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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 52, October 26,
+1850, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 52, October 26, 1850
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: September 16, 2007 [EBook #22624]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, ISSUE 52 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+{353} NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+No. 52.]
+SATURDAY, OCTOBER 26, 1850.
+[Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+                                                              Page
+
+  NOTES:--
+
+  Address to our Friends                                       353
+
+  Shakspeare's Use of the Words "Captious" and "Intenible,"
+  by S. W. Singer      354
+
+  Oratories of the Nonjurors, by J. Yeowell                    354
+
+  Hogarth's Illustrations of Hudibras                          355
+
+  Folk Lore:--Overyssel Superstition--Death-bed Superstitions--Popular
+  Rhyme--Death-bed Mystery--Bradshaw
+  Family                                                       356
+
+  Advice to the Editor, and Hints to his Contributors          357
+
+  Minor Notes:--Rollin's Ancient History and History
+  of the Arts and Sciences--Jezebel--Clarendon, Oxford
+  Edition of 1815--Macaulay's Country Squire--Miching
+  Mallecho                                                     357
+
+  QUERIES:--
+
+  The Inquisition: The Bohemian Persecution                    358
+
+  Minor Queries:--Osnaburg Bishopric--Meaning of
+ "Farlief"--Margaret Dyneley--Tristan d'Acunha--Production
+  of Fire by Friction--Murderer hanged
+  when pardoned--Passage from Burke--Licensing of
+  Books--Le Bon Gendarme                                       358
+
+  REPLIES:--
+
+  Tasso translated by Fairfax                                  359
+
+  Ale-Draper--Eugene Aram                                      360
+
+  On the Word "Gradely," by B. H. Kennedy and
+  G. J. Cayley                                                 361
+
+  Collar of Esses      362
+
+  Replies to Minor Queries:--Symbols of the Evangelists--Becket's
+  Mother--Passage in Lucan--Combs buried
+  with the Dead--The Norfolk Dialect--Conflagration
+  of the Earth--Wraxen                                         363
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:--
+
+  Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c.                       366
+
+  Books and Odd Volumes Wanted                                 367
+
+  Notices to Correspondents                                    367
+
+  Advertisements                                               367
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+ADDRESS TO OUR FRIENDS.
+
+We this day publish our fifty-second Number. Every Saturday, for twelve
+months, have we presented to our subscribers our weekly budget of "NOTES,"
+"QUERIES," and "REPLIES;" and in so doing, we trust, we have accomplished
+some important ends. We have both amused and instructed the general reader;
+we have stored up much curious knowledge for the use of future writers; we
+have procured for scholars now engaged in works of learning and research,
+many valuable pieces of information which had evaded their own immediate
+pursuit; and, lastly, in doing all this, we have powerfully helped forward
+the great cause of literary truth.
+
+In our Prospectus and opening address we made no great promise of what our
+paper should be. That, we knew, must depend upon how far the medium of
+intercommunication we had prepared should be approved and adopted by those
+for whose special use it had been projected. We laid down a literary
+railway: it remained to be seen whether the world of letters would travel
+by it. They have done so: we have been especially patronised by first-class
+passengers, and in such numbers that we were obliged last week to run an
+extra train.
+
+It is obvious that the use of a paper like "NOTES AND QUERIES" bears a
+direct proportion to the extent of its circulation. What it aims at doing
+is, to reach the learning which lies scattered not only throughout every
+part of our own country, but all over the literary world, and to bring it
+all to bear upon the pursuits of the scholar; to enable, in short, men of
+letters all over the world to give a helping hand to one another. To a
+certain extent, we have accomplished this end. Our last number contains
+communications not only from all parts of the metropolis, and from almost
+every county in England, but also from Scotland, Ireland, Holland, and even
+from Demerara. This looks well. It seems as if we were in a fair way to
+accomplish our design. But much yet remains to be done. We have recently
+been told of whole districts in England so benighted as never to have heard
+of "NOTES AND QUERIES;" and after an interesting question has been
+discussed for weeks in our columns, we are informed of some one who could
+have answered it immediately if he had seen it. So long as this is the case
+the advantage we may confer upon literature and literary men is necessarily
+imperfect. We do what we can to make known our existence through the
+customary modes of announcement, and we gratefully acknowledge the kind
+assistance and encouragement we derive from our brethren of the public
+press; but we would respectfully solicit {354} the assistance of our
+friends this particular point. Our purpose is aided, and our usefulness
+increased by every introduction which can be given to our paper, either to
+a Book Club, to a Lending Library, or to any other channel of circulation
+amongst persons of inquiry and intelligence. By such introductions scholars
+help themselves as well as us, for there is no inquirer throughout the
+kingdom who is not occasionally able to throw light upon some of the
+multifarious objects which are discussed in our pages.
+
+At the end of our first twelvemonth we thank our subscribers for the
+patronage we have received. We trust we shall go on week by week improving
+in our work of usefulness, so that at the end of the next twelvemonth we
+may meet them with the same pleasure as on the present occasion. We will
+continue to do whatever is in our power, and we rely upon our friends to
+help us.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SHAKSPEARE'S USE OF THE WORDS "CAPTIOUS" AND "INTENIBLE."
+
+In the following passage of _All's Well that Ends Well_, Act i. Sc. 3.,
+where Helena is confessing to Bertram's mother, the Countess, her love for
+him, these two words occur in an unusual sense, if not in a sense peculiar
+to the great poet:--
+
+ "I love your son:--
+  My friends were poor, but honest, so's my love:
+  Be not offended, for it hurts not him,
+  That he is lov'd of me: I follow him not
+  By any token of presumptuous suit;
+  Nor would I have him till I do deserve him:
+  Yet never know how that desert may be.
+  I know I love in vain; strive against hope;
+  Yet, in this _captious and intenible_ sieve
+  I still pour in the waters of my love,
+  And lack not to lose still."
+
+Johnson was perplexed about the word _captious_; "which (says he) I never
+found in this sense, yet I cannot tell what to substitute, unless _carious_
+for rotten!" Farmer supposed _captious_ to be a contraction of _capacious_!
+Steevens believed that _captious_ meant _recipient_, capable of receiving;
+which interpretation Malone adopts. Mr. Collier, in his recent edition of
+Shakspeare, after stating Johnson's and Farmer's suggestions, says, "where
+is the difficulty? It is true that this sense of _captious_ may not have an
+exact parallel; but the intention of Shakspeare is very evident: _captious_
+means, as Malone says, capable of _taking_ or _receiving_; and _intenible_
+(printed _intemible_ in the first folio, and rightly in the second)
+incapable of _retaining_. Two more appropriate epithets could hardly be
+found, and a simile more happily expressive."
+
+We no doubt all know, by intuition as it were, what Shakspeare meant; but
+"the great master of English," as MR. HICKSON very justly calls him, would
+never have used _captious_, as applied figuratively to a _sieve_, for
+_capable of taking or receiving_.
+
+_Intenible_, notwithstanding the hypercriticism of Mr. Nares (that "it is
+incorrectly used by Shakspeare for _unable to hold_;" and that "it should
+properly mean _not to be held_, as we now use _untenable_") was undoubtedly
+used in the former sense, and it was most probably so accepted in the
+poet's time; for in the _Glossagraphia Anglicana Nova_, 1719, we have
+"Untenable, that _will not or cannot hold_ or be holden long."
+
+With regard to _captious_, it is not so much a matter of surprise that none
+of all these learned commentators should fail in their _guesses_ at the
+meaning, as that none of them should have remarked that the sense of the
+Latin _captiosus_, and of its congeners in Italian and old French, is
+_deceitful_, _fallacious_; and Bacon uses the word for _insidious,
+ensnaring_. There can be no doubt that this is the sense in which
+Shakspeare used it. Helen speaks of her hopeless love for Bertram, and
+says:
+
+    "I know I love in vain, strive against hope; yet in this _fallacious_
+    and _unholding_ sieve I still pour in the waters of my love, and fail
+    not to lose still."
+
+When we speak of a _captious_ person, do we mean one _capable of taking or
+receiving_? Then how much more absurd would it be to take it in that
+impossible sense, when figuratively applied in the passage before us!
+Bertram shows himself _incapable of receiving_ Helena's love: he is truly
+_captious_ in that respect.
+
+In French the word _captieux_, according to the Academy, is only applied to
+language, though we may say _un homme captieux_ to signify a man who has
+the art of _deceiving_ or leading into error by captious language.
+
+It is not impossible that the poet may have had in his mind the fruitless
+labour imposed upon the Danaïdes as a punishment, for it has been thus
+moralised:
+
+    "These virgins, who in the flower of their age pour water into pierced
+    vessels which they can never fill, what is it but to be always
+    bestowing over love and benefits upon the ungrateful."
+
+S. W. SINGER.
+
+Mickleham, Oct. 4. 1850.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ORATORIES OF THE NONJURORS.
+
+As the nooks and corners of London in olden times are now engaging the
+quiet musings of most of the topographical brotherhood, perhaps you can
+spare a nook or a corner of your valuable periodical for a few notes on the
+Oratories of those good men and true--the Nonjurors. "These were honourable
+men in their generation," and were made of most unbending materials.
+
+{355} On the Feast of St. Matthias, Feb. 24, 1693, the consecrations of Dr.
+George Hickes and Thomas Wagstaffe were solemnly performed according to the
+rites of the Church of England, by Dr. William Lloyd, bishop of Norwich;
+Dr. Francis Turner, bishop of Ely; and Dr. Thomas White, bishop of
+Peterborough, at the Bishop of Peterborough's lodgings, at the Rev. William
+Giffard's house at Southgate in Middlesex: Dr. Ken, bishop of Bath and
+Wells, giving his consent.
+
+Henry Hall was consecrated bishop in the oratory of the Rev. Father in
+Christ, John B---- [Blackburne?], in Gray's Inn, on the festival of St.
+Barnabas, June 11, 1725.
+
+Hilkiah Bedford was consecrated in the oratory of the Rev. R---- R----
+[Richard Rawlinson], in Gray's Inn, on the festival of St. Paul, Jan. 25,
+1720. Ralph Taylor was also consecrated at the same time and place.
+
+Henry Gandy was consecrated at his oratory in the parish of St. Andrew's,
+Holborn, on the festival of St. Paul, Jan. 25, 1716.
+
+Grascome was interrupted by a messenger whilst he was ministering to his
+little congregation in Scroope's Court, near St. Andrew's Church.
+
+Jeremy Collier officiated at Broad Street, London, assisted by the Rev.
+Samuel Carte, the father of the historian.
+
+Mr. Hawkes officiated for some time at his own house opposite to St. James'
+Palace.
+
+On Easter-day, April 13, 1718, at the oratory of his brother, Mr. William
+Lee, dyer, in Spitalfields, Dr. Francis Lee read a touching and beautiful
+declaration of his faith, betwixt the reading of the sentences at the
+offertory and the prayer for the state of Christ's church. It was addressed
+to the Rev. James Daillon, Count de Lude, then officiating.
+
+Charles Wheatly, author of _A Rational Illustration of the Book of Common
+Prayer_, in a letter to Dr. Rawlinson, the nonjuring titular bishop of
+London, says:
+
+    "I believe most of the books in Mr. Laurence's catalogue were really in
+    his library. Most of his chapel furniture I had seen; but his pix, and
+    his cruet, his box for unguent, and oil, I suppose you do not inquire
+    after."
+
+Roger Laurence was the learned author of _Lay Baptism Invalid_. Query,
+Where did he officiate?
+
+The Rev. John Lindsay, the translator of Mason's _Vindication of the Church
+of England_, for many years officiated as minister of a nonjuring
+congregation in Trinity Chapel, Aldersgate Street, and is said to have been
+their last minister.
+
+Thoresby, in his _Diary_, May 18, 1714, says, "I visited Mr. Nelson (author
+of the _Fasts and Festivals_), and the learned Dr. George Hickes, who not
+being at liberty for half an hour, I had the benefit of the prayers in the
+adjoining church, and when the Nonjuring _Conventicle_ was over, I visited
+the said Dean Hickes, who is said to be bishop of ----" [Thetford]. Both
+Nelson and Hickes resided at this time in Ormond Street; probably the
+conventicle was at one of their houses. It should be noted that Thoresby,
+having quitted the Conventicles of the Dissenters, had only recently joined
+what he calls the Church _established by law_. He appears to have known as
+much about the principles of the Nonjurors as he did of Chinese music.
+
+Dr. Welton's chapel in Goodman's Fields being visited (1717) by Colonel
+Ellis and other justices of the peace, with proper assistants, about two
+hundred and fifty persons were found there assembled, of whom but forty
+would take the oaths. The doctor refusing them also, was ordered to be
+proceeded against according to law.
+
+This reminds me of another Query. What has become of Dr. Welton's famous
+Whitechapel altar-piece, which Bishop Compton drove out of his church. Some
+doubts have been expressed whether that is the identical one in the Saint's
+Chapel of St. Alban's Abbey. A friend has assured the writer that he had
+seen it about twenty years ago, at a Roman Catholic meeting-house in an
+obscure court at Greenwich. It is not there now. The print of it in the
+library of the Society of Antiquaries is accompanied with these MS. lines
+by Mr. Mattaire:--
+
+ "To say the picture does to him belong,
+  Kennett does Judas and the painter wrong;
+  False is the image, the resemblance faint,
+  Judas, compared to Kennett, was a saint."
+
+One word more. The episcopal seal of the nonjuring bishops was a shepherd
+with a sheep upon his shoulders. The crozier which had been used by them,
+was, in 1839, in the possession of John Crossley Esq., of Scaitcliffe, near
+Todmorden.
+
+J. YEOWELL.
+
+Hoxton.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HOGARTH'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF HUDIBRAS.
+
+    "Butler's _Hudibras_, by Zach. Grey, LL.D. 2 vols. 8vo. Cambridge,
+    1744.
+
+    "Best edition. Copies in fine condition are in considerable request.
+    The cuts are beautifully engraved, and Hogarth is much indebted to the
+    designer of them; but who he was does not appear."
+
+The above remarks in Lowndes's _Bibliographical Manual_ having caught my
+attention, they appeared to me somewhat obscure and contradictory; and as
+they seemed rather disparaging to the fame of Hogarth, of whose works and
+genius I am a warm admirer, I have taken some pains to ascertain what may
+have been Mr. Lowndes's meaning.
+
+On examining the plates in Dr. Grey's edition, they are all inscribed "_W.
+Hogarth inv^t, J. Mynde sc^t_." {356} How, then, can Hogarth be said to be
+_much indebted to the designer of them_, if we are to believe the words on
+the plates themselves--"_W. Hogarth inv^t"?_
+
+It is clear that Mr. Lowndes supposes the designer of these plates to have
+been some person distinct from Hogarth; and he was right in his conjecture;
+but he was ignorant of the name of the artist alluded to.
+
+Whoever he was, he can have little claim to be regarded as the original
+designer; he was rather employed as an expurgator; for these plates are
+certainly copies of the two sets of plates invented and engraved by Hogarth
+himself in 1726.
+
+All that this second designer performed was, to revise the original designs
+of Hogarth's, in order to remove some _glaring indecencies_; and this, no
+doubt, is what Mr. Lowndes means, when he says that "_Hogarth is much
+indebted to the designer of them_."
+
+The following passage in a letter from Dr. Ducaral to Dr. Grey, dated Inner
+Temple, May 10th, 1743, printed In Nichols's _Illustrations_, will furnish
+us with _the name_ of the artist in question:--
+
+    "I was at _Mr. Isaac Wood's the painter_, who showed me the twelve
+    sketches of _Hudibras_, which he designs for you. I think they are
+    extremely well adapted to the book, and that the designer shows how
+    much he was master of the subject."
+
+In the preface to this edition, Dr. Grey expresses his obligations "to the
+ingenious _Mr. Wood, painter, of Bloomsbury-square_."
+
+In the fourth volume of Nichols's _Illustrations of Literature_ are some
+interesting letters from Thos. Potter, Esq., to Dr. Grey, which throw much
+light on the subject of this edition of _Hudibras_.
+
+I cannot conclude these observations without expressing my dissent from the
+praise bestowed upon the engravings in this work. Mr. Lowndes says "_the
+cuts are beautifully engraved_." With the exception of the head of Butler
+by Vertue, the rest are very spiritless and indifferent productions.
+
+J. T. A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FOLK LORE.
+
+_Overyssel Superstition._--Stolen bees will not thrive; they pine away and
+die.
+
+JANUS DOUSA.
+
+_Death-bed Superstitions._--When a child is dying, people, in some parts of
+Holland, are accustomed to shade it by the curtains from the parent's gaze;
+the soul being supposed to linger in the body as long as a compassionate
+eye is fixed upon it. Thus, in Germany, he who sheds tears when leaning
+over an expiring friend, or, bending over the patient's couch, does but
+wipe them off, enhances, they say, the difficulty of death's last struggle.
+I believe the same poetical superstition is recorded in _Mary Barton, a
+Tale of Manchester Life_.
+
+JANUS DOUSA.
+
+_Popular Rhyme._--The following lines very forcibly express the condition
+of many a "country milkmaid," when influence or _other considerations_
+render her incapable of giving a final decision upon the claims of two
+opposing suitors. They are well known in this district, and I have been
+induced to offer them for insertion, in the hope that if any of your
+correspondents are possessed of any variations or additional stanzas, they
+may be pleased to forward them to your interesting publication.
+
+ "Heigh ho! my heart is low,
+  My mind runs all on _one_;
+  W for William true,
+  But T for my love Tom."
+
+T. W.
+
+Burnley, Lancashire
+
+_Death-bed Mystery._--It may, perhaps, interest MR. SANSOM to be informed
+that the appearance described to him is mentioned as a known fact in one of
+the works of the celebrated mystic, Jacob Behmen, _The Three Principles_,
+chap. 19. "Of the going forth of the Soul." I extract from J. Sparrow's
+translations., London, 1648.
+
+    "Seeing then that Man is so very earthly, therefore he hath none but
+    earthly knowledge, except he be regenerated in the Gate of Deep. He
+    always supposeth that the Soul (at the deceasing of the Body) goeth
+    only out at the Mouth, and he understandeth nothing concerning its deep
+    Essences above the Elements. _When he seeth a blue Vapor go forth out
+    of the Mouth of a dying Man_ (which maketh a strong smell all over the
+    chamber), then he supposeth that is the Soul."
+
+A. ROFFE.
+
+_Bradshaw Family._--There is a popular belief in this immediate part of the
+country, which was formerly a stronghold of the Jacobites, that no Bradshaw
+has ever flourished since the days of the regicide. They point to old halls
+formerly in possession of Bradshaws, now passed into other hands, and shake
+their heads and say, "It is a bad name,--no Bradshaw will come to good." I
+heard this speech only yesterday in connexion with Halton Hall (on the
+Lune); but the feeling is common, and not confined to the uneducated
+classes.
+
+Haigh Hall remains in the possession of the descendants of the family from
+which Judge Bradshaw was descended, because, so said my informant, the
+heiress married a "loyal Lindsay" (the Earl of Balcarras).
+
+E. C. G.
+
+Lancaster.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{357} ADVICE TO THE EDITOR, AND HINTS TO HIS CONTRIBUTORS.
+
+My signature [Greek: S]. having been adopted by another correspondent, I
+have been obliged to discontinue it.
+
+My other signature [Greek: Ph]., which I have used since your commencement,
+is in your last number applied to the contribution of another gentleman,
+although the same number contains two articles of mine with that signature.
+
+As this is palpably inconvenient, pray accept the following
+
+      ADVICE TO THE EDITOR
+
+  A contributor sending a Note or a Query,
+    Considers what signature's better;
+  And lest his full name too oft should prove weary,
+    He sometimes subscribes with a letter.
+
+  This letter in English or Greek thus selected,
+    As his personal mark he engages;
+  From piracy, therefore, it should be protected,
+    Throughout all the rest of your pages.
+
+  By a contrary practice confusion is sown,
+    And annoyance to writers of spirit,
+  Who wish not to claim any Notes but their own,
+    Or of less or superior merit.
+
+  I submit in such cases no writer would grumble,
+    But give you his hearty permission,
+  When two correspondents on one mark should stumble,
+    To make to the last an addition.
+
+  You are bound to avoid ev'ry point that distresses,
+    And prevent all collision that vexes,
+  Preserving the right of each collar of SS,
+    And warding the blows of cross XX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MINOR NOTES.
+
+_Rollin's Ancient History and History of the Arts and Sciences._--It may be
+useful to note, for the benefit of some of your student readers, that the
+most procurable editions of Rollin's _Ancient History_ are deficient,
+inasmuch as they do not contain his History of the Arts and Sciences, which
+is an integral part of the work. After having possessed several editions of
+the work of Rollin, I now have got Blackie's edition of 1837, in 3 vols.
+8vo., edited by Bell; and I learn from its preface that this is the only
+edition published since 1740 containing the History of the Arts and
+Sciences.
+
+How comes it that the editions since 1740 have been so castrated?
+
+IOTA.
+
+Liverpool, October 16. 1850.
+
+_Jezebel._--The name of this queen is, I think, incorrectly translated in
+all the _Bible Dictionaries_ and _Cyclopædias_ that have come under my
+notice. It was common amongst all ancient nations to give _compound_ names
+to persons, partly formed from the names of their respective _divinities_.
+This observation applies particularly to the Assyrians, Babylonians, and
+their dependencies, together with the Phoenicians, Carthaginians,
+Egyptians, and Greeks. Hence we find, both in scripture and profane
+history, a number of names compounded of _Baal_, such as _Baal_-hanan, Gen.
+xxxvi. 38., the gift, grace, mercy, or favour of _Baal_; the name of the
+celebrated Carthaginian general, Hanni_bal_, is the same name transposed.
+The father of the Tyrian prince, Hiram, was called Abi_bal_, my father is
+_Baal_, or _Baal_ is my father. Esh_baal_, the fire of _Baal_; Jerub_baal_,
+let _Baal_ contend, or defend his cause; Meri_baal_, he that resists
+_Baal_, or strives against the _idol_, were Hebrew names, apparently
+imposed to ridicule those given in honor of _Baal_. The father of _Jezebel_
+was called Eth_baal_, Kings xvi. 31., (classically, Itho_balus_,) with
+_Baal_, towards _Baal_, or him _that rules_. Lastly, Hasdru_bal_ signifies
+help or assistance of _Baal_. Will some of the talented contributors to
+"NOTES AND QUERIES" inform me what is the _composition_ and _meaning_ of
+_Jezebel_, as it has hitherto baffled my own individual researches? Is it
+the contracted _feminine form_ of Hasdru_bal_?
+
+W. G. H.
+
+_Clarendon, Oxford Edition of 1815._--The following curious fact, relating
+to the Oxford edition of Lord Clarendon's History in 1815, was communicated
+to me by a gentleman who was then officially interested in the publication,
+and personally cognisant of the circumstances.
+
+In the year 1815, the University of Oxford determined to reprint
+Clarendon's _History of the Rebellion_, and to add to it that of the Irish
+rebellion; but as it was suspected by one of the delegates of the press,
+that the edition from which they were printing the "Irish Rebellion" was
+spurious, as it attributed the origin of the rebellion _to the Protestants
+instead of the Catholics_; a much earlier copy was procured from Dublin,
+through the chaplain of the then Lord Lieutenant, which _reversed the
+accusation_ which was contained in the copy from which the University had
+been about to print.
+
+J. T. A.
+
+September 30. 1850.
+
+_Macaulay's Country Squire._--I suppose I may take it for granted that all
+the world has long since been made merry by Mr. Macaulay's description of
+"the country squire on a visit to London in 1685." (_History of England_,
+vol. i. p. 369.)
+
+I am not aware that Steele's description of a country gentleman under
+similar circumstances has ever been referred to; it is certainly far from
+being as graphic as Mr. Macaulay's; but the one may at all events serve to
+illustrate the other, and to prove that Urbs had not made any very great
+progress in _urbanity_ between 1685 and 1712.
+
+    "If a country gentleman appears a little curious in observing the
+    edifices, signs, clocks, coaches, and dials, {358} it is not to be
+    imagined how the polite rabble of this town, who are acquainted with
+    these objects, ridicule his rusticity. I have known a fellow with a
+    burden on his head steal a hand down from his load, and slily twirl the
+    cock of a squire's hat behind him; and while the offended person is
+    swearing or out of countenance, all the wag-wits in the highway are
+    grinning in applause of the ingenious rogue that gave him the tip, and
+    the folly of him who had not eyes all round his head to prevent
+    receiving it."--_Spectator_, No. 354.
+
+C. FORBES.
+
+October 11.
+
+_Miching Mallecho._--The Writer of the review of _Urquhart's Travels_ in
+the _Quart. Rev._ for March 1850, who is, in all probability, identical
+with the author of the _Handbook of Spain_, felicitously suggests that
+_Miching Mallecho_ is a mere misprint for the Spanish words _Mucho
+Malhecho_, _much mischief_: _Hamlet_, iii. 2. Imagining that I had seen
+this ingenious conjecture somewhere in print before, I referred to, and was
+disappointed when I found it not in Knight's _Shakspeare_ (library ed.).
+Recently, in looking over Dr. Maginn's admirable dissections of _Dr.
+Farmer's Essay on the Learning of Shakspeare_, I discovered what I was in
+search of, and beg to present it to the notice of your readers.
+
+    "That the text is corrupt, I am sure; and I think Dr. Farmer's
+    substitution of _mimicking malhecco_, a most unlucky attempt at
+    emendation. In the old copies it is _munching malicho_, in which we
+    find traces of the true reading, _mucho malhecho_, much mischief.
+
+    "'Marry, _mucho malhécho_--it means mischief.'"--_Fraser's Magazine_,
+    Dec. 1839, p. 654.
+
+J. M. B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Queries.
+
+THE INQUISITION--THE BOHEMIAN PERSECUTION.
+
+My query as to the authorship of _The Adventures of Gaudentio di Lucca_ has
+drawn so satisfactory a reply from your correspondents (whom I beg to thank
+most heartily for the information they have communicated), that I am
+induced to ask you to aid me in ascertaining the authorships of the
+following works of which I have copies:--
+
+    "Histoire de l'Inquisition et son Origine. A Cologne, chez Pierre
+    Marteau, M.DC.XCIII." 1 vol. 12mo.
+
+Is this the same work as that mentioned in Watt's _Bib. Brit._ as--
+
+    "The History of the Inquisition and its Origin, by James Marsollier,
+    1693." 12mo.?
+
+I have often searched for a copy of this work in English, but have never
+found it. Was it ever translated into English?
+
+    "L'INQUISIZIONE PROCESSATA OPERA STORICA E CURIOSA, Divisa in due Tomi.
+    IN COLONIA APPRESSO PAULO DELLA TENAGLIA, M.DC.LXXXI."
+
+I should like to know something of the authorship of these volumes, and of
+the circumstances under which they were published.
+
+    "The Slaughter-House, or a brief description of the Spanish
+    Inquisition, &c., gathered together by the pains and study of James
+    Salgado." N.D.
+
+The biographical dictionaries within my reach give no account of Salgado.
+Who was he?
+
+    "Historia Persecutionium Ecclesiæ Bohemicæ jam inde à primordiis
+    Conversionis suæ ad Christianismum hoc est, 894, ad annum usque 1632,
+    Ferdinando Secundo Austriaco regnante, &c., anno Domini M D CXLVIII." 1
+    vol. 32mo.
+
+I have an English translation of this small work, published in 1650. Can
+any of your readers inform me who were the authors? (The preface concludes,
+"In our banishment in the year 1632. N. N. N., &c.")
+
+IOTA.
+
+Liverpool, October, 1850.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries.
+
+_Osnaburg Bishopric._--Can any of your correspondents inform me who
+succeeded the late Duke of York as Bishop of Osnaburg? how the Duke of York
+attained it? and whether there were any ecclesiastical duties attached to
+it? or whether the appointment was a lay one?
+
+B. M.
+
+_Meaning of "Farlief"._--May I ask for a definition of the word "farlief",
+used in Devonshire to designate some service or payment to the lord of the
+manor by his copyholders, apparently analogous to the old feudal "relief"?
+
+V. J. S.
+
+_Margaret Dyneley._--In Stanford Dingley Church, Berkshire, there is a
+"brass" of _Margaret Dyneley_, from whose family, I presume, the parish has
+received its appellation of _Dingley_. As, however, I have not yet
+succeeded in obtaining any account as to this lady or her ancestors, I
+should feel obliged by any information which your learned correspondents
+only be able to afford.
+
+J. H. K.
+
+_Tristan d'Acunha._--COSMOPOLITE will be glad to have references to any
+authentic sources of information respecting the island of Tristan d'Acunha.
+
+_Production of Fire by Friction._--In most of the accounts written by
+persons who have visited the South Sea Islands, we meet with descriptions
+of the method adopted by the natives to produce fire by the rapid attrition
+of two bits of wood. Now I wish to ask whether any person has ever seen the
+same effect produced in this country by similar means? If not, to what
+cause is the difficulty--if such difficulty really exists--attributable?
+
+{359} Does it depend upon the nature of the wood used, the condition of the
+atmosphere, or the dexterity of the operator? I have not quoted any
+particular passages, as they are sufficiently familiar to readers of
+voyages and travels in the South Sea hemisphere; and although they exhibit
+some diversity in the _modus operandi_, the principle involved is
+essentially the same in each mode. I need scarcely add, that I am of course
+well aware of the means by which, whether by accident or design, heat is
+ordinarily generated by friction in this country.
+
+D.
+
+Rotherfield.
+
+_Murderer hanged when pardoned._--I have a copy of the _Protestant's
+Almanack_ for 1680, full of MS. notes of the period, written by one of the
+Crew family. Among other matter it states:
+
+    "A man was hung for a murder in Southwark (I think), notwithstanding
+    the king's pardon had been obtained for him, and he actually had it in
+    his pocket at the time."
+
+Will some kind friend oblige me with further information of this case, or
+tell me where I may obtain it?
+
+GILBERT.
+
+_Burke, Passage from._--The following passage is quoted as a motto _from
+Burke_:--
+
+    "The swarthy daughters of Cadmus may hang their trophies on high, for
+    when all the pride of the chisel and the pomp of heraldry yield to the
+    silent touches of time, a single line, a half worn-out inscription,
+    remain faithful to their trust."
+
+In what composition of Burke's is it to be found?
+
+Q.(2.)
+
+_Licensing of Books._--Can any of your readers inform me what was the law
+in 1665 relative to the licensing of books? also when it was introduced (or
+revived), and when modified? I find in a manual of devotion printed in that
+year the following page, after the preface:--
+
+    "I have perused this book, and finding nothing in it but what may tend
+    to the increase of private devotion and piety, I recommend it to my
+    Lord the Bishop of London for his licence to have it printed."
+
+JO. DURESME.
+
+     "Imprimatur:
+  Tho. Grigg, R. P. D. Hamff.
+      Ep. Lond. a Sac. Dom.
+  Ex Ædibus, Lond.
+      Mart. 28. 1665."
+
+R. N.
+
+_Captain John Stevens._--I should be glad to learn some account of _Capt.
+John Stevens_, the continuator of Dugdale's _Monasticon_ in 1722. He is
+generally considered to have edited the English abridgment of the
+_Monasticon_, in one vol. 1718, though a passage in Thoresby's _Diary_
+mentions that it contained "some reflections upon the Reformation, which
+the _Spanish Priest_, who is said to be translator and abridger of the
+three Latin volumes, would not omit."
+
+A note by the editor of Thoresby's _Diary_ says that--
+
+    "Mr. Gough was uncertain by whom this Translation and Abridgment was
+    prepared. He supposed that it was done by Captain Stevens, the author,
+    or rather compiler of a valuable, Supplement to the _Monasticon_, in
+    which he was assisted by Thoresby."
+
+J. T. A.
+
+_Le Bon Gendarme._--Close to the boundary stone which separates the
+parishes of Fulham and Hammersmith, and facing the lane which leads to
+Brook Green, on the Hammersmith Road, is a way-side public-house, known as
+"The Black Bull." So late as three months ago, in addition to the sign of
+the Black Bull, there was painted over the door, but somewhat high up, a
+worn-out inscription, "Le Bon Gendarme," as if that had originally been the
+name of the inn. These words have been lately effaced altogether: but as
+they no doubt relate to some circumstance or adventure which had happened
+in or near to the place, perhaps some reader of the "NOTES AND QUERIES"
+will have the goodness to satisfy the curiosity of one who has asked at the
+inn in vain for a solution.
+
+U. U. C.
+
+University Club.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+REPLIES.
+
+TASSO TRANSLATED BY FAIRFAX.
+
+The variation in the first stanza of Fairfax's _Godfrey of Bulloigne_ has
+been long known to bibliographers, and was pointed out in _The Critical
+Review_ more than thirty years ago. I cannot fix on the particular number,
+but it contained a long notice of the version of Tasso by Fairfax, and the
+very stanzas extracted by T. N. The translator could not please himself
+with the outset of his undertaking, and hence the recorded substitution;
+but it is not known that he carried his fastidiousness so far as to furnish
+a _third_ version of the first stanza, as well as of the "Argument" of the
+introductory canto, differing from both the others. In the instance pointed
+out by T. N. the substitution was effected by pasting the _approved_ stanza
+over the _disapproved_ stanza; but the _third_ version was given by
+reprinting the whole leaf, which contains other variations of typography,
+besides such as it was thought necessary to make in the first stanza.
