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diff --git a/21866.txt b/21866.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..74d9b61 --- /dev/null +++ b/21866.txt @@ -0,0 +1,782 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Gundungurra Language, by R. H. Mathews + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Gundungurra Language + +Author: R. H. Mathews + +Release Date: June 19, 2007 [EBook #21866] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GUNDUNGURRA LANGUAGE *** + + + + +Produced by An Anonymous Volunteer + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: In this version, the following replacements were +made: a with macron is [a|], a with circumflex is [a^], i with macron +is [i|], o with circumflex is [o^], and n with tilde is [n~].] + +THE GUNDUNGURRA LANGUAGE. + +BY R. H. MATHEWS, L.S. + +(_Read October 4, 1901._) + +The Dhar'rook and Gun'dungur'ra tribes respectively occupied the +from the mouth of the Hawkesbury river to Mount Victoria, and thence +southerly to Berrima and Goulburn, New South Wales. On the south and +southeast they were joined by the Thurrawal, whose language has the +same structure, although differing in vocabulary. + +Besides the verbs and pronouns, many of the nouns, adjectives, +prepositions and adverbs are subject to inflection for number and +person. Similar inflections have, to some extent, been observed in +certain islands of the Pacific Ocean, but have not hitherto been +reported in Australia. I have also discovered two forms of the dual +and plural of the first personal pronoun, a specialty which has +likewise been found in Polynesian and North American dialects. Traces +of a double dual were noticed by Mr. Threlkeld at Lake Macquarie, New +South Wales, and traces of a double plural by Mr. Tuckfield in the +Geelong tribe; but the prevalence of both forms of the dual and plural +in different parts of speech in any Australian language has, up to the +present, escaped observation. + +Orthography. + +Ninteen letters of the English alphabet are sounded, comprising +fourteen consonants--b, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, t, w, y--and +five vowels--a, e, i, o, u. Every word is spelled phonetically, the +letters having the same value as in English, with the following +qualifications: + +Unmarked vowels have the usual short sound. + +Vowels having the long sound are distinguished by the following marks: + + [a|] as in fate [i|] as in pie oo as in moon + [a^] as in father [o^] as in pole ee as in feel + ou as in loud + +It is frequently difficult to distinguish between the short or +unmarked sound of a and that of u. A thick or dull sound of i is +occasionally met with, which closely approaches the short sound of u +or a. + +G is hard in every instance. + +R has a rough trilled sound, as in hurrah! + +Ng at the beginning of a word, as ngee=yes, has a peculiar sound, +which can be got very closely by putting oo before it, as oong-ee', +and articulating it quickly as ony syllable. At the end of a word or +syllable it has substantially the sound of ng in our word sing. + +The sound of the Spanish [n~] is frequent, both at the beginning or +end of a syllable. + +Y, followed by a vowel, is attached to several consonants, as in dya, +dyee, tyoo, etc., and is pronounced therewith in one syllable, the +initial sound of the d or other consonant being retained. Y at the +beginning of a word or syllable has its usual consonant value. + +Dh is pronounced nearly as th in "that" with a slight sound of the d +preceding it. + +Nh has nearly the sound of th in "that" with an initial sound of the +n. + +The final h is guttural, resembling ch in the German word "joch." + +T is interchangeable with d, p with b, and g with k in most words +where these letters are employed. + +A sound resembling j is frequently given by the natives, which can be +represented by dy or ty; thus, dya or tya has very nearly the same +sound as ja. + +In all cases where there is a double consonant, each letter is +distinctly enunciated. + +W always commences a syllable or word and has its ordinary consonant +sound in all cases. + +At the end of a syllable or word, ty is sounded as one letter; thus, +in beety-bal-lee-ma[n~], it is disappearing, the syllable beety can be +obtained by commencing to say "beet-ye," and stopping short without +articulating the final e, but including the sound of the y in +conjunction with the t--the two letters being pronounced together as +one. + +Articles. + +The equivalents of the English articles, "a" and "the," do not occur +in this language. + +Nouns. + +_Number._--Nouns have the singular, dual and plural: + + (1) _Singular_ A man Murri[n~] + _Dual_ A pair of men Murri[n~]boolallee + _Plural_ Several men Murri[n~]dyargang + + (2) _Singular_ A kangaroo Booroo + _Dual_ A pair of kangaroos Booroolallee + _Plural_ Several kangaroos Boorooyargang + +It will be observed that the dual and plural suffixes vary slightly in +form, according to the termination of the noun. + +_Gender._--Mur'ri[n~], a man; bul'lan, a woman; boobal, a boy; +mullunga, a girl; goodha, a child of either sex; warrambal, a young +man. Another name for a man is boual; a married man is kunbeelang; a +married woman