geriten:</p> +<span class = "linenum">60</span> +<p>etslīches sterben wart vermiten:</p> +<p>der bleip dā lebendic ein teil,</p> +<p>die sīt mit sange wurden geil.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Der knappe sprach zer künegīn</p> +<p>‘waȥ wīȥet man den vogelīn?’</p> +<span class = "linenum">65</span> +<p>er gerte in frides sā zestunt.</p> +<p>sīn muoter kuste in an den munt:</p> +<p>diu sprach ‘wes wende ich sīn gebot,</p> +<p>der doch ist der hœhste got?</p> +<p>suln vogele durch mich fröude lān?’</p> +<span class = "linenum">70</span> +<p>der knappe sprach zer muoter sān</p> +<p>‘owē muoter, waȥ ist got?’</p> +<p>‘sun, ich sage dir’ȥ āne spot.</p> +<p>er ist noch liehter denn’ der tag,</p> +<p>der antlitzes sich bewac</p> +<span class = "linenum">75</span> +<p>nāch menschen antlitze.</p> +<p>sun, merke eine witze,</p> +<p>und flēhe in umbe dīne nōt:</p> +<p>sīn triwe der werlde ie helfe bōt.</p> +<p>sō heiȥet einẹr der helle wirt:</p> +<span class = "linenum">80</span> +<p>der ịst swarz, untriuwe in niht verbirt.</p> +<p>von dem kēr’ dīne gedanke,</p> +<p>und och von zwīvels wanke.’</p> +<p><a name = "textVIII_83" id = "textVIII_83" href = +"#textnoteVIII_83">sīn muoter underschiet im gar</a></p> +<p>daȥ vinster unt daȥ lieht gevar.</p> +<span class = "linenum">85</span> +<p>dar nāch sīn snelheit verre spranc.</p> +<p>er lerntẹ den gabylōtes swanc,</p> +<span class = "pagenum">161</span> +<p>dā mite er manegen hirz erschōȥ:</p> +<p>des sīn muoter und ir volc genōȥ.</p> +<p>eȥ wære æber oder snē,</p> +<span class = "linenum">90</span> +<p>dem wilde tet’ sīn schieȥen wē.</p> +<p>nu hœret fremdiu mære.</p> +<p>swenne er’rschōȥ daȥ swære,</p> +<p>des wære ein mūl geladen genuoc,</p> +<p>als unzerworht hin heim er’ȥ truoc.</p> + +<span class = "linenum">95</span> +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Eins tages gieng er den weideganc</p> +<p>an einer halden, diu was lanc:</p> +<p>er brach durch blates stimme ‘en zwīc.</p> +<p>dā nāhen bī im gienc ein stīc:</p> +<p>dā hōrt’ er schal von huofslegen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">100</span> +<p>sīn gabylōt begund’er wegen:</p> +<p>dō sprach er ‘waȥ hān ich vernomen?</p> +<p>wan wolte et nu der tiuvel komen</p> +<p>mit grimme zorneclīche!</p> +<p>den bestüende ich sicherlīche.</p> +<span class = "linenum">105</span> +<p>mīn muoter freisen von im saget:</p> +<p>ich wæne ir ellen sī verzaget.’</p> +<p>alsus stuont er in strītes ger.</p> +<p>nu seht, dort kom geschūftet her</p> +<p>drī rīter nāch wunsche var,</p> +<span class = "linenum">110</span> +<p>von fuoȥe ūf gewāpent gar.</p> +<p>der knappe wānde sunder spot,</p> +<p>daȥ ieslīcher wære ein got.</p> +<p>dō stuont ouch er niht langer hie,</p> +<p>in’ȥ phat viel er ūf sīniu knie.</p> +<span class = "linenum">115</span> +<p>lūte rief der knappe sān</p> +<p>‘hilf, got: du maht wol helfe hān.’</p> +<p>der vorder zornes sich bewac,</p> +<p>dō der knappe im phade lac:</p> +<p>‘dirre tœrsche Wāleise</p> +<span class = "linenum">120</span> +<p>unsich wendet gāher reise.’</p> +<span class = "pagenum">162</span> +<p>ein prīs den wir Beier tragen,</p> +<p>muoȥ ich von Wāleisen sagen:</p> +<p>die sint tœrscher denne beiersch her,</p> +<p>und doch bī manlīcher wer.</p> +<span class = "linenum">125</span> +<p>swer in den zwein landen wirt,</p> +<p>gefuoge ein wunder an im birt.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Dō kom geleischieret</p> +<p>und wol gezimieret</p> +<p>ein rīter, dem was harte gāch.</p> +<span class = "linenum">130</span> +<p>er reit in strīteclīchen nāch,</p> +<p>die verre wāren von im komen:</p> +<p>zwēn’ rīter heten im genomen</p> +<p>ein’ frouwen in sīm’ lande,</p> +<p>den helt eȥ dūhte schande:</p> +<span class = "linenum">135</span> +<p>in müetẹ der juncfrouwen leit,</p> +<p>diu jæmerlīche vor in reit.</p> +<p>dise drī wāren sīne man.</p> +<p>er reit ein schœne kastelān:</p> +<p>sīns schildes was vil wēnic ganz.</p> +<span class = "linenum">140</span> +<p>er hieȥ Karnahkarnanz</p> +<p><a name = "textVIII_141" id = "textVIII_141" href = +"#textnoteVIII_141">leh cons</a> Ulterlec.</p> +<p>er sprach ‘wer irret uns den wec?’</p> +<p>sus fuor er zuome knappen sān.</p> +<p>den dūhte er als ein got getān:</p> +<span class = "linenum">145</span> +<p>er’n het’ ē sō liehtes niht erkant.</p> +<p>ūfẹm towe der wāpenroc erwant.</p> +<p>mit guldīn schellen kleine</p> +<p>vor ietwederem beine</p> +<p>wārn die stegreife erklenget</p> +<span class = "linenum">150</span> +<p>unt ze rehter māȥe erlenget.</p> +<p>sīn zeswer arm von schellen klanc,</p> +<p>swar er’n bōt oder swanc.</p> +<p>der was durch swertslege sō hel:</p> +<p>der helt was gein prīse snel.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">163</span> +<span class = "linenum">155</span> +<p>sus fuor der fürste rīche,</p> +<p>gezimiert wünneclīche.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +<a name = "textVIII_157" id = "textVIII_157" href = +"#textnoteVIII_157">Aller manne schœne ein bluomen kranz</a>,</p> +<p>den vrāgte Karnahkarnanz</p> +<p>‘junchērre, sāht ir für iuch varen</p> +<span class = "linenum">160</span> +<p>zwēn’ rīter die sich niht bewaren</p> +<p>kunnen an rīterlīcher zunft?</p> +<p>sie ringent mit der nōtnunft</p> +<p>und sint an werdekeit verzaget:</p> +<p>sie füerent roubes eine maget.’</p> +<span class = "linenum">165</span> +<p>der knappe wānde, swaȥ er sprach,</p> +<p>eȥ wære got, als ime verjach</p> +<p>frou Herzeloyd’ diu künegīn,</p> +<p>do s’im underschiet den liehten schīn.</p> +<p>dō rief er lūte sunder spot</p> +<span class = "linenum">170</span> +<p>‘nu hilf mir, helfe rīcher got.’</p> +<p>vil dicke viel an sīn gebet</p> +<p><a name = "textVIII_172" id = "textVIII_172" href = +"#textnoteVIII_172">fil li roy</a> Gahmuret.</p> +<p>der fürste sprach ‘ich pin niht got,</p> +<p>ich leiste ab gerne sīn gebot.</p> +<span class = "linenum">175</span> +<p>du maht his vier rīter sehen,</p> +<p>ob du ze rehte kundest spehen.’</p> +<p>der knappe frāgte fürbaȥ</p> +<p>‘du nennest rīter: waȥ ist daȥ?</p> +<p>hāstu niht gotelīcher kraft,</p> +<span class = "linenum">180</span> +<p>sō sage mir, wer gīt rīterschaft.’</p> +<p>‘daȥ tuot der künec Artūs.</p> +<p>junchērre, komet ir in des hūs,</p> +<p>der bringet iuch an rīters namen,</p> +<p>daȥ ir’s iuch niemer durfet schamen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">185</span> +<p>ir muget wol sīn von rīters art.’</p> +<p>von den helden er geschouwet wart:</p> +<p>dō lac diu gotes kunst an ime.</p> +<p>von der āventiurẹ ich daȥ nime,</p> +<span class = "pagenum">164</span> +<p>diu mich mit wārheit des beschiet:</p> +<span class = "linenum">190</span> +<p>nie mannes varwe baȥ geriet</p> +<p>vor ime sīt Adāmes zīt.</p> +<p>des wart sīn lop von wīben wīt.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Aber sprach der knappe sān</p> +<p>dā von ein lachen wart getān.</p> +<span class = "linenum">195</span> +<p>‘ay rīter got, waȥ mahtu sīn?</p> +<p>du hāst sus manec vingerlīn</p> +<p>an dīnen līp gebunden,</p> +<p>dort oben unt hie unden.’</p> +<p>aldā begreif des knappen hant</p> +<span class = "linenum">200</span> +<p>swaȥ er īsers ame fürsten vant:</p> +<p>des harnasch begunder schouwen.</p> +<p>‘mīner muoter juncfrouwen</p> +<p>ir vingerīn an snüeren tragent,</p> +<p>diu niht sus an ein ander ragent.’</p> +<span class = "linenum">205</span> +<p>der knappe sprach durch sīnen muot</p> +<p>‘war zuo ist ditze guot,</p> +<p>daȥ dich sō wol kan schicken?</p> +<p>i’ne mages niht abe gezwicken.’</p> +<p>der fürste im zeigete sā sīn swert:</p> +<span class = "linenum">210</span> +<p>‘nu sich, swer an mich strītes gert,</p> +<p>des selben wer ich mich mit slegen:</p> +<p>für die sīne muoȥ ich an mich legen,</p> +<p>und für den schuȥ und für den stich</p> +<p>muoȥ ich alsus wāpen mich.’</p> +<span class = "linenum">215</span> +<p>aber sprach der knappe snel</p> +<p>‘ob die hirze trüegen sus ir vel,</p> +<p>son’ verwunt’ ir niht mīn gabylōt.</p> +<p>der vellet manger vor mir tōt.’</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Die rīter zurnden daȥ er hielt</p> +<span class = "linenum">220</span> +<p>bi dem knappen der vil tumpheit wielt.</p> +<p>der fürste sprach ‘got hüete dīn.</p> +<p>ōwī wan wær’ dīn schœne mīn!</p> +<span class = "pagenum">165</span> +<p>dir hete got den wunsch gegeben,</p> +<p>ob du mit witzen soldest leben.</p> +<span class = "linenum">225</span> +<p>diu gotes kraft dir virre leit.’</p> +<p>die sīne und och er selbe reit,</p> +<p>unde gāheten balde</p> +<p>z’einem velde in dem walde.</p> +<p>dā vant der gefüege</p> +<span class = "linenum">230</span> +<p>frōn Herzeloyden phlüege.</p> +<p>ir volke leider nie geschach;</p> +<p>die er balde eren sach:</p> +<p>si bẹgunden sæn, dar nāch egen,</p> +<p>ir gart ob starken ohsen wegen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">235</span> +<p>der fürste in guoten morgen bōt,</p> +<p>und frāgte sẹ, op sie sæhen nōt</p> +<p>eine juncfrouwen līden,</p> +<p>sine kunden niht vermiden,</p> +<p>swes er vrāgt’, daȥ wart gesaget.</p> +<span class = "linenum">240</span> +<p>‘zwēne rīter und ein maget</p> +<p>dā riten hiute morgen.</p> +<p>diu frouwe fuor mit sorgen:</p> +<p><a name = "textVIII_243" id = "textVIII_243" href = +"#textnoteVIII_243">mit sporen sie vaste ruorten</a>,</p> +<p>die die juncfrouwen fuorten.’</p> +<span class = "linenum">245</span> +<p>eȥ was Meljahkanz.</p> +<p>den ergāhte Karnachkarnanz,</p> +<p>mit strīte er ime die frouwen nam:</p> +<p>diu was dā vor fröuden lam.</p> +<p>sie hieȥ Īmāne</p> +<span class = "linenum">250</span> +<p>von der Bēāfontāne.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Die būliute verzageten,</p> +<p>dō die helde für sie jageten.</p> +<p>sie sprāchen ‘wie’st uns sus geschehen?</p> +<p>hāt unser junchērre ersehen</p> +<span class = "linenum">255</span> +<p>ūf disen rītern helme schart,</p> +<p>sonẹ hān wir uns niht wol bewart.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">166</span> +<p>wir sulen der küneginne haȥ</p> +<p>von schulden hœren umbe daȥ,</p> +<p>wand’ er mit uns dā her lief</p> +<span class = "linenum">260</span> +<p>hiute morgen dō sie dannoch slief.’</p> +<p>der knappe enruochte ouch wer dō schōȥ</p> +<p>die hirze kleine unde grōȥ:</p> +<p>er huop sich gein der muoter wider,</p> +<p>und sagete ir mær’. dō viel sie nider:</p> +<span class = "linenum">265</span> +<p>sīner worte sie sō sēre erschrac,</p> +<p>daȥ sị unversunnen vor im lac.</p> +<p>dō diu küneginne</p> +<p>wider kom z’ir sinne,</p> +<p>swie sie dā vor wær’ verzaget,</p> +<span class = "linenum">270</span> +<p>dō sprach sie ‘sun, wer hāt gesaget</p> +<p>dir von rīters orden?</p> +<p>wā bist du’s innen worden?’</p> +<p>‘muoter, ich sach vier man</p> +<p>noch liehter danne got getān:</p> +<span class = "linenum">275</span> +<p>die sageten mir von rīterschaft.</p> +<p>Artūses küneclīchiu kraft</p> +<p>sol mich nāch rīters ēren</p> +<p>an schildes ambet kēren.’</p> +<p>sich huop ein niuwer jāmer hie.</p> +<span class = "linenum">280</span> +<p>diu frouwe enwesse rehte, wie</p> +<p>daȥ sie ir den list erdæhte</p> +<p>unde in von dem willen bræhte.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Der knappe tump unde wert</p> +<p>iesch von der muoter dicke ein pfert.</p> +<span class = "linenum">285</span> +<p>daȥ begunde sẹ in ir herzen klagen.</p> +<p>sie dāhte ‘i’n wil im niht versagen:</p> +<p>eȥ muoȥ aber vil bœse sīn.’</p> +<p>dō gedāhte mēr diu künegīn</p> +<p>‘der liute vil bī spotte sint.</p> +<span class = "linenum">290</span> +<p>tōren kleider sol mīn kint</p> +<span class = "pagenum">167</span> +<p>ob sīme liehten lībe tragen.</p> +<p>wirt er geroufet unt geslagen,</p> +<p>sō kumet er mir her wider wol.’</p> +<p>ōwē der jæmerlīchen dol!</p> +<span class = "linenum">295</span> +<p>diu frouwe nam ein sactuoch:</p> +<p>sie sneit im hemede unde bruoch,</p> +<p>daȥ doch an eime stücke erschein,</p> +<p>unz enmitten an sīn blankeȥ bein.</p> +<p>daȥ wart für tōren kleit erkant.</p> +<span class = "linenum">300</span> +<p>ein gugel man obene drūfe vant.</p> +<p>al frisch rūch kelberīn</p> +<p>von einer hūt zwei ribbalīn</p> +<p>nāch sīnen beinen wart gesniten.</p> +<p>dā wart grōȥ jāmer niht vermiten.</p> +<span class = "linenum">305</span> +<p>diu künegīn was alsō bedāht,</p> +<p>sie bat belīben in die naht.</p> +<p>‘dunẹ solt niht hinnen kēren,</p> +<p>ich wil dich list ē lēren.</p> +<p>an ungebanten strāȥen</p> +<span class = "linenum">310</span> +<p>soltu tunkel fürte lāȥen:</p> +<p>die sīhte unde lūter sīn,</p> +<p>dā solte al balde rīten īn.</p> +<p>du solt dich site nieten,</p> +<p>der werelde grüeȥen bieten.</p> +<span class = "linenum">315</span> +<p>ob dich ein grā wīse man</p> +<p>zuht wil lērn als er wol kan,</p> +<p>dem soltu gerne volgen,</p> +<p>und wis im niht erbolgen.</p> +<p>sun, lā dir bevolhen sīn,</p> +<span class = "linenum">320</span> +<p>swa du guotes wībes vingerlīn</p> +<p>mügest erwerben unt ir gruoȥ,</p> +<p>daȥ nim: eȥ tuot dir kumbers buoȥ.</p> +<p>du solt z’ir kusse gāhen</p> +<p>und ir līp vast’ umbevāhen:</p> +<span class = "linenum">325</span> +<p>daȥ gīt gelücke und hōhen muot,</p> +<span class = "pagenum">168</span> +<p>op sie kiusche ist unde guot.</p> +<p>du solt och wiȥȥen, sun mīn,</p> +<p>der stolze küene Lähelīn</p> +<p>dīnen fürsten abe ervaht zwei lant,</p> +<span class = "linenum">330</span> +<p>diu sollen dienen dīner hant,</p> +<p>Wāleis und Norgāls.</p> +<p>ein dīn fürste Turkentals</p> +<p>den tōt von sīner hende enphienc:</p> +<p>dīn volc er sluoc unde vienc.’</p> +<span class = "linenum">335</span> +<p>‘diz riche ich, muoter, ruocht es got:</p> +<p>in verwundet noch mīn gabylōt.’</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent"> +Des morgens dō der tag erschein,</p> +<p>der knappe balde wart enein,</p> +<p>im was gein Artūse gāch.</p> +<span class = "linenum">340</span> +<p>frou Herzeloyde in kuste und lief im nāch.</p> +<p>der werelde riuwe aldā geschach.</p> +<p>dō sie ir sun niht langer sach</p> +<p>(der reit enwec: wem’st deste baȥ?),</p> +<p>dō viel diu frouwe valsches laȥ</p> +<span class = "linenum">345</span> +<p>ūf die erde, aldā sie jāmer sneit</p> +<p>dō daȥ se ein sterben niht vermeit.</p> +<p>ir vil getriulīcher tōt</p> +<p>der frouwen wert’ die hellenōt.</p> +<p>ōwol sie daȥ se ie muoter wart!</p> +<span class = "linenum">350</span> +<p>sus fuor die lōnes bernden vart</p> +<p>ein wurzel der güete</p> +<p>und ein stam der diemüete.</p> +<p>ōwē daȥ wir nu niht enhān</p> +<p>ir sippe unz an den eilften spān!</p> +<span class = "linenum">355</span> +<p>des wirt gevelschet manec līp.</p> +<p>doch solten nu getriuwiu wīp</p> +<p>heiles wünschen disem knaben,</p> +<p>der sich hie von ir hāt erhaben.</p> +</div> + +</div> <!-- end div texts --> + +<hr class = "mid"> + +<div class = "notes"> + +<span class = "pagenum">169</span> +<h3><a name = "textnotes" id = "textnotes"> +NOTES</a></h3> + +<p class = "note"> +[The references refer to the paragraphs in the Grammar.]</p> + +<p class = "mynote"> +All notes are directly linked to the text referenced.</p> + + +<h5>I. BERTHOLD VON REGENSBURG</h5> + +<p><a name = "noteA" id = "noteA" href = "#tagA">p. 79, l. 13.</a> +<b>werdent sehende</b>, will see.</p> + +<p><a name = "noteB" id = "noteB" href = "#tagB">p. 79, l. 19.</a> +<b>daȥ si anders niht enpflæge</b>, see §§ <a href = +"#para102"><b>102</b></a>, <a href = "#para108"><b>108</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "noteC" id = "noteC" href = "#tagC">p. 81, l. 34.</a> +<b>von sō getāner freude</b>, of joy of such a beautiful kind.</p> + + +<h5>II. LANTREHTBUOCH</h5> + +<p><a name = "noteD" id = "noteD" href = "#tagD">p. 83, l. 26.</a> +<b>mege</b>, pres. subj. of <b>mac</b>, see <a href = +"#para93">§ <b>93</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "noteE" id = "noteE" href = "#tagE">p. 85, l. 15.</a> +<b>sempervrīen</b>, from <b>sentbærevrīen</b>, the highest class of +freemen.</p> + +<p><a name = "noteF" id = "noteF" href = "#tagF">p. 85, l. 17.</a> +<b>miter</b> = <b>mitter(e)</b>, <i>aj. nom. pl.</i>, middle, see +<a href = "#para9_2">§ <b>9</b>, 2</a>.</p> + + +<h5>III. DER ARME HEINRICH</h5> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_6" id = "textnoteIII_6" href = "#textIII_6">l. +6.</a> +<b>im</b>, is reflexive, see §§ <a href = "#para66"><b>66</b></a>, +<a href = "#para104"><b>104</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_24" id = "textnoteIII_24" href = +"#textIII_24">ll. 24-5.</a> +That this one (er) may pray to God for the salvation of Heinrich’s +soul.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_31" id = "textnoteIII_31" href = +"#textIII_31">l. 31.</a> +<b>ze Swāben</b> = in the country of the Swabians, i.e. Swabia.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_38" id = "textnoteIII_38" href = +"#textIII_38">l. 38.</a> +<b>ze handen haben</b>, possess.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_50" id = "textnoteIII_50" href = +"#textIII_50">l. 50.</a> +<b>versworn</b>, <i>pp.</i> of <b>verswern</b>, <a href = "#para86">§ +<b>86</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_101" id = "textnoteIII_101" href = +"#textIII_101">l. 101.</a> +<b>des muge wir</b>: <b>des</b> is dependent on <b>ein wāreȥ bilde</b>; +for <b>muge</b>, see <a href = "#para74n">§ <b>74</b>, +note</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_106" id = "textnoteIII_106" href = +"#textIII_106">l. 106.</a> +<b>sehent</b> = <b>sehet</b>, imperative.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_133" id = "textnoteIII_133" href = +"#textIII_133">l. 133-4.</a> +<b>dō . . . alrēst</b>, as soon as.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_164" id = "textnoteIII_164" href = +"#textIII_164">l. 164.</a> +<b>eime</b> = <b>eineme</b>, see <a href = "#para9_3">§ +<b>9</b>, 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_190" id = "textnoteIII_190" href = +"#textIII_190">l. 190.</a> +<b>gnislich</b> = <b>genislich</b>, cp. <a href = "#para9_7">§ +<b>9</b>, 7</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_239" id = "textnoteIII_239" href = +"#textIII_239">l. 239.</a> +<b>für die selben frist</b>, since then.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_240" id = "textnoteIII_240" href = +"#textIII_240">ll. 240-1.</a> +no longer any hopes of being healed.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">170</span> +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_257" id = "textnoteIII_257" href = +"#textIII_257">l. 257.</a> +<b>sich abe tuon</b>, renounce, resign.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_351" id = "textnoteIII_351" href = +"#textIII_351">l. 351.</a> +<b>getwelte</b>, had dwelt, see <a href = +"#para106">§ <b>106</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_372" id = "textnoteIII_372" href = +"#textIII_372">ll. 372-3.</a> +The construction is <b>sō ze Salerne vil meister</b> (<i>gen.</i>) +<b>von arzenīen ist</b>, see <a href = +"#para102">§ <b>102</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_376" id = "textnoteIII_376" href = +"#textIII_376">l. 376.</a> +<b>kunde</b> for <b>kundet</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_486" id = "textnoteIII_486" href = +"#textIII_486">l. 486.</a> +<b>es</b> <i>gen.</i> is dependent on <b>niht</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_547" id = "textnoteIII_547" href = +"#textIII_547">l. 547.</a> +<b>sich ein dinc an nemen</b>, to take a thing to heart.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_591" id = "textnoteIII_591" href = +"#textIII_591">l. 591.</a> +<b>mohter</b> = <b>mohte er</b>, see <a href = +"#para65n3">§ <b>65</b>, note 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_621" id = "textnoteIII_621" href = +"#textIII_621">l. 621.</a> +<b>die wīle daȥ</b>, so long as.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_640" id = "textnoteIII_640" href = +"#textIII_640">l. 640.</a> +<b>wan</b> = <b>waȥ ne</b>, why not.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_756" id = "textnoteIII_756" href = +"#textIII_756">l. 756.</a> +<b>verswīge wir</b> is the imperative, cp. also <a href = +"#textnoteIII_101">note to l. 101</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIII_846" id = "textnoteIII_846" href = +"#textIII_846">l. 846.</a> +<b>dīme</b> = <b>dīneme</b>, see <a href = +"#para9_3">§ <b>9</b>, 3</a>.</p> + + +<h5>IV. WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE</h5> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIV_144" id = "textnoteIV_144" href = +"#textIV_144">l. 144.</a> +<b>kond</b> <i>pret.</i> of <b>kan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIV_174" id = "textnoteIV_174" href = +"#textIV_174">ll. 174-5.</a> +They would imagine themselves ruined if they did not exercise a stern +rule. On the omission of the negative see <a href = +"#para108">§ <b>108</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIV_178" id = "textnoteIV_178" href = +"#textIV_178">l. 178.</a> +<b>tiuschiu zunge</b>, German language, i.e. Germany.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIV_182" id = "textnoteIV_182" href = +"#textIV_182">l. 182.</a> +<b>bekērā</b>, see <b>ā</b> in the Glossary.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIV_185" id = "textnoteIV_185" href = +"#textIV_185">l. 185.</a> +<b>Philippe</b> is <i>dative</i>; <b>en</b> = <b>den</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIV_187" id = "textnoteIV_187" href = +"#textIV_187">l. 187.</a> +<b>man . . . wībe</b> are the <i>gen. plural</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIV_214" id = "textnoteIV_214" href = +"#textIV_214">l. 214.</a> +<b>guoter</b> is <i>gen. plural</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIV_232" id = "textnoteIV_232" href = +"#textIV_232">l. 232.</a> +<b>bluomen . . . wunder</b>, a great multitude of flowers.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIV_250" id = "textnoteIV_250" href = +"#textIV_250">l. 250.</a> +<b>daȥ sie schiere got gehœne!</b> may God curse them soon.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIV_255" id = "textnoteIV_255" href = +"#textIV_255">l. 255.</a> +<b>Der uns freude wider bræhte</b>, if anyone would bring us joy +again.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIV_285" id = "textnoteIV_285" href = +"#textIV_285">l. 285.</a> +<b>bien</b> = <b>bī den</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIV_292" id = "textnoteIV_292" href = +"#textIV_292">l. 292.</a> +<b>weder ir</b>, which of the two.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIV_308" id = "textnoteIV_308" href = +"#textIV_308">l. 308.</a> +<b>hōhste</b> (weak form) <b>name</b>, the most beautiful <i>or</i> +precious name.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIV_429" id = "textnoteIV_429" href = +"#textIV_429">l. 429.</a> +<b>du lā dir niht ze wē sīn nāch dem guote</b>, do not worry yourself +too much about wealth.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIV_475" id = "textnoteIV_475" href = +"#textIV_475">ll. 475-6.</a> +Very many call thee father, who will not recognize me as their +brother.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteIV_498" id = "textnoteIV_498" href = +"#textIV_498">ll. 498-9.</a> +See Extracts from Reinmar, <a href = "#textV_184">ll. 184-192</a>.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">171</span> +<h5>V. REINMAR</h5> + +<p><a name = "textnoteV_33" id = "textnoteV_33" href = "#textV_33">l. +33.</a> +<b>Liutpolt</b>: Duke Leopold VI of Austria.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteV_75" id = "textnoteV_75" href = "#textV_75">l. +75.</a> +<b>bekan</b> = <b>bekam</b>.</p> + + +<h5>VII. DAS NIBELUNGEN-LIED</h5> + +<p><a name = "textnoteVII_28" id = "textnoteVII_28" href = +"#textVII_28">l. 28.</a> +<b>sīme</b> = <b>sīneme</b>, see <a href = +"#para9_3">§ <b>9</b>, 3</a>; <b>widerseit</b> = +<b>widersaget</b>, <a href = "#para37">§ <b>37</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteVII_32" id = "textnoteVII_32" href = +"#textVII_32">l. 32.</a> +<b>nāch unkrefte</b>, after she had regained her consciousness.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteVII_37" id = "textnoteVII_37" href = +"#textVII_37">l. 37.</a> +<b>bat sich wīsen</b>, asked them to lead her to.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteVII_43" id = "textnoteVII_43" href = +"#textVII_43">l. 43.</a> +<b>ermorderōt</b>, older form of <i>pp.</i> of <b>ermordern</b>, see +<a href = "#para88n">§ <b>88</b>, note</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteVII_88" id = "textnoteVII_88" href = +"#textVII_88">l. 88.</a> +<b>āne tuon</b>, with <i>gen.</i> and <i>acc.</i>, bereave, rob.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteVII_92" id = "textnoteVII_92" href = +"#textVII_92">l. 92.</a> +<b>weinende sīn</b> = <b>weinen</b>, see <a href = +"#para106">§ <b>106</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteVII_213" id = "textnoteVII_213" href = +"#textVII_213">l. 213.</a> +<b>huop sich von dan</b>, betook themselves away.</p> + + +<h5>VIII. PARZIVAL</h5> + +<p><a name = "textnoteVIII_17" id = "textnoteVIII_17" href = +"#textVIII_17">l. 17.</a> +that they should never mention the word ‘knight’. On the omission of the +negative see <a href = "#para108">§ <b>108</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteVIII_42" id = "textnoteVIII_42" href = +"#textVIII_42">l. 42.</a> +<b>weinde</b> = <b>weinende</b>, see <a href = +"#para29">§ <b>29</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteVIII_83" id = "textnoteVIII_83" href = +"#textVIII_83">ll. 83-4.</a> +The mother explained to him fully the difference between darkness and +light, i.e. between the Devil and God.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteVIII_141" id = "textnoteVIII_141" href = +"#textVIII_141">l. 141.</a> +<b>leh cons</b> = <b>le (li) cons</b>, the Count.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteVIII_157" id = "textnoteVIII_157" href = +"#textVIII_157">ll. 157-8.</a> +K. asked him, who was the perfection of human beauty.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteVIII_172" id = "textnoteVIII_172" href = +"#textVIII_172">l. 172.</a> +<b>fil li roy</b>, son of the king.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnoteVIII_243" id = "textnoteVIII_243" href = +"#textVIII_243">l. 243.</a> +Supply <b>ros</b> as object.</p> + +</div> <!-- end div notes --> + +<hr class = "mid"> + +<div class = "glossary"> + +<span class = "pagenum">172</span> +<h3><a name = "glossary" id = "glossary"> +GLOSSARY</a></h3> + + +<h5><i>ABBREVIATIONS</i></h5> + +<table summary = "abbreviations used in glossary"> +<tr> +<td><i>sm.</i>, <i>sf.</i>, <i>sn.</i>,</td> +<td>= strong masculine, &c.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>sv.</i></td> +<td>= strong verb.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>wm.</i>, <i>wf.</i>, <i>wn.</i>,</td> +<td>= weak masculine, &c.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>wv.</i></td> +<td>= weak verb.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>pret.-pres.</i></td> +<td>= preterite-present.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>pn.</i></td> +<td>= proper name.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "note"> +The remaining abbreviations need no explanation.</p> + +<p class = "note"> +The Roman numeral after a verb indicates the class to which the verb +belongs. The ordinary numerals after a word indicate the paragraph in +the Grammar where the word either occurs or some peculiarity of it is +explained.</p> + +<h5> +<a href = "#gloss_A">A</a> +<a href = "#gloss_B">B</a> +<a href = "#gloss_C">C</a> +<a href = "#gloss_D">D</a> +<a href = "#gloss_E">E</a> +<a href = "#gloss_F">F</a> +<a href = "#gloss_G">G</a> +<a href = "#gloss_H">H</a> +<a href = "#gloss_I">I</a> +<a href = "#gloss_J">J</a> +<a href = "#gloss_K">K</a> +<a href = "#gloss_L">L</a> +<a href = "#gloss_M">M</a> +<a href = "#gloss_N">N</a> +<a href = "#gloss_O">O</a> +<a href = "#gloss_P">P</a> +<a href = "#gloss_Q">Q</a> +<a href = "#gloss_R">R</a> +<a href = "#gloss_S">S</a> +<a href = "#gloss_T">T</a> +<a href = "#gloss_U">U</a> +<a href = "#gloss_V">V</a> +<a href = "#gloss_W">W</a> +<a href = "#gloss_Z">Z</a> +</h5> + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_A" id = "gloss_A"> +A</a></p> +<p><b>ā</b>, <i>interj.</i> added to the imperative, nouns, and +particles;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>neinā</b>, certainly not.</p> + +<p><b>ab</b>, <b>abe</b>, <i>prep. c. dat.</i> of, from;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> away, away from, <a href = "#para9_6">9.6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>aber</b>, <b>abr</b>, <b>ab</b>, <i>av.</i> and <i>cj.</i> again, +once more, but;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>aber sprëchen</b>, answer, reply.</p> + +<p><b>acker</b>, <i>sm.</i> field, acre, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>, +<a href = "#para31_2">31.2</a>, <a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Adām</b>, <i>pn.</i> Adam.</p> + +<p><b>adamas</b>, <i>sm.</i> diamond.</p> + +<p><b>æber</b>, <i>sn.</i> place where the snow has melted away.</p> + +<p><b>ænic</b> (with <i>gen.</i>), <i>aj.</i> bereft.</p> + +<p><b>äher</b> (OHG. <b>ahir</b>), <i>sn.</i> ear of corn.</p> + +<p><b>aht(e)</b>, <i>num.</i> eight, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>aht(e)</b>, <i>sf.</i> attention, meditation; station, +position.</p> + +<p><b>ahtede</b>, <i>num.</i> eighth, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ahten</b>, <i>wv.</i> observe, consider, deliberate.</p> + +<p><b>ah(t)zëhen</b>, <i>num.</i> eighteen, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ah(t)zëhende</b>, <i>num.</i> eighteenth, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ah(t)zic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>num.</i> eighty, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ah(t)zigeste</b>, <i>num.</i> eightieth, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>al</b> (<i>infl.</i> <b>aller</b>, <b>alleȥ</b>, <b>alliu</b> +(<b>älliu</b>, <b>elliu</b>)), <i>aj.</i> all;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>al dā</b>, there, thereupon;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>al dō</b>, as soon as;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>al ein</b>, all one, the same;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>aller hande</b>, of all kinds;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>alle wëge</b>, everywhere, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>aleine</b>, <i>av.</i> alone.</p> + +<p><b>allenthalben</b>, <i>av.</i> on all sides.</p> + +<p><b>allertegelīch</b>, <i>av.</i> daily.</p> + +<p><b>alleȥ</b>, <i>av.</i> always, already.</p> + +<p><b>allmahtic</b> (<b>almähtic</b>, <b>almehtic</b>), <i>aj.</i> +all-powerful, almighty.</p> + +<p><b>almuosen</b>, <i>sn.</i> alms, charity.</p> + +<p><b>alrēst</b> = <b>aller ērst</b>, at first.</p> + +<p><b>als</b>, see <b>alsō</b>.</p> + +<p><b>alsam</b>, <i>av.</i> as, just as, <a href = "#para69">69</a>.</p> + +<p><b>alsō</b> (<b>alse</b>, <b>als</b>), <i>av.</i> as, just as, so, +likewise, <a href = "#para69">69</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>alse dar</b>, always, all the time.</p> + +<p><b>alsolch</b> = <b>solch</b>.</p> + +<p><b>alsus</b> (<b>alsust</b>), <i>av.</i> in this manner, so, +thus.</p> + +<p><b>alt</b>, <i>aj.</i> old, former, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, +<a href = "#para57">57</a>.</p> + +<p><b>alter</b>, <i>sn.</i> age.</p> + +<p><b>alwære</b>, <i>aj.</i> foolish.</p> + +<p><b>alze</b>, <i>av.</i> too, too much.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">173</span> +<p><b>alzehant</b>, <i>av.</i> on the spot, at once, immediately.</p> + +<p><b>am</b> = <b>an dëm</b>.</p> + +<p><b>ambet</b>, <i>sn.</i> service, office, calling.</p> + +<p><b>anblic</b>, <i>sm.</i> look.</p> + +<p><b>ander</b>, <i>num.</i> and <i>pr.</i> other, second, <a href = +"#para55">55</a>, <a href = "#para62">62</a>, <a href = +"#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>anders</b>, <i>av.</i> otherwise, else;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>niht anderswan</b>, nothing but.</p> + +<p><b>anderswar</b>, <i>av.</i> elsewhere.</p> + +<p><b>ane</b> (<b>an</b>), <i>prep. c. dat.</i> or <i>acc.</i> on, by, +in; of; along with; until, <a href = "#para9_6">9.6</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>an dën līp</b>, by (their) life, on the penalty of (their) life;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>an dër stat</b>, at once, on the spot.</p> + +<p><b>āne</b> (<b>ān</b>), <i>av.</i> alone, free, deprived of;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>eines āne wërden</b>, to lose;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>cj.</i> except;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>prep. c. acc.</i> or <i>gen.</i> without, except, next to.</p> + +<p><b>ange</b>, <i>av.</i> narrowly, exactly, carefully, anxiously, +<a href = "#para9_7">9.7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>anger</b>, <i>sm.</i> grass plot.</p> + +<p><b>angesiht</b>, <i>sf.</i> sight.</p> + +<p><b>angest</b>, <i>smf.</i> care, sorrow, anxiety.</p> + +<p><b>anges(t)lich</b>, <i>aj.</i> anxious, fearful, dangerous, +terrible.</p> + +<p><b>anme</b>, <b>amme</b>, <b>ame</b>, <b>am</b> = <b>an dëme</b>, +<a href = "#para68n2">68 note 2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ansëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, look at, behold.</p> + +<p><b>anst</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>enste</b>), <i>sf.</i> favour, <a +href = "#para49">49</a>.</p> + +<p><b>antlütze</b>, <b>antlitze</b>, <i>sn.</i> face, countenance.</p> + +<p><b>antwürten</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>antwurte</b>), <i>wv.</i> +answer.</p> + +<p><b>apfel</b>, <i>sm.</i> apple, <a href = "#para31_2">31.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ar</b>, <i>wm.</i> eagle, <a href = "#para9_1">9.1</a>, <a href = +"#para50">50</a>.