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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/22601-8.txt b/22601-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed6db4f --- /dev/null +++ b/22601-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1113 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Hiawatha and the Iroquois Confederation, by +Horatio Hale + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Hiawatha and the Iroquois Confederation + A Study in Anthropology. A Paper Read at the Cincinnati Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in August, 1881, under the Title of "A Lawgiver of the Stone Age." + + +Author: Horatio Hale + + + +Release Date: September 14, 2007 [eBook #22601] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HIAWATHA AND THE IROQUOIS +CONFEDERATION*** + + +E-text prepared by Al Haines from digital material generously made +available by Internet Archive/American Libraries +(http://www.archive.org/details/americana) + + + +Note: Images of the original pages are available through + Internet Archive/American Libraries. See + http://www.archive.org/details/hiawathandiroquo00halerich + + + + + +HIAWATHA AND THE IROQUOIS CONFEDERATION. + +A Study in Anthropology + +by + +HORATIO HALE. + +A Paper Read at the Cincinnati Meeting of the American Association for +the Advancement of Science, in August, 1881, under the Title of "A +Lawgiver of the Stone Age." + + + + + + + +Salem, Mass.: +Printed at the Salem Press. +1881. + + + + +A LAWGIVER OF THE STONE AGE. By HORATIO HALE, of Clinton, Ontario, +Canada. + + +What was the intellectual capacity of man when he made his first +appearance upon the earth? Or, to speak with more scientific precision +(as the question relates to material evidences), what were the mental +powers of the people who fashioned the earliest stone implements, which +are admitted to be the oldest remaining traces of our kind? As these +people were low in the arts of life, were they also low in natural +capacity? This is certainly one of the most important questions which +the science of anthropology has yet to answer. Of late years the +prevalent disposition has apparently been to answer it in the +affirmative. Primitive man, we are to believe, had a feeble and narrow +intellect, which in the progress of civilization has been gradually +strengthened and enlarged. This conclusion is supposed to be in +accordance with the development theory; and the distinguished author of +that theory has seemed to favor this view. Yet, in fact, the development +theory has nothing to do with the question. If we suppose that the +existing and--so far as we know--the only species of man appeared upon +the earth with the physical conformation and mental capacity which he +retains at this day, we make merely the same supposition with regard to +him that we make with regard to every other existing species of animal. +How it was that this species came to exist is another question altogether. + +Philologists regard it as an established fact that the first people who +spoke an Aryan language were a tribe of barbarous nomads, who wandered in +the highlands of central Asia. Those who have studied the earliest +products of Aryan genius in the Vedas, the Zend-Avesta, and the Homeric +songs, will be willing to admit that these wandering barbarians may have +had minds capable of the highest efforts to which the human intellect is +known to have attained. Yet if an irruption of Semitic or Turanian +conquerors had swept that infant tribe from the earth, no trace of its +existence beyond a few flint implements, and perhaps some fragments of +pottery, would have remained to show that such a people had ever existed. +Have we any reason to doubt that in the course of all the ages, in +various parts of our globe, many tribes of men may have arisen and +perished who were in natural capacity as far superior to the primitive +Aryans as these were to the races who surrounded them? Under the law of +the survival of the fittest, it is not the strongest that survive, but +the strongest of those that are placed in the most favorable +circumstances. On any calculation of probabilities, it will seem likely +enough that among the numberless small societies of men that have +appeared and vanished in primeval Asia and Europe, in Africa, Australia, +America, and Polynesia, there may have been some at least equal, if not +superior, in mental endowments, to that fortunate tribe of central Asia, +whose posterity has come to be the dominant race of our time. Among +their leaders may have been men qualified to rank with the most renowned +heroes, exemplars, and teachers of the human race--with Moses and Buddha, +with Confucius and Solon, with Numa, Charlemagne, and Alfred, or (to come +down to recent times) with the greatest and wisest among the founders of +the American Republic. If the possibility of the existence of such men +under such conditions cannot be denied, the facts which have lately been +brought to light in regard to one such personage and the community in +which he lived may have a peculiar interest and significance in their +bearing on the general question of the mental capacity of uncivilized +races. + +It is well known that the Iroquois tribes, whom our ancestors termed the +Five Nations, were, when first visited by Europeans, in the precise +condition which, according to all the evidence we possess, was held by +the inhabitants of the Old World during what has been designated the +Stone Age. Any one who examines the abandoned site of an ancient +Iroquois town will find there relics of precisely the same cast as those +which are disinterred from the burial mounds and caves of prehistoric +Europe,--implements of flint and bone, ornaments of shells, and fragments +of rude pottery. Trusting to these evidences alone, he might suppose +that the people who wrought them were of the humblest grade of intellect. +But the testimony of historians, of travellers, of missionaries, and +perhaps his own personal observation, would make him aware that this +opinion would be erroneous, and that these Indians were, in their own +way, acute reasoners, eloquent speakers, and most skilful and far-seeing +politicians. He would know that for more than a century, though never +mustering more than five thousand fighting men, they were able to hold +the balance of power on this continent between France and England; and +that in a long series of negotiations they proved themselves qualified to +cope in council with the best diplomatists whom either of those powers +could depute to deal with them. It is only recently that we have +learned, through the researches of a careful and philosophic +investigator, the Hon. L. H. Morgan, that their internal polity was +marked by equal wisdom, and had been developed and consolidated into a +system of government, embodying many of what are deemed the best +principles and methods of political science,--representation, federation, +self-government through local and general legislatures,--all resulting in +personal liberty, combined with strict subordination to public law. But +it has not been distinctly known that for many of these advantages the +Five Nations were indebted to one individual, who bore to them the same +relation which the great reformers and lawgivers of antiquity bore to the +communities whose gratitude has made their names illustrious. + +A singular fortune has attended the name and memory of Hiawatha. Though +actually an historical personage, and not of very ancient date, of whose +life and deeds many memorials remain, he has been confused with two +Indian divinities, the one Iroquois, the other Algonquin, and his history +has been distorted and obscured almost beyond recognition. Through the +cloud of mythology which has enveloped his memory, the genius of +Longfellow has discerned something of his real character, and has made +his name, at least, a household word wherever the English language is +spoken. It remains to give a correct account of the man himself and of +the work which he accomplished, as it has been received from the official +annalists of his people. The narrative is confirmed by the evidence of +contemporary wampum records, and by written memorials in the native +tongue, one of which is at least a hundred years old. + +According to the best evidence that can be obtained, the formation of the +Iroquois confederacy dates from about the middle of the fifteenth +century. There is reason to believe that prior to that time the five +tribes, who are dignified with the title of nations, had held the region +south of Lake Ontario, extending from the Hudson to the Genesee river, +for many generations, and probably for many centuries. Tradition makes +their earlier seat to have been north of the St. Lawrence river, which is +probable enough. It also represents the Mohawks as the original tribe, +of which the others are offshoots; and this tradition is confirmed by the +evidence of language. That the Iroquois tribes were originally one +people, and that their separation into five communities, speaking +distinct dialects, dates many centuries back, are both conclusions as +certain as any facts in physical science. Three hundred and fifty years +ago they were isolated tribes, at war occasionally with one another, and +almost constantly with the fierce Algonquins who surrounded them. Not +unfrequently, also, they had to withstand and to avenge the incursions of +warriors belonging to more distant tribes of various stocks, Hurons, +Cherokees and Dakotas. Yet they were not peculiarly a warlike people. +They were a race of housebuilders, farmers, and fishermen. They had +large and strongly palisaded towns, well-cultivated fields, and +substantial houses, sometimes a hundred feet long, in which many kindred +families dwelt together. + +At this time two great dangers, the one from without, the other from +within, pressed upon these tribes. The Mohegans, or Mohicans, a powerful +Algonquin people, whose settlements stretched along the Hudson river, +south of the Mohawks, and extended thence eastward into New England, +waged a desperate war against them. In this war the most easterly of the +Iroquois, the Mohawks and Oneidas, bore the brunt and were the greatest +sufferers. On the other hand, the two westerly nations, the Senecas and +Cayugas, had a peril of their own to encounter. The central nation, the +Onondagas, were then under the control of a dreaded chief, whose name is +variously given, Atotarho, Watatotahlo, Tododaho, according to the +dialect of the speaker and the orthography of the writer. He was a man +of great force of character and of formidable qualities,--haughty, +ambitious, crafty and bold,--a determined and successful warrior, and at +home, so far as the constitution of an Indian tribe would allow, a stern +and remorseless tyrant. He tolerated no equal. The chiefs who ventured +to oppose him were taken off one after another by secret means, or were +compelled to flee for safety to other tribes. His subtlety and artifices +had acquired for him the reputation of a wizard. He knew, they say, what +was going on at a distance as well as if he were present; and he could +destroy his enemies by some magical art, while he himself was far away. +In spite of the fear which he inspired, his domination would probably not +have been endured by an Indian community, but for his success in war. He +had made himself and his people a terror to the Cayugas and the Senecas. +According to one account, he had subdued both of those tribes; but the +record-keepers of the present day do not confirm this statement, which +indeed is not consistent with the subsequent history of the confederation. + +The name Atotarho signifies "entangled." The usual process by which +mythology, after a few generations, makes fables out of names, has not +been wanting here. In the legends which the Indian story-tellers recount +in winter about their cabin fires, Atotarho figures as a being of +preterhuman nature, whose head, in lieu of hair, is adorned with living +snakes. A rude pictorial representation shows him seated and giving +audience, in horrible state, with the upper part of his person enveloped +by these writhing and entangled reptiles. But the grave Councillors of +the Canadian Reservation, who recite his history as they have heard it +from their fathers at every installation of a high chief, do not repeat +these inventions of marvel-loving gossips, and only smile with +good-humored derision when they are referred to. + +There was at this time among the Onondagas a chief of high rank whose +name, variously written--Hiawatha, Hayonwatha, Ayongwhata, +Taoungwatha--is rendered, "he who seeks the wampum belt." He had made +himself greatly esteemed by his wisdom and his benevolence. He was now +past middle age. Though many of his friends and relatives had perished +by the machinations of Atotarho, he himself had been spared. The +qualities which gained him general respect had, perhaps, not been without +influence even on that redoubtable chief. Hiawatha had long beheld with +grief the evils which afflicted not only his own nation, but all the +other tribes about them, through the continual wars in which they were +engaged, and the misgovernment and miseries at home which these wars +produced. With much meditation he had elaborated in his mind the scheme +of a vast confederation which would ensure universal peace. In the mere +plan of a confederation there was nothing new. There are probably few, +if any, Indian tribes which have not, at one time or another, been +members of a league or confederacy. It may almost be said to be their +normal condition. But the plan which Hiawatha had evolved differed from +all others in two particulars. The system which he devised was to be not +a loose and transitory league, but a permanent government. While each +nation was to retain its own council and its management of local affairs, +the general control was to be lodged in a federal senate, composed of +representatives elected by each nation, holding office during good +behavior, and acknowledged as ruling chiefs throughout the whole +confederacy. Still further, and more remarkably, the confederation was +not to be a limited one. It was to be indefinitely expansible. The +avowed design of its proposer was to abolish war altogether. He wished +the federation to extend until all the tribes of men should be included +in it, and peace should everywhere reign. Such is the positive testimony +of the Iroquois themselves; and their statement, as will be seen, is +supported by historical evidence. + +Hiawatha's first endeavor was to enlist his own nation in the cause. He +summoned a meeting of the chiefs and people of the Onondaga towns. The +summons, proceeding from a chief of his rank and reputation, attracted a +large concourse. "They came together," said the narrator, "along the +creeks, from all parts, to the general council-fire." But what effect +the grand projects of the chief, enforced by the eloquence for which he +was noted, might have had upon his auditors, could not be known. For +there appeared among them a well-known figure, grim, silent and +forbidding, whose terrible aspect overawed the assemblage. The unspoken +displeasure of Atotarho was sufficient to stifle all debate, and the +meeting dispersed. This result, which seems a singular conclusion of an +Indian council--the most independent and free-spoken of all +gatherings--is sufficiently explained by the fact that Atotarho had +organized among the more reckless warriors of his tribe a band of +unscrupulous partisans, who did his bidding without question, and took +off by secret murder all persons against whom he bore a grudge. The +knowledge that his followers were scattered through the assembly, +prepared to mark for destruction those who should offend him, might make +the boldest orator chary of speech. Hiawatha alone was undaunted. He +summoned a second meeting, which was attended by a smaller number, and +broke up as before, in confusion, on Atotarho's appearance. The +unwearied reformer sent forth his runners a third time; but the people +were disheartened. When the day of the council arrived, no one attended. +Then, continued the narrator, Hiawatha seated himself on the ground in +sorrow. He enveloped his head in his mantle of skins, and remained for a +long time bowed down in grief and thought. At length he arose and left +the town, taking his course toward the southeast. He had formed a bold +design. As the councils of his own nation were closed to him, he would +have recourse to those of other tribes. At a short distance from the +town (so minutely are the circumstances recounted) he passed his great +antagonist, seated near a well-known spring, stern and silent as usual. +No word passed between the determined representatives of war and peace; +but it was doubtless not without a sensation of triumphant pleasure that +the ferocious war-chief saw his only rival and opponent in council going +into what seemed to be voluntary exile. Hiawatha plunged into the +forest; he climbed mountains; he crossed a lake; he floated down the +Mohawk river in a canoe. Many incidents of his journey are told, and in +this part of the narrative alone some occurrences of a marvellous cast +are related even by the official historians. Indeed, the flight of +Hiawatha from Onondaga to the country of the Mohawks is to the Five +Nations what the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina is to the +votaries of Islam. It is the turning point of their history. In +embellishing the narrative at this point, their imagination has been +allowed a free course. Leaving aside these marvels, however, we need +only refer here to a single incident which may well enough have been of +actual occurrence. A lake which Hiawatha crossed had shores abounding in +small white shells. These he gathered and strung upon strings, which he +disposed upon his breast, as a token to all whom he should meet that he +came as a messenger of peace. And this, according to one authority, was +the origin of wampum, of which Hiawatha was the inventor. That honor, +however, is one which must be denied to him. The evidence of sepulchral +relics shows that wampum was known to the mysterious moundbuilders, as +well as in all succeeding ages. Moreover, if the significance of white +wampum-strings as a token of peace had not been well known in his day, +Hiawatha would not have relied upon them as a means of proclaiming his +pacific purpose. + +Early one morning he arrived at a Mohawk town, the residence of the noted +chief Dekanawidah, whose name, in point of celebrity, ranks in Iroquois +tradition with those of Hiawatha and Atotarho. It is probable that he +was known by reputation to Hiawatha, and not unlikely that they were +related. According to one account Dekanawidah was an Onondaga, adopted +among the Mohawks. Another narrative makes him a Mohawk by birth. The +probability seems to be that he was the son of an Onondaga father, who +had been adopted by the Mohawks, and of a Mohawk mother. That he was not +of pure Mohawk blood is shown by the fact, which is remembered, that his +father had had successively three wives, one belonging to each of the +three clans, Bear, Wolf, and Turtle, which compose the Mohawk nation. If +the father had been a Mohawk, he would have belonged to one of the Mohawk +clans, and could not then (according to the Indian law) have married into +it. He had seven sons, including Dekanawidah, who, with their families, +dwelt together in one of the "long houses" common in that day among the +Iroquois. These ties of kindred, together with this fraternal strength, +and his reputation as a sagacious councillor, gave Dekanawidah great +influence among his people. But, in the Indian sense, he was not the +leading chief. This position belonged to Tekarihoken (better known in +books as Tecarihoga) whose primacy as the first chief of the eldest among +the Iroquois nations was then, and is still, universally admitted. Each +nation has always had a head-chief, to whom belonged the hereditary right +and duty of lighting the council-fire, and taking the first place in +public meetings. But among the Indians, as in other communities, +hereditary rank and personal influence do not always, or indeed +ordinarily, go together. If Hiawatha could gain over Dekanawidah to his +views, he would have done much toward the accomplishment of his purposes. + +In the early dawn he seated himself on a fallen trunk, near the spring +from which the inhabitants of the long-house drew their water. Presently +one of the brothers came out with a vessel of elm-bark, and approached +the spring. Hiawatha sat silent and motionless. Something in his aspect +awed the warrior, who feared to address him. He returned to the house, +and said to Dekanawidah, "a man, or a figure like a man, is seated by the +spring, having his breast covered with strings of white shells." "It is +a guest," replied the chief; "go and bring him in. We will make him +welcome." Thus Hiawatha and Dekanawidah first met. They found in each +other kindred spirits. The sagacity of the Mohawk chief grasped at once +the advantages of the proposed plan, and the two worked together in +perfecting it, and in commending it to the people. After much discussion +in council, the adhesion of the Mohawk nation was secured. Dekanawidah +then despatched two of his brothers as ambassadors to the nearest tribe, +the Oneidas, to lay the project before them. The Oneida nation is deemed +to be a comparatively recent offshoot from the Mohawks. The difference +of language is slight, showing that their separation was much later than +that of the Onondagas. In the figurative speech of the Iroquois, the +Oneida is the son, and the Onondaga is the brother, of the Mohawk. +Dekanawidah had good reason to expect that it would not prove difficult +to win the consent of the Oneidas to the proposed scheme. But delay and +deliberation mark all public acts of the Indians. The ambassadors found +the leading chief, Odatshehte, at his town on the Oneida creek. He +received their message in a friendly way, but required time for his +people to consider it in council. "Come back in another day," he said to +the messengers. In the political speech of the Indians, a day is +understood to mean a year. The envoys carried back the reply to +Dekanawidah and Hiawatha, who knew that they could do nothing but wait +the prescribed time. After the lapse of a year, they repaired to the +place of meeting. The treaty which initiated the great league was then +and there ratified between the representatives of the Mohawk and Oneida +nations. The name of Odatshehte means "the quiver-bearer;" and as +Atotarho, "the entangled," is fabled to have had his head wreathed with +snaky locks, and as Hiawatha, "the wampum-seeker," is represented to have +wrought shells into wampum, so the Oneida chief is reputed to have +appeared at this treaty bearing at his shoulder a quiver full of arrows. + +The Onondagas lay next to the Oneidas. To them, or rather to their +terrible chief, the next application was made. The first meeting of +Atotarho and Dekanawidah is a notable event in Iroquois history. At a +later day, a native artist sought to represent it in an historical +picture, which has been already referred to. Atotarho is seated in +solitary and surly dignity, smoking a long pipe, his head and body +encircled with contorted and angry serpents. Standing before him are two +figures which cannot be mistaken. The