is boualillang. Generally the males of animals are +distinguished by the addition of goomban, and the females by dhoorook. +The males of certain animals have a name which distinguishes them +without stating the sex; thus, the male of wallee, the opossum, is +known as jerrawul, while the female is wallee dhoorook. Goola, the +native bear, has burrandang for the male and goola dhoorook for the +female. A few animals have a distinctive word for the female as well +as for the male; thus, the female of the wallaroo is b[a^]wa, and the +male goondarw[a^]. Others again have the suffix koual for the male, +and [n~]oual for the female. The words for "male" and "female" are +inflected for number like other adjectives. + +_Case._--There are two forms of the nominative, the first naming the +subject at rest; as Boual ngabooroma[n~], the man sleeps. The second +shows that the subject is doing some act; thus, mirreegangga wallee +burr[a^]ra[n~], the dog an opossum bit. Mirreegang is a dog in the +first nominative. + +The possessive case takes a suffix both to the possessor and that +which is possessed: + +Murringoo warrangangoong, a man's boomerang. + +Mirreegangoo goodh[a^]woong, a dog's puppy. + +Bullangoo goodh[a^]yarroong, a woman's children. + +Booroongoo dhoombirgoong, a kangaroo's tail. + +Any object over which one can exercise ownership can be conjugated by +possessive suffixes for number and person: + + _Singular._ First person My boomerang Warrangandya + Second Person Thy boomerang Warranganyee + Third Person His boomerang Warrangangoong + + _Dual._ First Person Our boomerang, incl. Warrangangulla + Our boomerang, excl. Warrangangullang + Second Person Your boomerang Warranganboola + Third Person Their boomerang Warranganboolangoo + + _Plural._ First Person Our boomerang, incl. Warranganyinnang + Our boomerang, excl. Warranganyillung + Second Person Your boomerang Warranganyoorung + Third Person Their boomerang Warrangandyunnung + +The accusative does not differ from the nominative. There are a few +forms of nouns for the dative and oblative, but these cases are +frequently shown by modifications of the verb; as, I carried to him, +he carried from me. They are also indicated by the pronouns; as, with +me, to me. + +Pronouns. + +Pronouns are inflected for number, person and case. There are two +forms of the dual and plural in the first person. The following table +shows the nominative and possessive cases: + + _Singular._ I Goolangga Mine Goolanggooya + Thou Goolanjee Thine Goolanyingoo + He Dhannooladhoo His Dhannoogoolangoo + + _Dual._ We, incl. Goolanga Ours, incl. Goolangal[i|]a + We, excl. Goolangaloong Ours, excl. Goolangaloong + Ye Goolamboo Yours Goolambooloong + They Dhannooboola Theirs Dhannooboolangoo + + _Plural._ We, incl. Goolanyan Ours, incl. Goolanyannung + We, excl. Goolanyilla Ours, excl. Goolanyillungoon + Ye Goolambanoo Yours Goolanthooroong + They Dhannoojimmalang Theirs Goolangandyoolang + +These possessives admit of variations to include two or several +articles and in other ways. There are also forms of the pronouns +signifying, with me, with thee, and so on as follows: + + _Singular._ First Person With me Goolangngooreea + Second Person With thee Goolangooroonyee + Third Person With him Goolangooroong + + _Dual._ First Person With us, incl. Goolangooroongulla + With us, excl. Goolangooroongullung + Second Person With ye Goolangoorooloong + Third Person With them Goolangooroolangoo + + _Plural._ First Person With us, incl. Goolangooroo[n~]unnung + With us, excl. Goolangooroo[n~]ullungoo + Second Person With ye Goolangooroo[n~]ooroong + Third Person With them Goolangooroodyunnung + +There are other modifications of the pronouns to meet different forms +of expression. The demonstratives and interrogatives are inflected for +number and person like the rest. + +Adjectives. + +Adjectives take the same dual and plural numbers as the nouns with +which they are used: + + (1) Barr[i|] buggarabang A wallaby, large + Barr[i|]woolallee buggarabangoolallee A couple of wallabies, both large + Barr[i|]dyargang buggarabangargang Several wallabies, all large + + (2) Bullan yeddung A woman pretty + Bullanboollee yeddungboolallee A couple of pretty women + Bullandhar yeddungdyargang Several pretty women + +Comparison is effected by saying, This is heavy--that is heavy; this +is smooth--that is not; this is sharp--that is very sharp. + +When used predicatively, as yooroang or yoorwang, he is strong, an +adjective can be conjugated through all the tenses and moods of an +intransitive verb: + +_Present Tense._ + + _Singular._ First Person I am strong Yooroangga or Yoorwangga + Second Person Thou art strong Yooroandyee + Third Person He is strong Yooroang + + _Dual._ First Person We are strong, incl. Yooroanga + We are strong, excl. Yooroangaloong + Second Person Ye are strong Yooroangboo + Third Person They are strong Yooroangboola + + _Plural._ First Person We are strong, incl. Yooroanyun + We are strong, excl. Yooroanyulla + Second Person Ye are strong Yooroanthoo + Third Person They are strong Yooroanjimmalang + +The past and future tenses are not given, owing to want of space. + +Verbs. + +Verbs have the singular, dual and plural numbers, the usual persons +and tenses, and three principal moods, viz., indicative, imperative +and conditional. The verb-stem and a contraction of the pronoun are +incorporated, and the word thus formed is used in the conjugation. + +INDICATIVE MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + + _Singular._ First Person I throw (throw I) Yerreemangga + Second Person Thou throwest Yerreemandyee + Third Person He throws Yerreema[n~] + + _Dual._ First Person We throw, incl. Yerreemang'a + We throw, excl. Yerreemangaloong + Second Person Ye throw Yerreemanboo + Third Person They throw Yerreemanboola + + _Plural._ First Person We throw, incl. Yerreemanyan + We throw, excl. Yerreemanyalla + Second Person Ye throw Yerreemanthoo + Third Person They throw Yerreemandyoolung + +_Past Tense._ + + _Singular._ First Person I threw (threw I) Yerreeing'ga + Second Person Thou threwest Yerreerindyee + Third Person He threw Yerreering + + _Dual._ First Person We threw, incl. Yerreering'a + We threw, excl. Yerreeringaloong + Second Person Ye threw Yerreeringboo + Third Person They threw Yerreeringboola + + _Plural._ First Person We threw, incl. Yerreeooranyan + We threw, excl. Yerreeooranyulla + Second Person Ye threw Yerreeooranthoo + Third Person They threw Yerreeooradyoolung + +_Future Tense._ + + _Singular._ First Person I will throw Yerreeningga + Second Person Thou wilt throw Yerrenindyee + Third Person He will throw Yerreeni[n~] + + _Dual._ First Person We will throw, incl. Yerreening'a + We will throw, excl. Yerreeningaloong + Second Person Ye will throw Yerreenimboo + Third Person They will throw Yerreenimboola + + _Plural._ First Person We will throw, incl. Yerreeninyan + We will throw, excl. Yerreeninyulla + Second Person Ye will throw Yerreemunanthoo + Third Person They will throw Yerreemunadyoolung + +IMPERATIVE MOOD. + + _Singular_ Second Person Throw thou Yer'-ree + _Dual_ Second Person Throw ye Yer'-ree-ou' + _Plural_ Second Person Throw ye Yer'-ree-a-nhoor' + +CONDITIONAL MOOD. + + Perhaps I will throw Yerreeningga booramboonda + +If a negative meaning be required, it is effected by means of an +infix, mooga, between the verb-stem and the abbreviated pronoun. One +example in the first person singular in each tense will exhibit the +negative form of the verb: + + I am not throwing Yerreemoogamangga + I did not throw Yerreemoogaringga + I will not throw Yerreemooganingga + +This negative infix can be applied in the same manner to all the +persons of the three tenses. + +There are numerous modifications of the verbal suffixes to convey +variations of meaning; as, "I threw at him," "He threw at me," etc., +which can be conjugated for number and person. Case can also be +indicated in this way, as already stated in dealing with the nouns. + +Verbs have no passive voice. If a native desires to state that a fish +was swallowed by a pelican, he would say, "A pelican swallowed a +fish." + +Prepositions. + +Some prepositions can be used separately, as dhooreegoong, between; +warroo, around; willinga, behind, and several others, thus: +Dhooreegoong ngullawoolee, between trees two or between two trees; +gunbee warroo, the fire around or around the fire. + +A prepositional meaning is often obtained by a verb; thus, instead of +having a word for "up" or "down," a native will say, Boomaningga, up I +will go; woor[a^]ramuningga, down I will go. Many of the prepositions +admit of conjugation for number and person, as in the following +example: + + _Singular._ First Person Behind me Willing[i|]a + Second Person Behind thee Willinganyee + Third Person Behind him Willing[a^]woong + + _Dual._ First Person Behind us, incl. Willingangulla + Behind us, excl. Willingangullung + Second Person Behind ye Willingang[a^]wooloong + Third Person Behind them Willingangawoolangoo + + _Plural._ First Person Behind us, incl. Willinganyanung + Behind us, excl. Willinganyanungoo + Second Person Behind ye Willinganthooroong + Third Person Behind them Willingadyanung + +Adverbs. + +Space will not permit of a list of adverbs any further than to +illustrate how some of them can be conjugated: + + _Singular._ First Person Where go I Ngoondeeneea + Second Person Where goest thou Ngoondeenee[n~]ee + Third Person Where goes he Ngoondeeneeoong + + _Dual._ First Person Where go we, incl. Ngoondeeneenga + Where go we, excl. Ngoondeeneengoolung + Second Person Where go ye Ngoondeeneewoo + Third Person Where go they Ngoondeeneewoola + + _Plural._ First Person Where go we, incl. Ngoondeenee[n~]nun + Where go we, excl. Ngoondeenee[n~]ulla + Second Person Where go ye Ngoondeenee[n~]oo + Third Person Where go they Ngoondeeneeyoolung + +Adverbial meanings are sometimes conveyed by means of verbs, as +beetyballeema[n~], he (or it) goes out of sight. Conjunctions and +interjections are few and unimportant. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Gundungurra Language, by R. H. Mathews + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GUNDUNGURRA LANGUAGE *** + +***** This file should be named 21866.txt or 21866.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/1/8/6/21866/ + +Produced by An Anonymous Volunteer + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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