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diff --git a/22624.txt b/22624.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c920ec8 --- /dev/null +++ b/22624.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2311 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 52, October 26, +1850, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 52, October 26, 1850 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: September 16, 2007 [EBook #22624] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, ISSUE 52 *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + +{353} NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +No. 52.] +SATURDAY, OCTOBER 26, 1850. +[Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + +CONTENTS. + + Page + + NOTES:-- + + Address to our Friends 353 + + Shakspeare's Use of the Words "Captious" and "Intenible," + by S. W. Singer 354 + + Oratories of the Nonjurors, by J. Yeowell 354 + + Hogarth's Illustrations of Hudibras 355 + + Folk Lore:--Overyssel Superstition--Death-bed Superstitions--Popular + Rhyme--Death-bed Mystery--Bradshaw + Family 356 + + Advice to the Editor, and Hints to his Contributors 357 + + Minor Notes:--Rollin's Ancient History and History + of the Arts and Sciences--Jezebel--Clarendon, Oxford + Edition of 1815--Macaulay's Country Squire--Miching + Mallecho 357 + + QUERIES:-- + + The Inquisition: The Bohemian Persecution 358 + + Minor Queries:--Osnaburg Bishopric--Meaning of + "Farlief"--Margaret Dyneley--Tristan d'Acunha--Production + of Fire by Friction--Murderer hanged + when pardoned--Passage from Burke--Licensing of + Books--Le Bon Gendarme 358 + + REPLIES:-- + + Tasso translated by Fairfax 359 + + Ale-Draper--Eugene Aram 360 + + On the Word "Gradely," by B. H. Kennedy and + G. J. Cayley 361 + + Collar of Esses 362 + + Replies to Minor Queries:--Symbols of the Evangelists--Becket's + Mother--Passage in Lucan--Combs buried + with the Dead--The Norfolk Dialect--Conflagration + of the Earth--Wraxen 363 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 366 + + Books and Odd Volumes Wanted 367 + + Notices to Correspondents 367 + + Advertisements 367 + + * * * * * + + +NOTES. + +ADDRESS TO OUR FRIENDS. + +We this day publish our fifty-second Number. Every Saturday, for twelve +months, have we presented to our subscribers our weekly budget of "NOTES," +"QUERIES," and "REPLIES;" and in so doing, we trust, we have accomplished +some important ends. We have both amused and instructed the general reader; +we have stored up much curious knowledge for the use of future writers; we +have procured for scholars now engaged in works of learning and research, +many valuable pieces of information which had evaded their own immediate +pursuit; and, lastly, in doing all this, we have powerfully helped forward +the great cause of literary truth. + +In our Prospectus and opening address we made no great promise of what our +paper should be. That, we knew, must depend upon how far the medium of +intercommunication we had prepared should be approved and adopted by those +for whose special use it had been projected. We laid down a literary +railway: it remained to be seen whether the world of letters would travel +by it. They have done so: we have been especially patronised by first-class +passengers, and in such numbers that we were obliged last week to run an +extra train. + +It is obvious that the use of a paper like "NOTES AND QUERIES" bears a +direct proportion to the extent of its circulation. What it aims at doing +is, to reach the learning which lies scattered not only throughout every +part of our own country, but all over the literary world, and to bring it +all to bear upon the pursuits of the scholar; to enable, in short, men of +letters all over the world to give a helping hand to one another. To a +certain extent, we have accomplished this end. Our last number contains +communications not only from all parts of the metropolis, and from almost +every county in England, but also from Scotland, Ireland, Holland, and even +from Demerara. This looks well. It seems as if we were in a fair way to +accomplish our design. But much yet remains to be done. We have recently +been told of whole districts in England so benighted as never to have heard +of "NOTES AND QUERIES;" and after an interesting question has been +discussed for weeks in our columns, we are informed of some one who could +have answered it immediately if he had seen it. So long as this is the case +the advantage we may confer upon literature and literary men is necessarily +imperfect. We do what we can to make known our existence through the +customary modes of announcement, and we gratefully acknowledge the kind +assistance and encouragement we derive from our brethren of the public +press; but we would respectfully solicit {354} the assistance of our +friends this particular point. Our purpose is aided, and our usefulness +increased by every introduction which can be given to our paper, either to +a Book Club, to a Lending Library, or to any other channel of circulation +amongst persons of inquiry and intelligence. By such introductions scholars +help themselves as well as us, for there is no inquirer throughout the +kingdom who is not occasionally able to throw light upon some of the +multifarious objects which are discussed in our pages. + +At the end of our first twelvemonth we thank our subscribers for the +patronage we have received. We trust we shall go on week by week improving +in our work of usefulness, so that at the end of the next twelvemonth we +may meet them with the same pleasure as on the present occasion. We will +continue to do whatever is in our power, and we rely upon our friends to +help us. + + * * * * * + +SHAKSPEARE'S USE OF THE WORDS "CAPTIOUS" AND "INTENIBLE." + +In the following passage of _All's Well that Ends Well_, Act i. Sc. 3., +where Helena is confessing to Bertram's mother, the Countess, her love for +him, these two words occur in an unusual sense, if not in a sense peculiar +to the great poet:-- + + "I love your son:-- + My friends were poor, but honest, so's my love: + Be not offended, for it hurts not him, + That he is lov'd of me: I follow him not + By any token of presumptuous suit; + Nor would I have him till I do deserve him: + Yet never know how that desert may be. + I know I love in vain; strive against hope; + Yet, in this _captious and intenible_ sieve + I still pour in the waters of my love, + And lack not to lose still." + +Johnson was perplexed about the word _captious_; "which (says he) I never +found in this sense, yet I cannot tell what to substitute, unless _carious_ +for rotten!" Farmer supposed _captious_ to be a contraction of _capacious_! +Steevens believed that _captious_ meant _recipient_, capable of receiving; +which interpretation Malone adopts. Mr. Collier, in his recent edition of +Shakspeare, after stating Johnson's and Farmer's suggestions, says, "where +is the difficulty? It is true that this sense of _captious_ may not have an +exact parallel; but the intention of Shakspeare is very evident: _captious_ +means, as Malone says, capable of _taking_ or _receiving_; and _intenible_ +(printed _intemible_ in the first folio, and rightly in the second) +incapable of _retaining_. Two more appropriate epithets could hardly be +found, and a simile more happily expressive." + +We no doubt all know, by intuition as it were, what Shakspeare meant; but +"the great master of English," as MR. HICKSON very justly calls him, would +never have used _captious_, as applied figuratively to a _sieve_, for +_capable of taking or receiving_. + +_Intenible_, notwithstanding the hypercriticism of Mr. Nares (that "it is +incorrectly used by Shakspeare for _unable to hold_;" and that "it should +properly mean _not to be held_, as we now use _untenable_") was undoubtedly +used in the former sense, and it was most probably so accepted in the +poet's time; for in the _Glossagraphia Anglicana Nova_, 1719, we have +"Untenable, that _will not or cannot hold_ or be holden long." + +With regard to _captious_, it is not so much a matter of surprise that none +of all these learned commentators should fail in their _guesses_ at the +meaning, as that none of them should have remarked that the sense of the +Latin _captiosus_, and of its congeners in Italian and old French, is +_deceitful_, _fallacious_; and Bacon uses the word for _insidious, +ensnaring_. There can be no doubt that this is the sense in which +Shakspeare used it. Helen speaks of her hopeless love for Bertram, and +says: + + "I know I love in vain, strive against hope; yet in this _fallacious_ + and _unholding_ sieve I still pour in the waters of my love, and fail + not to lose still." + +When we speak of a _captious_ person, do we mean one _capable of taking or +receiving_? Then how much more absurd would it be to take it in that +impossible sense, when figuratively applied in the passage before us! +Bertram shows himself _incapable of receiving_ Helena's love: he is truly +_captious_ in that respect. + +In French the word _captieux_, according to the Academy, is only applied to +language, though we may say _un homme captieux_ to signify a man who has +the art of _deceiving_ or leading into error by captious language. + +It is not impossible that the poet may have had in his mind the fruitless +labour imposed upon the Danaides as a punishment, for it has been thus +moralised: + + "These virgins, who in the flower of their age pour water into pierced + vessels which they can never fill, what is it but to be always + bestowing over love and benefits upon the ungrateful." + +S. W. SINGER. + +Mickleham, Oct. 4. 