diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 01:48:24 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 01:48:24 -0700 |
| commit | 72c5edc9b90943d77e5573df5f183ee89574e6b0 (patch) | |
| tree | 6e4d4be2cda48dca9a691489c3c566f00ac36033 /22339.txt | |
Diffstat (limited to '22339.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 22339.txt | 2357 |
1 files changed, 2357 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/22339.txt b/22339.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..58f5d53 --- /dev/null +++ b/22339.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2357 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 66, February 1, +1851, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 66, February 1, 1851 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: August 16, 2007 [EBook #22339] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, NO. 66 *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + +{81} + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +No. 66.] +SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 1. 1851. +[Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + + + Page + + "NOTES AND QUERIES" in Holland 81 + + NOTES:-- + + Sir John Davies and his Biographers, by Dr. E. F. Rimbault 82 + + A Note on Queen Anne's Farthings by J. Y. Akerman 83 + + Folk-Lore:--Lammer Beads--On the Lingering of the + Spirit--May Cats--Mottos on Warming-pans and + Garters 84 + + Notes on Jesse's "London and its Celebrities," by Henry + Campkin 84 + + Minor Notes:--Verstegan--George Herbert and the + Church at Leighton Bromswold--Little Gidding--Etymology + of Kobold--Judas Cup--Essleholt Priory--Crossing + Rivers on Skins 85 + + QUERIES:-- + + Bibliographical Queries 86 + + Minor Queries:--Bishops' Lands--The Barons of Hugh + Lupus--Can the Queen make a Gentleman?--Plafery--St. + John's Bridge Fair--Queries on Costume--Cum + Grano Salis--Earl of Clarendon's Daughter, + Lucretia--Vandyke's Portrait of Lord Aubigny--Foundation + Stone of St. Mark's, Venice--Coins of + Richard Cromwell--Cataracts of the Nile--Paternoster + Tackling--Dancing Trenchmore--Hymns-- + Camden and Curwen Families--Jartuare 87 + + REPLIES:-- + + John Bunyan and his Portrait.--Did Bunyan know + Hobbes? by George Offor 89 + + The Mother Church of the Saxons by Dr. J. Rawson 90 + + Replies to Minor Queries:--The Frozen Horn--To + Pose--Culprits torn by Horses--The Conquest--Mayors, + their correct Prefix--True Blue--Modum Promissionis--Fronte + capillata &c.--Cross between a + Wolf and a Hound--Touching for the Evil--Old + Booty--Breeches Bible--Separation of the Sexes--Defender + of the Faith--Epigram on the Synod of Dort--Parish + Register Tax--Clergy sold for Slaves 91 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 94 + + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 95 + + Notices to Correspondents 95 + + Advertisements 95 + + * * * * * + + +"NOTES AND QUERIES" IN HOLLAND. + +The following extremely interesting, and, we need scarcely add, to us most +gratifying, communication reached us at too late a period last week to +admit of our then laying it before our friends, readers, and contributors. +They will one and all participate in our gratification at the proof which +it affords, not merely of that success which they have all combined to +secure, but of the good working, and consequent wide extension, of that +great principle of literary brotherhood which it has been the great object +of "NOTES AND QUERIES" to establish. + +_To the Editor of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES." + +Mr. Editor, + +We have the pleasure of sending you the prospectus of "DE NAVORSCHER," a +new Dutch periodical, grounded upon the same principle as its valuable and +valiant predecessor "NOTES AND QUERIES." The title, when translated into +English, would be--"_The Searcher; a medium of intellectual exchange and +literary intercourse between all who know something, have to ask something, +or can solve something._" If it be glorious for _you_ to have proposed a +good example, we think it honourable for _us_ to follow it. + +Though we do not wish to be our own trumpets, we can say that never a Dutch +newspaper was greeted, before its appearance, by such favourable +prognostics. _Your_ idea, Mr. Editor, was received with universal applause; +and Mr. FREDERIK MULLER, by whom "DE NAVORSCHER" will be published, is not +only a celebrated bookseller, but also one of our most learned _bookmen_. + +Ready to promote by every means in our power the friendly intercourse +between your country and our fatherland, we desire of you to lay the +following plan before the many readers of "NOTES AND QUERIES." + +1. Every Query, which, promulgated by our English sister, would perhaps +find a solution when meeting the eyes of _Dutch_ readers, will be +TRANSLATED for them by her foreign brother. We promise to send you a +version of the eventual answers. + +2. Of Queries, divulged in "DE NAVORSCHER," and likely to be answered if +translated for the British readers of "NOTES AND QUERIES," a _version_ will +be presented by us to the sister-periodical. + +3. The title of BOOKS OR ODD VOLUMES wanted to purchase, of which copies +may exist in the Netherlands, will be duly inserted into "DE NAVORSCHER" +when required. Mr. FREDERIK MULLER will direct his letters, containing +particulars and lowest price, to the persons anxious for information. + +4. All communications for "DE NAVORSCHER" must be addressed to Mr. D. NUTT, +Bookseller, {82} No. 270. Strand; or, _carriage free_, to the "_Directors_ +of the same," care of Mr. FREDERIK MULLER, "Heerengracht, near the Oude +Spieglestraat, Amsterdam." + +With a fervent wish that in such a manner, two neighbourly nations, +connected by religion, commerce, and literary pursuits, may be more and +more united by the mail-bearing sea which divides them, we have the honour +to remain, + + Mr. Editor, + Your respectful servants, + THE DIRECTORS OF "DE NAVORSCHER." + +Amsterdam, the 16th of December, 1850. + + When by the publication of "NOTES AND QUERIES" we laid down those + telegraphic lines of literary communication which we hoped should one + day find their way into every library and book-room in the United + Kingdom, we little thought that, ere fifteen months had passed, we + should be called upon, not to lay down a _sub_marine telegraph, but to + establish a _super_marine communication with our brethren in the Low + Countries. We do so most gladly, for we owe them much. From them it was + that Caxton learned the art, but for which "NOTES AND QUERIES" would + never have existed; and of which the unconstrained practice has, under + Providence, served to create our literature, to maintain our liberties, + and to win for England its exalted position among the nations of the + earth. + + Heartily, therefore, do we bid God speed to "DE NAVORSCHER;" and + earnestly will we do all we can to realize the kindly wish of our + Amsterdam brethren, that the "two neighbourly nations of Holland and + England, connected by religion, commerce, and literary pursuits, may be + more and more united by the mail-bearing sea which divides them." + + * * * * * + + +Notes. + +SIR JOHN DAVIES AND HIS BIOGRAPHERS. + +Sir John Davies, the "sweet poet" and "grave lawyer"--rather odd +combinations by the bye,--according to Wood, was "born at Chisgrove, in the +parish of Tysbury in Wiltshire, being the son of a wealthy _tanner_ of that +place!" This statement is repeated in Cooper's _Muses' Library_, p. 331.; +Nichols's _Select Poems_, vol. i., p. 276.; Sir E. Brydges's edition of +Philips's _Theatrum Poetarum_, 1800, p. 272.; Sir Harris Nicolas's edition +of Davison's _Poetical Rhapsody_, vol. i. p. cii., &c. And Headley, in his +_Select Beauties of Poetry_, ed. 1787, vol. i. p. xli., adds, "he was a man +of _low_ extraction!" Wood's assertion concerning Davies's parentage, was +made, I believe, upon the authority of Fuller; but it is undoubtedly an +error, as the books which record the admission of the younger Davies into +the Society of the Middle Temple, say the father was "late of New Inn, +_gentleman_." + +Mr. Robert R. Pearce, in a recent work, entitled _A History of the Inns of +Court and Chancery_, 8vo. 1848, p. 293., gives the following sketch of the +leading facts in the life of our "poetical lawyer:"-- + + "Sir John Davis, the author of _Reports_, and several other legal + works, and a poet of considerable repute, was of this Society [_i.e._ + the Middle Temple]. His father was a member of New Inn, and a + practitioner of the law in Wiltshire. At the Middle Temple, young Davis + became rather notorious for his irregularities, and having beaten Mr. + Richard Martin (also a poet, and afterwards Recorder of London) in the + hall, he was expelled the house. Afterwards, through the influence of + Lord Chancellor Ellesmere, he was restored to his position in the + Middle Temple; and, in 1601, was elected a Member of the House of + Commons. In 1603, he was appointed by King James Solicitor-General in + Ireland. In 1606, he was called to the degree of Serjeant-at-Law; and, + in the following year, was knighted by the King at Whitehall. In 1612, + he published a book on the state of Ireland, which is often referred + to; and soon afterwards he was appointed King's Serjeant, and Speaker + of the House of Commons in Ireland. On his return to England he + published his reports of cases adjudged in the King's Court in + Ireland,--the first reports of Irish cases made public. The preface to + these reports is very highly esteemed. It has been said to vie with + Coke in solidity and learning, and equal Blackstone in classical + illustration and elegant language. Sir John Davis died 7th of December, + 1626." + +It is amusing to see how erroneous statements creep into ordinary +biography. Headley, as we have just seen, calls Davies "a man of _low_ +extraction;" and now we find a more recent biographer adding (without the +shadow of an authority), "at the Middle Temple, young Davies became _rather +notorious for his irregularities_!" + +Davies's quarrel with Richard Martin is alluded to by Wood. After speaking +of his admission into the Middle Temple, and of his being made a barrister +(July, 1595), that writer adds:-- + + "But so it was that he [Sir John Davies] being a high-spirited young + man, did, upon some little provocation or punctilio, bastinado Rich. + Martin (afterwards Recorder of London) in the Common Hall of the Middle + Temple, while he was at dinner. For which act being forthwith + [February, 1597-8] expell'd, he retired for a time in private, lived in + Oxon in the condition of a sojourner, and follow'd his studies, tho' he + wore a cloak. However, among his serious thoughts, making reflections + upon his own condition, which sometimes was an affliction to him, he + composed that excellent philosophical and divine poem called _Nosce + Teipsum_." + +It is not a little singular that this very Richard Martin, whose +chastisement is thus recorded, had {83} been on terms of strict friendship +with