foremost, a plumed and cinctured +warrior, depicted as addressing the Onondaga chief, holds in his right +hand, as a staff, his flint-headed spear,--the ensign which marks him as +the representative of the Kanienga, or "People of the Flint,"--for so the +Mohawks style themselves. Behind him another plumed figure bears in his +hand a bow with arrows, and at his shoulder a quiver. Divested of its +mythological embellishments, the picture rudely represents the interview +which actually took place. The immediate result was unpromising. The +Onondaga chief coldly refused to entertain the project, which he had +already rejected when proposed by Hiawatha. The ambassadors were not +discouraged. Beyond the Onondagas were scattered the villages of the +Cayugas, a people described by the Jesuit missionaries, at a later day, +as the most mild and tractable of the Iroquois. They were considered an +offshoot of the Onondagas, to whom they bore the same filial relation +which the Oneidas bore to the Mohawks. The journey of the advocates of +peace through the forest to the Cayuga capital, and their reception, are +minutely detailed in the traditionary narrative. The Cayugas, who had +suffered from the prowess and cruelty of the Onondaga chief, needed +little persuasion. They readily consented to come into the league, and +their chief, Akahenyonk, "the wary spy," joined the Mohawk and Oneida +representatives in a new embassy to the Onondagas. Acting probably upon +the advice of Hiawatha, who knew better than any other the character of +the community and the chief with whom they had to deal, they made +proposals highly flattering to the self-esteem which was the most notable +trait of both ruler and people. The Onondagas should be the leading +nation of the confederacy. Their chief town should be the federal +capital, where the great councils of the league should be held, and where +its records should be preserved. The nation should be represented in the +council by fourteen senators, while no other nation should have more than +ten. And as the Onondagas should be the leading tribe, so Atotarho +should be the leading chief. He alone should have the right of summoning +the federal council, and no act of the council to which he objected +should be valid. In other words, an absolute veto was given to him. To +enhance his personal dignity two high chiefs were appointed as his +special aids and counsellors, his "secretaries of state," so to speak. +Other insignia of preëminence were to be possessed by him; and, in view +of all these distinctions, it is not surprising that his successor, who, +two centuries later, retained the same prerogatives, should have been +occasionally styled by the English colonists "the emperor of the Five +Nations." It might seem, indeed, at first thought, that the founders of +the confederacy had voluntarily placed themselves and their tribes in a +position of almost abject subserviency to Atotarho and his followers. +But they knew too well the qualities of their people to fear for them any +political subjection. It was certain that when once the league was +established, and its representatives had met in council, character and +intelligence would assume their natural sway, and mere artificial rank +and dignity would be little regarded. Atotarho and his people, however, +yielded either to these specious offers or to the pressure which the +combined urgency of the three allied nations now brought to bear upon +them. They finally accepted the league; and the great chief, who had +originally opposed it, now naturally became eager to see it as widely +extended as possible. He advised its representatives to go on at once to +the westward, and enlist the populous Seneca towns, pointing out how this +might best be done. This advice was followed, and the adhesion of the +Senecas was secured by giving to their two leading chiefs, Kanyadariyo +("beautiful lake") and Shadekaronyes ("the equal skies"), the offices of +military commanders of the confederacy, with the title of door-keepers of +the "Long-House,"--that being the figure by which the league was known. + +The six national leaders who have been mentioned--Dekanawidah for the +Mohawks, Odatshehte for the Oneidas, Atotarho for the Onondagas, +Akahenyonk for the Cayugas, Kanyadariyo and Shadekaronyes for the two +great divisions of the Senecas--met in convention near the Onondaga Lake, +with Hiawatha for their adviser, and a vast concourse of their followers, +to settle the terms and rules of their confederacy, and to nominate its +first council. Of this council, nine members (or ten, if Dekanawidah be +included) were assigned to the Mohawks, a like number to the Oneidas, +fourteen to the lordly Onondagas, ten to the Cayugas, and eight to the +Senecas. Except in the way of compliment, the number assigned to each +nation was really of little consequence, inasmuch as, by the rule of the +league, unanimity was exacted in all their decisions. This unanimity, +however, did not require the suffrage of every member of the council. +The representatives of each nation first deliberated apart upon the +question proposed. In this separate council the majority decided; and +the leading chief then expressed in the great council the voice of his +nation. Thus the veto of Atotarho ceased at once to be peculiar to him, +and became a right exercised by each of the allied nations. This +requirement of unanimity, embarrassing as it might seem, did not prove to +be so in practice. Whenever a question arose on which opinions were +divided, its decision was either postponed, or some compromise was +reached which left all parties contented. + +The first members of the council were appointed by the convention,--under +what precise rule is unknown; but their successors came in by a method in +which the hereditary and the elective systems were singularly combined, +and in which female suffrage had an important place. When a chief died +or (as sometimes happened) was deposed for incapacity or misconduct, some +member of the same family succeeded him. Rank followed the female line; +and this successor might be any descendant of the late chief's mother or +grandmother,--his brother, his cousin or his nephew,--but never his son. +Among many persons who might thus be eligible, the selection was made in +the first instance by a family council. In this council the "chief +matron" of the family, a noble dame whose position and right were well +defined, had the deciding voice. This remarkable fact is affirmed by the +Jesuit missionary Lafitau, and the usage remains in full vigor among the +Canadian Iroquois to this day. If there are two or more members of the +family who seem to have equal claims, the nominating matron sometimes +declines to decide between them, and names them both or all, leaving the +ultimate choice to the nation or the federal council. The council of the +nation next considers the nomination, and if dissatisfied, refers it back +to the family for a new designation. If content, the national council +reports the name of the candidate to the federal senate, in which resides +the power of ratifying or rejecting the choice of the nation; but the +power of rejection is rarely exercised, though that of expulsion for good +cause is not unfrequently exerted. The new chief inherits the name of +his predecessor. In this respect, as in some others, the resemblance of +the Great Council to the English House of Peers is striking. As Norfolk +succeeds to Norfolk, so Tekarihoken succeeds Tekarihoken. The great +names of Hiawatha and Atotarho are still borne by plain +farmer-councillors on the Canadian Reservation. + +When the League was established, Hiawatha had been adopted by the Mohawk +nation as one of their chiefs. The honor in which he was held by them is +shown by his position on the roll of councillors, as it has been handed +down from the earliest times. As the Mohawk nation is the "elder +brother," the names of its chiefs are first recited. At the head of the +list is the leading Mohawk chief, Tekarihoken, who represents the noblest +lineage of the Iroquois stock. Next to him, and second on the roll, is +the name of Hiawatha. That of his great colleague, Dekanawidah, nowhere +appears. He was a member of the first council; but he forbade his people +to appoint a successor to him. "Let the others have successors," he said +proudly, "for others can advise you like them. But I am the founder of +your league, and no one else can do what I have done." + +The boast was not unwarranted. Though planned by another, the structure +had been reared mainly by his labors. But the Five Nations, while +yielding abundant honor to the memory of Dekanawidah, have never regarded +him with the same affectionate reverence which has always clung to the +name of Hiawatha. His tender and lofty wisdom, his wide-reaching +benevolence, and his fervent appeals to their better sentiments, enforced +by the eloquence of which he was master, touched chords in the popular +heart which have continued to respond until this day. Fragments of the +speeches in which he addressed the council and the people of the league +are still remembered and repeated. The fact that the league only carried +out a part of the grand design which he had in view is constantly +affirmed. Yet the failure was not due to lack of effort. In pursuance +of his original purpose, when the league was firmly established, envoys +were sent to other tribes to urge them to join it or at least to become +allies. One of these embassies penetrated to the distant Cherokees, the +hereditary enemies of the Iroquois nations. For some reason with which +we are not acquainted--perhaps the natural suspicion or vindictive pride +of that powerful community--this mission was a failure. Another, +despatched to the western Algonquins, had better success. A strict +alliance was formed with the far-spread Ojibway tribes, and was +maintained inviolate for at least two hundred years, until at length the +influence of the French, with the sympathy of the Ojibways for the +conquered Hurons, undid to some extent, though not entirely, this portion +of Hiawatha's work. + +His conceptions were beyond his time, and beyond ours; but their effect, +within a limited sphere, was very great. For more than three centuries +the bond which he devised held together the Iroquois nations in perfect +amity. It proved, moreover, as he intended, elastic. The territory of +the Iroquois, constantly extending as their united strength made itself +felt, became the "Great Asylum" of the Indian tribes. Of the conquered +Eries and Hurons, many hundreds were received and adopted among their +conquerors. The Tuscaroras, expelled by the English from North Carolina, +took refuge with the Iroquois, and became the sixth nation of the League. +From still further south, the Tuteloes and Saponies, of Dakota stock, +after many wars with the Iroquois, fled to them from their other enemies, +and found a cordial welcome. A chief still sits in the council as a +representative of the Tuteloes, though the tribe itself has been swept +away by disease, or absorbed in the larger nations. Many fragments of +tribes of Algonquin lineage--Delawares, Nanticokes, Mohicans, +Mississagas,--sought the same hospitable protection, which never failed +them. Their descendants still reside on the Canadian Reservation, which +may well be styled an aboriginal "refuge of nations,"--affording a +striking evidence in our own day of the persistent force of a great idea, +when embodied in practical shape by the energy of a master mind. + +The name by which their constitution or organic law is known among them +is _kayánerenh_, to which the epitaph _kowa_ [Transcriber's note: the "o" +is the Unicode o-macron], "great," is frequently added. This