+
+I formerly had copies of the book, dated 1600, including all three
+variations; but the late Mr. Wordsworth having one day looked particularly
+at that with the reprinted leaf, and expressing a {360} strong wish to
+possess it, I gave it to him, and I presume that it remained in his library
+at his death. What I speak of happened full twenty years ago.
+
+_The Critical Review_ of the date I refer to (I am pretty confident that it
+was of the early part of 1817) contained a good deal of information
+regarding Fairfax and his productions; but it did not mention one fact of
+importance to show the early estimation and popularity of his translation
+of the _Gerusalemme Liberata_, viz., that although it was published in
+1600, it is repeatedly quoted in _England's Parnassus_, printed in the same
+year, and containing extracts, as most people are aware, from all the
+distinguished poets of that day, and somewhat earlier. This circumstance
+ascertains also that Fairfax's Tasso came out before _England's Parnassus_,
+although both bear the date of 1600 on the title-pages.
+
+THE HERMIT OF HOLYPORT.
+
+_Fairfax's Tasso._--In my copy of the second edition, 1624, the first
+stanza of the first book is given precisely as in Mr. Knight's reprint. But
+in the very beautiful edition published by Bensley, 1817, and edited by Mr.
+Singer, that stanza which T. N. terms an "elegant variation," introduces
+the canto. The editor's preface states that the _first_ edition, 1600, had
+been followed in that re-impression, "admitting some few corrections of
+errors, and emendations of orthography, from the _second_, I printed in
+1624." Of this second edition it is remarked that "it appears to have been
+revised by some careful corrector of the press; yet nothing material is
+changed but the orthography of particular words." No notice is taken of the
+difference between the first stanza of the second edition, and that of the
+first edition, identical with the cancel in T. N.'s copy. Possibly, _both_
+the copies of these two editions, which happened to come under the editor's
+notice, had this cancel, and so presented no variation from each other. If,
+however, _all_ the copies of the second edition contained the stanza as
+given by Mr. Knight, and Mr. Singer's opinion (drawn from the dedicatory
+verses to Prince Charles, prefixed to _some_ copies of the second edition)
+that this edition _was_ seen, and probably corrected, by the author, be
+well-founded, it would seem to follow that Fairfax finally preferred the
+stanza in this its first and later state, and as it appears in Mr. Knight's
+edition. If the "cancel-slip" be an "elegant" variation, may not the
+original stanza be regarded as more vigorous?
+
+G. A. S.
+
+_Fairfax's Tasso._--In the elegant edition published by Mr. Singer in 1817,
+the first stanza is printed according to the variation noticed by your
+correspondent T. N. (Vol. ii., p. 325.), "I sing the warre," &c., and the
+original stanza is printed at the end of the first book, with a note
+stating that the pasted slip is found "in most copies" of the first
+edition. My copy contains no such peculiarity, but it is of course possible
+that the pasted slip may have been removed. The second edition (folio,
+London, 1624) has the stanza in the form in which it originally stood in
+the first, beginning "The sacred armies," &c.
+
+J. F. M
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ALE-DRAPER.--EUGENE ARAM.
+
+(Vol. ii., p. 310.)
+
+Your correspondent D. asks whether the word _ale-draper_ was ever in "good
+use." The only place in which I can find it is Bailey's _Dictionary_, where
+it occurs thus:
+
+    "Ale-draper (a humorous name), a seller of malt liquors; an
+    alehouse-keeper or victualler."
+
+The humour, I suppose, consists in applying to one kind of occupation that
+which was commonly given to another; in taking _draper_ from the service of
+cloth, and pressing it by force into that of _ale_. That it was ever
+considered as a word of respectable standing, can hardly be imagined. In
+such writers as Tom Brown it is most likely to occur.
+
+1. With reference to Eugene Aram, D.'s remark about the
+_over-ingeniousness_ of his defence has been anticipated by Paley, who was
+present at the trial, and said that Aram would not have been hanged had he
+less studiously defended himself. That laboured address to the jury must
+have employed his thoughts for years. I should like very much to know
+whether anyone has ever attempted to verify the references which he gives
+to the cases in which he says that bones have been found. The style of the
+speech has been much praised, but is surely not very surprising when it is
+considered that Johnson had previously written the _Rambler_. The
+composition wants ease.
+
+2. Ever since I began to read about Eugene Aram, and that is some years
+ago, I have had a settled opinion that his attainments, and perhaps his
+abilities, had been greatly overrated. He was doubtless a man of
+considerable mental powers; but we cannot but suspect that had he acquired
+all the learning which is attributed to him, he would have attracted more
+notice than it was his fortune to obtain.
+
+3. Mr. Scatchard's attempts, and all other attempts, to clear him from
+"blood-guilty stain," must be equally futile, for he himself confessed his
+guilt while he was in prison.
+
+Some time ago, a dozen years or more, there appeared in the _Literary
+Gazette_, as a communication from a correspondent, an anecdote concerning
+Aram, which well deserves to be repeated. During the time that he was in
+the school of Lynn, it was the custom for the head-master, at the
+termination of every half-year, to invite the parents of the boys to an
+entertainment, and all {361} who accepted the invitation were expected to
+bring with them the money due on account of their sons, which, _postquam
+exempta fames epulis_, they paid into the head-master's hands. The master
+would thus retire to rest with a considerable sum in his possession. On one
+of these occasions, after he had gone to his chamber and supposed that all
+the family were in bed, he heard a noise in a passage not far distant, and,
+going out to see what was the cause of it, found Aram groping about in the
+dark, who, on being asked what he wanted, said that he had been obliged to
+leave his room on a necessary occasion, and had missed his way to the place
+which he sought. The passage was not one into which he was likely to wander
+by mistake, but the master accepted his excuse, and thought no more of the
+matter till Aram was arrested for the robbery and murder of Clarke, when he
+immediately recollected the circumstance, and suspected that he had
+intended on that night to commit another robbery or murder. I have not the
+number of the _Literary Gazette_ in which this statement was given to refer
+to, but I am sure that I have repeated the substance of it correctly, and
+remember that it was inserted as being worthy of credit. It is another
+illustration of the fact that the nature of a man is unchangeable.
+
+Bulwer's novel, which elevates Aram from a school-assistant into a private
+gentleman, may have pleased those, if there were such, who knew nothing of
+Arum's acts before they began to read it. But all who knew what Aram was,
+must be disgusted at the threshold. I regarded the book, at the time of its
+appearance, as one of the most presumptuous falsifications of biography
+that had ever been attempted. It is not easy to see why Bulwer might not
+have made an equally interesting story, if he had kept Aram in his proper
+station.
+
+J. S. W.
+
+Stockwell.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ON THE WORD "GRADELY."
+
+Permit me to make a few remarks on the word _gradely_:--
+
+1. It seems to have no connexion with the Latin noun _gradus_, Angl.
+_grade_, step.
+
+2. Its first syllable, _grade_, is both a substantive and an adjective; and
+_gradely_ itself both adjective and adverb, as _weakly_, _sickly_, _godly_,
+&c.
+
+3. It is not confined to Lancashire or to England, but appears in Scotland
+as _graith_ (ready), _graith_ (furniture); whence _graithly_ (readily), to
+_graith_, _grathe_, or _graid_ (prepare), &c. See Jamieson's _Sc. Dict._
+and _Supplement_.
+
+4. It is in fact the Anglo-Saxon _gerad_, which is both substantive and
+adjective. As a substantive it means condition, arrangement, plan, reason,
+&c. As an adjective, it means prudent, well-prepared, expert, exact, &c.
+The _ge_ (Gothic _ga_) is merely the intensive prefix; the root being _rad_
+or _rath_. The form in _ly_ (adjective or adverb), without the prefix _g_,
+appears in the Anglo-Saxon _raedlic_, prudent, expert; _raedlice_,
+expertly. This interesting root, which appears as _re_, _ra_, _red_, _rad_,
+_rath_, &c.; sometimes by transposition, as _er_, _ar_, _erd_, &c. (perhaps
+also as _reg_, _rag_, _erg_, _arc_, &c.), seems to represent the nobler
+qualities of man: thought, reason, counsel, speech, deliberate action; and
+perhaps, also, government.
+
+Thus in the Semitic family of languages we have the radicals _rââ_ (saw,
+foresaw, counselled); _râdhâ_ (helped, ruled); _râthâd_ (arranged); _râto_
+(directed, instructed); and others, with their numerous derivatives.
+
+The Indo-European family gives us, in Sanscrit, _râ_ or _râe_ (ponder,
+experience); _rât_ (speak); _râdh_ (accomplish); _râj_ (excel); _râgh_
+(attain, reach); and others, with derivatives. In Greek, _rheô_ (speak),
+transp. _erô_ or _werô_ (whence _verbum_, _wort_, _word_); _rherô_ or
+_rhedô_ (do), transp. _erdô_, also _ergô_ (whence _werke_, _work_); _archô_
+(rule), and others, with derivatives. In Latin, _reor_ (think), whence
+_ratus_ and _ratio_ (reason); _res_ (thing, action); _rego_ (rule), with
+derivatives (_rex_, _regula_, _rectus_, &c.). In Celtic (Welsh), _rhe_
+(active); _rheswm_ (reason); _rhaith_ (judgment, right); _rhi_ (prince);
+_rhag_ (van, before). In Sclavonic, _rada_, _rade_ (counsel); _redian_ (to
+direct), &c.
+
+In the Teutonic dialects (Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, German, Dutch, Swedish,
+Danish, Icelandic, Scotch, and English) the forms of this root are very
+numerous. Thus we have, in Anglo-Saxon, _rad_, _raed_ (counsel);
+_raedlich_, _grad_, as above, whence _geradien_ (to prepare), and other
+words. In German, _rede_ (discourse); _rath_ (counsel); _reden_ (to speak);
+_regel_ (a rule); _recht_ (right); _gerecht_ (just); _gerade_ (exactly),
+&c.; _bereiten_ (prepare), &c. In English, _ready_, _read_, _rule_,
+_right_, _riddle_, _reason_, _rather_, to which we must add _gradely_. In
+Scotch, _red_, _rede_, _rade_, _rath_, &c., with the words mentioned above;
+of which _graith_ (furniture) is the German _geräth_. Your readers will
+derive much information on this class of words by reference to Jamieson,
+under _red_, _rede_, _rath_, _graith_, &c.
+
+BENJ. H. KENNEDY.
+
+Shrewsbury, Oct. 19.
+
+_Gradely_.--It seems rather a rash step to differ from the mass of critical
+authority with which your last number has brought this shy, old-fashioned
+provincial word into a blaze of literary notoriety. Yet I cannot help
+conceiving the original form of this adverb to be _grathedly_ ([Old
+English: geraðlic], root [Old English: rað], with the preteritive prefix
+[Old English: ge]) or _gerathely_. In our Yorkshire dialect, to _grathe_
+(pronounced _gradhe_) means, to make ready, to put in a state of _order_ or
+_fitness_. A man inconveniently accoutred or furnished with implements for
+the performance of some operation on which he was employed, {362} observed
+to me the other day, "I's ill grathed for't job"--rather a terse Saxon
+contrast to my latinized paraphrase.
+
+_Grathedly_ would then mean, "In a state of good order, fitness, readiness,
+or perfection."
+
+To the cognate German _gerade_ adv., I find the senses, "directly, just,
+exactly, _perfectly_, rightly."
+
+The prevailing impression given by your numerous testimonials as to the
+character of the word _gradely_, is one of decency, order, rightness,
+perfectness.
+
+I fancy the whole family (who might be called the children of _rath_), viz.
+[Old English: rað], _rathe_ (_gerathe, grathedly, gradely_), _rather_ (only
+a Saxon form of _readier_), have as a common primeval progenitor the
+Sanscrit [Sanskrit: radh] (_radh_), which is interpreted "a process towards
+perfection;" in other words, "a becoming ready."
+
+G. J. CAYLEY.
+
+Wydale, Oct. 21.
+
+P.S.--_Greadly_ is probably a transposition for _geradly_. The Yorkshire
+pronunciation of _gradely_ is almost as if written _grared-ly_.
+
+I think it probable that the words _greed, greedily_, are from the same
+radicle. By the way, is _radix_ perhaps derived from [Sanskrit: rad]
+(_rad_), a tooth (from the fang-like form of roots), whence _rodere_ and
+possibly _radius_?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+COLLAR OF ESSES.
+
+Although the suggestion made by C. (Vol. ii., p. 330.), _viz._ that the
+Collar of Esses had a "mechanical" origin, resulting from the mode of
+forming "the chain," and that "the _name_ means no more than that the links
+were in the shape of the letter S.," could only be advocated by one
+unacquainted with the real formation of the collar, yet, as I am now
+pledged before the readers of "NOTES AND QUERIES" as the historiographer of
+livery collars, it may be expected that I should make some reply. This may
+be accompanied with the remark, that, about the reign of Henry VIII., a
+collar occurs, which might be adduced in support of the theory suggested by
+the REV. MR. ELLACOMBE, and adopted by C. It looks like a collar formed of
+esses; but it is not clear whether it was meant to do so, or was merely a
+rich collar of twisted gold links. That was the age of ponderous gold
+collars, but which were arbitrary features of ornamental costume, not
+collars of livery. Such a collar, however, resembles a series of esses
+placed obliquely and interlaced, as thus: _SSSS_; not laid flat on their
+sides, as figured by C. Again, it is true an (endless) _chain_ of linked
+esses was formed merely by attaching the letters [three letter Ss
+horizontally] like hooks together. This occurs on the cup at Oriel College,
+Oxford, engraved in Shaw's _Ancient Furniture_ in Shelton's _Oxonia
+Illustrata_, and in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for August last; but the
+connexion of this with the English device is at least very doubtful. The
+cup is not improbably of foreign workmanship, and Menneus assigns such a
+collar to the knights of Cyprus; even there the S was not without its
+attributed import:
+
+    "Per literam autem S. quæ _Silentii_ apud Romanos nota fuit, secretum
+    societatis et amicitiæ simulachrum, individuamque pro patriæ defensione
+    _Societatem_ denotari."--_Fr. Mennenii Deliciæ Equest. Ordinum_, 1613.
+    12mo. p. 153.
+
+However, the answer to the suggestion of MR. ELLACOMBE and C. consists in
+this important distinction, that the Lancastrian livery collar was _not a
+chain_ of linked esses, but a collar of leather or other stiff material,
+upon which the letters were _distinctly_ figured at certain intervals; and
+when it came to be made of metal only, the letters were still kept distinct
+and upright. On John of Ghent's collar, in the window of old St. Paul's
+(which I have already mentioned in p. 330.), there are only five,
+
+  S       S       S       S       S,
+
+at considerable intervals. On the collar of the poet Gower the letters
+occur thus,--
+
+  SSSSS       SSSSS.
+
+On that of Queen Joan of Navarre, at Canterbury, thus,--
+
+  S | S | S | S | S | S |
+
+There is then, I think, little doubt that this device was the _symbolum_ or
+_nota_ of some word of which S was the initial letter; whether _Societas_,
+or _Silentium_, or _Souvenance_, or _Soveraigne_, or _Seneschallus_, or
+whatever else ingenuity or fancy may suggest, this is the question,--a
+question which it is scarcely possible to settle authoritatively without
+the testimony of some unequivocal contemporary statement. But I flatter
+myself that I have now clearly shown that the esses were neither the _links
+of a chain_ nor yet (as suggested in a former paper) identical with the
+_gormetti fremales_, or horse-bridles, which are said to have formed the
+livery collar of the King of Scots.
+
+JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS.
+
+ "Christus purpureum gemmati textus in auro
+  Signabat Labarum, Clypeorum insignia Christus
+  Scripserat; ardebat summis crux addita cristis."
+
+By the same sort of reasoning--viz. conjecture--that MR. JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS
+adheres to the opinion that the Collar of SS. takes its name from the word
+_Seneschallus_, it might be contended that the initial letters of the lines
+above quoted mystically stand for "Collar, S. S." Enough, however, has
+already been written on this unmeaning point to show that some of us are
+"great gowks," or, in other words, stupid guffs, to waste so much pen, ink,
+and paper on the subject.
+
+There are other topics, however, connected with the Collar of SS. which are
+of real interest to a {363} numerous section of the titled aristocracy in
+the United Kingdom; and it is with these, as bearing upon the heraldic and
+gentilitial rights of the subject, that I am desirous to grapple. MR.
+NICHOLS, and those who pin faith upon his _dicta_, hold that the Collar of
+SS. was a livery ensign bestowed by our kings upon certain of their
+retainers, in much the same sense and fashion as Cedric the Saxon is said
+to have given a collar to Wamba, the son of Witless. For myself, and all
+those entitled to carry armorial bearings in the kingdom, I repudiate the
+notion that the knightly golden Collar of SS. was ever so conferred or
+received. Further, I maintain that there was a distinction between what MR.
+NICHOLS calls "the Livery Collar of SS.," and the said knightly golden
+Collar of SS., as marked and broad as is the difference between the Collar
+of the Garter and the collar of that four-footed dignitary which bore the
+inscription,
+
+ "I am the Prince's Dog at Kew,
+  Pray whose Dog are you?"
+
+In his last communication MR. NICHOLS lays it down that "livery collars
+were perfectly distinct from collars of knighthood;" adding, they did not
+exist until a subsequent age. Of course the collars of such royal orders of
+knighthood as have been established since the days of our Lancastrian kings
+had necessarily no existence at the period to which he refers. But Gough
+(not MR. GOUGH NICHOLS) mentions that the Collar of SS. was upon the
+monument of Matilda Fitzwalter, of Dunmow, who lived in the reign of King
+John; and Ashmole instances a monument in the collegiate church at Warwick,
+with the portraiture of Margaret, wife of Sir William Peito, said to have
+been sculptured there in the reign of Edward III. What credit then are we
+to attach to MR. N.'s averment, that the "Collar of Esses was not a badge
+of knighthood, nor a badge of personal merit, but was a collar of livery,
+and the idea typified by livery was feudal dependence, or what we now call
+party?" What sort of feudal dependence was typified by the ensign of
+equestrian nobility upon the necks of the two ladies named, or upon the
+neck of Queen Joan of Navarre? MR. NICHOLS states that in the first
+Lancastrian reigns the Collar of SS. had no pendant, though, afterwards, it
+had a pendant called "the king's beast." On the effigy of Queen Joan the
+collar certainly has no pendant, except the jewelled ring of a trefoil
+form. But on the ceiling and canopy of the tomb of Henry IV., his arms, and
+those of his queen (Joan of Navarre), are surrounded with Collars of SS.,
+the king's terminating in an eagle volant (rather an odd sort of a beast),
+whilst the pendant of the queen's has been defaced.
+
+MR. NICHOLS, in a postscript, puts this query to the antiquaries of
+Scotland: "Can any of them help me to the authority from which Nich. Upton
+derived his livery collar of the King of Scotland de gormettis fremalibus
+equorum?" If Mr. N. puts this query from no other data than the citation
+given in my former paper upon this subject (vide Vol. ii., p. 194.), he
+need not limit it to the antiquaries of Scotland. Upton's words are as
+follows:--
+
+    "Rex etiam scocie dare solebat pro signo vel titulo suo, unum collarium
+    de gormettis fremalibus equorum de auro vel argento."
+
+This passage neither indicates that a King of Scotland is referred to, nor
+does it establish that the collar was given as a livery sign or title. It
+merely conveys something to this purport, that the king was accustomed to
+give to his companions, as a sign or title, a collar of gold or silver
+shaped like the bit of a horse's bridle.
+
+MR. NICHOLS takes exception to Favine as an heraldic authority. Could that
+erudite author arise from his grave, I wonder how he would designate MR.
+NICHOLS'S lucubrations on livery collars, &c. But hear Matthew Paris: that
+learned writer says Equites Aurati were known in his day "by a gold ring on
+their thumbs, by a chain of gold about their necks, and gilt spurs." Let us
+look to Scotland: Nesbit says, vol. ii. p. 87.:
+
+    "Our knights were no less anciently known by belts than by their gilt
+    spurs, swords, &c. In the last place is the collar, an ensign of
+    knightly dignity among the Germans, Gauls, Britains, Danes, Goths, &c.
+    In latter times it was the peculiar fashion of knights amongst us to
+    wear golden collars composed of SS."
+
+Brydson, too, in his _Summary View of Heraldry in reference to the Usages
+of Chivalry, and the General Economy of the Feudal System_, (a work of
+uncommon ingenuity, deserving to be called the Philosophy of Heraldry),
+observes, p. 186, ch. v., that knights were distinguished by an investiture
+which implied superior merit and address in arms--by the attendance of one
+or more esquires--by the title SIR--by wearing a crest--a helmet of
+peculiar form--apparel peculiarly splendid--polished armour of a particular
+construction--gilded spurs--and a GOLDEN COLLAR.
+
+He states, ch. iv., p. 132.:
+
+    "In the fifth dissertation of Du Cange it is shown that the splendid
+    habits which the royal household anciently received at the great
+    festivals, were called 'LIVERIES,' being delivered or presented from
+    the king."
+
+But he nowhere countenances for a moment any of the errors entertained by
+MR. JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS, which these remarks are intended to explode.
+
+MR. NICHOLS has not yet answered B.'s query. Nor can he answer it until he
+previously admits that he is wrong upon the four points enumerated in my
+opening article (Vol. ii., p. 194.).
+
+ARMIGER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{364} Replies to Minor Queries
+
+_Symbols of the Evangelists_ (Vol. i., pp. 375. 471.; vol. ii., pp. 13. 45.
+205.).--Should the inquirer not have access to the authorities which, as is
+stated in p. 471., are referred to by DR. WORDSWORTH, or not have leisure
+to avail himself of his copious references, he may be glad to find that in
+the _Thesaurus Theologico Philologicus_ (vol. ii. pp. 57.-62.), there is a
+dissertation containing an analysis of more than fifty authors, who have
+illustrated the visions of Ezekiel and St. John, and an explanation of the
+Sententiarum Divortia of Irenæus, Jerome, and Augustine, respecting the
+application of the symbols, or of the quæstio vexata--quodnam animal cui
+Evangelistæ comparandum sit. Thomasius, the author of this dissertation,
+suggests that to recall to mind the symbol applied to Luke, we should
+remember the expression denoting elephantes, _boves lucas_. Abundant
+information is also supplied on this subject by that hierophantic
+naturalist, Aldrovandus, _de Quadrup. Bisulcis_, p. 180. et seq. Nor should
+Daubuz be neglected, the learned commentator on the Revelations.
+
+T. J.
+
+_Becket's Mother_ (Vol. ii., pp. 106. 270.).--In support of the view of MR.
+FOSS with regard to Becket's mother, against that propounded by J. C. R.
+(Vol. ii., p. 270.), I would mention that _Acon_ is the ordinary mediæval
+name for the city of _Acre_, and appears in the earlier deeds relating to
+the hospital in Cheapside, while the modern form occurs in those of later
+date; _e.g._ Pat. 18 Edw. II., "S. Thomæ Martyris _de Aconia_;" Pat. 14
+Edw. III., "S. Thomæ Martyris Cantuarensis de _Acon_;" but Rot. Parl. 23
+Hen. VI., "Saint Thomas the Martir of _Acres_," "the Martyr of Canterbury
+of _Acres_." (Deeds in Dugdale, _Monast._ vi. 646, 647.)
+
+This would seem to identify the distinctive name of the hospital with the
+city in the Holy Land but the following passage from the _Chronicle_ of
+Matthew of Westminster (p. 257.) seems quite conclusive on this point, as
+it connects that city with Becket in a manner beyond all dispute:--
+
+    "Anno gratiæ 1190. Obsessa est _Acon_ circumquaque Christianorum
+    legionibus, et arctatur nimis. _Capella Sancti Thomæ martyris ibidem
+    ædificatur_."
+
+If, as J. C. R. supposes, there was no connexion between the saint and Acre
+in Syria, the foundation of a chapel to his honour in or near that city
+would seem quite unaccountable. However this may be, the truth of the
+beautiful legend of his mother can, I fear, be never proved or disproved.
+
+While on this subject, let me, at the risk of being tedious to your
+readers, quote the amusing tale told by Latimer, with regard to this
+hospital, in his "Sixth Sermon preached before Edward VI." (Parker Soc ed.,
+p. 201.):--
+
+    "I had rather that ye should come [to hear the Word of God] as the tale
+    is by the gentlewoman of London: one of her neighbours met her in the
+    street and said, 'Mistress, whither go ye?' 'Marry,' said she; 'I am
+    going to St. Thomas of Acres, to the sermon; I could not sleep all this
+    last night, and I am going now thither; I never failed of a good nap
+    there.' And so I had rather ye should go a-napping to the sermons than
+    not to go at all."
+
+On the name "S. Nicholas _Acon_," I can throw no light. Stow is quite
+silent as to its signification.
+
+E. VENABLES.
+
+Herstmonceux.
+
+_Becket's Mother._--I am, in truth, but a new subscriber, and when I wrote
+the remarks on MR. FOSS's note (Vol. ii., p. 270.), had not seen your first
+volume containing the communications of MR. MATTHEWS (p. 415.) and DR.
+RIMBAULT (p. 490.). The rejection of the story that Becket's mother was a
+Saracen rests on the fact that no trace of it is found until a much later
+time, when the history of "St. Thomas of Canterbury" had been embellished
+with all manner of wonders. MR. MATTHEWS may find some information in the
+_English Review_, vol. vi. pp. 40-42. DR. RIMBAULT is mistaken in saying
+that the life of St. Thomas by Herbert of Boshain "is published in the
+_Quadrilogus_, Paris, 1495." It was one of the works from which the
+_Quadrilogus_ was _compiled_; but the only entire edition of it is that by
+Dr. Giles, in his _S. Thomas Cantauriensis_.
+
+J. C. R.
+
+_Passage in Lucan_ (Vol. ii., p. 89.).--The following are parallel passages
+to that in Lucan's _Pharsalia_, b. vii. 814., referred to by MR. SANSOM.
+
+Ovid. _Metam._ 1. 256.:--
+
+ "Esse quoque in fatis reminiscitur affore tempus,
+  Quo mare, quo tellus, correptaque regia coeli
+  Ardeat; et mundi moles operos laboret."
+
+Cic. _De Nat. Deor._ 11. 46.:--
+
+    "Ex quo eventurum nostri putant id, de quo Panætium addubitare
+    dicebant, ut ad extremum omnis mundus ignesceret; cum, humore consumto,
+    neque terra ali posset neque remearet ær; cujus ortus, aqua omni
+    exhausta, esse non posset," etc.
+
+Cic. _De Divinatione_, 1. 49.:--
+
+    "Nam et natura futura præsentiunt, ut aquarum fluxiones et
+    deflagrationem futuram aliquando coeli atque terrarum," etc.
+
+Cic. _Acad. Quæst._ iv. 37.:--
+
+    "Erit ei persuasum etiam, solem, lunam, stellas omnes, terram, mare,
+    deos esse ... fore tamen aliquando ut omnis hic mundus ardore
+    deflagret," etc.
+
+Cic. _Somn. Scipionis,_ vii.:--
+
+    "Propter eluviones exustionesque terrarum quas accidere tempore certo
+    necesse est, non modo æternam, sed ne diuturnam quidem gloriam assequi
+    possumus."
+
+Seneca, _Consol. ad Marciam_, sub fine:--
+
+    "Cum tempus advenerit quo se mundus renovaturus {365} extinguat ... et
+    omni flagrante materia uno igne quicquid nunc ex disposito lucet,
+    ardebit."
+
+Id. _Natural Quæst_. iii. 28.:--
+
+    "Qua ratione inquis? Eadem qua conflagratio futura est ... Aqua et
+    ignes terrenis dominantur. Ex his ortus et ex his interitus est," etc.
+
+There are also the Sybilline verses (quoted by Lactantias _de Ira Dei_,
+cap. xxiii.):--
+
+ "[Greek: Kai pote tên orgên theon ouk eti praunonta,]
+  [Greek: All' exembrithonta, kai exoluonta te gennan]
+  [Greek: Anthrôpon, hapasan hup' emprêsmou perthonta.]"
+
+Plato has a similar passage in his _Timæus_; and many others are quoted by
+Matthew Pole in his _Synopsis Criticorum Script. Sacræ Interpretum_; on 2
+Pet. iii. 6. 10.; to which I beg to refer MR. SANSOM; and also to Burnet's
+_Sacred Theory of the Earth_, book iii. ch. 3.
+
+T. H. KERSLEY.
+
+King William's College, Isle of Man.
+
+_Combs buried with the Dead_ (Vol. ii., pp. 230. 269.).--On reference to
+Sir Thomas Browne's _Hydriotaphia_, I find two passages which may supply
+the information your correspondent seeks as to the reason for combs being
+buried with human remains. In section i., pp. 26, 27. (I quote from the
+Edinburgh reprint of 1822, published by Blackwood) the author says:
+
+    "In a field of Old Walsingham, not many months past (1658), were digged
+    up between forty and fifty urns, deposited in a dry and sandy soil, not
+    a yard deep, not far from one another, not all strickly of one figure,
+    but most answering these described; some containing two pounds of
+    bones, distinguishable in skulls, ribs, jaws, thigh-bones, and teeth,
+    with fresh impressions of their combustion, besides extraneous
+    substances, like pieces of small boxes, or _combs_, handsomely wrought,
+    handles of small brass instruments, brazen nippers, and in one some
+    kind of opale."
+
+And again he says (pp. 36, 37.):
+
+    "From exility of bones, thinness of skulls, smallness of teeth, ribs,
+    and thigh-bones, not improbable that many thereof were persons of minor
+    age, or women. Confirmable also from things contained in them. In most
+    were found substances resembling _combs_, plates like boxes, fastened
+    with iron pins, and handsomely overwrought like the necks or bridges of
+    musical instruments, long brass plates overwrought like the handles of
+    neat implements, _brazen nippers to pull away hair_, and in one a kind
+    of opale, yet maintaining a bluish colour.
+
+    "Now that they accustomed to burn or bury with them things wherein they
+    excelled, delighted, or which were dear unto them, either as farewells
+    unto all pleasure, or vain apprehension that they might use them in the
+    other world, is testified by all antiquity."
+
+The instances which he appends relate only to the Pagan period, and he does
+not appear to have known that a similar practice prevailed in the sepulture
+of Christians--if, indeed, such a custom was general, and not confined to
+the particular case mentioned by your correspondent.
+
+J. H. P. LERESCHE.
+
+_The Norfolk Dialect_ (Vol. ii., p. 217.).--
+
+_Mauther._--A word peculiar to East Anglia, applied to a girl just grown
+up, or approaching to womanhood.
+
+"Ipse eodem agro [Norfolciensi] ortus, a Dan. _moer_," virgo, puella,
+"deflectit."--_Spelman_.
+
+Spelman assures us, in endeavouring to rescue the word from the contempt
+into which it had fallen, that it was applied by our very early ancestors,
+even to the noble virgins who were selected to sing the praises of heroes;
+they were called _scald-moers_, q.d. singing mauthers!
+
+ "En quantum in spretâ jam voce antiquæ gloria."
+
+ "Ray spells the word _mothther_.
+
+ "_P._ I am a _mother_ that do want a service.
+
+ "_Qu._ O thou'rt a Norfolk woman (cry thee mercy),
+      Where maids are _mothers_, and _mothers_ are maids."--R. Brome's
+          _Engl. Moor_, iii. 1.
+
+It is written also _modder_.
+
+ "What! will Phillis then consume her youth as an ankresse,
+  Scorning daintie Venus?  Will Phillis be a _modder_,
+  And not care to be call'd by the deare-sweete name of a mother?"--A.
+      Fraunce's _Ivy Church_, A. 4. b.
+
+ "Away! you talk like a foolish _mauther_"--
+
+says Restive to Dame Pliant in _Ben Jonson. Alchemist_, IV. 7. So Richard
+says to Kate, in _Bloomfield's Suffolk ballad:--_
+
+ "When once a giggling _mawther_ you,
+    And I a red-faced chubby boy."--_Rural Tales_, 1802, p. 5.
+
+Perhaps it is derived from the German [Fraktur: magd] with the termination
+een or -den added, as in the Lincolnshire dialect, hee-der, and shee-der,
+denote the male and female sex.
+
+_Gotsch._--A jug or pitcher with one ear or handle. Forby thinks it may be
+derived from the Italian _gozzo_, a throat.
+
+_Holl._--From the Saxon holh. German [Fraktur: hohle], a ditch.
+
+_Anan!_ = How! what say you? Perhaps an invitation to come near, in order
+to be better heard, from the Saxon nean, near. Vid. Brockett's,--Jennings,
+and Wilbraham's Chesh. Glossaries.
+
+_To be Muddled._--That is, confused, perplexed, tired. Doubtless from the
+idea of thickness, want of clearness; so, muddy is used for a state of
+inebriety.