our "high-spirited" young lawyer. In 1596, Davies had published his +poem on dancing, entitled _Orchestra_, the title-page of which is followed +by a dedicatory sonnet "To his very friend, Ma. Richard Martin." This +sonnet is written in extravagant terms of friendship and admiration; and as +it is only to be found in the _rare_ first edition, and in the almost +equally rare _Bibliographical Catalogue of the Ellesmere Collection_, some +of your readers may not be displeased to see it on the present occasion:-- + + "TO HIS VERY FRIEND MA. RICH. MARTIN. + + "To whom shall I this dauncing Poeme send, + This suddaine, rash, halfe-capreol of my wit? + To you, first mover and sole cause of it, + Mine-owne-selves better halve, my deerest frend. + O, would you yet my Muse some Honny lend + From your mellifluous tongue, whereon doth sit + Suada in majestie, that I may fit + These harsh beginnings with a sweeter end. + You know the modest sunne full fifteene times + Blushing did rise, and blushing did descend, + While I in making of these ill made rimes, + My golden bowers unthriftily did spend. + Yet, if in friendship you these numbers prayse, + I will mispend another fifteene dayes." + +The cause of quarrel between the two young lawyers is not known, but the +"offence," whatever it was, was not slight. In the year 1622, when Davies +reprinted his poetical works, we find that his feelings of resentment +against his once "very friend" had not abated, for in place of the +dedicatory sonnet to Richard Martin, is substituted a sonnet addressed to +Prince Charles; and at the conclusion of the poem, he left a _hiatus_ after +the one hundred and twenty-sixth stanza, on account of the same quarrel. + +Sir John Davies's celebrated poem, _Nosce Teipsum_ (mentioned by Wood in +the previous extract), is said to have gained the author the favour of +James I., even before he came to the crown. Wood gives the precise period +of its composition, and, I think, with every appearance of truth, although +it does not accord with the statement of modern biographers, that it was +written at twenty-five years of age. (See Campbell's _Essay on Poetry_, +&c., ed. 1848, p. 184.) The first edition of this poem was printed in 4to. +in the year 1599, and has for its title the following:-- + + "_Nosce Teipsum_. This Oracle expounded in Two Elegies. 1. Of Humane + Knowledge. 2. Of the Soule of Man, and the Immortalitie thereof. + London, Printed by Richard Field, for John Standish. 43 leaves." + +As I am deeply interested in all that relates to the subject of this note, +I have compiled a list of editions of the above poem, which shows its +popularity for more than a century and a half:-- + + + 1. 1599. _London_, 4to. First edition. + 2. 1602. _ib._ 4to. Second ed. + 3. 1608. _ib._ 4to. Third ed. + 4. 1619. _ib._ 8vo. Fourth ed. + 5. 1622. _ib._ 8vo. The last edition printed during the + Author's lifetime. + 6. 1653. _ib._ 4to. Published by T. Jenner with curious plates, + and prose paraphrase. + 7. 1688. _ib._ folio. With prose dissertation. + 8. 1697. _Dublin,_ 8vo. With Life of the Author, by Nahum Tate. + 9. 1714. _ib._ 12mo. Second edition by Tate. + 10. 1733. _ib._ 8vo. With Essay by Dr. Sheridan. + 11. 1749. _London,_ 12mo. + 12. 1759. _Glasgow,_ 12mo. With Life of the Author. + 13. 1760. _London,_ 8vo. In Capel's _Prolusions._ + 14. 1773. _ib._ 12mo. In Davies's _Poetical Works_, edited by + Thompson. + +Sir John Davies left behind him a large number of MSS. upon various +subjects, none of which have since been printed. It would be very desirable +that a list, as far as can now be made out, should be put on record. +Anthony Wood says, several of Davies's MSS. were formerly in the library of +Sir James Ware of Ireland and since that in the possession of Edward, Earl +of Clarendon. The most interesting of these MSS. were a Collection of +Epigrams, and a Metaphrase of David's Psalms. The Harleian MSS., Nos. 1578. +and 4261., contain two law treatises of this learned writer, and in +Thorpe's _Catalogue_ for 1823, I find _A Treatise of Tenures touchinge his +Majesties Prerogative Royal_, by John Davies, folio, MS. + +Granger does not record any engraved portrait of this writer, and all my +enquiries have failed in discovering one. In Mr. Soame Jenyn's Hall, at +Botesham, in Cambridgeshire (in 1770), was a full-length portrait of an +elderly gentleman in a gown, with a book in one hand, on which is written +"_Nosce Teipsum_." If this is a genuine portrait of Sir John Davies, it +ought to be engraved to accompany a new edition of his poetical works; a +publication which the lovers of our old poetry would deem an acceptable +offering. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + + * * * * * + +A NOTE ON QUEEN ANN'S FARTHINGS. + +The idea that a Queen Anne's farthing is a coin of the greatest rarity, +originated perhaps in the fact that there are several _pattern pieces_ +executed by Croker, which are much valued by collectors, and which +consequently bring higher prices. One type only was in circulation, and +this appears to have been very limited, for it is somewhat scarce, though a +specimen may easily be procured of any dealer in coins for a few shillings. +This bears the bust of the {84} Queen, with the legend ANNA DEI +GRATIA--reverse, BRITANNIA around the trite figure of Britannia with the +spear and olive-branch: the date 1714 in the exergue. Those with Peace in a +car, Britannia standing with olive-branch and spear, or seated under an +arch, are patterns; the second has the legend BELLO ET PACE in indented +letters, a mode revived in the reign of George III. It is said that many +years ago a lady in the north of England lost one of the farthings of Queen +Anne, which she much prized as the bequest of a deceased friend, and that +having offered in the public journals a large reward for its recovery, it +was ever afterwards supposed that any farthing of this monarch was of great +value. + +J. Y. AKERMAN. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE. + +_Lammer Beads._--Does any one know the meaning of "Lammer beads?" They are +almost always made of amber, and are considered as a charm to keep away +evil of every kind; their touch is believed to cure many diseases, and they +are still worn by many old people in Scotland round the neck. The name +cannot have anything to do with "Lammermuir," as, although they are well +known among the old people of Lammermuir, yet they are equally so all over +Scotland. + +L. M. M. R. + +_On the Lingering of the Spirit._--Perhaps you may think the following +story worthy of insertion in your paper. + +There is a common belief among the poor, that the spirit will linger in the +body of a child a long time when the parent refuses to part with it. I said +to Mrs. B., "Poor little H. lingered a long time; I thought, when I saw +him, that he must have died the same day, but he lingered on!" + +"Yes," said Mrs. B., "it was a great shame of his mother. He wanted to die, +and she would not let him die: she couldn't part with him. There she stood, +fretting over him, and couldn't give him up; and so we said to her, 'He'll +never die till you give him up.' And then she gave him up; and he died +quite peaceably." + +RICH. B. MACHELL. + +Vicarage, Barrow-on-Humber, Jan. 13. 1851. + +_May Cats_ (Vol. iii., p. 20.).--In Hampshire, to this day, we always kill +May kittens. + +CX. + +_Mottos on Warming-Pans and Garters._--It seems to have been much the +custom, about two centuries ago, to engrave more or less elaborately the +brass lids of warming-pans with different devices, such as armorial +bearings, &c., in the centre, and with an inscription or a motto +surrounding the device. A friend of the writer has in his possession three +such lids of warming-pans, one of which has engraven on the centre a hart +passant, and above his back a shield, bearing the arms of Devereux, the +whole surrounded by this inscription:-- + + "THE . EARLE . OF . ESSEX . HIS . ARMES." + +Another bears the arms of the commonwealth, (as seen on the coins of the +Protectorate,) encircled with an inscription, thus:-- + + "ENGLANDS . STATS . ARMES." + +The third bears a talbot passant, with the date above its back, 1646, and +the motto round:-- + + "IN . GOD . IS . ALL . MY . TRUST." + +It appears to me that the first two, at least, belonged to _inns_, known by +the respective signs indicated by the mottos, &c.; the first probably in +honour of the Lord-General of the Parliament's army, who was the last +Devereux bearing the title. + +That last described affords a curious illustration of a passage cited in +Ellis's _Brand_ (ed. 1849, vol. i. p. 245.), from _The Welsh Levite tossed +in a Blanket_, 1691. + + "Our _garters_, bellows, and _warming-pans_ wore godly mottos," &c. + +In further illustration, I may mention that the owner of the warming-pans +has in his possession likewise a beautifully manufactured long silk +_garter_, of perhaps about the same date, in which are woven the following +words:-- + + "LOVE . NOT . THE . WORLD . IN . WHICH . THOU . MUST . NOT . STAY. + BUT . LOVE . THE . TREASURE . THAT . ABIDES . ALWAY." + +H. G. T. + + * * * * * + +NOTES ON JESSE'S "LONDON AND ITS CELEBRITIES." + +During my perusal of Mr. Jesse's pleasant volumes, I marked two or three +slips of the pen, which it may not be amiss to make a note of. + +In vol. i. pp. 403, 404, 405., there is a curious treble error regarding +Thomas Sutton, the munificent founder of the Charter House. He is +successively styled _Sir_ Thomas, _Sir Richard_, and _Sir Robert_. Sutton's +Christian name was Thomas. He was never knighted. Of the quaint leaden case +which incloses his remains, and of its simple inscription, an accurate +drawing, with accompanying particulars, by your able correspondent Mr. E. +B. PRICE, was inserted in the _Gent. Mag._ for January, 1843, p. 43. The +inscription runs thus: "1611. THOMAS SUTTON, ESQUIAR." + +Vol. ii. pp. 34, 35, 36. Mr. Jesse's ingenious suggestions relative to the +tradition of the burial of Oliver Cromwell in Red Lion Square, merit the +careful attention of all London antiquaries. + +Ib. p. 316.: + + "There is no evidence of Clement's Inn having been a Court of Law + previous to 1486." + +For "a court of law," read "an inn of court." {85} + +Ib. p. 339. Erratum, line 9, in reference to Mrs. Garrick's reopening of +her house, for the first time after her husband's decease--for "1701" read +"1781," obviously a printer's error. + +Ib. p. 423.: + + "Cranmer's successor in the see of Canterbury was Archbishop Whitgift." + +Whitgift was _Grindal's_ successor, and Grindal was preceded by Parker, who +must be deemed Cranmer's successor. Cranmer perished in 1556. Parker was +made archbishop in 1559. + +Mr. Jesse will not be angry, I am sure, with the above notes, or need any +apology for an attempt to add to the value of his book. + +HENRY CAMPKIN. + +Reform Club, Jan. 10. 1851. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +_Verstegan.