1850. + + * * * * * + +ORATORIES OF THE NONJURORS. + +As the nooks and corners of London in olden times are now engaging the +quiet musings of most of the topographical brotherhood, perhaps you can +spare a nook or a corner of your valuable periodical for a few notes on the +Oratories of those good men and true--the Nonjurors. "These were honourable +men in their generation," and were made of most unbending materials. + +{355} On the Feast of St. Matthias, Feb. 24, 1693, the consecrations of Dr. +George Hickes and Thomas Wagstaffe were solemnly performed according to the +rites of the Church of England, by Dr. William Lloyd, bishop of Norwich; +Dr. Francis Turner, bishop of Ely; and Dr. Thomas White, bishop of +Peterborough, at the Bishop of Peterborough's lodgings, at the Rev. William +Giffard's house at Southgate in Middlesex: Dr. Ken, bishop of Bath and +Wells, giving his consent. + +Henry Hall was consecrated bishop in the oratory of the Rev. Father in +Christ, John B---- [Blackburne?], in Gray's Inn, on the festival of St. +Barnabas, June 11, 1725. + +Hilkiah Bedford was consecrated in the oratory of the Rev. R---- R---- +[Richard Rawlinson], in Gray's Inn, on the festival of St. Paul, Jan. 25, +1720. Ralph Taylor was also consecrated at the same time and place. + +Henry Gandy was consecrated at his oratory in the parish of St. Andrew's, +Holborn, on the festival of St. Paul, Jan. 25, 1716. + +Grascome was interrupted by a messenger whilst he was ministering to his +little congregation in Scroope's Court, near St. Andrew's Church. + +Jeremy Collier officiated at Broad Street, London, assisted by the Rev. +Samuel Carte, the father of the historian. + +Mr. Hawkes officiated for some time at his own house opposite to St. James' +Palace. + +On Easter-day, April 13, 1718, at the oratory of his brother, Mr. William +Lee, dyer, in Spitalfields, Dr. Francis Lee read a touching and beautiful +declaration of his faith, betwixt the reading of the sentences at the +offertory and the prayer for the state of Christ's church. It was addressed +to the Rev. James Daillon, Count de Lude, then officiating. + +Charles Wheatly, author of _A Rational Illustration of the Book of Common +Prayer_, in a letter to Dr. Rawlinson, the nonjuring titular bishop of +London, says: + + "I believe most of the books in Mr. Laurence's catalogue were really in + his library. Most of his chapel furniture I had seen; but his pix, and + his cruet, his box for unguent, and oil, I suppose you do not inquire + after." + +Roger Laurence was the learned author of _Lay Baptism Invalid_. Query, +Where did he officiate? + +The Rev. John Lindsay, the translator of Mason's _Vindication of the Church +of England_, for many years officiated as minister of a nonjuring +congregation in Trinity Chapel, Aldersgate Street, and is said to have been +their last minister. + +Thoresby, in his _Diary_, May 18, 1714, says, "I visited Mr. Nelson (author +of the _Fasts and Festivals_), and the learned Dr. George Hickes, who not +being at liberty for half an hour, I had the benefit of the prayers in the +adjoining church, and when the Nonjuring _Conventicle_ was over, I visited +the said Dean Hickes, who is said to be bishop of ----" [Thetford]. Both +Nelson and Hickes resided at this time in Ormond Street; probably the +conventicle was at one of their houses. It should be noted that Thoresby, +having quitted the Conventicles of the Dissenters, had only recently joined +what he calls the Church _established by law_. He appears to have known as +much about the principles of the Nonjurors as he did of Chinese music. + +Dr. Welton's chapel in Goodman's Fields being visited (1717) by Colonel +Ellis and other justices of the peace, with proper assistants, about two +hundred and fifty persons were found there assembled, of whom but forty +would take the oaths. The doctor refusing them also, was ordered to be +proceeded against according to law. + +This reminds me of another Query. What has become of Dr. Welton's famous +Whitechapel altar-piece, which Bishop Compton drove out of his church. Some +doubts have been expressed whether that is the identical one in the Saint's +Chapel of St. Alban's Abbey. A friend has assured the writer that he had +seen it about twenty years ago, at a Roman Catholic meeting-house in an +obscure court at Greenwich. It is not there now. The print of it in the +library of the Society of Antiquaries is accompanied with these MS. lines +by Mr. Mattaire:-- + + "To say the picture does to him belong, + Kennett does Judas and the painter wrong; + False is the image, the resemblance faint, + Judas, compared to Kennett, was a saint." + +One word more. The episcopal seal of the nonjuring bishops was a shepherd +with a sheep upon his shoulders. The crozier which had been used by them, +was, in 1839, in the possession of John Crossley Esq., of Scaitcliffe, near +Todmorden. + +J. YEOWELL. + +Hoxton. + + * * * * * + +HOGARTH'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF HUDIBRAS. + + "Butler's _Hudibras_, by Zach. Grey, LL.D. 2 vols. 8vo. Cambridge, + 1744. + + "Best edition. Copies in fine condition are in considerable request. + The cuts are beautifully engraved, and Hogarth is much indebted to the + designer of them; but who he was does not appear." + +The above remarks in Lowndes's _Bibliographical Manual_ having caught my +attention, they appeared to me somewhat obscure and contradictory; and as +they seemed rather disparaging to the fame of Hogarth, of whose works and +genius I am a warm admirer, I have taken some pains to ascertain what may +have been Mr. Lowndes's meaning. + +On examining the plates in Dr. Grey's edition, they are all inscribed "_W. +Hogarth inv^t, J. Mynde sc^t_." {356} How, then, can Hogarth be said to be +_much indebted to the designer of them_, if we are to believe the words on +the plates themselves--"_W. Hogarth inv^t"?_ + +It is clear that Mr. Lowndes supposes the designer of these plates to have +been some person distinct from Hogarth; and he was right in his conjecture; +but he was ignorant of the name of the artist alluded to. + +Whoever he was, he can have little claim to be regarded as the original +designer; he was rather employed as an expurgator; for these plates are +certainly copies of the two sets of plates invented and engraved by Hogarth +himself in 1726. + +All that this second designer performed was, to revise the original designs +of Hogarth's, in order to remove some _glaring indecencies_; and this, no +doubt, is what Mr. Lowndes means, when he says that "_Hogarth is much +indebted to the designer of them_." + +The following passage in a letter from Dr. Ducaral to Dr. Grey, dated Inner +Temple, May 10th, 1743, printed In Nichols's _Illustrations_, will furnish +us with _the name_ of the artist in question:-- + + "I was at _Mr. Isaac Wood's the painter_, who showed me the twelve + sketches of _Hudibras_, which he designs for you. I think they are + extremely well adapted to the book, and that the designer shows how + much he was master of the subject." + +In the preface to this edition, Dr. Grey expresses his obligations "to the +ingenious _Mr. Wood, painter, of Bloomsbury-square_." + +In the fourth volume of Nichols's _Illustrations of Literature_ are some +interesting letters from Thos. Potter, Esq., to Dr. Grey, which throw much +light on the subject of this edition of _Hudibras_. + +I cannot conclude these observations without expressing my dissent from the +praise bestowed upon the engravings in this work. Mr. Lowndes says "_the +cuts are beautifully engraved_." With the exception of the head of Butler +by Vertue, the rest are very spiritless and indifferent productions. + +J. T. A. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE. + +_Overyssel Superstition._--Stolen bees will not thrive; they pine away and +die. + +JANUS DOUSA. + +_Death-bed Superstitions._--When a child is dying, people, in some parts of +Holland, are accustomed to shade it by the curtains from the parent's gaze; +the soul being supposed to linger in the body as long as a compassionate +eye is fixed upon it. Thus, in Germany, he who sheds tears when leaning +over an expiring friend, or, bending over the patient's couch, does but +wipe them off, enhances, they say, the difficulty of death's last struggle. +I believe the same poetical superstition is recorded in _Mary Barton, a +Tale of Manchester Life_. + +JANUS DOUSA. + +_Popular Rhyme._--The following lines very forcibly express the condition +of many a "country milkmaid," when influence or _other considerations_ +render her incapable of giving a final decision upon the claims of two +opposing suitors. They are well known in this district, and I have been +induced to offer them for insertion, in the hope that if any of your +correspondents are possessed of any variations or additional stanzas, they +may be pleased to forward them to your interesting publication. + + "Heigh ho! my heart is low, + My mind runs all on _one_; + W for William true, + But T for my love Tom." + +T. W. + +Burnley, Lancashire + +_Death-bed Mystery._--It may, perhaps, interest MR. SANSOM to be informed +that the appearance described to him is mentioned as a known fact in one of +the works of the celebrated mystic, Jacob Behmen, _The Three Principles_, +chap. 19. "Of the going forth of the Soul." I extract from J. Sparrow's +translations., London, 1648. + + "Seeing then that Man is so very earthly, therefore he hath none but + earthly knowledge, except he be regenerated in the Gate of Deep. He + always supposeth that the Soul (at the deceasing of the Body) goeth + only out at the Mouth, and he understandeth nothing concerning its deep + Essences above the Elements. _When he seeth a blue Vapor go forth out + of the Mouth of a dying Man_ (which maketh a strong smell all over the + chamber), then he supposeth that is the Soul." + +A. ROFFE. + +_Bradshaw Family._--There is a popular belief in this immediate part of the +country, which was formerly a stronghold of the Jacobites, that no Bradshaw +has ever flourished since the days of the regicide. They point to old halls +formerly in possession of Bradshaws, now passed into other hands, and shake +their heads and say, "It is a bad name,--no Bradshaw will come to good." I +heard this speech only yesterday in connexion with Halton Hall (on the +Lune); but the feeling is common, and not confined to the uneducated +classes. + +Haigh Hall remains in the possession of the descendants of the family from +which Judge Bradshaw was descended, because, so said my informant, the +heiress married a "loyal Lindsay" (the Earl of Balcarras). + +E. C. G. + +Lancaster. + + * * * * * + +{357} ADVICE TO THE EDITOR, AND HINTS TO HIS CONTRIBUTORS. + +My signature [Greek: S]. having been adopted by another correspondent, I +have been obliged to discontinue it. + +My other signature [Greek: Ph]., which I have used since your commencement, +is in your last number applied to the contribution of another gentleman, +although the same number contains two articles of mine with that signature. + +As this