+
+_Together._--In Low Scotch, thegether, seemingly, but not really, an
+adverb, converted to a noun, and used in familiarly addressing a number of
+persons collectively. Forby considers _to_ and the article _the_ identical;
+as to-day, to-night, in Low Scotch, the day, the night, are in fact, this
+day, this night; so {366} that the expression together may mean "the
+gathering," the company assembled.
+
+The authorities I have used are Forby's _Vocabulary of East Anglia_; Moor,
+_Suffolk Words and Phrases_; and Lemon, _English Etymology_; in which, if
+ICENUS will refer, he will find the subject more fully discussed.
+
+E. S. T
+
+_Conflagration of the Earth_ (Vol. ii., p. 89.).--The eventful period when
+this globe, or "the fabric of the world,"[1] will be "wrap'd in flames" and
+"in ruin hurl'd," is described in language, or at least, in sense similar
+to the quotations of our correspondent in p. 89., by the poets,
+philosophers, fathers, and divines here referred to:--
+
+Lucan, lib. i. 70. et seqq. 75.:--
+
+    "Omnia mistis Sidera sideribus concurrent."
+
+Seneca _ad Marciam_, cap. ult.:--
+
+    "Cum tempus advenerit, quo se mundus renovaturus extinguat, viribus
+    ista se suis cedent, et sidera sideribus incurrent, et omni flagrante
+    materia uno igne quicquid nunc ex disposito lucet, ardebit."
+
+_Quæst. Nat._ iii. 27., which contains a commentary on St. Peter's
+expression, "Like a thief in the night:"--
+
+    "Nihil, inquit, difficile est Naturæ, ubi ad finem sui properat. Ad
+    originem rerum parcè utitur viribus, dispensatque se incrementis
+    fallentibus; subitò ad ruinam et toto impetu venit ... Momento fit
+    cinis, diu silua."
+
+Compare Sir T Browne's _Rel. Med._ s. 45.
+
+Seneca, _Hercul. Oet._ 1102.
+
+Ovid. _Metamorph._ lib. i. s. viii.
+
+Diplilus as quoted by Dr. H. More, _Vision. Apoc._ vi. 9.
+
+Cicero, _Acad._ lib. ii. 37. "Somn. Scipionis."
+
+---- _de Nat. Deorum._ lib. ii. 46.
+
+Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ lib. vii. cap. 16.
+
+These are the opinions of writers before Christ; whether they were derived
+from Scripture, it is not now my purpose to discuss. See also Lipsii
+_Physiologia._ On the agreement of the systems of the Stoics, of the Magi,
+and of the Edda, see Bishop Percy's Notes to Mallet's _Northern
+Antiquities_, vol. ii.
+
+The general conflagration and purgatorial fire were among the tenets of the
+Sibylline books, and maintained by many Fathers of the Greek and Latin
+churches down to the sixth century. See _Blondel on the Sibyls_, and
+Arkudius _adversus_ Barlaam. Among modern writers on this subject, it will
+be sufficient to name Magius _de Mundi Exustione_, Dr. H. More, and Dr T.
+Burnet. Ray, in the third of his _Physico-Theological Discourses_,
+discusses all the questions connected with the dissolution of the world.
+
+T. J.
+
+[Footnote 1: Magius, "that prodigy of learning en pure perte" (Villebrune),
+concludes from the words of the text "the _heavens_ shall pass away," that
+the _universe_ will be dissolved; but that it will undergo mutation only,
+not annihilation.--Cf. Steuches _de Perenni Philosophia_, lib. x. ]
+
+_Wraxen_, (Vol. ii., p. 207.).--G. W. SKYRING will find the following
+explanation in Halliwell's _Dictionary of Provincial and Archaic Words_,
+"to grow out of bounds, spoken of weeds," c. Kent. Certainly an expressive
+term as used by the Kentish women.
+
+J. D. A.
+
+_Wraxen._--Probably analogous to the Northumbrian "_wrax_, wraxing,
+wraxed," signifying to stretch or (sometimes) to sprain.
+
+A peasant leaving overworked himself, would say he had _wraxed_ himself;
+after sitting, would walk to _wrax_ his legs. Falling on the ice would have
+_wraxed_ his arm; and of a rope that has stretched considerably, he would
+say it had _wraxed a gay feck_.
+
+It may possibly have come, as a corruption, from the verb _wax_, to grow.
+It is a useful and very expressive word, although not recognised in polite
+language.
+
+S. T. R.
+
+_Wraxen._--Rax or Wrax is a very common word in the north of England,
+meaning to stretch, so that when the old Kentish woman told MR. SKYRING'S
+friend her children were wraxen, she meant their minds were so
+overstretched during the week, that they required rest on Sunday.
+
+W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Miscellaneous.
+
+NOTES OF BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.
+
+Of the various changes which have been made of late years in public
+education, there is not one so generally admitted to be an improvement as
+that which has made the study of
+
+             "The tongue
+  Which Shakspeare spake,"
+
+an essential part of the system and probably no individual has so
+effectually contributed towards this important end as Dr. Latham, the third
+edition of whose masterly and philosophical volume, entitled _The English
+Language_, is mow before us. Dr. Latham has ever earnestly and successfully
+insisted on the _disciplinal_ character of grammatical studies in general,
+combined with the fact, that the grammatical study of one's own language is
+exclusively so; and having established this theory, he has, by the
+production of various elementary works, exhibiting a happy combination of
+great philological acquirements with the ability to apply them in a logical
+and systematic manner, enabled those who shared his views to put that
+theory into practice. Hence the change in our educational system to which
+we have alluded. His volume entitled _The English Language_ is, however,
+addressed to a higher class of {367} readers, and this third edition may
+justly be pronounced the most important contribution to the history of our
+native tongue which has yet been produced; and, as such every student of
+our early language and literature must, with us, bid it welcome.
+
+We have received the following Catalogues;--Cole's (15. Great Turnstile,
+Holborn) List No. XXIX. of curious Old Books; Kerslake's (3. Park Street,
+Bristol) Valuable Books containing Selections from Libraries at Conishead
+Priory; of Prof. Elrington; T. G. Ward, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.
+
+_Odd Volumes_
+
+CAMDEN'S BRITANNIA, ed. by Gough, Vol. I.
+
+WARTON'S Edition of POPE. 8vo. 1797 Vol. IX. In boards.
+
+*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be
+sent to Mr. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notices to Correspondents.
+
+V. F. S. _will find an answer to his Query respecting_ "Auster Tenements"
+_in our first Vol_., p. 307.
+
+J. C., _who inquires respecting the author of the oft-quoted saying_, "Quem
+Deus vult perdere," _is referred to our first Vol._, pp. 347. 351. 421.
+476.; _and to a further illustration of it in_ No. 50., p. 317.
+
+_We have received_ "A Plan for a Church-History Society," _by the Rev. Dr.
+Maitland, to which we will call the attention of our readers next week._
+
+W. L. B.'_s description of the coin found at Horndon is not sufficiently
+clear. It is, doubtless, a billon piece of the lower empire. If he will
+send us an impression, in_ sealing-wax, _we may probably be enabled to give
+him a description of it._
+
+CLERICUS. "As Lazy as Ludlam's Dog" _is one of the sayings quoted by
+Southey in_ The Doctor. See, too, NOTES AND QUERIES, Vol. I., pp. 382. 475.
+
+ARMIGER _will find a letter addressed to him at the Publisher's._
+
+VOLUME THE FIRST OF NOTES AND QUERIES, _with Title-page and very copious
+Index, is now ready, price_ 9s. 6d., _bound in cloth, and may be had, by
+order, of all Booksellers and Newsmen._
+
+_The Monthly Part for October, being the Fifth of_ Vol. II., _is also now
+ready, price_ 1s. 3d.
+
+    Errata. In No. 51. p. 347, for "[Greek: theion]" read "[Greek: theôn];"
+    for "Perchi" read "Perchè;" and also the curious misprints (caused by a
+    transposition of type) alluded to in the following note:--
+
+    "Referring to my friend R. G.'s 'Bibliographical Queries' (which are
+    always worth referring to), will you allow me to ask yourself, and him
+    if you cannot tell, whether it is by the mistake of your printer, or of
+    the original one, that in the fourth Query (p. 324. line 10.) the
+    letters of two words are so transposed that 'Vrbe germanie' is turned
+    into 'Vrbanie germe?'"
+
+S. R. M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+In 8vo., price 6d. (by post, 8d.),
+
+A PLAN for a CHURCH-HISTORY SOCIETY. By S. R. MAITLAND D.D. F.R.S. and
+F.A.S., sometime Librarian to the late Archbishop of Canterbury, and Keeper
+of the MSS. at Lambeth.
+
+RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+JOURNAL FRANCAIS, publié à Londres. COURRIER de l'EUROPE, fondé en 1840,
+paraissant le Samedi, donne dans chaque numéro les nouvelles de la semaine,
+les meilieurs articles de tous les journaux de Paris, la Semaine,
+Dramatique par Th. Gautier on J. Janin la Révue de Paris par Pierre Durand,
+et reproduit en entier les romans, nouvelles, etc., en vogue par les
+premiers écrivains de France. Prix 6d.
+
+London: JOSEPH THOMAS, 1. Finch Lane.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SHAKSPEARE.--_The whole of the Editions of Shakspeare published in Folio_,
+Viz., First, Second, Third, and the Second Edition of the Third, (with the
+additional Plays), Fourth Edition, and the Reprint of the First, in all 6
+Vols. Folio, red morocco extra, gilt leaves, with borders of gold on the
+sides, only 170l. A Copy of the First Edition sold lately by Auction for
+155l. Also on Sale, a Collection of Missals, Rare and Curious Books.
+
+W. H. ELKINS, 47. Lombard Street, City.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NEW PUBLICATIONS.
+
+DR. R. G. LATHAM ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. THIRD EDITION. 8vo. 15s.
+(_Ready_.)
+
+GRIESBACH'S GREEK TESTAMENT. NEW EDITION. Fcap. 8vo. 6s. 6d.
+
+PROFESSOR ERICHSEN on the STUDY of SURGERY. 8vo. 1s.
+
+GREGORY'S EDITION of REICHENBACH on MAGNETISM. 8vo. 12s. 6d.
+
+LIEBIG, KOPP, and HOFMANN'S PROGRESS of CHEMISTRY for 1847 and 1848. 2
+Vols. 8vo. 1l. 12s.
+
+DR. LARDNER'S RAILWAY ECONOMY. 12mo. 12s.
+
+A SECOND PART of PROFESSOR POTTER'S OPTICS. 8vo. (_Nearly Ready_.)
+
+POETRY for the PRACTICE of ELOCUTION, SELECTED for the USE of the LADIES'
+COLLEGE. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. (_Ready_.)
+
+SECOND EDITION of DR. W. SMITH'S TACITUS. English Notes. 12mo. 5s.
+
+SECOND EDITION of ROBSON'S LATIN EXERCISES. 12mo. 6s. 6d.
+
+NEWTH'S STATICS, DYNAMICS, AND HYDROSTATICS. 12mo. 6s.
+
+DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES OF SCHOOL BOOKS, and of SCIENTIFIC and LITERARY
+WORKS, published by T., W., and M, may be had on application.
+
+London: TAYLOR, WALTON, and MABERLY, 28. Upper Gower Street, and 27. Ivy
+Lane, Paternoster Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOR SALE, CHEAP,
+
+BYZANTINÆ HISTORIÆ SCRIPTORES, Gr. et Lat., editio nova, consilio B. G.
+Niebuhrii instituta, opera ejusdem Niebuhrii, Bekkeri, Schopeni, Dindorfii
+aliorumque parata. 46 Vols. 8vo. sewed. Bonnæ, 1828--1849. Published at
+25l.; price only 10l. 10s.
+
+G. WILLIS, Great Piazza, Covent Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHEAP BOOKS.--Messrs. WALLER and SON beg to inform their customers and the
+public, they have just published a NEW CATALOGUE, Part III., 1850,
+consisting of Miscellaneous Books, in the best condition, including
+Statutes at Large, 25 vols. 4to. for 15l. 15s., published at 70l. ALISON'S
+EUROPE, 20 vols. cloth 4l. 14s. 6d. Curious Bibles and Proclamations,
+Illustrated News, &c.
+
+Catalogues forwarded Free by addressing to 188. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{368}
+
+Bibliographical Works,
+
+_Which are kept constantly ready for reference to every Visitor._
+
+***The Books themselves will be given _gratis_ to every one purchasing for
+four times the amount of their cost.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BIBLIOTHECA AUCTORUM CLASSICORUM.--An Alphabetical Catalogue of the
+Editions of the Greek and Latin Classics, their Translations, Commentaries,
+and Dissertations, that have appeared in Germany and the adjacent Countries
+[from 1700] up to the end of 1846. By W. ENGELMANN. 8vo. 6s.
+
+ERSCH.--Bibliographisches Handbuch der Philologischen Literatur der
+Deutschen von 1750 bis 1845, in systemat. Ordnung mit Registern. 3rd Edit.
+8vo. 10s. 6d.
+
+WAGNER.--Grundriss der Klassischen Bibliographie. 8vo. Bresl. 1840 8s. 6d.
+
+BIBLIOTHECA PHILOLOGICA.--I. Catalogue of Greek, Latin, and Oriental
+Grammars, Dictionaries, &c., from 1750 to 1839. by W. ENGELMANN. 8vo. 1840.
+3s.
+
+BIBLIOTHECA PHILOLOGICA.--II. Bibliothek der Neueren Sprachen--Grammars,
+Dictionaries, &c. of Modern Languages, and their Ancient and Modern
+Dialects, 1800--1841. 5s. 6d. A Supplement, 1841--1849, 2s. 6d.
+
+VATER'S LITERATURE OF LANGUAGES.--Die Literatur der Grammatiken, Lexica und
+Wörtersammlungen aller Sprachen der Erde, v. J. S. VATER. 2nd Edit. By
+JULG. 8vo. Berlin, 1847. 10s. 6d.
+
+BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS.--Manuel de Bibliographie Orientale. I. Livres
+Arabes, Persans et Turcs. Par Dr. J. T. ZENKER. 8vo. 1845. 8s.
+
+BIBLIOTHECA SANSCRITÆ.--Concinnavit GILDEMEISTER. 8vo. 6s.
+
+WINER.--Handbuch der Theologischen Literatur, vorzüglich d.
+Protestantischen. 2 vols. 8vo., and Supplement up to the end of 1841. 14s.
+
+THESAURUS LIBRORUM REI CATHOLICÆ, with Supplement and Systematic Index.
+1850. 20s.
+
+ERSCH.--Bibliographisches Handbuch der Philosophischen Literatur der
+Deutschen, in systemat. Ordnung. 3d. Edit. 8vo. 1850. 3s. 6d.
+
+KAYSER'S BÜCHER-LEXICON, from 1750 to 1846. 6 vols. 4to., and Index, to
+1832, 5l. 8s. Vol. VII., 1833--1841, 35s. Vol VIII., 1841--1846, 37s.
+
+***A General Catalogue of all Books published in Germany.
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHIE BIOGRAPHIQUE, ou Dictionnaire de 26,000 Ouvrages, tant
+anciens que modernnes, relatifs à l'Histoire de la Vie publicque et privée
+des Hommes celèbres, par E. M. OETTINGER. Clth. brds. imp. 4to. Leipzig.
+2l. 8s.
+
+***Arranged alphabetically under the heads of the persons whose biographies
+are enumerated.
+
+BIBLIOTHEK der schönen Wissenshaften (German Belles-Lettres), 2 vols.
+8vo.--Vol. II., 1836--1845, 8vo. 6s.
+
+SCHWAB und KLÜPFEL.--Wegweiser durch die Literatur der Deutschen. 2d Ed.
+8vo. 1847. 5s.
+
+BIBLIOTHECA JURIDICA.--Works on Roman, International, German Law. &c.,
+published in Germany from 1750--1830, (price 6s. 6d.). Supplement,
+1839--1848, with Indexes, 8vo. 3s. 6d.
+
+BIBLIOTHECA MEDICO-CHIRURGICA ET ANATOMICO-PHYSIOLOGICA.--A Catalogue of
+all Works on Medicine, Surgery, Midwifery, Anatomy, and Physiology, that
+have appeared in Germany from 1750 to 1847, with Indexes, by W. ENGELMANN.
+8vo. (740 pp.) 7s. 6d.
+
+N.B. Comparative Anatomy in the "BIBLIOTHECA ZOOLOGICA."
+
+BIBLIOTHECA ZOOLOGICA et PALÆONTOLOGICA.--The Literature of Zoology and
+Palæontology, or a Systematic Catalogue of the Works on Zoology and Fossil
+Animals and Plants, Comparative Anatomy, &c., which have appeared in Europe
+to the end of 1845. Ed. by W. ENGELMANN, 8vo. sd. 9s.
+
+THESAURUS LITERATURÆ BOTANICÆ, omnium gentium, curavit G. A. PRITZEL. (to
+be completed in 8 fasc.). Fasc. I. to V., A--Z, and Suppl., 1l. 15s.
+
+BIBLIOTHECA MECHANICO-TECHNOLOGICA.--German Books on Arts, Trades,
+Manufactures, Railroads, Machine-building, &c.; also Buildings,
+Architecture, Ornaments, &c. Vol. I. to 1843, 6s.; Vol. II., 1843 to 1849,
+2s. 6d.
+
+DEUTSCHLANDS MILITAIR LITERATUR, 1830 to 1850. Uebersicht der Karten u.
+Pläne Central Europas. 2 vols. 8vo. 9s. 6d.
+
+BIBLITOHECA OECONOMICA. Literatur der Haus u. Laudwirthschaft. 8vo. sd.
+1841. 5s.
+
+BIBLIOTHECA MAGICA ET PNEUMATICA, by Dr. GRÄSSE. 8vo. 1843. 3s.
+
+LITERATUR des SCHACHSPIELS, herausg. v. A. SCHMID. 8vo. Wien, 1847. 10s.
+6d.
+
+BIBLIOTHECA SHAHILUDII.--Bibliothèque du Jeu des Echecs, by E. M.
+OETTINGER. 8vo. 1844. 2s.
+
+DANSK-NORSK CATALOG.--Catalogue Librorum in Dania et Norvegia editorum,
+1841. Two Supplements, 1841--1844.
+
+NORSK BOG-FORTEGNELSE, 1814-1847. Norwegian Books and Maps. 8vo. Christian.
+5s. 6d.
+
+SVENSK BOKHANDELS-KATALOG, 1845. Supplements, with Indexes to 1848.
+Stockholm.
+
+DUTCH CATALOGUES.--Naamlijst van Bocken, 1790--1838, and 2 Supplements to
+1848.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_The following Catalogues, being not merely Catalogues of Stock, may be
+had_ gratis:--
+
+1. WILLIAMS and NORGATES'S CATALOGUE OF GERMAN THEOLOGICAL BOOKS, 2 Stamps.
+
+2. WILLIAMS and NORGATE'S CATALOGUE OF GENERAL GERMAN LITERATURE, 4 Stamps.
+
+3. WILLIAMS and NORGATES SCHOOL CATALOGUE OF ELEMENTARY AND CLASSICAL
+WORKS. Greek and Latin, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, &c., 1 Stamp.
+
+4. WILLIAMS AND NORGATE'S CLASSICAL CATALOGUE. Supplement from 1844--1849,
+1 Stamp. A complete Catalogue reprinting.
+
+5. WILLIAMS AND NORGATES'S LINGUISTIC AND ORIENTAL CATALOGUES (Reprinting).
+
+6. WILLIAMS AND NORGATE'S GERMAN BOOK CIRCULAR. NEW BOOKS published
+Quarterly and sent Gratis to their Customers.
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+       *       *       *       *       *
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+WILLIAMS AND NORGATE,
+
+IMPORTERS OF GERMAN, CLASSICAL, ORIENTAL, DUTCH, DANISH, SWEDISH, RUSSIAN
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+
+14. HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
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+       *       *       *       *       *
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+
+Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New
+Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in the City of London; and
+published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St.
+Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet
+Street aforesaid.--Saturday, October 26. 1850.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 52, October
+26, 1850, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, ISSUE 52 ***
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+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" >
+    <title>
+      Notes And Queries, Issue 52.
+    </title>
+
+    <style type="text/css">
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 52, October 26,
+1850, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 52, October 26, 1850
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+              Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: September 16, 2007 [EBook #22624]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, ISSUE 52 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<p><!-- Page 353 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page353"></a>{353}</span></p>
+
+<h1>NOTES AND QUERIES:</h1>
+
+<h2>A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.</h2>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h3><b>"When found, make a note of."</b>&mdash;CAPTAIN CUTTLE.</h3>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+
+<table width="100%" class="nomar" summary="masthead" title="masthead">
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left; width:25%">
+      <p><b>No. 52.</b></p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:center; width:50%">
+      <p><b><span class="sc">Saturday, October 26, 1850.</span></b></p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right; width:25%">
+      <p><b>Price Threepence.<br />Stamped Edition 4d.</b></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+<table width="100%" class="nomar" summary="Contents" title="Contents">
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left; width:95%">
+    </td>
+    <td style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:left; width:5%">
+      <p>Page</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Notes</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Address to our Friends</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page353">353</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Shakspeare's Use of the Words "Captious" and "Intenible," by S.&nbsp;W.
+      Singer</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page354">354</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Oratories of the Nonjurors, by J. Yeowell</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page354">354</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Hogarth's Illustrations of Hudibras</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page355">355</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Folk Lore:&mdash;Overyssel Superstition&mdash;Death-bed
+      Superstitions&mdash;Popular Rhyme&mdash;Death-bed
+      Mystery&mdash;Bradshaw Family</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page356">356</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Advice to the Editor, and Hints to his Contributors</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page357">357</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Minor Notes:&mdash;Rollin's Ancient History and History of the
+      Arts and Sciences&mdash;Jezebel&mdash;Clarendon, Oxford Edition of
+      1815&mdash;Macaulay's Country Squire&mdash;Miching Mallecho</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page357">357</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Queries</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>The Inquisition: The Bohemian Persecution</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page358">358</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Minor Queries:&mdash;Osnaburg Bishopric&mdash;Meaning of
+      "Farlief"&mdash;Margaret Dyneley&mdash;Tristan
+      d'Acunha&mdash;Production of Fire by Friction&mdash;Murderer hanged
+      when pardoned&mdash;Passage from Burke&mdash;Licensing of
+      Books&mdash;Le Bon Gendarme</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page358">358</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Replies</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Tasso translated by Fairfax</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page359">359</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Ale-Draper&mdash;Eugene Aram</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page360">360</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>On the Word "Gradely," by B.&nbsp;H. Kennedy and G.&nbsp;J. Cayley</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page361">361</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Collar of Esses</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page362">362</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Replies to Minor Queries:&mdash;Symbols of the
+      Evangelists&mdash;Becket's Mother&mdash;Passage in Lucan&mdash;Combs
+      buried with the Dead&mdash;The Norfolk Dialect&mdash;Conflagration of
+      the Earth&mdash;Wraxen</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page363">363</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p><span class="sc">Miscellaneous</span>:&mdash;</p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &amp;c.</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page366">366</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Books and Odd Volumes Wanted</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page367">367</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Notices to Correspondents</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page367">367</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td style="text-align:left">
+      <p>Advertisements</p>
+    </td>
+    <td style="text-align:right">
+      <p><a href="#page367">367</a></p>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>NOTES.</h2>
+
+<h3>ADDRESS TO OUR FRIENDS.</h3>
+
+  <p>We this day publish our fifty-second Number. Every Saturday, for
+  twelve months, have we presented to our subscribers our weekly budget of
+  "<span class="sc">Notes</span>," "<span class="sc">Queries</span>," and
+  "<span class="sc">Replies</span>;" and in so doing, we trust, we have
+  accomplished some important ends. We have both amused and instructed the
+  general reader; we have stored up much curious knowledge for the use of
+  future writers; we have procured for scholars now engaged in works of
+  learning and research, many valuable pieces of information which had
+  evaded their own immediate pursuit; and, lastly, in doing all this, we
+  have powerfully helped forward the great cause of literary truth.</p>
+
+  <p>In our Prospectus and opening address we made no great promise of what
+  our paper should be. That, we knew, must depend upon how far the medium
+  of intercommunication we had prepared should be approved and adopted by
+  those for whose special use it had been projected. We laid down a
+  literary railway: it remained to be seen whether the world of letters
+  would travel by it. They have done so: we have been especially patronised
+  by first-class passengers, and in such numbers that we were obliged last
+  week to run an extra train.</p>
+
+  <p>It is obvious that the use of a paper like "<span class="sc">Notes and
+  Queries</span>" bears a direct proportion to the extent of its
+  circulation. What it aims at doing is, to reach the learning which lies
+  scattered not only throughout every part of our own country, but all over
+  the literary world, and to bring it all to bear upon the pursuits of the
+  scholar; to enable, in short, men of letters all over the world to give a
+  helping hand to one another. To a certain extent, we have accomplished
+  this end. Our last number contains communications not only from all parts
+  of the metropolis, and from almost every county in England, but also from
+  Scotland, Ireland, Holland, and even from Demerara. This looks well. It
+  seems as if we were in a fair way to accomplish our design. But much yet
+  remains to be done. We have recently been told of whole districts in
+  England so benighted as never to have heard of "<span class="sc">Notes
+  and Queries</span>;" and after an interesting question has been discussed
+  for weeks in our columns, we are informed of some one who could have
+  answered it immediately if he had seen it. So long as this is the case
+  the advantage we may confer upon literature and literary men is
+  necessarily imperfect. We do what we can to make known our existence
+  through the customary modes of announcement, and we gratefully
+  acknowledge the kind assistance and encouragement we derive from our
+  brethren of the public press; but we would respectfully solicit <!-- Page
+  354 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page354"></a>{354}</span>the
+  assistance of our friends this particular point. Our purpose is aided,
+  and our usefulness increased by every introduction which can be given to
+  our paper, either to a Book Club, to a Lending Library, or to any other
+  channel of circulation amongst persons of inquiry and intelligence. By
+  such introductions scholars help themselves as well as us, for there is
+  no inquirer throughout the kingdom who is not occasionally able to throw
+  light upon some of the multifarious objects which are discussed in our
+  pages.</p>
+
+  <p>At the end of our first twelvemonth we thank our subscribers for the
+  patronage we have received. We trust we shall go on week by week
+  improving in our work of usefulness, so that at the end of the next
+  twelvemonth we may meet them with the same pleasure as on the present
+  occasion. We will continue to do whatever is in our power, and we rely
+  upon our friends to help us.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>SHAKSPEARE'S USE OF THE WORDS "CAPTIOUS" AND "INTENIBLE."</h3>
+
+  <p>In the following passage of <i>All's Well that Ends Well</i>, Act i.
+  Sc. 3., where Helena is confessing to Bertram's mother, the Countess, her
+  love for him, these two words occur in an unusual sense, if not in a
+  sense peculiar to the great poet:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"I love your son:&mdash;</p>
+      <p>My friends were poor, but honest, so's my love:</p>
+      <p>Be not offended, for it hurts not him,</p>
+      <p>That he is lov'd of me: I follow him not</p>
+      <p>By any token of presumptuous suit;</p>
+      <p>Nor would I have him till I do deserve him:</p>
+      <p>Yet never know how that desert may be.</p>
+      <p>I know I love in vain; strive against hope;</p>
+      <p>Yet, in this <i>captious and intenible</i> sieve</p>
+      <p>I still pour in the waters of my love,</p>
+      <p>And lack not to lose still."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>Johnson was perplexed about the word <i>captious</i>; "which (says he)
+  I never found in this sense, yet I cannot tell what to substitute, unless
+  <i>carious</i> for rotten!" Farmer supposed <i>captious</i> to be a
+  contraction of <i>capacious</i>! Steevens believed that <i>captious</i>
+  meant <i>recipient</i>, capable of receiving; which interpretation Malone
+  adopts. Mr. Collier, in his recent edition of Shakspeare, after stating
+  Johnson's and Farmer's suggestions, says, "where is the difficulty? It is
+  true that this sense of <i>captious</i> may not have an exact parallel;
+  but the intention of Shakspeare is very evident: <i>captious</i> means,
+  as Malone says, capable of <i>taking</i> or <i>receiving</i>; and
+  <i>intenible</i> (printed <i>intemible</i> in the first folio, and
+  rightly in the second) incapable of <i>retaining</i>. Two more
+  appropriate epithets could hardly be found, and a simile more happily
+  expressive."</p>
+
+  <p>We no doubt all know, by intuition as it were, what Shakspeare meant;
+  but "the great master of English," as <span class="sc">Mr. Hickson</span>
+  very justly calls him, would never have used <i>captious</i>, as applied
+  figuratively to a <i>sieve</i>, for <i>capable of taking or
+  receiving</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Intenible</i>, notwithstanding the hypercriticism of Mr. Nares
+  (that "it is incorrectly used by Shakspeare for <i>unable to hold</i>;"
+  and that "it should properly mean <i>not to be held</i>, as we now use
+  <i>untenable</i>") was undoubtedly used in the former sense, and it was
+  most probably so accepted in the poet's time; for in the <i>Glossagraphia
+  Anglicana Nova</i>, 1719, we have "Untenable, that <i>will not or cannot
+  hold</i> or be holden long."</p>
+
+  <p>With regard to <i>captious</i>, it is not so much a matter of surprise
+  that none of all these learned commentators should fail in their
+  <i>guesses</i> at the meaning, as that none of them should have remarked
+  that the sense of the Latin <i>captiosus</i>, and of its congeners in
+  Italian and old French, is <i>deceitful</i>, <i>fallacious</i>; and Bacon
+  uses the word for <i>insidious, ensnaring</i>. There can be no doubt that
+  this is the sense in which Shakspeare used it. Helen speaks of her
+  hopeless love for Bertram, and says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"I know I love in vain, strive against hope; yet in this
+  <i>fallacious</i> and <i>unholding</i> sieve I still pour in the waters
+  of my love, and fail not to lose still."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>When we speak of a <i>captious</i> person, do we mean one <i>capable
+  of taking or receiving</i>? Then how much more absurd would it be to take
+  it in that impossible sense, when figuratively applied in the passage
+  before us! Bertram shows himself <i>incapable of receiving</i> Helena's
+  love: he is truly <i>captious</i> in that respect.</p>
+
+  <p>In French the word <i>captieux</i>, according to the Academy, is only
+  applied to language, though we may say <i>un homme captieux</i> to
+  signify a man who has the art of <i>deceiving</i> or leading into error
+  by captious language.</p>
+
+  <p>It is not impossible that the poet may have had in his mind the
+  fruitless labour imposed upon the Danaïdes as a punishment, for it has
+  been thus moralised:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"These virgins, who in the flower of their age pour water into pierced
+  vessels which they can never fill, what is it but to be always bestowing
+  over love and benefits upon the ungrateful."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">S. W. Singer</span>.
+
+  <p>Mickleham, Oct. 4. 1850.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>ORATORIES OF THE NONJURORS.</h3>
+
+  <p>As the nooks and corners of London in olden times are now engaging the
+  quiet musings of most of the topographical brotherhood, perhaps you can
+  spare a nook or a corner of your valuable periodical for a few notes on
+  the Oratories of those good men and true&mdash;the Nonjurors. "These were
+  honourable men in their generation," and were made of most unbending
+  materials.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 355 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page355"></a>{355}</span></p>
+
+  <p>On the Feast of St. Matthias, Feb. 24, 1693, the consecrations of Dr.
+  George Hickes and Thomas Wagstaffe were solemnly performed according to
+  the rites of the Church of England, by Dr. William Lloyd, bishop of
+  Norwich; Dr. Francis Turner, bishop of Ely; and Dr. Thomas White, bishop
+  of Peterborough, at the Bishop of Peterborough's lodgings, at the Rev.
+  William Giffard's house at Southgate in Middlesex: Dr. Ken, bishop of
+  Bath and Wells, giving his consent.</p>
+
+  <p>Henry Hall was consecrated bishop in the oratory of the Rev. Father in
+  Christ, John B&mdash;&mdash; [Blackburne?], in Gray's Inn, on the
+  festival of St. Barnabas, June 11, 1725.</p>
+
+  <p>Hilkiah Bedford was consecrated in the oratory of the Rev.
+  R&mdash;&mdash; R&mdash;&mdash; [Richard Rawlinson], in Gray's Inn, on
+  the festival of St. Paul, Jan. 25, 1720. Ralph Taylor was also
+  consecrated at the same time and place.</p>
+
+  <p>Henry Gandy was consecrated at his oratory in the parish of St.
+  Andrew's, Holborn, on the festival of St. Paul, Jan. 25, 1716.</p>
+
+  <p>Grascome was interrupted by a messenger whilst he was ministering to
+  his little congregation in Scroope's Court, near St. Andrew's Church.</p>
+
+  <p>Jeremy Collier officiated at Broad Street, London, assisted by the
+  Rev. Samuel Carte, the father of the historian.</p>
+
+  <p>Mr. Hawkes officiated for some time at his own house opposite to St.
+  James' Palace.</p>
+
+  <p>On Easter-day, April 13, 1718, at the oratory of his brother, Mr.