--A Restitution of Decayed Intelligence in Antiquities, +concerning the most noble and renowned English Nation. By the Study and +Travel of Richard Verstegan._--There is something so sonorous and stately +in the very sound of the title of Master Richard Verstegan's etymological +treatise, that any bibliographical notice of it, I am sure, will find a +corner in "NOTES AND QUERIES." The following MS. note is on a fly-leaf of +my copy, A.D. 1655:-- + + "The first edition was printed at Antwerp, in 1605. A full account of + this work is given in Oldys's _British Librarian_, pp. 299 312. It + concludes with suggestions for improving any future editions: namely, + to add those animadversions, in their proper places, which have been + since occasionally made on some mistakes in it; as those made by Mr. + Sheringham on his fancy of the _Vitae_ being the ancient inhabitants of + the Isle of Wight, &c. But more especially should be admitted the + corrections of the learned Mr. Somner, he having left large marginal + notes upon Verstegan's whole book, as we are informed by Bishop + Kennett, the late accurate author of his Life. This advice has never + been acted upon." + +To this is subjoined a notice of Verstegan's _Poems_. + + "There is a thin 12mo. volume of _Poems_ by Richard Verstegan, of which + only one perfect copy is known. Dr Farmer had it; then a Mr. Lloyd, who + disposed of it, when it sold for 22l. 1s. Mr. Faber now has it. Another + copy, completed by MS., had belonged to T. Park, which was sold at + Sotheby's, March 11. 1821, for 1l. 19s., and bought by Triphook." + +J. YEOWELL. + +Hoxton. + +_George Herbert and the Church at Leighton Bromswold.--Little +Gidding._--Some of your readers may not be aware that George Herbert built +the church of Leighton Bromswold, Hunts as well as that of Bemerton. The +church stands about three-quarters of a mile to the right of the road from +Huntingdon to Thrapston, and a view of it is given in Zouch's 4to. edition +of Isaac Walton's _Lives_; it is stated, in a note, to be near Spalding, +for which read _Spaldwick_. Herbert desired the pulpit and reading-desk to +be placed on opposite sides of the church, and of the same height; to show +that "preaching ought not to be esteemed above praying, nor praying above +preaching." + +Query, What is the state of the interior _now_, as to pews, &c.? + +The nuns, if I may so call them, in the monastery at Little Gidding, Hunts, +employed themselves in covering or in ornamenting the covers of books, in +patterns, with silver and coloured-silk threads: a friend of mine in Surrey +has a small volume so ornamented by them. + +E. H. + +Norwich, Jan. 20. + +_Etymology of Kobold._--At page 239. of Mr. Bohn's edition of Keightley's +_Fairy Mythology_, we find that Mr. K., after heading a chapter with +"Kobolds," says in a note:-- + + "This word is usually derived from the Greek [Greek: kobalos], a knave, + _but as this is only found in lexicographers_, it may in reality be a + Teutonic word in a Greek form." + +Surely, Mr. Keightley has forgotten the following passages-- + +1. Ar. Equites, 450. Dindf. [Conf. Ranae, 1015.] + + "[Greek: KLEON: KOBALOS ei.] + [Greek: ALL. panourgos ei.]" + +2. Ejusdem fab., 635.: + + "[Greek: Bereschethoi te kai KOBALOI kai Mothon.]" + +3. Plutus, 279.: + + "[Greek: hos mothon ei te kai phusei KOBALOS.]" + +4. Aristotle, _H. A._ 8. 12. 12. [Bekker Oxon.] says of a bird, + + "[Greek: kobalos kai mimetes.]" + +In the 2nd passage Liddell and Scott call [Greek: kobaloi] "_mischievous +goblins_," which is exactly equivalent to "kobolds." + +The word is also used adjectively for "knavish tricks," "rogueries." + +See _Equites_, 419.: + + "[Greek: Kai, ne Di', alla g' esti mou kobala paidos ontos.]" + +Ranae, 104:-- + + "[Greek: he men kobala g' estin, hos kai soi dokei.]" + +In _Equites_, 332. we find [Greek: kobalikeumata], "the tricks of a [Greek: +kobalos]." + +P. J. F. GANTILLON. + +_Judas Cup_ (Vol. ii., p. 298.).--In the _Ancient Monuments, Rites, and +Customs of Durham_, published by the Surtees Society, we have the following +account of "Judas Cup" in the refectory, which is described as-- + + "A goodly great mazer, called Judas Cup, edged about {86} with silver + and double gilt, with a foot underneath it to stand on, of silver and + double gilt, which was never used but on Maunday Thursday at night in + the Frater House, where the prior and the whole convent did meet and + keep their Maunday." (p. 68.) + +I send this with reference to the mention of the "Judas Bell" and "Judas +Candle" in your 2nd Volume, p. 298. + +ECHO. + +_Essheholt Priory._--Esholt Hall (now in the possession of W. R. C. +Stansfield, Esq.) is the same as the ancient priory of Essheholt, which was +under the abbot of Kirkstall. + +This priory fell, of course, with the smaller houses, and was valued at +19l. 0s. 8d. Essheholt remained in the crown till the first year of Edward +VI., nine years after the dissolution, when it was granted to Henry +Thompson, Gent., one of the king's gens-d'armes at Boulogne. In this family +the priory of Esholt remained somewhat more than a century, when it was +transferred to the neighbouring and more distinguished house of Calverley +by the marriage of Frances, daughter and heiress of H. Thompson, Esq., with +Sir Walter Calverley. His son, Sir Walter Calverley, Bart., built, on the +site of the old priory, the house which now stands. + +Over a door of one of the out-buildings is an inscription in ancient +letters, from which may be traced--"Aleisbet. Pudaci, p----," with a bird +sitting on the last letter p. (Elizabeth Pudsay, prioress). + +The builder of the present house died in 1749; and, in 1755, his son of the +same name sold the manor-house and furniture to Robert Stansfield, Esq., of +Bradford; from whom the present owner is descended.[1] + +CHAS. W. MARKHAM. + +Jan. 10. 1851. + +[Footnote 1: Thoresby's _History of Leeds_.] + +_Crossing Rivers on Skins_ (Vol. iii., p. 3.).--Mr. C. M. G., a near +relative of mine, who lately returned from naval service on the Indus, told +me, last year, that he had often seen there naked natives employed in +fishing. The man, with his fishing-tackle, launches himself on the water, +sustained by a large hollow earthen vessel having a round protuberant +opening on one side. To this opening the fisherman applies his abdomen, so +as to close the vessel against the influx of water; and clinging to this +air-filled buoy, floats about quite unconcernedly, and plies his +fishing-tackle with great success. The analogy between this Oriental buoy +and the inflated skins mentioned by Layard and by your correspondent JANUS +DOUSA, is sufficiently remarkable to deserve a note. + +G. F. G. + +Edinburgh. + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + +BIBLIOGRAPHICAL QUERIES. + +(_Continued from_ Vol. ii., p. 493.) + +(31.) P. H. F. (Vol. iii., pp. 24, 25.) has described a 12mo., or rather an +8vo., copy of Latin Psalter in his possession, and he wishes to know +whether Montanus had any connexion with one of the translations therein +exhibited. The title-page of your correspondent's volume will tell him +precisely what the book contains. He had better not rely too much upon MS. +remarks in any of his treasures; and when a bibliographical question is +being investigated, let _Cyclopaedias_ by all means not be disturbed from +their shelves. Would it not be truly marvellous if a volume, printed by +Robert Stephens in 1556, could in that year have presented, by prolepsis, +to its precocious owner a version which Bened. Arias Montanus did not +execute until 1571? But P. H. F.'s communication excites another query. He +appears to set a special value upon his Psalter because that the verses are +in it distinguished by cyphers; but Pagnini's whole Bible, which I spoke +of, came thirty years before it, and we have still to go nearly twenty +years farther back in search of the earliest example of the employment of +Arabic figures to mark the verses in the Book of Psalms. The _Quincuplex +Psalterium_, by Jacques le Fevre, is a most beautiful book, perhaps the +finest production of the press of Henry Stephens the elder; and not only +are the verses numbered in the copy before me, which is of the improved +"secunda emissio" in 1513, but the initial letters of them are in red. At +signature A iiij. there is a very handsome woodcut of the letter A., +somewhat of a different style, from the larger (not the Ascensian) P., +within the periphery of which St. Paul is represented, and which is so well +worthy of notice in Le Fevre's edition of the _Epistole diui Pauli +Apostoli_, Paris, 1517. The inquiry toward which I have been travelling is +this, When did Henry Stephens first make use of the open Ratdoltian letter +on dotted ground? (See Maitland's _Lambeth List_, p. 328. Dibdin's _Typog. +Antiq._ vol. i., Prel. Disquis., p. xl.) + +(32.) Is there extant any collation of the various exemplars of the +_Alphabetum divini Amoris_? And has an incontrovertible opinion been formed +as to the paternity of this tract? For the common error of ascribing it to +Gerson is entirely inexcusable, as this Parisian chancellor is frequently +alleged therein. The third volume of his works, set forth by Du Pin, in +1706, contains this "Treatise of the Elevation of the Soul to God," and the +editor has left the blunder uncorrected in his _Eccles. Hist._ iii. 53. +Again, can it be affirmed that the folio impression of Louvain, (Panzer, +ix. 243.), in which Gerson's name occurs, was assuredly anterior to the +small black-letter and {87} anonymous editions, likewise without dates? Two +of the latter (one much older than the other) are of 12mo. size, in 8vo., +as is also Bonaventura's _Stimulus divini Amoris_, printed in 1510 and +1517. + +(33.) In what way can we detect the propounder of the _Notabilis expositio +super canonem misse_? His work is of small folio size without mention of +place or year; but it certainly proceeded from Nuremberg, and was it not +one of the _primitiae_ of Creusner? + +(34.) Who is designated by the letters "G. N. N. D.," which are put at the +head of the Epistle to Zuinglius, _De Magistris nostris Lovaniensibus, quot +et quales sint_? And why has the _Vita S. Nicolai, sive Stultitiae +Exemplar_, originally attached to this performance, been omitted by Dr. +Muench in his edition of the _Epistolae obscurorum Vivorum, aliaque aevi +decimi sexti Monimenta rarissima_, Leipzig, 1827? If he had reprinted this +very desirable appendix, it would have furnished him with the date "Anno +M.D.XX.," which would have prevented him from assigning this satirical +composition to the year "1521." (Einl. p. 408.) + +(35.) A student can scarcely be considered moderately well versed in +ancient ecclesiastical documents who has neither read nor heard of the +_Somnium Viridarii_; and we may wonder at, and pity, the learned Goldast, +for having fallen into the extravagant mistake of attributing this Latin +translation of the celebrated Dialogue, _Le Songe du Verger_, to +"Philotheus Achillinus, Consiliarius Regius." (_Monarch. S. Rom. Imper_. i. +58. Hanov. 