</p> + +<p><b>arbeit</b> (<b>arebeite</b>), <i>sf.</i> work, trouble, grief.</p> + +<p><b>arbeitsam</b>, <i>aj.</i> painful, troublesome.</p> + +<p><b>arc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>aj.</i> bad, mischievous, wicked.</p> + +<p><b>arm</b>, <i>aj.</i> poor, helpless, unhappy, <a href = +"#para57">57</a>.</p> + +<p><b>arm</b>, <i>sm.</i> arm.</p> + +<p><b>armuot</b>, <i>sf.</i> poverty, want.</p> + +<p><b>art</b>, <i>smf.</i> inborn manner, nature, quality; origin, +descent.</p> + +<p><b>Artūs</b>, <i>pn.</i> Arthur, king of Britain.</p> + +<p><b>arzāt</b>, <i>sm.</i> physician.</p> + +<p><b>arzenīe</b>, <i>sf.</i> medicine, remedy.</p> + +<p><b>ās</b>, <i>sn.</i> carrion, <a href = "#para28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ātem</b>, <i>sm.</i> breath, <a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p> + +<p><b>āventiure</b>, <i>sf.</i> wonderful event</p> + +<p><b>ay</b>, <i>interj.</i> ah! alas!</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_B" id = "gloss_B"> +B</a></p> + +<p><b>bābest</b>, <i>sm.</i> pope.</p> + +<p><b>bāgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, quarrel, <a href = +"#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bal</b> (<b>-lles</b>), <i>sm.</i> ball.</p> + +<p><b>balde</b>, <i>av.</i> boldly, bravely, valiantly; quickly;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>balde wërden enein</b>, be quickly resolved.</p> + +<p><b>balt</b>, <i>aj.</i> courageous, full of courage, firm, +unyielding.</p> + +<p><b>baltlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> courageous.</p> + +<p><b>bange</b>, <i>aj.</i> anxious, <a href = "#para9_7">9.7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bannen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, banish, expel, put under the +ban, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bar</b>, <i>aj.</i> bare, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bāre</b>, <i>sf.</i> bier.</p> + +<p><b>bat</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> bath, flood of tears.</p> + +<p><b>baȥ</b>, <i>av.</i> better, more, <a href = "#para61">61</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>baȥ geriten</b>, quicker;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>baȥ veile</b>, of less value;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wëm’st deste baȥ?</b>, who feels joy at this parting?</p> + +<p><b>Bēāfontāne</b>, <i>pn.</i></p> + +<p><b>bedāht</b>, <i>p.p.</i> thoughtful, intent.</p> + +<p><b>bēde</b> = <b>beide</b>.</p> + +<p><b>bedecken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-dacte</b>, <b>-dahte</b>), +<i>wv.</i> cover, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bedenken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-dāhte</b>, <i>subj. pret.</i> +<b>-dæhte</b>), think over, consider;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>sich dës willen bedenken</b>, decide upon a thing.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">174</span> + +<p><b>bediuten</b>, <i>wv.</i> expound;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>refl.</i> mark, denote.</p> + +<p><b>bedrieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, seem troublesome <i>or</i> +irksome.</p> + +<p><b>bedunken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-dūhte</b>), <i>wv.</i> seem, +appear.</p> + +<p><b>bedurfen</b>, <b>bedürfen</b> (<i>pr. sing.</i> <b>-darf</b>), +<i>pret. pres.</i>, need, require;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +see <b>durfen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>begān</b>, <i>anom. v.</i> to do a thing;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>refl.</i> live;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +see <b>gān</b>.</p> + +<p><b>begieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, pour over, moisten.</p> + +<p><b>beginnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III (<i>pret.</i> also weak +<b>begunde</b>, <b>begonde</b>), begin, <a href = +"#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>begraben</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, bury, inter.</p> + +<p><b>begrīfen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, grasp, understand.</p> + +<p><b>begunder</b> = <b>begunde ër</b>.</p> + +<p><b>behagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> please, delight, suit.</p> + +<p><b>behalten</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, hold, keep, preserve, reserve, +store up.</p> + +<p><b>beherten</b>, <i>wv.</i> harden, enforce.</p> + +<p><b>behüeten</b>, <i>wv.</i> keep, preserve, protect.</p> + +<p><b>behuot</b>, <i>p.p.</i> of <b>behüeten</b>.</p> + +<p><b>beide</b> (<b>bēde</b>), <i>num.</i>, <i>neut.</i> <b>beidiu</b>, +both;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>beide—und</b>, both—and.</p> + +<p><b>beidenthalben</b>, <i>av.</i> on both sides.</p> + +<p><b>Beier</b>, <i>pn.</i> people of Bavaria, Bavarians.</p> + +<p><b>beier(i)sch</b>, <i>aj.</i> Bavarian.</p> + +<p><b>bein</b>, <i>sn.</i> bone, leg, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href += "#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>beiten</b>, <i>wv.</i> wait;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>sn.</i> a waiting.</p> + +<p><b>bejagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> acquire, get.</p> + +<p><b>bejëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, assure.</p> + +<p><b>bekan</b> = <b>bekam</b>.</p> + +<p><b>bekennen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-kante</b>), <i>wv.</i> know, +recognize, get to know.</p> + +<p><b>bekēren</b>, <i>wv.</i> employ, turn;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>bekēren sich</b>, turn round.</p> + +<p><b>bekomen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, get, obtain.</p> + +<p><b>belīben</b> (<b>blīben</b>), <i>sv.</i> I, remain, <a href = +"#para9_7">9.7</a>, <a href = "#para76">76</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>under wëgen belīben</b>, be left undone, cease.</p> + +<p><b>beliuhten</b>, <i>wv.</i> illumine, explain, make manifest.</p> + +<p><b>benamen</b> = <b>bī namen</b>, in the true sense of the word.</p> + +<p><b>benëmen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, take, take away;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>c. gen.</i> exempt.</p> + +<p><b>berāten</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, consider, arrange, provide for;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>refl.</i> consider, reflect.</p> + +<p><b>bërc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> mountain.</p> + +<p><b>bereit</b> (<b>bereite</b>), <i>aj.</i> ready, willing;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> readily, willingly, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bereiten</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-reite</b>), <i>wv.</i> plough, make +arable, prepare, make ready.</p> + +<p><b>bërgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, hide, <a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bërn</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, bear, carry, bring forth, <a href = +"#para9_1">9.1</a>, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = +"#para82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bern</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>berte</b>), <i>wv.</i> beat, strike.</p> + +<p><b>berouben</b>, <i>wv.</i> bereave, rob.</p> + +<p><b>berüeren</b>, <i>wv.</i> touch, move.</p> + +<p><b>besarken</b> (<b>beserken</b>), <i>wv.</i> put into the +coffin.</p> + +<p><b>beschëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, happen.</p> + +<p><b>bescheiden</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, make clear, explain.</p> + +<p><b>bescheiden</b> (<b>bescheidenlīch</b>), <i>aj.</i> sensible, +prudent.</p> + +<p><b>bescheidenheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> understanding, sense, prudence.</p> + +<p><b>bescheidenlīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> definitely, clearly, +sensibly.</p> + +<p><b>beschern</b>, <i>wv.</i> bestow upon, divide, let out.</p> + +<p><b>bëseme</b>, <i>wm.</i> besom; rod.</p> + +<p><b>besitzen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-saȥ</b>), <i>sv.</i> V, take +possession of.</p> + +<p><b>beslieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, close, shut.</p> + +<p><b>besorgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> provide, be conscious of; +requite.</p> + +<p><b>bestān</b>, <i>anom. v.</i> remain; attack, assail;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>einen bestān</b>, concern, belong to.</p> + +<p><b>beste</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> best, <a href = +"#para9_5">9.5</a>, <a href = "#para23_1">23.1</a>, <a href = +"#para61">61</a>.</p> + +<p><b>besunder</b>, <i>av.</i> apart.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">175</span> + +<p><b>beswærde</b>, <i>sf.</i> affliction, grief, sadness.</p> + +<p><b>beswæren</b>, <i>wv.</i> afflict, grieve.</p> + +<p><b>beswern</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-swuor</b>, <i>pp.</i> +<b>-sworn</b>), <i>sv</i>. VI, take an oath, swear to.</p> + +<p><b>bëte</b>, <i>sf.</i> request, command.</p> + +<p><b>bëten</b>, <i>wv.</i> pray, <a href = "#para92">92</a>.</p> + +<p><b>betrahten</b>, <i>wv.</i> view, consider.</p> + +<p><b>betriegen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, deceive.</p> + +<p><b>betrüeben</b>, <i>wv.</i> make gloomy <i>or</i> angry.</p> + +<p><b>bette</b>, <i>sn.</i> bed, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href = +"#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bettestat</b>, <i>sf.</i> couch, place of rest.</p> + +<p><b>bevëlhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, order, recommend; bring home to a +person, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para34">34</a>, <a href += "#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bevinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, become sensible of, get to know.</p> + +<p><b>bewachen</b>, <i>wv.</i> watch, guard.</p> + +<p><b>bewarn</b>, <i>wv.</i> protect, guard against, preserve; avert, +ward off, prevent.</p> + +<p><b>bewëgen</b> (<b>sich</b> with <i>gen.</i>), <i>sv.</i> V, resolve +to <i>or</i> upon, take upon oneself; part with, cast off.</p> + +<p><b>bewenden</b> (<i>pp.</i> <b>-want</b>), <i>wv.</i> turn to, +use.</p> + +<p><b>bewīsen</b>, <i>wv.</i> put right, inform, instruct.</p> + +<p><b>beȥȥer</b> (<i>superl.</i> <b>beȥȥest</b>, <b>beste</b>), +<i>aj.</i> better, <a href = "#para58">58</a>.</p> + +<p><b>beȥȥern</b>, <i>wv. refl.</i> get better, improve.</p> + +<p><b>beȥȥerunge</b>, <i>sf.</i> improvement, <a href = +"#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bī</b>, <i>prep.</i> and <i>av.</i> near, near by, with, beside; +thereby;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>bī sīn</b> with <i>dat.</i> of person: be near, have;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>bī mīnen triuwen</b>, in truth, upon my word!;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>bī mīnen zīten</b>, during my lifetime;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>bī spotte sīn</b>, like mockery;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>bī wësen</b>, remain.</p> + +<p><b>bibenen</b> (<b>biben</b>, <i>pp.</i> <b>bibent</b>), <i>wv.</i> +quake, tremble.</p> + +<p><b>biderbe</b>, <i>aj.</i> noble, active, good.</p> + +<p><b>biegen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, bow, bend, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, +<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para12">12</a>, <a href = +"#para15">15</a>, <a href = "#para16">16</a>, <a href = +"#para18">18</a>, <a href = "#para33">33</a>, <a href = +"#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bien</b> = <b>bī dën</b>.</p> + +<p><b>bieten</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, offer, show, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, +<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para18">18</a>, <a href = +"#para25">25</a>, <a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bilde</b>, <i>sn.</i> example, comparison.</p> + +<p><b>bilden</b>, <i>wv.</i> form.</p> + +<p><b>billich</b>, <i>aj.</i> becoming, right.</p> + +<p><b>billīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> rightly, properly, befittingly.</p> + +<p><b>bin</b>, am, <a href = "#para97">97</a>.</p> + +<p><b>binden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, bind, fasten, <a href = "#para10n2">10 +note 2</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para12">12</a>, +<a href = "#para15">15</a>, <a href = "#para33">33</a>, <a href = +"#para81">81</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wol gebunden</b>, with the hair neatly braided and decked out.</p> + +<p><b>bir</b>, <i>swf.</i> pear, <a href = "#para50">50</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bīten</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, wait, put off, delay, <a href = +"#para76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bit(t)en</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>bat</b>), <i>sv.</i> V, ask, beg, +request, command, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href = "#para26">26</a>, +<a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>, <a href = "#para84">84</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bitter</b>, <i>aj.</i> bitter, <a href = "#para20">20</a>, <a href += "#para31_2">31.2</a>, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bitterlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> bitter, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bitterlīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> bitterly.</p> + +<p><b>biȥ</b>, <i>sm.</i> bite, <a href = "#para44">44</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bīȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, bite, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = +"#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>blā</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> blue, <a href = +"#para36">36</a>, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>blanc</b>, <i>aj.</i> white, shining, beautiful.</p> + +<p><b>blāsen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, blow, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>blat</b>, <i>sn.</i> leaf.</p> + +<p><b>blī</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>snm.</i> lead, <a href = +"#para35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>blīben</b> = <b>belīben</b>.</p> + +<p><b>blic</b> (<b>-ckes</b>), <i>sm.</i> glance, look; splendour.</p> + +<p><b>blīdeclīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> blithely, joyfully.</p> + +<p><b>blint</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>aj.</i> blind, <a href = +"#para7">7</a>, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href = +"#para55">55</a>, <a href = "#para56">56</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bliuwen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, strike, <a href = "#para16n">16 +note</a>, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = +"#para36">36</a>, <a href = "#para79">79</a>.</p> + +<p><b>blōȥ</b>, <i>aj.</i> bare, naked; only.</p> + +<p><b>blüejen</b>, <b>blüewen</b>, <b>blüen</b>, <i>wv.</i> bloom, +<a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para35">35</a>, <a href = +"#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>blüemen</b>, <i>wv.</i> bloom, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bluome</b>, <i>wmf.</i> flower, blossom.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">176</span> +<p><b>bluot</b>, <i>sn.</i> blood.</p> + +<p><b>bluoten</b>, <i>wv.</i> bleed.</p> + +<p><b>boc</b> (<b>-ckes</b>), <i>sm.</i> he-goat, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para32_1">32.1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>böcklīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little he-goat, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bœse</b>, <i>aj.</i> bad, worthless, despicable.</p> + +<p><b>boge</b>, <i>wm.</i> bow.</p> + +<p><b>bölzelīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little cross-bow, bolt <i>or</i> +arrow.</p> + +<p><b>borgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> borrow.</p> + +<p><b>bote</b>, <i>wm.</i> messenger, <a href = "#para51">51</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bougen</b>, <b>böugen</b>, <i>wv.</i> bend, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>boum</b>, <i>sm.</i> tree.</p> + +<p><b>bōȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, beat, strike, <a href = +"#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>brā</b> (<b>brāwe</b>), <i>swf.</i>, brow, eyebrow; eyelash, +<a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p> + +<p><b>brāten</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, roast, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>brëchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, break, pluck, gather; neglect, <a href += "#para82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><b>breit</b>, <i>aj.</i> wide, broad.</p> + +<p><b>brennen</b>, <i>wv.</i> burn, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href += "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bresten</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, break, burst, be deficient, want, +lack, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>brief</b> (<b>-ves</b>), <i>sm.</i> letter, <a href = +"#para33">33</a>, <a href = "#para44">44</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bringen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>brāhte</b>, <i>pret. subj.</i> +<b>bræhte</b>), bring, <a href = "#para28">28</a>, <a href = +"#para29">29</a>, <a href = "#para91">91</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>sich bringen lāȥen</b>, let oneself be brought;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>vür bringen</b>, carry out.</p> + +<p><b>brinnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, burn, <a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>briuwen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, brew, <a href = "#para16n">16 +note</a>, <a href = "#para79">79</a>.</p> + +<p><b>brœde</b>, <i>aj.</i> breakable, perishable.</p> + +<p><b>brōt</b>, <i>sn.</i> bread.</p> + +<p><b>brugge</b>, <b>brügge</b> (<b>brucke</b>, <b>brücke</b>), +<i>sf.</i> bridge, <a href = "#para10n3">10 note 3</a>, <a href = +"#para26">26</a>, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>brūn</b>, <i>aj.</i> brown; dark-coloured.</p> + +<p><b>brunne</b>, <i>wm.</i> spring, well, brook.</p> + +<p><b>bruoch</b>, <i>sf.</i> covering for the upper part of the +thigh.</p> + +<p><b>bruoder</b>, <i>sm.</i> brother, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href += "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = +"#para24">24</a>, <a href = "#para25">25</a>, <a href = +"#para45">45</a>.</p> + +<p><b>brust</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>bruste</b>, <b>brüste</b>), <i>sf.</i> +breast, bosom, <a href = "#para10n3">10 note 3</a>, <a href = +"#para49">49</a>.</p> + +<p><b>brūt</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>briute</b>), bride, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bū</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>smn.</i> cultivated land; farmhouse; +dwelling, abode, <a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p> + +<p><b>büechlīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little book, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>būman</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>būliute</b>), <i>sm.</i> peasant, farmer, +farm labourer.</p> + +<p><b>buoch</b>, <i>sn.</i> book, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>buosem</b>, <i>sm.</i> bosom, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>buoȥ</b>, <i>sm.</i> remedy, compensation, reparation;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>buoȥ tuon</b> <i>c gen.</i>, free from, liberate from.</p> + +<p><b>būr</b>, <i>sm.</i> peasant.</p> + +<p><b>burc</b> (<b>-ge</b>), <i>sf.</i> castle, town, <a href = +"#para10n1">10 note 1</a>, <a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p> + +<p><b>burgære</b>, <i>sm.</i> citizen, parishioner.</p> + +<p><b>burt</b>, <i>sf.</i> birth, of good family.</p> + +<p><b>butze</b>, <i>wm.</i> hobgoblin, bug-bear;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>in butzen wīs</b>, like a ghostly hobgoblin.</p> + +<p><b>būwen</b>, <b>biuwen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>biute</b>), <i>wv.</i> +till, cultivate, plant.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_C" id = "gloss_C"> +C</a></p> + +<p>For <b>c</b> see <b>k</b>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_D" id = "gloss_D"> +D</a></p> + +<p><b>dā</b>, <b>dār</b>, <i>av.</i> there, where, <a href = +"#para39">39</a>, <a href = "#para69">69</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dā mite</b>, therewith;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dā von</b>, thereby;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dā vor</b>, before it <i>or</i> that;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dā zuo</b>, thereby, therewith, thereto.</p> + +<p><b>dach</b>, <i>sn.</i> covering, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> be silent, <a href = "#para92">92</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dahte</b>, see <b>decken</b>.</p> + +<p><b>danc</b> (<b>-kes</b>), <i>sm.</i>. thanks, wish;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>sunder</b> <i>or</i> <b>an’ mīnen danc</b>, against my wish.</p> + +<p><b>danken</b>, <i>wv.</i> thank, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>danne</b>, <b>denne</b> (<b>dan</b>), <i>av.</i> then;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>after the comparative</i>, than as;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +in conditional sentences with or without <b>ne</b> = unless.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">177</span> +<p><b>dannen</b>, <i>av.</i> from there, thence; wherefrom, <a href = +"#para69">69</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dannoch</b> (<b>dennoch</b>), <i>av.</i> however, even, still; +besides, in addition to this; moreover.</p> + +<p><b>dar</b>, <b>dare</b>, <i>av.</i> thither, whither, <a href = +"#para69">69</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dar an</b>, thereon, in that, therein;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dar für</b>, before it;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dar nāch</b>, thereupon, after that;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dar umbe</b>, therefore, <a href = "#para69">69</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dar under</b>, amongst them, in between;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dar zuo</b>, besides, in addition.</p> + +<p><b>dārinne</b>, <b>darinne</b>, <i>av.</i> therein.</p> + +<p><b>daȥ</b> <i>cj.</i> that.</p> + +<p><b>dechein</b>, <i>pr.</i> no, none, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>decken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>dacte</b>, <b>dahte</b>), <i>wv.</i> +cover, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>, +<a href = "#para32_2">32.2</a>, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dëgen</b>, <i>sm.</i> warrior, vassal, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dehein</b>, <b>dekein</b>, <i>pr.</i> any one; no, none, <a href = +"#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>deich</b> = <b>daȥ ich</b>.</p> + +<p><b>deist</b> = <b>daȥ ist</b>.</p> + +<p><b>denen</b> (<b>dennen</b>), <i>wv.</i> stretch, <a href = +"#para92">92</a>.</p> + +<p><b>denken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>dāhte</b>), think, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para28">28</a>, +<a href = "#para29">29</a>, <a href = "#para91">91</a>.</p> + +<p><b>denne</b> = <b>danne</b>.</p> + +<p><b>dennoch</b>, see <b>dannoch</b>.</p> + +<p><b>dër</b>, <b>daȥ</b>, <b>diu</b>, <i>def. art.</i>, <i>dem. +pr.</i>, and <i>rel. pr.</i>, the, who; <a href = "#para9_6">9.6</a>, +<a href = "#para68">68</a>, <a href = "#para69">69</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dës</b>, <i>av.</i> with which, thereby, therefore, wherefore.</p> + +<p><b>derfüre</b>, <i>av.</i> out.</p> + +<p><b>dernider</b>, <i>av.</i> down.</p> + +<p><b>dërst</b> = <b>dër ist</b>.</p> + +<p><b>dēst</b>, <b>deis</b>, <b>dēs</b> = <b>daȥ ist</b>, <a href = +"#para68n1">68 note 1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>deste</b>, <i>av.</i> the more, all the more;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>before comparatives</i>, the, so much, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēswār</b> (= <b>daȥ ist wār</b>), <i>av.</i> truly, in truth, +indeed.</p> + +<p><b>dewëder</b>, <b>dwëder</b>, <i>pr.</i> one of two, neither of +two, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>deȥ</b> = <b>daȥ</b>.</p> + +<p><b>dic</b> (<b>dicke</b>), <i>aj.</i> thick, dark, <a href = +"#para55">55</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>dicke</b>, often;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dicke baȥ</b>, often still better.</p> + +<p><b>die</b> = Middle Germ. form of <b>dër</b>.</p> + +<p><b>diech</b> = <b>daȥ ich</b>.</p> + +<p><b>diemüete</b>, <i>sf.</i> humility.</p> + +<p><b>dien</b> = <b>die en</b>.</p> + +<p><b>dienen</b>, <i>wv.</i> serve, earn, deserve; requite, <a href = +"#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href = "#para92">92</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dienest</b> (<b>dienst</b>), <i>sm.</i> service, serviceableness; +devotion, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ze dienste</b>, out of devotion.</p> + +<p><b>dienstman</b>, <i>sm.</i> servant, feoffee.</p> + +<p><b>diep</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sm.</i> thief;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ze diebe wërden</b>, become a thief.</p> + +<p><b>dieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, resound, roar, rush, <a href = +"#para18">18</a>, <a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dīhen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>dēch</b>, <i>pp.</i> <b>gedigen</b>), +<i>sv.</i> I, thrive, <a href = "#para17">17</a>, <a href = +"#para30">30</a>, <a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dīn</b>, <i>pr.</i> thy, <a href = "#para9_3">9.3</a>, <a href = +"#para67">67</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dinc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sn.</i> thing, affair, <a href = +"#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dingen</b>, <i>wv.</i> speak, make a contract.</p> + +<p><b>dirre</b>, <b>diser</b>, <b>dise</b> (<i>neut.</i> <b>ditze</b>, +<b>diz</b>, <b>diȥ</b>; <i>fem.</i> <b>disiu</b>), <i>pr.</i> +this, <a href = "#para68">68</a>.</p> + +<p><b>diuhen</b>, <i>wv.</i> change, remove; press, shove.</p> + +<p><b>diuten</b>, <i>wv.</i> intimate, relate, display.</p> + +<p><b>diuwe</b> (<b>diw</b>), <i>sf.</i> servant, <a href = +"#para48">48</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dō</b>, <b>do</b>, <i>av.</i> and <i>cj.</i> then, when, +as, <a href = "#para69">69</a>.</p> + +<p><b>doch</b>, <i>av.</i> yet, however, nevertheless.</p> + +<p><b>dol</b>, <i>sf.</i> suffering, pain, distress, misery, <a +href = "#para48">48</a>.</p> + +<p><b>doln</b>, <i>wv.</i> endure, tolerate, suffer, <a href = +"#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dōn</b>, <b>tōn</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>dœne</b>), <i>sm.</i> sound, +melody, song.</p> + +<p><b>donreslac</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> thunder-clap, +lightning,</p> + +<p><b>dorf</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>dörfer</b>), <i>sn.</i> village, +hamlet, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dorn</b>, <i>sm.</i> thorn, <a href = "#para24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dörperlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> peasant-like, rustic.</p> + +<p><b>dort</b>, <i>av.</i> there, yonder.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">178</span> +<p><b>douwen</b>, <b>döuwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> digest, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dræjen</b> (<b>dræn</b>), <i>wv.</i> turn, <a href = +"#para35">35</a>, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>drāte</b>, <i>av.</i> quickly, immediately;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>alsō drāte</b>, directly, forthwith.</p> + +<p><b>dreschen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, thrash, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><b>drī</b> (<i>neut.</i> <b>driu</b>), <i>num.</i> three, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>, <a href = "#para63">63</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>drīer hande</b>, of three kinds.</p> + +<p><b>dringen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, press, throng, shoot up, also +<i>sn.</i>, <a href = "#para81">81</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>für sich dringen</b>, press forwards, spread.</p> + +<p><b>drīstunt</b>, <i>av.</i> thrice.</p> + +<p><b>dritte</b>, <b>drite</b>, <i>num.</i> third, <a href = +"#para26">26</a>, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>drīvaltic</b>, <i>aj.</i> threefold.</p> + +<p><b>drīȥic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>num.</i> thirty, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>drīzëhen</b>, <i>num.</i> thirteen, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>drīzëhende</b>, <i>num.</i> thirteenth, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>drīȥigeste</b>, <i>num.</i> thirtieth, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>drouwe</b> (<b>drowe</b>, <b>drō</b>), <i>sf.</i> threat, +threatening.</p> + +<p><b>drouwen</b>, <b>dröuwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> threaten, <a href = +"#para3">3</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>drucken</b>, <b>drücken</b>, <i>wv.</i> press, <a href = +"#para10n3">10 note 3</a>, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>drūfe</b> = <b>dar ūfe</b>.</p> + +<p><b>drumb(e)</b>, <i>av.</i> to that end, therefore.</p> + +<p><b>drunder</b> = <b>dar under</b>.</p> + +<p><b>dū</b>, <b>du</b>, <i>pr.</i> thou;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>gen.</i> <b>dīn</b>; <i>dat.</i> <b>dir</b>; <i>acc.</i> +<b>dich</b>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>pl. nom.</i> <b>ir</b>; <i>gen.</i> <b>iuwer</b>; <i>dat.</i> +<b>iu</b>; <i>acc.</i> <b>iuch</b>, <a href = "#para65">65</a>.</p> + +<p><b>dulden</b>, <i>wv.</i> endure.</p> + +<p><b>dūme</b>, <i>wm.</i> thumb.</p> + +<p><b>dunken</b>, <b>dünken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>dūhte</b>, <i>pret. +subj.</i> <b>diuhte</b>), seem, appear, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, +<a href = "#para10n2">10 note 2</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = +"#para29">29</a>, <a href = "#para91">91</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>sich ze nihte dunken</b>, to imagine oneself undone.</p> + +<p><b>dünne</b>, <i>aj.</i> thin, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = +"#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>durch</b> (<b>dur</b>), <i>prep.</i> through, on account of, for, +for the sake of, <a href = "#para34">34</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dur daȥ</b>, on this account, for that reason, therefore;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>durch plates stimme</b>, for drawing sounds <i>or</i> notes from the +leaf; for making a whistling sound on the leaf;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>durch sīnen muot</b>, through his (childish) mind.</p> + +<p><b>durfen</b>, <b>dürfen</b> (<i>pres. sing.</i> <b>darf</b>, +<i>pret.</i> <b>dorfte</b>, <i>pret. subj.</i> <b>dörfte</b>), <i>pret. +pres.</i> need, <a href = "#para16">16</a>, <a href = +"#para93">93</a>.</p> + +<p><b>durftige</b>, <i>wm.</i> beggar, one in want of help.</p> + +<p><b>dūȥ</b> = <b>du ëȥ</b>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_E" id = "gloss_E"> +E</a></p> + +<p><b>ē</b>, <b>ēr</b>, <i>av.</i> formerly, rather, sooner, before, +<a href = "#para39">39</a>, <a href = "#para61">61</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ëben</b>, <i>aj.</i> even, <a href = "#para55">55</a>, <a href = +"#para60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ëbene</b>, <i>av.</i> evenly, smoothly, well-fitting, <a href += "#para60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ecke</b>, <i>swf., sn.</i> corner, <a href = +"#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>edel(e)</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> noble, <a href = +"#para60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><b>edelinc</b>, <i>sm.</i> son of a nobleman, <a href = +"#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>edeln</b>, <i>wv.</i> ennoble.</p> + +<p><b>egen</b>, <i>wv.</i> harrow.</p> + +<p><b>egeslīch</b> (<b>eislīch</b>), <i>aj.</i> fearful, +terrible, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ëht</b> (<b>ē̆t</b>, <b>ō̆t</b>), <i>av.</i> only; even, at any +rate, <a href = "#para34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ei</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>eijer</b>, <b>eiger</b>, <b>eier</b>), +<i>sn.</i> egg, <a href = "#para35">35</a>, <a href = +"#para47">47</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ei</b>, <i>interj.</i> ah.</p> + +<p><b>eiden</b>, <i>wv.</i> take an oath, pledge.</p> + +<p><b>eigen</b>, <i>aj.</i> own, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>eigen</b>, <i>sn.