+  William Lee, dyer, in Spitalfields, Dr. Francis Lee read a touching and
+  beautiful declaration of his faith, betwixt the reading of the sentences
+  at the offertory and the prayer for the state of Christ's church. It was
+  addressed to the Rev. James Daillon, Count de Lude, then officiating.</p>
+
+  <p>Charles Wheatly, author of <i>A Rational Illustration of the Book of
+  Common Prayer</i>, in a letter to Dr. Rawlinson, the nonjuring titular
+  bishop of London, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"I believe most of the books in Mr. Laurence's catalogue were really
+  in his library. Most of his chapel furniture I had seen; but his pix, and
+  his cruet, his box for unguent, and oil, I suppose you do not inquire
+  after."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Roger Laurence was the learned author of <i>Lay Baptism Invalid</i>.
+  Query, Where did he officiate?</p>
+
+  <p>The Rev. John Lindsay, the translator of Mason's <i>Vindication of the
+  Church of England</i>, for many years officiated as minister of a
+  nonjuring congregation in Trinity Chapel, Aldersgate Street, and is said
+  to have been their last minister.</p>
+
+  <p>Thoresby, in his <i>Diary</i>, May 18, 1714, says, "I visited Mr.
+  Nelson (author of the <i>Fasts and Festivals</i>), and the learned Dr.
+  George Hickes, who not being at liberty for half an hour, I had the
+  benefit of the prayers in the adjoining church, and when the Nonjuring
+  <i>Conventicle</i> was over, I visited the said Dean Hickes, who is said
+  to be bishop of &mdash;&mdash;" [Thetford]. Both Nelson and Hickes
+  resided at this time in Ormond Street; probably the conventicle was at
+  one of their houses. It should be noted that Thoresby, having quitted the
+  Conventicles of the Dissenters, had only recently joined what he calls
+  the Church <i>established by law</i>. He appears to have known as much
+  about the principles of the Nonjurors as he did of Chinese music.</p>
+
+  <p>Dr. Welton's chapel in Goodman's Fields being visited (1717) by
+  Colonel Ellis and other justices of the peace, with proper assistants,
+  about two hundred and fifty persons were found there assembled, of whom
+  but forty would take the oaths. The doctor refusing them also, was
+  ordered to be proceeded against according to law.</p>
+
+  <p>This reminds me of another Query. What has become of Dr. Welton's
+  famous Whitechapel altar-piece, which Bishop Compton drove out of his
+  church. Some doubts have been expressed whether that is the identical one
+  in the Saint's Chapel of St. Alban's Abbey. A friend has assured the
+  writer that he had seen it about twenty years ago, at a Roman Catholic
+  meeting-house in an obscure court at Greenwich. It is not there now. The
+  print of it in the library of the Society of Antiquaries is accompanied
+  with these MS. lines by Mr. Mattaire:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"To say the picture does to him belong,</p>
+      <p>Kennett does Judas and the painter wrong;</p>
+      <p>False is the image, the resemblance faint,</p>
+      <p>Judas, compared to Kennett, was a saint."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>One word more. The episcopal seal of the nonjuring bishops was a
+  shepherd with a sheep upon his shoulders. The crozier which had been used
+  by them, was, in 1839, in the possession of John Crossley Esq., of
+  Scaitcliffe, near Todmorden.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. Yeowell.</span>
+
+  <p>Hoxton.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>HOGARTH'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF HUDIBRAS.</h3>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Butler's <i>Hudibras</i>, by Zach. Grey, LL.D. 2 vols. 8vo.
+  Cambridge, 1744.</p>
+
+  <p>"Best edition. Copies in fine condition are in considerable request.
+  The cuts are beautifully engraved, and Hogarth is much indebted to the
+  designer of them; but who he was does not appear."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The above remarks in Lowndes's <i>Bibliographical Manual</i> having
+  caught my attention, they appeared to me somewhat obscure and
+  contradictory; and as they seemed rather disparaging to the fame of
+  Hogarth, of whose works and genius I am a warm admirer, I have taken some
+  pains to ascertain what may have been Mr. Lowndes's meaning.</p>
+
+  <p>On examining the plates in Dr. Grey's edition, they are all inscribed
+  "<i>W. Hogarth inv<sup>t</sup>, J. Mynde sc<sup>t</sup></i>." <!-- Page
+  356 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page356"></a>{356}</span>How, then,
+  can Hogarth be said to be <i>much indebted to the designer of them</i>,
+  if we are to believe the words on the plates themselves&mdash;"<i>W.
+  Hogarth inv<sup>t</sup>"?</i></p>
+
+  <p>It is clear that Mr. Lowndes supposes the designer of these plates to
+  have been some person distinct from Hogarth; and he was right in his
+  conjecture; but he was ignorant of the name of the artist alluded to.</p>
+
+  <p>Whoever he was, he can have little claim to be regarded as the
+  original designer; he was rather employed as an expurgator; for these
+  plates are certainly copies of the two sets of plates invented and
+  engraved by Hogarth himself in 1726.</p>
+
+  <p>All that this second designer performed was, to revise the original
+  designs of Hogarth's, in order to remove some <i>glaring indecencies</i>;
+  and this, no doubt, is what Mr. Lowndes means, when he says that
+  "<i>Hogarth is much indebted to the designer of them</i>."</p>
+
+  <p>The following passage in a letter from Dr. Ducaral to Dr. Grey, dated
+  Inner Temple, May 10th, 1743, printed In Nichols's <i>Illustrations</i>,
+  will furnish us with <i>the name</i> of the artist in
+  question:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"I was at <i>Mr. Isaac Wood's the painter</i>, who showed me the
+  twelve sketches of <i>Hudibras</i>, which he designs for you. I think
+  they are extremely well adapted to the book, and that the designer shows
+  how much he was master of the subject."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>In the preface to this edition, Dr. Grey expresses his obligations "to
+  the ingenious <i>Mr. Wood, painter, of Bloomsbury-square</i>."</p>
+
+  <p>In the fourth volume of Nichols's <i>Illustrations of Literature</i>
+  are some interesting letters from Thos. Potter, Esq., to Dr. Grey, which
+  throw much light on the subject of this edition of <i>Hudibras</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>I cannot conclude these observations without expressing my dissent
+  from the praise bestowed upon the engravings in this work. Mr. Lowndes
+  says "<i>the cuts are beautifully engraved</i>." With the exception of
+  the head of Butler by Vertue, the rest are very spiritless and
+  indifferent productions.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. T. A.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>FOLK LORE.</h3>
+
+  <p><i>Overyssel Superstition.</i>&mdash;Stolen bees will not thrive; they
+  pine away and die.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Janus Dousa.</span>
+
+  <p><i>Death-bed Superstitions.</i>&mdash;When a child is dying, people,
+  in some parts of Holland, are accustomed to shade it by the curtains from
+  the parent's gaze; the soul being supposed to linger in the body as long
+  as a compassionate eye is fixed upon it. Thus, in Germany, he who sheds
+  tears when leaning over an expiring friend, or, bending over the
+  patient's couch, does but wipe them off, enhances, they say, the
+  difficulty of death's last struggle. I believe the same poetical
+  superstition is recorded in <i>Mary Barton, a Tale of Manchester
+  Life</i>.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Janus Dousa.</span>
+
+  <p><i>Popular Rhyme.</i>&mdash;The following lines very forcibly express
+  the condition of many a "country milkmaid," when influence or <i>other
+  considerations</i> render her incapable of giving a final decision upon
+  the claims of two opposing suitors. They are well known in this district,
+  and I have been induced to offer them for insertion, in the hope that if
+  any of your correspondents are possessed of any variations or additional
+  stanzas, they may be pleased to forward them to your interesting
+  publication.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Heigh ho! my heart is low,</p>
+      <p>My mind runs all on <i>one</i>;</p>
+      <p>W for William true,</p>
+      <p>But T for my love Tom."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p class="author">T. W.</p>
+
+  <p>Burnley, Lancashire</p>
+
+  <p><i>Death-bed Mystery.</i>&mdash;It may, perhaps, interest <span
+  class="sc">Mr. Sansom</span> to be informed that the appearance described
+  to him is mentioned as a known fact in one of the works of the celebrated
+  mystic, Jacob Behmen, <i>The Three Principles</i>, chap. 19. "Of the
+  going forth of the Soul." I extract from J. Sparrow's translations.,
+  London, 1648.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Seeing then that Man is so very earthly, therefore he hath none but
+  earthly knowledge, except he be regenerated in the Gate of Deep. He
+  always supposeth that the Soul (at the deceasing of the Body) goeth only
+  out at the Mouth, and he understandeth nothing concerning its deep
+  Essences above the Elements. <i>When he seeth a blue Vapor go forth out
+  of the Mouth of a dying Man</i> (which maketh a strong smell all over the
+  chamber), then he supposeth that is the Soul."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">A. Roffe.</span>
+
+  <p><i>Bradshaw Family.</i>&mdash;There is a popular belief in this
+  immediate part of the country, which was formerly a stronghold of the
+  Jacobites, that no Bradshaw has ever flourished since the days of the
+  regicide. They point to old halls formerly in possession of Bradshaws,
+  now passed into other hands, and shake their heads and say, "It is a bad
+  name,&mdash;no Bradshaw will come to good." I heard this speech only
+  yesterday in connexion with Halton Hall (on the Lune); but the feeling is
+  common, and not confined to the uneducated classes.</p>
+
+  <p>Haigh Hall remains in the possession of the descendants of the family
+  from which Judge Bradshaw was descended, because, so said my informant,
+  the heiress married a "loyal Lindsay" (the Earl of Balcarras).</p>
+
+  <p class="author">E. C. G.</p>
+
+  <p>Lancaster.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<p><!-- Page 357 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page357"></a>{357}</span></p>
+
+<h3>ADVICE TO THE EDITOR, AND HINTS TO HIS CONTRIBUTORS.</h3>
+
+  <p>My signature <span title="S" class="grk">&Sigma;</span>. having been
+  adopted by another correspondent, I have been obliged to discontinue
+  it.</p>
+
+  <p>My other signature <span title="Ph" class="grk">&Phi;</span>., which I
+  have used since your commencement, is in your last number applied to the
+  contribution of another gentleman, although the same number contains two
+  articles of mine with that signature.</p>
+
+  <p>As this is palpably inconvenient, pray accept the following</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i2">ADVICE TO THE EDITOR</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>A contributor sending a Note or a Query,</p>
+      <p class="i1">Considers what signature's better;</p>
+      <p>And lest his full name too oft should prove weary,</p>
+      <p class="i1">He sometimes subscribes with a letter.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>This letter in English or Greek thus selected,</p>
+      <p class="i1">As his personal mark he engages;</p>
+      <p>From piracy, therefore, it should be protected,</p>
+      <p class="i1">Throughout all the rest of your pages.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>By a contrary practice confusion is sown,</p>
+      <p class="i1">And annoyance to writers of spirit,</p>
+      <p>Who wish not to claim any Notes but their own,</p>
+      <p class="i1">Or of less or superior merit.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>I submit in such cases no writer would grumble,</p>
+      <p class="i1">But give you his hearty permission,</p>
+      <p>When two correspondents on one mark should stumble,</p>
+      <p class="i1">To make to the last an addition.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>You are bound to avoid ev'ry point that distresses,</p>
+      <p class="i1">And prevent all collision that vexes,</p>
+      <p>Preserving the right of each collar of SS,</p>
+      <p class="i1">And warding the blows of cross XX.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>MINOR NOTES.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Rollin's Ancient History and History of the Arts and
+  Sciences.</i>&mdash;It may be useful to note, for the benefit of some of
+  your student readers, that the most procurable editions of Rollin's
+  <i>Ancient History</i> are deficient, inasmuch as they do not contain his
+  History of the Arts and Sciences, which is an integral part of the work.
+  After having possessed several editions of the work of Rollin, I now have
+  got Blackie's edition of 1837, in 3 vols. 8vo., edited by Bell; and I
+  learn from its preface that this is the only edition published since 1740
+  containing the History of the Arts and Sciences.</p>
+
+  <p>How comes it that the editions since 1740 have been so castrated ?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Iota.</span>
+
+  <p>Liverpool, October 16. 1850.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Jezebel.</i>&mdash;The name of this queen is, I think, incorrectly
+  translated in all the <i>Bible Dictionaries</i> and <i>Cyclopædias</i>
+  that have come under my notice. It was common amongst all ancient nations
+  to give <i>compound</i> names to persons, partly formed from the names of
+  their respective <i>divinities</i>. This observation applies particularly
+  to the Assyrians, Babylonians, and their dependencies, together with the
+  Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Egyptians, and Greeks. Hence we find, both in
+  scripture and profane history, a number of names compounded of
+  <i>Baal</i>, such as <i>Baal</i>-hanan, Gen. xxxvi. 38., the gift, grace,
+  mercy, or favour of <i>Baal</i>; the name of the celebrated Carthaginian
+  general, Hanni<i>bal</i>, is the same name transposed. The father of the
+  Tyrian prince, Hiram, was called Abi<i>bal</i>, my father is <i>Baal</i>,
+  or <i>Baal</i> is my father. Esh<i>baal</i>, the fire of <i>Baal</i>;
+  Jerub<i>baal</i>, let <i>Baal</i> contend, or defend his cause;
+  Meri<i>baal</i>, he that resists <i>Baal</i>, or strives against the
+  <i>idol</i>, were Hebrew names, apparently imposed to ridicule those
+  given in honor of <i>Baal</i>. The father of <i>Jezebel</i> was called
+  Eth<i>baal</i>, Kings xvi. 31., (classically, Itho<i>balus</i>,) with
+  <i>Baal</i>, towards <i>Baal</i>, or him <i>that rules</i>. Lastly,
+  Hasdru<i>bal</i> signifies help or assistance of <i>Baal</i>. Will some
+  of the talented contributors to "<span class="sc">Notes and
+  Queries</span>" inform me what is the <i>composition</i> and
+  <i>meaning</i> of <i>Jezebel</i>, as it has hitherto baffled my own
+  individual researches? Is it the contracted <i>feminine form</i> of
+  Hasdru<i>bal</i>?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">W. G. H.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Clarendon, Oxford Edition of 1815.</i>&mdash;The following curious
+  fact, relating to the Oxford edition of Lord Clarendon's History in 1815,
+  was communicated to me by a gentleman who was then officially interested
+  in the publication, and personally cognisant of the circumstances.</p>
+
+  <p>In the year 1815, the University of Oxford determined to reprint
+  Clarendon's <i>History of the Rebellion</i>, and to add to it that of the
+  Irish rebellion; but as it was suspected by one of the delegates of the
+  press, that the edition from which they were printing the "Irish
+  Rebellion" was spurious, as it attributed the origin of the rebellion
+  <i>to the Protestants instead of the Catholics</i>; a much earlier copy
+  was procured from Dublin, through the chaplain of the then Lord
+  Lieutenant, which <i>reversed the accusation</i> which was contained in
+  the copy from which the University had been about to print.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. T. A.</p>
+
+  <p>September 30. 1850.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Macaulay's Country Squire.</i>&mdash;I suppose I may take it for
+  granted that all the world has long since been made merry by Mr.
+  Macaulay's description of "the country squire on a visit to London in
+  1685." (<i>History of England</i>, vol. i. p. 369.)</p>
+
+  <p>I am not aware that Steele's description of a country gentleman under
+  similar circumstances has ever been referred to; it is certainly far from
+  being as graphic as Mr. Macaulay's; but the one may at all events serve
+  to illustrate the other, and to prove that Urbs had not made any very
+  great progress in <i>urbanity</i> between 1685 and 1712.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"If a country gentleman appears a little curious in observing the
+  edifices, signs, clocks, coaches, and dials, <!-- Page 358 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page358"></a>{358}</span>it is not to be
+  imagined how the polite rabble of this town, who are acquainted with
+  these objects, ridicule his rusticity. I have known a fellow with a
+  burden on his head steal a hand down from his load, and slily twirl the
+  cock of a squire's hat behind him; and while the offended person is
+  swearing or out of countenance, all the wag-wits in the highway are
+  grinning in applause of the ingenious rogue that gave him the tip, and
+  the folly of him who had not eyes all round his head to prevent receiving
+  it."&mdash;<i>Spectator</i>, No. 354.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">C. Forbes</span>.
+
+  <p>October 11.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Miching Mallecho.</i>&mdash;The Writer of the review of
+  <i>Urquhart's Travels</i> in the <i>Quart. Rev.</i> for March 1850, who
+  is, in all probability, identical with the author of the <i>Handbook of
+  Spain</i>, felicitously suggests that <i>Miching Mallecho</i> is a mere
+  misprint for the Spanish words <i>Mucho Malhecho</i>, <i>much
+  mischief</i>: <i>Hamlet</i>, iii. 2. Imagining that I had seen this
+  ingenious conjecture somewhere in print before, I referred to, and was
+  disappointed when I found it not in Knight's <i>Shakspeare</i> (library
+  ed.). Recently, in looking over Dr. Maginn's admirable dissections of
+  <i>Dr. Farmer's Essay on the Learning of Shakspeare</i>, I discovered
+  what I was in search of, and beg to present it to the notice of your
+  readers.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"That the text is corrupt, I am sure; and I think Dr. Farmer's
+  substitution of <i>mimicking malhecco</i>, a most unlucky attempt at
+  emendation. In the old copies it is <i>munching malicho</i>, in which we
+  find traces of the true reading, <i>mucho malhecho</i>, much
+  mischief.</p>
+
+  <p>"'Marry, <i>mucho malhécho</i>&mdash;it means
+  mischief.'"&mdash;<i>Fraser's Magazine</i>, Dec. 1839, p. 654.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author">J. M. B.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Queries.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE INQUISITION&mdash;THE BOHEMIAN PERSECUTION.</h3>
+
+  <p>My query as to the authorship of <i>The Adventures of Gaudentio di
+  Lucca</i> has drawn so satisfactory a reply from your correspondents
+  (whom I beg to thank most heartily for the information they have
+  communicated), that I am induced to ask you to aid me in ascertaining the
+  authorships of the following works of which I have copies:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Histoire de l'Inquisition et son Origine. A Cologne, chez Pierre
+  Marteau, <span class="scac">M.DC.XCIII.</span>" 1 vol. 12mo.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Is this the same work as that mentioned in Watt's <i>Bib. Brit.</i>
+  as&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The History of the Inquisition and its Origin, by James Marsollier,
+  1693." 12mo.?</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>I have often searched for a copy of this work in English, but have
+  never found it. Was it ever translated into English?</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p><span class="sc">"L'Inquisizione processata opera storica e
+  curiosa,</span> Divisa in due Tomi. <span class="sc">In Colonia Appresso
+  Paulo della Tenaglia</span>, <span class="scac">M.DC.LXXXI."</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>I should like to know something of the authorship of these volumes,
+  and of the circumstances under which they were published.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The Slaughter-House, or a brief description of the Spanish
+  Inquisition, &amp;c., gathered together by the pains and study of James
+  Salgado." N.D.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The biographical dictionaries within my reach give no account of
+  Salgado. Who was he?</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Historia Persecutionium Ecclesiæ Bohemicæ jam inde à primordiis
+  Conversionis suæ ad Christianismum hoc est, 894, ad annum usque 1632,
+  Ferdinando Secundo Austriaco regnante, &amp;c., anno Domini <span
+  class="scac">M D CXLVIII</span>." 1 vol. 32mo.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>I have an English translation of this small work, published in 1650.
+  Can any of your readers inform me who were the authors? (The preface
+  concludes, "In our banishment in the year 1632. N.&nbsp;N.&nbsp;N., &amp;c.")</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Iota</span>.
+
+  <p>Liverpool, October, 1850.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Minor Queries.</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Osnaburg Bishopric.</i>&mdash;Can any of your correspondents inform
+  me who succeeded the late Duke of York as Bishop of Osnaburg? how the
+  Duke of York attained it? and whether there were any ecclesiastical
+  duties attached to it? or whether the appointment was a lay one?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">B. M.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Meaning of "Farlief".</i>&mdash;May I ask for a definition of the
+  word "farlief", used in Devonshire to designate some service or payment
+  to the lord of the manor by his copyholders, apparently analogous to the
+  old feudal "relief"?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">V. J. S.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Margaret Dyneley.</i>&mdash;In Stanford Dingley Church, Berkshire,
+  there is a "brass" of <i>Margaret Dyneley</i>, from whose family, I
+  presume, the parish has received its appellation of <i>Dingley</i>. As,
+  however, I have not yet succeeded in obtaining any account as to this
+  lady or her ancestors, I should feel obliged by any information which
+  your learned correspondents only be able to afford.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. H. K.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Tristan d'Acunha.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Cosmopolite</span>
+  will be glad to have references to any authentic sources of information
+  respecting the island of Tristan d'Acunha.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Production of Fire by Friction.</i>&mdash;In most of the accounts
+  written by persons who have visited the South Sea Islands, we meet with
+  descriptions of the method adopted by the natives to produce fire by the
+  rapid attrition of two bits of wood. Now I wish to ask whether any person
+  has ever seen the same effect produced in this country by similar means?
+  If not, to what cause is the difficulty&mdash;if such difficulty really
+  exists&mdash;attributable?</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 359 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page359"></a>{359}</span></p>
+
+  <p>Does it depend upon the nature of the wood used, the condition of the
+  atmosphere, or the dexterity of the operator? I have not quoted any
+  particular passages, as they are sufficiently familiar to readers of
+  voyages and travels in the South Sea hemisphere; and although they
+  exhibit some diversity in the <i>modus operandi</i>, the principle
+  involved is essentially the same in each mode. I need scarcely add, that
+  I am of course well aware of the means by which, whether by accident or
+  design, heat is ordinarily generated by friction in this country.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">D.</p>
+
+  <p>Rotherfield.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Murderer hanged when pardoned.</i>&mdash;I have a copy of the
+  <i>Protestant's Almanack</i> for 1680, full of MS. notes of the period,
+  written by one of the Crew family. Among other matter it states:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"A man was hung for a murder in Southwark (I think), notwithstanding
+  the king's pardon had been obtained for him, and he actually had it in
+  his pocket at the time."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Will some kind friend oblige me with further information of this case,
+  or tell me where I may obtain it?</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Gilbert.</span>
+
+  <p><i>Burke, Passage from.</i>&mdash;The following passage is quoted as a
+  motto <i>from Burke</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"The swarthy daughters of Cadmus may hang their trophies on high, for
+  when all the pride of the chisel and the pomp of heraldry yield to the
+  silent touches of time, a single line, a half worn-out inscription,
+  remain faithful to their trust."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>In what composition of Burke's is it to be found?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">Q.(2.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Licensing of Books.</i>&mdash;Can any of your readers inform me
+  what was the law in 1665 relative to the licensing of books? also when it
+  was introduced (or revived), and when modified? I find in a manual of
+  devotion printed in that year the following page, after the
+  preface:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"I have perused this book, and finding nothing in it but what may tend
+  to the increase of private devotion and piety, I recommend it to my Lord
+  the Bishop of London for his licence to have it printed."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Jo. Duresme.</span>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i2hg3">"Imprimatur:</p>
+      <p>Tho. Grigg, R. P. D. Hamff.</p>
+      <p class="i2">Ep. Lond. a Sac. Dom.</p>
+      <p>Ex Ædibus, Lond.</p>
+      <p class="i2">Mart. 28. 1665."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p class="author">R. N.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Captain John Stevens.</i>&mdash;I should be glad to learn some
+  account of <i>Capt. John Stevens</i>, the continuator of Dugdale's
+  <i>Monasticon</i> in 1722. He is generally considered to have edited the
+  English abridgment of the <i>Monasticon</i>, in one vol. 1718, though a
+  passage in Thoresby's <i>Diary</i> mentions that it contained "some
+  reflections upon the Reformation, which the <i>Spanish Priest</i>, who is
+  said to be translator and abridger of the three Latin volumes, would not
+  omit."</p>
+
+  <p>A note by the editor of Thoresby's <i>Diary</i> says that&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Mr. Gough was uncertain by whom this Translation and Abridgment was
+  prepared. He supposed that it was done by Captain Stevens, the author, or
+  rather compiler of a valuable, Supplement to the <i>Monasticon</i>, in
+  which he was assisted by Thoresby."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author">J. T. A.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Le Bon Gendarme.</i>&mdash;Close to the boundary stone which
+  separates the parishes of Fulham and Hammersmith, and facing the lane
+  which leads to Brook Green, on the Hammersmith Road, is a way-side
+  public-house, known as "The Black Bull." So late as three months ago, in
+  addition to the sign of the Black Bull, there was painted over the door,
+  but somewhat high up, a worn-out inscription, "Le Bon Gendarme," as if
+  that had originally been the name of the inn. These words have been
+  lately effaced altogether: but as they no doubt relate to some
+  circumstance or adventure which had happened in or near to the place,
+  perhaps some reader of the "<span class="sc">Notes and Queries</span>"
+  will have the goodness to satisfy the curiosity of one who has asked at
+  the inn in vain for a solution.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">U. U. C.</p>
+
+  <p>University Club.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>REPLIES.</h2>
+
+<h3>TASSO TRANSLATED BY FAIRFAX.</h3>
+
+  <p>The variation in the first stanza of Fairfax's <i>Godfrey of
+  Bulloigne</i> has been long known to bibliographers, and was pointed out
+  in <i>The Critical Review</i> more than thirty years ago. I cannot fix on
+  the particular number, but it contained a long notice of the version of
+  Tasso by Fairfax, and the very stanzas extracted by T.&nbsp;N. The translator
+  could not please himself with the outset of his undertaking, and hence
+  the recorded substitution; but it is not known that he carried his
+  fastidiousness so far as to furnish a <i>third</i> version of the first
+  stanza, as well as of the "Argument" of the introductory canto, differing
+  from both the others. In the instance pointed out by T.&nbsp;N. the
+  substitution was effected by pasting the <i>approved</i> stanza over the
+  <i>disapproved</i> stanza; but the <i>third</i> version was given by
+  reprinting the whole leaf, which contains other variations of typography,
+  besides such as it was thought necessary to make in the first stanza.</p>
+
+  <p>I formerly had copies of the book, dated 1600, including all three
+  variations; but the late Mr. Wordsworth having one day looked
+  particularly at that with the reprinted leaf, and expressing a <!-- Page
+  360 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page360"></a>{360}</span>strong
+  wish to possess it, I gave it to him, and I presume that it remained in
+  his library at his death. What I speak of happened full twenty years
+  ago.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Critical Review</i> of the date I refer to (I am pretty
+  confident that it was of the early part of 1817) contained a good deal of
+  information regarding Fairfax and his productions; but it did not mention
+  one fact of importance to show the early estimation and popularity of his
+  translation of the <i>Gerusalemme Liberata</i>, viz., that although it
+  was published in 1600, it is repeatedly quoted in <i>England's
+  Parnassus</i>, printed in the same year, and containing extracts, as most
+  people are aware, from all the distinguished poets of that day, and
+  somewhat earlier. This circumstance ascertains also that Fairfax's Tasso
+  came out before <i>England's Parnassus</i>, although both bear the date
+  of 1600 on the title-pages.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">The Hermit of Holyport.</span>
+
+  <p><i>Fairfax's Tasso.</i>&mdash;In my copy of the second edition, 1624,
+  the first stanza of the first book is given precisely as in Mr. Knight's
+  reprint. But in the very beautiful edition published by Bensley, 1817,
+  and edited by Mr. Singer, that stanza which T.&nbsp;N. terms an "elegant
+  variation," introduces the canto. The editor's preface states that the
+  <i>first</i> edition, 1600, had been followed in that re-impression,
+  "admitting some few corrections of errors, and emendations of
+  orthography, from the <i>second</i>, I printed in 1624." Of this second
+  edition it is remarked that "it appears to have been revised by some
+  careful corrector of the press; yet nothing material is changed but the
+  orthography of particular words." No notice is taken of the difference
+  between the first stanza of the second edition, and that of the first
+  edition, identical with the cancel in T.&nbsp;N.'s copy. Possibly, <i>both</i>
+  the copies of these two editions, which happened to come under the
+  editor's notice, had this cancel, and so presented no variation from each
+  other. If, however, <i>all</i> the copies of the second edition contained
+  the stanza as given by Mr. Knight, and Mr. Singer's opinion (drawn from
+  the dedicatory verses to Prince Charles, prefixed to <i>some</i> copies
+  of the second edition) that this edition <i>was</i> seen, and probably
+  corrected, by the author, be well-founded, it would seem to follow that
+  Fairfax finally preferred the stanza in this its first and later state,
+  and as it appears in Mr. Knight's edition. If the "cancel-slip" be an
+  "elegant" variation, may not the original stanza be regarded as more
+  vigorous?</p>
+
+  <p class="author">G. A. S.
+
+  <p><i>Fairfax's Tasso.</i>&mdash;In the elegant edition published by Mr.
+  Singer in 1817, the first stanza is printed according to the variation
+  noticed by your correspondent T.&nbsp;N. (Vol. ii., p. 325.), "I sing the
+  warre," &amp;c., and the original stanza is printed at the end of the
+  first book, with a note stating that the pasted slip is found "in most
+  copies" of the first edition. My copy contains no such peculiarity, but
+  it is of course possible that the pasted slip may have been removed. The
+  second edition (folio, London, 1624) has the stanza in the form in which
+  it originally stood in the first, beginning "The sacred armies,"
+  &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. F. M
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>ALE-DRAPER.&mdash;EUGENE ARAM.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead">(Vol. ii., p. 310.)</p>
+
+  <p>Your correspondent D. asks whether the word <i>ale-draper</i> was ever
+  in "good use." The only place in which I can find it is Bailey's
+  <i>Dictionary</i>, where it occurs thus:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Ale-draper (a humorous name), a seller of malt liquors; an
+  alehouse-keeper or victualler."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The humour, I suppose, consists in applying to one kind of occupation
+  that which was commonly given to another; in taking <i>draper</i> from
+  the service of cloth, and pressing it by force into that of <i>ale</i>.
+  That it was ever considered as a word of respectable standing, can hardly
+  be imagined. In such writers as Tom Brown it is most likely to occur.</p>
+
+  <p>1. With reference to Eugene Aram, D.'s remark about the
+  <i>over-ingeniousness</i> of his defence has been anticipated by Paley,
+  who was present at the trial, and said that Aram would not have been
+  hanged had he less studiously defended himself. That laboured address to
+  the jury must have employed his thoughts for years. I should like very
+  much to know whether anyone has ever attempted to verify the references
+  which he gives to the cases in which he says that bones have been found.
+  The style of the speech has been much praised, but is surely not very
+  surprising when it is considered that Johnson had previously written the
+  <i>Rambler</i>. The composition wants ease.</p>
+
+  <p>2. Ever since I began to read about Eugene Aram, and that is some
+  years ago, I have had a settled opinion that his attainments, and perhaps
+  his abilities, had been greatly overrated. He was doubtless a man of
+  considerable mental powers; but we cannot but suspect that had he
+  acquired all the learning which is attributed to him, he would have
+  attracted more notice than it was his fortune to obtain.</p>
+
+  <p>3. Mr. Scatchard's attempts, and all other attempts, to clear him from
+  "blood-guilty stain," must be equally futile, for he himself confessed
+  his guilt while he was in prison.</p>
+
+  <p>Some time ago, a dozen years or more, there appeared in the
+  <i>Literary Gazette</i>, as a communication from a correspondent, an
+  anecdote concerning Aram, which well deserves to be repeated. During the
+  time that he was in the school of Lynn, it was the custom for the
+  head-master, at the termination of every half-year, to invite the parents
+  of the boys to an entertainment, and all <!-- Page 361 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page361"></a>{361}</span>who accepted the
+  invitation were expected to bring with them the money due on account of
+  their sons, which, <i>postquam exempta fames epulis</i>, they paid into
+  the head-master's hands. The master would thus retire to rest with a
+  considerable sum in his possession. On one of these occasions, after he
+  had gone to his chamber and supposed that all the family were in bed, he
+  heard a noise in a passage not far distant, and, going out to see what
+  was the cause of it, found Aram groping about in the dark, who, on being
+  asked what he wanted, said that he had been obliged to leave his room on
+  a necessary occasion, and had missed his way to the place which he
+  sought. The passage was not one into which he was likely to wander by
+  mistake, but the master accepted his excuse, and thought no more of the
+  matter till Aram was arrested for the robbery and murder of Clarke, when
+  he immediately recollected the circumstance, and suspected that he had
+  intended on that night to commit another robbery or murder. I have not
+  the number of the <i>Literary Gazette</i> in which this statement was
+  given to refer to, but I am sure that I have repeated the substance of it
+  correctly, and remember that it was inserted as being worthy of credit.
+  It is another illustration of the fact that the nature of a man is
+  unchangeable.</p>
+
+  <p>Bulwer's novel, which elevates Aram from a school-assistant into a
+  private gentleman, may have pleased those, if there were such, who knew
+  nothing of Arum's acts before they began to read it. But all who knew
+  what Aram was, must be disgusted at the threshold. I regarded the book,
+  at the time of its appearance, as one of the most presumptuous
+  falsifications of biography that had ever been attempted. It is not easy
+  to see why Bulwer might not have made an equally interesting story, if he
+  had kept Aram in his proper station.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. S. W.