1612.) The question arises, How was he misled? Was it not +through a strange misconception of a sentence in the _Silva Nuptialis_ of +Nevizan, to which he refers in his preliminary "Dissertatio de Auctoribus?" +This writer, who has been plentifully purified by the Roman _Index_, had +cited the preface of an Italian poem, "Il Viridario," composed by his +contemporary, Giovanni FILOTEO ACHILLINI; and is it thus that an author of +the sixteenth century has got credit for an anonymous achievement of the +fourteenth age? Goldastus has hardly been out-Heroded by those who have +devised an individual named _Viridarius_, or "Le Sieur _du Vergier_." (See +Baillet, _Deguisemens des Auteurs_, p. 479., and M. De la Monnoye's note, +pp. 501-2.) + +(36.) Is there not a transpositional misprint in the colophon of the old +German _Life of S. Dorothea_, the so-called patroness of Prussia? For it +would seem to be inevitable that we should endeavour to elicit 1492, and +not 1512, from the following date: "Den Dingstag nach Gregory als man +tzelete, M.CCCC. unde cxii." (Vid. Lilienthal, _Histor. B. Doroth_. p. 6. +Dantisc., 1744.) + +(37.):-- + + "The Original Manuscript of both volumes of this History will be + deposited in the Cotton Library, by + + "T. BURNETT." + +Has this declaration been inserted, in the handwriting of Thomas Burnet, on +the reverse of the title-page of the second volume, in all large-paper +copies (and is it strictly limited to them?) of Bishop Burnet's _History of +his own Time_, Lond., 1734? Compare the printed "Advertisement to the +Reader" in the first volume, published in 1724. + +(38.) Mr. T. R. Hampson, the author of _Medii AEvi Kalendarium_, which has, +I believe, been commended in "NOTES AND QUERIES," informs us, in a precious +production which he has lately issued on the _Religious Deceptions of the +Church of Rome_, p. 30., that-- + + "Dr. Geddes, himself a learned Romanist, has selected many [remarkable + errors] in his tract, _A Discovery of some Gross Mistakes in the Roman + Martyrology_." + +Only fancy a Romanist, learned or unlearned, having the effrontery to +bestow so outrageous an appellation upon such an exploit. Does not the +second volume of _Miscellaneous Tracts_, in which the said treatise may be +seen, explicitly admonish us to remember that Michael Geddes, LL.D., was +erst a chancellor of the Church of Sarum? "Quid Romae faciam?" he +upbraidingly asks in one of his title-pages, "mentiri nescio." + +R. G. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + +_Bishops' Lands_.--In the month of September, 1642, the Parliament +appointed a committee for the sale of Bishops' lands; and an account of +some sold between 1647 and 1651, will be found in vol. i. of the +_Collectanea Topographica_, 8vo., 1834. On the Restoration, a committee sat +to inquire into these sales and make satisfaction. Bishop Kennet refers to +a MS. containing the orders of the commissioners, but does not state where +the MS. was deposited; nor has Sir Frederic Madden, who communicated that +article to the _Collectanea_, met with it anywhere. + +Can any of your correspondents give any information upon the subject, or +say where may be found any accounts of the sales of the lands under the +parliamentary orders, or of the proceedings of the commissioners appointed +to make restitution upon the king's restoration? + +G. + +_The Barons of Hugh Lupus_.--It appears by the charter foundation to the +abbey of St. Werburge at Chester, that several very eminent persons held +the rank of Baron, under Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester. The charter is signed +by the earl himself and by the following barons: Richard, son of Hugh +Lupus; Hervey, Bishop of Bangor; Ranulph de Meschines, nephew of the earl; +Roger Bigod, Alan de Perci, William Constabular, Ranulph Dapifer, William +Malbanc, Robert Fitz-Hugh, Hugh Fitz-Norman, Hamo de Masci, and Bigod de +Loges. {88} + +Can any of your readers inform us what befel the families and descendants +of William Malbanc, and Bigod de Loges? The descendants of the rest are too +well authenticated to need inquiry. + +P. + +_Can the Queen make a Gentleman?_--The following is from the Patent Rolls +(13 Ric. II. pars. 1. m. 37. Prynne's _Fourth Institutes_, p. 68.):-- + + "Le Roy a tous ceux as queux cestes Lettres viendrount. Sachez qe come + un Chivalier Fraunceys, a ceo qe nous Soums enformez, ad chalenge un + nostre Liege, Johan de Kyngeston, a faire certeinez faitz et pointz + darmes oveske le dit Chivalier. Nous a fyn qe le dit nostre liege soit + le multz honerablement resceuz a faire puisse et perfourmir les ditz + faitz et pointz d'armes _luy avons resceux en lestat de Gentile homme, + et luy fait Esquier_. Et volons, qil soit conuz par armes, et porte + desore enavant, Cestassavoir d'argent ove une, chapewe Dazure ovesque + une plume Dostrich de goules. Et ceo a tous yeaux as queux y appertient + nous notifions pu ycelles. En tesmoignance de quelle chose nous avons + fait faire cestes noz lettres patentes. Done souz nostre grant Seal a + nostre Paleys de Westm. le primer jour de Juyll. + + "Par brief de Prive Seal." + +H. WITHAM. + +_Plafery_.--In Carew's masque of _Coelum Britannicum_, acted before the +court at Whitehall, the 18th of February, 1633; Momus, arriving from +Olympus immediately after Mercury, says to him-- + + "The hosts upon the highway cry out with open mouth upon you, for + supporting _plafery_ in your train; which, though, as you are the god + of petty larceny, you might protect, yet you know it is directly + _against the new orders_, and oppose the reformation in diameter." + +What is _plafery_? It is evident that the joking allusion to it was rather +bold, for Mercury exclaims,-- + + "Peace, railer, bridle your licentious tongue, + And let this presence teach you modesty." + +B. R. I. + +_St. John's Bridge Fair._--In what county in England was St. John's Bridge +Fair held in the year 1614, and in what town in the county? + +JOSEPHUS. + +_Queries on Costume._--In Wilson's _Life of De Foe_ there is an anecdote of +Charles II. concealing himself, when a fugitive from Worcester, beneath a +lady's hoop, while his pursuers searched the house in which he had taken +refuge. Were hoops worn so early as the year 1651? In the _Book of Costume_ +I find no mention of them before the beginning of the eighteenth century; +but I do not think this circumstance conclusive, as the "Lady of Rank" is +not always very accurate. + +Writing in the reign of Anne, she says, "Fans were now very much used," but +omits to mention that they were in fashion long before, having been +indispensable to Catherine of Braganza and her ladies at home and abroad, +in the church and the theatre. + +"Long gloves," says the Lady of Rank, "began to be worn by the ladies in +this reign." (Queen Anne's). + +"Twelve dozen Martial,[2] whole and half," says Evelyn:--were not _whole_ +Martial gloves, long? + +WEDSECNARF. + +[Footnote 2: "_Martial._--The name of a famous French perfumer, emulating +the Frangipani of Rome."--_Miscellaneous Writings of John Evelyn_, pp. 705. +711. 4to. edit. 1825.] + +_Cum Grano Salis._--Sometime ago I asked from what figure is borrowed the +expression of "Cum grano salis," and have had no reply. I can't find it in +Erasmus. Once a very clever Cambridge man said that it meant "the thing +must be swallowed with a little Attic salt to make it go down pleasantly." +I don't think that he was right. + +E. H. + +_Earl of Clarendon's Daughter, Lucretia._--I should be very glad to learn +whether the great Earl of Clarendon had a daughter named Lucretia. A friend +of mine is descended from Dr. Marsh, archbishop of Armagh, who (it is said) +married Lucretia, daughter of the Earl of Clarendon, and was the father of +Lucretia, wife of Dr. McNeil, Dean of Down and Connor. + +WEDSECNARF. + +_Vandyke's Portrait of Lord Aubigny._--Can any of your correspondents give +any information respecting a portrait, by Vandyke, of George Lord Aubigny, +brother to the Duke of Richmond and Lennox? There is no doubt that such a +picture once existed. + +L. + +_Foundation Stone of St. Mark's, Venice._--In vol. xxvi. of the +_Archaeologia_ is a paper by the late Mr. Douce, "On the foundation stone of +the original church of St. Mark, at Venice," &c., accompanied by an +engraving of the mutilated object itself, which also appears to have been +submitted to the inspection of the Society of Antiquaries at the time the +paper was read. The essay contains, in reality, very little information +relating to the stone, and that little is of no very satisfactory kind; and +I have never been able to divest myself of the idea that it bears somewhat +the semblance of a hoax. Were I inclined to discuss the points which have +suggested this notion, the necessity there is for brevity in corresponding +with the Editor of "NOTES AND QUERIES" would preclude my doing it; but I +must quote the following passage, which comes immediately after the +statement that the original church, in the foundation of which this stone +was deposited, was destroyed in 976. + + "It is very possible that, in clearing away the rubbish of the old + church, the original foundation stone was discovered, and, in some way + or other, at present not traceable, preserved." + +{89} If the fact is so, this stone, "of a circular form, the diameter six +inches and a quarter, its thickness half an inch," must have been loose in +the world for 858 years from its exhumation to 1834, when Mr. Douce's essay +was read, and during that time has lost only the least important part of +its inscription and ornaments. + +Can any one say where this stone now is? When and where Mr. Douce obtained +it? And, I must add, what history was attached to it when in his +possession? for he was not a person likely to possess such an object +without, at least, endeavouring to trace its history. On these points the +essay contains not a word. + +H. C. R. + +_Coins of Richard Cromwell_.--Will any of your numismatical readers inform +me whether there are any coins or medals known of Richard Cromwell, either +during his chancellorship of Oxford, or his short protectorate of these +realms? + +BLOWER. + +_Cataracts of the Nile_.--Seneca (_Nat. Quaest._ iv. 2.) tells a story of +the natives suffering themselves to be carried down in sport, which Rollin +says is confirmed by modern travellers; but can this be so? Can any one +give the names of any of these travellers, and supply the blank thus left +by the historian? + +S. G. + +_Paternoster Tackling.--Dancing Trenchmore._--What is the origin and +meaning of this term? also of the phrase "Dancing Trenchmore?" + +S. G. + +_Hymns_.--Will some of your correspondents favour me with a copy of "Queen +Mary's Lament," a translation of which appeared in Coxe's delightful +_Christian Ballads_. Also Adam of St. Victor's "exquisite poem" on the +Cross, referred to by Mr. Trench in his _Sacred Latin Poetry_? + +JARLTZBERG. + +_Camden and Curwen Families._--Camden, in his _Britannia_, art. +"Cumberland," mentions his descent, by the mother's side, from the Curwens +of Workington. Should any of your numerous correspondents be able to trace +their descent, he would much oblige a member of that family. + +H. C. + +_Jartuare._--Can any of your readers oblige me with any account of a +printed book called _Jartuare?