is palpably inconvenient, pray accept the following + + ADVICE TO THE EDITOR + + A contributor sending a Note or a Query, + Considers what signature's better; + And lest his full name too oft should prove weary, + He sometimes subscribes with a letter. + + This letter in English or Greek thus selected, + As his personal mark he engages; + From piracy, therefore, it should be protected, + Throughout all the rest of your pages. + + By a contrary practice confusion is sown, + And annoyance to writers of spirit, + Who wish not to claim any Notes but their own, + Or of less or superior merit. + + I submit in such cases no writer would grumble, + But give you his hearty permission, + When two correspondents on one mark should stumble, + To make to the last an addition. + + You are bound to avoid ev'ry point that distresses, + And prevent all collision that vexes, + Preserving the right of each collar of SS, + And warding the blows of cross XX. + + * * * * * + + +MINOR NOTES. + +_Rollin's Ancient History and History of the Arts and Sciences._--It may be +useful to note, for the benefit of some of your student readers, that the +most procurable editions of Rollin's _Ancient History_ are deficient, +inasmuch as they do not contain his History of the Arts and Sciences, which +is an integral part of the work. After having possessed several editions of +the work of Rollin, I now have got Blackie's edition of 1837, in 3 vols. +8vo., edited by Bell; and I learn from its preface that this is the only +edition published since 1740 containing the History of the Arts and +Sciences. + +How comes it that the editions since 1740 have been so castrated? + +IOTA. + +Liverpool, October 16. 1850. + +_Jezebel._--The name of this queen is, I think, incorrectly translated in +all the _Bible Dictionaries_ and _Cyclopaedias_ that have come under my +notice. It was common amongst all ancient nations to give _compound_ names +to persons, partly formed from the names of their respective _divinities_. +This observation applies particularly to the Assyrians, Babylonians, and +their dependencies, together with the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, +Egyptians, and Greeks. Hence we find, both in scripture and profane +history, a number of names compounded of _Baal_, such as _Baal_-hanan, Gen. +xxxvi. 38., the gift, grace, mercy, or favour of _Baal_; the name of the +celebrated Carthaginian general, Hanni_bal_, is the same name transposed. +The father of the Tyrian prince, Hiram, was called Abi_bal_, my father is +_Baal_, or _Baal_ is my father. Esh_baal_, the fire of _Baal_; Jerub_baal_, +let _Baal_ contend, or defend his cause; Meri_baal_, he that resists +_Baal_, or strives against the _idol_, were Hebrew names, apparently +imposed to ridicule those given in honor of _Baal_. The father of _Jezebel_ +was called Eth_baal_, Kings xvi. 31., (classically, Itho_balus_,) with +_Baal_, towards _Baal_, or him _that rules_. Lastly, Hasdru_bal_ signifies +help or assistance of _Baal_. Will some of the talented contributors to +"NOTES AND QUERIES" inform me what is the _composition_ and _meaning_ of +_Jezebel_, as it has hitherto baffled my own individual researches? Is it +the contracted _feminine form_ of Hasdru_bal_? + +W. G. H. + +_Clarendon, Oxford Edition of 1815._--The following curious fact, relating +to the Oxford edition of Lord Clarendon's History in 1815, was communicated +to me by a gentleman who was then officially interested in the publication, +and personally cognisant of the circumstances. + +In the year 1815, the University of Oxford determined to reprint +Clarendon's _History of the Rebellion_, and to add to it that of the Irish +rebellion; but as it was suspected by one of the delegates of the press, +that the edition from which they were printing the "Irish Rebellion" was +spurious, as it attributed the origin of the rebellion _to the Protestants +instead of the Catholics_; a much earlier copy was procured from Dublin, +through the chaplain of the then Lord Lieutenant, which _reversed the +accusation_ which was contained in the copy from which the University had +been about to print. + +J. T. A. + +September 30. 1850. + +_Macaulay's Country Squire._--I suppose I may take it for granted that all +the world has long since been made merry by Mr. Macaulay's description of +"the country squire on a visit to London in 1685." (_History of England_, +vol. i. p. 369.) + +I am not aware that Steele's description of a country gentleman under +similar circumstances has ever been referred to; it is certainly far from +being as graphic as Mr. Macaulay's; but the one may at all events serve to +illustrate the other, and to prove that Urbs had not made any very great +progress in _urbanity_ between 1685 and 1712. + + "If a country gentleman appears a little curious in observing the + edifices, signs, clocks, coaches, and dials, {358} it is not to be + imagined how the polite rabble of this town, who are acquainted with + these objects, ridicule his rusticity. I have known a fellow with a + burden on his head steal a hand down from his load, and slily twirl the + cock of a squire's hat behind him; and while the offended person is + swearing or out of countenance, all the wag-wits in the highway are + grinning in applause of the ingenious rogue that gave him the tip, and + the folly of him who had not eyes all round his head to prevent + receiving it."--_Spectator_, No. 354. + +C. FORBES. + +October 11. + +_Miching Mallecho._--The Writer of the review of _Urquhart's Travels_ in +the _Quart. Rev._ for March 1850, who is, in all probability, identical +with the author of the _Handbook of Spain_, felicitously suggests that +_Miching Mallecho_ is a mere misprint for the Spanish words _Mucho +Malhecho_, _much mischief_: _Hamlet_, iii. 2. Imagining that I had seen +this ingenious conjecture somewhere in print before, I referred to, and was +disappointed when I found it not in Knight's _Shakspeare_ (library ed.). +Recently, in looking over Dr. Maginn's admirable dissections of _Dr. +Farmer's Essay on the Learning of Shakspeare_, I discovered what I was in +search of, and beg to present it to the notice of your readers. + + "That the text is corrupt, I am sure; and I think Dr. Farmer's + substitution of _mimicking malhecco_, a most unlucky attempt at + emendation. In the old copies it is _munching malicho_, in which we + find traces of the true reading, _mucho malhecho_, much mischief. + + "'Marry, _mucho malhecho_--it means mischief.'"--_Fraser's Magazine_, + Dec. 1839, p. 654. + +J. M. B. + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + +THE INQUISITION--THE BOHEMIAN PERSECUTION. + +My query as to the authorship of _The Adventures of Gaudentio di Lucca_ has +drawn so satisfactory a reply from your correspondents (whom I beg to thank +most heartily for the information they have communicated), that I am +induced to ask you to aid me in ascertaining the authorships of the +following works of which I have copies:-- + + "Histoire de l'Inquisition et son Origine. A Cologne, chez Pierre + Marteau, M.DC.XCIII." 1 vol. 12mo. + +Is this the same work as that mentioned in Watt's _Bib. Brit._ as-- + + "The History of the Inquisition and its Origin, by James Marsollier, + 1693." 12mo.? + +I have often searched for a copy of this work in English, but have never +found it. Was it ever translated into English? + + "L'INQUISIZIONE PROCESSATA OPERA STORICA E CURIOSA, Divisa in due Tomi. + IN COLONIA APPRESSO PAULO DELLA TENAGLIA, M.DC.LXXXI." + +I should like to know something of the authorship of these volumes, and of +the circumstances under which they were published. + + "The Slaughter-House, or a brief description of the Spanish + Inquisition, &c., gathered together by the pains and study of James + Salgado." N.D. + +The biographical dictionaries within my reach give no account of Salgado. +Who was he? + + "Historia Persecutionium Ecclesiae Bohemicae jam inde a primordiis + Conversionis suae ad Christianismum hoc est, 894, ad annum usque 1632, + Ferdinando Secundo Austriaco regnante, &c., anno Domini M D CXLVIII." 1 + vol. 32mo. + +I have an English translation of this small work, published in 1650. Can +any of your readers inform me who were the authors? (The preface concludes, +"In our banishment in the year 1632. N. N. N., &c.") + +IOTA. + +Liverpool, October, 1850. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + +_Osnaburg Bishopric._--Can any of your correspondents inform me who +succeeded the late Duke of York as Bishop of Osnaburg? how the Duke of York +attained it? and whether there were any ecclesiastical duties attached to +it? or whether the appointment was a lay one? + +B. M. + +_Meaning of "Farlief"._--May I ask for a definition of the word "farlief", +used in Devonshire to designate some service or payment to the lord of the +manor by his copyholders, apparently analogous to the old feudal "relief"? + +V. J. S. + +_Margaret Dyneley._--In Stanford Dingley Church, Berkshire, there is a +"brass" of _Margaret Dyneley_, from whose family, I presume, the parish has +received its appellation of _Dingley_. As, however, I have not yet +succeeded in obtaining any account as to this lady or her ancestors, I +should feel obliged by any information which your learned correspondents +only be able to afford. + +J. H. K. + +_Tristan d'Acunha._--COSMOPOLITE will be glad to have references to any +authentic sources of information respecting the island of Tristan d'Acunha. + +_Production of Fire by Friction._--In most of the accounts written by +persons who have visited the South Sea Islands, we meet with descriptions +of the method adopted by the natives to produce fire by the rapid attrition +of two bits of wood. Now I wish to ask whether any person has ever seen the +same effect produced in this country by similar means? If not, to what +cause is the difficulty--if such difficulty really exists--attributable? + +{359} Does it depend upon the nature of the wood used, the condition of the +atmosphere, or the dexterity of the operator? I have not quoted any +particular passages, as they are sufficiently familiar to readers of +voyages and travels in the South Sea hemisphere; and although they exhibit +some diversity in the _modus operandi_, the principle involved is +essentially the same in each mode. I need scarcely add, that I am of course +well aware of the means by which, whether by accident or design, heat is +ordinarily generated by friction in this country. + +D. + +Rotherfield. + +_Murderer hanged when pardoned._--I have a copy of the _Protestant's +Almanack_ for 1680, full of MS. notes of the period, written by one of the +Crew family. Among other matter it states: + + "A man was hung for a murder in Southwark (I think), notwithstanding + the king's pardon had been obtained for him, and he actually had it in + his pocket at the time." + +Will some kind friend oblige me with further information of this case, or +tell me where I may obtain it? + +GILBERT. + +_Burke, Passage from._--The following passage is quoted as a motto _from +Burke_:-- + + "The swarthy daughters of Cadmus may hang their trophies on high, for + when all the pride of the chisel and the pomp of heraldry yield to the + silent touches of time, a single line, a half worn-out inscription, + remain faithful to their trust." + +In what composition of Burke's is it to be found? + +Q.(2.) + +_Licensing of Books._--Can any of your readers inform me what was the law +in 1665 relative to the licensing of books? also when it was introduced (or +revived), and when modified? I find in a manual of devotion printed in that +year the following page, after the preface:-- + + "I have perused this book, and finding nothing in it but what may tend + to the increase of private devotion and piety, I recommend it to my + Lord the Bishop of London for his licence to have it printed." + +JO. DURESME. + + "Imprimatur: + Tho. Grigg, R. P. D. Hamff. + Ep. Lond. a Sac. Dom. + Ex AEdibus, Lond. + Mart. 28. 1665." + +R. N. + +_Captain John Stevens._--I should be glad to learn some account of _Capt. +John Stevens_, the continuator of Dugdale's _Monasticon_ in 1722. He is +generally considered to have edited the English abridgment of the +_Monasticon_, in one vol. 1718, though a passage in Thoresby's _Diary_ +mentions that it contained "some reflections upon the Reformation, which +the _Spanish Priest_, who is said to be translator and abridger of the +three Latin volumes, would not omit." + +A note by the editor of Thoresby's _Diary_ says that-- + + "Mr. Gough was uncertain by whom this Translation and Abridgment was + prepared. He supposed that it was done by Captain Stevens, the author, + or rather compiler of a valuable, Supplement to the _Monasticon_, in + which he was assisted by Thoresby." + +J. T. A. + +_Le Bon Gendarme._--Close to the boundary stone which separates the +parishes of Fulham and Hammersmith, and facing the lane which leads to +Brook Green, on the Hammersmith Road, is a way-side public-house, known as +"The Black Bull." So late as three months ago, in addition to the sign of +the Black Bull, there was painted over the door, but somewhat high up, a +worn-out inscription, "Le Bon Gendarme," as if that had originally been the +name of the inn. These words have been lately effaced altogether: but as +they no doubt relate to some circumstance or adventure which had happened +in or near to the place, perhaps some reader of the "NOTES AND QUERIES" +will have the goodness to satisfy the curiosity of one who has asked at the +inn in vain for a solution. + +U. U. C. + +University Club. + + * * * * * + + +REPLIES. + +TASSO TRANSLATED BY FAIRFAX. + +The variation in the first stanza of Fairfax's _Godfrey of Bulloigne_ has +been long known to bibliographers, and was pointed out in _The Critical +Review_ more than thirty years ago. I cannot fix on the particular number, +but it contained a long notice of the version of Tasso by Fairfax, and the +very stanzas extracted by T. N. The translator could not please himself +with the outset of his undertaking, and hence the recorded substitution; +but it is not known that he carried his fastidiousness so far as to furnish +a _third_ version of the first stanza, as well as of the "Argument" of the +introductory canto, differing from both the others. In the instance pointed +out by T. N. the substitution was effected by pasting the _approved_ stanza +over the _disapproved_ stanza; but the _third_ version was given by +reprinting the whole leaf, which contains other variations of typography, +besides such as it was thought necessary to make in the first stanza. + +I formerly had copies of the book, dated 1600, including all three +variations; but the late Mr. Wordsworth having one day looked particularly +at that with the reprinted leaf, and expressing a {360} strong wish to +possess it, I gave it to him, and I presume that it remained in his library +at his death. What I speak of happened full twenty years ago. + +_The Critical Review_ of the date I refer to (I am pretty confident that it +was of the early part of 1817) contained a good deal of information +regarding Fairfax and his productions; but it did not mention one fact of +importance to show the early estimation and popularity of his translation +of the _Gerusalemme Liberata_, viz., that although it was published in +1600, it is repeatedly quoted in _England's Parnassus_, printed in the same +year, and containing extracts, as most people are aware, from all the +distinguished poets of that day, and somewhat earlier. This circumstance +ascertains also that Fairfax's Tasso came out before _England's Parnassus_, +although both bear the date of 1600 on the title-pages. + +THE HERMIT OF HOLYPORT. + +_Fairfax's Tasso._--In my copy of the second edition, 1624, the first +stanza of the first book is given precisely as in Mr. Knight's reprint. But +in the very beautiful edition published by Bensley, 1817, and edited by Mr. +Singer, that stanza which T. N. terms an "elegant variation," introduces +the canto. The editor's preface states that the _first_ edition, 1600, had +been followed in that re-impression, "admitting some few corrections of +errors, and emendations of orthography, from the _second_, I printed in +1624." Of this second edition it is remarked that "it appears to have been +revised by some careful corrector of the press; yet nothing material is +changed but the orthography of particular words." No notice is taken of the +difference between the first stanza of the second edition, and that of the +first edition, identical with the cancel in T. N.'s copy. Possibly, _both_ +the copies of these two editions, which happened to come under the editor's +notice, had this cancel, and so presented no variation from each other. If, +however, _all_ the copies of the second edition contained the stanza as +given by Mr. Knight, and Mr. Singer's opinion (drawn from the dedicatory +verses to Prince Charles, prefixed to _some_ copies of the second edition) +that this edition _was_ seen, and probably corrected, by the author, be +well-founded, it would seem to follow that Fairfax finally preferred the +stanza in this its first and later state, and as it appears in Mr. Knight's +edition. If the "cancel-slip" be an "elegant" variation, may not the +original stanza be regarded as more vigorous? + +G. A. S. + +_Fairfax's Tasso._--In the elegant edition published by Mr. Singer in 1817, +the first stanza is printed according to the variation noticed by your +correspondent T. N. (Vol. ii., p. 325.), "I sing the warre," &c., and the +original stanza is printed at the end of the first book, with a note +stating that the pasted slip is found "in most copies" of the first +edition. My copy contains no such peculiarity, but it is of course possible +that the pasted slip may have been removed. The second edition (folio, +London, 1624) has the stanza in the form in which it originally stood in +the first, beginning "The sacred armies," &c. + +J. F. M + + * * * * * + +ALE-DRAPER.--EUGENE ARAM. + +(Vol. ii., p. 310.) + +Your correspondent D. asks whether the word _ale-draper_ was ever in "good +use." The only place in which I can find it is Bailey's _Dictionary_, where +it occurs thus: + + "Ale-draper (a humorous name), a seller of malt liquors; an + alehouse-keeper or victualler." + +The humour, I suppose, consists in applying to one kind of occupation that +which was commonly given to another; in taking _draper_ from the service of +cloth, and pressing it by force into that of _ale_. That it was ever +considered as a word of respectable standing, can hardly be imagined. In +such writers as Tom Brown it is most likely to occur. + +1. With reference to Eugene Aram, D.'s remark about the +_over-ingeniousness_ of his defence has been anticipated by Paley, who was +present at the trial, and said that Aram would not have been hanged had he +less studiously defended himself. That laboured address to the jury must +have employed his thoughts for years. I should like very much to know +whether anyone has ever attempted to verify the references which he gives +to the cases in which he says that bones have been found. The style of the +speech has been much praised, but is surely not very surprising when it is +considered that Johnson had previously written the _Rambler_. The +composition wants ease. + +2. Ever since I began to read about Eugene Aram, and that is some years +ago, I have had a settled opinion that his attainments, and perhaps his +abilities, had been greatly overrated. He was doubtless a man of +considerable mental powers; but we cannot but suspect that had he acquired +all the learning which is attributed to him, he would have attracted more +notice than it was his fortune to obtain. + +3. Mr. Scatchard's attempts, and all other attempts, to clear him from +"blood-guilty stain," must be equally futile, for he himself confessed his +guilt while he was in prison. + +Some time ago, a dozen years or more, there appeared in the _Literary +Gazette_, as a communication from a correspondent, an anecdote concerning +Aram, which well deserves to be repeated. During the time that he was in +the school of Lynn, it was the custom for the head-master, at the +termination of every half-year, to invite the parents of the boys to an +entertainment, and all {361} who accepted the invitation were expected to +bring with them the money due on account of their sons, which, _postquam +exempta fames epulis_, they paid into the head-master's hands. The master +would thus retire to rest with a considerable sum in his possession. On one +of these occasions, after he had gone to his chamber and supposed that all +the family were in bed, he heard a noise in a passage not far distant, and, +going out to see what was the cause of it, found Aram groping about in the +dark, who, on being asked what he wanted, said that he had been obliged to +leave his room on a necessary occasion, and had missed his way to the place +which he sought. The passage was not one into which he was likely to wander +by mistake, but the master accepted his excuse, and thought no more of the +matter till Aram was arrested for the robbery and murder of Clarke, when he +immediately recollected the circumstance, and suspected that he had +intended on that night to commit another robbery or murder. I have not the +number of the _Literary Gazette_ in which this statement was given to refer +to, but I am sure that I have repeated the substance of it correctly, and +remember that it was inserted as being worthy of credit. It is another +illustration of the fact that the nature of a man is unchangeable. + +Bulwer's novel, which elevates Aram from a school-assistant into a private +gentleman, may have pleased those, if there were such, who knew nothing of +Arum's acts before they began to read it. But all who knew what Aram was, +must be disgusted at the threshold. I regarded the book, at the time of its +appearance, as one of the most presumptuous falsifications of biography +that had ever been attempted. It is not easy to see why Bulwer might not +have made an equally interesting story, if he had kept Aram in his proper +station. + +J. S. W. + +Stockwell. + + * * * * * + +ON THE WORD "GRADELY." + +Permit me to make a few remarks on the word _gradely_:-- + +1. It seems to have no connexion with the Latin noun _gradus_, Angl. +_grade_, step. + +2. Its first syllable, _grade_, is both a substantive and an adjective; and +_gradely_ itself both adjective and adverb, as _weakly_, _sickly_, _godly_, +&c. + +3. It is not confined to Lancashire or to England, but appears in Scotland +as _graith_ (ready), _graith_ (furniture); whence _graithly_ (readily), to +_graith_, _grathe_, or _graid_ (prepare), &c. See Jamieson's _Sc. Dict._ +and _Supplement_. + +4. It is in fact the Anglo-Saxon _gerad_, which is both substantive and +adjective. As a substantive it means condition, arrangement, plan, reason, +&c. As an adjective, it means prudent, well-prepared, expert, exact, &c. +The _ge_ (Gothic _ga_) is merely the intensive prefix; the root being _rad_ +or _rath_. The form in _ly_ (adjective or adverb), without the prefix _g_, +appears in the Anglo-Saxon _raedlic_, prudent, expert; _raedlice_, +expertly. This interesting root, which appears as _re_, _ra_, _red_, _rad_, +_rath_, &c.; sometimes by transposition, as _er_, _ar_, _erd_, &c. (perhaps +also as _reg_, _rag_, _erg_, _arc_, &c.), seems to represent the nobler +qualities of man: thought, reason, counsel, speech, deliberate action; and +perhaps, also, government. + +Thus in the Semitic family of languages we have the radicals _raa_ (saw, +foresaw, counselled); _radha_ (helped, ruled); _rathad_ (arranged); _rato_ +(directed, instructed); and others, with their numerous derivatives. + +The Indo-European family gives us, in Sanscrit, _ra_ or _rae_ (ponder, +experience); _rat_ (speak); _radh_ (accomplish); _raj_ (excel); _ragh_ +(attain, reach); and others, with derivatives. In Greek, _rheo_ (speak), +transp. _ero_ or _wero_ (whence _verbum_, _wort_, _word_); _rhero_ or +_rhedo_ (do), transp. _erdo_, also _ergo_ (whence _werke_, _work_); _archo_ +(rule), and others, with derivatives. In Latin, _reor_ (think), whence +_ratus_ and _ratio_ (reason); _res_ (thing, action); _rego_ (rule), with +derivatives (_rex_, _regula_, _rectus_, &c.). In Celtic (Welsh), _rhe_ +(active); _rheswm_ (reason); _rhaith_ (judgment, right); _rhi_ (prince); +_rhag_ (van, before). In Sclavonic, _rada_, _rade_ (counsel); _redian_ (to +direct), &c. + +In the Teutonic dialects (Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, German, Dutch, Swedish, +Danish, Icelandic, Scotch, and English) the forms of this root are very +numerous. Thus we have, in Anglo-Saxon, _rad_, _raed_ (counsel); +_raedlich_, _grad_, as above, whence _geradien_ (to prepare), and other +words. In German, _rede_ (discourse); _rath_ (counsel); _reden_ (to speak); +_regel_ (a rule); _recht_ (right); _gerecht_ (just); _gerade_ (exactly), +&c.; _bereiten_ (prepare), &c. In English, _ready_, _read_, _rule_, +_right_, _riddle_, _reason_, _rather_, to which we must add _gradely_. In +Scotch, _red_, _rede_, _rade_, _rath_, &c., with the words mentioned above; +of which _graith_ (furniture) is the German _geraeth_. Your readers will +derive much information on this class of words by reference to Jamieson, +under _red_, _rede_, _rath_, _graith_, &c. + +BENJ. H. KENNEDY. + +Shrewsbury, Oct. 19. + +_Gradely_.--It seems rather a rash step to differ from the mass of critical +authority with which your last number has brought this shy, old-fashioned +provincial word into a blaze of literary notoriety. Yet I cannot help +conceiving the original form of this adverb to be _grathedly_ ([Old +English: geraethlic], root [Old English: raeth], with the preteritive prefix +[Old English: ge]) or _gerathely_. In our Yorkshire dialect, to _grathe_ +(pronounced _gradhe_) means, to make ready, to put in a state of _order_ or +_fitness_. A man inconveniently accoutred or furnished with implements for +the performance of some operation on which he was employed, {362} observed +to me the other day, "I's ill grathed for't job"--rather a terse Saxon +contrast to my latinized paraphrase. + +_Grathedly_ would then mean, "In a state of good order, fitness, readiness, +or perfection." + +To the cognate German _gerade_ adv., I find the senses, "directly, just, +exactly, _perfectly_, rightly." + +The prevailing impression given by your numerous testimonials as to the +character of the word _gradely_, is one of decency, order, rightness, +perfectness. + +I fancy the whole family (who might be called the children of _rath_), viz. +[Old English: raeth], _rathe_ (_gerathe, grathedly, gradely_), _rather_ (only +a Saxon form of _readier_), have as a common primeval progenitor the +Sanscrit [Sanskrit: radh] (_radh_), which is interpreted "a process towards +perfection;" in other words, "a becoming ready." + +G. J. CAYLEY. + +Wydale, Oct. 21. + +P.S.--_Greadly_ is probably a transposition for _geradly_. The Yorkshire +pronunciation of _gradely_ is almost as if written _grared-ly_. + +I think it probable that the words _greed, greedily_, are from the same +radicle. By the way, is _radix_ perhaps derived from [Sanskrit: rad] +(_rad_), a tooth (from the fang-like form of roots), whence _rodere_ and +possibly _radius_? + + * * * * * + +COLLAR OF ESSES. + +Although the suggestion made by C. (Vol. ii., p. 330.), _viz._ that the +Collar of Esses had a "mechanical" origin, resulting from the mode of +forming "the chain," and that "the _name_ means no more than that the links +were in the shape of the letter S.," could only be advocated by one +unacquainted with the real formation of the collar, yet, as I am now +pledged before the readers of "NOTES AND QUERIES" as the historiographer of +livery collars, it may be expected that I should make some reply. This may +be accompanied with the remark, that, about the reign of Henry VIII., a +collar occurs, which might be adduced in support of the theory suggested by +the REV. MR. ELLACOMBE, and adopted by C. It looks like a collar formed of +esses; but it is not clear whether it was meant to do so, or was merely a +rich collar of twisted gold links. That was the age of ponderous gold +collars, but which were arbitrary features of ornamental costume, not +collars of livery. Such a collar, however, resembles a series of esses +placed obliquely and interlaced, as thus: _SSSS_; not laid flat on their +sides, as figured by C. Again, it is true an (endless) _chain_ of linked +esses was formed merely by attaching the letters [three letter Ss +horizontally] like hooks together. This occurs on the cup at Oriel College, +Oxford, engraved in Shaw's _Ancient Furniture_ in Shelton's _Oxonia +Illustrata_, and in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for August last; but the +connexion of this with the English device is at least very doubtful. The +cup is not improbably of foreign workmanship, and Menneus assigns such a +collar to the knights of Cyprus; even there the S was not without its +attributed import: + + "Per literam autem S. quae _Silentii_ apud Romanos nota fuit, secretum + societatis et amicitiae simulachrum, individuamque pro patriae defensione + _Societatem_ denotari."--_Fr. Mennenii Deliciae Equest. Ordinum_, 1613. + 12mo. p. 153. + +However, the answer to the suggestion of MR. ELLACOMBE and C. consists in +this important distinction, that the Lancastrian livery collar was _not a +chain_ of linked esses, but a collar of leather or other stiff material, +upon which the letters were _distinctly_ figured at certain intervals; and +when it came to be made of metal only, the letters were still kept distinct +and upright. On John of Ghent's collar, in the window of old St. Paul's +(which I have already mentioned in p. 330.), there are only five, + + S S S S S, + +at considerable intervals. On the collar of the poet Gower the letters +occur thus,-- + + SSSSS SSSSS. + +On that of Queen Joan of Navarre, at Canterbury, thus,-- + + S | S | S | S | S | S | + +There is then, I think, little doubt that this device was the _symbolum_ or +_nota_ of some word of which S was the initial letter; whether _Societas_, +or _Silentium_, or _Souvenance_, or _Soveraigne_, or _Seneschallus_, or +whatever else ingenuity or fancy may suggest, this is the question,--a +question which it is scarcely possible to settle authoritatively without +the testimony of some unequivocal contemporary statement. But I flatter +myself that I have now clearly shown that the esses were neither the _links +of a chain_ nor yet (as suggested in a former paper) identical with the +_gormetti fremales_, or horse-bridles, which are said to have formed the +livery collar of the King of Scots. + +JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS. + + "Christus purpureum gemmati textus in auro + Signabat Labarum, Clypeorum insignia Christus + Scripserat; ardebat summis crux addita cristis." + +By the same sort of reasoning--viz. conjecture--that MR. JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS +adheres to the opinion that the Collar of SS. takes its name from the word +_Seneschallus_, it might be contended that the initial letters of the lines +above quoted mystically stand for "Collar, S. S." Enough, however, has +already been written on this unmeaning point to show that some of us are +"great gowks," or, in other words, stupid guffs, to waste so much pen, ink, +and paper on the subject. + +There are other topics, however, connected with the Collar of SS. which are +of real interest to a {363} numerous section of the titled aristocracy in +the United Kingdom; and it is with these, as bearing upon the heraldic and +gentilitial rights of the subject, that I am desirous to grapple. MR. +NICHOLS, and those who pin faith upon his _dicta_, hold that the Collar of +SS. was a livery ensign bestowed by our kings upon certain of their +retainers, in much the same sense and fashion as Cedric the Saxon is said +to have given a collar to Wamba, the son of Witless. For myself, and all +those entitled to carry armorial bearings in the kingdom, I repudiate the +notion that the knightly golden Collar of SS. was ever so conferred or +received. Further, I maintain that there was a distinction between what MR. +NICHOLS calls "the Livery Collar of SS.," and the said knightly golden +Collar of SS., as marked and broad as is the difference between the Collar +of the Garter and the collar of that four-footed dignitary which bore the +inscription, + + "I am the Prince's Dog at Kew, + Pray whose Dog are you?" + +In his last communication MR. NICHOLS lays it down that "livery collars +were perfectly distinct from collars of knighthood;" adding, they did not +exist until a subsequent age. Of course the collars of such royal orders of +knighthood as have been established since the days of our Lancastrian kings +had necessarily no existence at the period to which he refers. But Gough +(not MR. GOUGH NICHOLS) mentions that the Collar of SS. was upon the +monument of Matilda Fitzwalter, of Dunmow, who lived in the reign of King +John; and Ashmole instances a monument in the collegiate church at Warwick, +with the portraiture of Margaret, wife of Sir William Peito, said to have +been sculptured there in the reign of Edward III. What credit then are we +to attach to MR. N.'s averment, that the "Collar of Esses was not a badge +of knighthood, nor a badge of personal merit, but was a collar of livery, +and the idea typified by livery was feudal dependence, or what we now call +party?" What sort of feudal dependence was typified by the ensign of +equestrian nobility upon the necks of the two ladies named, or upon the +neck of Queen Joan of Navarre? MR. NICHOLS states that in the first +Lancastrian reigns the Collar of SS. had no pendant, though, afterwards, it +had a pendant called "the king's beast." On the effigy of Queen Joan the +collar certainly has no pendant, except the jewelled ring of a trefoil +form. But on the ceiling and canopy of the tomb of Henry IV., his arms, and +those of his queen (Joan of Navarre), are surrounded with Collars of SS., +the king's terminating in an eagle volant (rather an odd sort of a beast), +whilst the pendant of the queen's has been defaced. + +MR. NICHOLS, in a postscript, puts this query to the antiquaries of +Scotland: "Can any of them help me to the authority from which Nich. Upton +derived his livery collar of the King of Scotland de gormettis fremalibus +equorum?" If Mr. N. puts this query from no other data than the citation +given in my former paper upon this subject (vide Vol. ii., p. 194.), he +need not limit it to the antiquaries of Scotland. Upton's words are as +follows:-- + + "Rex etiam scocie dare solebat pro signo vel titulo suo, unum collarium + de gormettis fremalibus equorum de auro vel argento." + +This passage neither indicates that a King of Scotland is referred to, nor +does it establish that the collar was given as a livery sign or title. It +merely conveys something to this purport, that the king was accustomed to +give to his companions, as a sign or title, a collar of gold or silver +shaped like the bit of a horse's bridle. + +MR. NICHOLS takes exception to Favine as an heraldic authority. Could that +erudite author arise from his grave, I wonder how he would designate MR. +NICHOLS'S lucubrations on livery collars, &c. But hear Matthew Paris: that +learned writer says Equites Aurati were known in his day "by a gold ring on +their thumbs, by a chain of gold about their necks, and gilt spurs." Let us +look to Scotland: Nesbit says, vol. ii. p. 87.: + + "Our knights were no less anciently known by belts than by their gilt + spurs, swords, &c. In the last place is the collar, an ensign of + knightly dignity among the Germans, Gauls, Britains, Danes, Goths, &c. + In latter times it was the peculiar fashion of knights amongst us to + wear golden collars composed of SS." + +Brydson, too, in his _Summary View of Heraldry in reference to the Usages +of Chivalry, and the General Economy of the Feudal System_, (a work of +uncommon ingenuity, deserving to be called the Philosophy of Heraldry), +observes, p. 186, ch. v., that knights were distinguished by an investiture +which implied superior merit and address in arms--by the attendance of one +or more esquires--by the title SIR--by wearing a crest--a helmet of +peculiar form--apparel peculiarly splendid--polished armour of a particular +construction--gilded spurs--and a GOLDEN COLLAR. + +He states, ch. iv., p. 132.: + + "In the fifth dissertation of Du Cange it is shown that the splendid + habits which the royal household anciently received at the great + festivals, were called 'LIVERIES,' being delivered or presented from + the king." + +But he nowhere countenances for a moment any of the errors entertained by +MR. JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS, which these remarks are intended to explode. + +MR. NICHOLS has not yet answered B.'s query. Nor can he answer it until he +previously admits that he is wrong upon the four points enumerated in my +opening article (Vol. ii., p. 194.). + +ARMIGER. + + * * * * * + + +{364} Replies to Minor Queries + +_Symbols of the Evangelists_ (Vol. i., pp. 375. 471.; vol. ii., pp. 13. 45. +205.).--Should the inquirer not have access to the authorities which, as is +stated in p. 471., are referred to by DR. WORDSWORTH, or not have leisure +to avail himself of his copious references, he may be glad to find that in +the _Thesaurus Theologico Philologicus_ (vol. ii. pp. 57.-62.), there is a +dissertation containing an analysis of more than fifty authors, who have +illustrated the visions of Ezekiel and St. John, and an explanation of the +Sententiarum Divortia of Irenaeus, Jerome, and Augustine, respecting the +application of the symbols, or of the quaestio vexata--quodnam animal cui +Evangelistae comparandum sit. Thomasius, the author of this dissertation, +suggests that to recall to mind the symbol applied to Luke, we should +remember the expression denoting elephantes, _boves lucas_. Abundant +information is also supplied on this subject by that hierophantic +naturalist, Aldrovandus, _de Quadrup. Bisulcis_, p. 180. et seq. Nor should +Daubuz be neglected, the learned commentator on the Revelations. + +T. J. + +_Becket's Mother_ (Vol. ii., pp. 106. 270.).--In support of the view of MR. +FOSS with regard to Becket's mother, against that propounded by J. C. R. +(Vol. ii., p. 270.), I would mention that _Acon_ is the ordinary mediaeval +name for the city of _Acre_, and appears in the earlier deeds relating to +the hospital in Cheapside, while the modern form occurs in those of later +date; _e.g._ Pat. 18 Edw. II., "S. Thomae Martyris _de Aconia_;" Pat. 14 +Edw. III., "S. Thomae Martyris Cantuarensis de _Acon_;" but Rot. Parl. 23 +Hen. VI., "Saint Thomas the Martir of _Acres_," "the Martyr of Canterbury +of _Acres_." (Deeds in Dugdale, _Monast._ vi. 646, 647.) + +This would seem to identify the distinctive name of the hospital with the +city in the Holy Land but the following passage from the _Chronicle_ of +Matthew of Westminster (p. 257.) seems quite conclusive on this point, as +it connects that city with Becket in a manner beyond all dispute:-- + + "Anno gratiae 1190. Obsessa est _Acon_ circumquaque Christianorum + legionibus, et arctatur nimis. _Capella Sancti Thomae martyris ibidem + aedificatur_." + +If, as J. C. R. supposes, there was no connexion between the saint and Acre +in Syria, the foundation of a chapel to his honour in or near that city +would seem quite unaccountable. However this may be, the truth of the +beautiful legend of his mother can, I fear, be never proved or disproved. + +While on this subject, let me, at the risk of being tedious to your +readers, quote the amusing tale told by Latimer, with regard to this +hospital, in his "Sixth Sermon preached before Edward VI." (Parker Soc ed., +p. 201.):-- + + "I had rather that ye should come [to hear the Word of God] as the tale + is by the gentlewoman of London: one of her neighbours met her in the + street and said, 'Mistress, whither go ye?' 'Marry,' said she; 'I am + going to St. Thomas of Acres, to the sermon; I could not sleep all this + last night, and I am going now thither; I never failed of a good nap + there.' And so I had rather ye should go a-napping to the sermons than + not to go at all." + +On the name "S. Nicholas _Acon_," I can throw no light. Stow is quite +silent as to its signification. + +E. VENABLES. + +Herstmonceux. + +_Becket's Mother._--I am, in truth, but a new subscriber, and when I wrote +the remarks on MR. FOSS's note (Vol. ii., p. 270.), had not seen your first +volume containing the communications of MR. MATTHEWS (p. 415.) and DR. +RIMBAULT (p. 490.). The rejection of the story that Becket's mother was a +Saracen rests on the fact that no trace of it is found until a much later +time, when the history of "St. Thomas of Canterbury" had been embellished +with all manner of wonders. MR. MATTHEWS may find some information in the +_English Review_, vol. vi. pp. 40-42. DR. RIMBAULT is mistaken in saying +that the life of St. Thomas by Herbert of Boshain "is published in the +_Quadrilogus_, Paris, 1495." It was one of the works from which the +_Quadrilogus_ was _compiled_; but the only entire edition of it is that by +Dr. Giles, in his _S. Thomas Cantauriensis_. + +J. C. R. + +_Passage in Lucan_ (Vol. ii., p. 89.).--The following are parallel passages +to that in Lucan's _Pharsalia_, b. vii. 814., referred to by MR. SANSOM. + +Ovid. _Metam._ 1. 256.:-- + + "Esse quoque in fatis reminiscitur affore tempus, + Quo mare, quo tellus, correptaque regia coeli + Ardeat; et mundi moles operos laboret." + +Cic. _De Nat. Deor._ 11. 46.:-- + + "Ex quo eventurum nostri putant id, de quo Panaetium addubitare + dicebant, ut ad extremum omnis mundus ignesceret; cum, humore consumto, + neque terra ali posset neque remearet aer; cujus ortus, aqua omni + exhausta, esse non posset," etc. + +Cic. _De Divinatione_, 1. 49.:-- + + "Nam et natura futura praesentiunt, ut aquarum fluxiones et + deflagrationem futuram aliquando coeli atque terrarum," etc. + +Cic. _Acad. Quaest._ iv. 37.:-- + + "Erit ei persuasum etiam, solem, lunam, stellas omnes, terram, mare, + deos esse ... fore tamen aliquando ut omnis hic mundus ardore + deflagret," etc. + +Cic. _Somn. Scipionis,_ vii.:-- + + "Propter eluviones exustionesque terrarum quas accidere tempore certo + necesse est, non modo aeternam, sed ne diuturnam quidem gloriam assequi + possumus." + +Seneca, _Consol. ad Marciam_, sub fine:-- + + "Cum tempus advenerit quo se mundus renovaturus {365} extinguat ... et + omni flagrante materia uno igne quicquid nunc ex disposito lucet, + ardebit." + +Id. _Natural Quaest_. iii. 28.:-- + + "Qua ratione inquis? Eadem qua conflagratio futura est ... Aqua et + ignes terrenis dominantur. Ex his ortus et ex his interitus est," etc. + +There are also the Sybilline verses (quoted by Lactantias _de Ira Dei_, +cap. xxiii.):-- + + "[Greek: Kai pote ten orgen theon ouk eti praunonta,] + [Greek: All' exembrithonta, kai exoluonta te gennan] + [Greek: Anthropon, hapasan hup' empresmou perthonta.]" + +Plato has a similar passage in his _Timaeus_; and many others are quoted by +Matthew Pole in his _Synopsis Criticorum Script. Sacrae Interpretum_; on 2 +Pet. iii. 6. 10.; to which I beg to refer MR. SANSOM; and also to Burnet's +_Sacred Theory of the Earth_, book iii. ch. 3. + +T. H. KERSLEY. + +King William's College, Isle of Man. + +_Combs buried with the Dead_ (Vol. ii., pp. 230. 269.).--On reference to +Sir Thomas Browne's _Hydriotaphia_, I find two passages which may supply +the information your correspondent seeks as to the reason for combs being +buried with human remains. In section i., pp. 26, 27. (I quote from the +Edinburgh reprint of 1822, published by Blackwood) the author says: + + "In a field of Old Walsingham, not many months past (1658), were digged + up between forty and fifty urns, deposited in a dry and sandy soil, not + a yard deep, not far from one another, not all strickly of one figure, + but most answering these described; some containing two pounds of + bones, distinguishable in skulls, ribs, jaws, thigh-bones, and teeth, + with fresh impressions of their combustion, besides extraneous + substances, like pieces of small boxes, or _combs_, handsomely wrought, + handles of small brass instruments, brazen nippers, and in one some + kind of opale." + +And again he says (pp. 36, 37.): + + "From exility of bones, thinness of skulls, smallness of teeth, ribs, + and thigh-bones, not improbable that many thereof were persons of minor + age, or women. Confirmable also from things contained in them. In most + were found substances resembling _combs_, plates like boxes, fastened + with iron pins, and handsomely overwrought like the necks or bridges of + musical instruments, long brass plates overwrought like the handles of + neat implements, _brazen nippers to pull away hair_, and in one a kind + of opale, yet maintaining a bluish colour. + + "Now that they accustomed to burn or bury with them things wherein they + excelled, delighted, or which were dear unto them, either as farewells + unto all pleasure, or vain apprehension that they might use them in the + other world, is testified by all antiquity." + +The instances which he appends relate only to the Pagan period, and he does +not appear to have known that a similar practice prevailed in the sepulture +of Christians--if, indeed, such a custom was general, and not confined to +the particular case mentioned by your correspondent. + +J. H. P. LERESCHE. + +_The Norfolk Dialect_ (Vol. ii., p. 217.).-- + +_Mauther._--A word peculiar to East Anglia, applied to a girl just grown +up, or approaching to womanhood. + +"Ipse eodem agro [Norfolciensi] ortus, a Dan. _moer_," virgo, puella, +"deflectit."--_Spelman_. + +Spelman assures us, in endeavouring to rescue the word from the contempt +into which it had fallen, that it was applied by our very early ancestors, +even to the noble virgins who were selected to sing the praises of heroes; +they were called _scald-moers_, q.d. singing mauthers! + + "En quantum in spreta jam voce antiquae gloria." + + "Ray spells the word _mothther_. + + "_P._ I am a _mother_ that do want a service. + + "_Qu._ O thou'rt a Norfolk woman (cry thee mercy), + Where maids are _mothers_, and _mothers_ are maids."--R. Brome's + _Engl. Moor_, iii. 1. + +It is written also _modder_. + + "What! will Phillis then consume her youth as an ankresse, + Scorning daintie Venus? Will Phillis be a _modder_, + And not care to be call'd by the deare-sweete name of a mother?"--A. + Fraunce's _Ivy Church_, A. 4. b. + + "Away! you talk like a foolish _mauther_"-- + +says Restive to Dame Pliant in _Ben Jonson. Alchemist_, IV. 7. So Richard +says to Kate, in _Bloomfield's Suffolk ballad:--_ + + "When once a giggling _mawther_ you, + And I a red-faced chubby boy."--_Rural Tales_, 1802, p. 5. + +Perhaps it is derived from the German [Fraktur: magd] with the termination +een or -den added, as in the Lincolnshire dialect, hee-der, and shee-der, +denote the male and female sex. + +_Gotsch._--A jug or pitcher with one ear or handle. Forby thinks it may be +derived from the Italian _gozzo_, a throat. + +_Holl._--From the Saxon holh. German [Fraktur: hohle], a ditch. + +_Anan!_ = How! what say you? Perhaps an invitation to come near, in order +to be better heard, from the Saxon nean, near. Vid. Brockett's,--Jennings, +and Wilbraham's Chesh. Glossaries. + +_To be Muddled._--That is, confused, perplexed, tired. Doubtless from the +idea of thickness, want of clearness; so, muddy is used for a state of +inebriety. + +_Together._--In Low Scotch, thegether, seemingly, but not really, an +adverb, converted to a noun, and used in familiarly addressing a number of +persons collectively. Forby considers _to_ and the article _the_ identical; +as to-day, to-night, in Low Scotch, the day, the night, are in fact, this +day, this night; so {366} that the expression together may mean "the +gathering," the company assembled. + +The authorities I have used are Forby's _Vocabulary of East Anglia_; Moor, +_Suffolk Words and Phrases_; and Lemon, _English Etymology_; in which, if +ICENUS will refer, he will find the subject more fully discussed. + +E. S. T + +_Conflagration of the Earth_ (Vol. ii., p. 89.).--The eventful period when +this globe, or "the fabric of the world,"[1] will be "wrap'd in flames" and +"in ruin hurl'd," is described in language, or at least, in sense similar +to the quotations of our correspondent in p. 89., by the poets, +philosophers, fathers, and divines here referred to:-- + +Lucan, lib. i. 70. et seqq. 75.:-- + + "Omnia mistis Sidera sideribus concurrent." + +Seneca _ad Marciam_, cap. ult.:-- + + "Cum tempus advenerit, quo se mundus renovaturus extinguat, viribus + ista se suis cedent, et sidera sideribus incurrent, et omni flagrante + materia uno igne quicquid nunc ex disposito lucet, ardebit." + +_Quaest. Nat._ iii. 27., which contains a commentary on St. Peter's +expression, "Like a thief in the night:"-- + + "Nihil, inquit, difficile est Naturae, ubi ad finem sui properat. Ad + originem rerum parce utitur viribus, dispensatque se incrementis + fallentibus; subito ad ruinam et toto impetu venit ... Momento fit + cinis, diu silua." + +Compare Sir T Browne's _Rel. Med._ s. 45. + +Seneca, _Hercul. Oet._ 1102. + +Ovid. _Metamorph._ lib. i. s. viii. + +Diplilus as quoted by Dr. H. More, _Vision. Apoc._ vi. 9. + +Cicero, _Acad._ lib. ii. 37. "Somn. Scipionis." + +---- _de Nat. Deorum._ lib. ii. 46. + +Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ lib. vii. cap. 16. + +These are the opinions of writers before Christ; whether they were derived +from Scripture, it is not now my purpose to discuss. See also Lipsii +_Physiologia._ On the agreement of the systems of the Stoics, of the Magi, +and of the Edda, see Bishop Percy's Notes to Mallet's _Northern +Antiquities_, vol. ii. + +The general conflagration and purgatorial fire were among the tenets of the +Sibylline books, and maintained by many Fathers of the Greek and Latin +churches down to the sixth century. See _Blondel on the Sibyls_, and +Arkudius _adversus_ Barlaam. Among modern writers on this subject, it will +be sufficient to name Magius _de Mundi Exustione_, Dr. H. More, and Dr T. +Burnet. Ray, in the third of his _Physico-Theological Discourses_, +discusses all the questions connected with the dissolution of the world. + +T. J. + +[Footnote 1: Magius, "that prodigy of learning en pure perte" (Villebrune), +concludes from the words of the text "the _heavens_ shall pass away," that +the _universe_ will be dissolved; but that it will undergo mutation only, +not annihilation.--Cf. Steuches _de Perenni Philosophia_, lib. x. ] + +_Wraxen_, (Vol. ii., p. 207.).--G. W. SKYRING will find the following +explanation in Halliwell's _Dictionary of Provincial and Archaic Words_, +"to grow out of bounds, spoken of weeds," c. Kent. Certainly an expressive +term as used by the Kentish women. + +J. D. A. + +_Wraxen._--Probably analogous to the Northumbrian "_wrax_, wraxing, +wraxed," signifying to stretch or (sometimes) to sprain. + +A peasant leaving overworked himself, would say he had _wraxed_ himself; +after sitting, would walk to _wrax_ his legs. Falling on the ice would have +_wraxed_ his arm; and of a rope that has stretched considerably, he would +say it had _wraxed a gay feck_. + +It may possibly have come, as a corruption, from the verb _wax_, to grow. +It is a useful and very expressive word, although not recognised in polite +language. + +S. T. R. + +_Wraxen._--Rax or Wrax is a very common word in the north of England, +meaning to stretch, so that when the old Kentish woman told MR. SKYRING'S +friend her children were wraxen, she meant their minds were so +overstretched during the week, that they required rest on Sunday. + +W. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +NOTES OF BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +Of the various changes which have been made of late years in public +education, there is not one so generally admitted to be an improvement as +that which has made the study of + + "The tongue + Which Shakspeare spake," + +an essential part of the system and probably no individual has so +effectually contributed towards this important end as Dr. Latham, the third +edition of whose masterly and philosophical volume, entitled _The English +Language_, is mow before us. Dr. Latham has ever earnestly and successfully +insisted on the _disciplinal_ character of grammatical studies in general, +combined with the fact, that the grammatical study of one's own language is +exclusively so; and having established this theory, he has, by the +production of various elementary works, exhibiting a happy combination of +great philological acquirements with the ability to apply them in a logical +and systematic manner, enabled those who shared his views to put that +theory into practice. Hence the change in our educational system to which +we have alluded. His volume entitled _The English Language_ is, however, +addressed to a higher class of {367} readers, and this third edition may +justly be pronounced the most important contribution to the history of our +native tongue which has yet been produced; and, as such every student of +our early language and literature must, with us, bid it welcome. + +We have received the following Catalogues;--Cole's (15. Great Turnstile, +Holborn) List No. XXIX. of curious Old Books; Kerslake's (3. Park Street, +Bristol) Valuable Books containing Selections from Libraries at Conishead +Priory; of Prof. Elrington; T. G. Ward, &c. + + * * * * * + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +_Odd Volumes_ + +CAMDEN'S BRITANNIA, ed. by Gough, Vol. I. + +WARTON'S Edition of POPE. 8vo. 1797 Vol. IX. In boards. + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to Mr. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +Notices to Correspondents. + +V. F. S. _will find an answer to his Query respecting_ "Auster Tenements" +_in our first Vol_., p. 307. + +J. C., _who inquires respecting the author of the oft-quoted saying_, "Quem +Deus vult perdere," _is referred to our first Vol._, pp. 347. 351. 421. +476.; _and to a further illustration of it in_ No. 50., p. 317. + +_We have received_ "A Plan for a Church-History Society," _by the Rev. Dr. +Maitland, to which we will call the attention of our readers next week._ + +W. L. B.'_s description of the coin found at Horndon is not sufficiently +clear. It is, doubtless, a billon piece of the lower empire. If he will +send us an impression, in_ sealing-wax, _we may probably be enabled to give +him a description of it._ + +CLERICUS. "As Lazy as Ludlam's Dog" _is one of the sayings quoted by +Southey in_ The Doctor. See, too, NOTES AND QUERIES, Vol. I., pp. 382. 475. + +ARMIGER _will find a letter addressed to him at the Publisher's._ + +VOLUME THE FIRST OF NOTES AND QUERIES, _with Title-page and very copious +Index, is now ready, price_ 9s. 6d., _bound in cloth, and may be had, by +order, of all Booksellers and Newsmen._ + +_The Monthly Part for October, being the Fifth of_ Vol. II., _is also now +ready, price_ 1s. 3d. + + Errata. In No. 51. p. 347, for "[Greek: theion]" read "[Greek: theon];" + for "Perchi" read "Perche;" and also the curious misprints (caused by a + transposition of type) alluded to in the following note:-- + + "Referring to my friend R. G.'s 'Bibliographical Queries' (which are + always worth referring to), will you allow me to ask yourself, and him + if you cannot tell, whether it is by the mistake of your printer, or of + the original one, that in the fourth Query (p. 324. line 10.) the + letters of two words are so transposed that 'Vrbe germanie' is turned + into 'Vrbanie germe?'" + +S. R. M. + + * * * * * + + +In 8vo., price 6d. (by post, 8d.), + +A PLAN for a CHURCH-HISTORY SOCIETY. By S. R. MAITLAND D.D. F.R.S. and +F.A.S., sometime Librarian to the late Archbishop of Canterbury, and Keeper +of the MSS. at Lambeth. + +RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place. + + * * * * * + + +JOURNAL FRANCAIS, publie a Londres. 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Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +{368} + +Bibliographical Works, + +_Which are kept constantly ready for reference to every Visitor._ + +***The Books themselves will be given _gratis_ to every one purchasing for +four times the amount of their cost. + + * * * * * + +BIBLIOTHECA AUCTORUM CLASSICORUM.--An Alphabetical Catalogue of the +Editions of the Greek and Latin Classics, their Translations, Commentaries, +and Dissertations, that have appeared in Germany and the adjacent Countries +[from 1700] up to the end of 1846. By W. ENGELMANN. 8vo. 6s. + +ERSCH.--Bibliographisches Handbuch der Philologischen Literatur der +Deutschen von 1750 bis 1845, in systemat. Ordnung mit Registern. 3rd Edit. +8vo. 10s. 6d. + +WAGNER.--Grundriss der Klassischen Bibliographie. 8vo. Bresl. 1840 8s. 6d. + +BIBLIOTHECA PHILOLOGICA.--I. Catalogue of Greek, Latin, and Oriental +Grammars, Dictionaries, &c., from 1750 to 1839. by W. ENGELMANN. 8vo. 1840. +3s. + +BIBLIOTHECA PHILOLOGICA.--II. Bibliothek der Neueren Sprachen--Grammars, +Dictionaries, &c. of Modern Languages, and their Ancient and Modern +Dialects, 1800--1841. 5s. 6d. A Supplement, 1841--1849, 2s. 6d. + +VATER'S LITERATURE OF LANGUAGES.--Die Literatur der Grammatiken, Lexica und +Woertersammlungen aller Sprachen der Erde, v. J. S. VATER. 2nd Edit. By +JULG. 8vo. Berlin, 1847. 10s. 6d. + +BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS.--Manuel de Bibliographie Orientale. I. Livres +Arabes, Persans et Turcs. Par Dr. J. T. ZENKER. 8vo. 1845. 8s. + +BIBLIOTHECA SANSCRITAE.--Concinnavit GILDEMEISTER. 8vo. 6s. + +WINER.--Handbuch der Theologischen Literatur, vorzueglich d. +Protestantischen. 2 vols. 8vo., and Supplement up to the end of 1841. 14s. + +THESAURUS LIBRORUM REI CATHOLICAE, with Supplement and Systematic Index. +1850. 20s. + +ERSCH.--Bibliographisches Handbuch der Philosophischen Literatur der +Deutschen, in systemat. Ordnung. 3d. Edit. 8vo. 1850. 3s. 6d. + +KAYSER'S BUeCHER-LEXICON, from 1750 to 1846. 6 vols. 4to., and Index, to +1832, 5l. 8s. Vol. VII., 1833--1841, 35s. Vol VIII., 1841--1846, 37s. + +***A General Catalogue of all Books published in Germany. + +BIBLIOGRAPHIE BIOGRAPHIQUE, ou Dictionnaire de 26,000 Ouvrages, tant +anciens que modernnes, relatifs a l'Histoire de la Vie publicque et privee +des Hommes celebres, par E. M. OETTINGER. Clth. brds. imp. 4to. Leipzig. +2l. 8s. + +***Arranged alphabetically under the heads of the persons whose biographies +are enumerated. + +BIBLIOTHEK der schoenen Wissenshaften (German Belles-Lettres), 2 vols. +8vo.--Vol. II., 1836--1845, 8vo. 6s. + +SCHWAB und KLUePFEL.--Wegweiser durch die Literatur der Deutschen. 2d Ed. +8vo. 1847. 5s. + +BIBLIOTHECA JURIDICA.--Works on Roman, International, German Law. &c., +published in Germany from 1750--1830, (price 6s. 6d.). Supplement, +1839--1848, with Indexes, 8vo. 3s. 6d. + +BIBLIOTHECA MEDICO-CHIRURGICA ET ANATOMICO-PHYSIOLOGICA.--A Catalogue of +all Works on Medicine, Surgery, Midwifery, Anatomy, and Physiology, that +have appeared in Germany from 1750 to 1847, with Indexes, by W. ENGELMANN. +8vo. (740 pp.) 7s. 6d. + +N.B. Comparative Anatomy in the "BIBLIOTHECA ZOOLOGICA." + +BIBLIOTHECA ZOOLOGICA et PALAEONTOLOGICA.--The Literature of Zoology and +Palaeontology, or a Systematic Catalogue of the Works on Zoology and Fossil +Animals and Plants, Comparative Anatomy, &c., which have appeared in Europe +to the end of 1845. Ed. by W. ENGELMANN, 8vo. sd. 9s. + +THESAURUS LITERATURAE BOTANICAE, omnium gentium, curavit G. A. PRITZEL. (to +be completed in 8 fasc.). Fasc. I. to V., A--Z, and Suppl., 1l. 15s. + +BIBLIOTHECA MECHANICO-TECHNOLOGICA.--German Books on Arts, Trades, +Manufactures, Railroads, Machine-building, &c.; also Buildings, +Architecture, Ornaments, &c. Vol. I. to 1843, 6s.; Vol. II., 1843 to 1849, +2s. 6d. + +DEUTSCHLANDS MILITAIR LITERATUR, 1830 to 1850. Uebersicht der Karten u. +Plaene Central Europas. 2 vols. 8vo. 9s. 6d. + +BIBLITOHECA OECONOMICA. Literatur der Haus u. Laudwirthschaft. 8vo. sd. +1841. 5s. + +BIBLIOTHECA MAGICA ET PNEUMATICA, by Dr. GRAeSSE. 8vo. 1843. 3s. + +LITERATUR des SCHACHSPIELS, herausg. v. A. SCHMID. 8vo. Wien, 1847. 10s. +6d. + +BIBLIOTHECA SHAHILUDII.--Bibliotheque du Jeu des Echecs, by E. M. +OETTINGER. 8vo. 1844. 2s. + +DANSK-NORSK CATALOG.--Catalogue Librorum in Dania et Norvegia editorum, +1841. Two Supplements, 1841--1844. + +NORSK BOG-FORTEGNELSE, 1814-1847. Norwegian Books and Maps. 8vo. Christian. +5s. 6d. + +SVENSK BOKHANDELS-KATALOG, 1845. Supplements, with Indexes to 1848. +Stockholm. + +DUTCH CATALOGUES.--Naamlijst van Bocken, 1790--1838, and 2 Supplements to +1848. + + * * * * * + +_The following Catalogues, being not merely Catalogues of Stock, may be +had_ gratis:-- + +1. WILLIAMS and NORGATES'S CATALOGUE OF GERMAN THEOLOGICAL BOOKS, 2 Stamps. + +2. WILLIAMS and NORGATE'S CATALOGUE OF GENERAL GERMAN LITERATURE, 4 Stamps. + +3. WILLIAMS and NORGATES SCHOOL CATALOGUE OF ELEMENTARY AND CLASSICAL +WORKS. Greek and Latin, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, &c., 1 Stamp. + +4. WILLIAMS AND NORGATE'S CLASSICAL CATALOGUE. Supplement from 1844--1849, +1 Stamp. A complete Catalogue reprinting. + +5. WILLIAMS AND NORGATES'S LINGUISTIC AND ORIENTAL CATALOGUES (Reprinting). + +6. WILLIAMS AND NORGATE'S GERMAN BOOK CIRCULAR. NEW BOOKS published +Quarterly and sent Gratis to their Customers. + + * * * * * + +WILLIAMS AND NORGATE, + +IMPORTERS OF GERMAN, CLASSICAL, ORIENTAL, DUTCH, DANISH, SWEDISH, RUSSIAN +BOOKS, &C. + +14. HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. + + * * * * * + + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New +Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in the City of London; and +published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. 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