+
+  <p>Stockwell.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>ON THE WORD "GRADELY."</h3>
+
+  <p>Permit me to make a few remarks on the word <i>gradely</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>1. It seems to have no connexion with the Latin noun <i>gradus</i>,
+  Angl. <i>grade</i>, step.</p>
+
+  <p>2. Its first syllable, <i>grade</i>, is both a substantive and an
+  adjective; and <i>gradely</i> itself both adjective and adverb, as
+  <i>weakly</i>, <i>sickly</i>, <i>godly</i>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>3. It is not confined to Lancashire or to England, but appears in
+  Scotland as <i>graith</i> (ready), <i>graith</i> (furniture); whence
+  <i>graithly</i> (readily), to <i>graith</i>, <i>grathe</i>, or
+  <i>graid</i> (prepare), &amp;c. See Jamieson's <i>Sc. Dict.</i> and
+  <i>Supplement</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>4. It is in fact the Anglo-Saxon <i>gerad</i>, which is both
+  substantive and adjective. As a substantive it means condition,
+  arrangement, plan, reason, &amp;c. As an adjective, it means prudent,
+  well-prepared, expert, exact, &amp;c. The <i>ge</i> (Gothic <i>ga</i>) is
+  merely the intensive prefix; the root being <i>rad</i> or <i>rath</i>.
+  The form in <i>ly</i> (adjective or adverb), without the prefix <i>g</i>,
+  appears in the Anglo-Saxon <i>raedlic</i>, prudent, expert;
+  <i>raedlice</i>, expertly. This interesting root, which appears as
+  <i>re</i>, <i>ra</i>, <i>red</i>, <i>rad</i>, <i>rath</i>, &amp;c.;
+  sometimes by transposition, as <i>er</i>, <i>ar</i>, <i>erd</i>, &amp;c.
+  (perhaps also as <i>reg</i>, <i>rag</i>, <i>erg</i>, <i>arc</i>,
+  &amp;c.), seems to represent the nobler qualities of man: thought,
+  reason, counsel, speech, deliberate action; and perhaps, also,
+  government.</p>
+
+  <p>Thus in the Semitic family of languages we have the radicals
+  <i>rââ</i> (saw, foresaw, counselled); <i>râdhâ</i> (helped, ruled);
+  <i>râthâd</i> (arranged); <i>râto</i> (directed, instructed); and others,
+  with their numerous derivatives.</p>
+
+  <p>The Indo-European family gives us, in Sanscrit, <i>râ</i> or
+  <i>râe</i> (ponder, experience); <i>rât</i> (speak); <i>râdh</i>
+  (accomplish); <i>râj</i> (excel); <i>râgh</i> (attain, reach); and
+  others, with derivatives. In Greek, <i>rheô</i> (speak), transp.
+  <i>erô</i> or <i>werô</i> (whence <i>verbum</i>, <i>wort</i>,
+  <i>word</i>); <i>rherô</i> or <i>rhedô</i> (do), transp. <i>erdô</i>,
+  also <i>ergô</i> (whence <i>werke</i>, <i>work</i>); <i>archô</i> (rule),
+  and others, with derivatives. In Latin, <i>reor</i> (think), whence
+  <i>ratus</i> and <i>ratio</i> (reason); <i>res</i> (thing, action);
+  <i>rego</i> (rule), with derivatives (<i>rex</i>, <i>regula</i>,
+  <i>rectus</i>, &amp;c.). In Celtic (Welsh), <i>rhe</i> (active);
+  <i>rheswm</i> (reason); <i>rhaith</i> (judgment, right); <i>rhi</i>
+  (prince); <i>rhag</i> (van, before). In Sclavonic, <i>rada</i>,
+  <i>rade</i> (counsel); <i>redian</i> (to direct), &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>In the Teutonic dialects (Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, German, Dutch, Swedish,
+  Danish, Icelandic, Scotch, and English) the forms of this root are very
+  numerous. Thus we have, in Anglo-Saxon, <i>rad</i>, <i>raed</i>
+  (counsel); <i>raedlich</i>, <i>grad</i>, as above, whence <i>geradien</i>
+  (to prepare), and other words. In German, <i>rede</i> (discourse);
+  <i>rath</i> (counsel); <i>reden</i> (to speak); <i>regel</i> (a rule);
+  <i>recht</i> (right); <i>gerecht</i> (just); <i>gerade</i> (exactly),
+  &amp;c.; <i>bereiten</i> (prepare), &amp;c. In English, <i>ready</i>,
+  <i>read</i>, <i>rule</i>, <i>right</i>, <i>riddle</i>, <i>reason</i>,
+  <i>rather</i>, to which we must add <i>gradely</i>. In Scotch,
+  <i>red</i>, <i>rede</i>, <i>rade</i>, <i>rath</i>, &amp;c., with the
+  words mentioned above; of which <i>graith</i> (furniture) is the German
+  <i>geräth</i>. Your readers will derive much information on this class of
+  words by reference to Jamieson, under <i>red</i>, <i>rede</i>,
+  <i>rath</i>, <i>graith</i>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Benj. H. Kennedy.</span>
+
+  <p>Shrewsbury, Oct. 19.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Gradely</i>.&mdash;It seems rather a rash step to differ from the
+  mass of critical authority with which your last number has brought this
+  shy, old-fashioned provincial word into a blaze of literary notoriety.
+  Yet I cannot help conceiving the original form of this adverb to be
+  <i>grathedly</i> (<a href="images/009a.png"><img src="images/009a.png"
+  class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Old English: geraðlic" /></a>,
+  root <a href="images/009b.png"><img src="images/009b.png" class="middle"
+  style="height:1.8ex" alt="Old English: rað" /></a>, with the preteritive
+  prefix <a href="images/009c.png"><img src="images/009c.png"
+  class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Old English: ge" /></a>) or
+  <i>gerathely</i>. In our Yorkshire dialect, to <i>grathe</i> (pronounced
+  <i>gradhe</i>) means, to make ready, to put in a state of <i>order</i> or
+  <i>fitness</i>. A man inconveniently accoutred or furnished with
+  implements for the performance of some operation on which he was
+  employed, <!-- Page 362 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page362"></a>{362}</span>observed to me the other day, "I's ill
+  grathed for't job"&mdash;rather a terse Saxon contrast to my latinized
+  paraphrase.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Grathedly</i> would then mean, "In a state of good order, fitness,
+  readiness, or perfection."</p>
+
+  <p>To the cognate German <i>gerade</i> adv., I find the senses,
+  "directly, just, exactly, <i>perfectly</i>, rightly."</p>
+
+  <p>The prevailing impression given by your numerous testimonials as to
+  the character of the word <i>gradely</i>, is one of decency, order,
+  rightness, perfectness.</p>
+
+  <p>I fancy the whole family (who might be called the children of
+  <i>rath</i>), viz. <a href="images/009b.png"><img src="images/009b.png"
+  class="middle" style="height:1.8ex" alt="Old English: rað" /></a>,
+  <i>rathe</i> (<i>gerathe, grathedly, gradely</i>), <i>rather</i> (only a
+  Saxon form of <i>readier</i>), have as a common primeval progenitor the
+  Sanscrit <a href="images/010a.png"><img src="images/010a.png"
+  class="middle" style="height:2.2ex" alt="Sanskrit: radh" /></a>
+  (<i>radh</i>), which is interpreted "a process towards perfection;" in
+  other words, "a becoming ready."</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">G. J. Cayley.</span>
+
+  <p>Wydale, Oct. 21.</p>
+
+  <p>P.S.&mdash;<i>Greadly</i> is probably a transposition for
+  <i>geradly</i>. The Yorkshire pronunciation of <i>gradely</i> is almost
+  as if written <i>grared-ly</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>I think it probable that the words <i>greed, greedily</i>, are from
+  the same radicle. By the way, is <i>radix</i> perhaps derived from <a
+  href="images/010b.png"><img src="images/010b.png" class="middle"
+  style="height:2.2ex" alt="Sanskrit: rad" /></a> (<i>rad</i>), a tooth
+  (from the fang-like form of roots), whence <i>rodere</i> and possibly
+  <i>radius</i>?</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>COLLAR OF ESSES.</h3>
+
+  <p>Although the suggestion made by C. (Vol. ii., p. 330.), <i>viz.</i>
+  that the Collar of Esses had a "mechanical" origin, resulting from the
+  mode of forming "the chain," and that "the <i>name</i> means no more than
+  that the links were in the shape of the letter S.," could only be
+  advocated by one unacquainted with the real formation of the collar, yet,
+  as I am now pledged before the readers of "<span class="sc">Notes and
+  Queries</span>" as the historiographer of livery collars, it may be
+  expected that I should make some reply. This may be accompanied with the
+  remark, that, about the reign of Henry VIII., a collar occurs, which
+  might be adduced in support of the theory suggested by the <span
+  class="sc">Rev. Mr. Ellacombe</span>, and adopted by C. It looks like a
+  collar formed of esses; but it is not clear whether it was meant to do
+  so, or was merely a rich collar of twisted gold links. That was the age
+  of ponderous gold collars, but which were arbitrary features of
+  ornamental costume, not collars of livery. Such a collar, however,
+  resembles a series of esses placed obliquely and interlaced, as thus:
+  <i>SSSS</i>; not laid flat on their sides, as figured by C. Again, it is
+  true an (endless) <i>chain</i> of linked esses was formed merely by
+  attaching the letters <a href="images/010c.png"><img
+  src="images/010c.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex" alt="three
+  letter Ss horizontally" /></a> like hooks together. This occurs on the
+  cup at Oriel College, Oxford, engraved in Shaw's <i>Ancient Furniture</i>
+  in Shelton's <i>Oxonia Illustrata</i>, and in the <i>Gentleman's
+  Magazine</i> for August last; but the connexion of this with the English
+  device is at least very doubtful. The cup is not improbably of foreign
+  workmanship, and Menneus assigns such a collar to the knights of Cyprus;
+  even there the S was not without its attributed import:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Per literam autem S. quæ <i>Silentii</i> apud Romanos nota fuit,
+  secretum societatis et amicitiæ simulachrum, individuamque pro patriæ
+  defensione <i>Societatem</i> denotari."&mdash;<i>Fr. Mennenii Deliciæ
+  Equest. Ordinum</i>, 1613. 12mo. p. 153.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>However, the answer to the suggestion of <span class="sc">Mr.
+  Ellacombe</span> and C. consists in this important distinction, that the
+  Lancastrian livery collar was <i>not a chain</i> of linked esses, but a
+  collar of leather or other stiff material, upon which the letters were
+  <i>distinctly</i> figured at certain intervals; and when it came to be
+  made of metal only, the letters were still kept distinct and upright. On
+  John of Ghent's collar, in the window of old St. Paul's (which I have
+  already mentioned in p. 330.), there are only five,</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>S &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; S &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; S &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; S &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; S,</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>at considerable intervals. On the collar of the poet Gower the letters
+  occur thus,&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>SSSSS &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; SSSSS.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>On that of Queen Joan of Navarre, at Canterbury, thus,&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>S | S | S | S | S | S |</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>There is then, I think, little doubt that this device was the
+  <i>symbolum</i> or <i>nota</i> of some word of which S was the initial
+  letter; whether <i>Societas</i>, or <i>Silentium</i>, or
+  <i>Souvenance</i>, or <i>Soveraigne</i>, or <i>Seneschallus</i>, or
+  whatever else ingenuity or fancy may suggest, this is the
+  question,&mdash;a question which it is scarcely possible to settle
+  authoritatively without the testimony of some unequivocal contemporary
+  statement. But I flatter myself that I have now clearly shown that the
+  esses were neither the <i>links of a chain</i> nor yet (as suggested in a
+  former paper) identical with the <i>gormetti fremales</i>, or
+  horse-bridles, which are said to have formed the livery collar of the
+  King of Scots.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">John Gough Nichols.</span>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Christus purpureum gemmati textus in auro</p>
+      <p>Signabat Labarum, Clypeorum insignia Christus</p>
+      <p>Scripserat; ardebat summis crux addita cristis."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>By the same sort of reasoning&mdash;viz. conjecture&mdash;that <span
+  class="sc">Mr. John Gough Nichols</span> adheres to the opinion that the
+  Collar of SS. takes its name from the word <i>Seneschallus</i>, it might
+  be contended that the initial letters of the lines above quoted
+  mystically stand for "Collar, S.&nbsp;S." Enough, however, has already been
+  written on this unmeaning point to show that some of us are "great
+  gowks," or, in other words, stupid guffs, to waste so much pen, ink, and
+  paper on the subject.</p>
+
+  <p>There are other topics, however, connected with the Collar of SS.
+  which are of real interest to a <!-- Page 363 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page363"></a>{363}</span>numerous section of the titled aristocracy
+  in the United Kingdom; and it is with these, as bearing upon the heraldic
+  and gentilitial rights of the subject, that I am desirous to grapple.
+  <span class="sc">Mr. Nichols</span>, and those who pin faith upon his
+  <i>dicta</i>, hold that the Collar of SS. was a livery ensign bestowed by
+  our kings upon certain of their retainers, in much the same sense and
+  fashion as Cedric the Saxon is said to have given a collar to Wamba, the
+  son of Witless. For myself, and all those entitled to carry armorial
+  bearings in the kingdom, I repudiate the notion that the knightly golden
+  Collar of SS. was ever so conferred or received. Further, I maintain that
+  there was a distinction between what <span class="sc">Mr. Nichols</span>
+  calls "the Livery Collar of SS.," and the said knightly golden Collar of
+  SS., as marked and broad as is the difference between the Collar of the
+  Garter and the collar of that four-footed dignitary which bore the
+  inscription,</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"I am the Prince's Dog at Kew,</p>
+      <p>Pray whose Dog are you?"</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>In his last communication <span class="sc">Mr. Nichols</span> lays it
+  down that "livery collars were perfectly distinct from collars of
+  knighthood;" adding, they did not exist until a subsequent age. Of course
+  the collars of such royal orders of knighthood as have been established
+  since the days of our Lancastrian kings had necessarily no existence at
+  the period to which he refers. But Gough (not <span class="sc">Mr. Gough
+  Nichols</span>) mentions that the Collar of SS. was upon the monument of
+  Matilda Fitzwalter, of Dunmow, who lived in the reign of King John; and
+  Ashmole instances a monument in the collegiate church at Warwick, with
+  the portraiture of Margaret, wife of Sir William Peito, said to have been
+  sculptured there in the reign of Edward III. What credit then are we to
+  attach to <span class="sc">Mr. N.</span>'s averment, that the "Collar of
+  Esses was not a badge of knighthood, nor a badge of personal merit, but
+  was a collar of livery, and the idea typified by livery was feudal
+  dependence, or what we now call party?" What sort of feudal dependence
+  was typified by the ensign of equestrian nobility upon the necks of the
+  two ladies named, or upon the neck of Queen Joan of Navarre? <span
+  class="sc">Mr. Nichols</span> states that in the first Lancastrian reigns
+  the Collar of SS. had no pendant, though, afterwards, it had a pendant
+  called "the king's beast." On the effigy of Queen Joan the collar
+  certainly has no pendant, except the jewelled ring of a trefoil form. But
+  on the ceiling and canopy of the tomb of Henry IV., his arms, and those
+  of his queen (Joan of Navarre), are surrounded with Collars of SS., the
+  king's terminating in an eagle volant (rather an odd sort of a beast),
+  whilst the pendant of the queen's has been defaced.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Mr. Nichols</span>, in a postscript, puts this query
+  to the antiquaries of Scotland: "Can any of them help me to the authority
+  from which Nich. Upton derived his livery collar of the King of Scotland
+  de gormettis fremalibus equorum?" If Mr. N. puts this query from no other
+  data than the citation given in my former paper upon this subject (vide
+  Vol. ii., p. 194.), he need not limit it to the antiquaries of Scotland.
+  Upton's words are as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Rex etiam scocie dare solebat pro signo vel titulo suo, unum
+  collarium de gormettis fremalibus equorum de auro vel argento."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>This passage neither indicates that a King of Scotland is referred to,
+  nor does it establish that the collar was given as a livery sign or
+  title. It merely conveys something to this purport, that the king was
+  accustomed to give to his companions, as a sign or title, a collar of
+  gold or silver shaped like the bit of a horse's bridle.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Mr. Nichols</span> takes exception to Favine as an
+  heraldic authority. Could that erudite author arise from his grave, I
+  wonder how he would designate <span class="sc">Mr. Nichols's</span>
+  lucubrations on livery collars, &amp;c. But hear Matthew Paris: that
+  learned writer says Equites Aurati were known in his day "by a gold ring
+  on their thumbs, by a chain of gold about their necks, and gilt spurs."
+  Let us look to Scotland: Nesbit says, vol. ii. p. 87.:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Our knights were no less anciently known by belts than by their gilt
+  spurs, swords, &amp;c. In the last place is the collar, an ensign of
+  knightly dignity among the Germans, Gauls, Britains, Danes, Goths,
+  &amp;c. In latter times it was the peculiar fashion of knights amongst us
+  to wear golden collars composed of SS."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Brydson, too, in his <i>Summary View of Heraldry in reference to the
+  Usages of Chivalry, and the General Economy of the Feudal System</i>, (a
+  work of uncommon ingenuity, deserving to be called the Philosophy of
+  Heraldry), observes, p. 186, ch. v., that knights were distinguished by
+  an investiture which implied superior merit and address in arms&mdash;by
+  the attendance of one or more esquires&mdash;by the title <span
+  class="sc">Sir</span>&mdash;by wearing a crest&mdash;a helmet of peculiar
+  form&mdash;apparel peculiarly splendid&mdash;polished armour of a
+  particular construction&mdash;gilded spurs&mdash;and a <span
+  class="sc">Golden Collar</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>He states, ch. iv., p. 132.:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"In the fifth dissertation of Du Cange it is shown that the splendid
+  habits which the royal household anciently received at the great
+  festivals, were called '<span class="sc">Liveries</span>,' being
+  delivered or presented from the king."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>But he nowhere countenances for a moment any of the errors entertained
+  by <span class="sc">Mr. John Gough Nichols</span>, which these remarks
+  are intended to explode.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Mr. Nichols</span> has not yet answered B.'s query.
+  Nor can he answer it until he previously admits that he is wrong upon the
+  four points enumerated in my opening article (Vol. ii., p. 194.).</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">Armiger.</span>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p><!-- Page 364 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page364"></a>{364}</span></p>
+
+<h2>Replies to Minor Queries</h2>
+
+  <p><i>Symbols of the Evangelists</i> (Vol. i., pp. 375. 471.; vol. ii.,
+  pp. 13. 45. 205.).&mdash;Should the inquirer not have access to the
+  authorities which, as is stated in p. 471., are referred to by <span
+  class="sc">Dr. Wordsworth</span>, or not have leisure to avail himself of
+  his copious references, he may be glad to find that in the <i>Thesaurus
+  Theologico Philologicus</i> (vol. ii. pp. 57.-62.), there is a
+  dissertation containing an analysis of more than fifty authors, who have
+  illustrated the visions of Ezekiel and St. John, and an explanation of
+  the Sententiarum Divortia of Irenæus, Jerome, and Augustine, respecting
+  the application of the symbols, or of the quæstio vexata&mdash;quodnam
+  animal cui Evangelistæ comparandum sit. Thomasius, the author of this
+  dissertation, suggests that to recall to mind the symbol applied to Luke,
+  we should remember the expression denoting elephantes, <i>boves
+  lucas</i>. Abundant information is also supplied on this subject by that
+  hierophantic naturalist, Aldrovandus, <i>de Quadrup. Bisulcis</i>, p.
+  180. et seq. Nor should Daubuz be neglected, the learned commentator on
+  the Revelations.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">T. J.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Becket's Mother</i> (Vol. ii., pp. 106. 270.).&mdash;In support of
+  the view of <span class="sc">Mr. Foss</span> with regard to Becket's
+  mother, against that propounded by J.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;R. (Vol. ii., p. 270.), I would
+  mention that <i>Acon</i> is the ordinary mediæval name for the city of
+  <i>Acre</i>, and appears in the earlier deeds relating to the hospital in
+  Cheapside, while the modern form occurs in those of later date;
+  <i>e.g.</i> Pat. 18 Edw. II., "S. Thomæ Martyris <i>de Aconia</i>;" Pat.
+  14 Edw. III., "S. Thomæ Martyris Cantuarensis de <i>Acon</i>;" but Rot.
+  Parl. 23 Hen. VI., "Saint Thomas the Martir of <i>Acres</i>," "the Martyr
+  of Canterbury of <i>Acres</i>." (Deeds in Dugdale, <i>Monast.</i> vi.
+  646, 647.)</p>
+
+  <p>This would seem to identify the distinctive name of the hospital with
+  the city in the Holy Land but the following passage from the
+  <i>Chronicle</i> of Matthew of Westminster (p. 257.) seems quite
+  conclusive on this point, as it connects that city with Becket in a
+  manner beyond all dispute:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Anno gratiæ 1190. Obsessa est <i>Acon</i> circumquaque Christianorum
+  legionibus, et arctatur nimis. <i>Capella Sancti Thomæ martyris ibidem
+  ædificatur</i>."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>If, as J. C. R. supposes, there was no connexion between the saint and
+  Acre in Syria, the foundation of a chapel to his honour in or near that
+  city would seem quite unaccountable. However this may be, the truth of
+  the beautiful legend of his mother can, I fear, be never proved or
+  disproved.</p>
+
+  <p>While on this subject, let me, at the risk of being tedious to your
+  readers, quote the amusing tale told by Latimer, with regard to this
+  hospital, in his "Sixth Sermon preached before Edward VI." (Parker Soc
+  ed., p. 201.):&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"I had rather that ye should come [to hear the Word of God] as the
+  tale is by the gentlewoman of London: one of her neighbours met her in
+  the street and said, 'Mistress, whither go ye?' 'Marry,' said she; 'I am
+  going to St. Thomas of Acres, to the sermon; I could not sleep all this
+  last night, and I am going now thither; I never failed of a good nap
+  there.' And so I had rather ye should go a-napping to the sermons than
+  not to go at all."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>On the name "S. Nicholas <i>Acon</i>," I can throw no light. Stow is
+  quite silent as to its signification.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">E. Venables.</span>
+
+  <p>Herstmonceux.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Becket's Mother.</i>&mdash;I am, in truth, but a new subscriber,
+  and when I wrote the remarks on <span class="sc">Mr. Foss</span>'s note
+  (Vol. ii., p. 270.), had not seen your first volume containing the
+  communications of <span class="sc">Mr. Matthews</span> (p. 415.) and
+  <span class="sc">Dr. Rimbault</span> (p. 490.). The rejection of the
+  story that Becket's mother was a Saracen rests on the fact that no trace
+  of it is found until a much later time, when the history of "St. Thomas
+  of Canterbury" had been embellished with all manner of wonders. <span
+  class="sc">Mr. Matthews</span> may find some information in the
+  <i>English Review</i>, vol. vi. pp. 40-42. <span class="sc">Dr.
+  Rimbault</span> is mistaken in saying that the life of St. Thomas by
+  Herbert of Boshain "is published in the <i>Quadrilogus</i>, Paris, 1495."
+  It was one of the works from which the <i>Quadrilogus</i> was
+  <i>compiled</i>; but the only entire edition of it is that by Dr. Giles,
+  in his <i>S. Thomas Cantauriensis</i>.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. C. R.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Passage in Lucan</i> (Vol. ii., p. 89.).&mdash;The following are
+  parallel passages to that in Lucan's <i>Pharsalia</i>, b. vii. 814.,
+  referred to by <span class="sc">Mr. Sansom</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>Ovid. <i>Metam.</i> 1. 256.:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Esse quoque in fatis reminiscitur affore tempus,</p>
+      <p>Quo mare, quo tellus, correptaque regia c&oelig;li</p>
+      <p>Ardeat; et mundi moles operos laboret."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>Cic. <i>De Nat. Deor.</i> 11. 46.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Ex quo eventurum nostri putant id, de quo Panætium addubitare
+  dicebant, ut ad extremum omnis mundus ignesceret; cum, humore consumto,
+  neque terra ali posset neque remearet ær; cujus ortus, aqua omni
+  exhausta, esse non posset," etc.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Cic. <i>De Divinatione</i>, 1. 49.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Nam et natura futura præsentiunt, ut aquarum fluxiones et
+  deflagrationem futuram aliquando c&oelig;li atque terrarum," etc.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Cic. <i>Acad. Quæst.</i> iv. 37.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Erit ei persuasum etiam, solem, lunam, stellas omnes, terram, mare,
+  deos esse ... fore tamen aliquando ut omnis hic mundus ardore deflagret,"
+  etc.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Cic. <i>Somn. Scipionis,</i> vii.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Propter eluviones exustionesque terrarum quas accidere tempore certo
+  necesse est, non modo æternam, sed ne diuturnam quidem gloriam assequi
+  possumus."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Seneca, <i>Consol. ad Marciam</i>, sub fine:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Cum tempus advenerit quo se mundus renovaturus <!-- Page 365 --><span
+  class="pagenum"><a name="page365"></a>{365}</span>extinguat ... et omni
+  flagrante materia uno igne quicquid nunc ex disposito lucet,
+  ardebit."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Id. <i>Natural Quæst</i>. iii. 28.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Qua ratione inquis? Eadem qua conflagratio futura est ... Aqua et
+  ignes terrenis dominantur. Ex his ortus et ex his interitus est,"
+  etc.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>There are also the Sybilline verses (quoted by Lactantias <i>de Ira
+  Dei</i>, cap. xxiii.):&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"<span title="Kai pote tên orgên theon ouk eti pra'unonta," class="grk">&Kappa;&alpha;&#x1F77; &pi;&omicron;&tau;&epsilon; &tau;&#x1F74;&nu; &#x1F40;&rho;&gamma;&#x1F74;&nu; &theta;&epsilon;&#x1F78;&nu; &omicron;&#x1F50;&kappa; &#x1F14;&tau;&iota; &pi;&rho;&alpha;&#x1FE3;&nu;&omicron;&nu;&tau;&alpha;,</span></p>
+      <p><span title="All' exembrithonta, kai exoluonta te gennan" class="grk">&#x1F08;&lambda;&lambda;' &#x1F10;&xi;&epsilon;&mu;&beta;&rho;&#x1F77;&theta;&omicron;&nu;&tau;&alpha;, &kappa;&alpha;&#x1F76; &epsilon;&xi;&omicron;&lambda;&#x1F7B;&omicron;&nu;&tau;&#x1F71; &tau;&epsilon; &gamma;&#x1F73;&nu;&nu;&alpha;&nu;</span></p>
+      <p><span title="Anthrôpon, hapasan hup' emprêsmou perthonta." class="grk">&#x1F08;&nu;&theta;&rho;&#x1F7D;&pi;&omicron;&nu;, &#x1F05;&pi;&alpha;&sigma;&alpha;&nu; &#x1F51;&pi;' &#x1F10;&mu;&pi;&rho;&eta;&sigma;&mu;&omicron;&#x1FE6; &pi;&#x1F73;&rho;&theta;&omicron;&nu;&tau;&alpha;.</span>"</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>Plato has a similar passage in his <i>Timæus</i>; and many others are
+  quoted by Matthew Pole in his <i>Synopsis Criticorum Script. Sacræ
+  Interpretum</i>; on 2 Pet. iii. 6. 10.; to which I beg to refer <span
+  class="sc">Mr. Sansom</span>; and also to Burnet's <i>Sacred Theory of
+  the Earth</i>, book iii. ch. 3.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. H. Kersley.</span>
+
+  <p>King William's College, Isle of Man.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Combs buried with the Dead</i> (Vol. ii., pp. 230. 269.).&mdash;On
+  reference to Sir Thomas Browne's <i>Hydriotaphia</i>, I find two passages
+  which may supply the information your correspondent seeks as to the
+  reason for combs being buried with human remains. In section i., pp. 26,
+  27. (I quote from the Edinburgh reprint of 1822, published by Blackwood)
+  the author says:</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"In a field of Old Walsingham, not many months past (1658), were
+  digged up between forty and fifty urns, deposited in a dry and sandy
+  soil, not a yard deep, not far from one another, not all strickly of one
+  figure, but most answering these described; some containing two pounds of
+  bones, distinguishable in skulls, ribs, jaws, thigh-bones, and teeth,
+  with fresh impressions of their combustion, besides extraneous
+  substances, like pieces of small boxes, or <i>combs</i>, handsomely
+  wrought, handles of small brass instruments, brazen nippers, and in one
+  some kind of opale."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>And again he says (pp. 36, 37.):</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"From exility of bones, thinness of skulls, smallness of teeth, ribs,
+  and thigh-bones, not improbable that many thereof were persons of minor
+  age, or women. Confirmable also from things contained in them. In most
+  were found substances resembling <i>combs</i>, plates like boxes,
+  fastened with iron pins, and handsomely overwrought like the necks or
+  bridges of musical instruments, long brass plates overwrought like the
+  handles of neat implements, <i>brazen nippers to pull away hair</i>, and
+  in one a kind of opale, yet maintaining a bluish colour.</p>
+
+  <p>"Now that they accustomed to burn or bury with them things wherein
+  they excelled, delighted, or which were dear unto them, either as
+  farewells unto all pleasure, or vain apprehension that they might use
+  them in the other world, is testified by all antiquity."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>The instances which he appends relate only to the Pagan period, and he
+  does not appear to have known that a similar practice prevailed in the
+  sepulture of Christians&mdash;if, indeed, such a custom was general, and
+  not confined to the particular case mentioned by your correspondent.</p>
+
+  <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. H. P. Leresche.</span>
+
+  <p><i>The Norfolk Dialect</i> (Vol. ii., p. 217.).&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p><i>Mauther.</i>&mdash;A word peculiar to East Anglia, applied to a
+  girl just grown up, or approaching to womanhood.</p>
+
+  <p>"Ipse eodem agro [Norfolciensi] ortus, a Dan. <i>moer</i>," virgo,
+  puella, "deflectit."&mdash;<i>Spelman</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Spelman assures us, in endeavouring to rescue the word from the
+  contempt into which it had fallen, that it was applied by our very early
+  ancestors, even to the noble virgins who were selected to sing the
+  praises of heroes; they were called <i>scald-moers</i>, q.d. singing
+  mauthers!</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"En quantum in spretâ jam voce antiquæ gloria."</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Ray spells the word <i>mothther</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"<i>P.</i> I am a <i>mother</i> that do want a service.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"<i>Qu.</i> O thou'rt a Norfolk woman (cry thee mercy),</p>
+      <p class="i2">Where maids are <i>mothers</i>, and <i>mothers</i> are maids."&mdash;R. Brome's <i>Engl. Moor</i>, iii. 1.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>It is written also <i>modder</i>.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"What! will Phillis then consume her youth as an ankresse,</p>
+      <p>Scorning daintie Venus?  Will Phillis be a <i>modder</i>,</p>
+      <p>And not care to be call'd by the deare-sweete name of a mother?"&mdash;A. Fraunce's <i>Ivy Church</i>, A. 4. b.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"Away! you talk like a foolish <i>mauther</i>"&mdash;</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>says Restive to Dame Pliant in <i>Ben Jonson. Alchemist</i>, IV. 7. So
+  Richard says to Kate, in <i>Bloomfield's Suffolk ballad:&mdash;</i></p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="hg3">"When once a giggling <i>mawther</i> you,</p>
+      <p class="i1">And I a red-faced chubby boy."&mdash;<i>Rural Tales</i>, 1802, p. 5.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>Perhaps it is derived from the German <a href="images/015a.png"><img
+  src="images/015a.png" class="middle" style="height:2ex" alt="Fraktur:
+  magd" /></a> with the termination een or -den added, as in the
+  Lincolnshire dialect, hee-der, and shee-der, denote the male and female
+  sex.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Gotsch.</i>&mdash;A jug or pitcher with one ear or handle. Forby
+  thinks it may be derived from the Italian <i>gozzo</i>, a throat.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Holl.</i>&mdash;From the Saxon holh. German <a
+  href="images/015b.png"><img src="images/015b.png" class="middle"
+  style="height:2ex" alt="Fraktur: hohle" /></a>, a ditch.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Anan!</i> = How! what say you? Perhaps an invitation to come near,
+  in order to be better heard, from the Saxon nean, near. Vid.
+  Brockett's,&mdash;Jennings, and Wilbraham's Chesh. Glossaries.</p>
+
+  <p><i>To be Muddled.</i>&mdash;That is, confused, perplexed, tired.
+  Doubtless from the idea of thickness, want of clearness; so, muddy is
+  used for a state of inebriety.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Together.</i>&mdash;In Low Scotch, thegether, seemingly, but not
+  really, an adverb, converted to a noun, and used in familiarly addressing
+  a number of persons collectively. Forby considers <i>to</i> and the
+  article <i>the</i> identical; as to-day, to-night, in Low Scotch, the
+  day, the night, are in fact, this day, this night; so <!-- Page 366
+  --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page366"></a>{366}</span>that the
+  expression together may mean "the gathering," the company assembled.</p>
+
+  <p>The authorities I have used are Forby's <i>Vocabulary of East
+  Anglia</i>; Moor, <i>Suffolk Words and Phrases</i>; and Lemon, <i>English
+  Etymology</i>; in which, if <span class="sc">Icenus</span> will refer, he
+  will find the subject more fully discussed.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">E. S. T
+
+  <p><i>Conflagration of the Earth</i> (Vol. ii., p. 89.).&mdash;The
+  eventful period when this globe, or "the fabric of the world,"<a
+  name="footnotetag1" href="#footnote1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> will be "wrap'd
+  in flames" and "in ruin hurl'd," is described in language, or at least,
+  in sense similar to the quotations of our correspondent in p. 89., by the
+  poets, philosophers, fathers, and divines here referred to:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>Lucan, lib. i. 70. et seqq. 75.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Omnia mistis Sidera sideribus concurrent."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Seneca <i>ad Marciam</i>, cap. ult.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Cum tempus advenerit, quo se mundus renovaturus extinguat, viribus
+  ista se suis cedent, et sidera sideribus incurrent, et omni flagrante
+  materia uno igne quicquid nunc ex disposito lucet, ardebit."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p><i>Quæst. Nat.</i> iii. 27., which contains a commentary on St.
+  Peter's expression, "Like a thief in the night:"&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>"Nihil, inquit, difficile est Naturæ, ubi ad finem sui properat. Ad
+  originem rerum parcè utitur viribus, dispensatque se incrementis
+  fallentibus; subitò ad ruinam et toto impetu venit ... Momento fit cinis,
+  diu silua."</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Compare Sir T Browne's <i>Rel. Med.</i> s. 45.</p>
+
+  <p>Seneca, <i>Hercul. &OElig;t.</i> 1102.</p>
+
+  <p>Ovid. <i>Metamorph.</i> lib. i. s. viii.</p>
+
+  <p>Diplilus as quoted by Dr. H. More, <i>Vision. Apoc.</i> vi. 9.</p>
+
+  <p>Cicero, <i>Acad.</i> lib. ii. 37. "Somn. Scipionis."</p>
+
+  <p>&mdash;&mdash; <i>de Nat. Deorum.</i> lib. ii. 46.</p>
+
+  <p>Pliny, <i>Nat. Hist.</i> lib. vii. cap. 16.</p>
+
+  <p>These are the opinions of writers before Christ; whether they were
+  derived from Scripture, it is not now my purpose to discuss. See also
+  Lipsii <i>Physiologia.</i> On the agreement of the systems of the Stoics,
+  of the Magi, and of the Edda, see Bishop Percy's Notes to Mallet's
+  <i>Northern Antiquities</i>, vol. ii.</p>
+
+  <p>The general conflagration and purgatorial fire were among the tenets
+  of the Sibylline books, and maintained by many Fathers of the Greek and
+  Latin churches down to the sixth century. See <i>Blondel on the
+  Sibyls</i>, and Arkudius <i>adversus</i> Barlaam. Among modern writers on
+  this subject, it will be sufficient to name Magius <i>de Mundi
+  Exustione</i>, Dr. H. More, and Dr T. Burnet. Ray, in the third of his
+  <i>Physico-Theological Discourses</i>, discusses all the questions
+  connected with the dissolution of the world.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">T. J.
+
+<div class="note">
+  <a name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b><a
+  href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+  <p>Magius, "that prodigy of learning en pure perte" (Villebrune),
+  concludes from the words of the text "the <i>heavens</i> shall pass
+  away," that the <i>universe</i> will be dissolved; but that it will
+  undergo mutation only, not annihilation.&mdash;Cf. Steuches <i>de Perenni
+  Philosophia</i>, lib. x. </p>
+
+</div>
+  <p><i>Wraxen</i>, (Vol. ii., p. 207.).&mdash;<span class="sc">G. W.
+  Skyring</span> will find the following explanation in Halliwell's
+  <i>Dictionary of Provincial and Archaic Words</i>, "to grow out of
+  bounds, spoken of weeds," c. Kent. Certainly an expressive term as used
+  by the Kentish women.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">J. D. A.
+
+  <p><i>Wraxen.</i>&mdash;Probably analogous to the Northumbrian
+  "<i>wrax</i>, wraxing, wraxed," signifying to stretch or (sometimes) to
+  sprain.</p>
+
+  <p>A peasant leaving overworked himself, would say he had <i>wraxed</i>
+  himself; after sitting, would walk to <i>wrax</i> his legs. Falling on
+  the ice would have <i>wraxed</i> his arm; and of a rope that has
+  stretched considerably, he would say it had <i>wraxed a gay feck</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>It may possibly have come, as a corruption, from the verb <i>wax</i>,
+  to grow. It is a useful and very expressive word, although not recognised
+  in polite language.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">S. T. R.
+
+  <p><i>Wraxen.</i>&mdash;Rax or Wrax is a very common word in the north of
+  England, meaning to stretch, so that when the old Kentish woman told
+  <span class="sc">Mr. Skyring's</span> friend her children were wraxen,
+  she meant their minds were so overstretched during the week, that they
+  required rest on Sunday.</p>
+
+  <p class="author">W.
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Miscellaneous.</h2>
+
+<h3>NOTES OF BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.</h3>
+
+  <p>Of the various changes which have been made of late years in public
+  education, there is not one so generally admitted to be an improvement as
+  that which has made the study of</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p class="i6hg3">"The tongue</p>
+      <p>Which Shakspeare spake,"</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>an essential part of the system and probably no individual has so
+  effectually contributed towards this important end as Dr. Latham, the
+  third edition of whose masterly and philosophical volume, entitled <i>The
+  English Language</i>, is mow before us. Dr. Latham has ever earnestly and
+  successfully insisted on the <i>disciplinal</i> character of grammatical
+  studies in general, combined with the fact, that the grammatical study of
+  one's own language is exclusively so; and having established this theory,
+  he has, by the production of various elementary works, exhibiting a happy
+  combination of great philological acquirements with the ability to apply
+  them in a logical and systematic manner, enabled those who shared his
+  views to put that theory into practice. Hence the change in our
+  educational system to which we have alluded. His volume entitled <i>The
+  English Language</i> is, however, addressed to a higher class of <!--
+  Page 367 --><span class="pagenum"><a
+  name="page367"></a>{367}</span>readers, and this third edition may justly
+  be pronounced the most important contribution to the history of our
+  native tongue which has yet been produced; and, as such every student of
+  our early language and literature must, with us, bid it welcome.</p>
+
+  <p>We have received the following Catalogues;&mdash;Cole's (15. Great
+  Turnstile, Holborn) List No. XXIX. of curious Old Books; Kerslake's (3.
+  Park Street, Bristol) Valuable Books containing Selections from Libraries
+  at Conishead Priory; of Prof. Elrington; T.&nbsp;G. Ward, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><i>Odd Volumes</i></p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Camden's Britannia</span>, ed. by Gough, Vol. I.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Warton's</span> Edition of <span
+  class="sc">Pope</span>. 8vo. 1797 Vol. IX. In boards.</p>
+
+  <p>*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, <i>carriage
+  free</i>, to be sent to Mr. <span class="sc">Bell</span>, Publisher of
+  "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<h2>Notices to Correspondents.</h2>
+
+  <p>V. F. S. <i>will find an answer to his Query respecting</i> "Auster
+  Tenements" <i>in our first Vol</i>., p. 307.</p>
+
+  <p>J. C., <i>who inquires respecting the author of the oft-quoted
+  saying</i>, "Quem Deus vult perdere," <i>is referred to our first
+  Vol.</i>, pp. 347. 351. 421. 476.; <i>and to a further illustration of it
+  in</i> No. 50., p. 317.</p>
+
+  <p><i>We have received</i> "A Plan for a Church-History Society," <i>by
+  the Rev. Dr. Maitland, to which we will call the attention of our readers
+  next week.</i></p>
+
+  <p>W. L. B.'<i>s description of the coin found at Horndon is not
+  sufficiently clear. It is, doubtless, a billon piece of the lower empire.
+  If he will send us an impression, in</i> sealing-wax, <i>we may probably
+  be enabled to give him a description of it.</i></p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Clericus</span>. "As Lazy as Ludlam's Dog" <i>is one
+  of the sayings quoted by Southey in</i> The Doctor. See, too, <span
+  class="sc">Notes and Queries</span>, Vol. I., pp. 382. 475.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Armiger</span> <i>will find a letter addressed to him
+  at the Publisher's.</i></p>
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Volume the First of Notes and Queries</span>, <i>with
+  Title-page and very copious Index, is now ready, price</i> 9s. 6d.,
+  <i>bound in cloth, and may be had, by order, of all Booksellers and
+  Newsmen.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>The Monthly Part for October, being the Fifth of</i> Vol. II.,
+  <i>is also now ready, price</i> 1s. 3d.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="b1n">
+
+  <p>Errata. In No. 51. p. 347, for "<span title="theion" class="grk"
+  >&theta;&epsilon;&#x1FD6;&omicron;&nu;</span>" read "<span title="theôn" class="grk"
+  >&theta;&epsilon;&#x1FF6;&nu;</span>;" for "Perchi" read "Perchè;" and
+  also the curious misprints (caused by a transposition of type) alluded to
+  in the following note:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>"Referring to my friend R. G.'s 'Bibliographical Queries' (which are
+  always worth referring to), will you allow me to ask yourself, and him if
+  you cannot tell, whether it is by the mistake of your printer, or of the
+  original one, that in the fourth Query (p. 324. line 10.) the letters of
+  two words are so transposed that 'Vrbe germanie' is turned into 'Vrbanie
+  germe?'"</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p class="author">S. R. M.
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p class="cenhead">In 8vo., price 6d. (by post, 8d.),</p>
+
+  <p>A PLAN for a CHURCH-HISTORY SOCIETY. By <span class="sc">S. R.
+  Maitland</span> D.D. F.R.S. and F.A.S., sometime Librarian to the late
+  Archbishop of Canterbury, and Keeper of the MSS. at Lambeth.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Rivingtons</span>, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>JOURNAL FRANCAIS, publié à Londres. COURRIER de l'EUROPE, fondé en
+  1840, paraissant le Samedi, donne dans chaque numéro les nouvelles de la
+  semaine, les meilieurs articles de tous les journaux de Paris, la
+  Semaine, Dramatique par Th. Gautier on J. Janin la Révue de Paris par
+  Pierre Durand, et reproduit en entier les romans, nouvelles, etc., en
+  vogue par les premiers écrivains de France. Prix 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">London: <span class="sc">Joseph Thomas</span>, 1. Finch Lane.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>SHAKSPEARE.&mdash;<i>The whole of the Editions of Shakspeare published
+  in Folio</i>, Viz., First, Second, Third, and the Second Edition of the
+  Third, (with the additional Plays), Fourth Edition, and the Reprint of
+  the First, in all 6 Vols. Folio, red morocco extra, gilt leaves, with
+  borders of gold on the sides, only 170<i>l.</i> A Copy of the First
+  Edition sold lately by Auction for 155<i>l.</i> Also on Sale, a
+  Collection of Missals, Rare and Curious Books.</p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">W. H. Elkins</span>, 47. Lombard Street, City.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p class="cenhead">NEW PUBLICATIONS.</p>
+
+  <p>DR. R. G. LATHAM ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. THIRD EDITION. 8vo.
+  15<i>s.</i> (<i>Ready</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p>GRIESBACH'S GREEK TESTAMENT. NEW EDITION. Fcap. 8vo. 6<i>s.</i>
+  6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>PROFESSOR ERICHSEN on the STUDY of SURGERY. 8vo. 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>GREGORY'S EDITION of REICHENBACH on MAGNETISM. 8vo. 12<i>s.</i>
+  6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>LIEBIG, KOPP, and HOFMANN'S PROGRESS of CHEMISTRY for 1847 and 1848. 2
+  Vols. 8vo. 1<i>l.</i> 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>DR. LARDNER'S RAILWAY ECONOMY. 12mo. 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>A SECOND PART of PROFESSOR POTTER'S OPTICS. 8vo. (<i>Nearly
+  Ready</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p>POETRY for the PRACTICE of ELOCUTION, SELECTED for the USE of the
+  LADIES' COLLEGE. Fcap. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> (<i>Ready</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p>SECOND EDITION of DR. W. SMITH'S TACITUS. English Notes. 12mo.
+  5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>SECOND EDITION of ROBSON'S LATIN EXERCISES. 12mo. 6<i>s.</i>
+  6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>NEWTH'S STATICS, DYNAMICS, AND HYDROSTATICS. 12mo. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES OF SCHOOL BOOKS, and of SCIENTIFIC and LITERARY
+  WORKS, published by T., W., and M, may be had on application.</p>
+
+  <p>London: <span class="sc">Taylor</span>, <span
+  class="sc">Walton</span>, and <span class="sc">Maberly</span>, 28. Upper
+  Gower Street, and 27. Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p class="cenhead">FOR SALE, CHEAP,</p>
+
+  <p>BYZANTINÆ HISTORIÆ SCRIPTORES, Gr. et Lat., editio nova, consilio B.
+  G. Niebuhrii instituta, opera ejusdem Niebuhrii, Bekkeri, Schopeni,
+  Dindorfii aliorumque parata. 46 Vols. 8vo. sewed. Bonnæ, 1828&mdash;1849.
+  Published at 25<i>l.</i>; price only 10<i>l.</i> 10<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">G. Willis</span>, Great Piazza, Covent Garden.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>CHEAP BOOKS.&mdash;Messrs. WALLER and SON beg to inform their
+  customers and the public, they have just published a <span class="sc">New
+  Catalogue</span>, Part III., 1850, consisting of Miscellaneous Books, in
+  the best condition, including Statutes at Large, 25 vols. 4to. for
+  15<i>l.</i> 15<i>s.</i>, published at 70<i>l.</i> <span
+  class="sc">Alison's Europe</span>, 20 vols. cloth 4<i>l.</i> 14<i>s.</i>
+  6<i>d.</i> Curious Bibles and Proclamations, Illustrated News,
+  &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>Catalogues forwarded Free by addressing to 188. Fleet Street.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+<p><!-- Page 368 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page368"></a>{368}</span></p>
+
+<h2>Bibliographical Works,</h2>
+
+<h3><i>Which are kept constantly ready for reference to every Visitor.</i></h3>
+
+  <p>***The Books themselves will be given <i>gratis</i> to every one
+  purchasing for four times the amount of their cost.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+  <p>BIBLIOTHECA AUCTORUM CLASSICORUM.&mdash;An Alphabetical Catalogue of
+  the Editions of the Greek and Latin Classics, their Translations,
+  Commentaries, and Dissertations, that have appeared in Germany and the
+  adjacent Countries [from 1700] up to the end of 1846. By <span
+  class="sc">W. Engelmann</span>. 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>ERSCH.&mdash;Bibliographisches Handbuch der Philologischen Literatur
+  der Deutschen von 1750 bis 1845, in systemat. Ordnung mit Registern. 3rd
+  Edit. 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>WAGNER.&mdash;Grundriss der Klassischen Bibliographie. 8vo. Bresl.
+  1840 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>BIBLIOTHECA PHILOLOGICA.&mdash;I. Catalogue of Greek, Latin, and
+  Oriental Grammars, Dictionaries, &amp;c., from 1750 to 1839. by <span
+  class="sc">W. Engelmann</span>. 8vo. 1840. 3<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>BIBLIOTHECA PHILOLOGICA.&mdash;II. Bibliothek der Neueren
+  Sprachen&mdash;Grammars, Dictionaries, &amp;c. of Modern Languages, and
+  their Ancient and Modern Dialects, 1800&mdash;1841. 5<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
+  A Supplement, 1841&mdash;1849, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>VATER'S LITERATURE OF LANGUAGES.&mdash;Die Literatur der Grammatiken,
+  Lexica und Wörtersammlungen aller Sprachen der Erde, v. <span
+  class="sc">J. S. Vater</span>. 2nd Edit. By <span class="sc">Julg</span>.
+  8vo. Berlin, 1847. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS.&mdash;Manuel de Bibliographie Orientale. I.
+  Livres Arabes, Persans et Turcs. Par Dr. <span class="sc">J. T.
+  Zenker</span>. 8vo. 1845. 8<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>BIBLIOTHECA SANSCRITÆ.&mdash;Concinnavit <span
+  class="sc">Gildemeister</span>. 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>WINER.&mdash;Handbuch der Theologischen Literatur, vorzüglich d.
+  Protestantischen. 2 vols. 8vo., and Supplement up to the end of 1841.
+  14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>THESAURUS LIBRORUM REI CATHOLICÆ, with Supplement and Systematic
+  Index. 1850. 20<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>ERSCH.&mdash;Bibliographisches Handbuch der Philosophischen Literatur
+  der Deutschen, in systemat. Ordnung. 3d. Edit. 8vo. 1850. 3<i>s.</i>
+  6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>KAYSER'S BÜCHER-LEXICON, from 1750 to 1846. 6 vols. 4to., and Index,
+  to 1832, 5<i>l.</i> 8<i>s.</i> Vol. VII., 1833&mdash;1841, 35<i>s.</i>
+  Vol VIII., 1841&mdash;1846, 37<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>***A General Catalogue of all Books published in Germany.</p>
+
+  <p>BIBLIOGRAPHIE BIOGRAPHIQUE, ou Dictionnaire de 26,000 Ouvrages, tant
+  anciens que modernnes, relatifs à l'Histoire de la Vie publicque et
+  privée des Hommes celèbres, par <span class="sc">E. M. Oettinger</span>.
+  Clth. brds. imp. 4to. Leipzig. 2<i>l.</i> 8<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>***Arranged alphabetically under the heads of the persons whose
+  biographies are enumerated.</p>
+
+  <p>BIBLIOTHEK der schönen Wissenshaften (German Belles-Lettres), 2 vols.
+  8vo.&mdash;Vol. II., 1836&mdash;1845, 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>SCHWAB und KLÜPFEL.&mdash;Wegweiser durch die Literatur der Deutschen.
+  2d Ed. 8vo. 1847. 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>BIBLIOTHECA JURIDICA.&mdash;Works on Roman, International, German Law.
+  &amp;c., published in Germany from 1750&mdash;1830, (price 6<i>s.</i>
+  6<i>d.</i>). Supplement, 1839&mdash;1848, with Indexes, 8vo. 3<i>s.</i>
+  6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>BIBLIOTHECA MEDICO-CHIRURGICA ET ANATOMICO-PHYSIOLOGICA.&mdash;A
+  Catalogue of all Works on Medicine, Surgery, Midwifery, Anatomy, and
+  Physiology, that have appeared in Germany from 1750 to 1847, with
+  Indexes, by <span class="sc">W. Engelmann</span>. 8vo. (740 pp.)
+  7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>N.B. Comparative Anatomy in the "<span class="sc">Bibliotheca
+  Zoologica</span>."</p>
+
+  <p>BIBLIOTHECA ZOOLOGICA et PALÆONTOLOGICA.&mdash;The Literature of
+  Zoology and Palæontology, or a Systematic Catalogue of the Works on
+  Zoology and Fossil Animals and Plants, Comparative Anatomy, &amp;c.,
+  which have appeared in Europe to the end of 1845. Ed. by <span
+  class="sc">W. Engelmann</span>, 8vo. sd. 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>THESAURUS LITERATURÆ BOTANICÆ, omnium gentium, curavit <span
+  class="sc">G. A. Pritzel</span>. (to be completed in 8 fasc.). Fasc. I.
+  to V., A&mdash;Z, and Suppl., 1<i>l.</i> 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>BIBLIOTHECA MECHANICO-TECHNOLOGICA.&mdash;German Books on Arts,
+  Trades, Manufactures, Railroads, Machine-building, &amp;c.; also
+  Buildings, Architecture, Ornaments, &amp;c. Vol. I. to 1843, 6<i>s.</i>;
+  Vol. II., 1843 to 1849, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>DEUTSCHLANDS MILITAIR LITERATUR, 1830 to 1850. Uebersicht der Karten
+  u. Pläne Central Europas. 2 vols. 8vo. 9<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>BIBLITOHECA &OElig;CONOMICA. Literatur der Haus u. Laudwirthschaft.
+  8vo. sd. 1841. 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>BIBLIOTHECA MAGICA ET PNEUMATICA, by Dr. <span
+  class="sc">Grässe</span>. 8vo. 1843. 3<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>LITERATUR des SCHACHSPIELS, herausg. v. <span class="sc">A.
+  Schmid</span>. 8vo. Wien, 1847. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>BIBLIOTHECA SHAHILUDII.&mdash;Bibliothèque du Jeu des Echecs, by <span
+  class="sc">E. M. Oettinger</span>. 8vo. 1844. 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+  <p>DANSK-NORSK CATALOG.&mdash;Catalogue Librorum in Dania et Norvegia
+  editorum, 1841. Two Supplements, 1841&mdash;1844.</p>
+
+  <p>NORSK BOG-FORTEGNELSE, 1814-1847. Norwegian Books and Maps. 8vo.
+  Christian. 5<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+  <p>SVENSK BOKHANDELS-KATALOG, 1845. Supplements, with Indexes to 1848.
+  Stockholm.</p>
+
+  <p>DUTCH CATALOGUES.&mdash;Naamlijst van Bocken, 1790&mdash;1838, and 2
+  Supplements to 1848.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+  <p><i>The following Catalogues, being not merely Catalogues of Stock, may
+  be had</i> gratis:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>1. WILLIAMS and NORGATES'S CATALOGUE OF GERMAN THEOLOGICAL BOOKS, 2
+  Stamps.</p>
+
+  <p>2. WILLIAMS and NORGATE'S CATALOGUE OF GENERAL GERMAN LITERATURE, 4
+  Stamps.</p>
+
+  <p>3. WILLIAMS and NORGATES SCHOOL CATALOGUE OF ELEMENTARY AND CLASSICAL
+  WORKS. Greek and Latin, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, &amp;c., 1
+  Stamp.</p>
+
+  <p>4. WILLIAMS AND NORGATE'S CLASSICAL CATALOGUE. Supplement from
+  1844&mdash;1849, 1 Stamp. A complete Catalogue reprinting.</p>
+
+  <p>5. WILLIAMS AND NORGATES'S LINGUISTIC AND ORIENTAL CATALOGUES
+  (Reprinting).</p>
+
+  <p>6. WILLIAMS AND NORGATE'S GERMAN BOOK CIRCULAR. <span class="sc">New
+  Books</span> published Quarterly and sent Gratis to their Customers.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" >
+
+<h3>WILLIAMS AND NORGATE,</h3>
+
+<p class="cenhead"><b>Importers of German, Classical, Oriental, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Russian Books, &amp;c.</b></p>
+
+<p class="cenhead">14. HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" >
+
+  <p>Printed by <span class="sc">Thomas Clark Shaw</span>, of No. 8. New
+  Street Square, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in
+  the City of London; and published by <span class="sc">George Bell</span>,
+  of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in
+  the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street
+  aforesaid.&mdash;Saturday, October 26. 1850.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 52, October
+26, 1850, by Various
+
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+</pre>
+
+</body>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 52, October 26,
+1850, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 52, October 26, 1850
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: September 16, 2007 [EBook #22624]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, ISSUE 52 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+{353} NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+No. 52.]
+SATURDAY, OCTOBER 26, 1850.
+[Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+                                                              Page
+
+  NOTES:--
+
+  Address to our Friends                                       353
+
+  Shakspeare's Use of the Words "Captious" and "Intenible,"
+  by S. W. Singer      354
+
+  Oratories of the Nonjurors, by J. Yeowell                    354
+
+  Hogarth's Illustrations of Hudibras                          355
+
+  Folk Lore:--Overyssel Superstition--Death-bed Superstitions--Popular
+  Rhyme--Death-bed Mystery--Bradshaw
+  Family                                                       356
+
+  Advice to the Editor, and Hints to his Contributors          357
+
+  Minor Notes:--Rollin's Ancient History and History
+  of the Arts and Sciences--Jezebel--Clarendon, Oxford
+  Edition of 1815--Macaulay's Country Squire--Miching
+  Mallecho                                                     357
+
+  QUERIES:--
+
+  The Inquisition: The Bohemian Persecution                    358
+
+  Minor Queries:--Osnaburg Bishopric--Meaning of
+ "Farlief"--Margaret Dyneley--Tristan d'Acunha--Production
+  of Fire by Friction--Murderer hanged
+  when pardoned--Passage from Burke--Licensing of
+  Books--Le Bon Gendarme                                       358
+
+  REPLIES:--
+
+  Tasso translated by Fairfax                                  359
+
+  Ale-Draper--Eugene Aram                                      360
+
+  On the Word "Gradely," by B. H. Kennedy and
+  G. J. Cayley                                                 361
+
+  Collar of Esses      362
+
+  Replies to Minor Queries:--Symbols of the Evangelists--Becket's
+  Mother--Passage in Lucan--Combs buried
+  with the Dead--The Norfolk Dialect--Conflagration
+  of the Earth--Wraxen                                         363
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:--
+
+  Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c.                       366
+
+  Books and Odd Volumes Wanted                                 367
+
+  Notices to Correspondents                                    367
+
+  Advertisements                                               367
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+ADDRESS TO OUR FRIENDS.
+
+We this day publish our fifty-second Number. Every Saturday, for twelve
+months, have we presented to our subscribers our weekly budget of "NOTES,"
+"QUERIES," and "REPLIES;" and in so doing, we trust, we have accomplished
+some important ends. We have both amused and instructed the general reader;
+we have stored up much curious knowledge for the use of future writers; we
+have procured for scholars now engaged in works of learning and research,
+many valuable pieces of information which had evaded their own immediate
+pursuit; and, lastly, in doing all this, we have powerfully helped forward
+the great cause of literary truth.
+
+In our Prospectus and opening address we made no great promise of what our
+paper should be. That, we knew, must depend upon how far the medium of
+intercommunication we had prepared should be approved and adopted by those
+for whose special use it had been projected. We laid down a literary
+railway: it remained to be seen whether the world of letters would travel
+by it. They have done so: we have been especially patronised by first-class
+passengers, and in such numbers that we were obliged last week to run an
+extra train.
+
+It is obvious that the use of a paper like "NOTES AND QUERIES" bears a
+direct proportion to the extent of its circulation. What it aims at doing
+is, to reach the learning which lies scattered not only throughout every
+part of our own country, but all over the literary world, and to bring it
+all to bear upon the pursuits of the scholar; to enable, in short, men of
+letters all over the world to give a helping hand to one another. To a
+certain extent, we have accomplished this end. Our last number contains
+communications not only from all parts of the metropolis, and from almost
+every county in England, but also from Scotland, Ireland, Holland, and even
+from Demerara. This looks well. It seems as if we were in a fair way to
+accomplish our design. But much yet remains to be done. We have recently
+been told of whole districts in England so benighted as never to have heard
+of "NOTES AND QUERIES;" and after an interesting question has been
+discussed for weeks in our columns, we are informed of some one who could
+have answered it immediately if he had seen it. So long as this is the case
+the advantage we may confer upon literature and literary men is necessarily
+imperfect. We do what we can to make known our existence through the
+customary modes of announcement, and we gratefully acknowledge the kind
+assistance and encouragement we derive from our brethren of the public
+press; but we would respectfully solicit {354} the assistance of our
+friends this particular point. Our purpose is aided, and our usefulness
+increased by every introduction which can be given to our paper, either to
+a Book Club, to a Lending Library, or to any other channel of circulation
+amongst persons of inquiry and intelligence. By such introductions scholars
+help themselves as well as us, for there is no inquirer throughout the
+kingdom who is not occasionally able to throw light upon some of the
+multifarious objects which are discussed in our pages.
+
+At the end of our first twelvemonth we thank our subscribers for the
+patronage we have received. We trust we shall go on week by week improving
+in our work of usefulness, so that at the end of the next twelvemonth we
+may meet them with the same pleasure as on the present occasion. We will
+continue to do whatever is in our power, and we rely upon our friends to
+help us.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SHAKSPEARE'S USE OF THE WORDS "CAPTIOUS" AND "INTENIBLE."
+
+In the following passage of _All's Well that Ends Well_, Act i. Sc. 3.,
+where Helena is confessing to Bertram's mother, the Countess, her love for
+him, these two words occur in an unusual sense, if not in a sense peculiar
+to the great poet:--
+
+ "I love your son:--
+  My friends were poor, but honest, so's my love:
+  Be not offended, for it hurts not him,
+  That he is lov'd of me: I follow him not
+  By any token of presumptuous suit;
+  Nor would I have him till I do deserve him:
+  Yet never know how that desert may be.
+  I know I love in vain; strive against hope;
+  Yet, in this _captious and intenible_ sieve
+  I still pour in the waters of my love,
+  And lack not to lose still."
+
+Johnson was perplexed about the word _captious_; "which (says he) I never
+found in this sense, yet I cannot tell what to substitute, unless _carious_
+for rotten!" Farmer supposed _captious_ to be a contraction of _capacious_!
+Steevens believed that _captious_ meant _recipient_, capable of receiving;
+which interpretation Malone adopts. Mr. Collier, in his recent edition of
+Shakspeare, after stating Johnson's and Farmer's suggestions, says, "where
+is the difficulty? It is true that this sense of _captious_ may not have an
+exact parallel; but the intention of Shakspeare is very evident: _captious_
+means, as Malone says, capable of _taking_ or _receiving_; and _intenible_
+(printed _intemible_ in the first folio, and rightly in the second)
+incapable of _retaining_. Two more appropriate epithets could hardly be
+found, and a simile more happily expressive."
+
+We no doubt all know, by intuition as it were, what Shakspeare meant; but
+"the great master of English," as MR. HICKSON very justly calls him, would
+never have used _captious_, as applied figuratively to a _sieve_, for
+_capable of taking or receiving_.
+
+_Intenible_, notwithstanding the hypercriticism of Mr. Nares (that "it is
+incorrectly used by Shakspeare for _unable to hold_;" and that "it should
+properly mean _not to be held_, as we now use _untenable_") was undoubtedly
+used in the former sense, and it was most probably so accepted in the
+poet's time; for in the _Glossagraphia Anglicana Nova_, 1719, we have
+"Untenable, that _will not or cannot hold_ or be holden long."
+
+With regard to _captious_, it is not so much a matter of surprise that none
+of all these learned commentators should fail in their _guesses_ at the
+meaning, as that none of them should have remarked that the sense of the
+Latin _captiosus_, and of its congeners in Italian and old French, is
+_deceitful_, _fallacious_; and Bacon uses the word for _insidious,
+ensnaring_. There can be no doubt that this is the sense in which
+Shakspeare used it. Helen speaks of her hopeless love for Bertram, and
+says:
+
+    "I know I love in vain, strive against hope; yet in this _fallacious_
+    and _unholding_ sieve I still pour in the waters of my love, and fail
+    not to lose still."
+
+When we speak of a _captious_ person, do we mean one _capable of taking or
+receiving_? Then how much more absurd would it be to take it in that
+impossible sense, when figuratively applied in the passage before us!
+Bertram shows himself _incapable of receiving_ Helena's love: he is truly
+_captious_ in that respect.
+
+In French the word _captieux_, according to the Academy, is only applied to
+language, though we may say _un homme captieux_ to signify a man who has
+the art of _deceiving_ or leading into error by captious language.
+
+It is not impossible that the poet may have had in his mind the fruitless
+labour imposed upon the Danaides as a punishment, for it has been thus
+moralised:
+
+    "These virgins, who in the flower of their age pour water into pierced
+    vessels which they can never fill, what is it but to be always
+    bestowing over love and benefits upon the ungrateful."
+
+S. W. SINGER.
+
+Mickleham, Oct. 4. 1850.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ORATORIES OF THE NONJURORS.
+
+As the nooks and corners of London in olden times are now engaging the
+quiet musings of most of the topographical brotherhood, perhaps you can
+spare a nook or a corner of your valuable periodical for a few notes on the
+Oratories of those good men and true--the Nonjurors. "These were honourable
+men in their generation," and were made of most unbending materials.
+
+{355} On the Feast of St. Matthias, Feb. 24, 1693, the consecrations of Dr.
+George Hickes and Thomas Wagstaffe were solemnly performed according to the
+rites of the Church of England, by Dr. William Lloyd, bishop of Norwich;
+Dr. Francis Turner, bishop of Ely; and Dr. Thomas White, bishop of
+Peterborough, at the Bishop of Peterborough's lodgings, at the Rev. William
+Giffard's house at Southgate in Middlesex: Dr. Ken, bishop of Bath and
+Wells, giving his consent.
+
+Henry Hall was consecrated bishop in the oratory of the Rev. Father in
+Christ, John B---- [Blackburne?], in Gray's Inn, on the festival of St.
+Barnabas, June 11, 1725.
+
+Hilkiah Bedford was consecrated in the oratory of the Rev. R---- R----
+[Richard Rawlinson], in Gray's Inn, on the festival of St. Paul, Jan. 25,
+1720. Ralph Taylor was also consecrated at the same time and place.
+
+Henry Gandy was consecrated at his oratory in the parish of St. Andrew's,
+Holborn, on the festival of St. Paul, Jan. 25, 1716.
+
+Grascome was interrupted by a messenger whilst he was ministering to his
+little congregation in Scroope's Court, near St. Andrew's Church.
+
+Jeremy Collier officiated at Broad Street, London, assisted by the Rev.
+Samuel Carte, the father of the historian.
+
+Mr. Hawkes officiated for some time at his own house opposite to St. James'
+Palace.
+
+On Easter-day, April 13, 1718, at the oratory of his brother, Mr. William
+Lee, dyer, in Spitalfields, Dr. Francis Lee read a touching and beautiful
+declaration of his faith, betwixt the reading of the sentences at the
+offertory and the prayer for the state of Christ's church. It was addressed
+to the Rev. James Daillon, Count de Lude, then officiating.
+
+Charles Wheatly, author of _A Rational Illustration of the Book of Common
+Prayer_, in a letter to Dr. Rawlinson, the nonjuring titular bishop of
+London, says:
+
+    "I believe most of the books in Mr. Laurence's catalogue were really in
+    his library. Most of his chapel furniture I had seen; but his pix, and
+    his cruet, his box for unguent, and oil, I suppose you do not inquire
+    after."
+
+Roger Laurence was the learned author of _Lay Baptism Invalid_. Query,
+Where did he officiate?
+
+The Rev. John Lindsay, the translator of Mason's _Vindication of the Church
+of England_, for many years officiated as minister of a nonjuring
+congregation in Trinity Chapel, Aldersgate Street, and is said to have been
+their last minister.
+
+Thoresby, in his _Diary_, May 18, 1714, says, "I visited Mr. Nelson (author
+of the _Fasts and Festivals_), and the learned Dr. George Hickes, who not
+being at liberty for half an hour, I had the benefit of the prayers in the
+adjoining church, and when the Nonjuring _Conventicle_ was over, I visited
+the said Dean Hickes, who is said to be bishop of ----" [Thetford]. Both
+Nelson and Hickes resided at this time in Ormond Street; probably the
+conventicle was at one of their houses. It should be noted that Thoresby,
+having quitted the Conventicles of the Dissenters, had only recently joined
+what he calls the Church _established by law_. He appears to have known as
+much about the principles of the Nonjurors as he did of Chinese music.
+
+Dr. Welton's chapel in Goodman's Fields being visited (1717) by Colonel
+Ellis and other justices of the peace, with proper assistants, about two
+hundred and fifty persons were found there assembled, of whom but forty
+would take the oaths. The doctor refusing them also, was ordered to be
+proceeded against according to law.
+
+This reminds me of another Query. What has become of Dr. Welton's famous
+Whitechapel altar-piece, which Bishop Compton drove out of his church. Some
+doubts have been expressed whether that is the identical one in the Saint's
+Chapel of St. Alban's Abbey. A friend has assured the writer that he had
+seen it about twenty years ago, at a Roman Catholic meeting-house in an
+obscure court at Greenwich. It is not there now. The print of it in the
+library of the Society of Antiquaries is accompanied with these MS. lines
+by Mr. Mattaire:--
+
+ "To say the picture does to him belong,
+  Kennett does Judas and the painter wrong;
+  False is the image, the resemblance faint,
+  Judas, compared to Kennett, was a saint."
+
+One word more. The episcopal seal of the nonjuring bishops was a shepherd
+with a sheep upon his shoulders. The crozier which had been used by them,
+was, in 1839, in the possession of John Crossley Esq., of Scaitcliffe, near
+Todmorden.
+
+J. YEOWELL.
+
+Hoxton.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HOGARTH'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF HUDIBRAS.
+
+    "Butler's _Hudibras_, by Zach. Grey, LL.D. 2 vols. 8vo. Cambridge,
+    1744.
+
+    "Best edition. Copies in fine condition are in considerable request.
+    The cuts are beautifully engraved, and Hogarth is much indebted to the
+    designer of them; but who he was does not appear."
+
+The above remarks in Lowndes's _Bibliographical Manual_ having caught my
+attention, they appeared to me somewhat obscure and contradictory; and as
+they seemed rather disparaging to the fame of Hogarth, of whose works and
+genius I am a warm admirer, I have taken some pains to ascertain what may
+have been Mr. Lowndes's meaning.
+
+On examining the plates in Dr. Grey's edition, they are all inscribed "_W.
+Hogarth inv^t, J. Mynde sc^t_." {356} How, then, can Hogarth be said to be
+_much indebted to the designer of them_, if we are to believe the words on
+the plates themselves--"_W. Hogarth inv^t"?_
+
+It is clear that Mr. Lowndes supposes the designer of these plates to have
+been some person distinct from Hogarth; and he was right in his conjecture;
+but he was ignorant of the name of the artist alluded to.
+
+Whoever he was, he can have little claim to be regarded as the original
+designer; he was rather employed as an expurgator; for these plates are
+certainly copies of the two sets of plates invented and engraved by Hogarth
+himself in 1726.
+
+All that this second designer performed was, to revise the original designs
+of Hogarth's, in order to remove some _glaring indecencies_; and this, no
+doubt, is what Mr. Lowndes means, when he says that "_Hogarth is much
+indebted to the designer of them_."
+
+The following passage in a letter from Dr. Ducaral to Dr. Grey, dated Inner
+Temple, May 10th, 1743, printed In Nichols's _Illustrations_, will furnish
+us with _the name_ of the artist in question:--
+
+    "I was at _Mr. Isaac Wood's the painter_, who showed me the twelve
+    sketches of _Hudibras_, which he designs for you. I think they are
+    extremely well adapted to the book, and that the designer shows how
+    much he was master of the subject."
+
+In the preface to this edition, Dr. Grey expresses his obligations "to the
+ingenious _Mr. Wood, painter, of Bloomsbury-square_."
+
+In the fourth volume of Nichols's _Illustrations of Literature_ are some
+interesting letters from Thos. Potter, Esq., to Dr. Grey, which throw much
+light on the subject of this edition of _Hudibras_.
+
+I cannot conclude these observations without expressing my dissent from the
+praise bestowed upon the engravings in this work. Mr. Lowndes says "_the
+cuts are beautifully engraved_." With the exception of the head of Butler
+by Vertue, the rest are very spiritless and indifferent productions.
+
+J. T. A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FOLK LORE.
+
+_Overyssel Superstition._--Stolen bees will not thrive; they pine away and
+die.
+
+JANUS DOUSA.
+
+_Death-bed Superstitions._--When a child is dying, people, in some parts of
+Holland, are accustomed to shade it by the curtains from the parent's gaze;
+the soul being supposed to linger in the body as long as a compassionate
+eye is fixed upon it. Thus, in Germany, he who sheds tears when leaning
+over an expiring friend, or, bending over the patient's couch, does but
+wipe them off, enhances, they say, the difficulty of death's last struggle.
+I believe the same poetical superstition is recorded in _Mary Barton, a
+Tale of Manchester Life_.
+
+JANUS DOUSA.
+
+_Popular Rhyme._--The following lines very forcibly express the condition
+of many a "country milkmaid," when influence or _other considerations_
+render her incapable of giving a final decision upon the claims of two
+opposing suitors. They are well known in this district, and I have been
+induced to offer them for insertion, in the hope that if any of your
+correspondents are possessed of any variations or additional stanzas, they
+may be pleased to forward them to your interesting publication.
+
+ "Heigh ho! my heart is low,
+  My mind runs all on _one_;
+  W for William true,
+  But T for my love Tom."
+
+T. W.
+
+Burnley, Lancashire
+
+_Death-bed Mystery._--It may, perhaps, interest MR. SANSOM to be informed
+that the appearance described to him is mentioned as a known fact in one of
+the works of the celebrated mystic, Jacob Behmen, _The Three Principles_,
+chap. 19. "Of the going forth of the Soul." I extract from J. Sparrow's
+translations., London, 1648.
+
+    "Seeing then that Man is so very earthly, therefore he hath none but
+    earthly knowledge, except he be regenerated in the Gate of Deep. He
+    always supposeth that the Soul (at the deceasing of the Body) goeth
+    only out at the Mouth, and he understandeth nothing concerning its deep
+    Essences above the Elements. _When he seeth a blue Vapor go forth out
+    of the Mouth of a dying Man_ (which maketh a strong smell all over the
+    chamber), then he supposeth that is the Soul."
+
+A. ROFFE.
+
+_Bradshaw Family._--There is a popular belief in this immediate part of the
+country, which was formerly a stronghold of the Jacobites, that no Bradshaw
+has ever flourished since the days of the regicide. They point to old halls
+formerly in possession of Bradshaws, now passed into other hands, and shake
+their heads and say, "It is a bad name,--no Bradshaw will come to good." I
+heard this speech only yesterday in connexion with Halton Hall (on the
+Lune); but the feeling is common, and not confined to the uneducated
+classes.
+
+Haigh Hall remains in the possession of the descendants of the family from
+which Judge Bradshaw was descended, because, so said my informant, the
+heiress married a "loyal Lindsay" (the Earl of Balcarras).
+
+E. C. G.
+
+Lancaster.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{357} ADVICE TO THE EDITOR, AND HINTS TO HIS CONTRIBUTORS.
+
+My signature [Greek: S]. having been adopted by another correspondent, I
+have been obliged to discontinue it.
+
+My other signature [Greek: Ph]., which I have used since your commencement,
+is in your last number applied to the contribution of another gentleman,
+although the same number contains two articles of mine with that signature.
+
+As this is palpably inconvenient, pray accept the following
+
+      ADVICE TO THE EDITOR
+
+  A contributor sending a Note or a Query,
+    Considers what signature's better;
+  And lest his full name too oft should prove weary,
+    He sometimes subscribes with a letter.
+
+  This letter in English or Greek thus selected,
+    As his personal mark he engages;
+  From piracy, therefore, it should be protected,
+    Throughout all the rest of your pages.
+
+  By a contrary practice confusion is sown,
+    And annoyance to writers of spirit,
+  Who wish not to claim any Notes but their own,
+    Or of less or superior merit.
+
+  I submit in such cases no writer would grumble,
+    But give you his hearty permission,
+  When two correspondents on one mark should stumble,
+    To make to the last an addition.
+
+  You are bound to avoid ev'ry point that distresses,
+    And prevent all collision that vexes,
+  Preserving the right of each collar of SS,
+    And warding the blows of cross XX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MINOR NOTES.
+
+_Rollin's Ancient History and History of the Arts and Sciences._--It may be
+useful to note, for the benefit of some of your student readers, that the
+most procurable editions of Rollin's _Ancient History_ are deficient,
+inasmuch as they do not contain his History of the Arts and Sciences, which
+is an integral part of the work. After having possessed several editions of
+the work of Rollin, I now have got Blackie's edition of 1837, in 3 vols.
+8vo., edited by Bell; and I learn from its preface that this is the only
+edition published since 1740 containing the History of the Arts and
+Sciences.
+
+How comes it that the editions since 1740 have been so castrated?
+
+IOTA.
+
+Liverpool, October 16. 1850.
+
+_Jezebel._--The name of this queen is, I think, incorrectly translated in
+all the _Bible Dictionaries_ and _Cyclopaedias_ that have come under my
+notice. It was common amongst all ancient nations to give _compound_ names
+to persons, partly formed from the names of their respective _divinities_.
+This observation applies particularly to the Assyrians, Babylonians, and
+their dependencies, together with the Phoenicians, Carthaginians,
+Egyptians, and Greeks. Hence we find, both in scripture and profane
+history, a number of names compounded of _Baal_, such as _Baal_-hanan, Gen.
+xxxvi. 38., the gift, grace, mercy, or favour of _Baal_; the name of the
+celebrated Carthaginian general, Hanni_bal_, is the same name transposed.
+The father of the Tyrian prince, Hiram, was called Abi_bal_, my father is
+_Baal_, or _Baal_ is my father. Esh_baal_, the fire of _Baal_; Jerub_baal_,
+let _Baal_ contend, or defend his cause; Meri_baal_, he that resists
+_Baal_, or strives against the _idol_, were Hebrew names, apparently
+imposed to ridicule those given in honor of _Baal_. The father of _Jezebel_
+was called Eth_baal_, Kings xvi. 31., (classically, Itho_balus_,) with
+_Baal_, towards _Baal_, or him _that rules_. Lastly, Hasdru_bal_ signifies
+help or assistance of _Baal_. Will some of the talented contributors to
+"NOTES AND QUERIES" inform me what is the _composition_ and _meaning_ of
+_Jezebel_, as it has hitherto baffled my own individual researches? Is it
+the contracted _feminine form_ of Hasdru_bal_?
+
+W. G. H.
+
+_Clarendon, Oxford Edition of 1815._--The following curious fact, relating
+to the Oxford edition of Lord Clarendon's History in 1815, was communicated
+to me by a gentleman who was then officially interested in the publication,
+and personally cognisant of the circumstances.
+
+In the year 1815, the University of Oxford determined to reprint
+Clarendon's _History of the Rebellion_, and to add to it that of the Irish
+rebellion; but as it was suspected by one of the delegates of the press,
+that the edition from which they were printing the "Irish Rebellion" was
+spurious, as it attributed the origin of the rebellion _to the Protestants
+instead of the Catholics_; a much earlier copy was procured from Dublin,
+through the chaplain of the then Lord Lieutenant, which _reversed the
+accusation_ which was contained in the copy from which the University had
+been about to print.
+
+J. T. A.
+
+September 30. 1850.
+
+_Macaulay's Country Squire._--I suppose I may take it for granted that all
+the world has long since been made merry by Mr. Macaulay's description of
+"the country squire on a visit to London in 1685." (_History of England_,
+vol. i. p. 369.)
+
+I am not aware that Steele's description of a country gentleman under
+similar circumstances has ever been referred to; it is certainly far from
+being as graphic as Mr. Macaulay's; but the one may at all events serve to
+illustrate the other, and to prove that Urbs had not made any very great
+progress in _urbanity_ between 1685 and 1712.
+
+    "If a country gentleman appears a little curious in observing the
+    edifices, signs, clocks, coaches, and dials, {358} it is not to be
+    imagined how the polite rabble of this town, who are acquainted with
+    these objects, ridicule his rusticity. I have known a fellow with a
+    burden on his head steal a hand down from his load, and slily twirl the
+    cock of a squire's hat behind him; and while the offended person is
+    swearing or out of countenance, all the wag-wits in the highway are
+    grinning in applause of the ingenious rogue that gave him the tip, and
+    the folly of him who had not eyes all round his head to prevent
+    receiving it."--_Spectator_, No. 354.
+
+C. FORBES.
+
+October 11.
+
+_Miching Mallecho._--The Writer of the review of _Urquhart's Travels_ in
+the _Quart. Rev._ for March 1850, who is, in all probability, identical
+with the author of the _Handbook of Spain_, felicitously suggests that
+_Miching Mallecho_ is a mere misprint for the Spanish words _Mucho
+Malhecho_, _much mischief_: _Hamlet_, iii. 2. Imagining that I had seen
+this ingenious conjecture somewhere in print before, I referred to, and was
+disappointed when I found it not in Knight's _Shakspeare_ (library ed.).
+Recently, in looking over Dr. Maginn's admirable dissections of _Dr.
+Farmer's Essay on the Learning of Shakspeare_, I discovered what I was in
+search of, and beg to present it to the notice of your readers.
+
+    "That the text is corrupt, I am sure; and I think Dr. Farmer's
+    substitution of _mimicking malhecco_, a most unlucky attempt at
+    emendation. In the old copies it is _munching malicho_, in which we
+    find traces of the true reading, _mucho malhecho_, much mischief.
+
+    "'Marry, _mucho malhecho_--it means mischief.'"--_Fraser's Magazine_,
+    Dec. 1839, p. 654.
+
+J. M. B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Queries.
+
+THE INQUISITION--THE BOHEMIAN PERSECUTION.
+
+My query as to the authorship of _The Adventures of Gaudentio di Lucca_ has
+drawn so satisfactory a reply from your correspondents (whom I beg to thank
+most heartily for the information they have communicated), that I am
+induced to ask you to aid me in ascertaining the authorships of the
+following works of which I have copies:--
+
+    "Histoire de l'Inquisition et son Origine. A Cologne, chez Pierre
+    Marteau, M.DC.XCIII." 1 vol. 12mo.
+
+Is this the same work as that mentioned in Watt's _Bib. Brit._ as--
+
+    "The History of the Inquisition and its Origin, by James Marsollier,
+    1693." 12mo.?
+
+I have often searched for a copy of this work in English, but have never
+found it. Was it ever translated into English?
+
+    "L'INQUISIZIONE PROCESSATA OPERA STORICA E CURIOSA, Divisa in due Tomi.
+    IN COLONIA APPRESSO PAULO DELLA TENAGLIA, M.DC.LXXXI."
+
+I should like to know something of the authorship of these volumes, and of
+the circumstances under which they were published.
+
+    "The Slaughter-House, or a brief description of the Spanish
+    Inquisition, &c., gathered together by the pains and study of James
+    Salgado." N.D.
+
+The biographical dictionaries within my reach give no account of Salgado.
+Who was he?
+
+    "Historia Persecutionium Ecclesiae Bohemicae jam inde a primordiis
+    Conversionis suae ad Christianismum hoc est, 894, ad annum usque 1632,
+    Ferdinando Secundo Austriaco regnante, &c., anno Domini M D CXLVIII." 1
+    vol. 32mo.
+
+I have an English translation of this small work, published in 1650. Can
+any of your readers inform me who were the authors? (The preface concludes,
+"In our banishment in the year 1632. N. N. N., &c.")
+
+IOTA.
+
+Liverpool, October, 1850.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries.
+
+_Osnaburg Bishopric._--Can any of your correspondents inform me who
+succeeded the late Duke of York as Bishop of Osnaburg? how the Duke of York
+attained it? and whether there were any ecclesiastical duties attached to
+it? or whether the appointment was a lay one?
+
+B. M.
+
+_Meaning of "Farlief"._--May I ask for a definition of the word "farlief",
+used in Devonshire to designate some service or payment to the lord of the
+manor by his copyholders, apparently analogous to the old feudal "relief"?
+
+V. J. S.
+
+_Margaret Dyneley._--In Stanford Dingley Church, Berkshire, there is a
+"brass" of _Margaret Dyneley_, from whose family, I presume, the parish has
+received its appellation of _Dingley_. As, however, I have not yet
+succeeded in obtaining any account as to this lady or her ancestors, I
+should feel obliged by any information which your learned correspondents
+only be able to afford.
+
+J. H. K.
+
+_Tristan d'Acunha._--COSMOPOLITE will be glad to have references to any
+authentic sources of information respecting the island of Tristan d'Acunha.
+
+_Production of Fire by Friction._--In most of the accounts written by
+persons who have visited the South Sea Islands, we meet with descriptions
+of the method adopted by the natives to produce fire by the rapid attrition
+of two bits of wood. Now I wish to ask whether any person has ever seen the
+same effect produced in this country by similar means? If not, to what
+cause is the difficulty--if such difficulty really exists--attributable?
+
+{359} Does it depend upon the nature of the wood used, the condition of the
+atmosphere, or the dexterity of the operator? I have not quoted any
+particular passages, as they are sufficiently familiar to readers of
+voyages and travels in the South Sea hemisphere; and although they exhibit
+some diversity in the _modus operandi_, the principle involved is
+essentially the same in each mode. I need scarcely add, that I am of course
+well aware of the means by which, whether by accident or design, heat is
+ordinarily generated by friction in this country.
+
+D.
+
+Rotherfield.
+
+_Murderer hanged when pardoned._--I have a copy of the _Protestant's
+Almanack_ for 1680, full of MS. notes of the period, written by one of the
+Crew family. Among other matter it states:
+
+    "A man was hung for a murder in Southwark (I think), notwithstanding
+    the king's pardon had been obtained for him, and he actually had it in
+    his pocket at the time."
+
+Will some kind friend oblige me with further information of this case, or
+tell me where I may obtain it?
+
+GILBERT.
+
+_Burke, Passage from._--The following passage is quoted as a motto _from
+Burke_:--
+
+    "The swarthy daughters of Cadmus may hang their trophies on high, for
+    when all the pride of the chisel and the pomp of heraldry yield to the
+    silent touches of time, a single line, a half worn-out inscription,
+    remain faithful to their trust."
+
+In what composition of Burke's is it to be found?
+
+Q.(2.)
+
+_Licensing of Books._--Can any of your readers inform me what was the law
+in 1665 relative to the licensing of books? also when it was introduced (or
+revived), and when modified? I find in a manual of devotion printed in that
+year the following page, after the preface:--
+
+    "I have perused this book, and finding nothing in it but what may tend
+    to the increase of private devotion and piety, I recommend it to my
+    Lord the Bishop of London for his licence to have it printed."
+
+JO. DURESME.
+
+     "Imprimatur:
+  Tho. Grigg, R. P. D. Hamff.
+      Ep. Lond. a Sac. Dom.
+  Ex AEdibus, Lond.
+      Mart. 28. 1665."
+
+R. N.
+
+_Captain John Stevens._--I should be glad to learn some account of _Capt.
+John Stevens_, the continuator of Dugdale's _Monasticon_ in 1722. He is
+generally considered to have edited the English abridgment of the
+_Monasticon_, in one vol. 1718, though a passage in Thoresby's _Diary_
+mentions that it contained "some reflections upon the Reformation, which
+the _Spanish Priest_, who is said to be translator and abridger of the
+three Latin volumes, would not omit."
+
+A note by the editor of Thoresby's _Diary_ says that--
+
+    "Mr. Gough was uncertain by whom this Translation and Abridgment was
+    prepared. He supposed that it was done by Captain Stevens, the author,
+    or rather compiler of a valuable, Supplement to the _Monasticon_, in
+    which he was assisted by Thoresby."
+
+J. T. A.
+
+_Le Bon Gendarme._--Close to the boundary stone which separates the
+parishes of Fulham and Hammersmith, and facing the lane which leads to
+Brook Green, on the Hammersmith Road, is a way-side public-house, known as
+"The Black Bull." So late as three months ago, in addition to the sign of
+the Black Bull, there was painted over the door, but somewhat high up, a
+worn-out inscription, "Le Bon Gendarme," as if that had originally been the
+name of the inn. These words have been lately effaced altogether: but as
+they no doubt relate to some circumstance or adventure which had happened
+in or near to the place, perhaps some reader of the "NOTES AND QUERIES"
+will have the goodness to satisfy the curiosity of one who has asked at the
+inn in vain for a solution.
+
+U. U. C.
+
+University Club.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+REPLIES.
+
+TASSO TRANSLATED BY FAIRFAX.
+
+The variation in the first stanza of Fairfax's _Godfrey of Bulloigne_ has
+been long known to bibliographers, and was pointed out in _The Critical
+Review_ more than thirty years ago. I cannot fix on the particular number,
+but it contained a long notice of the version of Tasso by Fairfax, and the
+very stanzas extracted by T. N. The translator could not please himself
+with the outset of his undertaking, and hence the recorded substitution;
+but it is not known that he carried his fastidiousness so far as to furnish
+a _third_ version of the first stanza, as well as of the "Argument" of the
+introductory canto, differing from both the others. In the instance pointed
+out by T. N. the substitution was effected by pasting the _approved_ stanza
+over the _disapproved_ stanza; but the _third_ version was given by
+reprinting the whole leaf, which contains other variations of typography,
+besides such as it was thought necessary to make in the first stanza.
+
+I formerly had copies of the book, dated 1600, including all three
+variations; but the late Mr. Wordsworth having one day looked particularly
+at that with the reprinted leaf, and expressing a {360} strong wish to
+possess it, I gave it to him, and I presume that it remained in his library
+at his death. What I speak of happened full twenty years ago.
+
+_The Critical Review_ of the date I refer to (I am pretty confident that it
+was of the early part of 1817) contained a good deal of information
+regarding Fairfax and his productions; but it did not mention one fact of
+importance to show the early estimation and popularity of his translation
+of the _Gerusalemme Liberata_, viz., that although it was published in
+1600, it is repeatedly quoted in _England's Parnassus_, printed in the same
+year, and containing extracts, as most people are aware, from all the
+distinguished poets of that day, and somewhat earlier. This circumstance
+ascertains also that Fairfax's Tasso came out before _England's Parnassus_,
+although both bear the date of 1600 on the title-pages.
+
+THE HERMIT OF HOLYPORT.
+
+_Fairfax's Tasso._--In my copy of the second edition, 1624, the first
+stanza of the first book is given precisely as in Mr. Knight's reprint. But
+in the very beautiful edition published by Bensley, 1817, and edited by Mr.
+Singer, that stanza which T. N. terms an "elegant variation," introduces
+the canto. The editor's preface states that the _first_ edition, 1600, had
+been followed in that re-impression, "admitting some few corrections of
+errors, and emendations of orthography, from the _second_, I printed in
+1624." Of this second edition it is remarked that "it appears to have been
+revised by some careful corrector of the press; yet nothing material is
+changed but the orthography of particular words." No notice is taken of the
+difference between the first stanza of the second edition, and that of the
+first edition, identical with the cancel in T. N.'s copy. Possibly, _both_
+the copies of these two editions, which happened to come under the editor's
+notice, had this cancel, and so presented no variation from each other. If,
+however, _all_ the copies of the second edition contained the stanza as
+given by Mr. Knight, and Mr. Singer's opinion (drawn from the dedicatory
+verses to Prince Charles, prefixed to _some_ copies of the second edition)
+that this edition _was_ seen, and probably corrected, by the author, be
+well-founded, it would seem to follow that Fairfax finally preferred the
+stanza in this its first and later state, and as it appears in Mr. Knight's
+edition. If the "cancel-slip" be an "elegant" variation, may not the
+original stanza be regarded as more vigorous?
+
+G. A. S.
+
+_Fairfax's Tasso._--In the elegant edition published by Mr. Singer in 1817,
+the first stanza is printed according to the variation noticed by your
+correspondent T. N. (Vol. ii., p. 325.), "I sing the warre," &c., and the
+original stanza is printed at the end of the first book, with a note
+stating that the pasted slip is found "in most copies" of the first
+edition. My copy contains no such peculiarity, but it is of course possible
+that the pasted slip may have been removed. The second edition (folio,
+London, 1624) has the stanza in the form in which it originally stood in
+the first, beginning "The sacred armies," &c.
+
+J. F. M
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ALE-DRAPER.--EUGENE ARAM.
+
+(Vol. ii., p. 310.)
+
+Your correspondent D. asks whether the word _ale-draper_ was ever in "good
+use." The only place in which I can find it is Bailey's _Dictionary_, where
+it occurs thus:
+
+    "Ale-draper (a humorous name), a seller of malt liquors; an
+    alehouse-keeper or victualler."
+
+The humour, I suppose, consists in applying to one kind of occupation that
+which was commonly given to another; in taking _draper_ from the service of
+cloth, and pressing it by force into that of _ale_. That it was ever
+considered as a word of respectable standing, can hardly be imagined. In
+such writers as Tom Brown it is most likely to occur.
+
+1. With reference to Eugene Aram, D.'s remark about the
+_over-ingeniousness_ of his defence has been anticipated by Paley, who was
+present at the trial, and said that Aram would not have been hanged had he
+less studiously defended himself. That laboured address to the jury must
+have employed his thoughts for years. I should like very much to know
+whether anyone has ever attempted to verify the references which he gives
+to the cases in which he says that bones have been found. The style of the
+speech has been much praised, but is surely not very surprising when it is
+considered that Johnson had previously written the _Rambler_. The
+composition wants ease.
+
+2. Ever since I began to read about Eugene Aram, and that is some years
+ago, I have had a settled opinion that his attainments, and perhaps his
+abilities, had been greatly overrated. He was doubtless a man of
+considerable mental powers; but we cannot but suspect that had he acquired
+all the learning which is attributed to him, he would have attracted more
+notice than it was his fortune to obtain.
+
+3. Mr. Scatchard's attempts, and all other attempts, to clear him from
+"blood-guilty stain," must be equally futile, for he himself confessed his
+guilt while he was in prison.
+
+Some time ago, a dozen years or more, there appeared in the _Literary
+Gazette_, as a communication from a correspondent, an anecdote concerning
+Aram, which well deserves to be repeated. During the time that he was in
+the school of Lynn, it was the custom for the head-master, at the
+termination of every half-year, to invite the parents of the boys to an
+entertainment, and all {361} who accepted the invitation were expected to
+bring with them the money due on account of their sons, which, _postquam
+exempta fames epulis_, they paid into the head-master's hands. The master
+would thus retire to rest with a considerable sum in his possession. On one
+of these occasions, after he had gone to his chamber and supposed that all
+the family were in bed, he heard a noise in a passage not far distant, and,
+going out to see what was the cause of it, found Aram groping about in the
+dark, who, on being asked what he wanted, said that he had been obliged to
+leave his room on a necessary occasion, and had missed his way to the place
+which he sought. The passage was not one into which he was likely to wander
+by mistake, but the master accepted his excuse, and thought no more of the
+matter till Aram was arrested for the robbery and murder of Clarke, when he
+immediately recollected the circumstance, and suspected that he had
+intended on that night to commit another robbery or murder. I have not the
+number of the _Literary Gazette_ in which this statement was given to refer
+to, but I am sure that I have repeated the substance of it correctly, and
+remember that it was inserted as being worthy of credit. It is another
+illustration of the fact that the nature of a man is unchangeable.
+
+Bulwer's novel, which elevates Aram from a school-assistant into a private
+gentleman, may have pleased those, if there were such, who knew nothing of
+Arum's acts before they began to read it. But all who knew what Aram was,
+must be disgusted at the threshold. I regarded the book, at the time of its
+appearance, as one of the most presumptuous falsifications of biography
+that had ever been attempted. It is not easy to see why Bulwer might not
+have made an equally interesting story, if he had kept Aram in his proper
+station.
+
+J. S. W.
+
+Stockwell.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ON THE WORD "GRADELY."
+
+Permit me to make a few remarks on the word _gradely_:--
+
+1. It seems to have no connexion with the Latin noun _gradus_, Angl.
+_grade_, step.
+
+2. Its first syllable, _grade_, is both a substantive and an adjective; and
+_gradely_ itself both adjective and adverb, as _weakly_, _sickly_, _godly_,
+&c.
+
+3. It is not confined to Lancashire or to England, but appears in Scotland
+as _graith_ (ready), _graith_ (furniture); whence _graithly_ (readily), to
+_graith_, _grathe_, or _graid_ (prepare), &c. See Jamieson's _Sc. Dict._
+and _Supplement_.
+
+4. It is in fact the Anglo-Saxon _gerad_, which is both substantive and
+adjective. As a substantive it means condition, arrangement, plan, reason,
+&c. As an adjective, it means prudent, well-prepared, expert, exact, &c.
+The _ge_ (Gothic _ga_) is merely the intensive prefix; the root being _rad_
+or _rath_. The form in _ly_ (adjective or adverb), without the prefix _g_,
+appears in the Anglo-Saxon _raedlic_, prudent, expert; _raedlice_,
+expertly. This interesting root, which appears as _re_, _ra_, _red_, _rad_,
+_rath_, &c.; sometimes by transposition, as _er_, _ar_, _erd_, &c. (perhaps
+also as _reg_, _rag_, _erg_, _arc_, &c.), seems to represent the nobler
+qualities of man: thought, reason, counsel, speech, deliberate action; and
+perhaps, also, government.
+
+Thus in the Semitic family of languages we have the radicals _raa_ (saw,
+foresaw, counselled); _radha_ (helped, ruled); _rathad_ (arranged); _rato_
+(directed, instructed); and others, with their numerous derivatives.
+
+The Indo-European family gives us, in Sanscrit, _ra_ or _rae_ (ponder,
+experience); _rat_ (speak); _radh_ (accomplish); _raj_ (excel); _ragh_
+(attain, reach); and others, with derivatives. In Greek, _rheo_ (speak),
+transp. _ero_ or _wero_ (whence _verbum_, _wort_, _word_); _rhero_ or
+_rhedo_ (do), transp. _erdo_, also _ergo_ (whence _werke_, _work_); _archo_
+(rule), and others, with derivatives. In Latin, _reor_ (think), whence
+_ratus_ and _ratio_ (reason); _res_ (thing, action); _rego_ (rule), with
+derivatives (_rex_, _regula_, _rectus_, &c.). In Celtic (Welsh), _rhe_
+(active); _rheswm_ (reason); _rhaith_ (judgment, right); _rhi_ (prince);
+_rhag_ (van, before). In Sclavonic, _rada_, _rade_ (counsel); _redian_ (to
+direct), &c.
+
+In the Teutonic dialects (Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, German, Dutch, Swedish,
+Danish, Icelandic, Scotch, and English) the forms of this root are very
+numerous. Thus we have, in Anglo-Saxon, _rad_, _raed_ (counsel);
+_raedlich_, _grad_, as above, whence _geradien_ (to prepare), and other
+words. In German, _rede_ (discourse); _rath_ (counsel); _reden_ (to speak);
+_regel_ (a rule); _recht_ (right); _gerecht_ (just); _gerade_ (exactly),
+&c.; _bereiten_ (prepare), &c. In English, _ready_, _read_, _rule_,
+_right_, _riddle_, _reason_, _rather_, to which we must add _gradely_. In
+Scotch, _red_, _rede_, _rade_, _rath_, &c., with the words mentioned above;
+of which _graith_ (furniture) is the German _geraeth_. Your readers will
+derive much information on this class of words by reference to Jamieson,
+under _red_, _rede_, _rath_, _graith_, &c.