_ Its date would be early in the sixteenth +century, if not earlier. + +W.(1.) + + * * * * * + + +Replies. + +JOHN BUNYAN AND HIS PORTRAIT.--DID BUNYAN KNOW HOBBES? + +(Vol. ii., pp. 476. 518.; Vol. iii., p. 70.) + +The best portrait of John Bunyan was drawn and engraved by White, to the +_Holy War_, 1682. The original drawing, and a fine impression of the +engraving, is preserved in the illustrated Grainger's _History of England_, +in the print-room at the British Museum. It was copied in folio for +Bunyan's _Works_. It has been recently copied for Mr. Bogue's elegant +edition of the _Pilgrim_, and for the first complete edition of Bunyan's +_Works_, now publishing by Messrs. Blackie and Sons, Glasgow. A fac-simile +was engraved for an edition of the _Pilgrim_, by Mr. Pickering, 8vo. 1849. + +That the great allegorist was not the author of _Heart's Ease_ in _Heart +Trouble_ is perfectly clear, not only that the style is very different, but +from the author being known. It was first published in 1690, under the +initials of J. B., and the Epistle is dated "From the house of my +pilgrimage, March, 1690." Bunyan died in August, 1688. Mr. Palmer, in his +_Calamy_, vol. ii. p.16., states that the author was James Birdwood. + +Whether Bunyan was acquainted with Hobbes depends upon the authority of a +small volume of _Visions of Heaven and Hell_, published under the name of +Bunyan. In this it is represented that he saw poor Hobbes in hell, and +recognised an old acquaintance. + +The earliest edition of _The Visions_ which I have been able to discover, +is at "London: printed for Edward Midwinter, at the Looking Glass upon +London Bridge, price, bound, one shilling;" without date. It was printed +early in the reign of George I.; this is seen in an advertisement of books +at the end, among which is _The Lives of the Monarchs of England to his +present Majesty King George_. It is entitled, _The Visions of John Bunyan, +being his last remains_. There is no account of either of this, or the +_Heart's Ease_, in _The Struggler for the Preservation of Mr. John Bunyan's +Labours_. This gives a list of forty-three works published by him, and of +seventeen left by him at his decease for publication. If _The Visions_ were +written by him, it must have escaped the search of his widow and surviving +friends; but the style at once proves that it was not a production of his +prolific pen. Bunyan's style was remarkably simple and plain. The following +phrases extracted from _The Visions_ will carry conviction to every +reader:-- + + "Mormo's of a future state," "metempsychosis of nature," "nefandous + villanies," "diurnal and annual," "my visive faculty," + "soul-transparent and diaphonous," "translucid ray," "terrene + enjoyments," "our minds are clarified," "types both of the ante and + post-diluvian world," "the tenuity thereof," "the aereal heavens," + "effluxes of divine glory," "all aenigmas," "corruscations of his divine + nature," "Solomon's mystick epithalamium," "the epiphonema," + "propinquity in nature," "diversified refractions," "too bright and too + diaphonous," "sweet odes and eniphalamics," "amarantine crown," "bright + corruscancy," "palinodies and elegies," "no cataplasm," "eccentricks + quite exterminate," "mutual assassinates," &c. &c. + +Such phrases and terms plain John Bunyan utterly despised. They prove, as +does the whole plan of the treatise, that it must have been a very +different man to the author of the _Pilgrim's Progress_ who wrote these +_Visions_. + +{90} It is not likely that Hobbes and Bunyan were acquainted; they lived in +distant parts of the country. Bunyan's _Pilgrim_, which was the foundation +of his wide-spread fame, was not published till 1678, when the Leviathan +philosopher was ninety years of age; he died in 1679. Hobbes' company were +the learned and illustrious among men,--the Des Carteses, Gassendis, and +Wallises of his age; while Bunyan associated with the despised +Nonconformists. Nor is is likely that Bunyan read the _Leviathan_; Dent's +_Plain Man's Pathway to Heaven, The Practice of Piety_, Fox's _Martyrs_, +and, above all, his Bible, constituted his library during his imprisonment +for conscience-sake, which lasted from 1660 to 1672. Had he suffered from +Hobbes's philosophy, he would have proclaimed it upon the house-tops, +especially in his _Grace Abounding_, that others might have been guarded +from such dangerous scepticism. The _Vision_ of Hobbes was doubtless +intended to render the forgery more popular. + +GEORGE OFFOR. + +Hackney, Jan. 1851. + + * * * * * + +THE MOTHER CHURCH OF THE SAXONS. + +In "NOTES AND QUERIES" (Vol. ii., p. 478.) SIR HENRY ELLIS observes, that-- + + "Although St. Martin's, Canterbury, is commonly called the mother + church of England on account of its having been the first used here by + Augustine, tradition represents, that when this missionary arrived in + Kent, he found an ancient church on the site of what is now called St. + Martin's." + +SIR H. ELLIS adds, that-- + + "A charter of King Canute's styles Saviour's church, Canterbury, the + mother and mistress of all churches in the kingdom of + England."-_AEcclesia Salvatoris_, &c. + +I conceive these accounts to be perfectly reconcilable. From Bede's +_Ecclesiastical History_ (b. i., caps. 25, 26.), we learn that, on the east +side of Canterbury, in the year 597, there was a church dedicated to the +honour of St. Martin, that was "built while the Romans were still in the +island," some two hundred years before this date. St. Martin's was the +church wherein Bertha, Queen of Kent, used to pray; she having been a +Christian of the Royal Family of the Franks. + +It will, of course, be allowed that during the sixth, seventh, and eighth +centuries, different saints were held in especial honour in different +countries. For instance, not long after the arrival of the Roman +missionaries in England, various churches and monasteries,--at Canterbury, +Lindisfarne, Bamborough, Lichfield, Weremouth, and Jarrow, and the capital +city of the Picts,--were wholly or partially named after St. Peter. When +Naitan, King of the Picts, was about to build his church, he sought the +assistance of the Abbot of Weremouth, a strong supporter of Roman +observances, and "promised to dedicate the same in honour of St. Peter," +and to follow the custom of the Roman church, in certain matters, which the +subjects of his kingdom had protested against, for more than a hundred +years. + +Now, on the occasion of Queen Bertha's leaving France, she was accompanied +to England by a bishop of her native country, named Luidhard; and when it +is remembered that they settled in Kent, amongst heathens of great +superstition,--an example of which is recorded on the part of her own +husband,--it is natural to suppose they would, in some public manner, seek +the especial protection of the popular saint of France; and that saint was +Martin. For so profound was the popular veneration which the Franks at one +period offered to the power of Saint Martin, that they even computed +ordinary occurrences and national events, by an era which commenced with +the year of his death.[3] + +It is therefore very probable that the public act of reverence just alluded +to, consisted in a new dedication of the repaired church, by adding to the +ancient name that of St. Martin. + +That a practice of altering the names of sacred edifices in this manner was +common at the date under consideration, cannot be questioned. For example, +Bishop Aidan, about the year 652, built a church in the island of +Lindisfarne, the name of which is now unknown. This structure, however, +having been destroyed by a fire, his successor, Finan, erected another on +the same site, and apparently of the same name. But when a second fire +destroyed this church also, in some five and twenty or thirty years, "a +larger church" was erected on the old site, and gratefully "dedicated in +honour of St. Peter," by Theodore of Roman appointment, "the first +archbishop whom all the English church obeyed." (_Bede_, iii. 17. and 25., +and iv. 2.) Here, then, a new name was given to a church on the site of a +former one of different appellation; and in Lichfield, we have two examples +of similar alterations in the names of churches; one St. Chad's Church, +Stow, and the other, the cathedral. On the site of the former, according to +Bede, Bishop Chad built a St. Mary's Church, hard by which he was buried; +"but afterwards, when the church of the most holy prince of the apostles, +Peter, was built, his bones were translated into it." (_Ecc. History_, iv. +3.) That is to say, when Chad was canonised, his remains were removed to +the site of the present cathedral, as relics over which the principal +church of the Mercian kingdom was to be erected. + +Throughout the various documents relating to this church, which are +preserved in Dugdale's _Monasticon_, vol. iii. pp. 219-255, Savoy edition, +{91} the cathedral is generally styled the church of St. Mary and St. Chad. +And again, on a recently discovered seal of the dean and chapter, engraved +some two hundred years after Stephen's reign, the inscription is this: + + "S' DECANI ET CAPL'I ECCLE'IE SCE MARIE ET SCI CEDDE LYCHFELD' AD + CAS."[4] + +But in a grant from King Stephen to Bishop Roger de Clinton, who commenced +the present fabric, it is simply styled _ecclesia Sancti Ceddae de +Lichfield_; and in the year 1341 a document was addressed _Decano et +Capitulo ecclesiae Sancti Ceddae Lych'_, as may be learned from the +_Foedera_, vol. ii. p. 2. + +We thus perceive, that the original name of Lichfield Cathedral has been +dropped for centuries, and so has that of the church which Bishop Chad +built in honour of the Virgin Mary at Stow; for this Church has, for a long +time, been known only by the name of Stow Church, or by that of St. Chad's, +Stow. + +And in this manner, I fancy, may be reconciled the different names of +Saviour's, or St. Saviour's, Canterbury, and St. Martin's, Canterbury; both +alluding to the same church, THE MOTHER CHURCH of _Saxon_ England. + +J. RAWSON, M.D. + +Lichfield. + +[Footnote 3: See Brady's _Clavis Calendaria_, November 12.] + +[Footnote 4: See the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for August 1848; in which an +accurate representation of this seal is given.] + + * * * * * + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + +_The Frozen Horn_ (Vol. ii., p. 262.; Vol. iii., p. 25.).--In an old +edition of _Hudibras_ now before me, I find the following note on the lines +quoted by J. M. G.:-- + + "Some report that in Nova Zembla and Greenland men's words are wont to + be frozen in the air, and at the thaw may be heard." + +The application of the idea by Charles Dickens, in his _Old Curiosity +Shop_, is also, I think, extremely felicitous. + + "'Don't be frightened, mistress,' said Quilp, after a pause. 