word, +_kayánerenh_, is sometimes rendered "law," or "league," but its proper +meaning seems to be "peace." It is used in this sense by the +missionaries, in their translations of the scriptures and the +prayer-book. In such expressions as "the Prince of Peace," "the author +of peace," "give peace in our time," we find _kayánerenh_ employed with +this meaning. Its root is _yaner_, signifying "noble," or "excellent," +which yields, among many derivatives, _kayánere_, "goodness," and +_kayánerenh_, "peace," or "peacefulness." The national hymn of the +confederacy, sung whenever their "Condoling Council" meets, commences +with a verse referring to their league, which is literally rendered, "We +come to greet and thank the PEACE" (_kayánerenh_). When the list of +their ancient chiefs, the fifty original Councillors, is chanted in the +closing litany of the meeting, there is heard from time to time, as the +leaders of each clan are named, an outburst of praise, in the words-- + + "This was the roll of you-- + You that were joined in the work, + You that confirmed the work, + The GREAT PEACE." (_Kayánerenh-kowa._) + +[Transcriber's note: the "o" in "kowa" is the Unicode o-macron.] + + +The regard of Englishmen for their Magna Charta and Bill of Rights, and +that of Americans for their national Constitution, seem weak in +comparison with the intense gratitude and reverence of the Five Nations +for the "Great Peace" which Hiawatha and his colleagues established for +them. + +Of the subsequent life of Hiawatha, and of his death, we have no sure +information. The records of the Iroquois are historical, and not +biographical. As Hiawatha had been made a chief among the Mohawks, he +doubtless continued to reside with that nation. A tradition, which is in +itself highly probable, represents him as devoting himself to the +congenial work of clearing away the obstructions in the streams which +intersect the country then inhabited by the confederated nations, and +which formed the chief means of communication between them. That he +thus, in some measure, anticipated the plans of De Witt Clinton and his +associates, on a smaller scale, but with perhaps a larger statesmanship, +we may be willing enough to believe. A wild legend, recorded by some +writers, but not told of him by the Canadian Iroquois, and apparently +belonging to their ancient mythology, gives him an apotheosis, and makes +him ascend to heaven in a white canoe. It may be proper to dwell for a +moment on the singular complication of mistakes which has converted this +Indian reformer and statesman into a mythological personage. + +When by the events of the Revolutionary war the original confederacy was +broken up, the larger portion of the people followed Brant to Canada. +The refugees comprised nearly the whole of the Mohawks, and the greater +part of the Onondagas and Cayugas, with many members of the other +nations. In Canada their first proceeding was to reëstablish, as far as +possible, their ancient league, with all its laws and ceremonies. The +Onondagas had brought with them most of their wampum records, and the +Mohawks jealously preserved the memories of the federation, in whose +formation they had borne a leading part. The history of the league +continued to be the topic of their orators whenever a new chief was +installed into office. Thus the remembrance of the facts has been +preserved among them with much clearness and precision, and with very +little admixture of mythological elements. With the fragments of the +tribes which remained on the southern side of the Great Lakes the case +was very different. Except among the Senecas, who, of all the Five +Nations, had had least to do with the formation of the league, the +ancient families which had furnished the members of their senate, and +were the conservators of their history, had mostly fled to Canada or the +West. The result was that among the interminable stories with which the +common people beguile their winter nights, the traditions of Atotarho and +Hiawatha became intermingled with the legends of their mythology. An +accidental similarity, in the Onondaga dialect, between the name of +Hiawatha and that of one of their ancient divinities, led to a confusion +between the two, which has misled some investigators. This deity bears, +in the sonorous Mohawk tongue, the name of Aronhiawagon, meaning "the +Holder of the Heavens." The early French missionaries, prefixing a +particle, made the name in their orthography, Tearonhiaouagon. He was, +they tell us, "the great god of the Iroquois." Among the Onondagas of +the present day, the name is abridged to Taonhiawagi, or Tahiawagi. The +confusion between this name and that of Hiawatha (which, in another form, +is pronounced Tayonwatha) seems to have begun more than a century ago; +for Pyrlaeus, the Moravian missionary, heard among the Iroquois +(according to Heckewelder) that the person who first proposed the league +was an ancient Mohawk, named Thannawege. Mr. J. V. H. Clark, in his +interesting History of Onondaga, makes the name to have been originally +Ta-oun-ya-wat-ha, and describes the bearer as "the deity who presides +over fisheries and hunting-grounds." He came down from heaven in a white +canoe and after sundry adventures, which remind one of the labors of +Hercules, assumed the name of Hiawatha (signifying, we are told, "a very +wise man"), and dwelt for a time as an ordinary mortal among men, +occupied in works of benevolence. Finally, after founding the +confederacy and bestowing many prudent counsels upon the people, he +returned to the skies by the same conveyance in which he had descended. +This legend was communicated by Clark to Schoolcraft, when the latter was +compiling his "Notes on the Iroquois." Mr. Schoolcraft, pleased with the +poetical cast of the story and the euphonious name, made confusion worse +confounded by transferring the hero to a distant region and identifying +him with Manabozho, a fantastic divinity of the Ojibways. Schoolcraft's +volume, absurdly entitled "The Hiawatha Legends," has not in it a single +fact or fiction relating either to Hiawatha himself or to the Iroquois +deity Aronhiawagon. Wild Ojibway stories concerning Manabozho and his +comrades form the staple of its contents. But it is to this collection +that we owe the charming poem of Longfellow; and thus, by an +extraordinary fortune, a grave Iroquois lawgiver of the fifteenth century +has become, in modern literature, an Ojibway demigod, son of the West +Wind, and companion of the tricksy Paupukkeewis, the boastful Iagoo, and +the strong Kwasind. If a Chinese traveller, during the middle ages, +inquiring into the history and religion of the western nations, had +confounded King Alfred with King Arthur, and both with Odin, he would not +have made a more preposterous confusion of names and characters than that +which has hitherto disguised the genuine personality of the great +Onondaga reformer. + +About the main events of his history, and about his character and +purposes, there can be no reasonable doubt. We have the wampum belts +which he handled, and whose simple hieroglyphics preserve the memory of +the public acts in which he took part. We have, also, in the Iroquois +"Book of Rites," a still more clear and convincing testimony to the +character both of the legislator and of the people for whom his +institutions were designed. This book, sometimes called the "Book of the +Condoling Council," might properly enough be styled an Iroquois Veda. It +comprises the speeches, songs and other ceremonies, which, from the +earliest period of the confederacy, have composed the proceedings of +their council when a deceased chief is lamented and his successor is +installed in office. The fundamental laws of the league, a list of their +ancient towns, and the names of the chiefs who constituted their first +council, chanted in a kind of litany, are also comprised in the +collection. The contents, after being preserved in memory, like the +Vedas, for many generations, were written down by desire of the chiefs, +when their language was first reduced to writing; and the book is +therefore more than a century old. Its language, archaic when written, +is now partly obsolete, and is fully understood by only a few of the +oldest chiefs. It is a genuine Indian composition, and must be accepted +as disclosing the true character of its authors. The result is +remarkable enough. Instead of a race of rude and ferocious warriors, we +find in this book a kindly and affectionate people, full of sympathy for +their friends in distress, considerate to their women, tender to their +children, anxious for peace, and imbued with a profound reverence for +their constitution and its authors. We become conscious of the fact that +the aspect in which these Indians have presented themselves to the +outside world has been in a large measure deceptive and factitious. The +ferocity, craft, and cruelty, which have been deemed their leading +traits, have been merely the natural accompaniments of wars of +self-preservation, and no more indicated their genuine character than the +war-paint, plume, and tomahawk of the warrior displayed the customary +guise in which he appeared among his own people. The cruelties of war, +when war is a struggle for national existence, are common to all races. +The persistent desire for peace, pursued for centuries in federal unions, +and in alliances and treaties with other nations, has been manifested by +few as steadily as by the countrymen of Hiawatha. The sentiment of +universal brotherhood, which directed their polity, has never been so +fully developed in any branch of the Aryan race, unless it may be found +incorporated in the religious quietism of Buddha and his followers. + +To come back to our first proposition,--it is unquestionable that the +Iroquois, when they framed the political system which exhibited this +singular force of intellect and elevation of character, were a people of +the Stone Age; and there is no good reason for supposing that they were +superior in character and capacity to the people of the most primitive +times. What we know of them entitles us to affirm that the makers of the +earliest flint implements may have been equal, if not superior, in +natural powers to the members of any existing race. And as language is +the outgrowth and image of the mental faculties, it is not impossible, or +even unlikely, that among the languages spoken by the people of those +early ages, there may have been some as far superior in construction and +power of expression to any tongue of modern Europe, as the languages of +the barbarous Greeks and Germans, a thousand years before the Christian +era, were superior to the speech of the highly civilized Egyptians. + +The conclusions to which these facts and reasonings point are of great +scientific importance. As there could be no sound astronomy while the +notion prevailed that the earth was the centre of the universe, and no +science of history while each nation looked with contempt upon every +other people, so we can hope for no complete and satisfying science of +man and of human speech until our minds are disabused of those other +delusions of self-esteem which would persuade us that superior culture +implies superior capacity, and that the particular race and language +which we happen to claim as our own are the best of all races and +languages. + + +[Printed at the SALEM PRESS, Nov., 1881.] + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HIAWATHA AND THE IROQUOIS +CONFEDERATION*** + + +******* This file should be named 22601-8.txt or 22601-8.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/2/6/0/22601 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + diff --git a/22601-8.zip b/22601-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..20a1b6c --- /dev/null +++ b/22601-8.zip diff --git a/22601.txt b/22601.