</i> property;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ze eigen gëben</b>, present.</p> + +<p><b>eilfte</b>, <i>aj.</i> eleventh, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ein</b>, <i>num.</i> and <i>indef. art.</i> one; a, an, <a href = +"#para9_3">9.3</a>, <a href = "#para62">62</a>, <a href = +"#para63">63</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>indef, pr.</i> one, some one, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>einander</b>, <i>pr.</i> one another.</p> + +<p><b>eine</b>, <i>av.</i> alone.</p> + +<p><b>eines</b>, <i>av.</i> once.</p> + +<p><b>einic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>aj.</i> only, single.</p> + +<p><b>einlif</b>, <b>einlef</b> (<b>eilif</b>), <i>num.</i> +eleven, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ei(n)lifte</b> (<b>eilfte</b>), <i>num.</i> eleventh, <a href += "#para62">62</a>.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">179</span> + +<p><b>eischen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, ask, demand.</p> + +<p><b>eislīch</b>, see <b>egeslīch</b>.</p> + +<p><b>eit</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> oath.</p> + +<p><b>element</b>, <i>sn.</i> element.</p> + +<p><b>ēlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> legal, conjugal.</p> + +<p><b>ellen</b>, <i>sn.</i>courage, valour; manliness.</p> + +<p><b>ellenboge</b>, <i>wm.</i> elbow.</p> + +<p><b>ellenden</b>, <i>wv.</i> go abroad.</p> + +<p><b>ellich</b>, <i>aj.</i> universal, constant.</p> + +<p><b>elter</b>, <i>aj.</i> older.</p> + +<p><b>eltlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> elderly, old.</p> + +<p><b>emphëlhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, recommend, <a href = +"#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>emzekeit</b>, <i>sf.</i> activity, diligence, industry.</p> + +<p><b>en</b>, <i>neg. particle</i>, generally used before the verb with +or without <b>niht</b> after the verb, <i>not</i>.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>en</b> in subordinate sentences with the subjunctive, <i>unless</i>, +<i>if not</i>, <i>except that</i>, <i>when that</i>, <i>that not</i>, +&c.</p> + +<p><b>en</b> = <b>in</b>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +shortened form of <b>dën</b>.</p> + +<p><b>enbërn</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, be without a thing, do without.</p> + +<p><b>enbieten</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, bid, announce, summon.</p> + +<p><b>enblanden</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, let be painful <i>or</i> +irksome to.</p> + +<p><b>enblecken</b>, <i>wv.</i> make visible, expose.</p> + +<p><b>ende</b>, <i>sn.</i> end.</p> + +<p><b>endelīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> throughout, entirely.</p> + +<p><b>enden</b>, <i>wv.</i> end, finish.</p> + +<p><b>enein</b> = <b>in ein</b>.</p> + +<p><b>enge</b>, <i>aj.</i> narrow, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>enge</b>, <i>sf.</i> narrow place, strait, difficulty.</p> + +<p><b>engel</b>, <i>sm.</i> angel, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href += "#para42">42</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Engellant</b>, <i>pn.</i> England, <a href = "#para54">54</a>.</p> + +<p><b>engëlten</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, pay, requite.</p> + +<p><b>enges(t)līch</b>, <i>aj.</i> anxious, timid, dangerous.</p> + +<p><b>enke</b>, <i>wm.</i> man who tends the cattle.</p> + +<p><b>enmitten</b>, <i>av.</i> in the midst;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>enmitten dō</b>, during, whilst.</p> + +<p><b>enpfāhen</b>, <b>enpfān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, accept, receive.</p> + +<p><b>enpfallen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, pass away, perish.</p> + +<p><b>enpfinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, perceive, become +conscious of.</p> + +<p><b>enpflëgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, care for, cherish.</p> + +<p><b>enphëlhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, order, recommend, <a href = +"#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>entrinnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, escape.</p> + +<p><b>entsagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> free, remove, withdraw.</p> + +<p><b>entseben</b> (<b>-seven</b>), <i>sv.</i> VI, perceive, <a +href = "#para86">86</a>.</p> + +<p><b>entsetzen</b>, <i>wv.</i> bereave, rob.</p> + +<p><b>entslāfen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, fall asleep.</p> + +<p><b>en(t)springen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, spring up, shoot up, shoot +forth.</p> + +<p><b>entstān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, understand.</p> + +<p><b>entwër</b>, <b>entwërch</b>, <i>av.</i> athwart; perversely.</p> + +<p><b>entwësen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, be without, do without.</p> + +<p><b>entwīchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, yield, go away.</p> + +<p><b>enwëc</b>, <i>av.</i> away.</p> + +<p><b>enzīt</b>, <i>av.</i> by times, soon.</p> + +<p><b>enzünden</b>, <i>wv.</i> light, kindle.</p> + +<p><b>enzwischen</b>, <i>prep.</i> between.</p> + +<p><b>ër</b>, <b>si</b> (<b>sī</b>, <b>siu</b>, <b>sie</b>), <b>ëȥ</b>, +<i>pr.</i> he, she, it;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>gen.</i> <b>sīn</b> (<b>ës</b>), <b>ir</b>, <b>ës</b>; <i>dat.</i> +<b>im(e)</b>, <b>ir</b>, <b>im(e)</b>; <i>acc.</i> <b>in</b>, <b>sie</b> +(<b>si</b>, <b>sī</b>), <b>ëȥ</b> (<b>iȥ</b>);</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>pl. nom. acc.</i> <b>si</b>, <b>sī</b>, <b>sie</b>, <i>neut.</i> also +<b>siu</b>; <i>gen.</i> <b>ir(e)</b>; <i>dat.</i> <b>in</b>, <a href = +"#para65">65</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ērbære</b>, <i>aj.</i> honourable, decent, modest.</p> + +<p><b>erbarmen</b>, <i>wv.</i> move to pity.</p> + +<p><b>erbe</b>, <i>sn.</i> inherited property, inheritance.</p> + +<p><b>erbeit</b> = <b>arbeit</b>.</p> + +<p><b>erbeiten</b>, <i>wv.</i> work, have trouble;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>c. gen.</i> wait for.</p> + +<p><b>erbëlgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, become angry, grow angry.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">180</span> + +<p><b>erben</b>, <i>wv.</i> be hereditary, descend from generation to +generation.</p> + +<p><b>erbieten</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, show, manifest.</p> + +<p><b>erbīten</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, wait.</p> + +<p><b>erbleichen</b>, <i>wv.</i> become pale.</p> + +<p><b>erbolgen</b>, <i>pp.</i> angered, angry with.</p> + +<p><b>erbürn</b>, <i>wv.</i> raise, lift up.</p> + +<p><b>ërde</b>, <i>wf.</i> earth, world, <a href = +"#para14_2">14.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>erdenken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>erdāhte</b>, <i>pret. subj.</i> +<b>erdæhte</b>), <i>wv.</i> think out, devise, contrive.</p> + +<p><b>ërderīch</b> = <b>ërtrīch</b>.</p> + +<p><b>erdieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, resound, re-echo.</p> + +<p><b>erdringen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, gain by force.</p> + +<p><b>erdröuwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> compel by threats.</p> + +<p><b>ēre</b>, <i>wf.</i> honour, renown, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēren</b>, <i>wv.</i> honour.</p> + +<p><b>ērest</b>, <b>ērste</b>, <i>aj.</i> first, <a href = +"#para59">59</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ergāhen</b>, <i>wv.</i> overtake, go to meet.</p> + +<p><b>ergān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, come out, happen.</p> + +<p><b>erge</b>, <i>sf.</i> wickedness.</p> + +<p><b>ergëben</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, submit, devote.</p> + +<p><b>ergetzen</b>, <i>wv.</i> cause to forget, compensate.</p> + +<p><b>ergrīfen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, seize.</p> + +<p><b>erhāhen</b>, <b>erhān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, hang.</p> + +<p><b>erheben</b>, <i>sv</i>. VI, raise;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>refl.</i> rise.</p> + +<p><b>erhœren</b>, <i>wv.</i> hear.</p> + +<p><b>erkalten</b>, <i>wv.</i> become cold.</p> + +<p><b>erkant</b>, <i>aj.</i> known.</p> + +<p><b>erkennelich</b>, <i>aj.</i> well-known, renowned.</p> + +<p><b>erkennen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-kante</b>, <b>-kande</b>), +<i>wv.</i> recognize, perceive, understand; know.</p> + +<p><b>erkiesen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, elect, select, choose.</p> + +<p><b>erklengen</b>, <i>wv.</i> make resonant <i>or</i> sonorous.</p> + +<p><b>erlāȥen</b>, <b>erlān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, release, forgive.</p> + +<p><b>erlengen</b>, <i>wv.</i> lengthen.</p> + +<p><b>erleschen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, extinguish.</p> + +<p><b>erlīden</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, suffer.</p> + +<p><b>erlouben</b>, <b>erlöuben</b>, <i>wv.</i> allow, permit, <a +href = "#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>erlœsen</b> (<i>pp.</i> <b>erlōst</b>), <i>wv.</i> remove, free, +deliver.</p> + +<p><b>ermordern</b>, <i>wv.</i> murder.</p> + +<p><b>ern</b>, <b>eren</b>, <b>erren</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>ier</b>, +<i>pp.</i> <b>gearn</b>), <i>sv.</i> VII, till, plough, <a href = +"#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ërn</b> = <b>ër ne</b>.</p> + +<p><b>ernern</b>, <i>wv.</i> rescue, heal, cure.</p> + +<p><b>erniuwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> renew.</p> + +<p><b>ërnst</b>, <i>sm.</i> fervour.</p> + +<p><b>errëchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, avenge.</p> + +<p><b>ērrer</b>, <b>ērre</b>, <b>ërre</b>, <i>aj.</i> former, <a +href = "#para59">59</a>.</p> + +<p><b>erringen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, gain, obtain, get.</p> + +<p><b>erscheinen</b>, <i>wv.</i> show, make to appear.</p> + +<p><b>erschëllen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, resound.</p> + +<p><b>erschieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, shoot, shoot through, pierce to +death.</p> + +<p><b>erschīnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, appear; dawn.</p> + +<p><b>erschrëcken</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, frighten, become frightened;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>refl. c. gen.</i> become frightened at.</p> + +<p><b>erschrīen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-schrē</b>), <i>sv.</i> I, shriek, +cry out.</p> + +<p><b>ersëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, see, perceive.</p> + +<p><b>erslahen</b>, <b>erslān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, slay, kill.</p> + +<p><b>ēr(e)st</b>, <b>ērste</b>, <i>av.</i> at first, so soon +as, <a href = "#para61">61</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ērste</b>, <i>num.</i> first, <a href = "#para9_5">9.5</a>, +<a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>erstërben</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, die.</p> + +<p><b>erstrecken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>erstracte</b>), <i>wv.</i> expand, +spread out.</p> + +<p><b>ërtrīch</b> (<b>ërderīch</b>), <i>sn.</i> earth, world.</p> + +<p><b>ertrinken</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, drown, perish.</p> + +<p><b>ervëhten</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, gain by fighting;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +with <b>abe</b> and <i>dat.</i>: win <i>or</i> gain from by +fighting.</p> + +<p><b>ervinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, experience, get to know.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">181</span> + +<p><b>ervollen</b>, <i>wv.</i> become full.</p> + +<p><b>ervröuwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> rejoice, make glad.</p> + +<p><b>erwachen</b>, <i>wv.</i> awake.</p> + +<p><b>erwecken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-wahte</b>), <i>wv.</i> waken, +awaken.</p> + +<p><b>erweln</b>, <i>wv.</i> elect, choose.</p> + +<p><b>erwërben</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, reach, attain, acquire, beget.</p> + +<p><b>erwern</b>, <i>wv.</i> prevent, hinder.</p> + +<p><b>erwinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, turn round; be thrown back, be +reflected.</p> + +<p><b>erzeigen</b>, <i>wv.</i> show, prove.</p> + +<p><b>erziehen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, bring up, educate.</p> + +<p><b>esche</b>, <i>wf.</i> ash.</p> + +<p><b>ët</b>, <b>ēt</b> = <b>ëht</b>.</p> + +<p><b>etelīch</b>, <b>eteslīch</b> (<b>etlīch</b>, <b>etslīch</b>), +<i>pr.</i> many a one, any one;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>pl.</i> some, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>etewër</b>, <b>eteswër</b>, <i>pr.</i> any <i>or</i> some one;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>neut.</i> <b>etewaȥ</b>, anything, something, <a href = +"#para70">70</a>, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ettewanne</b> (<b>eteswenne</b>, <b>ettewenne</b>), <i>av.</i> +sometimes.</p> + +<p><b>ēvangēlium</b>, <i>sn.</i> gospel.</p> + +<p><b>ēwic</b>, <i>aj.</i> everlasting.</p> + +<p><b>ēwiclīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> ever, everlastingly.</p> + +<p><b>ëȥ</b>, <i>pr.</i> it, <a href = "#para65">65</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ëȥȥen</b> (<i>pp.</i> <b>gëȥȥen</b>), <i>sv.</i> V, eat, <a href = +"#para9_7">9.7</a>, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = +"#para20">20</a>, <a href = "#para23_1">23.1</a>, <a href = +"#para28">28</a>, <a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_F" id = "gloss_F"> +F</a></p> + +<p>For <b>f</b> see <b>v</b>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_G" id = "gloss_G"> +G</a></p> + +<p><b>gābe</b>, <i>sf.</i> gift.</p> + +<p><b>gabylōt</b>, <b>gabilōt</b>, <i>sn.</i> small javelin <i>or</i> +dart.</p> + +<p><b>gāch</b> (<b>-hes</b>), <i>aj.</i> quick, rapid, <a href = +"#para55">55</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>gāch wësen</b> (with <i>dat.</i> of pers.), be in a hurry;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>mir ist gāch</b>, I hasten;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>gen.</i> <b>gāhes</b> as <i>av.</i></p> + +<p><b>gadem</b>, <i>sn.</i> room, bed-room; house, <a href = +"#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gæhe</b>, <i>aj.</i> quick, hasty.</p> + +<p><b>gāhelōs</b>, <i>aj.</i> fickle, wanton.</p> + +<p><b>gāhen</b>, <b>gæhen</b>, <i>wv.</i> hasten, hurry.</p> + +<p><b>Gahmuret</b>, <i>pn.</i> the name of Parzival’s father.</p> + +<p><b>galge</b>, <i>wm.</i> gallows, scaffold.</p> + +<p><b>galle</b>, <i>swf.</i> gall, bitterness, grief.</p> + +<p><b>gan</b>, see <b>gunnen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gān</b>, <b>gēn</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, go, <a href = +"#para87">87</a>, <a href = "#para95">95</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>umbe gān</b>, go <i>or</i> turn round.</p> + +<p><b>ganz</b>, <i>aj.</i> whole, entire, complete, <a href = +"#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para60_3">60.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ganzlīche(n)</b>, <i>av.</i> completely, <a href = +"#para60_3">60.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gar</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> ready, prepared, <a href = +"#para9_1">9.1</a>, <a href = "#para36">36</a>, <a href = +"#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gar</b>, <i>av.</i> fully, entirely, completely.</p> + +<p><b>gart</b>, <i>sm.</i> goad, whip.</p> + +<p><b>gartenære</b>, <i>sm.</i> gardener, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gast</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>geste</b>), stranger, guest, <a href = +"#para3">3</a>, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, +<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para44">44</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gearbeiten</b>, <i>wv.</i> work.</p> + +<p><b>gebærde</b>, <i>sf.</i> countenance.</p> + +<p><b>gebāren</b>, <i>wv.</i> behave, conduct oneself.</p> + +<p><b>gëbe</b>, <i>sf.</i> gift, <a href = "#para7">7</a>, <a href = +"#para48">48</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gebeine</b>, <i>sn.</i> bones, remains.</p> + +<p><b>gëben</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, give, grant, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, +<a href = "#para12">12</a>, <a href = "#para14_2">14.2</a>, <a href = +"#para25">25</a>, <a href = "#para28">28</a>, <a href = +"#para33">33</a>, <a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gëben</b>, <i>pp.</i> = <b>gegëben</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gebende</b>, <i>sn.</i> head-dress.</p> + +<p><b>gebët</b>, <i>sn.</i> prayer.</p> + +<p><b>gebieten</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, order, command.</p> + +<p><b>gebot</b>, <i>sn.</i> command, order, commandment.</p> + +<p><b>gebrëchen</b> = <b>brëchen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gebreste</b>, <i>wm.</i> defect, waste.</p> + +<p><b>gebresten</b> = <b>bresten</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gebüeȥen</b>, <i>wv.</i> atone for, improve.</p> + +<p><b>gebūre</b>, <i>wm.</i> peasant, citizen.</p> + +<p><b>geburt</b>, <i>sf.</i> birth, noble birth.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">182</span> + +<p><b>gedagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> keep silent.</p> + +<p><b>gedanc</b>, <i>sm.</i> thought, <a href = "#para44">44</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gedanken</b> = <b>danken</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gedenken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-dāhte</b>), <i>wv.</i> think, +intend, strive; bear in mind, remember.</p> + +<p><b>gedienen</b>, <i>wv.</i> earn, deserve, obtain.</p> + +<p><b>gedīhen</b> (<b>gedīen</b>), <i>sv.</i> I, thrive, speed well, +advance.</p> + +<p><b>gedinge</b>, <i>wm.</i> or <i>sfn.</i> hope, confidence; thought; +contract.</p> + +<p><b>gedingen</b>, <i>wv.</i> negotiate.</p> + +<p><b>gedranc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> thronging, crowd.</p> + +<p><b>gedulde</b>, <b>gedult</b>, <i>sf.</i> patience.</p> + +<p><b>gedulteclīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> patiently.</p> + +<p><b>gedultic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>aj.</i> patient, indulgent, <a href += "#para10n1">10 note 1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gedultikeit</b>, <i>sf.</i> patience.</p> + +<p><b>geenden</b>, <i>wv.</i> end, finish.</p> + +<p><b>gefüege</b>, <i>aj.</i> befitting, suitable, seemly.</p> + +<p><b>gefuoge</b>, <i>sf.</i> fitness, good breeding.</p> + +<p><b>gegān</b> = <b>gān</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gegëben</b> = <b>gëben</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gëgen</b> (<b>gein</b>), <i>prep.</i> against, opposite to, +towards, to; at, for, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gegihte</b>, <i>sn.</i> gout, cramp.</p> + +<p><b>gegrüeȥen</b>, <i>wv.</i> greet, salute.</p> + +<p><b>gehaben</b> (<i>refl.</i>), <i>wv.</i> be, fare, feel.</p> + +<p><b>geheiȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, promise; call, name.</p> + +<p><b>gehëlfen</b> = <b>hëlfen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gehenge</b>, <i>sf.</i> permission.</p> + +<p><b>gehiure</b>, <i>aj.</i> lovely, charming, gracious.</p> + +<p><b>gehœnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> dishonour, abuse, revile, curse.</p> + +<p><b>gehœren</b>, <i>wv.</i> hear.</p> + +<p><b>gehōrsam(e)</b>, <i>sf.</i> obedience.</p> + +<p><b>geil</b>, <i>aj.</i> joyous, joyful, gay.</p> + +<p><b>geist</b>, <i>sm.</i> spirit, mind, ghost.</p> + +<p><b>gejegede</b>, <i>sn.</i> hunt.</p> + +<p><b>geklopfen</b>, <i>wv.</i> knock.</p> + +<p><b>gël</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> yellow, <a href = +"#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gelāȥ</b>, <i>snm.</i> formation, figure, shape.</p> + +<p><b>gelëben</b>, <i>wv.</i> live, live to see.</p> + +<p><b>geleischiert</b>, <i>pp.</i> with or having the reins of the horse +slack;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +see <b>leischieren</b>.</p> + +<p><b>geleisten</b> = <b>leisten</b>.</p> + +<p><b>geleit</b> = <b>geleget</b>.</p> + +<p><b>geleite</b>, <i>sn.</i> protection, retinue;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>wm.</i> attendant, companion.</p> + +<p><b>gëlf</b> (<b>gëlph</b>), <i>aj.</i> shining; merry, insolent.</p> + +<p><b>gelīch</b> (<b>glīch</b>), <i>aj.</i> like, same, straight, even, +<a href = "#para9_7">9.7</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>gelīche</b>, equally, in like manner.</p> + +<p><b>gelīchen</b>, <i>refl. wv.</i> be like, be equal; resemble.</p> + +<p><b>gelieben</b>, <i>wv.</i> love, make dear, please.</p> + +<p><b>geligen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, succumb, be ruined.</p> + +<p><b>gelimpfen</b>, <i>wv.</i> be meet, <a href = +"#para23_2">23.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gelingen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, succeed, <a href = +"#para81">81</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>mir gelingt wol</b>, I have good success.</p> + +<p><b>gelit</b>, <b>glit</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> member, <a href = +"#para9_7">9.7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>geloube</b>, <i>wm.</i> faith.</p> + +<p><b>gelouben</b>, <b>gelöuben</b>, <i>wv.</i> believe, think, <a href += "#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para33">33</a>, <a href = +"#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gëlt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> money.</p> + +<p><b>gëlten</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, pay, requite; procure, <a href = +"#para9_4n">9.4 note</a>, <a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gelücke</b>, <i>sn.</i> good fortune, happiness.</p> + +<p><b>gelust</b>, <i>sm.</i> wish, desire; joy, pleasure.</p> + +<p><b>gemach</b>, <i>smn.</i>, rest, ease; bedroom.</p> + +<p><b>gemachen</b>, <i>wv.</i> make.</p> + +<p><b>gemahele</b>, <i>wf.</i> bride.</p> + +<p><b>gemeine</b>, <i>aj.</i> common, familiar.</p> + +<p><b>gemeit</b>, <i>aj.</i> happy, joyful.</p> + +<p><b>gemēren</b>, <i>wv.</i> increase.</p> + +<p><b>gemīden</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, avoid, keep at a distance.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">183</span> +<p><b>gemīten</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, shun, avoid.</p> + +<p><b>gemüete</b>, <i>sn.</i> disposition, desire, longing; heart.</p> + +<p><b>gemuot</b>, <i>aj.</i> minded, disposed, inclined.</p> + +<p><b>genāde</b>, <b>gnāde</b>, <i>sf.</i> grace, favour, kindness, +<a href = "#para9_7">9.7</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +in addressing a person: be gracious;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>genāde sagen</b>, thank;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ūf genāde</b>, graciously.</p> + +<p><b>genādelōs</b>, <i>aj.</i> unhappy, without grace.</p> + +<p><b>genāden</b>, <i>wv.</i> to thank.</p> + +<p><b>genædic</b>, <i>aj.</i> gracious, merciful.</p> + +<p><b>genæme</b>, <i>aj.</i> beloved, dear, pleasant.</p> + +<p><b>genanne</b>, <b>gnanne</b>, <i>wm.</i> namesake, <a href = +"#para9_7">9.7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>genësen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, recover, become well <i>or</i> free, +<a href = "#para30">30</a>, <a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p> + +<p><b>genieten</b>, <i>wv. refl.</i> rejoice, be glad, become satisfied +with.</p> + +<p><b>genieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II <i>c. gen.</i>, enjoy, have +advantage of; make use of, use as food.</p> + +<p><b>genisbære</b>, <i>aj.</i> healable, curable.</p> + +<p><b>genislīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> healable, curable.</p> + +<p><b>genist</b>, <i>sf.</i> recovery.</p> + +<p><b>genōȥ</b>, <i>sm.</i> companion.</p> + +<p><b>genōȥen</b> (<b>hin ze</b>), <i>wv.</i> compare, compare with.</p> + +<p><b>genüegen</b>, <i>wv.</i> be sufficient, suffice;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>mich genüeget dës</b>, that is enough for me.</p> + +<p><b>genuoc</b>, <b>gnuoc</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> enough, +<a href = "#para9_7">9.7</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>pl.</i> many;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +as <i>indecl. sb.</i> with <i>gen.</i> enough.</p> + +<p><b>genüogen</b> = <b>genüegen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gequeln</b>, <i>wv.</i> plague, torment.</p> + +<p><b>gër</b>, <b>gir</b>, <i>sf.</i> longing, eager desire.</p> + +<p><b>gerāde</b>, <b>grāde</b>, <i>aj.</i> quick, <a href = +"#para9_7">9.7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gerāten</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-riet</b>), <i>sv.</i> VII, advise; +come at; prosper, thrive, succeed.</p> + +<p><b>gerëch</b>, <b>grëch</b>, <i>aj.</i> straight, <a href = +"#para9_7">9.7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gerich</b>, <i>sm.</i> revenge, vengeance.</p> + +<p><b>gerihte</b>, <i>sn.</i> jurisdiction.</p> + +<p><b>gerinclīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> small, easily.</p> + +<p><b>geringen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, struggle, strive.</p> + +<p><b>geriute</b>, <i>sn.</i> arable land.</p> + +<p><b>geriuwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> repent, lament.</p> + +<p><b>gërn</b> (with <i>gen.</i> and <i>dat.</i>), <i>wv.</i> long for, +yearn for, desire, want, hanker after.</p> + +<p><b>gërne</b>, <i>av.</i> willingly, gladly.</p> + +<p><b>gerte</b>, <i>swf.</i> rod.</p> + +<p><b>gerūmen</b>, <i>wv.</i> leave, make room.</p> + +<p><b>geruochen</b>, <i>wv.</i> be pleased, hold good for.</p> + +<p><b>gesagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> say, tell.</p> + +<p><b>geschaffen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, provide, care for, create.</p> + +<p><b>geschaft</b>, <i>sf.</i> creature, <a href = "#para28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>geschëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, happen, fall to one’s lot <i>or</i> +share, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para34">34</a>, <a +href = "#para83">83</a>.</p> + +<p><b>geschiht</b>, <i>sf.</i> occurrence, event.</p> + +<p><b>geschlähte</b>, <i>sn.</i> race, generation, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gesëgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> bless.</p> + +<p><b>gesëhen</b> = <b>sëhen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>geselle</b>, <i>wm.</i> companion.</p> + +<p><b>geselleschaft</b>, <i>sf.</i> company.</p> + +<p><b>gesīn</b> = <b>sīn</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gesinde</b>, <i>sn.</i> retinue;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>wm.</i> retainer.</p> + +<p><b>gesingen</b> = <b>singen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gesitzen</b> = <b>sitzen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gesmac</b>, <i>sm.</i> taste, smell.</p> + +<p><b>gesorgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> trouble oneself; fear, dread.</p> + +<p><b>gespile</b>, <i>wm.</i> play-mate, comrade.</p> + +<p><b>gesprëchen</b> = <b>sprëchen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gestān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, remain.</p> + +<p><b>gesteine</b>, <i>sn.</i> precious stones.</p> + +<p><b>gestern</b>, <i>av.</i> yesterday.</p> + +<p><b>gestrīten</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, quarrel, fight, strive.</p> + +<p><b>gesūmen</b>, <i>wv.</i> stay, delay, let one wait.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">184</span> +<p><b>gesunde</b> (<b>gesunt</b>), <i>aj.</i> healthy, alive.</p> + +<p><b>gesunt</b>, <i>sm.</i> health.</p> + +<p><b>gesweigen</b>, <i>wv.</i> bring to silence.</p> + +<p><b>geswīchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, weary, tire; leave in the lurch.</p> + +<p><b>getar</b> = <b>tar</b>, see <b>turren</b>.</p> + +<p><b>getragen</b> = <b>tragen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>getriulīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> through, owing to faithfulness.</p> + +<p><b>getriuten</b>, <i>wv.</i> love, like, be fond of.</p> + +<p><b>getriuwe</b>, <i>aj.</i> faithful, good.</p> + +<p><b>getriuwen</b>, <b>getrūwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> trust, +confide in.</p> + +<p><b>getrœsten</b>, <i>wv. refl.</i> bear with patience, forget.</p> + +<p><b>getrūren</b>, <i>wv.</i> mourn, grieve, be downcast.</p> + +<p><b>getrūwen</b>, see <b>getriuwen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>getuon</b> = <b>tuon</b>.</p> + +<p><b>geturren</b>, <i>pret. pres.</i> dare, venture.</p> + +<p><b>getweln</b>, <i>wv.</i> dwell, stay.</p> + +<p><b>gevallen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, fall to one’s lot, please.</p> + +<p><b>gevangen(e)</b>, <i>wm.</i> prisoner, <a href = +"#para50">50</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gevar</b>, <i>aj.</i> having colour.</p> + +<p><b>gevarn</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, go, travel;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wol gevarn</b>, make a successful journey.</p> + +<p><b>gevolgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> obey.</p> + +<p><b>gevüege</b>, <b>gefüege</b>, <i>aj.</i> courteous, well-bred.</p> + +<p><b>gewæte</b>, <i>sn.</i> clothing.</p> + +<p><b>gewähenen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, mention, <a href = +"#para86">86</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gewalt</b>, <i>smf.</i> power, might, command.</p> + +<p><b>gewalteclīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> violent, mighty;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>gewalteclīche</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gewaltic</b>, <i>aj.</i> powerful, mighty.</p> + +<p><b>gewant</b>, <i>sn.</i> clothing.</p> + +<p><b>gewant</b> (<i>pp.</i> of <b>wenden</b>), conditioned, +circumstanced;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>so gewante sache</b>, of such a nature;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ëȥ ist alsō gewant</b>, it is important;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ëȥ ist niht alsō gewant</b>, the matter is not so.</p> + +<p><b>gewar(e)</b>, <i>aj.</i> sensible, mindful.</p> + +<p><b>geweinen</b>, <i>wv.</i> weep, cry.</p> + +<p><b>gewenen</b>, <i>wv.</i> accustom.</p> + +<p><b>gewenken</b>, <i>wv.</i> waver, vacillate; bend, turn.</p> + +<p><b>gewërbe</b>, <i>sn.</i> activity.</p> + +<p><b>gewërn</b>, <i>wv.</i> perceive, perform.</p> + +<p><b>gewërren</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, be troublesome, hinder.</p> + +<p><b>gewin</b> (<b>-nnes</b>), <i>sm.</i> gain, advantage.</p> + +<p><b>gewinnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, get, gain, obtain, receive, <a +href = "#para81">81</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>für sich gewinnen</b>, get for oneself.</p> + +<p><b>gewis</b> (<b>-sses</b>), <i>aj.</i> certain, sure, <a href = +"#para31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gewisse</b>, <i>av.</i> surely, truly, certainly.</p> + +<p><b>gewonheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> custom.</p> + +<p><b>gewürme</b>, <i>sn.</i> worm, insect; reptile, creeping +creature.</p> + +<p><b>gezëmen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, become, beseem;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>mich gezimt dës</b>, that pleases me.</p> + +<p><b>gezierde</b>, <i>sf.</i> adornment.</p> + +<p><b>gezwicken</b>, <i>wv.</i> pinch, pull, pluck.</p> + +<p><b>gieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, pour, <a href = +"#para28">28</a>, <a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gift</b>, <i>sf.</i> gift, <a href = "#para28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>giht</b>, <i>third pers. sing.</i> of <b>jëhen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gir</b>, see <b>gër</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gīst</b> = <b>gibest</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gīt</b> = <b>gibet</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p> + +<p><b>glast</b>, <i>sm.</i> splendour.</p> + +<p><b>glīchnisse</b>, <i>sn.</i> parable.</p> + +<p><b>glocke</b>, <i>sf.</i> bell.</p> + +<p><b>gnanne</b>, see <b>genanne</b>.</p> + +<p><b>golt</b>, <i>sn.</i> gold, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href = +"#para15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>got</b>, <i>sm.</i> God, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gotelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> divine.</p> + +<p><b>goteshūs</b>, <i>sn.</i> church, monastery.</p> + +<p><b>gotheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> godhead.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">185</span> +<p><b>götinne</b>, <i>sf.</i> goddess, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a +href = "#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gotvar</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> godlike, divine.</p> + +<p><b>gouch</b>, <i>sm.</i> cuckoo; fool.