'Your son + knows me: I don't eat babies; I don't like 'em. It will be as well to + stop that young screamer though, in case I should be tempted to do him + a mischief. Holloa, Sir! will you be quiet?' _Little Jacob stemmed the + course of two tears which he was squeezing out of his eyes, and + instantly subsided into a silent horror.... The moment their_ [Quilp + and Swiveller] _backs were turned, little Jacob thawed, and resumed his + crying from the point where Quilp had frozen him._"--Vol. i. pp. 207-9. + +J. B. COLMAN. + +_To Pose._--In Vol. ii., p. 522., your correspondent F. R. A. points out +some passages in which the word "posing" appears to be used in a sense +equivalent to "parsing." Neither the etymology nor the exact meaning of the +word "to pose," are easy to determine. It seems to be abbreviated from the +old verb "to appose;" which meant, to set a task, to subject to an +examination or interrogatory; and hence to perplex, to embarrass, to +puzzle. The latter is the common meaning of the word _to pose_; thus in +Crabbe's _Parish Register_:-- + + "Then by what name th' unwelcome guest to call, + Was long a question, and _it posed them all_." + +Hence, too, the common expression, that a question which it is difficult to +answer, or an argument which seems to decide the controversy, is a _poser_. +The word "posing" in the passages cited by F. R. A. may refer to the +examination of the pupil by the teacher of grammar. Thus, Fuller, in his +_Worthies_, art. Norfolk, says that-- + + "The University appointed Dr. Cranmer, afterwards Archbishop of + Canterbury, to be the _poser-general_ of all candidates in divinity." + +Roquefort, _Gloss. de la Langue Romaine_, has "apponer, appliquer, poser, +plaier." See Richardson in _appose_ and _pose_. + +L. + +_Culprits torn by Horses_ (Vol. ii., p. 480.).--In reply to MR. JACKSON'S +question respecting culprits torn by horses, I beg to inform him that +Robert Francois Damiens was the last criminal thus executed in France. He +suffered on the 28th March, 1757, for an attempt on the life of Louis XV. +The awful penalty of the law was carried out in complete conformity with +the savage precedents of former centuries. Not one of the preparatory +barbarities of question, ordinary and extraordinary, or of the accompanying +atrocities of red-hot pincers, melted lead, and boiling oil, was omitted. +The agony of the wretched man lasted for an hour and a half, and was +witnessed, as Mercier informs us, by all the best company in Paris. + +The men amused their leisure with cards, while waiting, as he says, for the +boiling oil; and the women were the last to turn their eyes from the +hideous spectacle. Your correspondent may be glad to be informed that the +same punishment was inflicted on Poltrot de Mere for the murder of the Duke +of Guise, in 1563; on Salcede, in 1582, for conspiring against the Duke of +Alencon; on Brilland, in 1588, for poisoning the Prince de Conde; on +Bourgoing, Prior of the Jacobins, as an accessory to the crime of Jaques +Clement, in 1590; and on Ravaillac, for the murder of Henry IV. in 1610. +These, with the case of Jean Chastel, are all of which I am aware. If any +of your readers can add to the list, I shall feel obliged. + +As I am upon the subject of judicial horrors, I would ask, whether any of +your correspondents can supply me with a reference to the case of a {92} +woman executed, I think in Paris, and, if my recollection serves, for a +systematic series of infanticides. + +She was put to death by being suspended over a fire in an iron cage, in +which a number of wild cats were shut up with her. + +I read the story many years ago, and for some time have been vainly +endeavouring to recover it. + +J. S. + +_Torn by Horses_ (Vol. ii., p. 522.).--This cruel mode of execution was +practised both in antiquity and the middle ages. Livy, speaking of Tullus +Hostilius, says:-- + + "Exinde, duabus admotis quadrigis, in currus earum distentum illigat + Mettum; deinde in diversum iter equi concitati, lacerum in utroque + curru corpus, qua inhaeserant vinculis membra, portantes. Avertere omnes + a tanta foedidate spectaculi oculos."--L. i., c. 28. + +Livy adds, that this was the first and last example of so savage a +punishment among the Romans. The punishment, however, must have been +well-known in antiquity, as it is alluded to by Seneca among the tortures +which accompanied death. + + "Cogita hoc loco carcerem, et cruces, et equleos, et uncum; et adactum + per medium hominem, qui per os emergat, stipitem; _et distracta in + diversum actis curribus membra_."--Epist. xiv. 4. + +Grimm (_Deutsche Rechtsalterthuemer_, p. 692.) quotes the following instance +of this punishment from Gregory of Tours, _Hist. France_, iii. 7.: + + "Puellas crudelinece interfecerunt ita ut ligatis brachiis super + equorum cervicibus, ipsique acerrimo moti stimulo per diversa petentes + diversas in partes feminas diviserunt" + +He adds that it occurs frequently in the legends of the Carolingian period. +Thus Turpin, c. 26., describes as follows the punishment of the traitor +Gannalon:-- + + "Jussit illum Carolus quatuor equis ferocissimis totius exercitus + alligari, et super eos quatuor sessores agitantes contra quatuor plagas + coeli, et sic digna morte discerptus interiit." + +Almost all cruel punishments have been used in the East, and it is not +improbable that execution by means of horses may be mentioned in some +oriental narrative. + +L. + +_The Conquest_ (Vol. ii., p. 440.).--In _Cambria Triumphans_, by Percy +Enderbie, at p. 283, will be found a copy of a deed, the conclusion of +which runs thus:-- + + "Sigilla nostra apposuimus in Castro nostro de Burgavenny vicessimo + secundo die Julii, anno regni Regis Henrici sexti, post _Conquestum_ + vicessimo septimo." + +The word is here used for the accession of the King. + +S. K. + +_Mayors--their correct Prefix_ (Vol. i., p. 380.).--Since propounding my +Query in Vol. i., p. 380., relative to this subject, I have to inform your +readers, that I have been favoured with the opinion of gentlemen very high +in official authority on all points connected with heraldry and the rules +of precedence; which is, that the proper style of the mayor of a borough is +"the worshipful;" and they are further of opinion, that there can be no +ground for styling the mayor of a city "the right worshipful." + +J. + +_True Blue_ (Vol. iii., p. 27.).--On the origin of this expression, I must +claim the right to dissent from your correspondent G. F. G., who appears to +have fallen into the error of confining a form of very wide application to +one particular case, in which he discovers a trifling coincidence of fact. +The connexion of the colour blue with truth is of very ancient date, of +which the following may for the present suffice as an example:-- + + "And by hire beddes hed she made a mew + And covered it with velouettes blew, + In signe of trouth, that is in woman sene." + Chaucer, _Squiere's Tale_. + +Blue, in the early practice of the tinctorial art, appears to have been the +most humble of the colours in use, and the least affected by any external +influence; and, down to the present day, if certain tints of recent +invention be excepted, the same character may be claimed for it. What then +more natural, than that it should be taken as the type of immutability, or +that every party, political or religious, should in turn assume it as the +badge of honesty of purpose, and of firm adherence to their principles? + +F. S. Q. + +_Modum Promissionis_ (Vol. ii., pp. 279, 347, 468.).--This phrase is +perhaps connected with the promissivus modus, _i.e._ tempus promissivum or +futurum of Diomedes and other mediaeval grammarians. + +T. J. + +_Fronte capillata, &c._ (Vol. iii., pp. 8. 43.).--The representation of +"Occasio," or "Opportunity," with hair in front, and bald behind, is far +more ancient than the drama referred to by your correspondent G. A. S. + +In the _Anthologia_ (Brunck's edition, vol. ii. p. 49.) the following +beautiful epigram is the 13th by Posidippus:-- + + [Greek: Eis Agalma tou Kairou.] + [Greek: Tis, pothen ho plastes? Sikuonios. Ounoma de tis?] + [Greek: Lusippos. Su de, tis? Kairos ho pandamator.] + [Greek: Tipte d' ep' akra bebekas? Aei trochao. Ti de tarsous] + [Greek: Possin echeis diphueis? Hiptam' hupenemios.] + [Greek: Cheiri de dexiterei ti phereis xuron? Andrasi deigma] + [Greek: Hos akmes pases oxuteros teletho.] + [Greek: He de kome, ti kat' opsin? Hupantiasanti labesthai,] + [Greek: Ne Dia. Taxopithen pros ti phalakra pelei?] + [Greek: Ton gar hapax ptenoisi parathrexanta me possin] + [Greek: Ou tis eu' himeiron draxetai exopithen.] + [Greek: Tounech' ho technites se dieplasen? Heineken humeon,] + [Greek: Xeine, kai en prothurois theke dikaskalien.] + +{93} The same epigram, with an inconsiderable alteration, is given in +Bosch's _Anthologia Graeca_, vol. ii. p. 478., with a close Latin +translation by Grotius. + +The following English version of the Greek is as nearly literal as the +idioms of the two languages will allow. + + "Who is the sculptor, say, and whence? + From Sicyon. What is he + By name? Lysippus. Who art thou? + I am Opportunity. + + "Why is thy step so high and light? + I am running all the day. + Why on each foot hast thou a wing? + I fly with the winds away. + + "Why is a razor in thy hand? + More keen my edge is set. + Why hast thou hair upon thy brow? + To seize me by, when met. + + "Why is thy head then bald behind? + Because men wish in vain, + When I have run past on winged feet + To catch me e'er again. + + "Why did the artist form thee so? + To place me in this hall, + That I a lesson thus might give + To thee, friend, and to all." + +Ausonius, in the fourteenth century of the Christian era, imitates this in +his 12th epigram. + +Phaedrus (lib. v., fab. 8), in the Augustine age, speaks of the same +representation as already sanctioned by antiquity:-- + + "OCCASIO DEPICTA. + "Cursu veloci pendens in novacula, + Calvus, comosa fronte, nudo corpore; + Quem si occuparis, teneas: elapsum semel + Non ipse possit Jupiter reprehendere; + Occassionem rerum significat brevem. + Effectus impediret ne segnis mora, + Finxere antiqui talem effigiem temporis." + +T. C. + +Durham, Jan. 20. 1851. + +_Cross between a Wolf and a Hound_ (Vol. iii., p. 39.).--There is no doubt +that a dog and a wolf are capable of breeding together. The fact is well +known, and has been long ascertained. See _Penny Cyclopaedia_, art. "Dog." +The only question is whether the offspring of this cross is a mule, and, +like other mules, incapable of continuing its race; or whether it is +prolific? The latter position is maintained by Mr. Bell, in his _History of +British Quadrupeds_. "The dog and wolf will readily breed together (he +says), _and their progeny is fertile_." But query, can any authentic +instance be produced of a cross between a dog and a wolf, which has +produced a prolific animal? + +L. + +Professor Thomas Bell states that the dog and wolf will readily breed with +each other, and that their progeny thus obtained will again mingle with the +dog. + +W. J. BERNARD SMITH. + +Temple, Jan. 19. 