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84b0e20 --- /dev/null +++ b/22601.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1113 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Hiawatha and the Iroquois Confederation, by +Horatio Hale + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Hiawatha and the Iroquois Confederation + A Study in Anthropology. A Paper Read at the Cincinnati Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in August, 1881, under the Title of "A Lawgiver of the Stone Age." + + +Author: Horatio Hale + + + +Release Date: September 14, 2007 [eBook #22601] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HIAWATHA AND THE IROQUOIS +CONFEDERATION*** + + +E-text prepared by Al Haines from digital material generously made +available by Internet Archive/American Libraries +(http://www.archive.org/details/americana) + + + +Note: Images of the original pages are available through + Internet Archive/American Libraries. See + http://www.archive.org/details/hiawathandiroquo00halerich + + + + + +HIAWATHA AND THE IROQUOIS CONFEDERATION. + +A Study in Anthropology + +by + +HORATIO HALE. + +A Paper Read at the Cincinnati Meeting of the American Association for +the Advancement of Science, in August, 1881, under the Title of "A +Lawgiver of the Stone Age." + + + + + + + +Salem, Mass.: +Printed at the Salem Press. +1881. + + + + +A LAWGIVER OF THE STONE AGE. By HORATIO HALE, of Clinton, Ontario, +Canada. + + +What was the intellectual capacity of man when he made his first +appearance upon the earth? Or, to speak with more scientific precision +(as the question relates to material evidences), what were the mental +powers of the people who fashioned the earliest stone implements, which +are admitted to be the oldest remaining traces of our kind? As these +people were low in the arts of life, were they also low in natural +capacity? This is certainly one of the most important questions which +the science of anthropology has yet to answer. Of late years the +prevalent disposition has apparently been to answer it in the +affirmative. Primitive man, we are to believe, had a feeble and narrow +intellect, which in the progress of civilization has been gradually +strengthened and enlarged. This conclusion is supposed to be in +accordance with the development theory; and the distinguished author of +that theory has seemed to favor this view. Yet, in fact, the development +theory has nothing to do with the question. If we suppose that the +existing and--so far as we know--the only species of man appeared upon +the earth with the physical conformation and mental capacity which he +retains at this day, we make merely the same supposition with regard to +him that we make with regard to every other existing species of animal. +How it was that this species came to exist is another question altogether. + +Philologists regard it as an established fact that the first people who +spoke an Aryan language were a tribe of barbarous nomads, who wandered in +the highlands of central Asia. Those who have studied the earliest +products of Aryan genius in the Vedas, the Zend-Avesta, and the Homeric +songs, will be willing to admit that these wandering barbarians may have +had minds capable of the highest efforts to which the human intellect is +known to have attained. Yet if an irruption of Semitic or Turanian +conquerors had swept that infant tribe from the earth, no trace of its +existence beyond a few flint implements, and perhaps some fragments of +pottery, would have remained to show that such a people had ever existed. +Have we any reason to doubt that in the course of all the ages, in +various parts of our globe, many tribes of men may have arisen and +perished who were in natural capacity as far superior to the primitive +Aryans as these were to the races who surrounded them? Under the law of +the survival of the fittest, it is not the strongest that survive, but +the strongest of those that are placed in the most favorable +circumstances. On any calculation of probabilities, it will seem likely +enough that among the numberless small societies of men that have +appeared and vanished in primeval Asia and Europe, in Africa, Australia, +America, and Polynesia, there may have been some at least equal, if not +superior, in mental endowments, to that fortunate tribe of central Asia, +whose posterity has come to be the dominant race of our time. Among +their leaders may have been men qualified to rank with the most renowned +heroes, exemplars, and teachers of the human race--with Moses and Buddha, +with Confucius and Solon, with Numa, Charlemagne, and Alfred, or (to come +down to recent times) with the greatest and wisest among the founders of +the American Republic. If the possibility of the existence of such men +under such conditions cannot be denied, the facts which have lately been +brought to light in regard to one such personage and the community in +which he lived may have a peculiar interest and significance in their +bearing on the general question of the mental capacity of uncivilized +races. + +It is well known that the Iroquois tribes, whom our ancestors termed the +Five Nations, were, when first visited by Europeans, in the precise +condition which, according to all the evidence we possess, was held by +the inhabitants of the Old World during what has been designated the +Stone Age. Any one who examines the abandoned site of an ancient +Iroquois town will find there relics of precisely the same cast as those +which are disinterred from the burial mounds and caves of prehistoric +Europe,--implements of flint and bone, ornaments of shells, and fragments +of rude pottery. Trusting to these evidences alone, he might suppose +that the people who wrought them were of the humblest grade of intellect. +But the testimony of historians, of travellers, of missionaries, and +perhaps his own personal observation, would make him aware that this +opinion would be erroneous, and that these Indians were, in their own +way, acute reasoners, eloquent speakers, and most skilful and far-seeing +politicians. He would know that for more than a century, though never +mustering more than five thousand fighting men, they were able to hold +the balance of power on this continent between France and England; and +that in a long series of negotiations they proved themselves qualified to +cope in council with the best diplomatists whom either of those powers +could depute to deal with them. It is only recently that we have +learned, through the researches of a careful and philosophic +investigator, the Hon. L. H. Morgan, that their internal polity was +marked by equal wisdom, and had been developed and consolidated into a +system of government, embodying many of what are deemed the best +principles and methods of political science,--representation, federation, +self-government through local and general legislatures,--all resulting in +personal liberty, combined with strict subordination to public law. But +it has not been distinctly known that for many of these advantages the +Five Nations were indebted to one individual, who bore to them the same +relation which the great reformers and lawgivers of antiquity bore to the +communities whose gratitude has made their names illustrious. + +A singular fortune has attended the name and memory of Hiawatha. Though +actually an historical personage, and not of very ancient date, of whose +life and deeds many memorials remain, he has been confused with two +Indian divinities, the one Iroquois, the other Algonquin, and his history +has been distorted and obscured almost beyond recognition. Through the +cloud of mythology which has enveloped his memory, the genius of +Longfellow has discerned something of his real character, and has made +his name, at least, a household word wherever the English language is +spoken. It remains to give a correct account of the man himself and of +the work which he accomplished, as it has been received from the official +annalists of his people. The narrative is confirmed by the evidence of +contemporary wampum records, and by written memorials in the native +tongue, one of which is at least a hundred years old. + +According to the best evidence that can be obtained, the formation of the +Iroquois confederacy dates from about the middle of the fifteenth +century. There is reason to believe that prior to that time the five +tribes, who are dignified with the title of nations, had held the region +south of Lake Ontario, extending from the Hudson to the Genesee river, +for many generations, and probably for many centuries. Tradition makes +their earlier seat to have been north of the St. Lawrence river, which is +probable enough. It also represents the Mohawks as the original tribe, +of which the others are offshoots; and this tradition is confirmed by the +evidence of language. That the Iroquois tribes were originally one +people, and that their separation into five communities, speaking +distinct dialects, dates many centuries back, are both conclusions as +certain as any facts in physical science. Three hundred and fifty years +ago they were isolated tribes, at war occasionally with one another, and +almost constantly with the fierce Algonquins who surrounded them. Not +unfrequently, also, they had to withstand and to avenge the incursions of +warriors belonging to more distant tribes of various stocks, Hurons, +Cherokees and Dakotas. Yet they were not peculiarly a warlike people. +They were a race of housebuilders, farmers, and fishermen. They had +large and strongly palisaded towns, well-cultivated fields, and +substantial houses, sometimes a hundred feet long, in which many kindred +families dwelt together. + +At this time two great dangers, the one from without, the other from +within, pressed upon these tribes. The Mohegans, or Mohicans, a powerful +Algonquin people, whose settlements stretched along the Hudson river, +south of the Mohawks, and extended thence eastward into New England, +waged a desperate war against them. In this war the most easterly of the +Iroquois, the Mohawks and Oneidas, bore the brunt and were the greatest +sufferers. On the other hand, the two westerly nations, the Senecas and +Cayugas, had a peril of their own to encounter. The central nation, the +Onondagas, were then under the control of a dreaded chief, whose name is +variously given, Atotarho, Watatotahlo, Tododaho, according to the +dialect of the speaker and the orthography of the writer. He was a man +of great force of character and of formidable qualities,--haughty, +ambitious, crafty and bold,--a determined and successful warrior, and at +home, so far as the constitution of an Indian tribe would allow, a stern +and remorseless tyrant. He tolerated no equal. The chiefs who ventured +to oppose him were taken off one after another by secret means, or were +compelled to flee for safety to other tribes. His subtlety and artifices +had acquired for him the reputation of a wizard. He knew, they say, what +was going on at a distance as well as if he were present; and he could +destroy his enemies by some magical art, while he himself was far away. +In spite of the fear which he inspired, his domination would probably not +have been endured by an Indian community, but for his success in war. He +had made himself and his people a terror to the Cayugas and the Senecas. +According to one account, he had subdued both of those tribes; but the +record-keepers of the present day do not confirm this statement, which +indeed is not consistent with the subsequent history of the confederation. + +The name Atotarho signifies "entangled." The usual process by which +mythology, after a few generations, makes fables out of names, has not +been wanting here. In the legends which the Indian story-tellers recount +in winter about their cabin fires, Atotarho figures as a being of +preterhuman nature, whose head, in lieu of hair, is adorned with living +snakes. A rude pictorial representation shows him seated and giving +audience, in horrible state, with the upper part of his person enveloped +by these writhing and entangled reptiles. But the grave Councillors of +the Canadian Reservation, who recite his history as they have heard it +from their fathers at every installation of a high chief, do not repeat +these inventions of marvel-loving gossips, and only smile with +good-humored derision when they are referred to. + +There was at this time among the Onondagas a chief of high rank whose +name, variously written--Hiawatha, Hayonwatha, Ayongwhata, +Taoungwatha--is rendered, "he who seeks the wampum belt." He had made +himself greatly esteemed by his wisdom and his benevolence. He was now +past middle age. Though many of his friends and relatives had perished +by the machinations of Atotarho, he himself had been spared. The +qualities which gained him general respect had, perhaps, not been without +influence even on that redoubtable chief. Hiawatha had long beheld with +grief the evils which afflicted not only his own nation, but all the +other tribes about them, through the continual wars in which they were +engaged, and the misgovernment and miseries at home which these wars +produced. With much meditation he had elaborated in his mind the scheme +of a vast confederation which would ensure universal peace. In the mere +plan of a confederation there was nothing new. There are probably few, +if any, Indian tribes which have not, at one time or another, been +members of a league or confederacy. It may almost be said to be their +normal condition. But the plan which Hiawatha had evolved differed from +all others in two particulars. The system which he devised was to be not +a loose and transitory league, but a permanent government. While each +nation was to retain its own council and its management of local affairs, +the general control was to be lodged in a federal senate, composed of +representatives elected by each nation, holding office during good +behavior, and acknowledged as ruling chiefs throughout the whole +confederacy. Still further, and more remarkably, the confederation was +not to be a limited one. It was to be indefinitely expansible. The +avowed design of its proposer was to abolish war altogether. He wished +the federation to extend until all the tribes of men should be included +in it, and peace should everywhere reign. Such is the positive testimony +of the Iroquois themselves; and their statement, as will be seen, is +supported by historical evidence. + +Hiawatha's first endeavor was to enlist his own nation in the cause. He +summoned a meeting of the chiefs and people of the Onondaga towns. The +summons, proceeding from a chief of his rank and reputation, attracted a +large concourse. "They came together," said the narrator, "along the +creeks, from all parts, to the general council-fire." But what effect +the grand projects of the chief, enforced by the eloquence for which he +was noted, might have had upon his auditors, could not be known. For +there appeared among them a well-known figure, grim, silent and +forbidding, whose terrible aspect overawed the assemblage. The unspoken +displeasure of Atotarho was sufficient to stifle all debate, and the +meeting dispersed. This result, which seems a singular conclusion of an +Indian council--the most independent and free-spoken of all +gatherings--is sufficiently explained by the fact that Atotarho had +organized among the more reckless warriors of his tribe a band of +unscrupulous partisans, who did his bidding without question, and took +off by secret murder all persons against whom he bore a grudge. The +knowledge that his followers were scattered through the assembly, +prepared to mark for destruction those who should offend him, might make +the boldest orator chary of speech. Hiawatha alone was undaunted. He +summoned a second meeting, which was attended by a smaller number, and +broke up as before, in confusion, on Atotarho's appearance. The +unwearied reformer sent forth his runners a third time; but the people +were disheartened. When the day of the council arrived, no one attended. +Then, continued the narrator, Hiawatha seated himself on the ground in +sorrow. He enveloped his head in his mantle of skins, and remained for a +long time bowed down in grief and thought. At length he arose and left +the town, taking his course toward the southeast. He had formed a bold +design. As the councils of his own nation were closed to him, he would +have recourse to those of other tribes. At a short distance from the +town (so minutely are the circumstances recounted) he passed his great +antagonist, seated near a well-known spring, stern and silent as usual. +No word passed between the determined representatives of war and peace; +but it was doubtless not without a sensation of triumphant pleasure that +the ferocious war-chief saw his only rival and opponent in council going +into what seemed to be voluntary exile. Hiawatha plunged into the +forest; he climbed mountains; he crossed a lake; he floated down the +Mohawk river in a canoe. Many incidents of his journey are told, and in +this part of the narrative alone some occurrences of a marvellous cast +are related even by the official historians. Indeed, the flight of +Hiawatha from Onondaga to the country of the Mohawks is to the Five +Nations what the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina is to the +votaries of Islam. It is the turning point of their history. In +embellishing the narrative at this point, their imagination has been +allowed a free course. Leaving aside these marvels, however, we need +only refer here to a single incident which may well enough have been of +actual occurrence. A lake which Hiawatha crossed had shores abounding in +small white shells. These he gathered and strung upon strings, which he +disposed upon his breast, as a token to all whom he should meet that he +came as a messenger of peace. And this, according to one authority, was +the origin of wampum, of which Hiawatha was the inventor. That honor, +however, is one which must be denied to him. The evidence of sepulchral +relics shows that wampum was known to the mysterious moundbuilders, as +well as in all succeeding ages. Moreover, if the significance of white +wampum-strings as a token of peace had not been well known in his day, +Hiawatha would not have relied upon them as a means of proclaiming his +pacific purpose. + +Early one morning he arrived at a Mohawk town, the residence of the noted +chief Dekanawidah, whose name, in point of celebrity, ranks in Iroquois +tradition with those of Hiawatha and Atotarho. It is probable that he +was known by reputation to Hiawatha, and not unlikely that they were +related. According to one account Dekanawidah was an Onondaga, adopted +among the Mohawks. Another narrative makes him a Mohawk by birth. The +probability seems to be that he was the son of an Onondaga father, who +had been adopted by the Mohawks, and of a Mohawk mother. That he was not +of pure Mohawk blood is shown by the fact, which is remembered, that his +father had had successively three wives, one belonging to each of the +three clans, Bear, Wolf, and Turtle, which compose the Mohawk nation. If +the father had been a Mohawk, he would have belonged to one of the Mohawk +clans, and could not then (according to the Indian law) have married into +it. He had seven sons, including Dekanawidah, who, with their families, +dwelt together in one of the "long houses" common in that day among the +Iroquois. These ties of kindred, together with this fraternal strength, +and his reputation as a sagacious councillor, gave Dekanawidah great +influence among his people. But, in the Indian sense, he was not the +leading chief. This position belonged to Tekarihoken (better known in +books as Tecarihoga) whose primacy as the first chief of the eldest among +the Iroquois nations was then, and is still, universally admitted. Each +nation has always had a head-chief, to whom belonged the hereditary right +and duty of lighting the council-fire, and taking the first place in +public meetings. But among the Indians, as in other communities, +hereditary rank and personal influence do not always, or indeed +ordinarily, go together. If Hiawatha could gain over Dekanawidah to his +views, he would have done much toward the accomplishment of his purposes. + +In the early dawn he seated himself on a fallen trunk, near the spring +from which the inhabitants of the long-house drew their water. Presently +one of the brothers came out with a vessel of elm-bark, and approached +the spring. Hiawatha sat silent and motionless. Something in his aspect +awed the warrior, who feared to address him. He returned to the house, +and said to Dekanawidah, "a man, or a figure like a man, is seated by the +spring, having his breast covered with strings of white shells." "It is +a guest," replied the chief; "go and bring him in. We will make him +welcome." Thus Hiawatha and Dekanawidah first met. They found in each +other kindred spirits. The sagacity of the Mohawk chief grasped at once +the advantages of the proposed plan, and the two worked together in +perfecting it, and in commending it to the people. After much discussion +in council, the adhesion of the Mohawk nation was secured. Dekanawidah +then despatched two of his brothers as ambassadors to the nearest tribe, +the Oneidas, to lay the project before them. The Oneida nation is deemed +to be a comparatively recent offshoot from the Mohawks. The difference +of language is slight, showing that their separation was much later than +that of the Onondagas. In the figurative speech of the Iroquois, the +Oneida is the son, and the Onondaga is the brother, of the Mohawk. +Dekanawidah had good reason to expect that it would not prove difficult +to win the consent of the Oneidas to the proposed scheme. But delay and +deliberation mark all public acts of the Indians. The ambassadors found +the leading chief, Odatshehte, at his town on the Oneida creek. He +received their message in a friendly way, but required time for his +people to consider it in council. "Come back in another day," he said to +the messengers. In the political speech of the Indians, a day is +understood to mean a year. The envoys carried back the reply to +Dekanawidah and Hiawatha, who knew that they could do nothing but wait +the prescribed time. After the lapse of a year, they repaired to the +place of meeting. The treaty which initiated the great league was then +and there ratified between the representatives of the Mohawk and Oneida +nations. The name of Odatshehte means "the quiver-bearer;" and as +Atotarho, "the entangled," is fabled to have had his head wreathed with +snaky locks, and as Hiawatha, "the wampum-seeker," is represented to have +wrought shells into wampum, so the Oneida chief is reputed to have +appeared at this treaty bearing at his shoulder a quiver full of arrows. + +The Onondagas lay next to the Oneidas. To them, or rather to their +terrible chief, the next application was made. The first meeting of +Atotarho and Dekanawidah is a notable event in Iroquois history. At a +later day, a native artist sought to represent it in an historical +picture, which has been already referred to. Atotarho is seated in +solitary and surly dignity, smoking a long pipe, his head and body +encircled with contorted and angry serpents. Standing before him are two +figures which cannot be mistaken. The