+
+BENJ. H. KENNEDY.
+
+Shrewsbury, Oct. 19.
+
+_Gradely_.--It seems rather a rash step to differ from the mass of critical
+authority with which your last number has brought this shy, old-fashioned
+provincial word into a blaze of literary notoriety. Yet I cannot help
+conceiving the original form of this adverb to be _grathedly_ ([Old
+English: geraethlic], root [Old English: raeth], with the preteritive prefix
+[Old English: ge]) or _gerathely_. In our Yorkshire dialect, to _grathe_
+(pronounced _gradhe_) means, to make ready, to put in a state of _order_ or
+_fitness_. A man inconveniently accoutred or furnished with implements for
+the performance of some operation on which he was employed, {362} observed
+to me the other day, "I's ill grathed for't job"--rather a terse Saxon
+contrast to my latinized paraphrase.
+
+_Grathedly_ would then mean, "In a state of good order, fitness, readiness,
+or perfection."
+
+To the cognate German _gerade_ adv., I find the senses, "directly, just,
+exactly, _perfectly_, rightly."
+
+The prevailing impression given by your numerous testimonials as to the
+character of the word _gradely_, is one of decency, order, rightness,
+perfectness.
+
+I fancy the whole family (who might be called the children of _rath_), viz.
+[Old English: raeth], _rathe_ (_gerathe, grathedly, gradely_), _rather_ (only
+a Saxon form of _readier_), have as a common primeval progenitor the
+Sanscrit [Sanskrit: radh] (_radh_), which is interpreted "a process towards
+perfection;" in other words, "a becoming ready."
+
+G. J. CAYLEY.
+
+Wydale, Oct. 21.
+
+P.S.--_Greadly_ is probably a transposition for _geradly_. The Yorkshire
+pronunciation of _gradely_ is almost as if written _grared-ly_.
+
+I think it probable that the words _greed, greedily_, are from the same
+radicle. By the way, is _radix_ perhaps derived from [Sanskrit: rad]
+(_rad_), a tooth (from the fang-like form of roots), whence _rodere_ and
+possibly _radius_?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+COLLAR OF ESSES.
+
+Although the suggestion made by C. (Vol. ii., p. 330.), _viz._ that the
+Collar of Esses had a "mechanical" origin, resulting from the mode of
+forming "the chain," and that "the _name_ means no more than that the links
+were in the shape of the letter S.," could only be advocated by one
+unacquainted with the real formation of the collar, yet, as I am now
+pledged before the readers of "NOTES AND QUERIES" as the historiographer of
+livery collars, it may be expected that I should make some reply. This may
+be accompanied with the remark, that, about the reign of Henry VIII., a
+collar occurs, which might be adduced in support of the theory suggested by
+the REV. MR. ELLACOMBE, and adopted by C. It looks like a collar formed of
+esses; but it is not clear whether it was meant to do so, or was merely a
+rich collar of twisted gold links. That was the age of ponderous gold
+collars, but which were arbitrary features of ornamental costume, not
+collars of livery. Such a collar, however, resembles a series of esses
+placed obliquely and interlaced, as thus: _SSSS_; not laid flat on their
+sides, as figured by C. Again, it is true an (endless) _chain_ of linked
+esses was formed merely by attaching the letters [three letter Ss
+horizontally] like hooks together. This occurs on the cup at Oriel College,
+Oxford, engraved in Shaw's _Ancient Furniture_ in Shelton's _Oxonia
+Illustrata_, and in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for August last; but the
+connexion of this with the English device is at least very doubtful. The
+cup is not improbably of foreign workmanship, and Menneus assigns such a
+collar to the knights of Cyprus; even there the S was not without its
+attributed import:
+
+    "Per literam autem S. quae _Silentii_ apud Romanos nota fuit, secretum
+    societatis et amicitiae simulachrum, individuamque pro patriae defensione
+    _Societatem_ denotari."--_Fr. Mennenii Deliciae Equest. Ordinum_, 1613.
+    12mo. p. 153.
+
+However, the answer to the suggestion of MR. ELLACOMBE and C. consists in
+this important distinction, that the Lancastrian livery collar was _not a
+chain_ of linked esses, but a collar of leather or other stiff material,
+upon which the letters were _distinctly_ figured at certain intervals; and
+when it came to be made of metal only, the letters were still kept distinct
+and upright. On John of Ghent's collar, in the window of old St. Paul's
+(which I have already mentioned in p. 330.), there are only five,
+
+  S       S       S       S       S,
+
+at considerable intervals. On the collar of the poet Gower the letters
+occur thus,--
+
+  SSSSS       SSSSS.
+
+On that of Queen Joan of Navarre, at Canterbury, thus,--
+
+  S | S | S | S | S | S |
+
+There is then, I think, little doubt that this device was the _symbolum_ or
+_nota_ of some word of which S was the initial letter; whether _Societas_,
+or _Silentium_, or _Souvenance_, or _Soveraigne_, or _Seneschallus_, or
+whatever else ingenuity or fancy may suggest, this is the question,--a
+question which it is scarcely possible to settle authoritatively without
+the testimony of some unequivocal contemporary statement. But I flatter
+myself that I have now clearly shown that the esses were neither the _links
+of a chain_ nor yet (as suggested in a former paper) identical with the
+_gormetti fremales_, or horse-bridles, which are said to have formed the
+livery collar of the King of Scots.
+
+JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS.
+
+ "Christus purpureum gemmati textus in auro
+  Signabat Labarum, Clypeorum insignia Christus
+  Scripserat; ardebat summis crux addita cristis."
+
+By the same sort of reasoning--viz. conjecture--that MR. JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS
+adheres to the opinion that the Collar of SS. takes its name from the word
+_Seneschallus_, it might be contended that the initial letters of the lines
+above quoted mystically stand for "Collar, S. S." Enough, however, has
+already been written on this unmeaning point to show that some of us are
+"great gowks," or, in other words, stupid guffs, to waste so much pen, ink,
+and paper on the subject.
+
+There are other topics, however, connected with the Collar of SS. which are
+of real interest to a {363} numerous section of the titled aristocracy in
+the United Kingdom; and it is with these, as bearing upon the heraldic and
+gentilitial rights of the subject, that I am desirous to grapple. MR.
+NICHOLS, and those who pin faith upon his _dicta_, hold that the Collar of
+SS. was a livery ensign bestowed by our kings upon certain of their
+retainers, in much the same sense and fashion as Cedric the Saxon is said
+to have given a collar to Wamba, the son of Witless. For myself, and all
+those entitled to carry armorial bearings in the kingdom, I repudiate the
+notion that the knightly golden Collar of SS. was ever so conferred or
+received. Further, I maintain that there was a distinction between what MR.
+NICHOLS calls "the Livery Collar of SS.," and the said knightly golden
+Collar of SS., as marked and broad as is the difference between the Collar
+of the Garter and the collar of that four-footed dignitary which bore the
+inscription,
+
+ "I am the Prince's Dog at Kew,
+  Pray whose Dog are you?"
+
+In his last communication MR. NICHOLS lays it down that "livery collars
+were perfectly distinct from collars of knighthood;" adding, they did not
+exist until a subsequent age. Of course the collars of such royal orders of
+knighthood as have been established since the days of our Lancastrian kings
+had necessarily no existence at the period to which he refers. But Gough
+(not MR. GOUGH NICHOLS) mentions that the Collar of SS. was upon the
+monument of Matilda Fitzwalter, of Dunmow, who lived in the reign of King
+John; and Ashmole instances a monument in the collegiate church at Warwick,
+with the portraiture of Margaret, wife of Sir William Peito, said to have
+been sculptured there in the reign of Edward III. What credit then are we
+to attach to MR. N.'s averment, that the "Collar of Esses was not a badge
+of knighthood, nor a badge of personal merit, but was a collar of livery,
+and the idea typified by livery was feudal dependence, or what we now call
+party?" What sort of feudal dependence was typified by the ensign of
+equestrian nobility upon the necks of the two ladies named, or upon the
+neck of Queen Joan of Navarre? MR. NICHOLS states that in the first
+Lancastrian reigns the Collar of SS. had no pendant, though, afterwards, it
+had a pendant called "the king's beast." On the effigy of Queen Joan the
+collar certainly has no pendant, except the jewelled ring of a trefoil
+form. But on the ceiling and canopy of the tomb of Henry IV., his arms, and
+those of his queen (Joan of Navarre), are surrounded with Collars of SS.,
+the king's terminating in an eagle volant (rather an odd sort of a beast),
+whilst the pendant of the queen's has been defaced.
+
+MR. NICHOLS, in a postscript, puts this query to the antiquaries of
+Scotland: "Can any of them help me to the authority from which Nich. Upton
+derived his livery collar of the King of Scotland de gormettis fremalibus
+equorum?" If Mr. N. puts this query from no other data than the citation
+given in my former paper upon this subject (vide Vol. ii., p. 194.), he
+need not limit it to the antiquaries of Scotland. Upton's words are as
+follows:--
+
+    "Rex etiam scocie dare solebat pro signo vel titulo suo, unum collarium
+    de gormettis fremalibus equorum de auro vel argento."
+
+This passage neither indicates that a King of Scotland is referred to, nor
+does it establish that the collar was given as a livery sign or title. It
+merely conveys something to this purport, that the king was accustomed to
+give to his companions, as a sign or title, a collar of gold or silver
+shaped like the bit of a horse's bridle.
+
+MR. NICHOLS takes exception to Favine as an heraldic authority. Could that
+erudite author arise from his grave, I wonder how he would designate MR.
+NICHOLS'S lucubrations on livery collars, &c. But hear Matthew Paris: that
+learned writer says Equites Aurati were known in his day "by a gold ring on
+their thumbs, by a chain of gold about their necks, and gilt spurs." Let us
+look to Scotland: Nesbit says, vol. ii. p. 87.:
+
+    "Our knights were no less anciently known by belts than by their gilt
+    spurs, swords, &c. In the last place is the collar, an ensign of
+    knightly dignity among the Germans, Gauls, Britains, Danes, Goths, &c.
+    In latter times it was the peculiar fashion of knights amongst us to
+    wear golden collars composed of SS."
+
+Brydson, too, in his _Summary View of Heraldry in reference to the Usages
+of Chivalry, and the General Economy of the Feudal System_, (a work of
+uncommon ingenuity, deserving to be called the Philosophy of Heraldry),
+observes, p. 186, ch. v., that knights were distinguished by an investiture
+which implied superior merit and address in arms--by the attendance of one
+or more esquires--by the title SIR--by wearing a crest--a helmet of
+peculiar form--apparel peculiarly splendid--polished armour of a particular
+construction--gilded spurs--and a GOLDEN COLLAR.
+
+He states, ch. iv., p. 132.:
+
+    "In the fifth dissertation of Du Cange it is shown that the splendid
+    habits which the royal household anciently received at the great
+    festivals, were called 'LIVERIES,' being delivered or presented from
+    the king."
+
+But he nowhere countenances for a moment any of the errors entertained by
+MR. JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS, which these remarks are intended to explode.
+
+MR. NICHOLS has not yet answered B.'s query. Nor can he answer it until he
+previously admits that he is wrong upon the four points enumerated in my
+opening article (Vol. ii., p. 194.).
+
+ARMIGER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{364} Replies to Minor Queries
+
+_Symbols of the Evangelists_ (Vol. i., pp. 375. 471.; vol. ii., pp. 13. 45.
+205.).--Should the inquirer not have access to the authorities which, as is
+stated in p. 471., are referred to by DR. WORDSWORTH, or not have leisure
+to avail himself of his copious references, he may be glad to find that in
+the _Thesaurus Theologico Philologicus_ (vol. ii. pp. 57.-62.), there is a
+dissertation containing an analysis of more than fifty authors, who have
+illustrated the visions of Ezekiel and St. John, and an explanation of the
+Sententiarum Divortia of Irenaeus, Jerome, and Augustine, respecting the
+application of the symbols, or of the quaestio vexata--quodnam animal cui
+Evangelistae comparandum sit. Thomasius, the author of this dissertation,
+suggests that to recall to mind the symbol applied to Luke, we should
+remember the expression denoting elephantes, _boves lucas_. Abundant
+information is also supplied on this subject by that hierophantic
+naturalist, Aldrovandus, _de Quadrup. Bisulcis_, p. 180. et seq. Nor should
+Daubuz be neglected, the learned commentator on the Revelations.
+
+T. J.
+
+_Becket's Mother_ (Vol. ii., pp. 106. 270.).--In support of the view of MR.
+FOSS with regard to Becket's mother, against that propounded by J. C. R.
+(Vol. ii., p. 270.), I would mention that _Acon_ is the ordinary mediaeval
+name for the city of _Acre_, and appears in the earlier deeds relating to
+the hospital in Cheapside, while the modern form occurs in those of later
+date; _e.g._ Pat. 18 Edw. II., "S. Thomae Martyris _de Aconia_;" Pat. 14
+Edw. III., "S. Thomae Martyris Cantuarensis de _Acon_;" but Rot. Parl. 23
+Hen. VI., "Saint Thomas the Martir of _Acres_," "the Martyr of Canterbury
+of _Acres_." (Deeds in Dugdale, _Monast._ vi. 646, 647.)
+
+This would seem to identify the distinctive name of the hospital with the
+city in the Holy Land but the following passage from the _Chronicle_ of
+Matthew of Westminster (p. 257.) seems quite conclusive on this point, as
+it connects that city with Becket in a manner beyond all dispute:--
+
+    "Anno gratiae 1190. Obsessa est _Acon_ circumquaque Christianorum
+    legionibus, et arctatur nimis. _Capella Sancti Thomae martyris ibidem
+    aedificatur_."
+
+If, as J. C. R. supposes, there was no connexion between the saint and Acre
+in Syria, the foundation of a chapel to his honour in or near that city
+would seem quite unaccountable. However this may be, the truth of the
+beautiful legend of his mother can, I fear, be never proved or disproved.
+
+While on this subject, let me, at the risk of being tedious to your
+readers, quote the amusing tale told by Latimer, with regard to this
+hospital, in his "Sixth Sermon preached before Edward VI." (Parker Soc ed.,
+p. 201.):--
+
+    "I had rather that ye should come [to hear the Word of God] as the tale
+    is by the gentlewoman of London: one of her neighbours met her in the
+    street and said, 'Mistress, whither go ye?' 'Marry,' said she; 'I am
+    going to St. Thomas of Acres, to the sermon; I could not sleep all this
+    last night, and I am going now thither; I never failed of a good nap
+    there.' And so I had rather ye should go a-napping to the sermons than
+    not to go at all."
+
+On the name "S. Nicholas _Acon_," I can throw no light. Stow is quite
+silent as to its signification.
+
+E. VENABLES.
+
+Herstmonceux.
+
+_Becket's Mother._--I am, in truth, but a new subscriber, and when I wrote
+the remarks on MR. FOSS's note (Vol. ii., p. 270.), had not seen your first
+volume containing the communications of MR. MATTHEWS (p. 415.) and DR.
+RIMBAULT (p. 490.). The rejection of the story that Becket's mother was a
+Saracen rests on the fact that no trace of it is found until a much later
+time, when the history of "St. Thomas of Canterbury" had been embellished
+with all manner of wonders. MR. MATTHEWS may find some information in the
+_English Review_, vol. vi. pp. 40-42. DR. RIMBAULT is mistaken in saying
+that the life of St. Thomas by Herbert of Boshain "is published in the
+_Quadrilogus_, Paris, 1495." It was one of the works from which the
+_Quadrilogus_ was _compiled_; but the only entire edition of it is that by
+Dr. Giles, in his _S. Thomas Cantauriensis_.
+
+J. C. R.
+
+_Passage in Lucan_ (Vol. ii., p. 89.).--The following are parallel passages
+to that in Lucan's _Pharsalia_, b. vii. 814., referred to by MR. SANSOM.
+
+Ovid. _Metam._ 1. 256.:--
+
+ "Esse quoque in fatis reminiscitur affore tempus,
+  Quo mare, quo tellus, correptaque regia coeli
+  Ardeat; et mundi moles operos laboret."
+
+Cic. _De Nat. Deor._ 11. 46.:--
+
+    "Ex quo eventurum nostri putant id, de quo Panaetium addubitare
+    dicebant, ut ad extremum omnis mundus ignesceret; cum, humore consumto,
+    neque terra ali posset neque remearet aer; cujus ortus, aqua omni
+    exhausta, esse non posset," etc.
+
+Cic. _De Divinatione_, 1. 49.:--
+
+    "Nam et natura futura praesentiunt, ut aquarum fluxiones et
+    deflagrationem futuram aliquando coeli atque terrarum," etc.
+
+Cic. _Acad. Quaest._ iv. 37.:--
+
+    "Erit ei persuasum etiam, solem, lunam, stellas omnes, terram, mare,
+    deos esse ... fore tamen aliquando ut omnis hic mundus ardore
+    deflagret," etc.
+
+Cic. _Somn. Scipionis,_ vii.:--
+
+    "Propter eluviones exustionesque terrarum quas accidere tempore certo
+    necesse est, non modo aeternam, sed ne diuturnam quidem gloriam assequi
+    possumus."
+
+Seneca, _Consol. ad Marciam_, sub fine:--
+
+    "Cum tempus advenerit quo se mundus renovaturus {365} extinguat ... et
+    omni flagrante materia uno igne quicquid nunc ex disposito lucet,
+    ardebit."
+
+Id. _Natural Quaest_. iii. 28.:--
+
+    "Qua ratione inquis? Eadem qua conflagratio futura est ... Aqua et
+    ignes terrenis dominantur. Ex his ortus et ex his interitus est," etc.
+
+There are also the Sybilline verses (quoted by Lactantias _de Ira Dei_,
+cap. xxiii.):--
+
+ "[Greek: Kai pote ten orgen theon ouk eti praunonta,]
+  [Greek: All' exembrithonta, kai exoluonta te gennan]
+  [Greek: Anthropon, hapasan hup' empresmou perthonta.]"
+
+Plato has a similar passage in his _Timaeus_; and many others are quoted by
+Matthew Pole in his _Synopsis Criticorum Script. Sacrae Interpretum_; on 2
+Pet. iii. 6. 10.; to which I beg to refer MR. SANSOM; and also to Burnet's
+_Sacred Theory of the Earth_, book iii. ch. 3.
+
+T. H. KERSLEY.
+
+King William's College, Isle of Man.
+
+_Combs buried with the Dead_ (Vol. ii., pp. 230. 269.).--On reference to
+Sir Thomas Browne's _Hydriotaphia_, I find two passages which may supply
+the information your correspondent seeks as to the reason for combs being
+buried with human remains. In section i., pp. 26, 27. (I quote from the
+Edinburgh reprint of 1822, published by Blackwood) the author says:
+
+    "In a field of Old Walsingham, not many months past (1658), were digged
+    up between forty and fifty urns, deposited in a dry and sandy soil, not
+    a yard deep, not far from one another, not all strickly of one figure,
+    but most answering these described; some containing two pounds of
+    bones, distinguishable in skulls, ribs, jaws, thigh-bones, and teeth,
+    with fresh impressions of their combustion, besides extraneous
+    substances, like pieces of small boxes, or _combs_, handsomely wrought,
+    handles of small brass instruments, brazen nippers, and in one some
+    kind of opale."
+
+And again he says (pp. 36, 37.):
+
+    "From exility of bones, thinness of skulls, smallness of teeth, ribs,
+    and thigh-bones, not improbable that many thereof were persons of minor
+    age, or women. Confirmable also from things contained in them. In most
+    were found substances resembling _combs_, plates like boxes, fastened
+    with iron pins, and handsomely overwrought like the necks or bridges of
+    musical instruments, long brass plates overwrought like the handles of
+    neat implements, _brazen nippers to pull away hair_, and in one a kind
+    of opale, yet maintaining a bluish colour.
+
+    "Now that they accustomed to burn or bury with them things wherein they
+    excelled, delighted, or which were dear unto them, either as farewells
+    unto all pleasure, or vain apprehension that they might use them in the
+    other world, is testified by all antiquity."
+
+The instances which he appends relate only to the Pagan period, and he does
+not appear to have known that a similar practice prevailed in the sepulture
+of Christians--if, indeed, such a custom was general, and not confined to
+the particular case mentioned by your correspondent.
+
+J. H. P. LERESCHE.
+
+_The Norfolk Dialect_ (Vol. ii., p. 217.).--
+
+_Mauther._--A word peculiar to East Anglia, applied to a girl just grown
+up, or approaching to womanhood.
+
+"Ipse eodem agro [Norfolciensi] ortus, a Dan. _moer_," virgo, puella,
+"deflectit."--_Spelman_.
+
+Spelman assures us, in endeavouring to rescue the word from the contempt
+into which it had fallen, that it was applied by our very early ancestors,
+even to the noble virgins who were selected to sing the praises of heroes;
+they were called _scald-moers_, q.d. singing mauthers!
+
+ "En quantum in spreta jam voce antiquae gloria."
+
+ "Ray spells the word _mothther_.
+
+ "_P._ I am a _mother_ that do want a service.
+
+ "_Qu._ O thou'rt a Norfolk woman (cry thee mercy),
+      Where maids are _mothers_, and _mothers_ are maids."--R. Brome's
+          _Engl. Moor_, iii. 1.
+
+It is written also _modder_.
+
+ "What! will Phillis then consume her youth as an ankresse,
+  Scorning daintie Venus?  Will Phillis be a _modder_,
+  And not care to be call'd by the deare-sweete name of a mother?"--A.
+      Fraunce's _Ivy Church_, A. 4. b.
+
+ "Away! you talk like a foolish _mauther_"--
+
+says Restive to Dame Pliant in _Ben Jonson. Alchemist_, IV. 7. So Richard
+says to Kate, in _Bloomfield's Suffolk ballad:--_
+
+ "When once a giggling _mawther_ you,
+    And I a red-faced chubby boy."--_Rural Tales_, 1802, p. 5.
+
+Perhaps it is derived from the German [Fraktur: magd] with the termination
+een or -den added, as in the Lincolnshire dialect, hee-der, and shee-der,
+denote the male and female sex.
+
+_Gotsch._--A jug or pitcher with one ear or handle. Forby thinks it may be
+derived from the Italian _gozzo_, a throat.
+
+_Holl._--From the Saxon holh. German [Fraktur: hohle], a ditch.
+
+_Anan!_ = How! what say you? Perhaps an invitation to come near, in order
+to be better heard, from the Saxon nean, near. Vid. Brockett's,--Jennings,
+and Wilbraham's Chesh. Glossaries.
+
+_To be Muddled._--That is, confused, perplexed, tired. Doubtless from the
+idea of thickness, want of clearness; so, muddy is used for a state of
+inebriety.
+
+_Together._--In Low Scotch, thegether, seemingly, but not really, an
+adverb, converted to a noun, and used in familiarly addressing a number of
+persons collectively. Forby considers _to_ and the article _the_ identical;
+as to-day, to-night, in Low Scotch, the day, the night, are in fact, this
+day, this night; so {366} that the expression together may mean "the
+gathering," the company assembled.
+
+The authorities I have used are Forby's _Vocabulary of East Anglia_; Moor,
+_Suffolk Words and Phrases_; and Lemon, _English Etymology_; in which, if
+ICENUS will refer, he will find the subject more fully discussed.
+
+E. S. T
+
+_Conflagration of the Earth_ (Vol. ii., p. 89.).--The eventful period when
+this globe, or "the fabric of the world,"[1] will be "wrap'd in flames" and
+"in ruin hurl'd," is described in language, or at least, in sense similar
+to the quotations of our correspondent in p. 89., by the poets,
+philosophers, fathers, and divines here referred to:--
+
+Lucan, lib. i. 70. et seqq. 75.:--
+
+    "Omnia mistis Sidera sideribus concurrent."
+
+Seneca _ad Marciam_, cap. ult.:--
+
+    "Cum tempus advenerit, quo se mundus renovaturus extinguat, viribus
+    ista se suis cedent, et sidera sideribus incurrent, et omni flagrante
+    materia uno igne quicquid nunc ex disposito lucet, ardebit."
+
+_Quaest. Nat._ iii. 27., which contains a commentary on St. Peter's
+expression, "Like a thief in the night:"--
+
+    "Nihil, inquit, difficile est Naturae, ubi ad finem sui properat. Ad
+    originem rerum parce utitur viribus, dispensatque se incrementis
+    fallentibus; subito ad ruinam et toto impetu venit ... Momento fit
+    cinis, diu silua."
+
+Compare Sir T Browne's _Rel. Med._ s. 45.
+
+Seneca, _Hercul. Oet._ 1102.
+
+Ovid. _Metamorph._ lib. i. s. viii.
+
+Diplilus as quoted by Dr. H. More, _Vision. Apoc._ vi. 9.
+
+Cicero, _Acad._ lib. ii. 37. "Somn. Scipionis."
+
+---- _de Nat. Deorum._ lib. ii. 46.
+
+Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ lib. vii. cap. 16.
+
+These are the opinions of writers before Christ; whether they were derived
+from Scripture, it is not now my purpose to discuss. See also Lipsii
+_Physiologia._ On the agreement of the systems of the Stoics, of the Magi,
+and of the Edda, see Bishop Percy's Notes to Mallet's _Northern
+Antiquities_, vol. ii.
+
+The general conflagration and purgatorial fire were among the tenets of the
+Sibylline books, and maintained by many Fathers of the Greek and Latin
+churches down to the sixth century. See _Blondel on the Sibyls_, and
+Arkudius _adversus_ Barlaam. Among modern writers on this subject, it will
+be sufficient to name Magius _de Mundi Exustione_, Dr. H. More, and Dr T.
+Burnet. Ray, in the third of his _Physico-Theological Discourses_,
+discusses all the questions connected with the dissolution of the world.
+
+T. J.
+
+[Footnote 1: Magius, "that prodigy of learning en pure perte" (Villebrune),
+concludes from the words of the text "the _heavens_ shall pass away," that
+the _universe_ will be dissolved; but that it will undergo mutation only,
+not annihilation.--Cf. Steuches _de Perenni Philosophia_, lib. x. ]
+
+_Wraxen_, (Vol. ii., p. 207.).--G. W. SKYRING will find the following
+explanation in Halliwell's _Dictionary of Provincial and Archaic Words_,
+"to grow out of bounds, spoken of weeds," c. Kent. Certainly an expressive
+term as used by the Kentish women.
+
+J. D. A.
+
+_Wraxen._--Probably analogous to the Northumbrian "_wrax_, wraxing,
+wraxed," signifying to stretch or (sometimes) to sprain.
+
+A peasant leaving overworked himself, would say he had _wraxed_ himself;
+after sitting, would walk to _wrax_ his legs. Falling on the ice would have
+_wraxed_ his arm; and of a rope that has stretched considerably, he would
+say it had _wraxed a gay feck_.
+
+It may possibly have come, as a corruption, from the verb _wax_, to grow.
+It is a useful and very expressive word, although not recognised in polite
+language.
+
+S. T. R.
+
+_Wraxen._--Rax or Wrax is a very common word in the north of England,
+meaning to stretch, so that when the old Kentish woman told MR. SKYRING'S
+friend her children were wraxen, she meant their minds were so
+overstretched during the week, that they required rest on Sunday.
+
+W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Miscellaneous.
+
+NOTES OF BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.
+
+Of the various changes which have been made of late years in public
+education, there is not one so generally admitted to be an improvement as
+that which has made the study of
+
+             "The tongue
+  Which Shakspeare spake,"
+
+an essential part of the system and probably no individual has so
+effectually contributed towards this important end as Dr. Latham, the third
+edition of whose masterly and philosophical volume, entitled _The English
+Language_, is mow before us. Dr. Latham has ever earnestly and successfully
+insisted on the _disciplinal_ character of grammatical studies in general,
+combined with the fact, that the grammatical study of one's own language is
+exclusively so; and having established this theory, he has, by the
+production of various elementary works, exhibiting a happy combination of
+great philological acquirements with the ability to apply them in a logical
+and systematic manner, enabled those who shared his views to put that
+theory into practice. Hence the change in our educational system to which
+we have alluded. His volume entitled _The English Language_ is, however,
+addressed to a higher class of {367} readers, and this third edition may
+justly be pronounced the most important contribution to the history of our
+native tongue which has yet been produced; and, as such every student of
+our early language and literature must, with us, bid it welcome.
+
+We have received the following Catalogues;--Cole's (15. Great Turnstile,
+Holborn) List No. XXIX. of curious Old Books; Kerslake's (3. Park Street,
+Bristol) Valuable Books containing Selections from Libraries at Conishead
+Priory; of Prof. Elrington; T. G. Ward, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.
+
+_Odd Volumes_
+
+CAMDEN'S BRITANNIA, ed. by Gough, Vol. I.
+
+WARTON'S Edition of POPE. 8vo. 1797 Vol. IX. In boards.
+
+*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be
+sent to Mr. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.
+
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+
+
+Notices to Correspondents.
+
+V. F. S. _will find an answer to his Query respecting_ "Auster Tenements"
+_in our first Vol_., p. 307.
+
+J. C., _who inquires respecting the author of the oft-quoted saying_, "Quem
+Deus vult perdere," _is referred to our first Vol._, pp. 347. 351. 421.
+476.; _and to a further illustration of it in_ No. 50., p. 317.
+
+_We have received_ "A Plan for a Church-History Society," _by the Rev. Dr.
+Maitland, to which we will call the attention of our readers next week._
+
+W. L. B.'_s description of the coin found at Horndon is not sufficiently
+clear. It is, doubtless, a billon piece of the lower empire. If he will
+send us an impression, in_ sealing-wax, _we may probably be enabled to give
+him a description of it._
+
+CLERICUS. "As Lazy as Ludlam's Dog" _is one of the sayings quoted by
+Southey in_ The Doctor. See, too, NOTES AND QUERIES, Vol. I., pp. 382. 475.
+
+ARMIGER _will find a letter addressed to him at the Publisher's._
+
+VOLUME THE FIRST OF NOTES AND QUERIES, _with Title-page and very copious
+Index, is now ready, price_ 9s. 6d., _bound in cloth, and may be had, by
+order, of all Booksellers and Newsmen._
+
+_The Monthly Part for October, being the Fifth of_ Vol. II., _is also now
+ready, price_ 1s. 3d.
+
+    Errata. In No. 51. p. 347, for "[Greek: theion]" read "[Greek: theon];"
+    for "Perchi" read "Perche;" and also the curious misprints (caused by a
+    transposition of type) alluded to in the following note:--
+
+    "Referring to my friend R. G.'s 'Bibliographical Queries' (which are
+    always worth referring to), will you allow me to ask yourself, and him
+    if you cannot tell, whether it is by the mistake of your printer, or of
+    the original one, that in the fourth Query (p. 324. line 10.) the
+    letters of two words are so transposed that 'Vrbe germanie' is turned
+    into 'Vrbanie germe?'"
+
+S. R. M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+In 8vo., price 6d. (by post, 8d.),
+
+A PLAN for a CHURCH-HISTORY SOCIETY. By S. R. MAITLAND D.D. F.R.S. and
+F.A.S., sometime Librarian to the late Archbishop of Canterbury, and Keeper
+of the MSS. at Lambeth.
+
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+
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+Vols. Folio, red morocco extra, gilt leaves, with borders of gold on the
+sides, only 170l. A Copy of the First Edition sold lately by Auction for
+155l. Also on Sale, a Collection of Missals, Rare and Curious Books.
+
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+aliorumque parata. 46 Vols. 8vo. sewed. Bonnae, 1828--1849. Published at
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+{368}
+
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+
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+Editions of the Greek and Latin Classics, their Translations, Commentaries,
+and Dissertations, that have appeared in Germany and the adjacent Countries
+[from 1700] up to the end of 1846. By W. ENGELMANN. 8vo. 6s.
+
+ERSCH.--Bibliographisches Handbuch der Philologischen Literatur der
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+8vo. 10s. 6d.
+
+WAGNER.--Grundriss der Klassischen Bibliographie. 8vo. Bresl. 1840 8s. 6d.
+
+BIBLIOTHECA PHILOLOGICA.--I. Catalogue of Greek, Latin, and Oriental
+Grammars, Dictionaries, &c., from 1750 to 1839. by W. ENGELMANN. 8vo. 1840.
+3s.
+
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+Dictionaries, &c. of Modern Languages, and their Ancient and Modern
+Dialects, 1800--1841. 5s. 6d. A Supplement, 1841--1849, 2s. 6d.
+
+VATER'S LITERATURE OF LANGUAGES.--Die Literatur der Grammatiken, Lexica und
+Woertersammlungen aller Sprachen der Erde, v. J. S. VATER. 2nd Edit. By
+JULG. 8vo. Berlin, 1847. 10s. 6d.
+
+BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS.--Manuel de Bibliographie Orientale. I. Livres
+Arabes, Persans et Turcs. Par Dr. J. T. ZENKER. 8vo. 1845. 8s.
+
+BIBLIOTHECA SANSCRITAE.--Concinnavit GILDEMEISTER. 8vo. 6s.
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+
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+published in Germany from 1750--1830, (price 6s. 6d.). Supplement,
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+
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+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 52, October
+26, 1850, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, ISSUE 52 ***
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