1851. + +I have read somewhere (in Kohl's _Russia_, if I mistake not) that this +cross is not uncommon in the southern portions of European Russia, but I +have not the book at hand to refer to. + +DISS. + +Your correspondent, T----N, will find this fact referred to in Sir John +Franklin's _Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea_, vol. +i., p. 268., 2nd edition, London. Murray, 1824. Lieutenant Hood says-- + + "On our way to the tent a black wolf rushed out upon an Indian, who + happened to pass its den. It was shot, and the Indians carried away + three black whelps, to improve the breed of their dogs." + +W. H. H. K. + +Drayton Beauchamp, Jan. 22. 1851. + +_Touching for the Evil_ (Vol. iii., p. 42.).--I have seen an illuminated +MS. containing the form of prayer in use previous to the Reformation. As +far as I remember, the MS. in question must have been of the fifteenth +century. Where it may now be found I am not aware. At the time of my seeing +it, it was in the possession of Mr. Toovey of Piccadilly. + +A somewhat curious field for inquiry on this subject is opened by a passage +in Voltaire's _Siecle de Louis XIV_. Speaking of James II. touching for the +evil while in exile at the French court, he says-- + + "Soit que les Rois Anglais se soient attribue ce singulier privilege, + comme pretendans a la couronne de la France; soit que cette ceremonie + soit etablie chez eux depuis le temps du premier Edouard." + +Have we any evidence of the ceremony having been performed by any French +monarchs? I am not aware of any. + +J. SN. + +_Old Booty_ (Vol. iii, p. 40.).--In 1830 there appeared a humorous +versification, by W. T. Moncrieff, of this story, for the authenticity of +which he prudently says he cannot vouch. He furnishes a sort of account of +the affair, and of an action at the suit of Booty's widow, the records of +which, it says, are at Westminster, Jan. 2. 1687. + +Notwithstanding this apparent circumstantial account, we find in a very +entertaining anonymous work, entitled _The History of Man; or, the Wonders +of Human Nature_, 2nd edit. Edinb. 1790, 8vo., vol. i. p. 376., a similar +incident related of a Mr. Gresham, an eminent merchant of London, which +happened in the reign of Hen. VIII., the authorities for which are cited, +_Sandy's Trav._ l. 4. p. 248. _Clark's Mir._ c. 33. p. 115. + +F. R. A. + +_Breeches Bible_ (Vol. iii., p 17.).--The first edition of this Bible is +now before me. The title-page and portions of the addresses to Queen +Elizabeth and to the reader are unfortunately {94} wanting, as is also the +first leaf of Genesis. But the title of the New Testament as follows:-- + + "The Newe Testament of ovr Lord Jesus Christ [***] Conferred diligently + with the Greke, and best approued translacions in divers languages. At + Geneva: Printed by Rouland Hull. M.D.LX." + +There is a woodcut of the Egyptians pursuing the Israelites on the shore of +the Red Sea, surrounded with texts from scripture. It is a small quarto in +Roman type, and divided into verses. + +ECHO. + +_Separation of Sexes in Church_ (Vol. ii., p. 94.).--This custom appears to +be of considerable antiquity. Sir Thomas More, in his _Utopia_ (p. 285. of +the edition of 1639), says-- + + "When they be come thither, the men goe into the right side of the + church, and the women into the left side." + +J. SN. + +_Defender of the Faith_ (Vol. iii., p. 9.).--By a hasty perusal of the +letter of COL. ANSTRUTHER in your number of the 4th of January, I perceive +that some doubt has been raised whether any of our sovereigns have used the +title of Defender of the Faith, prior to the time of King Henry VIII. + +If you will refer to the forth part of Prynne's _Institutes_, pp. 229-30, +and 295-6-7, you will find set out at full length divers letters close and +patent from King Richard II. in the 6th, 11th, and 19th years of his reign, +for suppressing the heresies of Wickliff and his followers. These letters +are addressed to the Chancellor of the University of Oxford, William +Archbishop of Canterbury (Courtney), and to Ralfe Crombewell, Chivalier, +and John Lekyll, and the Mayor and Bailiffs of Nottingham, in which King +Richard II. styles himself thus--"Nos Zelo Fidei Catholicae, Cujus Sumus Et +Esse Volumus Defensores," &c. + +H. WITHAM. + +Lincoln Chambers, Chancery Lane, Jan. 14. 1851. + +_Epigram on Synod of Dort_ (Vol. iii., p. 23.).--The statement in the +_Biographie Universelle_, that this epigram was made _in England_, is +probably taken from Mosheim (_Eccl. Hist_.), who says the same; but his +authority Neal (_Hist. of the Puritans_) does not say that it was made _in +England_; and one can hardly read the sentence in which he quotes it +without feeling satisfied that he did not know _who_ made it. After stating +that the proceedings of the synod were much approved of by the English +divines, and quoting expressions of Mr. Baxter and the learned Jacobus +Capella in its favour, he proceeds-- + + "P. du Moulin, Paulus Servita, and the author of the life of Waleus, + speak the same language. But _others_ poured contempt upon the Synod, + or burlesqued their proceedings in the following lines: + + 'Dordrechti Synodus, nodus; chorus integer, aeger; + Conventus, ventus; sessio stramen. Amen.' + + Lewis du Moulin, with all the favourers of the Arminian doctrine, as + Heylin, Womeck, Brandt, &c., charge them with partiality and + unjustifiable severity." + +When a writer, in the midst of a shower of authorities, refers a particular +expression to "others," it may almost be laid down as a rule, that he does +not know whose property it is. Here, therefore, the inquiry seems brought +to a dead stop, in this tract at least. + +B. R. I. + +_Parish Register Tax_ (Vol. ii., p. 10.).--In our register, Hawarden, I +find the following entry: + + "October, 1783. On the 2nd of this month the Act commenced which layeth + a duty of threepence upon every Registry of a Burial, except a + _Pauper's_." + +And again: + + "Oct. 1. 1794. The duty of threepence on each Registry of Births, + Deaths, and Marriages, imposed by Act of Parliament, commencing October + 2. 1783, ceased this day." + +During this interval many burials are marked _paupers_. + +WALDEGRAVE BREWSTER. + +Hawarden, Flints. + +_Clergy sold for Slaves_ (Vol. ii., p. 41.).--Walker says: + + "Mr. Dugdale, in relating the same matter, adds that Rigby not only + exposed them to sale, but _found purchasers_ also; and what is more, + had actually contracted with two merchants for them; and for that + reason moved it twice (in the House, as I understand him) that they + might be disposed of." + +WALDEGRAVE BREWSTER. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +When a work of such general reference as a Peerage, which is wanted upon +every library table, and in every club and reading-room "where men do +congregate;" which is, at the same time, from its nature, open to the +criticism of hundreds of critics,--when a work of this nature and of such +extent as _Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and +Baronetage of the British Empire_ bears on its title-page the brief but +expressive words "_Thirteenth Edition_," it has obviously long outlived the +time when any question can exist as to its merits. These have long been +recognised by those best able to appreciate them, namely, the noble +personages to whose history, and the history of whose descent and +collateral branches, it is especially devoted; and whose personal +communications have served to procure for the present work the merit by +which it seeks to distinguish itself from all similar productions, namely, +by its greater fullness of detail and its extreme accuracy. + +The Rev. A. Hussey, M.A., has in the Press _Notes on the Churches in the +Counties of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey mentioned in Domesday Book_. +Subscribers names are received by Mr. J. Russell Smith. {95} + +Mr. M. A. Lower's translation of _The Chronicle of Battel Abbey, from the +Vow of its Foundation by the Conqueror in 1066 to the Year 1176_, will be +published in the course of the present month. + +Messrs. Sotheby and Co. will sell, on Monday and Tuesday next, a very +valuable and important Collection of Classical and Historical Books, from +the Library of a Collector; and on Wednesday and two following Days, an +important portion of the valuable Library of the Right Hon. C. W. Williams +Wynn, including First and Second Folio Shakspeare, Caxton's _Golden +Legend_, and some valuable MSS., including one of the works of Robert +Rolle, the Hermit of Hampole, &c. + +_Catalogues Received_.--William Brown's (46. High Holborn) Catalogue Part +LI. of Second-hand English and Foreign Books on Theology, Fine Arts, and +Miscellaneous Literature; J. Russell Smith's (4. Old Compton Street, Soho) +Catalogue of Books relating to Kent, Sussex, and Surrey; W. S. Lincoln's +(Cheltenham House, Westminster Road) Sixty-fifth Catalogue of Cheap +Second-hand English Foreign and Classical Books. + + * * * * * + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +WALKER'S RHYMING DICTIONARY. + +MRS. GRANT'S LETTERS FROM THE MOUNTAINS. + +COLEBROOKE'S ESSAYS. 2 Vols. 8vo. + +SOUTHEY'S LIFE OF WESLEY (_Early Edition_.) + +CAESAR, VALPY'S DELPHIN EDITION. + +GREEK TRANSLATION OF CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR. + +VAN ESPEN, JUS ECCLESIASTICUM, 1781. + +[***] Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186, Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +Notices to Correspondents. + +LOCKE. _We shall next week lay before our readers a long and most +interesting inedited Letter from Lord Shaftesbury, the author of the_ +Characteristics, _to Le Clerc, in which he gives a biographical sketch of +his friend and foster father Mr. Locke._ + +J. S. B. _The two Notes were duly forwarded. Will our correspondent enable +us to write to him._ + +C. W. B. _The very interesting little_ History of Venice _in Murray's_ +Family Library _was written by the late Rev. E. Smedley_. + +G. R. M. _The brass token in question is a weight for weighing +half-guineas; the coinage weights of which were_ 2 dwt. 163/4 gr., _and the_ +current _weights_ 2 dwt. 16 gr. + +_We have two or three favours to request of our correspondents, and we ask +them no less for their sakes than for our own. 1st. That they will be +particular in their references, and collate their extracts before sending +them to us; for they little know the loss of time and the trouble which a +neglect of these trifles occasions us. 2d. That they will forward their +separate articles as far as possible on separate papers; for several +valuable communications are now standing over, until we can find leisure to +separate and arrange for the press the different parts. 3rd. That they will +write_ as legibly as they can. + +J. S. (Brighton). _Received._ + +K. R. H. M. _The poem, beginning_, + + "Give Lucinda pearle nor stone," + +_written by Thomas Carew, or Carye, was addressed to the celebrated +Countess of Carlisle, daughter of Edward Lord Howard of Escrick, and is +printed at p. 48. of Tom Davies' edition of_ Carew's Poems (1772). + +REPLIES RECEIVED. _Umbrella--Ulm MS.