foremost, a plumed and cinctured +warrior, depicted as addressing the Onondaga chief, holds in his right +hand, as a staff, his flint-headed spear,--the ensign which marks him as +the representative of the Kanienga, or "People of the Flint,"--for so the +Mohawks style themselves. Behind him another plumed figure bears in his +hand a bow with arrows, and at his shoulder a quiver. Divested of its +mythological embellishments, the picture rudely represents the interview +which actually took place. The immediate result was unpromising. The +Onondaga chief coldly refused to entertain the project, which he had +already rejected when proposed by Hiawatha. The ambassadors were not +discouraged. Beyond the Onondagas were scattered the villages of the +Cayugas, a people described by the Jesuit missionaries, at a later day, +as the most mild and tractable of the Iroquois. They were considered an +offshoot of the Onondagas, to whom they bore the same filial relation +which the Oneidas bore to the Mohawks. The journey of the advocates of +peace through the forest to the Cayuga capital, and their reception, are +minutely detailed in the traditionary narrative. The Cayugas, who had +suffered from the prowess and cruelty of the Onondaga chief, needed +little persuasion. They readily consented to come into the league, and +their chief, Akahenyonk, "the wary spy," joined the Mohawk and Oneida +representatives in a new embassy to the Onondagas. Acting probably upon +the advice of Hiawatha, who knew better than any other the character of +the community and the chief with whom they had to deal, they made +proposals highly flattering to the self-esteem which was the most notable +trait of both ruler and people. The Onondagas should be the leading +nation of the confederacy. Their chief town should be the federal +capital, where the great councils of the league should be held, and where +its records should be preserved. The nation should be represented in the +council by fourteen senators, while no other nation should have more than +ten. And as the Onondagas should be the leading tribe, so Atotarho +should be the leading chief. He alone should have the right of summoning +the federal council, and no act of the council to which he objected +should be valid. In other words, an absolute veto was given to him. To +enhance his personal dignity two high chiefs were appointed as his +special aids and counsellors, his "secretaries of state," so to speak. +Other insignia of preeminence were to be possessed by him; and, in view +of all these distinctions, it is not surprising that his successor, who, +two centuries later, retained the same prerogatives, should have been +occasionally styled by the English colonists "the emperor of the Five +Nations." It might seem, indeed, at first thought, that the founders of +the confederacy had voluntarily placed themselves and their tribes in a +position of almost abject subserviency to Atotarho and his followers. +But they knew too well the qualities of their people to fear for them any +political subjection. It was certain that when once the league was +established, and its representatives had met in council, character and +intelligence would assume their natural sway, and mere artificial rank +and dignity would be little regarded. Atotarho and his people, however, +yielded either to these specious offers or to the pressure which the +combined urgency of the three allied nations now brought to bear upon +them. They finally accepted the league; and the great chief, who had +originally opposed it, now naturally became eager to see it as widely +extended as possible. He advised its representatives to go on at once to +the westward, and enlist the populous Seneca towns, pointing out how this +might best be done. This advice was followed, and the adhesion of the +Senecas was secured by giving to their two leading chiefs, Kanyadariyo +("beautiful lake") and Shadekaronyes ("the equal skies"), the offices of +military commanders of the confederacy, with the title of door-keepers of +the "Long-House,"--that being the figure by which the league was known. + +The six national leaders who have been mentioned--Dekanawidah for the +Mohawks, Odatshehte for the Oneidas, Atotarho for the Onondagas, +Akahenyonk for the Cayugas, Kanyadariyo and Shadekaronyes for the two +great divisions of the Senecas--met in convention near the Onondaga Lake, +with Hiawatha for their adviser, and a vast concourse of their followers, +to settle the terms and rules of their confederacy, and to nominate its +first council. Of this council, nine members (or ten, if Dekanawidah be +included) were assigned to the Mohawks, a like number to the Oneidas, +fourteen to the lordly Onondagas, ten to the Cayugas, and eight to the +Senecas. Except in the way of compliment, the number assigned to each +nation was really of little consequence, inasmuch as, by the rule of the +league, unanimity was exacted in all their decisions. This unanimity, +however, did not require the suffrage of every member of the council. +The representatives of each nation first deliberated apart upon the +question proposed. In this separate council the majority decided; and +the leading chief then expressed in the great council the voice of his +nation. Thus the veto of Atotarho ceased at once to be peculiar to him, +and became a right exercised by each of the allied nations. This +requirement of unanimity, embarrassing as it might seem, did not prove to +be so in practice. Whenever a question arose on which opinions were +divided, its decision was either postponed, or some compromise was +reached which left all parties contented. + +The first members of the council were appointed by the convention,--under +what precise rule is unknown; but their successors came in by a method in +which the hereditary and the elective systems were singularly combined, +and in which female suffrage had an important place. When a chief died +or (as sometimes happened) was deposed for incapacity or misconduct, some +member of the same family succeeded him. Rank followed the female line; +and this successor might be any descendant of the late chief's mother or +grandmother,--his brother, his cousin or his nephew,--but never his son. +Among many persons who might thus be eligible, the selection was made in +the first instance by a family council. In this council the "chief +matron" of the family, a noble dame whose position and right were well +defined, had the deciding voice. This remarkable fact is affirmed by the +Jesuit missionary Lafitau, and the usage remains in full vigor among the +Canadian Iroquois to this day. If there are two or more members of the +family who seem to have equal claims, the nominating matron sometimes +declines to decide between them, and names them both or all, leaving the +ultimate choice to the nation or the federal council. The council of the +nation next considers the nomination, and if dissatisfied, refers it back +to the family for a new designation. If content, the national council +reports the name of the candidate to the federal senate, in which resides +the power of ratifying or rejecting the choice of the nation; but the +power of rejection is rarely exercised, though that of expulsion for good +cause is not unfrequently exerted. The new chief inherits the name of +his predecessor. In this respect, as in some others, the resemblance of +the Great Council to the English House of Peers is striking. As Norfolk +succeeds to Norfolk, so Tekarihoken succeeds Tekarihoken. The great +names of Hiawatha and Atotarho are still borne by plain +farmer-councillors on the Canadian Reservation. + +When the League was established, Hiawatha had been adopted by the Mohawk +nation as one of their chiefs. The honor in which he was held by them is +shown by his position on the roll of councillors, as it has been handed +down from the earliest times. As the Mohawk nation is the "elder +brother," the names of its chiefs are first recited. At the head of the +list is the leading Mohawk chief, Tekarihoken, who represents the noblest +lineage of the Iroquois stock. Next to him, and second on the roll, is +the name of Hiawatha. That of his great colleague, Dekanawidah, nowhere +appears. He was a member of the first council; but he forbade his people +to appoint a successor to him. "Let the others have successors," he said +proudly, "for others can advise you like them. But I am the founder of +your league, and no one else can do what I have done." + +The boast was not unwarranted. Though planned by another, the structure +had been reared mainly by his labors. But the Five Nations, while +yielding abundant honor to the memory of Dekanawidah, have never regarded +him with the same affectionate reverence which has always clung to the +name of Hiawatha. His tender and lofty wisdom, his wide-reaching +benevolence, and his fervent appeals to their better sentiments, enforced +by the eloquence of which he was master, touched chords in the popular +heart which have continued to respond until this day. Fragments of the +speeches in which he addressed the council and the people of the league +are still remembered and repeated. The fact that the league only carried +out a part of the grand design which he had in view is constantly +affirmed. Yet the failure was not due to lack of effort. In pursuance +of his original purpose, when the league was firmly established, envoys +were sent to other tribes to urge them to join it or at least to become +allies. One of these embassies penetrated to the distant Cherokees, the +hereditary enemies of the Iroquois nations. For some reason with which +we are not acquainted--perhaps the natural suspicion or vindictive pride +of that powerful community--this mission was a failure. Another, +despatched to the western Algonquins, had better success. A strict +alliance was formed with the far-spread Ojibway tribes, and was +maintained inviolate for at least two hundred years, until at length the +influence of the French, with the sympathy of the Ojibways for the +conquered Hurons, undid to some extent, though not entirely, this portion +of Hiawatha's work. + +His conceptions were beyond his time, and beyond ours; but their effect, +within a limited sphere, was very great. For more than three centuries +the bond which he devised held together the Iroquois nations in perfect +amity. It proved, moreover, as he intended, elastic. The territory of +the Iroquois, constantly extending as their united strength made itself +felt, became the "Great Asylum" of the Indian tribes. Of the conquered +Eries and Hurons, many hundreds were received and adopted among their +conquerors. The Tuscaroras, expelled by the English from North Carolina, +took refuge with the Iroquois, and became the sixth nation of the League. +From still further south, the Tuteloes and Saponies, of Dakota stock, +after many wars with the Iroquois, fled to them from their other enemies, +and found a cordial welcome. A chief still sits in the council as a +representative of the Tuteloes, though the tribe itself has been swept +away by disease, or absorbed in the larger nations. Many fragments of +tribes of Algonquin lineage--Delawares, Nanticokes, Mohicans, +Mississagas,--sought the same hospitable protection, which never failed +them. Their descendants still reside on the Canadian Reservation, which +may well be styled an aboriginal "refuge of nations,"--affording a +striking evidence in our own day of the persistent force of a great idea, +when embodied in practical shape by the energy of a master mind. + +The name by which their constitution or organic law is known among them +is _kayanerenh_, to which the epitaph _kowa_ [Transcriber's note: the "o" +is the Unicode o-macron], "great," is frequently added. This word, +_kayanerenh_, is sometimes rendered "law," or "league," but its proper +meaning seems to be "peace." It is used in this sense by the +missionaries, in their translations of the scriptures and the +prayer-book. In such expressions as "the Prince of Peace," "the author +of peace," "give peace in our time," we find _kayanerenh_ employed with +this meaning. Its root is _yaner_, signifying "noble," or "excellent," +which yields, among many derivatives, _kayanere_, "goodness," and +_kayanerenh_, "peace," or "peacefulness." The national hymn of the +confederacy, sung whenever their "Condoling Council" meets, commences +with a verse referring to their league, which is literally rendered, "We +come to greet and thank the PEACE" (_kayanerenh_). When the list of +their ancient chiefs, the fifty original Councillors, is chanted in the +closing litany of the meeting, there is heard from time to time, as the +leaders of each clan are named, an outburst of praise, in the words-- + + "This was the roll of you-- + You that were joined in the work, + You that confirmed the work, + The GREAT PEACE." (_Kayanerenh-kowa._) + +[Transcriber's note: the "o" in "kowa" is the Unicode o-macron.] + + +The regard of Englishmen for their Magna Charta and Bill of Rights, and +that of Americans for their national Constitution, seem weak in +comparison with the intense gratitude and reverence of the Five Nations +for the "Great Peace" which Hiawatha and his colleagues established for +them. + +Of the subsequent life of Hiawatha, and of his death, we have no sure +information. The records of the Iroquois are historical, and not +biographical. As Hiawatha had been made a chief among the Mohawks, he +doubtless continued to reside with that nation. A tradition, which is in +itself highly probable, represents him as devoting himself to the +congenial work of clearing away the obstructions in the streams which +intersect the country then inhabited by the confederated nations, and +which formed the chief means of communication between them. That he +thus, in some measure, anticipated the plans of De Witt Clinton and his +associates, on a smaller scale, but with perhaps a larger statesmanship, +we may be willing enough to believe. A wild legend, recorded by some +writers, but not told of him by the Canadian Iroquois, and apparently +belonging to their ancient mythology, gives him an apotheosis, and makes +him ascend to heaven in a white canoe. It may be proper to dwell for a +moment on the singular complication of mistakes which has converted this +Indian reformer and statesman into a mythological personage. + +When by the events of the Revolutionary war the original confederacy was +broken up, the larger portion of the people followed Brant to Canada. +The refugees comprised nearly the whole of the Mohawks, and the greater +part of the Onondagas and Cayugas, with many members of the other +nations. In Canada their first proceeding was to reestablish, as far as +possible, their ancient league, with all its laws and ceremonies. The +Onondagas had brought with them most of their wampum records, and the +Mohawks jealously preserved the memories of the federation, in whose +formation they had borne a leading part. The history of the league +continued to be the topic of their orators whenever a new chief was +installed into office. Thus the remembrance of the facts has been +preserved among them with much clearness and precision, and with very +little admixture of mythological elements. With the fragments of the +tribes which remained on the southern side of the Great Lakes the case +was very different. Except among the Senecas, who, of all the Five +Nations, had had least to do with the formation of the league, the +ancient families which had furnished the members of their senate, and +were the conservators of their history, had mostly fled to Canada or the +West. The result was that among the interminable stories with which the +common people beguile their winter nights, the traditions of Atotarho and +Hiawatha became intermingled with the legends of their mythology. An +accidental similarity, in the Onondaga dialect, between the name of +Hiawatha and that of one of their ancient divinities, led to a confusion +between the two, which has misled some investigators. This deity bears, +in the sonorous Mohawk tongue, the name of Aronhiawagon, meaning "the +Holder of the Heavens." The early French missionaries, prefixing a +particle, made the name in their orthography, Tearonhiaouagon. He was, +they tell us, "the great god of the Iroquois." Among the Onondagas of +the present day, the name is abridged to Taonhiawagi, or Tahiawagi. The +confusion between this name and that of Hiawatha (which, in another form, +is pronounced Tayonwatha) seems to have begun more than a century ago; +for Pyrlaeus, the Moravian missionary, heard among the Iroquois +(according to Heckewelder) that the person who first proposed the league +was an ancient Mohawk, named Thannawege. Mr. J. V. H. Clark, in his +interesting History of Onondaga, makes the name to have been originally +Ta-oun-ya-wat-ha, and describes the bearer as "the deity who presides +over fisheries and hunting-grounds." He came down from heaven in a white +canoe and after sundry adventures, which remind one of the labors of +Hercules, assumed the name of Hiawatha (signifying, we are told, "a very +wise man"), and dwelt for a time as an ordinary mortal among men, +occupied in works of benevolence. Finally, after founding the +confederacy and bestowing many prudent counsels upon the people, he +returned to the skies by the same conveyance in which he had descended. +This legend was communicated by Clark to Schoolcraft, when the latter was +compiling his "Notes on the Iroquois." Mr. Schoolcraft, pleased with the +poetical cast of the story and the euphonious name, made confusion worse +confounded by transferring the hero to a distant region and identifying +him with Manabozho, a fantastic divinity of the Ojibways. Schoolcraft's +volume, absurdly entitled "The Hiawatha Legends," has not in it a single +fact or fiction relating either to Hiawatha himself or to the Iroquois +deity Aronhiawagon. Wild Ojibway stories concerning Manabozho and his +comrades form the staple of its contents. But it is to this collection +that we owe the charming poem of Longfellow; and thus, by an +extraordinary fortune, a grave Iroquois lawgiver of the fifteenth century +has become, in modern literature, an Ojibway demigod, son of the West +Wind, and companion of the tricksy Paupukkeewis, the boastful Iagoo, and +the strong Kwasind. If a Chinese traveller, during the middle ages, +inquiring into the history and religion of the western nations, had +confounded King Alfred with King Arthur, and both with Odin, he would not +have made a more preposterous confusion of names and characters than that +which has hitherto disguised the genuine personality of the great +Onondaga reformer. + +About the main events of his history, and about his character and +purposes, there can be no reasonable doubt. We have the wampum belts +which he handled, and whose simple hieroglyphics preserve the memory of +the public acts in which he took part. We have, also, in the Iroquois +"Book of Rites," a still more clear and convincing testimony to the +character both of the legislator and of the people for whom his +institutions were designed. This book, sometimes called the "Book of the +Condoling Council," might properly enough be styled an Iroquois Veda. It +comprises the speeches, songs and other ceremonies, which, from the +earliest period of the confederacy, have composed the proceedings of +their council when a deceased chief is lamented and his successor is +installed in office. The fundamental laws of the league, a list of their +ancient towns, and the names of the chiefs who constituted their first +council, chanted in a kind of litany, are also comprised in the +collection. The contents, after being preserved in memory, like the +Vedas, for many generations, were written down by desire of the chiefs, +when their language was first reduced to writing; and the book is +therefore more than a century old. Its language, archaic when written, +is now partly obsolete, and is fully understood by only a few of the +oldest chiefs. It is a genuine Indian composition, and must be accepted +as disclosing the true character of its authors. The result is +remarkable enough. Instead of a race of rude and ferocious warriors, we +find in this book a kindly and affectionate people, full of sympathy for +their friends in distress, considerate to their women, tender to their +children, anxious for peace, and imbued with a profound reverence for +their constitution and its authors. We become conscious of the fact that +the aspect in which these Indians have presented themselves to the +outside world has been in a large measure deceptive and factitious. The +ferocity, craft, and cruelty, which have been deemed their leading +traits, have been merely the natural accompaniments of wars of +self-preservation, and no more indicated their genuine character than the +war-paint, plume, and tomahawk of the warrior displayed the customary +guise in which he appeared among his own people. The cruelties of war, +when war is a struggle for national existence, are common to all races. +The persistent desire for peace, pursued for centuries in federal unions, +and in alliances and treaties with other nations, has been manifested by +few as steadily as by the countrymen of Hiawatha. The sentiment of +universal brotherhood, which directed their polity, has never been so +fully developed in any branch of the Aryan race, unless it may be found +incorporated in the religious quietism of Buddha and his followers. + +To come back to our first proposition,--it is unquestionable that the +Iroquois, when they framed the political system which exhibited this +singular force of intellect and elevation of character, were a people of +the Stone Age; and there is no good reason for supposing that they were +superior in character and capacity to the people of the most primitive +times. What we know of them entitles us to affirm that the makers of the +earliest flint implements may have been equal, if not superior, in +natural powers to the members of any existing race. And as language is +the outgrowth and image of the mental faculties, it is not impossible, or +even unlikely, that among the languages spoken by the people of those +early ages, there may have been some as far superior in construction and +power of expression to any tongue of modern Europe, as the languages of +the barbarous Greeks and Germans, a thousand years before the Christian +era, were superior to the speech of the highly civilized Egyptians. + +The conclusions to which these facts and reasonings point are of great +scientific importance. As there could be no sound astronomy while the +notion prevailed that the earth was the centre of the universe, and no +science of history while each nation looked with contempt upon every +other people, so we can hope for no complete and satisfying science of +man and of human speech until our minds are disabused of those other +delusions of self-esteem which would persuade us that superior culture +implies superior capacity, and that the particular race and language +which we happen to claim as our own are the best of all races and +languages. + + +[Printed at the SALEM PRESS, Nov., 1881.] + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HIAWATHA AND THE IROQUOIS +CONFEDERATION*** + + +******* This file should be named 22601.txt or 22601.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/2/6/0/22601 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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