</p> + +<p><b>grā</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> grey, <a href = +"#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>graben</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, dig, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, +<a href = "#para12">12</a>, <a href = "#para85">85</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gram</b>, <i>aj.</i> hostile.</p> + +<p><b>grap</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sn.</i> grave, <a href = +"#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gras</b>, <i>sn.</i> grass.</p> + +<p><b>grīfen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, seize, grasp, touch, feel.</p> + +<p><b>grim</b> (<b>-mmes</b>), <i>sm.</i> rage, fury.</p> + +<p><b>grimme</b> (<b>grimmic</b>), <i>aj.</i> fearful, angry; great.</p> + +<p><b>grimmen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, rage.</p> + +<p><b>grīs</b> (<b>grīse</b>), <i>aj.</i> grey, old, <a href = +"#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>grœȥlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> great.</p> + +<p><b>grœȥlīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> greatly, very.</p> + +<p><b>grōȥ</b>, <i>aj.</i> great, large, <a href = +"#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href = "#para57">57</a>.</p> + +<p><b>grüen(e)</b>, <i>aj.</i> green, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href += "#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>grüeȥen</b>, <i>wv.</i> greet, <a href = "#para39">39</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +also <i>sn.</i></p> + +<p><b>grunt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> bottom.</p> + +<p><b>gruoȥ</b>, <i>sm.</i> greeting, salutation.</p> + +<p><b>güete</b>, <i>sf.</i> goodness, kindness, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>güetlich</b>, <i>aj.</i> friendly;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>güetlīchen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>gugel</b>, <i>sf.</i> cowl; cape, hood.</p> + +<p><b>guldīn</b>, <i>aj.</i> golden, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href = +"#para15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gunēren</b>, <i>wv.</i>. dishonour, disgrace.</p> + +<p><b>gunnen</b>, <b>günnen</b> (<i>pres. sing.</i> <b>gan</b>; +<i>pret.</i> <b>gunde</b>, <i>pret. subj.</i> <b>gunde</b>, +<b>günde</b>), <i>pret. pres.</i> grant, bestow, not to grudge, <a href += "#para9_7">9.7</a>, <a href = "#para93">93</a>.</p> + +<p><b>guot</b>, <i>aj.</i> good, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href = +"#para25">25</a>, <a href = "#para55">55</a>, <a href = +"#para58">58</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>daȥ guot</b>, wealth, property;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ze guote</b>, to the good.</p> + +<p><b>gürtel</b>, <i>sm.</i> girdle, belt, sash.</p> + +<p><b>güsse</b>, <i>sf.</i> inundation, <a href = "#para28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gütinne</b>, <i>sf.</i> goddess, <a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_H" id = "gloss_H"> +H</a></p> + +<p><b>habe</b>, <i>sf.</i> possession.</p> + +<p><b>habedanc</b>, <i>sm.</i> thanks with words.</p> + +<p><b>haben</b> (<b>hān</b>), <i>wv.</i> have, hold, <a href = +"#para3">3</a>, <a href = "#para99">99</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>haben sich an dër witze kraft</b>, collect all one’s wits +together.</p> + +<p><b>hacken</b>, <i>sm.</i> hook, fetter; footprint.</p> + +<p><b>haft</b>, <i>sm.</i> bond, fetter.</p> + +<p><b>hagel</b>, <i>sm.</i> hail; misfortune, destruction.</p> + +<p><b>Hagene</b>, <i>pn.</i>, <a href = "#para54">54</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hāhen</b> (<b>hān</b>), <i>sv.</i> VII, hang, <a href = +"#para29">29</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>, <a href = +"#para38">38</a>, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>halde</b>, <i>wf.</i> slope, declivity.</p> + +<p><b>halm</b>, <i>sm.</i> blade, stalk.</p> + +<p><b>halp</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>aj.</i> half.</p> + +<p><b>halsen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, embrace, <a href = +"#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>halten</b> (<b>halden</b>), <i>sv.</i> VII, hold, keep; stop, keep +from, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para40">40</a>, <a href = +"#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hān</b>, see <b>haben</b>.</p> + +<p><b>handeln</b>, <i>wv.</i> do, perform.</p> + +<p><b>handelunge</b>, <i>sf.</i> action, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>han(e)</b>, <i>wm.</i> cock, <a href = "#para9_4">9.4</a>, <a href += "#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hant</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>hende</b>), hand, <a href = +"#para49">49</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hār</b>, <i>sn.</i> hair.</p> + +<p><b>hārbant</b>, <i>sn.</i> head-band.</p> + +<p><b>harnasch</b>, <i>smn.</i> harness.</p> + +<p><b>harpfen</b>, <i>wv.</i> play the harp.</p> + +<p><b>hart</b>, <i>aj.</i> hard, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>harte</b>, <i>av.</i> very, very great, <a href = +"#para60">60</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>comp.</i> <b>harter</b>, more; more seriously.</p> + +<p><b>hase</b>, <i>wm.</i> hare, <a href = "#para7">7</a>, <a href = +"#para30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>haȥ</b>, <i>sm.</i> hate, hatred, enmity; indignation, anger, +wrath, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>haȥlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> full of hate, hostile.</p> + +<p><b>haȥȥen</b>, <i>wv.</i> hate.</p> + +<p><b>heben</b> (<b>heven</b>), <i>sv.</i> VI, raise, <a href = +"#para30">30</a>, <a href = "#para86">86</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>sich (an) heben</b>, betake oneself, begin.</p> + +<p><b>hei</b>, <i>interj.</i> an exclamation of joy, grief, or +wonder.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">186</span> + +<p><b>heide</b>, <i>sf.</i>, heath, uncultivated land; meadow.</p> + +<p><b>heiden</b>, <i>sm.</i> heathen, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>heil</b>, <i>sn.</i> happiness, welfare, good fortune.</p> + +<p><b>heilant</b>, <i>sm.</i> Saviour, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>heilic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), holy, <a href = "#para7">7</a>, <a href = +"#para8">8</a>, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>heiliggeist</b>, <i>sm.</i> holy ghost.</p> + +<p><b>heim</b>, <i>smn.</i> home;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>heime</b>, <i>av.</i> at home.</p> + +<p><b>heimlīch</b> (<b>-lich</b>), <i>aj.</i> homely, familiar.</p> + +<p><b>heimsuochen</b>, <i>wv.</i> visit; attack with evil intent.</p> + +<p><b>heimsuochunge</b>, <i>sf.</i> disturbance of domestic peace and +security.</p> + +<p><b>heimvart</b>, <i>sf.</i> homeward journey.</p> + +<p><b>heiȥ</b>, <i>aj.</i> hot, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>heiȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, call, be called, named; bid, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para17">17</a>, <a href = +"#para23_1">23.1</a>, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hël</b> (<b>-lles</b>), <i>aj.</i> resounding.</p> + +<p><b>hëlfe</b>, <i>sf.</i> help.</p> + +<p><b>hëlfen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, help, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, +<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para12">12</a>, <a href = +"#para14_2">14.2</a>, <a href = "#para15">15</a>, <a href = +"#para23_2">23.2</a>, <a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>helle</b>, <i>sf.</i> hell.</p> + +<p><b>hellemōr</b>, <i>sm.</i> devil.</p> + +<p><b>hellenōt</b>, <i>sf.</i> necessity of hell.</p> + +<p><b>helm</b>, <i>sm.</i> helm, helmet, <a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>helme</b>, <i>wm.</i> warrior.</p> + +<p><b>hëln</b> (with double <i>acc.</i>), <i>sv.</i> IV, hide, +conceal.</p> + +<p><b>helt</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>heldes</b>, <b>heledes</b>), <i>sm.</i> +hero, protector, brave warrior.</p> + +<p><b>hemede</b>, <b>hemde</b>, <i>sn.</i> shirt.</p> + +<p><b>hendelinc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> glove, <a href = +"#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hengen</b>, <i>wv.</i> hang, <a href = "#para30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>henne</b>, <i>swf.</i> hen, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hēr</b>, <b>hēre</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> high, proud, +haughty, agreeable, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>her</b>, <i>sn.</i> army, host.</p> + +<p><b>hër(e)</b>, <i>av.</i> hither, this way.</p> + +<p><b>herbërge</b>, <i>sf.</i> lodging.</p> + +<p><b>hērlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> agreeable, distinguished;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>hērlīchen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>hērre</b>, <b>hërre</b>, <b>hër</b>, <i>wm.</i> master, lord, +<a href = "#para9_3">9.3</a>, <a href = "#para9_6">9.6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hërren</b>, <i>wv.</i> to make as master.</p> + +<p><b>hērsen</b>, <b>hërsen</b>, <i>wv.</i> rule, govern, <a href = +"#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>herte</b> (<b>hart</b>), <i>aj.</i> hard, difficult, <a href += "#para60">60</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>harte</b> (<b>herte</b>), <a href = "#para60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hërze</b>, <i>wn.</i> heart, <a href = "#para7">7</a>, <a href = +"#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>, <a href = +"#para50">50</a>, <a href = "#para52">52</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hërzeleit</b>, <i>sn.</i> heart-sore, grief.</p> + +<p><b>hërzelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> dear, affectionate.</p> + +<p><b>hërzeliep</b>, <i>sn.</i> heart’s joy.</p> + +<p><b>Hërzeloyde</b>, <i>pn.</i> the name of Parzival’s mother.</p> + +<p><b>hërzenlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> hearty, dear, affectionate;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>hërzenlīchen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>hërzeriuwe</b>, <i>sf.</i> great grief, sadness of heart, +pain.</p> + +<p><b>hërzesēre</b>, <i>sf.</i> great sorrow, grief.</p> + +<p><b>heven</b>, see <b>heben</b>.</p> + +<p><b>hey</b>, <i>interj.</i>, hey!</p> + +<p><b>hie</b>, <b>hier</b>, <i>av.</i> here, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, +<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para39">39</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>hie bī</b>, herewith, hereby;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>hie vor(e)</b>, formerly, in former times.</p> + +<p><b>hierunder</b>, <i>av.</i> hereunder, <a href = +"#para39">39</a>.</p> + +<p><b>himel</b>, <i>sm.</i> heaven, sky.</p> + +<p><b>himelisch</b>, <i>aj.</i> heavenly, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>himelkrōne</b>, <i>sf.</i> heavenly crown.</p> + +<p><b>himelrīch</b>, <i>sn.</i> kingdom of heaven.</p> + +<p><b>hin</b>, <b>hinnen</b>, <i>av.</i> from here, hence, away;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>hin für</b>, without, out of doors;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>hin heim</b>, away home.</p> + +<p><b>hinder</b>, <i>aj.</i> hinder;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>prep.</i> behind, <a href = "#para59">59</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hindernisse</b>, <i>snf.</i> hindrance, <a href = +"#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hinderste</b>, <i>aj.</i> hindmost, <a href = +"#para59">59</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hīnte</b>, <b>hīnt</b>, <b>hīnaht</b>, <i>av.</i> +to-night, <a href = "#para34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hīrāt</b>, <i>sm.</i> marrying, marriage.</p> + +<p><b>hirte</b>, <i>sm.</i> shepherd, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href += "#para43">43</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hirtelōs</b>, <i>aj.</i> shepherdless.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">187</span> + +<p><b>hirȥ</b> (OHG. <b>hiruȥ</b>) beside <b>hirz</b> (OHG. +<b>hirz</b>), <i>sm.</i> stag.</p> + +<p><b>hitze</b>, <i>sf.</i> heat, warmth, <a href = +"#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hiute</b>, <i>av.</i> to-day;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>hiute morgen</b>, this morning.</p> + +<p><b>hōch</b> (<i>comp.</i> <b>hœher</b>, <i>superl.</i> <b>hœhst</b>, +<b>hōhst</b>), <i>aj.</i> high, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = +"#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para34">34</a>, <a href = +"#para57">57</a>, <a href = "#para60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hōchgeborn</b>, <i>aj.</i> of gentle birth; noble.</p> + +<p><b>hōchgemuot</b>, <i>aj.</i> noble, high-minded; lofty, proud; +joyful, in high spirits.</p> + +<p><b>hōchgezīt</b>, <i>sfn.</i> festival, feast, highest joy.</p> + +<p><b>hōchmuot</b>, <i>sm.</i> consciousness, pride, well-being.</p> + +<p><b>hōchvart</b>, <i>sf.</i> pride, haughtiness.</p> + +<p><b>hœne</b>, <i>aj.</i> haughty; contemptible.</p> + +<p><b>hœnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> dishonour, calumniate.</p> + +<p><b>hœren</b>, <i>wv.</i> hear; be requisite, be necessary, require; +listen; belong to, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, +<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hof</b> (<b>-ves</b>), <i>sm.</i> court, <a href = +"#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>, <a href = +"#para33">33</a>, <a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hogen</b>, <i>wv.</i> think, consider.</p> + +<p><b>hōhe</b>, <b>hō</b>, <i>av.</i> highly, <a href = +"#para60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hōhgemüete</b>, <i>sn.</i> joyousness, joyfulness.</p> + +<p><b>hol</b>, <i>aj.</i> hollow, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>holn</b>, <i>wv.</i> fetch;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>tiefen siuft holn</b>, sigh deeply.</p> + +<p><b>holt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>aj.</i> kind, affectionate, +well-disposed.</p> + +<p><b>holz</b>, <i>sn.</i> wood, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>honic</b>, <b>honec</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>smn.</i> honey, <a +href = "#para29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hornunc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> February; frost; +chilblain.</p> + +<p><b>houbet</b>, <i>sn.</i> head, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>houwen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, hew, <a href = "#para36">36</a>, +<a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hovelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> courtly, court-like.</p> + +<p><b>hovelīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> courtly, in the manner of the +court.</p> + +<p><b>hübesch</b>, <i>aj.</i> noble, courtly, chivalrous, <a href = +"#para30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hüeten</b>, <i>wv.</i> protect, shield, hold, keep, guard.</p> + +<p><b>huge</b>, <i>sm.</i> thought, <a href = "#para43">43</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hügen</b>, <i>wv.</i> consider, <a href = "#para15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hulde</b>, <i>sf.</i> grace, favour, kindness, permission, <a href += "#para10n1">10 note 1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hundertste</b>, <i>num.</i> hundredth, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hundertstunt</b>, <i>num.</i> hundred times.</p> + +<p><b>hunger</b>, <i>sm.</i> hunger.</p> + +<p><b>hunt</b>, <b>hundert</b>, <i>num.</i> hundred, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>, <a href = "#para64">64</a>.</p> + +<p><b>huobe</b>, <i>sf.</i> a piece (hide) of land.</p> + +<p><b>huofslac</b> (<i>dat. pl.</i> <b>huofslegen</b>), <i>sm.</i> +horseshoe.</p> + +<p><b>huon</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>hüener</b>), <i>sn.</i> hen, <a href += "#para47">47</a>.</p> + +<p><b>huote</b>, <i>sf.</i> care, guardianship.</p> + +<p><b>hupfen</b>, <b>hüpfen</b>, <i>wv.</i> hop, <a href = +"#para10n3">10 note 3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hūs</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>hiuser</b>), <i>sn.</i> house, <a href = +"#para3">3</a>, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, +<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hūt</b> (<i>dat. pl.</i> <b>hiuten</b>), <i>sf.</i> skin, +hide.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_I" id = "gloss_I"> +I</a></p> + +<p><b>ich</b>, <i>pr.</i> I, <a href = "#para23">23</a>, <a href = +"#para65">65</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ie</b>, <i>av.</i> ever.</p> + +<p><b>iedoch</b>, <i>av.</i> however.</p> + +<p><b>iegelīch</b>, <b>iegeslīch</b> (<b>ieglīch</b>, <b>ieslīch</b>), +<i>pr.</i> each, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ieman</b>, <b>iemen</b>, <i>pr.</i> anyone, no one, someone, +somebody, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>iemer</b>, <b>immer</b>, <i>av.</i> ever, always, at any time, +never.</p> + +<p><b>ietwëder</b>, <i>pr. aj.</i> each of two, <a href = +"#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>iewëder</b>, <i>pr.</i> each, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>iewelī̆ch</b>, <i>pr.</i> each, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>iewiht</b>, <i>pr.</i> anything, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>iezuo</b>, <i>av.</i> now, directly.</p> + +<p><b>iht</b>, <i>pr.</i> anything;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> not, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>īlen</b>, <i>wv.</i> hasten.</p> + +<p><b>Imāne</b>, <i>fpn.</i></p> + +<p><b>in</b>, <i>prep.</i> in, into.</p> + +<p><b>in</b>, <i>pr. acc.</i> him.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">188</span> + +<p><b>īn</b>, <b>in</b>, <i>av.</i> in, into, from out here.</p> + +<p><b>in</b>, <b>ine</b> = <b>ich ne</b>, I not.</p> + +<p><b>i’n</b> = <b>ich in</b>.</p> + +<p><b>ingesinde</b>, <i>sn.</i> household, family; followers.</p> + +<p><b>inme</b>, <b>imme</b> = <b>in dëme</b>.</p> + +<p><b>inneclīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> inward;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>inneclīchen</b>, at heart.</p> + +<p><b>innen</b>, <b>inne</b>, <i>av.</i> within, inwardly;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>inne bringen</b>, observe, let understand, convince;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>inne wërden</b>, hear of, learn of.</p> + +<p><b>ir</b>, <i>pr.</i> her, their, ye, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>irdenisch</b>, <i>aj.</i> earthly.</p> + +<p><b>irdīn</b>, <i>aj.</i> earthen, <a href = "#para14_2">14.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>irdisch</b>, <i>aj.</i> earthly, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>irre</b>, <i>aj.</i> astray;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dës rīches irre</b>, astray in regard to the kingdom.</p> + +<p><b>irren</b>, <i>wv.</i> put out, confound, hinder, interrupt, +stop.</p> + +<p><b>irs</b> = <b>ir ës</b>.</p> + +<p><b>īser</b>, <i>sn.</i> iron, iron weapon, armour.</p> + +<p><b>iuwer</b> (<b>iwer</b>), <i>pr.</i> your, <a href = +"#para67">67</a>.</p> + +<p><b>iȥ</b> = <b>ëȥ</b>, <a href = "#para65n1">65 note 1</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_J" id = "gloss_J"> +J</a></p> + +<p><b>jā</b>, <i>interj.</i> forsooth.</p> + +<p><b>jæmerlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> pitiable, sad, sorrowful;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>jæmerlīche(n)</b>.</p> + +<p><b>jagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> pursue, follow, hunt.</p> + +<p><b>jāmer</b>, <i>sm.</i> grief, pain;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>jāmers balt</b>, courageous in grief.</p> + +<p><b>jāmerhaft</b>, <i>aj.</i> painful, sorrowful.</p> + +<p><b>jār</b>, <i>sn.</i> year; age, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>jëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, say, speak; assure, grant, concede, +<a href = "#para35">35</a>, <a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p> + +<p><b>jener</b>, <i>pr.</i> that, <a href = "#para68">68</a>.</p> + +<p><b>jenhalp</b>, <i>av.</i> on that side, the other side.</p> + +<p><b>jësen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, ferment, <a href = +"#para35">35</a>, <a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p> + +<p><b>jëten</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, weed, <a href = "#para35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>joch</b>, <i>av.</i> and <i>conj.</i> also, even, yet.</p> + +<p><b>jude</b>, <i>wm.</i> Jew.</p> + +<p><b>jugent</b>, <i>sf.</i> youth, <a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p> + +<p><b>junc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>aj.</i> young, <a href = +"#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para57">57</a>.</p> + +<p><b>juncfrouwe</b>, <i>wf.</i> maiden.</p> + +<p><b>junchērre</b>, <i>wm.</i> young sir.</p> + +<p><b>junger</b>, <i>sm.</i> disciple.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_K" id = "gloss_K"> +K</a></p> + +<p><b>kal</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> bald, <a href = +"#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kāle</b>, see <b>quāle</b>, <a href = "#para36">36</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kalp</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>kälber</b>), <i>sn.</i> calf, <a href += "#para47">47</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kalt</b>, <i>aj.</i> cold.</p> + +<p><b>kälte</b>, <i>sf.</i> coldness, <a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kamerære</b>, <i>sm.</i> chamberlain, guard of the treasure, +<i>or</i> bed-room.</p> + +<p><b>kampflīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> warlike.</p> + +<p><b>kapfen</b>, <i>wv.</i> stare, gape, look on with astonishment.</p> + +<p><b>Karnahkarnanz</b>, <b>Karnachkarnanz</b>, <i>pn.</i> Count of +Unterlec.</p> + +<p><b>kastelān</b>, <i>sn.</i> Castilian horse.</p> + +<p><b>këc</b>, see <b>quëc</b>.</p> + +<p><b>kein</b>, <i>pr.</i> no, none, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>keiser</b>, <i>sm.</i> emperor.</p> + +<p><b>keiserlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> imperial.</p> + +<p><b>kelberīn</b>, <i>aj.</i> of a calf.</p> + +<p><b>kemenāte</b>, <i>sf.</i> room, bed-room.</p> + +<p><b>kennen</b>, <i>wv.</i> know, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kēren</b>, <i>wv.</i> turn, go, <a href = "#para90">90</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>sich kēren</b>, turn;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ze gote kēren</b>, apply to God’s service.</p> + +<p><b>kerze</b>, <b>kërze</b>, <i>wf.</i> candle.</p> + +<p><b>kiesen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, test, try, choose, elect, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para18">18</a>, +<a href = "#para30">30</a>, <a href = "#para33">33</a>, <a href = +"#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kil</b>, <i>sm.</i> quill, <a href = "#para9_1">9.1</a>, <a href = +"#para42">42</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kindelīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little child, <a href = +"#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kindisch</b>, <i>aj.</i> childish, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kinne</b>, <i>sn.</i> chin.</p> + +<p><b>kint</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> child, <a href = +"#para33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kintlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> childish.</p> + +<p><b>kirchhof</b>, <i>sm.</i> churchyard.</p> + +<p><b>kīt</b> = <b>quīt</b>, <a href = "#para36">36</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">189</span> +<p><b>kiusch(e)</b>, <i>aj.</i> chaste, modest, pure, spotless; +maidenly.</p> + +<p><b>kiuwen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, chew, <a href = "#para16n">16 note</a>, +<a href = "#para36">36</a>, <a href = "#para79">79</a>.</p> + +<p><b>klage</b>, <i>sf.</i> complaint, lamentation.</p> + +<p><b>klagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> complain, bewail, <a href = +"#para92">92</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>klagedeȥ hërze</b>, mournful heart.</p> + +<p><b>klār</b>, <i>aj.</i> clear, bright, beautiful, pure.</p> + +<p><b>klē</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>sm.</i> clover, trefoil.</p> + +<p><b>klëben</b>, <i>wv.</i> stick, <a href = "#para92">92</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kleiden</b>, <i>wv.</i> clothe, dress.</p> + +<p><b>klein(e)</b>, <i>aj.</i> little, neat, insignificant;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>kleine</b>.</p> + +<p><b>kleit</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>kleit</b> or <b>kleider</b>), <i>sn.</i> +dress.</p> + +<p><b>klieben</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, cleave, <a href = +"#para18">18</a>, <a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>klingen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, ring, toll.</p> + +<p><b>klōsenære</b>, <i>sm.</i> hermit, recluse.</p> + +<p><b>klōster</b>, <i>sn.</i> cloister, monastery.</p> + +<p><b>klūs</b>, <i>sf.</i> cell, hermitage.</p> + +<p><b>knabe</b>, <i>wm.</i> boy, youth, <a href = +"#para31_1">31.1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>knappe</b>, <i>wm.</i> a youth who has not yet become a knight, +<a href = "#para31_1">31.1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>knëht</b>, <i>sm.</i> boy, candidate for knighthood, attendant; +warrior.</p> + +<p><b>knëten</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, knead, <a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p> + +<p><b>knie</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>kniewes</b>), <i>sn.</i> knee, <a href = +"#para3">3</a>, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>, <a href = +"#para36">36</a>, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>komen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV (<i>pres.</i> <b>kume</b>, <b>kum</b>; +<i>pret.</i> <b>quam</b>, <b>kom</b>; <i>pret. subj.</i> <b>quæme</b>, +<i>pp.</i> <b>komen</b>), come, <a href = "#para36">36</a>, <a href += "#para82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kopf</b>, <i>sm.</i> head.</p> + +<p><b>kōr</b>, <i>sm.</i> choir.</p> + +<p><b>korder</b>, <b>körder</b>, see <b>quërder</b>, <a href = +"#para36">36</a>.</p> + +<p><b>korn</b>, <i>sn.</i> corn, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>korp</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sm.</i> basket.</p> + +<p><b>koufen</b>, <b>köufen</b>, <i>wv.</i> buy, acquire; earn, <a href += "#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>krā</b>, <b>krāwe</b>, <i>sf.</i> crow.</p> + +<p><b>kraft</b>, <i>sf.</i> strength, might; multitude.</p> + +<p><b>kranc</b>, <i>sm.</i> weakness.</p> + +<p><b>kranc</b>, <i>aj.</i> impotent, weak; little; worthless.</p> + +<p><b>kranz</b>, <i>sm.</i> garland, wreath.</p> + +<p><b>krēatiure</b>, <b>krēatūr(e)</b>, <i>sf.</i> creature.</p> + +<p><b>kreftic</b>, <i>aj.</i> strong, powerful.</p> + +<p><b>kriec</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> resistance, strife, +quarrel.</p> + +<p><b>kriechen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, creep, crawl, <a href = +"#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Kriemhilt</b>, <i>pn.</i> <a href = "#para54">54</a>.</p> + +<p><b>krippe</b> (<b>kribbe</b>), <i>swf.</i>, manger (cradle), +crib, <a href = "#para26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Krist</b>, <i>sm.</i> Christ.</p> + +<p><b>kristen</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>sb.</i> christian.</p> + +<p><b>kristenheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> christianity, christian faith.</p> + +<p><b>kriuze</b>, <i>sn.</i> cross.</p> + +<p><b>krœnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> crown, adorn.</p> + +<p><b>krōne</b>, <i>swf.</i> crown.</p> + +<p><b>kuchen</b>, <b>küchen</b>, <i>sf.</i> kitchen, <a href = +"#para10n3">10 note 3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>küele</b>, <i>aj.</i> cool.</p> + +<p><b>küen(e)</b>, <i>aj.</i> bold, warlike.</p> + +<p><b>kumber</b>, <i>sm.</i> grief, trouble.</p> + +<p><b>kumberlīche</b>, <i>av.</i> with grief, with oppression.</p> + +<p><b>kumbersal</b>, <i>sn.</i> distress, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kūme</b>, <i>av.</i> scarcely, hardly.</p> + +<p><b>künde</b>, <i>sf.</i> acquaintance, knowledge;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>kunde haben</b> (with <i>gen.</i>), know.</p> + +<p><b>kunde</b>, see <b>künnen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>künden</b>, <i>wv.</i> announce, promise.</p> + +<p><b>kündic</b>, <i>aj.</i> known.</p> + +<p><b>küneclīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> kingly, royal.</p> + +<p><b>künic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>sm.</i> king, <a href = "#para7">7</a>, +<a href = "#para8">8</a>, <a href = "#para29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>künne</b>, race, generation; relationship, <a href = +"#para7">7</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href = +"#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kün(n)egin(ne)</b>, <b>künegīn</b>, <i>sf.</i> queen, king’s +daughter, <a href = "#para8">8</a>, <a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p> + +<p><b>künnen</b>, <b>kunnen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>kunde</b>, +<b>konde</b>), <i>pret. pres.</i> know, understand, can, <a href = +"#para93">93</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kunst</b>, <i>sf.</i> art, skill, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kunt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>aj</i>. known.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">190</span> +<p><b>kuo</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>küeje</b>, <b>küewe</b>), <i>sf.</i> +cow, <a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kupfer</b>, <i>sn.</i> copper, <a href = "#para31_2">31.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>kurz</b>, <i>aj.</i> short, small;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>vor kurzer stunt</b>, recently.</p> + +<p><b>kurzewīle</b>, <i>sf.</i> pastime, entertainment.</p> + +<p><b>kus</b> (<b>-sses</b>), <i>smn.</i> kiss, <a href = +"#para32_1">32.1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>küssen</b>, <i>wv.</i> kiss, <a href = "#para20">20</a>, <a href = +"#para32_2">32.2</a>, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_L" id = "gloss_L"> +L</a></p> + +<p><b>lā</b>, <i>imperative</i> of <b>lāȥen</b>, q.v.</p> + +<p><b>lachen</b>, <i>wv.</i> laugh, laugh at;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +also <i>sn.</i></p> + +<p><b>laden</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, load, <a href = "#para85">85</a>.</p> + +<p><b>laden</b>, <i>wv.</i> invite, <a href = "#para92">92</a>.</p> + +<p><b>lære</b>, <i>aj.</i> empty, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lähelīn</b>, <i>mpn.</i></p> + +<p><b>lam</b>, <i>aj.</i> lame, weak in the limbs.</p> + +<p><b>lamp</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>lember</b>), lamb, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, +<a href = "#para33">33</a>, <a href = "#para47">47</a>.</p> + +<p><b>lān</b>, see <b>lāȥen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>lanc</b>, <i>aj.</i> long, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href = +"#para60">60</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>lange</b>, <a href = "#para60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><b>lanclëben</b>, <i>sn.</i> long life.</p> + +<p><b>lanclīp</b>, <i>sm.</i> long life.</p> + +<p><b>lant</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> land, country.</p> + +<p><b>lantliut</b>, <i>sn.</i> country folk, vassalage;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>pl.</i> inhabitants.</p> + +<p><b>lantrëhtbuoch</b>, <i>sn.</i> book of common <i>or</i> land +laws.</p> + +<p><b>lantsæȥe</b>, <i>wm.</i> freeholder.</p> + +<p><b>last</b>, <i>sm.</i> burden.</p> + +<p><b>laster</b>, <i>sn.</i> ignominy, disgrace.</p> + +<p><b>laȥ</b> (<b>-ȥȥes</b>), <i>aj.</i> feeble, languid, faint, +exhausted; weary.</p> + +<p><b>lāȥen</b>, <b>lān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, let, leave, give up; +stop, avoid, <a href = "#para87">87</a>, <a href = "#para99">99</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>lān niht ze wē sīn</b>, not to worry too much;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>lāȥen sīn</b>, cease, stop;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>lā stān</b>, cease! stop!</p> + +<p><b>lëben</b>, <i>wv.</i> live, cause to live, <a href = +"#para92">92</a>.</p> + +<p><b>lëben</b>, <i>sn.</i> life.</p> + +<p><b>lëbendic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>aj.</i> living, alive.</p> + +<p><b>legen</b> (<b>leggen</b>, <b>lecken</b>), <i>wv.</i> lay, place, +put, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>, <a href = +"#para92">92</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>arbeit dar an legen</b>, expend much trouble on a thing.</p> + +<p><b>leh</b> (= <b>le</b> or <b>li</b>) <b>cons</b>, Count.</p> + +<p><b>lēhen</b>, <i>sn.</i> feudal tenure, loan, fee, feod.</p> + +<p><b>leich</b>, <i>sm.</i> song consisting of strophes of unequal +length.</p> + +<p><b>leide</b>, <i>av.</i> painfully, sorrowfully;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>comp.</i> <b>leider</b>, greater pain, grief, trouble.</p> + +<p><b>leiden</b>, <i>wv.</i> be repugnant, odious, <i>or</i> offensive; +render disagreeable, do harm;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>mir leidet ëȥ</b>, it is repugnant to me.</p> + +<p><b>leider</b>, <i>av.</i> and <i>interj.</i> unfortunately, alas!</p> + +<p><b>leie</b>, <i>wm.</i> layman.</p> + +<p><b>leischieren</b>, <i>wv.</i> give a horse its head.</p> + +<p><b>leisten</b> (<i>pret. subj.</i> <b>leiste</b> = <b>leistete</b>), +<i>wv.</i> follow the trace of, follow, perceive;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>leisten geselleschaft</b>, accompany.</p> + +<p><b>leit</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>aj.</i> sorrowful, bitter, painful, +disagreeable; hateful, vexatious.</p> + +<p><b>leit</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> grief, pain.</p> + +<p><b>leit</b> = <b>leget</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p> + +<p><b>leiten</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>leite</b>), <i>wv.</i> to lead, +<a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = +"#para30">30</a>, <a href = "#para32_4">32.4</a>, <a href = +"#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>leitestërne</b>, <i>wm.</i> loadstar.</p> + +<p><b>lenge</b>, <i>sf.</i> length, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>lēre</b>, <i>sf.</i> teaching, instruction, precept, guidance, +advice; saying.</p> + +<p><b>lēren</b> (<b>lērn</b>), <i>wv.</i> teach, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = +"#para17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><ins class = "correction" title = "or ‘lernen’?"><b>lërnen</b></ins>, +<i>wv.</i> learn.</p> + +<p><b>leschen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, be extinguished, go out, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><b>leschen</b>, <i>wv.</i> extinguish, put out.</p> + +<p><b>lësen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, gather, read, <a href = +"#para33">33</a>, <a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p> + +<p><b>leste</b>, <i>aj.</i> last, <a href = "#para9_5">9.5</a>, <a href += "#para23_1">23.1</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">191</span> +<p><b>lesterlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> disgraceful, ignominious.</p> + +<p><b>letzen</b>, <i>wv.</i> injure, prejudice; forsake.</p> + +<p><b>leȥȥeste</b>, <b>leste</b>, <i>aj.</i> last, <a href = +"#para59">59</a>.</p> + +<p><b>līden</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, suffer, endure, <a href = +"#para30">30</a>, <a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>liebe</b>, <i>sf.</i> love, joy.</p> + +<p><b>lieben</b>, <i>wv.</i> give pleasure, gladden; present with.</p> + +<p><b>liegen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, lie, tell a lie, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>lieht</b>, <i>sn.</i> light, <a href = "#para16">16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>lieht</b>, <i>aj.</i> bright;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> liehte.</p> + +<p><b>liep</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>aj.</i> dear, pleasant, friendly, +<a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>sn.</i> what is lovable; dearest joy; lover.</p> + +<p><b>liet</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> song, poem.</p> + +<p><b>ligen</b> (<b>liggen</b>, <b>licken</b>), <i>sv.</i> V, lie, lie +down, <a href = "#para14_2">14.2</a>, <a href = +"#para31_3">31.3</a>, <a href = "#para84">84</a>.</p> + +<p><b>līhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, lend, <a href = "#para12">12</a>, <a href += "#para76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>līhte</b>, <i>aj.</i> light, easy, worthless;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> easily, perhaps;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>līhte noch</b>, still now-a-days.</p> + +<p><b>lin</b>, <b>line</b>, <i>swf.</i> window with balcony.</p> + +<p><b>linde</b>, <i>wf.</i> linden-tree.</p> + +<p><b>līp</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sm.</i> life, body, person, <a href += "#para33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>list</b>, <i>sm.</i> prudence, wisdom, advice; means, art; +artfulness, cunning.</p> + +<p><b>līst</b> = <b>liges(t)</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p> + +<p><b>lit</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> limb, member.</p> + +<p><b>līt</b> = <b>liget</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p> + +<p><b>liuhten</b>, <i>wv.</i> light, shine, shed lustre, <a href = +"#para16">16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>liut</b>, <i>sn.</i> folk, people, army, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>liuten</b>, <i>wv.</i> ring.</p> + +<p><b>liuterlīch</b>, <i>av.</i> expressly, quite, entirely.</p> + +<p><b>Liutpolt</b>, <i>pn.</i> Leopold of Austria.</p> + +<p><b>lobelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> praiseworthy.</p> + +<p><b>loben</b>, <i>wv.</i> praise, <a href = "#para92">92</a>.</p> + +<p><b>lobesam</b>, <i>aj.</i> praiseworthy, glorious.</p> + +<p><b>loch</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>löcher</b>), <i>sn.</i> hole, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href = +"#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>lœsen</b>, <i>wv.</i> loose, <a href = "#para33">33</a>, <a href = +"#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>lōn</b>, <i>sm.</i> pay, reward.</p> + +<p><b>lōnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> reward.</p> + +<p><b>lop</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>smn.</i> praise, glorification; +price.</p> + +<p><b>lōsen</b>, <i>wv.</i> be rid, released of;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>hin ze einem lōsen</b>, flatter.</p> + +<p><b>lōt</b>, <i>sn.</i> weight.</p> + +<p><b>löufel</b>, <i>sm.</i> runner, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>loufen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, run, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href += "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>lougen</b>, <i>sn.</i> a denying, denial;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>āne lougen</b>, truly.</p> + +<p><b>loup</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>löuber</b>), <i>sn.</i> foliage, leaf, +<a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>lūchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, shut, <a href = "#para80">80</a>.</p> + +<p><b>lücke</b>, <i>swf.</i> gap, hole, <a href = +"#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>luft</b>, <i>smf.</i> air, firmament.</p> + +<p><b>luoder</b>, <i>sn.</i> bait, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>lūt</b>, <i>aj.</i> loud;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>lūt wërden</b> (<i>c. gen.</i>), give to understand, mention, be +heard.</p> + +<p><b>lūte</b>, <i>av.</i> aloud, loudly.</p> + +<p><b>lūter</b>, <i>aj.</i> clear, bright, <a href = +"#para9_2">9.2</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>lūterlīche</b>.</p> + +<p><b>lützel</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> little, small, <a href = +"#para31_2">31.2</a>, <a href = "#para58">58</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>lützel ieman</b>, nobody, no one;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +as <i>indecl. sb.</i> with <i>gen.</i>, little.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_M" id = "gloss_M"> +M</a></p> + +<p><b>mac</b>, see <b>mügen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>māc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> relation.</p> + +<p><b>machen</b>, <i>wv.</i> make.</p> + +<p><b>mære</b>, <i>sn.</i> story, tidings, report.</p> + +<p><b>mære</b>, <i>aj.</i> known, renowned, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>magedīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> maid, maiden, <a href = +"#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>magen</b>, <b>megen</b>, see <b>mugen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>maget</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>mägede</b>, <b>megde</b>), <i>sf.</i> +girl, maiden, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, +<a href = "#para37">37</a>, <a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p> + +<p><b>maht</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>mähte</b>), <i>sf.</i> strength, power, +might, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>mahtu</b> = <b>maht dū</b>.</p> + +<p><b>mālen</b>, <i>wv.</i> paint, draw.</p> + +<p><b>maln</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, grind, <a href = "#para85">85</a>.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">192</span> + +<p><b>man</b>, <i>sm.</i> man, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href = +"#para32_1">32.1</a>, <a href = "#para45">45</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>pr.</i> one, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>manbære</b>, <i>aj.</i> marriageable.</p> + +<p><b>māne</b>, <i>wm.</i> moon.</p> + +<p><b>manen</b>, <i>wv.</i> urge on, remind, admonish.</p> + +<p><b>manic</b>, <b>manec</b> (<b>manc</b>), <i>aj.</i> many, +much, <a href = "#para8">8</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>pr.</i> many a, <a href = "#para71">71</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>maneger hande</b>, <b>slahte</b>, <i>or</i> <b>leie</b>, in many +ways, manifoldly;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>maneger vil</b>, very many.</p> + +<p><b>manicvalt</b>, <i>aj.</i> manifold, variegated.</p> + +<p><b>manlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> manly, brave, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>mantel</b>, <i>sm.</i> mantle, <a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p> + +<p><b>manunge</b>, <i>sf.</i> exhortation, admonition.</p> + +<p><b>marc</b>, <i>sf.</i> half pound of gold <i>or</i> silver.</p> + +<p><b>marder</b>, <i>sm.</i> marten; skin of a marten.</p> + +<p><b>market</b>, <i>sm.</i> market, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>marter</b>, <i>sf.</i> martyr; torture.</p> + +<p><b>māȥe</b>, <i>sf.</i> measure, manner; moderation, propriety, +fitness;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ze einer māȥe</b>, little, moderate;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ze māȥe</b>, fairly, sufficiently;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ze rëhter māȥe</b>, to the right length.</p> + +<p><b>mē</b>, <b>mēre</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> more, further, +<a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para17">17</a>, <a href = +"#para39">39</a>, <a href = "#para61">61</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +as <i>indecl. sb.</i> with <i>gen.</i> more.</p> + +<p><b>meie</b>, <i>wm.</i> May; spring of the year, <a href = +"#para35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>meien</b>, <i>wv.</i> become May; be joyful, make merry.</p> + +<p><b>meier</b> (<b>meiger</b>), <i>sm.</i> farmer.</p> + +<p><b>meierin</b>, <i>sf.</i> farmer’s wife.</p> + +<p><b>meinen</b>, <i>wv.</i> mean, mean well, have in view; cause.</p> + +<p><b>meist</b>, <b>meiste</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> most, +greatest, <a href = "#para58">58</a>, <a href = +"#para61">61</a>.</p> + +<p><b>meister</b>, <i>sm.</i> master.</p> + +<p><b>meisterschaft</b>, <i>sf.</i> skill in an art, mastery, order.</p> + +<p><b>meit</b> = <b>maget</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p> + +<p><b>meiȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, cut, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>mël</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>sn.</i> meal, <a href = +"#para36">36</a>, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>mëlden</b>, <i>wv.</i> announce, make known; betray.</p> + +<p><b>mëldunge</b>, <i>sf.</i> announcement, <a href = +"#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Meljahkanz</b>, <i>pn.</i></p> + +<p><b>mëlken</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, milk.</p> + +<p><b>mensch(e)</b>, <i>wsmn.</i> man (‘homo’).</p> + +<p><b>menschenbluot</b>, <i>sn.</i> human blood.</p> + +<p><b>menschlich</b>, <i>aj.</i> human.</p> + +<p><b>mer</b>, <i>sn.</i> sea.</p> + +<p><b>mēre</b>, see <b>mē</b>.</p> + +<p><b>mēren</b>, <i>wv.</i> increase.</p> + +<p><b>mērer</b>, <b>mēr(r)e</b>, <i>aj.</i> more, <a href = +"#para58">58</a>.</p> + +<p><b>merken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>markte</b>), <i>wv.</i> observe, +perceive, understand.</p> + +<p><b>merze</b>, <i>wm.</i> March.</p> + +<p><b>mësse</b>, <i>sf.</i> mass;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>mëssezīt</b>, <i>sf.</i> time for mass.</p> + +<p><b>mëte</b>, <i>sm.</i> mead, <a href = "#para43">43</a>.</p> + +<p><b>mettīne</b>, <i>sf.</i> matins, primes.</p> + +<p><b>mëȥȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, measure, <a href = "#para32_1">32.1</a>, +<a href = "#para32_4">32.4</a>, <a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p> + +<p><b>mëȥȥer</b>, <i>sn.</i> knife.</p> + +<p><b>michel</b>, <i>aj.</i> great;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>michels</b>, <i>av.</i> by far, <a href = "#para55">55</a>, <a href = +"#para58">58</a>.</p> + +<p><b>mīden</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, avoid, shun, do without, <a href = +"#para30">30</a>, <a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>miete</b>, <i>sf.</i> pay, reward, present, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>milch</b>, <i>sf.</i> milk, <a href = "#para9_1">9.1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>milt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>aj.</i> generous;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>miltlīche</b>, <b>milteclīche</b>.</p> + +<p><b>milte</b>, <i>aj.</i> generous, bounteous.</p> + +<p><b>milte</b>, <i>sf.</i> liberality, generosity; grace, favour.</p> + +<p><b>min</b>, <i>av.</i> less, <a href = "#para61">61</a>.</p> + +<p><b>mīn</b>, <i>pr.</i> my, <a href = "#para67">67</a>.</p> + +<p><b>minne</b>, <i>sf.</i> love; loving memory, remembrance.</p> + +<p><b>minneclīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> dear, lovely, loving, kind.</p> + +<p><b>minnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> love, value, <a href = +"#para92">92</a>.</p> + +<p><b>minner</b>, <b>minre</b>, <b>min</b>, <i>aj.</i> and +<span class = "pagenum">193</span> +<i>av.</i> less, <a href = "#para9_3">9.3</a>, <a href = +"#para57">57</a>, <a href = "#para58">58</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +as <i>indecl. sb.</i> with <i>gen.</i> less.</p> + +<p><b>minnest</b>, <b>min(ne)ste</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> least, +<a href = "#para9_5">9.5</a>, <a href = "#para57">57</a>, <a href = +"#para58">58</a>, <a href = "#para61">61</a>.</p> + +<p><b>mirs</b> = <b>mir ës</b>.</p> + +<p><b>miselsuht</b>, <i>sf.</i> leprosy.</p> + +<p><b>mislīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> sundry, uneven, different.</p> + +<p><b>misselingen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, not to succeed.</p> + +<p><b>missesagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> deceive, lie.</p> + +<p><b>missetāt</b>, <i>sf.</i> misdeed, offence.</p> + +<p><b>missewende</b>, <i>sf.</i> mistake, fault, blot.</p> + +<p><b>mist</b>, <i>sm.</i> dung, dirt.</p> + +<p><b>mit</b>, <b>mite</b>, <i>prep.</i> and <i>av.</i> with, by, +through, <a href = "#para9_6">9.6</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>mit sorgen</b>, sorrowfully;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>mit triuwen</b>, faithful, faithfully;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>mit willen</b>, gladly, willingly;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>mit witze</b>, reasonably, sensibly, cleverly, prudently, wisely;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>mit zühten</b>, politely.</p> + +<p><b>mitte</b>, <i>aj.</i> middle;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>mitten</b>.</p> + +<p><b>morgen</b> (<b>morne</b>), <i>sm.</i> morning, <a href = +"#para42">42</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dës morgens</b>, in the morning.</p> + +<p><b>mortlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> murderous;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>mortlīche</b>.</p> + +<p><b>mortmeile</b>, <i>aj.</i> blood-stained, blood-guilty.</p> + +<p><b>motte</b>, <i>swf.</i> moth, <a href = "#para24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>müedinc</b>, <i>sm.</i> unhappy man, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>müelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> painful, troublesome.</p> + +<p><b>müen</b> (<b>müejen</b>, <b>müewen</b>), <i>wv.</i> torment, +trouble, distress, grieve, <a href = "#para35">35</a>, <a href = +"#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>müeterlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> motherly.</p> + +<p><b>müeterlīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little mother, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>müeȥen</b>, <i>pret.-pres.</i> (<i>pres. sing.</i> <b>muoȥ</b>, +<i>pret.</i> <b>muoste</b>, <b>muose</b>), must, <a href = +"#para28">28</a>, <a href = "#para93">93</a>.</p> + +<p><b>müeȥic</b>, <i>aj.</i> idle, at leisure.</p> + +<p><b>müg(e)lich</b>, <i>aj.</i> possible.</p> + +<p><b>mügen</b>, <b>mugen</b>, <b>magen</b>, <b>megen</b> (<i>pres. +sing.</i> <b>mac</b>, <i>pret.</i> <b>mohte</b>, <i>pret. subj.</i> +<b>möhte</b>), <i>pret.-pres.</i> may, can, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, +<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para28">28</a>, <a href = +"#para93">93</a>.</p> + +<p><b>mugge</b>, <b>mügge</b> (<b>mucke</b>, <b>mücke</b>), <i>wf.</i> +midge, fly, <a href = "#para10n3">10 note 3</a>, <a href = +"#para20">20</a>.</p> + +<p><b>mül</b>, <i>sf.</i> mill.</p> + +<p><b>mūl</b>, <i>sn.</i> mule.</p> + +<p><b>münich</b>, <i>sm.</i> monk.</p> + +<p><b>münster</b>, <i>sn.</i> minster.</p> + +<p><b>munt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> mouth.</p> + +<p><b>muot</b>, <i>sm.</i> sense, mind, spirits, mood, feeling, courage, +disposition, sentiment;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>rīches muotes wërden</b>, be in good spirits.</p> + +<p><b>muoten</b>, <i>wv. c. gen.</i> desire, long for.</p> + +<p><b>muoter</b>, <i>sf.</i> mother, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href += "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_N" id = "gloss_N"> +N</a></p> + +<p><b>nac</b> (<b>-ckes</b>), <i>sm.</i> back part of the head.</p> + +<p><b>nāch</b>, <i>prep.</i> after, according to, on account of, at, +for, to, <a href = "#para34">34</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>nach dëm guote</b>, about wealth <i>or</i> money;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>nāch ēren</b>, honourably;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>nāch sīnen beinen</b>, made to fit his legs;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>nāch wünsche</b>, to perfection, all that one could wish for;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>vil nāch</b>, nearly.</p> + +<p><b>nacket</b>, <i>aj.</i> naked.</p> + +<p><b>nagel</b>, <i>sm.</i> nail, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href += "#para44">44</a>.</p> + +<p><b>nagen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, gnaw, <a href = "#para85">85</a>.</p> + +<p><b>nāhe</b> (<b>nāch</b>), <i>av.</i> near, nigh, <a href = +"#para34">34</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>nāhe tragen</b>, take to heart;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>nāhe gān</b>, go closely, touch;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>nāhen</b>, near by.</p> + +<p><b>nāhen</b>, <i>wv.</i> draw near, come near, approach, be near.</p> + +<p><b>nāhgebūre</b>, <i>wm.</i> neighbour.</p> + +<p><b>naht</b>, <i>sf.</i> night, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = +"#para49">49</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>nahtes</b>, by night.</p> + +<p><b>nahtigale</b>, <b>nahtegal(e)</b>, <i>sf.</i> nightingale.</p> + +<p><b>nam(e)</b>, <i>wm.</i> name, position, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, +<a href = "#para9_1">9.1</a>, <a href = "#para9_4">9.4</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">194</span> +<p><b>namen</b>, <i>wv.</i> name, <a href = "#para92">92</a>.</p> + +<p><b>napf</b>, <i>sm.</i> basin, <a href = "#para31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>nar</b>, <i>sf.</i> food, <a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p> + +<p><b>nāt</b>, <i>sf.</i> seam.</p> + +<p><b>naȥ</b> (<b>-ȥȥes</b>), <i>aj.</i> wet, <a href = +"#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ne</b>, <b>n’</b>, <i>neg. particle</i>, generally used before the +verb with and without <b>niht</b>, <i>not</i>, <a href = +"#para108">108</a>.</p> + +<p><b>nëbel</b>, <i>sm.</i> fog, mist,</p> + +<p><b>nehein</b>, <i>pr.</i> no, none, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>neigen</b>, <i>wv.</i> bow, bend down.</p> + +<p><b>neiȥwër</b>, <i>pr.</i> anyone, <a href = "#para70">70</a>.</p> + +<p><b>nëmen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, take;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>c. dat.</i> <i>pers.</i> take away, rob, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, +<a href = "#para7">7</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para12">12</a>, <a href = +"#para14_2">14.2</a>, <a href = "#para74">74</a>, <a href = +"#para82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><b>nennen</b>, <i>wv.</i> name, mention the name of, <a href = +"#para32_2">32.2</a>, <a href = "#para40">40</a>, <a href = +"#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>nern</b> (<b>nerigen</b>, <b>nerjen</b>), <i>wv.</i> nourish, +rescue, keep alive, <i>refl.</i> subsist on, <a href = +"#para9_1">9.1</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>, <a href = +"#para35">35</a>, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>nest</b>, <b>nëst</b>, <i>sn.</i> nest, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>netze</b>, <i>sn.</i> net, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>netzen</b>, <i>wv.</i> make wet, <a href = +"#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>nëve</b>, <i>wm.</i> nephew, <a href = "#para33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>nīden</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, hate, envy, <a href = +"#para76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>nider</b>, <i>av.</i> down;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>sich nider laȥen</b>, settle, establish oneself.</p> + +<p><b>nīdetāt</b>, <i>sf.</i> spiteful action.</p> + +<p><b>nie</b>, <i>av.</i> never.</p> + +<p><b>nieman</b>, <b>niemen</b>, <i>pr.</i> nobody, no one, <a href += "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>niemēr</b> (<b>niemer</b>, <b>nimer</b>, <b>nimmer</b>), +<i>av.</i> never.</p> + +<p><b>niender</b>, <i>av.</i> by no means.</p> + +<p><b>niene</b>, <i>av.</i> not, not at all.</p> + +<p><b>niesen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, sneeze, <a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>nieten</b> (<i>refl.</i> with <i>gen.</i>), <i>wv.</i> be eager +<i>or</i> zealous for.</p> + +<p><b>nieȥen</b> = <b>genieȥen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>niftel</b>, <i>sf.</i> niece, <a href = "#para33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>niht</b>, <b>nieht</b>, <b>niet</b>, <i>av.</i> not;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>pr.</i> nothing, <a href = "#para71">71</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>indecl. sb. c. gen.</i> nothing.</p> + +<p><b>nine</b> = <b>niene</b>, not at all.</p> + +<p><b>nīt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> hatred, anger, hostility.</p> + +<p><b>niun</b>, <i>num.</i> nine, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>niunte</b> (<b>-de</b>), <i>num.</i> ninth, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>niunzëhen</b>, <i>num.</i> nineteen, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>niunzëhende</b>, <i>num.</i> nineteenth, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>niunzic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>num.</i> ninety, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>niunzigeste</b>, ninetieth, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>niuwan</b> (<b>niwan</b>, <b>niuwen</b>), <i>av.</i> nothing but, +only;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>cj.</i> except, except that.</p> + +<p><b>niuwe</b>, <i>aj.</i> new, <a href = "#para16n">16 note</a>, +<a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>niuwet</b>, <i>av.</i> not.</p> + +<p><b>noch</b>, <i>av.</i> still;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>noch en noch</b>, neither—nor.</p> + +<p><b>Norgāls</b>, <i>pn.</i> the country belonging to Herzeloyde.</p> + +<p><b>nōt</b>, <i>sf.</i> need, danger, trouble, distress.</p> + +<p><b>nōthaft</b>, <i>aj.</i> needy, poor,</p> + +<p><b>nōtic</b>, <i>aj.</i> in distress, hasty.</p> + +<p><b>nōtnunft</b>, <i>sf.</i> abduction by violence.</p> + +<p><b>nū</b> (<b>nu</b>), <i>av.</i> now;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>nu wol dan</b>, well then be off there!</p> + +<p><b>nutz</b> (<b>nuz</b>), <i>sm.</i> use, advantage.</p> + +<p><b>nütze</b>, <i>aj.</i> useful.</p> + +<p><b>nutzen</b>, <b>nützen</b>, <i>wv.</i> to use, <a href = +"#para10n3">10 note 3</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_O" id = "gloss_O"> +O</a></p> + +<p><b>ob</b>, <b>obe</b>, <b>op</b>, <i>prep.</i> and <i>av.</i> over, +above;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>conj.</i> if, in case that, whether, <a href = +"#para9_6">9.6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>oben</b> (<b>e</b>), <i>av.</i> from above, above.</p> + +<p><b>ober</b>, <i>aj.</i> upper, <a href = "#para59">59</a>.</p> + +<p><b>oberste</b>, <b>oberist</b>, <b>oberest</b>, <i>aj.</i> highest, +uppermost, <a href = "#para8">8</a>, <a href = +"#para59">59</a>.</p> + +<p><b>oder</b>, <b>ode</b>, <i>conj.</i> or.</p> + +<p><b>offen</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> open, <a href = +"#para23_1">23.1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>offenbāre</b>, <i>av.</i> openly.</p> + +<p><b>ofte</b>, <i>av.</i> often.</p> + +<p><b>ohse</b>, <i>wm.</i> ox.</p> + +<p><b>opfer</b>, <i>sn.</i> offering.</p> + +<p><b>orden</b>, <i>sm.</i> order, rule; rank;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>rīters orden</b>, knightly order.</p> + +<p><b>ordenunge</b>, <i>sf.</i> order, rule.</p> + +<p><b>ōre</b>, <i>wn.</i> ear, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para50">50</a>.</p> + +<p><b>op</b> = <b>ob</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Ōsterrīch</b>, <i>pn.</i> Austria.</p> + +<p><b>ot</b>, see <b>ëht</b>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">195</span> +<p><b>ouch</b>, <b>ō̆ch</b>, <i>av.</i> also; henceforward.</p> + +<p><b>ouge</b>, <i>wn.</i> eye, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = +"#para50">50</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ougen</b>, <i>wv.</i> show, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href = +"#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ougenweide</b>, <i>sf.</i> delight of the eyes, sight, +appearance.</p> + +<p><b>ouwē</b>, <i>sf.</i> water; meadow, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>owē</b>, <b>ouwē</b>, <b>ō̆wī</b>, <i>interj.</i> woe! +alas! ah!;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>owē mir mīnes leides!</b> alas! for my grief;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ōwī wan</b>, used to express a wish: would that;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>owē dës</b>, alas for that!</p> + +<p><b>ōwol</b>, <i>interj.</i> well!</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_P" id = "gloss_P"> +P</a></p> + +<p><b>palas</b>, <i>sn.</i> hall.</p> + +<p><b>paradys</b>, <i>sn.</i> paradise.</p> + +<p><b>pfaffe</b>, <i>wm.</i> priest.</p> + +<p><b>pfeller</b>, <b>pfellel</b>, <i>sm.</i> carpet, silk cloth.</p> + +<p><b>pfennic</b>, <b>pfenninc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> +penny, <a href = "#para29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>pfert</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> horse.</p> + +<p><b>pflëge</b>, <i>sf.</i> care, fostering.</p> + +<p><b>pflëgen</b> (<b>phlëgen</b>), <i>sv.</i> V, be accustomed, use, +practise, care for, <a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p> + +<p><b>pfluoc</b>, <b>phluoc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> plough; +ploughman.</p> + +<p><b>pfunt</b>, <i>sn.</i> pound, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>phat</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>smn.</i> path, footway.</p> + +<p><b>phel</b> (<b>phelle</b>) = <b>pfeller</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Philip</b>, <b>Philippes</b> (<i>dat.</i> <b>Philippe</b>), +<i>pn.</i> Philip.</p> + +<p><b>phlëger</b>, <i>sm.</i> guardian, protector.</p> + +<p><b>pin</b> = <b>bin</b>.</p> + +<p><b>pīnen</b> (with <b>sich</b> and <b>ūf</b>), <i>wv.</i> exert +oneself for.</p> + +<p><b>plān</b>, <i>smf.</i>, <b>plāne</b>, <i>sf.</i> plain, open space, +meadow.</p> + +<p><b>planēte</b>, <i>wm.</i> planet.</p> + +<p><b>porte</b>, <i>sf.</i> door, gate.</p> + +<p><b>portenære</b>, <i>sm.</i> porter, door-keeper.</p> + +<p><b>prëdige</b>, <i>wf.</i> sermon.</p> + +<p><b>prīs</b>, <i>sm.</i> praise, renown, reputation; price.</p> + +<p><b>prīsen</b>, <i>wv.</i> value, praise, extol.</p> + +<p><b>prophēte</b>, <i>wm.</i> prophet.</p> + +<p><b>prüstelīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> breast, chest.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_Q" id = "gloss_Q"> +Q</a></p> + +<p><b>quāle</b> (<b>kāle</b>), <i>sf.</i> torture, <a href = +"#para36">36</a>.</p> + +<p><b>quëc</b> (<b>këc</b>), <i>aj.</i> quick, alive, <a href = +"#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para36">36</a>.</p> + +<p><b>quëden</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, say, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href += "#para36">36</a>.</p> + +<p><b>quërder</b> (<b>korder</b>, <b>körder</b>), <i>smn.</i> +bait, <a href = "#para36">36</a>.</p> + +<p><b>quicken</b> (<b>kücken</b>), <i>wv.</i> enliven, <a href = +"#para36">36</a>.</p> + +<p><b>quīst</b> = <b>quides(t)</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_R" id = "gloss_R"> +R</a></p> + +<p><b>rabe</b>, <i>wm.</i> raven, <a href = "#para31_1">31.1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rāche</b>, <i>sf.</i> revenge, punishment.</p> + +<p><b>ragen</b>, <i>wv.</i> strike, knock, hit.</p> + +<p><b>rappe</b>, <i>wm.</i> raven, <a href = "#para31_1">31.1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rasch</b> (<b>rasche</b>), <i>aj.</i> quick, <a href = +"#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rat</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> wheel, <a href = +"#para47">47</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rāt</b>, <i>sm.</i> (<i>pl.</i> <b>ræte</b>), advice, care, +resolution;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>rāt wërden</b>, be helped.</p> + +<p><b>rāten</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, advise, devise, <a href = +"#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rē</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>smn.</i> corpse; bier, hearse, <a href = +"#para42">42</a>, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rëchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, avenge, punish.</p> + +<p><b>rëde</b>, <i>sf.</i> speech, answer, story, saying.</p> + +<p><b>rëgen</b>, <i>sm.</i> rain, <a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rëht</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>sn.</i> right, proper, just; right, +duty, law.</p> + +<p><b>rëhte</b>, <i>av.</i> rightly, properly; very.</p> + +<p><b>reine</b>, <b>rein</b>, <i>aj.</i> pure, spotless, +perfect, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>reise</b>, <i>sf.</i> journey, march.</p> + +<p><b>reiȥen</b>, <i>wv.</i> irritate; entice, allure.</p> + +<p><b>rennen</b>, <i>wv.</i> run, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ribbalīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> foot-covering, shoe.</p> + +<p><b>rīben</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, rub, <a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">196</span> + +<p><b>rīch</b>, <b>rīche</b>, <i>aj.</i> powerful, mighty, noble, great, +fine, rich, free, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rīche</b>, <i>sn.</i> kingdom.</p> + +<p><b>rīcheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> wealth, power.</p> + +<p><b>rīchen</b>, <i>wv.</i> make rich, enrich, present with.</p> + +<p><b>rīchsen</b>, <i>wv.</i> rule, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>riechen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, smell, <a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rīfe</b>, <i>wm.</i> hoar-frost.</p> + +<p><b>rigel</b>, <i>sm.</i> bolt, bar.</p> + +<p><b>rihten</b>, <i>wv.</i> put right, confirm, judge;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>refl.</i> get up.</p> + +<p><b>rinc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> ring.</p> + +<p><b>ringe</b>, <i>aj.</i> easy, light, small; consumed.</p> + +<p><b>ringen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, strive, struggle; busy oneself, +wrestle;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ringen nāch</b>, strive for <i>or</i> after.</p> + +<p><b>rinnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, run, <a href = "#para20">20</a>, +<a href = "#para31">31</a>, <a href = "#para32_1">32.1</a>, <a href = +"#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rint</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>rinder</b>), <i>sn.</i> cow, heifer.</p> + +<p><b>rīsen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, fall, <a href = "#para30">30</a>, <a href += "#para76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rīten</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, ride, <a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rīter</b>, <b>ritter</b>, <i>sm.</i> rider; knight, the name of +knight.</p> + +<p><b>rīterlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> knightly.</p> + +<p><b>rīterschaft</b>, <i>sf.</i> knighthood, customs and manners of +knights.</p> + +<p><b>ritterlīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> in knightly manner.</p> + +<p><b>riuschen</b>, <i>wv.</i> rush, move noisily.</p> + +<p><b>riuten</b>, <i>wv.</i> root out, clear the land, bring the land +into cultivation.</p> + +<p><b>riuwe</b>, <i>sf.</i> sadness, grief, pity, regret, <a href = +"#para16n">16 note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>riuwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> grieve, grieve for, regret.</p> + +<p><b>riuwen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, pain, grieve, regret, <a href = +"#para16n">16 note</a>, <a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>riuwic</b>, <i>aj.</i> sorrowful, repentant.</p> + +<p><b>rivier</b>, <i>sm.</i> brook, stream.</p> + +<p><b>rocke</b>, <b>rogge</b>, <i>wm.</i> rye, <a href = +"#para31_1">31.1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rōme</b>, <i>pn.</i> Rome.</p> + +<p><b>rōr</b>, <i>sn.</i> reed.</p> + +<p><b>ros</b>, <i>sn.</i> horse.</p> + +<p><b>rōt</b>, <i>aj.</i> red, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rouben</b>, <i>wv.</i> rob.</p> + +<p><b>rouch</b>, <i>sm.</i> smoke.</p> + +<p><b>roufen</b>, <i>wv.</i> pluck, pull up, pull at, lug;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>refl.</i> tear <i>or</i> pull out one’s hair.</p> + +<p><b>roup</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sm.</i> robbery;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>roubes</b>, <i>av.</i> by robbery.</p> + +<p><b>rūch</b>, <i>aj.</i> raw; coarse.</p> + +<p><b>rucke</b>, <b>rügge</b>, <i>swm.</i> back.</p> + +<p><b>ruejen</b>, <i>wv.</i> row, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rüemen</b>, <i>wv.</i> praise, commend.</p> + +<p><b>rueren</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>ruorte</b>), <i>wv.</i> drive, +urge on;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +with <b>ros</b> understood: run.</p> + +<p><b>rūm</b>, <i>sm.</i> room, <a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>rūmen</b>, <i>wv.</i> make room, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, +<a href = "#para40">40</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ruochen</b>, <i>wv.</i> trouble oneself about a thing, +observe;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +with <i>gen.</i> deign, will, wish.</p> + +<p><b>ruofen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, call, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, +<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_S" id = "gloss_S"> +S</a></p> + +<p><b>sā</b>, <b>sān</b>, <i>av.</i> presently, at once, forthwith, +immediately, quickly.</p> + +<p><b>sache</b>, <i>sf.</i> thing.</p> + +<p><b>sactuoch</b>, <i>sn.</i> sacking, sackcloth.</p> + +<p><b>sæjen</b>, <b>sæwen</b>, <b>sæn</b>, sow, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para35">35</a>, <a href = +"#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sælde</b>, <i>sf.</i> happiness, good fortune, excellence, +blessedness, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sælic</b>, <b>sælec</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>aj.</i> blessed, happy, +<a href = "#para7">7</a>, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sælikeit</b>, <i>sf.</i> blessedness.</p> + +<p><b>sage</b>, <i>sf.</i> saying, statement, report;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>nāch sage</b>, by hear-say.</p> + +<p><b>sagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> say, tell, <a href = "#para37">37</a>, +<a href = "#para92">92</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>sagen mære</b>, relate what has happened.</p> + +<p><b>sal</b>, <i>sm.</i> room, hall; house.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">197</span> + +<p><b>salben</b>, <i>wv.</i> anoint.</p> + +<p><b>Salomōn</b>, <i>sm.</i> Solomon.</p> + +<p><b>salz</b>, <i>sn.</i> salt, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>salzen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, salt, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>same</b>, <b>sam</b>, <i>av.</i> so, as, like, just as, even +as, <a href = "#para69">69</a>.</p> + +<p><b>samīt</b>, <i>sm.</i> velvet.</p> + +<p><b>samt</b>, <i>av.</i> together.</p> + +<p><b>sān</b>, see <b>sā</b>.</p> + +<p><b>sanc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> song, singing.</p> + +<p><b>sanfte</b>, <i>av.</i> softly, slowly, pleasantly, <a href = +"#para60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sant</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> sand, <a href = +"#para42">42</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sant(e)</b>, <i>aj.</i> holy; holy one.</p> + +<p><b>sarc</b>, <i>sm.</i> coffin.</p> + +<p><b>sarken</b>, <b>serken</b>, <i>wv.</i> put into the coffin.</p> + +<p><b>sāt</b>, <i>sf.</i> seed, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>satzt(e)</b>, <i>pret.</i> of <b>setzen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>sāȥe</b>, <i>sf.</i> ambush, trap, snare.</p> + +<p><b>sazte</b>, <i>pret.</i> of <b>setzen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>schāchære</b>, <i>sm.</i> robber.</p> + +<p><b>schade</b>, <i>wm.</i> injury, loss.</p> + +<p><b>schaden</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>schadete</b>, <b>schāte</b>), +<i>wv.</i> injure, harm.</p> + +<p><b>schāf</b>, <i>sn.</i> sheep.</p> + +<p><b>schaffen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, create, exercise, institute, <a +href = "#para85">85</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schaffen</b>, <i>wv.</i> do, perform, provide.</p> + +<p><b>schal</b> (<b>-lles</b>), <i>sm.</i> sound, noise, loud tone; +singing.</p> + +<p><b>schalchaft</b>, <i>aj.</i> malicious, mischievous.</p> + +<p><b>schallen</b>, <i>wv.</i> be noisy; bluster; exult, boast, +swagger.</p> + +<p><b>schame</b>, <i>wf.</i> shame.</p> + +<p><b>schämelich</b>, <i>aj.</i> shameful, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schamen</b>, <i>wv.</i> shame;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>c. gen.</i> be ashamed, <a href = "#para9_4">9.4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schande</b>, <i>sf.</i> disgrace, disgracefulness, shamefulness, +shameful <i>or</i> disgraceful act.</p> + +<p><b>schapel</b>, <i>sn.</i> garland, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schar</b>, <i>sf.</i> crowd, flock, <a href = +"#para48">48</a>.</p> + +<p><b>scharpf</b>, <i>aj.</i> sharp.</p> + +<p><b>schart</b>, <i>aj.</i> jagged, hacked, hewn, battered.</p> + +<p><b>schate</b> (<ins class = "correction" title = "not italicized in print"><i>gen.</i></ins> <b>schat(e)wes</b>), +<i>sm.</i> shade, shadow, <a href = "#para36">36</a>, <a href = "#para43">43</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schaz</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>schatzes</b>), <i>sm.</i> treasure, +<a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schedelīche</b>, <i>av.</i> injuriously.</p> + +<p><b>scheiden</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, sever, separate, deprive; go away, +<a href = "#para87">87</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>sich scheiden</b>, come to an end, be decided.</p> + +<p><b>schëlch</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>schëlhes</b>), <i>aj.</i> +askew, <a href = "#para34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schelle</b>, <i>wf.</i> little bell.</p> + +<p><b>schëlten</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, abuse, revile, mock, <a href = +"#para81">81</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +also as <i>sn.</i></p> + +<p><b>schemelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> disgraceful.</p> + +<p><b>schepfen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>schuof</b>, <i>pp.</i> +<b>geschaffen</b>), <i>sv.</i> VI, create, <a href = +"#para23_2">23.2</a>, <a href = "#para28">28</a>, <a href = +"#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schepfære</b>, <b>schepfer</b>, <i>sm.</i> creator, <a href = +"#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schërn</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, shear, <a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schicken</b> (with <i>acc.</i>), <i>wv.</i> become, suit, fit.</p> + +<p><b>schieben</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, shove, <a href = +"#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schiere</b>, <i>av.</i> quickly, soon.</p> + +<p><b>schieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, shoot;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>sn.</i> shooting, <a href = "#para10n3">10 note 3</a>, <a href = +"#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schif</b> (<b>-ffes</b>), <i>sn.</i> ship, <a href = +"#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para32_1">32.1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schilt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> shield, protection;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>schildes ambet</b>, knight-service, chivalry.</p> + +<p><b>schimpfen</b>, <i>wv.</i> make fun of, jest;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +also as <i>sn.</i></p> + +<p><b>schīn</b>, <i>aj.</i> visible, clear;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>schīn tuon</b>, make clear, show;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>sm.</i> splendour.</p> + +<p><b>schīnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, shine, become evident or +manifest, <a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schirmen</b>, <i>wv. c. dat.</i> protect.</p> + +<p><b>schiuhen</b>, <i>wv.</i> fear, shun.</p> + +<p><b>schœnde</b>, <i>sf.</i> beauty.</p> + +<p><b>schœne</b>, <i>aj.</i> beautiful, fine, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, +<a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href = +"#para55">55</a>, <a href = "#para60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schœne</b>, <i>sf.</i> beauty, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href = +"#para48">48</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schœnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> make beautiful.</p> + +<p><b>schōne</b>, <i>av.</i> beautifully, <a href = +"#para60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schouwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> see, behold, look, inspect, survey.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">198</span> + +<p><b>schrëcken</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, frighten, <a href = +"#para82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schrībære</b>, <i>sm.</i> scribe, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schrīben</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, write, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schrīen</b> (<b>scrīen</b>), <i>sv.</i> I, cry, cry out, scream; +croak, <a href = "#para77">77</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +also as <i>sn.</i></p> + +<p><b>schrift</b>, <i>sf.</i> writing (Bible).</p> + +<p><b>schrīn</b>, <i>sm.</i> box.</p> + +<p><b>schrinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, split, <a href = +"#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schrit</b>, <i>sm.</i> step, <a href = "#para44">44</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schrunde</b>, <i>wf.</i> scratch, tear, slit.</p> + +<p><b>schūften</b>, <i>wv.</i> gallop, canter.</p> + +<p><b>schulde</b>, <i>sf.</i> reason, cause;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>von welhen schulden</b>, wherefore.</p> + +<p><b>schuldic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>aj.</i> guilty, <a href = +"#para10n1">10 note 1</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>schuldic sīn</b>, owe.</p> + +<p><b>schuoch</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>schuohes</b>), <i>sm.</i> +shoe, <a href = "#para34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schupfen</b>, <b>schüpfen</b>, <i>wv.</i> push, <a href = +"#para10n3">10 note 3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>schuz</b> (<b>-tzes</b>), <i>sm.</i> protection.</p> + +<p><b>se</b> = <b>sie</b>.</p> + +<p><b>sē</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>sm.</i> sea, lake, <a href = +"#para3">3</a>, <a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sëgenen</b>, <i>wv.</i> bless, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, see, look, <a href = "#para9_4n">9.4 +note</a>, <a href = "#para34">34</a>, <a href = "#para74n">74 +note</a>, <a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sëhs</b>, <i>num.</i> six, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sëhste</b>, <i>num.</i> sixth, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sëh(s)zëhen</b>, <i>num.</i> sixteen, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sëh(s)zehënde</b>, <i>num.</i> sixteenth, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sëh(s)zic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>num.</i> sixty, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sëh(s)zigeste</b>, <i>num.</i> sixtieth, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>seist</b> = <b>sages(t)</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p> + +<p><b>seit</b> = <b>saget</b>, <a href = "#para37">37</a>.</p> + +<p><b>seite</b>, <i>wm.</i> string.</p> + +<p><b>seite</b> = <b>sagete</b>.</p> + +<p><b>seitenspil</b>, <i>sn.</i> playing of stringed instrument.</p> + +<p><b>sele</b>, <i>sf.</i> soul, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para17">17</a>, <a href = +"#para48">48</a>.</p> + +<p><b>seln</b>, <i>wv.</i> hand over, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sëlp</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>pr.</i> self.</p> + +<p><b>sëlten</b>, <i>av.</i> seldom.</p> + +<p><b>sëltsæne</b>, <i>aj.</i> rare, strange.</p> + +<p><b>senden</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>sante</b>), <i>wv.</i> send, <a href = +"#para32_3">32.3</a>, <a href = "#para40">40</a>, <a href = +"#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>senede</b>, <b>sende</b>, <i>pp.</i> of <b>senen</b>, painfully +longing, yearning, love-sick, <a href = "#para29">29</a>.</p> + +<p><b>senen</b>, <i>wv. refl.</i> fret oneself, be sick at heart.</p> + +<p><b>senfte</b>, <i>sf.</i> softening.</p> + +<p><b>senfte</b>, <i>aj.</i> soft, gentle, tender, mild, easy; quiet, +<a href = "#para55">55</a>, <a href = "#para60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><b>senften</b>, <i>wv.</i> appease, soften.</p> + +<p><b>senken</b>, <i>wv.</i> sink, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = +"#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sēr</b>, <i>snm.</i> pain; grief, trouble; sore.</p> + +<p><b>sēre</b>, <i>av.</i> sorely, violently; very.</p> + +<p><b>setzen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>satzte</b>), <i>wv.</i> put, set, +place, appoint, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = +"#para23_1">23.1</a>, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>, <a href = +"#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>si</b>, <b>sī</b>, <b>siu</b>, <b>sie</b>, <i>pr.</i> she, <a +href = "#para65">65</a>.</p> + +<p><b>siben</b>, <i>num.</i> seven, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sibende</b>, <i>num.</i> seventh, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sibenzëhen</b>, <i>num.</i> seventeen, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sibenzëhende</b>, <i>num.</i> seventeenth, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sibenzic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), seventy, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sibenzigste</b>, seventieth, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sich</b>, <i>refl. pr.</i> himself, themselves, <a href = +"#para66">66</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sicherheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> assurance.</p> + +<p><b>sicherlīch(e)</b>, <i>av.</i> certainly, surely, +assuredly, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sīde</b>, <i>sf.</i> silk.</p> + +<p><b>sider</b>, <i>av.</i> since, afterwards.</p> + +<p><b>siech</b>, <i>aj.</i> sick, ill, <a href = "#para5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>siecheit</b>, <i>sf.</i>, <b>siechtuom</b>, <i>sm.</i> +sickness.</p> + +<p><b>sieden</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, seethe, <a href = "#para12">12</a>, +<a href = "#para18">18</a>, <a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sīfrit</b>, <i>pn.</i>, <a href = "#para54">54</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sige</b> (<b>sic</b>), <i>sm.</i> victory, <a href = +"#para43">43</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sīgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, sink, <a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sigenunft</b>, <i>sf.</i> victory.</p> + +<p><b>sīhte</b>, <i>aj.</i> shallow.</p> + +<p><b>silber</b>, <i>sn.</i> silver.</p> + +<p><b>sim</b> = <b>si im</b>.</p> + +<p><b>sin</b>, <i>sm.</i> sense, mind, feeling; courage.</p> + +<p><b>sīn</b>, <i>pr.</i> his;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>sīn sëlbes</b>, of himself, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para67">67</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">199</span> +<p><b>sīn</b>, <i>anom. v.</i> be, <a href = "#para97">97</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sin</b> = <b>si in</b>.</p> + +<p><b>sincwīse</b>, <i>sf.</i> song.</p> + +<p><b>singen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, sing;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +also as <i>sn.</i> song, lay, <a href = "#para10n2">10 note 2</a>, +<a href = "#para33">33</a>, <a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sinken</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, sink, <a href = +"#para23_2">23.2</a>, <a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sinne</b>, <i>sf.</i> sense, mind;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ze sinne wider komen</b>, recover consciousness, become conscious +again.</p> + +<p><b>sinneclīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> sensible, reasonable.</p> + +<p><b>sinnelōs</b>, <i>aj.</i> unconscious.</p> + +<p><b>sinnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, reflect, <a href = +"#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sint</b> = <b>sīt</b>.</p> + +<p><b>sippe</b> (<b>sibbe</b>), <i>sf.</i> consanguinity, relationship, +<a href = "#para26">26</a>, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sīt</b> (<b>sīd</b>, <b>sint</b>), <i>av.</i> and <i>conj.</i> +afterwards, since, because.</p> + +<p><b>site</b>, <i>sm.</i> custom, habit; bearing, demeanour, behaviour, +<a href = "#para43">43</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sīte</b>, <i>swf.</i> side.</p> + +<p><b>sitzen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>saȥ</b>, <i>pp.</i> <b>gesëȥȥen</b>), +sit, <a href = "#para14_2">14.2</a>, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>, +<a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>, <a href = "#para84">84</a>.</p> + +<p><b>siȥ</b> = <b>sī ëȥ</b>.</p> + +<p><b>slac</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> blow; misfortune, <a href = +"#para44">44</a>.</p> + +<p><b>slāf</b>, <i>sm.</i> sleep.</p> + +<p><b>slāfen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, sleep, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, +<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = +"#para23_1">23.1</a>, <a href = "#para74n">74 note</a>, <a href = +"#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>slahen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, beat, strike, slay, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>, <a href = +"#para85">85</a>.</p> + +<p><b>slahte</b>, <i>sf.</i> manner; race.</p> + +<p><b>slëht</b>, <i>aj.</i> straight; straight-forward, honest.</p> + +<p><b>slieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, close, shut.</p> + +<p><b>smac</b> (<b>-ckes</b>), <i>sm.</i> taste, smell.</p> + +<p><b>smācheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> shameful treatment.</p> + +<p><b>smæhe</b>, <i>aj.</i> little, despicable, disgusting.</p> + +<p><b>smal</b>, <i>aj.</i> small, little.</p> + +<p><b>smecken</b>, <i>wv.</i> taste, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>smër</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>smn.</i> fat, <a href = +"#para36">36</a>, <a href = "#para47">47</a>.</p> + +<p><b>smërze</b>, <i>wm.</i> pain, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>smiegen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, bend, incline; press close.</p> + +<p><b>smielen</b>, <i>wv.</i> smile.</p> + +<p><b>smirwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> smear, <a href = "#para36">36</a>.</p> + +<p><b>smit</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> smith, metal worker, +goldsmith.</p> + +<p><b>smitte</b>, <i>swf.</i> smithy, <a href = "#para24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>snē</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>sm.</i> snow, <a href = +"#para17">17</a>, <a href = "#para36">36</a>, <a href = +"#para42">42</a>.</p> + +<p><b>snël</b> (<b>-lles</b>), <i>aj.</i> quick, eager, alert; +blithe.</p> + +<p><b>snëlheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> haste, quickness.</p> + +<p><b>snīden</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, cut, injure, wound, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para12">12</a>, <a href = +"#para17">17</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>, <a href = +"#para76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>snit</b>, <i>sm.</i> cut, slice, <a href = "#para44">44</a>.</p> + +<p><b>snuor</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>snüere</b>), <i>sf.</i> string.</p> + +<p><b>sō</b>, <b>so</b>, <i>av.</i> and <i>conj.</i> as, so, if, +whereas, on the other hand, thus, as it was, <a href = +"#para69">69</a>.</p> + +<p><b>solch</b>, <b>sölch</b> (<b>solich</b>), <i>pr.</i> such, of such +a nature, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>soldenære</b>, <i>sm.</i> hired soldier, mercenary.</p> + +<p><b>solt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> pay.</p> + +<p><b>Soltāne</b>, <i>pn.</i></p> + +<p><b>soltu</b> = <b>solt dū</b>.</p> + +<p><b>son</b> = <b>so ne</b>.</p> + +<p><b>sorge</b>, <i>swf.</i> care, grief, sorrow.</p> + +<p><b>sorgelōs</b>, <i>aj.</i> free from cares.</p> + +<p><b>sorgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> be anxious, fear, dread.</p> + +<p><b>spāhe</b>, <i>av.</i> elegantly, neatly.</p> + +<p><b>spalten</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, split, <a href = +"#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>spān</b>, <i>sm.</i> chip, shaving; notched stick, tally; degree +of relationship.</p> + +<p><b>spanen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, entice, <a href = "#para85">85</a>.</p> + +<p><b>spange</b>, <i>swf.</i> clasp, buckle.</p> + +<p><b>spannen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, span, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sparn</b>, <i>wv.</i> spare, forbear.</p> + +<p><b>spëhen</b>, <i>wv.</i> look at, observe.</p> + +<p><b>spër</b>, <i>sn.</i> spear, lance.</p> + +<p><b>spiegel</b>, <i>sm.</i> mirror, looking-glass; model, pattern.</p> + +<p><b>spiegelglas</b>, <i>sn.</i> lovely image, picture.</p> + +<p><b>spil</b>, <i>sn.</i> game, play; joke, fun; pleasure, delight.</p> + +<p><b>spiln</b> (<i>pres. part.</i> <b>spilende</b>, <b>spilede</b>), +<i>wv.</i> play; glitter, glisten, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">200</span> +<p><b>spinnen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, spin, <a href = +"#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>spīse</b>, <i>sf.</i> food.</p> + +<p><b>spīwen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, vomit, <a href = "#para17">17</a>, +<a href = "#para77">77</a>.</p> + +<p><b>spore</b>, <b>spor</b>, <i>wm.</i> spur.</p> + +<p><b>spot</b>, <i>sm.</i> scoff, scorn, mockery; joke, fun;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>āne spot</b>, sincerely, candidly.</p> + +<p><b>spotten</b>, <i>wv.</i> (with <i>gen.</i>), mock, scoff at, +scorn.</p> + +<p><b>sprëchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, speak, say, talk, <a href = +"#para9_4n">9.4 note</a>, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = +"#para23_1">23.1</a>, <a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><b>spreiten</b>, <i>wv.</i> spread.</p> + +<p><b>springen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, spring, leap.</p> + +<p><b>stæte</b>, <i>sf.</i> duration, continuance, constancy, +steadfastness.</p> + +<p><b>stæte</b>, <i>aj.</i> constant, firm, steadfast;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>stæteclīchen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>stætekeit</b>, <b>stætikeit</b>, <i>sf.</i> firmness, +constancy.</p> + +<p><b>stahel</b>, <i>sm.</i> steel.</p> + +<p><b>stam</b> (<b>-mmes</b>), <i>sm.</i> stem; prop, model.</p> + +<p><b>stān</b>, <b>stēn</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, stand; befit, become, suit, +<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para86">86</a>, <a href = +"#para96">96</a>.</p> + +<p><b>stap</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sm.</i> stick, staff.</p> + +<p><b>starc</b>, <i>aj.</i> strong, heavy, hard, severe;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>starke</b>.</p> + +<p><b>stat</b>, <i>sf.</i> abode, place, spot; opportunity.</p> + +<p><b>state</b>, <i>sf.</i> suitable <i>or</i> comfortable place; +opportunity;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ze staten komen</b>, help.</p> + +<p><b>stëchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, prick, <a href = "#para9_4n">9.4 +note</a>, <a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><b>stëgreif</b>, <i>sm.</i> stirrup.</p> + +<p><b>stein</b>, <i>sm.</i> stone, precious stone, grindstone, +millstone, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href = +"#para17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>stëln</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, steal, <a href = "#para9_1">9.1</a>, +<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para74n">74 note</a>, <a href += "#para82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><b>stellen</b>, <i>wv.</i> place, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>stërben</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, die, <a href = "#para10n1">10 note +1</a>, <a href = "#para81">81</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>sn.</i> dying, death.</p> + +<p><b>sterke</b>, <i>sf.</i> strength, bravery.</p> + +<p><b>stërne</b>, <i>wm.</i> star.</p> + +<p><b>stīc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> path, way.</p> + +<p><b>stich</b>, <i>sm.</i> stab, thrust.</p> + +<p><b>stīgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, rise, mount,</p> + +<p><b>stille</b>, <i>aj.</i> still, quiet, secret.</p> + +<p><b>stimme</b>, <i>sf.</i> voice.</p> + +<p><b>stinken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>stanc</b>), <i>sv.</i> III, stink, +exhale a disagreeable odour.</p> + +<p><b>stiure</b>, <i>sf.</i> gift, tax.</p> + +<p><b>stœren</b>, <i>wv.</i> hinder, overthrow, destroy.</p> + +<p><b>stōle</b>, <i>sf.</i> stole, surplice.</p> + +<p><b>stolz</b>, <i>aj.</i> stately.</p> + +<p><b>stoup</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sm.</i> dust.</p> + +<p><b>stōȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, push, shove, thrust, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = +"#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>strāfen</b>, <i>wv.</i> blame, set right.</p> + +<p><b>strāȥe</b>, <i>swf.</i> way, road,</p> + +<p><b>strëben</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, exert oneself, strive.</p> + +<p><b>strenge</b>, <i>aj.</i> strict, unfriendly.</p> + +<p><b>strīchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, strike, stroke, rub.</p> + +<p><b>strīt</b>, <i>sm.</i> strife, quarrel, fight.</p> + +<p><b>strīteclīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> eagerly, zealously.</p> + +<p><b>strīten</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, quarrel, fight, strive, <a href = +"#para76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>strō</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>sn.</i> straw; blade, stalk, <a href = +"#para36">36</a>, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>strouwen</b>, <b>ströuwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> strew, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para36">36</a>.</p> + +<p><b>stücke</b>, <i>sn.</i> piece.</p> + +<p><b>stum</b>, <i>aj.</i> dumb, <a href = "#para32_1">32.1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>stunde</b>, <i>sf.</i> hour, time.</p> + +<p><b>stunt</b>, <i>indecl. fem.</i> time.</p> + +<p><b>stuol</b>, <i>sm.</i> seat of a judge, papal power; throne.</p> + +<p><b>sturm</b>, <i>sm.</i> fight, battle.</p> + +<p><b>sū</b>, <i>sf.</i> sow, pig, <a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p> + +<p><b>süeȥe</b>, <i>aj.</i> sweet, lovely, <a href = +"#para60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><b>süeȥe</b>, <i>sf.</i> loveliness, alluring enticement.</p> + +<p><b>süeȥen</b>, <i>wv.</i> sweeten, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sūfen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, gulp down liquids, <a href = +"#para80">80</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sūft</b>, <i>sm.</i> sigh, groan.</p> + +<p><b>sūgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, suck, <a href = "#para80">80</a>.</p> + +<p><b>suln</b>, <b>süln</b>, <i>pret.-pres.</i> (<i>pres.</i> +<b>sol</b>, +<span class = "pagenum">201</span> +<i>pret.</i> <b>solte</b>, should, ought), shall, <a href = +"#para40">40</a>, <a href = "#para93">93</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sum</b>, <i>pr.</i> any one at all;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>pl.</i> some, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sumelīch</b>, <i>pr.</i> many a, whoever;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>pl.</i> some, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sūmen</b>, <i>wv.</i> tarry, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sumer</b>, <i>sm.</i> summer, <a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sumerlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> summerlike.</p> + +<p><b>sumerzīt</b>, <i>sf.</i> summer time.</p> + +<p><b>sun</b>, <i>sm.</i> son, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = +"#para9_4">9.4</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href = +"#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para44">44</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sünde</b>, <i>sf.</i> sin.</p> + +<p><b>sunder</b>, <i>prep.</i> without, against;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>sunder spot</b>, seriously, in earnest;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>sunderlīche(n)</b>, especially, separately.</p> + +<p><b>sunne</b>, <i>wmf.</i> sun.</p> + +<p><b>suochen</b>, <i>wv.</i> seek, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>suone</b>, <i>sf.</i> atonement.</p> + +<p><b>suon(e)tac</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> day of judgement.</p> + +<p><b>suoȥe</b>, <i>av.</i> sweetly, <a href = "#para60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sus</b> (<b>sust</b>), <i>av.</i> so, thus, in such a way.</p> + +<p><b>swā</b>, <b>swar</b>, <i>av.</i> wherever, <a href = +"#para69">69</a>.</p> + +<p><b>swach(e)</b>, <i>aj.</i> worthless, bad.</p> + +<p><b>swacheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> dishonour, disgrace.</p> + +<p><b>swachen</b>, <i>wv.</i> weaken.</p> + +<p><b>swachlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> weak.</p> + +<p><b>swǣre</b>, <i>aj.</i> painful, sad, unpleasant, burdensome; +weighty, heavy, <a href = "#para60">60</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>daȥ swære</b>, such a weight.</p> + +<p><b>swære</b>, <i>sf.</i> burden, trouble, grief, sadness.</p> + +<p><b>swanc</b> (<b>-ges</b>, <b>-kes</b>), <i>sm.</i> swinging +movement, hurling, throwing.</p> + +<p><b>swannen</b>, <b>swanne</b>, <i>av.</i> and <i>conj.</i> +whenever, <a href = "#para69">69</a>.</p> + +<p><b>swar</b>, see <b>swā</b>.</p> + +<p><b>swār</b> (<b>swære</b>), <i>aj.</i> heavy, <a href = +"#para55">55</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>swāre</b>, <a href = "#para60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><b>swarz</b>, <i>aj.</i> black.</p> + +<p><b>swëben</b>, <i>wv.</i> hover, move to and fro.</p> + +<p><b>swëder</b>, <i>pr.</i> who of two, <a href = "#para69">69</a>.</p> + +<p><b>swëher</b>, <i>sm.</i> father-in-law, <a href = +"#para30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sweifen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, rove, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>swelch</b> (<b>swel</b>), <i>pr.</i> each who, whoever, what sort, +whatever, <a href = "#para69">69</a>, <a href = +"#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>swëllen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, swell, <a href = +"#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>swenne</b> (see <b>swannen</b>), <i>conj.</i> whenever, if, +whilst, <a href = "#para69">69</a>.</p> + +<p><b>swër</b>, <i>pr.</i> who, whoever, whosoever;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>neut.</i> <b>swaȥ</b>, <a href = "#para69">69</a>, <a href = +"#para70">70</a>, <a href = "#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>swern</b> (<b>swerigen</b>, <b>swerjen</b>), <i>sv.</i> VI, swear, +<a href = "#para35">35</a>, <a href = "#para86">86</a>.</p> + +<p><b>swërt</b>, <i>sn.</i> sword.</p> + +<p><b>swërtslac</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>-slege</b>), <i>sm.</i> +sword-cut.</p> + +<p><b>swester</b>, <b>swëster</b>, <i>sf.</i> sister, <a href = +"#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p> + +<p><b>swie</b>, <i>av.</i> and <i>conj.</i>, as, how, however, +howsoever; though, <a href = "#para69">69</a>.</p> + +<p><b>swīgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, be silent, keep silent, <a href = +"#para76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>swiger</b>, <i>sf.</i> mother-in-law, <a href = +"#para30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>swimmen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, swim, <a href = +"#para31">31</a>, <a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>swinde</b>, <i>aj.</i> powerful, strong, angry;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> quickly.</p> + +<p><b>swinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, vanish, disappear.</p> + +<p><b>swingen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, swing.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_T" id = "gloss_T"> +T</a></p> + +<p><b>tac</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> day, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, +<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para33">33</a>, <a href = +"#para42">42</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>tages</b>, by day.</p> + +<p><b>tägelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> daily, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href += "#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>tagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> become day, dawn.</p> + +<p><b>tagezīt</b>, <i>sf.</i> space of a day.</p> + +<p><b>tal</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>teler</b>), <i>sn.</i> dale, <a href = +"#para47">47</a>.</p> + +<p><b>tanz</b>, <i>sm.</i> dance.</p> + +<p><b>tanzen</b>, <i>wv.</i> dance.</p> + +<p><b>tanzwīse</b>, <i>sf.</i> a song which is sung to the accompaniment +of dancing.</p> + +<p><b>teil</b>, <i>smn.</i> portion;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ein teil</b>, something, a little.</p> + +<p><b>teilen</b>, <i>wv.</i> divide, distribute.</p> + +<p><b>tief</b>, <i>aj.</i> deep, <a href = "#para15">15</a>, <a href = +"#para19">19</a>.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">202</span> + +<p><b>tier</b>, <i>sn.</i> animal.</p> + +<p><b>tisch</b>, <i>sm.</i> table.</p> + +<p><b>tiure</b>, <b>tiuwer</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> dear, +precious; noble, excellent, <a href = "#para9_3">9.3</a>, <a href = +"#para57">57</a>.</p> + +<p><b>tiuren</b>, <b>tiuwern</b>, <i>wv.</i> esteem highly, honour, +confer honour.</p> + +<p><b>tiutsch</b>, <b>tiusch</b>, <i>aj.</i> German;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>tiuschiu zunge</b>, German language, Germany.</p> + +<p><b>tiuvel</b>, <i>sm.</i> devil.</p> + +<p><b>tœrisch</b>, <b>tœrsch</b>, <i>aj.</i> foolish, silly.</p> + +<p><b>tœtlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> deadly.</p> + +<p><b>tohter</b>, <i>sf.</i> daughter, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, +<a href = "#para25">25</a>, <a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p> + +<p><b>töhterlīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little daughter, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>tor</b>, <i>sn.</i> gate, door.</p> + +<p><b>tōre</b>, <b>tōr</b>, <i>wm.</i> fool.</p> + +<p><b>törperheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> impoliteness, vulgarity.</p> + +<p><b>tōt</b>, <i>aj.</i> dead, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href = +"#para25">25</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>.</p> + +<p><b>tōt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> death, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, +<a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>, <a href = +"#para33">33</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>in dëm tōde swëben</b>, be on the peril of losing one’s life.</p> + +<p><b>tou</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>sn.</i> dew, <a href = +"#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>toufen</b>, <i>wv.</i> baptize, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>tougen</b>, <i>sfn.</i> secret, wonder;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>aj.</i> dark, secret;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> secretly, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>tougenlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> secret;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>tougenlīche</b>.</p> + +<p><b>træge</b>, <i>aj.</i> slow, weary, lazy;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>trāge</b>.</p> + +<p><b>tragen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, bear, carry; wear; have, <a href = +"#para85">85</a>.</p> + +<p><b>trahen</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>trehene</b>), <i>sm.</i> drop, tear.</p> + +<p><b>trahten</b>, <i>wv.</i> think, strive, <a href = +"#para92">92</a>.</p> + +<p><b>trëffen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, hit, <a href = "#para32">32</a>, +<a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><b>treit</b> = <b>traget</b>.</p> + +<p><b>trëten</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, tread, step, enter, <a href = +"#para83">83</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>trëten hinder sich</b>, step back.</p> + +<p><b>tretten</b>, <i>wv.</i> tread, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>trīben</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, drive; play, carry on, <a href = +"#para76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>triefen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, drop, drip, <a href = +"#para31_1">31.1</a>, <a href = "#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>triegen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, deceive, plot, intrigue.</p> + +<p><b>trinken</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, drink, <a href = +"#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>triuten</b>, <i>wv.</i> caress, like, love; greet.</p> + +<p><b>triuwe</b>, <i>aj.</i> true, <a href = "#para16n">16 note</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>sf.</i> fidelity, faithfulness;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>mit triuwen</b> (<b>triwen</b>), faithfully.</p> + +<p><b>triuwen</b>, <b>trūwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> believe, trust, hope, +<a href = "#para16n">16 note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>trœstelīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> consolation, hope.</p> + +<p><b>trœsten</b>, <i>wv.</i> console, comfort; help.</p> + +<p><b>tropfe</b>, <i>wm.</i> drop, <a href = "#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>trōst</b>, <i>sm.</i> consolation, hope.</p> + +<p><b>troum</b>, <i>sm.</i> dream.</p> + +<p><b>troumen</b>, <i>wv.</i> dream, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>trüebe</b>, <i>aj.</i> gloomy.</p> + +<p><b>trüebsal</b>, <i>sn.</i> gloom, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>trūrec</b>, <i>aj.</i> sad;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>trūreclīche</b>.</p> + +<p><b>trūren</b>, <i>wv.</i> mourn, be sad, downcast;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +also <i>sn.</i></p> + +<p><b>trūt</b>, <i>aj.</i> dear, beloved.</p> + +<p><b>trūtgemahele</b>, <i>sf.</i> bride.</p> + +<p><b>tugen</b>, <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘tugen’ both times"><b>tügen</b></ins>, +<i>pret.-pres.</i> (<i>pres.</i> <b>touc</b>, <i>pret.</i> <b>tohte</b>), +be fit for, good for, of use, <a href = "#para93">93</a>.</p> + +<p><b>tugenhaft</b>, <i>aj.</i> fit, hearty, noble.</p> + +<p><b>tugent</b>, <b>tugende</b>, <i>sf.</i> virtue, good qualities, +strength, power, valour, <a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p> + +<p><b>tugentlīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> with noble demeanour.</p> + +<p><b>tump</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>aj.</i> inexperienced, silly, +young.</p> + +<p><b>tumpheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> folly, foolish action; inexperience;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>tumpheit walten</b>, show or have great inexperience.</p> + +<p><b>tunkel</b>, <i>aj.</i> dark.</p> + +<p><b>tuon</b>, <i>anom. v.</i> do, make, form, shape; cause, <a href = +"#para94">94</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>tuon enblecken</b>, +<span class = "pagenum">203</span> +cause to become visible;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ze leide tuon</b>, cause grief, pain, <i>or</i> injury to;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wër hāt dir getān?</b> who has done anything to you?;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>als ein got getān</b>, like a god.</p> + +<p><b>tür</b>, <i>sf.</i> door.</p> + +<p><b>Turkentāls</b>, <i>pn.</i> one of Parzival’s princes.</p> + +<p><b>turren</b>, <b>türren</b>, <i>pret.-pres.</i> (<i>pres.</i> +<b>tar</b>, <i>pret.</i> <b>torste</b>), dare, venture, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para93">93</a>.</p> + +<p><b>tūsenste</b>, <i>num.</i> thousandth, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>tūsent</b>, <i>num.</i> thousand, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, +<a href = "#para62">62</a>, <a href = "#para64">64</a>.</p> + +<p><b>twahen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>twuoc</b>), <i>sv.</i> VI, +wash, <a href = "#para85">85</a>.</p> + +<p><b>twërch</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>twërhes</b>), askew, <a href = +"#para34">34</a>.</p> + +<p><b>twingen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, compel, force, subdue, overcome;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>sich twingen lāȥen</b>, let oneself be compelled.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_U" id = "gloss_U"> +U</a></p> + +<p><b>übel</b>, <i>aj.</i> evil, bad, <a href = "#para55">55</a>, +<a href = "#para58">58</a>, <a href = "#para60">60</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>übele</b>.</p> + +<p><b>über</b>, <i>prep.</i> over, because of, for.</p> + +<p><b>übergrōȥ</b>, <i>aj.</i> very great.</p> + +<p><b>übergülde</b>, <i>sn.</i> gilding, raising of value.</p> + +<p><b>übergulde</b>, <i>sf.</i> that which surpasses something else in +value.</p> + +<p><b>übermæȥlīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> beyond measure.</p> + +<p><b>übermüete</b>, <i>sf.</i> insolence, haughtiness.</p> + +<p><b>übermuot</b>, <i>sm.</i> haughtiness, insolence.</p> + +<p><b>übern</b> = <b>über dën</b>, <a href = "#para68n2">68 note +2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>übersëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, overlook, not observe.</p> + +<p><b>überstrīten</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, gain the victory over, conquer.</p> + +<p><b>übertragen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, spare, discharge something.</p> + +<p><b>überwinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, overcome, get over.</p> + +<p><b>ūf</b>, <b>ūfe</b>, <i>prep.</i> and <i>av.</i> up, up to, on, to, +upwards, <a href = "#para23_1">23.1</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ūf genāde</b>, in firm confidence;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ūf die triwe mīn</b>, upon my faith <i>or</i> troth;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ūf slieȥen</b>, open.</p> + +<p><b>ūfem</b>, <b>ūfme</b> = <b>ūf dëm</b>, <a href = "#para68n2">68 +note 2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ūfen</b> = <b>ūf dën</b>, <a href = "#para68n2">68 note 2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ulterlec</b>, <i>pn.</i></p> + +<p><b>umbe</b>, <b>ümbe</b>, <b>umb</b>, <b>um</b>, <i>prep.</i> and +<i>av.</i> about, around, upon, for, <a href = "#para10n2">10 +note 2</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dar umbe</b>, therefore;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>umbe sust</b>, for nothing;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>um waȥ</b>, why, for what reason;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>umbe daȥ</b>, on account of that, for that, therefore;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>umbe gān</b>, turn <i>or</i> go round.</p> + +<p><b>umbeslieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, embrace, surround.</p> + +<p><b>umbevāhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, embrace.</p> + +<p><b>unbewollen</b>, <i>part. aj.</i> unspotted.</p> + +<p><b>und</b>, <b>unde</b>, <b>unt</b>, <i>cj.</i> and <i>av.</i> and; +again, on the other hand, <a href = "#para9_6">9.6</a>, <a href = +"#para69">69</a>.</p> + +<p><b>unden</b>, <i>av.</i> below, beneath.</p> + +<p><b>under</b> (<b>undr</b>), <i>prep.</i> under, beneath, between, +among;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>under in</b>, among themselves;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>under wëgen lān</b>, omit;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>under stunden</b>, at times, now and then, sometimes;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>under wīlen</b>, from time to time, at times, sometimes.</p> + +<p><b>underlāȥ</b>, <i>sm.</i> interruption.</p> + +<p><b>underscheiden</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, relate; explain fully.</p> + +<p><b>undersnīden</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, interrupt, intermingle.</p> + +<p><b>understān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, step in between, hinder.</p> + +<p><b>undertænic</b>, <i>aj.</i> humble, subject, submissive.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">204</span> + +<p><b>undertān</b>, <i>part. aj.</i> humble, submissive.</p> + +<p><b>underwinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, <i>refl.</i> undertake.</p> + +<p><b>unfuoge</b> (also used as a proper noun), <i>sf.</i> unseemliness, +indecorum, misconduct; coarseness.</p> + +<p><b>unfuore</b>, <i>wf.</i> badness, roughness; wicked mode of +life.</p> + +<p><b>ungebære</b>, <i>sf.</i> despairing lamentation.</p> + +<p><b>ungebant</b>, <i>aj.</i> unbeaten, untrodden.</p> + +<p><b>ungebatten</b>, <i>aj.</i> useless, worthless.</p> + +<p><b>ungeborn</b>, <i>part. aj.</i> unborn.</p> + +<p><b>ungeburt</b>, <i>sf.</i> low birth.</p> + +<p><b>ungefüege</b>, <i>aj.</i> very great, powerful; bad, unbecoming, +coarse, uncouth, rude;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>ungefuoge</b>.</p> + +<p><b>ungehabe</b>, <i>sf.</i> sorrow, grief.</p> + +<p><b>ungelīche</b>, <i>av.</i> immeasurably, incomparably.</p> + +<p><b>ungelōnet</b>, <i>aj.</i> unrewarded.</p> + +<p><b>ungelouplich</b>, <i>aj.</i> incredible.</p> + +<p><b>ungelücke</b>, <i>sn.</i> misfortune.</p> + +<p><b>ungemach</b>, <i>sn.</i> misfortune, discomfort, sorrow.</p> + +<p><b>ungemüete</b>, <i>snf.</i> mourning, grief, sorrow.</p> + +<p><b>ungenāde</b>, <i>sf.</i> disfavour, hatred, harm.</p> + +<p><b>ungenæme</b>, <i>aj.</i> unpleasant.</p> + +<p><b>ungenësen</b>, <i>aj.</i> unhealed, uncured.</p> + +<p><b>ungerihte</b>, <i>sn.</i> fault, crime.</p> + +<p><b>ungërne</b>, <i>av.</i> unwillingly.</p> + +<p><b>ungesammet</b>, <i>aj.</i> not united, not unanimous.</p> + +<p><b>ungeschriben</b>, <i>part. aj.</i> that which cannot be +written.</p> + +<p><b>ungestaltheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> deformity.</p> + +<p><b>ungesunt</b>, (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> sickness, illness.</p> + +<p><b>unhövesch</b>, <i>aj.</i> uncourtly, coarse, low, vulgar.</p> + +<p><b>unkraft</b>, <i>sf.</i> fainting fit, swoon.</p> + +<p><b>unkunt</b> (<b>unkuntlīch</b>), <i>aj.</i> unknown.</p> + +<p><b>unlange</b>, <i>av.</i> in a short time.</p> + +<p><b>unmære</b>, <i>aj.</i> not worth mentioning, little observed, +worthless, disgusting; undervalued.</p> + +<p><b>unmæȥlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> immoderate, excessive.</p> + +<p><b>unmāȥen</b>, <i>av.</i> immeasurably.</p> + +<p><b>unminnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> treat in an unloving manner.</p> + +<p><b>unmueȥekeit</b>, <i>sf.</i> work, trouble.</p> + +<p><b>unmugelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> impossible.</p> + +<p><b>unmuoȥe</b>, <i>sf.</i> occupation, restlessness.</p> + +<p><b>unnāch</b>, <i>av.</i> by no means.</p> + +<p><b>unnōt</b>, <i>sf.</i> without danger <i>or</i> need.</p> + +<p><b>unrewert</b> = <b>unerwert</b>, <i>part. aj.</i> unprohibited.</p> + +<p><b>unriuweclīche</b>, <i>av.</i> without trouble <i>or</i> care.</p> + +<p><b>unsælekeit</b>, <i>sf.</i> unhappiness; misfortune.</p> + +<p><b>unsælic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>aj.</i> unhappy, cursed.</p> + +<p><b>unschulde</b>, <i>sf.</i> innocence.</p> + +<p><b>unschuldigen</b>, <i>wv.</i> proclaim one’s innocence.</p> + +<p><b>unsegelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> unspeakable.</p> + +<p><b>unsenfte</b>, <i>aj.</i> painful, hard.</p> + +<p><b>unser</b>, <i>pr.</i> our, <a href = "#para7">7</a>, <a href = +"#para67">67</a>.</p> + +<p><b>unstæte</b>, <i>aj.</i> inconstant, fickle.</p> + +<p><b>unstæte</b>, <i>sf.</i> inconstancy, fickleness.</p> + +<p><b>untriuwe</b>, <i>sf.</i> faithlessness, deceit.</p> + +<p><b>untrœsten</b>, <i>wv.</i> dishearten, discourage.</p> + +<p><b>untrōst</b>, <i>sm.</i> despondency, discouragement.</p> + +<p><b>untugent</b>, <i>sf.</i> lack of good training.</p> + +<p><b>unversunnen</b>, <i>pp.</i> unconscious.</p> + +<p><b>unvrō</b>, <b>unfrō</b>, <i>aj.</i> unhappy, sad, mournful.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">205</span> + +<p><b>unwandelbære</b>, <i>aj.</i> steadfast, unchangeable.</p> + +<p><b>unwendic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>aj.</i> unchangeable.</p> + +<p><b>unwërt</b>, <i>sm.</i> unworthiness, contempt for, scorn.</p> + +<p><b>unwīp</b>, (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sn.</i> bad woman; unwomanly +creature; unworthy the name of Weib.</p> + +<p><b>unwīse</b>, <i>sf.</i> false tone <i>or</i> sound; bad style.</p> + +<p><b>unze</b>, <b>unz</b>, <i>prep.</i> and <i>conj.</i> till, until, +up to, down to, to;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>unz her</b>, hitherto;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>unz enmitten an</b>, right down to.</p> + +<p><b>unzerworht</b>, <i>aj.</i> undivided, undissected, not +cut up.</p> + +<p><b>Uote</b>, <i>pn.</i> <a href = "#para54">54</a>.</p> + +<p><b>üppic</b>, <i>aj.</i> unnecessary, superfluous; proud.</p> + +<p><b>ūȥ</b>, <i>prep.</i> and <i>av.</i> out, out of, of, from;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ūȥen</b>, <i>av.</i>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ūȥerwelt</b>, select, chosen.</p> + +<p><b>ūȥer</b>, <i>prep.</i> out of, from.</p> + +<p><b>ūȥreise</b>, <i>sf.</i> marching, going out <i>or</i> off; +departure; song sung by knights on the march.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_V" id = "gloss_V"> +V (F)</a></p> + +<p><b>vadem</b>, <i>sm.</i> thread, <a href = +"#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vāhen</b>, <b>fāhen</b> (<b>vān</b>), <i>sv.</i> VII, catch, +seize, take, <a href = "#para29">29</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>, +<a href = "#para38">38</a>, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>val</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> yellow, <a href = +"#para36">36</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vallen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, fall, fall down, fall to one’s lot, +<a href = "#para32_4">32.4</a>, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>valsch</b>, <i>aj.</i> false, deceitful.</p> + +<p><b>valsch</b>, <i>sm.</i> fault, spot, impurity, deceit;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>valsches laȥ</b>, free from deceit <i>or</i> falseness.</p> + +<p><b>valten</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, fold, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vancnüsse</b>, <i>sf.</i> captivity, <a href = "#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>var</b>, <b>vare</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> coloured; formed, +looking.</p> + +<p><b>vāren</b>, <i>wv.</i> place behind, watch, lie in wait.</p> + +<p><b>varn</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, go, fare, betake oneself, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para74n">74 +note</a>, <a href = "#para85">85</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>varndeȥ guot</b>, movable property.</p> + +<p><b>vart</b>, <i>sf.</i> way, march, journey.</p> + +<p><b>varwe</b>, <i>sf.</i> colour, form, appearance.</p> + +<p><b>vaste</b>, <i>av.</i> fast, quickly, strongly, firmly; very.</p> + +<p><b>vater</b>, <i>sm.</i> (<i>pl.</i> <b>veter</b>, <b>väter</b>), +father, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a +href = "#para45">45</a>.</p> + +<p><b>väterlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> fatherly, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>väterlīn</b>, <i>dim.</i> of <b>vater</b>, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vaȥȥen</b>, <i>wv.</i> seize, take, gather.</p> + +<p><b>vëhten</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, fight, <a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><b>veile</b>, <i>aj.</i> cheap, purchasable.</p> + +<p><b>vël</b> (<b>-lles</b>), <i>sn.</i> hide, skin, <a href = +"#para32_1">32.1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vellen</b>, <i>wv.</i> fell, kill, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vels</b>, <i>swm.</i> rock, <a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>velschen</b>, <i>wv.</i> falsify; make faithless.</p> + +<p><b>vëlt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> field.</p> + +<p><b>venster</b>, <i>sn.</i> window, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>verbërgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, hide, conceal.</p> + +<p><b>verbërn</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, spare, abstain from, forbear, avoid, +keep from, give up.</p> + +<p><b>verbieten</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, forbid, hinder, prevent, obstruct; +ward off.</p> + +<p><b>verdagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> keep secret, conceal.</p> + +<p><b>verdërben</b>, perish, spoil, destroy, <a href = +"#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>verdërbnisse</b>, <i>sfn.</i> destruction, <a href = +"#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>verdienen</b>, <i>wv.</i> deserve, earn.</p> + +<p><b>verdrieȥen</b> (<i>impers. c. gen.</i>), <i>sv.</i> III, grieve, +fret, vex.</p> + +<p><b>verdringen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, crowd out, suppress, displace, +push on one side.</p> + +<p><b>vereinen</b>, <i>wv. refl.</i> unite.</p> + +<p><b>verenden</b>, <i>wv.</i> end.</p> + +<p><b>vergëben</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, poison, infect.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">206</span> + +<p><b>vergëlten</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, repay, requite.</p> + +<p><b>vergëȥȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, forget, <a href = +"#para83">83</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vergieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, pour over, sprinkle with water.</p> + +<p><b>verhëln</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, conceal.</p> + +<p><b>verhouwen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-hiu</b> and <b>-hie</b>, also weak +<b>-houte</b>), <i>sv.</i> VII, hew in pieces, cut asunder.</p> + +<p><b>verjëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, say, tell, relate; give to understand, +assure.</p> + +<p><b>verkēren</b>, <i>wv.</i> change, turn round; destroy.</p> + +<p><b>verkiesen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, give up, forgo, forget.</p> + +<p><b>verklagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> cease to mourn, bear with patience.</p> + +<p><b>verkrenken</b>, <i>wv.</i> destroy.</p> + +<p><b>verlāȥen</b> (<b>verlān</b>), <i>sv.</i> VII, leave off, +forsake.</p> + +<p><b>verleiten</b>, <i>wv.</i> lead astray.</p> + +<p><b>verleschen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, become extinguished, +extinguish.</p> + +<p><b>verliesen</b> (<b>vliesen</b>), <i>sv.</i> II, lose, <a href += "#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>verligen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, miss through sleeping too long, +over-sleep.</p> + +<p><b>verlust</b>, <i>sm.</i> loss.</p> + +<p><b>vermīden</b>, (<i>pp.</i> <b>vermiten</b>), <i>sv.</i> I, avoid, +omit, not to take place, keep aloof from.</p> + +<p><b>vermischen</b>, <i>wv.</i> mix, mingle.</p> + +<p><b>vernëmen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, perceive, observe, get to know.</p> + +<p><b>vërre</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> far, far away, +distant, <a href = "#para31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>verrihten</b>, <i>wv.</i> settle, pass sentence upon.</p> + +<p><b>versagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> refuse, deny.</p> + +<p><b>verschaffen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, do <i>or</i> act in a bad manner, +spoil, destroy.</p> + +<p><b>verschulden</b>, <i>wv.</i> pay back.</p> + +<p><b>versëhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, observe, recognize;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>refl.</i> hope, dread.</p> + +<p><b>versinnen</b> (<b>sich</b>), <i>sv.</i> III, arrive at years of +discretion;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>c. gen.</i> become conscious of.</p> + +<p><b>versmæhelīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> disgraceful, ignominious.</p> + +<p><b>versmæhen</b>, <i>wv.</i> despise, mock.</p> + +<p><b>versperren</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>versparte</b>), <i>wv.</i> shut, +close.</p> + +<p><b>versprëchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, decline, spurn.</p> + +<p><b>verstān</b> (<b>-stēn</b>), <i>sv.</i> VI, perceive, +understand.</p> + +<p><b>verstōȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, drive away.</p> + +<p><b>versūmen</b>, <i>wv.</i> neglect, let slip, spoil.</p> + +<p><b>versuochen</b>, <i>wv.</i> try, test.</p> + +<p><b>verswern</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, abjure, deny by an oath.</p> + +<p><b>verswīgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, forbear talking.</p> + +<p><b>verswinden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, disappear, flee.</p> + +<p><b>vertragen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, endure, bear.</p> + +<p><b>vertrīben</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, drive away, make to pass.</p> + +<p><b>vervāhen</b>, <b>verfāhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, reach, bring to +pass;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>mich vervæhet</b>, it is of use <i>or</i> advantage to me.</p> + +<p><b>vervluochen</b>, <b>-fluochen</b>, <i>wv.</i> curse.</p> + +<p><b>verwāȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, ruin; imprecate, curse.</p> + +<p><b>verwëgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, resolve.</p> + +<p><b>verweinen</b>, <i>wv.</i> exhaust by weeping.</p> + +<p><b>verwunden</b>, <i>wv.</i> wound.</p> + +<p><b>verwürken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-worhte</b>), <i>wv.</i> lose, +forfeit, commit.</p> + +<p><b>verzagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> lose courage, withdraw, despair, +despond.</p> + +<p><b>verzern</b>, <i>wv.</i> consume; destroy.</p> + +<p><b>veste</b>, <i>sf.</i> firmness, constancy.</p> + +<p><b>vīant</b>, <b>vīent</b>, <b>vīnt</b>, <i>sm.</i> enemy, fiend, +<a href = "#para8">8</a>, <a href = "#para42">42</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">207</span> +<p><b>vier</b>, <i>num.</i> four, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vier</b>, <b>fier</b>, <i>aj.</i> proud, stately, majestic, +beautiful;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>viere</b>.</p> + +<p><b>vierde</b>, <i>num.</i> fourth, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vierzëhen</b>, <i>num.</i> fourteen, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vierzëhende</b>, <i>num.</i> fourteenth, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vierzic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>num.</i> forty, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vierzigeste</b>, <i>num.</i> fortieth.</p> + +<p><b>vihe</b>, <i>sn.</i> cattle, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vil</b>, <i>aj.</i> much, many;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> very;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>indecl. sb. c. gen.</i> much, many;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>vil wēnic ganz</b> <i>c. gen.</i> not at all complete <i>or</i> +whole.</p> + +<p><b>vinden</b>, <b>finden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, find, <a href = +"#para9_4n">9.4 note</a>, <a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vinger</b>, <i>sm.</i> finger.</p> + +<p><b>vingerlīn</b>, <b>vingerīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> ring, <a href = +"#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vingerlinc</b>, <i>sm.</i> ring.</p> + +<p><b>vinster</b>, <i>sf.</i> darkness, <a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vinster</b>, <i>aj.</i> dark, gloomy, <a href = +"#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vinsternisse</b>, <i>sfn.</i> darkness, <a href = +"#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vint</b> = <b>vindet</b>, <a href = "#para74n">74 note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vīnt</b>, see <b>vīant</b>.</p> + +<p><b>vīol</b>, <i>sm.</i> violet.</p> + +<p><b>virren</b>, <i>wv.</i> keep away from.</p> + +<p><b>visch</b>, <i>sm.</i> fish, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = +"#para19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>viur</b>, <b>fiuwer</b>, <i>sn.</i> fire; lightning.</p> + +<p><b>vlēhen</b>, <b>flēhen</b> (<b>vlēn</b>), <i>wv.</i> beseech, +implore, <a href = "#para38">38</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vlëhten</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, plait, <a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><b>fleisch</b>, <i>sn.</i> flesh.</p> + +<p><b>vliegen</b>, <b>fliegen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, fly, <a href = +"#para10n3">10 note 3</a>, <a href = "#para25">25</a>, <a href = +"#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vliehen</b>, <b>fliehen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, flee, <a href = +"#para18">18</a>, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = +"#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vliesen</b> = <b>verliesen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>vlieȥen</b>, <b>flieȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, flow, swim; ruin, +destroy, <a href = "#para10n3">10 note 3</a>, <a href = +"#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vlīȥ</b>, <b>flīȥ</b>, <i>sm.</i> assiduity, zeal, eagerness, +care;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ze flīȥe</b>, diligently, carefully.</p> + +<p><b>vlīȥec</b>, <i>aj.</i> diligent, <a href = +"#para60_3">60.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vlīȥeclīche(n)</b>, <i>av.</i> diligently, <a href = +"#para60_3">60.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vluht</b>, <i>sf.</i> refuge.</p> + +<p><b>flühtesal</b>, <i>sf.</i> flight, escape; security.</p> + +<p><b>vluoch</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>vlüeche</b>), <i>sm.</i> curse.</p> + +<p><b>vogel</b>, <i>sm.</i> bird, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href += "#para42">42</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vogelīn</b>, <b>vogel(l)īn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little bird, <a +href = "#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vogelsanc</b>, <i>sm.</i> song of birds.</p> + +<p><b>vol</b> (<b>-lles</b>), <i>aj.</i> full, <a href = +"#para15">15</a>, <a href = "#para31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><b>volc</b>, <i>sn.</i> folk, people.</p> + +<p><b>volenden</b>, <i>wv.</i> bring to an end.</p> + +<p><b>volgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> follow, accompany.</p> + +<p><b>volgesagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> tell fully.</p> + +<p><b>volle</b>, <i>wm.</i> abundance, completeness.</p> + +<p><b>vollebringen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>-brāhte</b>), <i>wv.</i> +perfect, carry out.</p> + +<p><b>volleclīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> fully, entirely.</p> + +<p><b>volleist</b>, <i>sm.</i> assistance, succour.</p> + +<p><b>von</b>, <i>prep.</i> from, away from, with, about, +through, by;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>von schulden</b>, rightly, properly.</p> + +<p><b>vonme</b>, <b>vomme</b> = <b>von dëme</b>.</p> + +<p><b>vor</b>, <i>prep.</i> before, for.</p> + +<p><b>vorbilde</b>, <i>sn.</i> pattern, model.</p> + +<p><b>vorder</b>, <i>aj.</i> former, front, <a href = +"#para59">59</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vordern</b>, <i>wv.</i> further, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vorderste</b>, <i>aj.</i> foremost, <a href = +"#para59">59</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vorht</b>, <i>sf.</i> fear, dread.</p> + +<p><b>vrāge</b>, <i>sf.</i> question.</p> + +<p><b>vrāgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> ask, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>, <a href += "#para92">92</a>.</p> + +<p><b>frävele</b>, <i>aj.</i> bold, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>frëch</b>, <i>aj.</i> courageous, daring, bold, brave; saucy, +impudent.</p> + +<p><b>freischen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, come to know, learn, be told.</p> + +<p><b>vreise</b>, <b>freise</b>, <i>swf.</i> horror, what is dreadful +<i>or</i> horrible.</p> + +<p><b>vremde</b>, <b>fremde</b> (<b>vrömde</b>), <i>aj.</i> strange, +wonderful; unknown.</p> + +<p><b>vremen</b>, <i>wv.</i> perform, <a href = +"#para31_3">31.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vreude</b>, <b>vröude</b>, <b>fröide</b>, <b>freude</b>, +<b>fröude</b>, <i>swf.</i> joy, gladness;</p> +<span class = "pagenum">208</span> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>fröuden</b> (<i>gen. pl.</i>) <b>lam</b>, bereft of joys, +pleasures.</p> + +<p><b>vreudelōs</b>, <i>aj.</i> joyless.</p> + +<p><b>freuderīche</b>, <i>aj.</i> rich in joy, very gratifying.</p> + +<p><b>vreuwen</b>, <b>vrewen</b>, <b>vreun</b>, <b>freuwen</b>, +<b>frewen</b>, <b>freun</b>, <i>wv.</i> cause to rejoice, rejoice, +gladden, give pleasure to, be glad.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +See <b>vröuwen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>vrevel</b>, <i>sf.</i> audacity, insolence.</p> + +<p><b>frevellīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> insolently, boldly, with +impudence.</p> + +<p><b>vrëȥȥen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, devour, <a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vrī</b>, <i>aj.</i> free, unrestrained, unmarried.</p> + +<p><b>vride</b>, <b>fride</b>, <i>sm.</i> peace, truce; protection, +safety, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = +"#para43">43</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vrid(e)lich</b>, <i>aj.</i> peaceful.</p> + +<p><b>vrīe</b>, <i>sf.</i> freedom.</p> + +<p><b>vrīe</b>, <i>wm.</i> freeman.</p> + +<p><b>frīen</b>, <b>frījen</b>, <b>frīgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> free, <a +href = "#para35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vriesen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, freeze, <a href = +"#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vrisch</b>, <b>frisch</b>, <i>aj.</i> fresh, new.</p> + +<p><b>vrist</b>, <i>sf.</i> time.</p> + +<p><b>vristen</b>, <i>wv.</i> keep alive, protect, rescue.</p> + +<p><b>vriundinne</b>, <i>sf.</i> female friend, <a href = +"#para8">8</a>, <a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vriunt</b>, <b>friunt</b>, <i>sm.</i> friend, <a href = +"#para42">42</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vrō</b>, <b>frō</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> glad, joyful.</p> + +<p><b>vrœlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> joyful;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>vrœlīchen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>vrömde</b> = <b>vremde</b>.</p> + +<p><b>vrömede</b>, <i>sf.</i> absence.</p> + +<p><b>frosch</b>, <i>sm.</i> frog.</p> + +<p><b>vröuen</b>, <b>vröuwen</b>, <b>fröwen</b>, <i>wv.</i> gladden, +give pleasure to; be glad, <a href = "#para10">10</a>.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +See <b>vreuwen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>vrouwe</b>, <b>frouwe</b>, <b>frowe</b> (<b>vrou</b>, <b>frou</b>, +<b>frō</b>, before proper names), <i>wf.</i> lady, madam, <a href = +"#para9_6">9.6</a>, <a href = "#para10">10</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ze frowen</b>, as wife.</p> + +<p><b>vröuwelīn</b>, <b>frouwelīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little girl, maid, +miss.</p> + +<p><b>vruht</b>, <i>sf.</i> fruit.</p> + +<p><b>vrum</b>, <i>aj.</i> brave, active, excellent, useful.</p> + +<p><b>vrumen</b>, <b>frumen</b>, <i>wv.</i> benefit, be of use <i>or</i> +advantage.</p> + +<p><b>vruo</b>, <i>av.</i> early.</p> + +<p><b>vüegen</b>, <b>füegen</b>, <i>wv.</i> procure, bring to pass; +grant.</p> + +<p><b>vüeren</b>, <b>füeren</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>fuorte</b>), <i>wv.</i> +lead, carry, remove.</p> + +<p><b>fuhs</b>, <i>sm.</i> fox, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vūl</b>, <i>aj.</i> bad, rotten.</p> + +<p><b>vülle</b>, <i>sf.</i> fulness, <a href = "#para15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>füllen</b>, <i>wv.</i> fill, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>funden</b>, <i>pp.</i> of <b>finden</b>.</p> + +<p><b>vünf</b>, <b>fünf</b>, <b>finf</b>, <i>num.</i> five, <a href = +"#para19">19</a>, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>fünfte</b>, <b>finfte</b>, <i>num.</i> fifth, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vuoge</b>, <i>sf.</i> becomingness, decency.</p> + +<p><b>fuore</b>, <i>sf.</i> manner of life; way of acting.</p> + +<p><b>vuoȥ</b>, <b>fuoȥ</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>vüeȥe</b>), <i>sm.</i> foot, +<a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href = "#para44">44</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vür</b>, <b>für</b>, <i>prep.</i> and <i>av.</i> for, before, +over, against;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>für guot haben</b>, be content with, put up with;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>für iuch</b>, past you;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>für sie</b>, past them;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>für tōren kleit</b>, as fool’s clothing;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>vür wār</b>, in truth, truly.</p> + +<p><b>vürbaȥ</b>, <b>fürbaȥ</b>, <i>av.</i> further.</p> + +<p><b>vürhten</b>, <b>fürhten</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>vorhte</b>), +<i>wv.</i> fear, dread, <a href = "#para15">15</a>, <a href = +"#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vürnames</b>, <i>av.</i> in the full sense of the word.</p> + +<p><b>vürste</b>, <b>fürste</b>, <i>wm.</i> prince;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ein dīn fürste</b>, one of thy princes.</p> + +<p><b>vurt</b>, <b>furt</b> (<i>pl.</i> <b>fürte</b>), <i>sm.</i> ford, +bed of a river.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_W" id = "gloss_W"> +W</a></p> + +<p><b>wā</b>, <i>av.</i> where, whither, <a href = +"#para39">39</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wāc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sn.</i> moving water, flood.</p> + +<p><b>wacker</b>, <i>aj.</i> watchful, <a href = +"#para31_2">31.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wæjen</b> (<b>wæn</b>), <i>wv.</i> blow, <a href = +"#para90">90</a>.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">209</span> + +<p><b>wæenen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>wānde</b>), <i>wv.</i> think, +fancy, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wærlīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> in truth, truly.</p> + +<p><b>wætlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> beautiful.</p> + +<p><b>wætlīche</b>, <i>sf.</i> beauty.</p> + +<p><b>wāfen</b>, <i>sn.</i> weapon, sword.</p> + +<p><b>wāfenen</b>, <b>wāpenen</b>, <i>wv.</i> arm, equip, array.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +See <b>wāpen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>wage</b>, <i>wf.</i> cradle.</p> + +<p><b>wāge</b>, <i>sf.</i> balance, scale.</p> + +<p><b>wagen</b>, <i>sm.</i> wagon, <a href = "#para49">49</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wahsen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, grow, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, +<a href = "#para85">85</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wal</b>, <i>sf.</i> choice, <a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p> + +<p><b>walden</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, have power over.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +See <b>walten</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Wāleis</b>, <i>pn.</i> Valois in France, inhabitant of Valois.</p> + +<p><b>wallen</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>wiel</b>), <i>sv.</i> VII, boil, +bubble, <a href = "#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>walt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> wood, forest.</p> + +<p><b>walten</b> (with <i>gen.</i>), <i>sv.</i> VII, have power.</p> + +<p><b>wan</b>, <i>aj.</i> empty, bereft of.</p> + +<p><b>wan</b>, <i>av.</i> besides, but only;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>niht wan</b>, only, nothing but;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wan daȥ</b>, only that, if—not;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wan unz</b>, whilst, as long as;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wan dëm einen</b>, except for the one.</p> + +<p><b>wan</b> (<b>wande</b>, <b>want</b>), <i>conj.</i> for, if, +because, then, <a href = "#para9_6">9.6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wān</b>, <i>sm.</i> faith, hope, mood.</p> + +<p><b>wanc</b> (<b>-kes</b>), <i>sm.</i> inconstancy, disloyalty, +unfaithfulness, changeableness.</p> + +<p><b>wandel</b>, <i>smn.</i> change, fickleness; fault, defect, +failing.</p> + +<p><b>wandeln</b>, <i>wv.</i> wander, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>, +<a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wange</b>, <i>wn.</i> cheek, <a href = "#para50">50</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wängelīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> little cheek.</p> + +<p><b>want</b>, <i>sf.</i> wall.</p> + +<p><b>wāpen</b> (with <b>sich</b>), <i>wv.</i> arm oneself.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +See <b>wāfenen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>wāpen</b>, <i>sn.</i> weapon, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wāpenen</b>, see <b>wāfenen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>wāpenroc</b>, <i>sm.</i> upper-garment drawn over the coat of +mail.</p> + +<p><b>war</b>, <i>av.</i> where, whither;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>war umbe</b>, wherefore, why;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>war zuo</b>, for what purpose.</p> + +<p><b>war</b>, <i>sf.</i> attention, observation;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>war nëmen</b>, give attention.</p> + +<p><b>wār</b>, <i>sn.</i> truth; right;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wār haben</b>, be right.</p> + +<p><b>wār</b>, <i>aj.</i> true, right, real.</p> + +<p><b>wārheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> truth.</p> + +<p><b>wārinne</b>, <i>av.</i> wherein, <a href = "#para39">39</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wärmen</b>, <i>wv.</i> to warm, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href += "#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>warnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> equip, prepare.</p> + +<p><b>warten</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>warte</b>), <i>wv.</i> wait; look, +view, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>was</b>, <b>wasse</b>, <i>aj.</i> sharp, <a href = +"#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>waschen</b> (<b>weschen</b>), <i>sv.</i> VI, wash, <a href = +"#para85">85</a>.</p> + +<p><b>waste</b>, <i>sf.</i> desert.</p> + +<p><b>wāt</b>, <i>sf.</i> clothing, dress.</p> + +<p><b>waten</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, wade, <a href = "#para85">85</a>.</p> + +<p><b>waȥ</b>, <i>pr.</i> what, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = +"#para23_1">23.1</a>, <a href = "#para70">70</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> why, wherefore.</p> + +<p><b>wē</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>wēwes</b>), <i>sn.</i> woe, pain;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wē tuon</b>, hurt, <a href = "#para17">17</a>, <a href = +"#para46">46</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>interj.</i> <b>wehe</b>, <b>wē</b>, woe! alas!;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>mir ist wē</b>, I am sad.</p> + +<p><b>wëben</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, weave, <a href = "#para28">28</a>, +<a href = "#para83">83</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wëc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> way; homeward journey, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wecken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>wacte</b>, <b>wahte</b>), <i>wv.</i> +awake.</p> + +<p><b>wëder</b>, <i>pr.</i> who of two, which of two, <a href = +"#para70">70</a>, <a href = "#para71">71</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wëder—noch</b>, neither—nor.</p> + +<p><b>wegen</b>, <i>wv.</i> move, swing.</p> + +<p><b>wëgen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, weigh, poise; put in motion, <a href = +"#para83">83</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wëhsal</b> (<b>-el</b>), <i>smn.</i> change, <a href = +"#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>weich</b>, <i>aj.</i> weak.</p> + +<p><b>weideganc</b> (<b>-ges</b>), <i>sm.</i> hunting way <i>or</i> +path.</p> + +<p><b>weinen</b> (<i>pres. part.</i> <b>weinde</b> for <b>weinende</b>), +<i>wv.</i> weep, bewail;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +also <i>sn.</i></p> + +<p><b>weise</b>, <i>wm.</i> orphan; precious stone in the royal +crown.</p> + +<p><b>weiȥgot</b>, <i>interj.</i> verily.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">210</span> + +<p><b>welīch</b>, <b>welch</b>, <i>pr.</i> which, what kind of, <a href += "#para11">11</a>, <a href = "#para70">70</a>, <a href = +"#para71">71</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wellen</b> (<i>pres. sing.</i> <b>wil</b>, <i>pret.</i> +<b>wolte</b>), <i>anom. v.</i> will, wish, <a href = +"#para98">98</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>got dës niht enwelle</b>, may God forbid it.</p> + +<p><b>weln</b>, <b>welen</b>, <b>wellen</b>, <i>wv.</i> choose, <a +href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wenden</b> (<i>pp.</i> <b>gewant</b>), <i>wv.</i> with <i>gen.</i> +turn, prevent, hinder, turn away, <a href = "#para32_3">32.3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wēnic</b>, <i>aj.</i> little, small;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>indecl. sb. c. gen.</i> little.</p> + +<p><b>wenke</b>, <i>sf.</i> turning, turn, change.</p> + +<p><b>wenken</b>, <i>wv.</i> totter, stagger, waver.</p> + +<p><b>wer</b>, <i>sf.</i> defence; protection; battle.</p> + +<p><b>wër</b>, <i>neut.</i> <b>waȥ</b>, <i>pr.</i> who, what;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wës</b>, <i>av.</i> wherefore, <a href = "#para9_6">9.6</a>, <a href += "#para70">70</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wërben</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, turn, go to and fro, strive, work, be +active, <a href = "#para33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wërde</b>, <i>aj.</i> worthy, noble.</p> + +<p><b>wërdekeit</b>, <b>wërdikeit</b>, <i>sf.</i> worthiness, respect, +honour, excellence.</p> + +<p><b>wërden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, become, be, be born, <a href = +"#para9_4n">9.4 note</a>, <a href = "#para38">38</a>, <a href = +"#para81">81</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wërden wol innen</b>, perceive clearly;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wërden buoȥ</b>, with <i>dat.</i> of pers. and <i>gen.</i> of thing: +<b>dëm wirt kumbers buoȥ</b>, he has compensation for his grief;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wërden rāt</b>, <i>c. gen.</i> be a remedy.</p> + +<p><b>wërdiclīchen</b>, <i>av.</i> worthily.</p> + +<p><b>wërfen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, throw, set in quick motion, <a href = +"#para10n">10 note</a>, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>, <a href = +"#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wërlt</b>, <b>wërelt</b>, <b>wëlt</b>, <i>sf.</i> world, +people;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dër wërelde riuwe</b>, great sadness <i>or</i> grief, lit. sadness of +the world.</p> + +<p><b>wërltlīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> worldly, earthly.</p> + +<p><b>wërlttōre</b>, <i>wm.</i> one befooled by the world.</p> + +<p><b>wërltzage</b>, <i>wm.</i> arrant coward.</p> + +<p><b>wern</b> (<b>weren</b>), <i>wv.</i> check, ward off from, +restrain, hinder, <a href = "#para90">90</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>c. gen.</i> and <i>sich</i>, protect <i>or</i> defend oneself +against.</p> + +<p><b>wern</b>, <i>wv.</i> last, hold out, continue.</p> + +<p><b>wërren</b> (with <i>dat.</i>), <i>sv.</i> III, perplex, confuse, +trouble, disturb, be a hindrance, <a href = "#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wërt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>aj.</i> worthy, noble;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>snm.</i> respect, good fortune;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>wërde</b>.</p> + +<p><b>wës</b> (<i>gen.</i> of <b>waȥ</b>), <i>av.</i> why, +wherefore.</p> + +<p><b>wësen</b>, <i>sv.</i> V, be, <a href = "#para19">19</a>, <a href = +"#para83">83</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wësen gāch</b>, <i>c. gen.</i> of person: hasten, exert oneself, +eagerly.</p> + +<p><b>wëter</b>, <i>sn.</i> weather, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wetzen</b>, <i>wv.</i> whet, sharpen.</p> + +<p><b>wider</b> (<b>widere</b>), <i>sm.</i> wether, <a href = +"#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wider</b>, <i>prep.</i> against, to;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> again, back.</p> + +<p><b>widersagen</b>, <i>wv.</i> renounce; proclaim war; contradict.</p> + +<p><b>widerstān</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, resist, withstand, be +opposed to.</p> + +<p><b>widervarn</b>, <i>sv.</i> VI, fall to the lot of.</p> + +<p><b>widerzæme</b>, <i>aj.</i> revolting, hateful, disgusting.</p> + +<p><b>wie</b>, <i>av.</i> and <i>conj.</i> how, as, that.</p> + +<p><b>wīgant</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> warrior, <a href = +"#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wīhen</b>, <i>wv.</i> consecrate, bless.</p> + +<p><b>wilde</b>, <i>aj.</i> untamed, wild, <a href = +"#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wīle</b>, <b>wīl</b>, <i>sf.</i> time, while;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>die wīle</b>, meanwhile, in the meantime.</p> + +<p><b>wīlen(t)</b>, <i>av.</i> formerly, once upon a time.</p> + +<p><b>wille</b>, <i>wm.</i> will, wish, desire.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">211</span> + +<p><b>willeclīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> willing, wishing;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>willeclīchen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>willekomen</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> welcome.</p> + +<p><b>wilt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sn.</i> wild animals, game.</p> + +<p><b>wīn</b>, <i>sm.</i> wine, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href = +"#para19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>winden</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, wind, bind up, <a href = +"#para81">81</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wine</b>, <i>sm.</i> friend.</p> + +<p><b>wint</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>sm.</i> wind, <a href = +"#para14_1">14.1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>winter</b>, <i>sm.</i> winter.</p> + +<p><b>wīp</b> (<b>-bes</b>), <i>sn.</i> woman, wife, <a href = +"#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wīpheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> womanliness.</p> + +<p><b>wīplīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> womanly.</p> + +<p><b>wirde</b>, <i>sf.</i> worthiness, dignity, honour, +honourableness.</p> + +<p><b>wirden</b>, <i>wv.</i> make valuable.</p> + +<p><b>wirs</b>, <i>av.</i> worse, <a href = "#para61">61</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wirser</b>, <i>aj.</i> worse, <a href = "#para58">58</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wirsest</b>, <b>wir(se)ste</b>, <i>aj.</i> and <i>av.</i> worst, +<a href = "#para9_5">9.5</a>, <a href = "#para58">58</a>, <a href = +"#para60">60</a>, <a href = "#para61">61</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wirt</b>, <i>sm.</i> head of a house, landlord;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>dër helle wirt</b>, devil.</p> + +<p><b>wirtinne</b>, <i>sf.</i> mistress, hostess, <a href = +"#para8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wīse</b>, <b>wīs</b>, <i>aj.</i> wise, sensible, +experienced, <a href = "#para28">28</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wīse</b>, <b>wīs</b>, <i>sf.</i> manner, melody, song.</p> + +<p><b>wīsen</b>, <i>wv.</i> guide, direct.</p> + +<p><b>wīsheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> wisdom.</p> + +<p><b>wīslīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> wisely, <a href = "#para8">8</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>wīslīchen</b>.</p> + +<p><b>wīt</b>, <i>aj.</i> far, wide.</p> + +<p><b>witze</b>, <i>sf.</i> understanding, sense; reflection.</p> + +<p><b>wīȥ</b>, <i>aj.</i> white.</p> + +<p><b>wīȥen</b> (with <i>dat.</i>), <i>sv.</i> I, reproach, blame.</p> + +<p><b>wiȥȥen</b>, <i>pret.-pres.</i> (<i>pres.</i> <b>weiȥ</b>, +<i>pret.</i> <b>weste</b>, <b>wiste</b>, <b>wesse</b>, <b>wisse</b>), +know, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = "#para11">11</a>, <a href = +"#para28">28</a>, <a href = "#para92">92</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wol</b>, <b>wole</b>, <i>av.</i> well, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, +<a href = "#para9_1">9.1</a>, <a href = "#para61">61</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wolgezogen</b>, well-mannered;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wol getān</b>, beautiful;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wol im</b>, happy <i>or</i> lucky is he!;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wol dir</b>, hail to thee;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wol mich</b>, happy am I!;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wol tuon</b>, <i>c. dat.</i> do good, please;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>wol ir dës</b>, good luck to her for that!</p> + +<p><b>wolf</b>, <i>sm.</i> wolf, <a href = "#para15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wolken</b>, <i>sn.</i> cloud.</p> + +<p><b>wolle</b>, <i>wf.</i> wool, <a href = "#para15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wollust</b>, <i>smf.</i> joy, bliss, happiness.</p> + +<p><b>wonen</b>, <i>wv.</i> dwell, live, <a href = +"#para9_4">9.4</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>mir wont bī</b>, I possess.</p> + +<p><b>wort</b>, <i>sn.</i> word, speech, <a href = "#para46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wüllīn</b>, <b>wullīn</b>, <i>aj.</i> woollen, <a href = +"#para15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wülpinne</b>, <i>sf.</i> she-wolf, <a href = "#para15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wunde</b>, <i>wf.</i> wound.</p> + +<p><b>wunder</b>, <i>sn.</i> wonder, marvel; a great amount <i>or</i> +number, abundance;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>bluomen wunder</b>, a great quantity of flowers.</p> + +<p><b>wunderalt</b>, <i>aj.</i> very old.</p> + +<p><b>wundern</b>, <i>wv.</i> wonder, wonder at, admire, <a href = +"#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wünne</b>, <b>wunne</b>, <i>sf.</i> joy, pleasure, <a href = +"#para10n2">10 note 2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wünneclīch</b>, <b>wunneclīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> joyful, delightful, +beautiful, pleasant;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> <b>wünneclīche(n)</b>.</p> + +<p><b>wunsch</b>, <i>sm.</i> wish, ideal, perfection, highest +perfection.</p> + +<p><b>wünschen</b> (with <i>gen.</i>), <i>wv.</i> wish, desire, <a +href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wunschleben</b>, <i>sn.</i> such a life as one could wish for.</p> + +<p><b>wunt</b> (<b>-des</b>), <i>aj.</i> wounded.</p> + +<p><b>wuof</b>, <i>sm.</i> cry of woe.</p> + +<p><b>wuofen</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, bewail, <a href = +"#para87">87</a>.</p> + +<p><b>würgen</b>, <i>wv.</i> take by the throat, choke, throttle.</p> + +<p><b>würken</b>, <b>wurken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>worhte</b>), <i>wv.</i> +work, <a href = "#para28">28</a>, <a href = "#para91">91</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wurm</b>, <i>sm.</i> worm, snake, <a href = "#para5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><b>wurze</b>, <i>wf.</i> root, plant.</p> + +<p><b>wurzel</b>, <i>swf.</i> root.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">212</span> +<p class = "letterhead"><a name = "gloss_Z" id = "gloss_Z"> +Z</a></p> + +<p><b>zageheit</b>, <i>sf.</i> cowardice.</p> + +<p><b>zaher</b>, <i>sm.</i> tear, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = +"#para10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zal</b>, <i>sf.</i> number, <a href = "#para9_1">9.1</a>, <a href += "#para31_3">31.3</a>, <a href = "#para48">48</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zant</b>, <b>zan</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>zandes</b>), <i>sm.</i> +tooth, <a href = "#para43">43</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ze</b> (<b>zuo</b>), <i>prep.</i> at, in, to, as much as, +(undergoes contraction with the def. art.);</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ze bruoder</b>, as brother;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ze rëhte</b>, rightly, properly;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>ze handen haben</b>, possess;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>av.</i> too: <b>ze sēre</b>, too much.</p> + +<p><b>zebrëchen</b>, <b>zerbrëchen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, break, break in +pieces.</p> + +<p><b>zehant</b>, <i>av.</i> at once, on the spot.</p> + +<p><b>zēhe</b>, <i>wf.</i> toe.</p> + +<p><b>zëhen</b>, <i>num.</i> ten, <a href = "#para5">5</a>, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zëhente</b> (<b>-de</b>), <i>num.</i> tenth, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zëhenzic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), hundred, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zëhenzigeste</b>, <i>num.</i> hundredth, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zeichen</b>, <i>sn.</i> sign, mark, token, <a href = +"#para23">23</a>, <a href = "#para1">1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zeigen</b>, <i>wv.</i> show, <a href = "#para33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zeim</b> = <b>ze einem(e)</b>.</p> + +<p><b>zeln</b>, <i>wv.</i> reckon, count, <a href = +"#para31_3">31.3</a>, <a href = "#para90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zëme</b>, <b>zëm</b> = <b>ze dëme</b>, <a href = "#para68n2">68 +note 2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zëmen</b>, <i>sv.</i> IV, suit, be becoming <i>or</i> +fitting, <a href = "#para82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zën</b> = <b>ze dën</b>, <a href = "#para68n2">68 note 2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zër</b> = <b>ze dër</b>, <a href = "#para68n2">68 note 2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zergān</b>, <b>-gēn</b>, <i>sv.</i> VII, vanish, stop, perish.</p> + +<p><b>zerren</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>zarte</b>), <i>wv.</i> pull, tug, +tear.</p> + +<p><b>zerwirken</b> (<i>pp.</i> <b>zerworht</b>), <i>wv.</i> cut up, +dissect.</p> + +<p><b>zesamene</b>, <i>av.</i> together.</p> + +<p><b>zëse</b> (<b>-wes</b>), <i>aj.</i> right.</p> + +<p><b>zestunt</b>, <i>av.</i> on the spot.</p> + +<p><b>zeswëllen</b>, <i>sv.</i> III, swell to the utmost.</p> + +<p><b>zewāre</b>, <b>zwār</b>, <i>av.</i> in truth, truly.</p> + +<p><b>ziehen</b>, <i>sv.</i> II, draw;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>refl.</i> withdraw, <a href = "#para10">10</a>, <a href = +"#para23_1">23.1</a>, <a href = "#para30">30</a>, <a href = +"#para78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zierde</b>, <i>sf.</i> adornment, <a href = +"#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zieren</b>, <i>wv.</i> adorn, decorate.</p> + +<p><b>zīhen</b>, <i>sv.</i> I, accuse, <a href = "#para76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zil</b>, <i>sn.</i> aim, object.</p> + +<p><b>zimieren</b>, <i>wv.</i> furnish with knightly accoutrements.</p> + +<p><b>zinsen</b>, <i>wv.</i> give as interest, give away.</p> + +<p><b>zir</b> = <b>ze ir</b>.</p> + +<p><b>zirke</b>, <i>wm.</i> garland, circle, prince’s crown.</p> + +<p><b>zirkel</b>, <i>sm.</i> prince’s crown.</p> + +<p><b>zīt</b>, <i>sf.</i> time, <a href = "#para19">19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zobel</b>, <i>sm.</i> robe furred with sable.</p> + +<p><b>zorn</b>, <i>sm.</i> anger.</p> + +<p><b>zorneclīche</b>, <i>av.</i> angrily, violently.</p> + +<p><b>zücken</b> (<i>pret.</i> <b>zuhte</b>), <i>wv.</i> pull quickly, +tear.</p> + +<p><b>zuht</b>, <i>sf.</i> bringing up, education; good manners, +politeness, demeanour; chastisement, punishment;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>mit zühten</b>, becomingly, gracefully, politely.</p> + +<p><b>zühtelōs</b>, <i>aj.</i> ill-bred, rude, insolent.</p> + +<p><b>zunft</b>, <i>sf.</i> propriety, dignity, good breeding.</p> + +<p><b>zunge</b>, <i>wf.</i> tongue, <a href = "#para3">3</a>, <a href = +"#para7">7</a>, <a href = "#para23_2">23.2</a>, 53</p> + +<p><b>zuo</b>, <i>av.</i> to, toward; to it;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<b>zuo zwein</b>, into two.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +See <b>ze</b>.</p> + +<p><b>zuome</b> = <b>zuo dëme</b>.</p> + +<p><b>zürnen</b>, <b>zurnen</b>, <i>wv.</i> be angry.</p> + +<p><b>zwei</b>, <i>num.</i> two, <a href = "#para35">35</a>, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>, <a href = "#para63">63</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zweien</b> with <b>sich</b>, <i>wv.</i> fall out, quarrel; +pair.</p> + +<p><b>zweinzic</b> (<b>-ec</b>), <i>num.</i> twenty, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> +<span class = "pagenum">213</span> + +<p><b>zweinzigeste</b>, <i>num.</i> twentieth, <a href = +"#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zwelf</b>, <i>num.</i> twelve, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zwelfte</b>, <i>num.</i> twelfth, <a href = "#para62">62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zwene</b>, <b>zwei</b>, <b>zwō</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>zweier</b>, +<b>zweiger</b>, <i>dat.</i> <b>zwein</b>), two, <a href = +"#para35">35</a>, <a href = "#para63">63</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zwī</b>, <b>zwic</b> (<i>gen.</i> <b>zwīges</b>, <b>zwīes</b>), +<i>smn.</i> twig, bough, <a href = "#para35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zwīfeln</b>, <i>wv.</i> doubt, <a href = "#para9_2">9.2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zwischen</b>, <i>prep.</i> between.</p> + +<p><b>zwīvel</b>, <b>zwīfel</b>, <i>sm.</i> doubt, uncertainty;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>aj.</i> doubtful, <a href = "#para55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><b>zwīvellīch</b>, <i>aj.</i> doubtful, uncertain, dejected.</p> + +<p><b>zwīvellop</b> (<b>-bes</b>), doubtful <i>or</i> ambiguous +praise.</p> + +</div> <!-- end div glossary --> + +<div class = "endnote"> +<h5><a name = "para88note" id = "para88note" href = "#para88"> +Paragraph 88 Table</a></h5> + +<p>A few other inflectional tables were similarly reformatted.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/para88.png" width = "392" height = "145" +alt = "page image"> +</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's A Middle High German Primer, by Joseph Wright + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN PRIMER *** + +***** This file should be named 22636-h.htm or 22636-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/6/3/22636/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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