--Pillgarlick--Tandem D. O. +M.--Swearing by Swans--By and bye--Frozen Horn--Gray and +Byron--Hornbooks--Ring Dials--Apricot--Folk Lore of Lancashire--Lady +Bingham--Downing Family--Episcopal Mitre--Handbell before a +Corpse--Probabilism--Herstmonceux Castle--Burning the +Hill--Venwell--Annoy--Breeches Bible--Lynch Law--_"NOTES AND QUERIES" _in +Holland--Sir John Davies and his Biographers--Queen Anne's +Farthings--Jesse's London--Verstegan--George Herbert--Folk-Lore--Bunyan and +Hobbes--Pretended Reprint of Old Poetry--Fossel Elk of Ireland--Jonathan +Hulls--Touchstone's Dial._ + +VOLUME THE SECOND OF NOTES AND QUERIES, _with very copious_ INDEX, _is now +ready, price 9s. 6d. strongly bound in cloth_. VOL. I. _is reprinted, and +may also be had at the same price._ + +NOTES AND QUERIES _may be procured, by order, of all Booksellers and +Newsvenders. It is published at noon on Friday, so that our country +Subscribers ought not to experience any difficulty in procuring it +regularly. Many of the country Booksellers, &c., are, probably, not yet +aware of this arrangement, which will enable them to receive_ NOTES AND +QUERIES _in their Saturday parcels_. + +_All communications for the Editor of_ NOTES AND QUERIES _should be +addressed to the care of_ MR. BELL, No. 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +In a few days will be published, price 12s., containing nearly 400 pages +with Illustrations, handsomely bound in cloth, + +THE SUSSEX GARLAND. + +Dedicated by Permission to the Sussex Archaeological Society. + +Edited and Published by JAMES TAYLOR, Newick, Sussex. + + * * * * * + + +THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE for FEBRUARY, 1851, contains the Story of Nell +Gwyn related by PETER CUNNINGHAM, Esq., F.S.A., Chapter II (with two +engravings); Laudism and Puseyism, a Parallel exhibiting their exact +identity; on the Poetry of Thomas Lodge, by John Payne Collier, Esq., +V.P.S.A.; Unpublished Historical Illustrations of the Reign of Henry VII., +from the Archives of the City of York; Extracts from a Pembrokeshire Diary +in 1688; Unpublished Order for supply of Night Gowns for Queen Elizabeth +and the Earl of Leicester; Pio Nono and Canon Townsend; the History of the +Roman Wall (with many engravings); the Mediaeval Exhibition of 1850 (with +engravings); Court Gossip of the Twelfth Century, from a new work by Walter +Map; the Sicilian Vespers and Amari; Junius and Lord Chesterfield, &c. &c. +With the customary Review of New Books, Historical Chronicle, and Obituary: +including Memoirs of Sir Lumley Skeffington, the Rev. Richard Garnett, Dr. +Haviland, Mr. Hullmandel, &c. &c, Price 2s. 6d. + +NICHOLS and SON, Parliament Street. + + * * * * * + + +Second Edition, revised and corrected, 8vo. cloth, price 15s. + +A TABLE OF ANTI-LOGARITHMS. + +Containing to Seven Places of Decimals, natural Numbers, answering to all +Logarithms from 00001 to 99999; and an improved Table of Gauss's +Logarithms, by which may be found the Logarithm to the sum or difference of +Two Quantities where Logarithms are given: preceded by an Introduction, +containing also the History of Logarithms, their Construction, and the +various Improvements made therein since their invention. By HERSCHELL E. +FILIPOWSKI. + +The publisher, having purchased the copyright and stereotype places of +these Tables, (published a few months ago at 2l. 2s.,) is enabled to offer +a corrected edition at the above reduced price. + +_Testimonial of Augustus de Morgan, Esq._ + +"I have examined the proofs of Mr. Filipowski's Table of Anti-Logarithms, +and of Gauss's Logarithms, and also the plan of his proposed table of +Annuities for three lives, constructed from the Carlisle Table. + +"The table of Anti-Logarithms is, I think, all that could be wished, in +extent, in structure, and in typography. For its extent it is unique among +modern Tables. Of accuracy I cannot speak, of course; but this being +supposed, I have no hesitation in recommending it without qualification. + +"The form in which Gauss's Tables are arranged will be a matter of opinion. +I can only say that Mr. Filipowski's Table is used with ease, as I have +found upon trial; and that its extent, as compared with other tables, and +particularly with other FIVE-FIGURE tables, of the same kind, will +recommend it. I desire to confine myself to testifying to the facility with +which this table can be used; comparison with other forms, as to RELATIVE +facility, being out of the question on so short a trial. + +"On the table of Annuities for three lives, there is hardly occasion to say +anything. All who are conversant with Life Contingencies are well aware how +much it is wanted. + +"A. DE MORGAN." + +GEORGE BELL, No. 186. Fleet-street. + + * * * * * + + +{96} + +NOTICE. + +THE NEW EDITION OF BURKE'S PEERAGE AND BARONETAGE FOR 1851 + +IS PUBLISHED THIS DAY. + +Revised and corrected throughout to the Present Time from the Personal +Communications of the Nobility, &c. + +In 1 Vol. Royal 8vo., comprising as much matter as twenty ordinary volumes, +with 1500 engravings of arms, &c. 38s. bound. + +"The most complete, the most convenient, and the cheapest work of the kind +ever given to the public."--_Sun_. + +Also just published, in 2 vols. 8vo., 28s. bound, + +MR. DISRAELI'S LIFE AND REIGN OF CHARLES I. + +New Edition, revised by the Author, and edited by his Son, B. DISRAELI, +M.P. + +"By far the most important work on the important age of Charles I. that +modern times have produced."--_Quarterly Review_. + +HENRY COLBURN, Publisher, 13. Great Marlborough Street. + + * * * * * + + +The important and valuable Library of the late Thomas Amyot, Esq,. F.R.S., +F.S.A. + +MESSRS. S. LEIGH SOTHEBY and JOHN WILKINSON, auctioneers of literary +property and works illustrative of the fine arts, will SELL by AUCTION, at +their House, 3. Wellington Street, Strand, on Monday, February 10, and +three following days, at 1 precisely, the valuable antiquarian, +miscellaneous, and historical LIBRARY of the late Thomas Amyot, Esq., +F.R.S., F.S.A.; comprising the first, second and fourth editions of the +works of Shakspeare, and an extensive collection of Shaksperiana; Dugdale +(W.) Monasticon Anglicanum, 3 vols., original edition; Dugdale (W.) +Monasticon Anglicanum, by Bandinel, Caley, and Ellis, 8 vols., a fine +subscription copy, in blue morocco; the Baronage of England, and other of +his works; Duchesne (A.) Historiae Normannorum Scriptores Antiqui; Guillim +(J.) Display of Heraldry, best edition; Hidgdon (R.) Polychronicon, black +letter, a rare edition, fine copy; Hollinshed (R.) Chronicles, 3 vols, best +edition; Works of Homer, translated by Chapman, in old blue morocco; +Horsley (J.) Britannia Romana, scarce, Rerum Britannicarum Scriptores, very +scarce; Rymeri Foedera, 10 vols.; Sandford (F.) Genealogical History, best +edition; Somneri (G.) Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino Anglicanum; the Sydney +Papers, 2 vols.; Tanneri (T.) Bibliotheca Britannico Hibernica et Notitia +Monastica; Thurloe (J.) State Papers, 7 vols; Wilkins (D.) Concilia Magnae +Britanniae, 4 vols, very scarce; with an important series of the valuable +Antiquarian Publications of Thomas Herne. To be viewed two days prior, and +catalogues had; if in the country on receipt of six postage stamps. + + * * * * * + + +THE ECLECTIC REVIEW for FEBRUARY, price 1_s_. 6d. + +Edited by THOS. PRICE, LL.D. and Rev. W. H. STOWELL, D.D. + + CONTAINS: + 1. The Royal Academy + 2. Sunday Legislation.--Memoirs of Sir Andrew Agnew. + 3. Smith's Sacred Aspects. + 4. Popular Rhymes and Nursery Tales. + 5. Emigration.--Its Distribution and Importance. + 6. Lord Carlisle, and Alexander Pope. + 7. The Italian Revolution.--Mazzini and Baillie Cochrane. + 8. Hoehner on Musical Composition + 9. The Power of Romanism. + Review of the Month, &c. &c. + + * * * * * + +[***] The circulation of the ECLECTIC having increased _fourfold_, a third +Edition of the JANUARY Number is now ready, and may be had by order of any +Bookseller in town or country. + +WARD and Co, 27. Paternoster Row. + + * * * * * + + +PERIODICAL WORKS, + +_For February_, 1851. + + * * * * * + +KNIGHT'S PICTORIAL SHAKSPERE.--THE NATIONAL EDITION, Part VIII., containing +KING HENRY IV., Part I., with numerous Illustrations, price 1s. + +[***] This Work is published twice a month. Each PART contains a complete +Play. + +THE NATIONAL EDITION OF THE PICTORIAL SHAKSPERE is also published in +MONTHLY SECTIONS, each containing TWO PLAYS and a portion of the BIOGRAPHY +AND STUDIES. Section IV., price 2s. 6d. + +HALF A CENTURY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.--A History of the Kingdom and the +People from 1800 to 1850. By HARRIET MARTINEAU, Part I., price 1s., with +Portraits of PITT, FOX, NELSON and NAPOLEON. The Work will be completed in +Twenty-four Shilling Parts, published twice a month. + +THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. Part XLVIII., First half, +price 6d. The Second Half-part. price 6d., completing the Work, will be +published in March, 1851. + +KNIGHT'S CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Part III., price 9d. +Issued also in Weekly Numbers, price 2d. + +KNIGHT'S CYCLOPAEDIA OF LONDON. Part III., price 9d. Issued also in Weekly +Numbers, price 2d. + +KNIGHT'S EXCURSION TRAIN COMPANION. Part I., price 9d. Issued also in +Weekly Numbers, price 2d. + +HALF-HOURS WITH THE BEST AUTHORS. Part XI., price 6d. Issued also in Weekly +Numbers, price 11/2d. + +HALF-HOURS WITH THE BEST AUTHORS. Volume III., with Portraits on Steel of +SCOTT, BYRON, COWPER, and WORDSWORTH, handsomely bound in cloth, price 2s. +6d. Vols. I and II., uniformly bound, are constantly on sale. + +PICTORIAL HALF-HOURS; or MISCELLANIES OF ART. Part IX., price 9d. Issued +also in Weekly Numbers, price 2d. each. + +[***] The First and Second Volumes, with illuminated Frontispieces, +handsomely bound in cloth, price 3s. 6d. each, are constantly on sale. + +THE LAND WE LIVE IN. PART XXXIX., price 1s. containing SOUTH WALES, with a +Map, and numerous Woodcuts. + + * * * * * + +DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of Mr. CHARLES KNIGHT'S PUBLICATIONS may be had on +Application. + + * * * * * + +London: CHARLES KNIGHT, 90. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New +Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in the City of London; and +published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St +Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186, Fleet +Street aforesaid.--Saturday, February 1. 1851. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 66, February +1, 1851, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, NO. 66 *** + +***** This file should be named 22339.txt or 22339.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/3/3/22339/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |