diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 21866-0.txt | 778 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 21866-0.zip | bin | 0 -> 12279 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 21866.txt | 782 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 21866.zip | bin | 0 -> 12285 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
7 files changed, 1576 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/21866-0.txt b/21866-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e89854a --- /dev/null +++ b/21866-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,778 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Gundungurra Language, by R. H. Mathews + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Gundungurra Language + +Author: R. H. Mathews + +Release Date: June 19, 2007 [EBook #21866] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GUNDUNGURRA LANGUAGE *** + + + + +Produced by anonymous + + + + + +THE GUNDUNGURRA LANGUAGE. + +BY R. H. MATHEWS, L.S. + +(_Read October 4, 1901._) + +The Dhar′rook and Gun′dungur′ra tribes respectively occupied the +from the mouth of the Hawkesbury river to Mount Victoria, and thence +southerly to Berrima and Goulburn, New South Wales. On the south and +southeast they were joined by the Thurrawal, whose language has the +same structure, although differing in vocabulary. + +Besides the verbs and pronouns, many of the nouns, adjectives, +prepositions and adverbs are subject to inflection for number and +person. Similar inflections have, to some extent, been observed in +certain islands of the Pacific Ocean, but have not hitherto been +reported in Australia. I have also discovered two forms of the dual +and plural of the first personal pronoun, a specialty which has +likewise been found in Polynesian and North American dialects. Traces +of a double dual were noticed by Mr. Threlkeld at Lake Macquarie, New +South Wales, and traces of a double plural by Mr. Tuckfield in the +Geelong tribe; but the prevalence of both forms of the dual and plural +in different parts of speech in any Australian language has, up to the +present, escaped observation. + +Orthography. + +Ninteen letters of the English alphabet are sounded, comprising +fourteen consonants—b, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, t, w, y—and five +vowels—a, e, i, o, u. Every word is spelled phonetically, the letters +having the same value as in English, with the following +qualifications: + +Unmarked vowels have the usual short sound. + +Vowels having the long sound are distinguished by the following marks: + + ā as in fate ī as in pie oo as in moon + â as in father ô as in pole ee as in feel + ou as in loud + +It is frequently difficult to distinguish between the short or +unmarked sound of a and that of u. A thick or dull sound of i is +occasionally met with, which closely approaches the short sound of u +or a. + +G is hard in every instance. + +R has a rough trilled sound, as in hurrah! + +Ng at the beginning of a word, as ngee=yes, has a peculiar sound, +which can be got very closely by putting oo before it, as oong-ee′, +and articulating it quickly as ony syllable. At the end of a word or +syllable it has substantially the sound of ng in our word sing. + +The sound of the Spanish ñ is frequent, both at the beginning or end +of a syllable. + +Y, followed by a vowel, is attached to several consonants, as in dya, +dyee, tyoo, etc., and is pronounced therewith in one syllable, the +initial sound of the d or other consonant being retained. Y at the +beginning of a word or syllable has its usual consonant value. + +Dh is pronounced nearly as th in “that” with a slight sound of the d +preceding it. + +Nh has nearly the sound of th in “that” with an initial sound of the +n. + +The final h is guttural, resembling ch in the German word “joch.” + +T is interchangeable with d, p with b, and g with k in most words +where these letters are employed. + +A sound resembling j is frequently given by the natives, which can be +represented by dy or ty; thus, dya or tya has very nearly the same +sound as ja. + +In all cases where there is a double consonant, each letter is +distinctly enunciated. + +W always commences a syllable or word and has its ordinary consonant +sound in all cases. + +At the end of a syllable or word, ty is sounded as one letter; thus, +in beety-bal-lee-mañ, it is disappearing, the syllable beety can be +obtained by commencing to say “beet-ye,” and stopping short without +articulating the final e, but including the sound of the y in +conjunction with the t—the two letters being pronounced together as +one. + +Articles. + +The equivalents of the English articles, “a” and “the,” do not occur +in this language. + +Nouns. + +_Number._—Nouns have the singular, dual and plural: + + (1) _Singular_ A man Murriñ + _Dual_ A pair of men Murriñboolallee + _Plural_ Several men Murriñdyargang + + (2) _Singular_ A kangaroo Booroo + _Dual_ A pair of kangaroos Booroolallee + _Plural_ Several kangaroos Boorooyargang + +It will be observed that the dual and plural suffixes vary slightly in +form, according to the termination of the noun. + +_Gender._—Mur′riñ, a man; bul′lan, a woman; boobal, a boy; mullunga, a +girl; goodha, a child of either sex; warrambal, a young man. Another +name for a man is boual; a married man is kunbeelang; a married woman +is boualillang. Generally the males of animals are distinguished by +the addition of goomban, and the females by dhoorook. The males of +certain animals have a name which distinguishes them without stating +the sex; thus, the male of wallee, the opossum, is known as jerrawul, +while the female is wallee dhoorook. Goola, the native bear, has +burrandang for the male and goola dhoorook for the female. A few +animals have a distinctive word for the female as well as for the +male; thus, the female of the wallaroo is bâwa, and the male +goondarwâ. Others again have the suffix koual for the male, and ñoual +for the female. The words for “male” and “female” are inflected for +number like other adjectives. + +_Case._—There are two forms of the nominative, the first naming the +subject at rest; as Boual ngabooromañ, the man sleeps. The second +shows that the subject is doing some act; thus, mirreegangga wallee +burrârañ, the dog an opossum bit. Mirreegang is a dog in the first +nominative. + +The possessive case takes a suffix both to the possessor and that +which is possessed: + +Murringoo warrangangoong, a man’s boomerang. + +Mirreegangoo goodhâwoong, a dog’s puppy. + +Bullangoo goodhâyarroong, a woman’s children. + +Booroongoo dhoombirgoong, a kangaroo’s tail. + +Any object over which one can exercise ownership can be conjugated by +possessive suffixes for number and person: + + _Singular._ First person My boomerang Warrangandya + Second Person Thy boomerang Warranganyee + Third Person His boomerang Warrangangoong + + _Dual._ First Person Our boomerang, incl. Warrangangulla + Our boomerang, excl. Warrangangullang + Second Person Your boomerang Warranganboola + Third Person Their boomerang Warranganboolangoo + + _Plural._ First Person Our boomerang, incl. Warranganyinnang + Our boomerang, excl. Warranganyillung + Second Person Your boomerang Warranganyoorung + Third Person Their boomerang Warrangandyunnung + +The accusative does not differ from the nominative. There are a few +forms of nouns for the dative and oblative, but these cases are +frequently shown by modifications of the verb; as, I carried to him, +he carried from me. They are also indicated by the pronouns; as, with +me, to me. + +Pronouns. + +Pronouns are inflected for number, person and case. There are two +forms of the dual and plural in the first person. The following table +shows the nominative and possessive cases: + + _Singular._ I Goolangga Mine Goolanggooya + Thou Goolanjee Thine Goolanyingoo + He Dhannooladhoo His Dhannoogoolangoo + + _Dual._ We, incl. Goolanga Ours, incl. Goolangalīa + We, excl. Goolangaloong Ours, excl. Goolangaloong + Ye Goolamboo Yours Goolambooloong + They Dhannooboola Theirs Dhannooboolangoo + + _Plural._ We, incl. Goolanyan Ours, incl. Goolanyannung + We, excl. Goolanyilla Ours, excl. Goolanyillungoon + Ye Goolambanoo Yours Goolanthooroong + They Dhannoojimmalang Theirs Goolangandyoolang + +These possessives admit of variations to include two or several +articles and in other ways. There are also forms of the pronouns +signifying, with me, with thee, and so on as follows: + + _Singular._ First Person With me Goolangngooreea + Second Person With thee Goolangooroonyee + Third Person With him Goolangooroong + + _Dual._ First Person With us, incl. Goolangooroongulla + With us, excl. Goolangooroongullung + Second Person With ye Goolangoorooloong + Third Person With them Goolangooroolangoo + + _Plural._ First Person With us, incl. Goolangoorooñunnung + With us, excl. Goolangoorooñullungoo + Second Person With ye Goolangoorooñooroong + Third Person With them Goolangooroodyunnung + +There are other modifications of the pronouns to meet different forms +of expression. The demonstratives and interrogatives are inflected for +number and person like the rest. + +Adjectives. + +Adjectives take the same dual and plural numbers as the nouns with +which they are used: + + (1) Barrī buggarabang A wallaby, large + Barrīwoolallee buggarabangoolallee A couple of wallabies, both large + Barrīdyargang buggarabangargang Several wallabies, all large + + (2) Bullan yeddung A woman pretty + Bullanboollee yeddungboolallee A couple of pretty women + Bullandhar yeddungdyargang Several pretty women + +Comparison is effected by saying, This is heavy—that is heavy; this is +smooth—that is not; this is sharp—that is very sharp. + +When used predicatively, as yooroang or yoorwang, he is strong, an +adjective can be conjugated through all the tenses and moods of an +intransitive verb: + +_Present Tense._ + + _Singular._ First Person I am strong Yooroangga or Yoorwangga + Second Person Thou art strong Yooroandyee + Third Person He is strong Yooroang + + _Dual._ First Person We are strong, incl. Yooroanga + We are strong, excl. Yooroangaloong + Second Person Ye are strong Yooroangboo + Third Person They are strong Yooroangboola + + _Plural._ First Person We are strong, incl. Yooroanyun + We are strong, excl. Yooroanyulla + Second Person Ye are strong Yooroanthoo + Third Person They are strong Yooroanjimmalang + +The past and future tenses are not given, owing to want of space. + +Verbs. + +Verbs have the singular, dual and plural numbers, the usual persons +and tenses, and three principal moods, viz., indicative, imperative +and conditional. The verb-stem and a contraction of the pronoun are +incorporated, and the word thus formed is used in the conjugation. + +INDICATIVE MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + + _Singular._ First Person I throw (throw I) Yerreemangga + Second Person Thou throwest Yerreemandyee + Third Person He throws Yerreemañ + + _Dual._ First Person We throw, incl. Yerreemang′a + We throw, excl. Yerreemangaloong + Second Person Ye throw Yerreemanboo + Third Person They throw Yerreemanboola + + _Plural._ First Person We throw, incl. Yerreemanyan + We throw, excl. Yerreemanyalla + Second Person Ye throw Yerreemanthoo + Third Person They throw Yerreemandyoolung + +_Past Tense._ + + _Singular._ First Person I threw (threw I) Yerreeing′ga + Second Person Thou threwest Yerreerindyee + Third Person He threw Yerreering + + _Dual._ First Person We threw, incl. Yerreering′a + We threw, excl. Yerreeringaloong + Second Person Ye threw Yerreeringboo + Third Person They threw Yerreeringboola + + _Plural._ First Person We threw, incl. Yerreeooranyan + We threw, excl. Yerreeooranyulla + Second Person Ye threw Yerreeooranthoo + Third Person They threw Yerreeooradyoolung + +_Future Tense._ + + _Singular._ First Person I will throw Yerreeningga + Second Person Thou wilt throw Yerrenindyee + Third Person He will throw Yerreeniñ + + _Dual._ First Person We will throw, incl. Yerreening′a + We will throw, excl. Yerreeningaloong + Second Person Ye will throw Yerreenimboo + Third Person They will throw Yerreenimboola + + _Plural._ First Person We will throw, incl. Yerreeninyan + We will throw, excl. Yerreeninyulla + Second Person Ye will throw Yerreemunanthoo + Third Person They will throw Yerreemunadyoolung + +IMPERATIVE MOOD. + + _Singular_ Second Person Throw thou Yer′-ree + _Dual_ Second Person Throw ye Yer′-ree-ou′ + _Plural_ Second Person Throw ye Yer′-ree-a-nhoor′ + +CONDITIONAL MOOD. + + Perhaps I will throw Yerreeningga booramboonda + +If a negative meaning be required, it is effected by means of an +infix, mooga, between the verb-stem and the abbreviated pronoun. One +example in the first person singular in each tense will exhibit the +negative form of the verb: + + I am not throwing Yerreemoogamangga + I did not throw Yerreemoogaringga + I will not throw Yerreemooganingga + +This negative infix can be applied in the same manner to all the +persons of the three tenses. + +There are numerous modifications of the verbal suffixes to convey +variations of meaning; as, “I threw at him,” “He threw at me,” etc., +which can be conjugated for number and person. Case can also be +indicated in this way, as already stated in dealing with the nouns. + +Verbs have no passive voice. If a native desires to state that a fish +was swallowed by a pelican, he would say, “A pelican swallowed a +fish.” + +Prepositions. + +Some prepositions can be used separately, as dhooreegoong, between; +warroo, around; willinga, behind, and several others, thus: +Dhooreegoong ngullawoolee, between trees two or between two trees; +gunbee warroo, the fire around or around the fire. + +A prepositional meaning is often obtained by a verb; thus, instead of +having a word for “up” or “down,” a native will say, Boomaningga, up I +will go; woorâramuningga, down I will go. Many of the prepositions +admit of conjugation for number and person, as in the following +example: + + _Singular._ First Person Behind me Willingīa + Second Person Behind thee Willinganyee + Third Person Behind him Willingâwoong + + _Dual._ First Person Behind us, incl. Willingangulla + Behind us, excl. Willingangullung + Second Person Behind ye Willingangâwooloong + Third Person Behind them Willingangawoolangoo + + _Plural._ First Person Behind us, incl. Willinganyanung + Behind us, excl. Willinganyanungoo + Second Person Behind ye Willinganthooroong + Third Person Behind them Willingadyanung + +Adverbs. + +Space will not permit of a list of adverbs any further than to +illustrate how some of them can be conjugated: + + _Singular._ First Person Where go I Ngoondeeneea + Second Person Where goest thou Ngoondeeneeñee + Third Person Where goes he Ngoondeeneeoong + + _Dual._ First Person Where go we, incl. Ngoondeeneenga + Where go we, excl. Ngoondeeneengoolung + Second Person Where go ye Ngoondeeneewoo + Third Person Where go they Ngoondeeneewoola + + _Plural._ First Person Where go we, incl. Ngoondeeneeñnun + Where go we, excl. Ngoondeeneeñulla + Second Person Where go ye Ngoondeeneeñoo + Third Person Where go they Ngoondeeneeyoolung + +Adverbial meanings are sometimes conveyed by means of verbs, as +beetyballeemañ, he (or it) goes out of sight. Conjunctions and +interjections are few and unimportant. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Gundungurra Language, by R. H. Mathews + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GUNDUNGURRA LANGUAGE *** + +***** This file should be named 21866-0.txt or 21866-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/1/8/6/21866/ + +Produced by anonymous + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/21866-0.zip b/21866-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..51a4be1 --- /dev/null +++ b/21866-0.zip diff --git a/21866.txt b/21866.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..74d9b61 --- /dev/null +++ b/21866.txt @@ -0,0 +1,782 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Gundungurra Language, by R. H. Mathews + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Gundungurra Language + +Author: R. H. Mathews + +Release Date: June 19, 2007 [EBook #21866] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GUNDUNGURRA LANGUAGE *** + + + + +Produced by An Anonymous Volunteer + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: In this version, the following replacements were +made: a with macron is [a|], a with circumflex is [a^], i with macron +is [i|], o with circumflex is [o^], and n with tilde is [n~].] + +THE GUNDUNGURRA LANGUAGE. + +BY R. H. MATHEWS, L.S. + +(_Read October 4, 1901._) + +The Dhar'rook and Gun'dungur'ra tribes respectively occupied the +from the mouth of the Hawkesbury river to Mount Victoria, and thence +southerly to Berrima and Goulburn, New South Wales. On the south and +southeast they were joined by the Thurrawal, whose language has the +same structure, although differing in vocabulary. + +Besides the verbs and pronouns, many of the nouns, adjectives, +prepositions and adverbs are subject to inflection for number and +person. Similar inflections have, to some extent, been observed in +certain islands of the Pacific Ocean, but have not hitherto been +reported in Australia. I have also discovered two forms of the dual +and plural of the first personal pronoun, a specialty which has +likewise been found in Polynesian and North American dialects. Traces +of a double dual were noticed by Mr. Threlkeld at Lake Macquarie, New +South Wales, and traces of a double plural by Mr. Tuckfield in the +Geelong tribe; but the prevalence of both forms of the dual and plural +in different parts of speech in any Australian language has, up to the +present, escaped observation. + +Orthography. + +Ninteen letters of the English alphabet are sounded, comprising +fourteen consonants--b, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, t, w, y--and +five vowels--a, e, i, o, u. Every word is spelled phonetically, the +letters having the same value as in English, with the following +qualifications: + +Unmarked vowels have the usual short sound. + +Vowels having the long sound are distinguished by the following marks: + + [a|] as in fate [i|] as in pie oo as in moon + [a^] as in father [o^] as in pole ee as in feel + ou as in loud + +It is frequently difficult to distinguish between the short or +unmarked sound of a and that of u. A thick or dull sound of i is +occasionally met with, which closely approaches the short sound of u +or a. + +G is hard in every instance. + +R has a rough trilled sound, as in hurrah! + +Ng at the beginning of a word, as ngee=yes, has a peculiar sound, +which can be got very closely by putting oo before it, as oong-ee', +and articulating it quickly as ony syllable. At the end of a word or +syllable it has substantially the sound of ng in our word sing. + +The sound of the Spanish [n~] is frequent, both at the beginning or +end of a syllable. + +Y, followed by a vowel, is attached to several consonants, as in dya, +dyee, tyoo, etc., and is pronounced therewith in one syllable, the +initial sound of the d or other consonant being retained. Y at the +beginning of a word or syllable has its usual consonant value. + +Dh is pronounced nearly as th in "that" with a slight sound of the d +preceding it. + +Nh has nearly the sound of th in "that" with an initial sound of the +n. + +The final h is guttural, resembling ch in the German word "joch." + +T is interchangeable with d, p with b, and g with k in most words +where these letters are employed. + +A sound resembling j is frequently given by the natives, which can be +represented by dy or ty; thus, dya or tya has very nearly the same +sound as ja. + +In all cases where there is a double consonant, each letter is +distinctly enunciated. + +W always commences a syllable or word and has its ordinary consonant +sound in all cases. + +At the end of a syllable or word, ty is sounded as one letter; thus, +in beety-bal-lee-ma[n~], it is disappearing, the syllable beety can be +obtained by commencing to say "beet-ye," and stopping short without +articulating the final e, but including the sound of the y in +conjunction with the t--the two letters being pronounced together as +one. + +Articles. + +The equivalents of the English articles, "a" and "the," do not occur +in this language. + +Nouns. + +_Number._--Nouns have the singular, dual and plural: + + (1) _Singular_ A man Murri[n~] + _Dual_ A pair of men Murri[n~]boolallee + _Plural_ Several men Murri[n~]dyargang + + (2) _Singular_ A kangaroo Booroo + _Dual_ A pair of kangaroos Booroolallee + _Plural_ Several kangaroos Boorooyargang + +It will be observed that the dual and plural suffixes vary slightly in +form, according to the termination of the noun. + +_Gender._--Mur'ri[n~], a man; bul'lan, a woman; boobal, a boy; +mullunga, a girl; goodha, a child of either sex; warrambal, a young +man. Another name for a man is boual; a married man is kunbeelang; a +married woman is boualillang. Generally the males of animals are +distinguished by the addition of goomban, and the females by dhoorook. +The males of certain animals have a name which distinguishes them +without stating the sex; thus, the male of wallee, the opossum, is +known as jerrawul, while the female is wallee dhoorook. Goola, the +native bear, has burrandang for the male and goola dhoorook for the +female. A few animals have a distinctive word for the female as well +as for the male; thus, the female of the wallaroo is b[a^]wa, and the +male goondarw[a^]. Others again have the suffix koual for the male, +and [n~]oual for the female. The words for "male" and "female" are +inflected for number like other adjectives. + +_Case._--There are two forms of the nominative, the first naming the +subject at rest; as Boual ngabooroma[n~], the man sleeps. The second +shows that the subject is doing some act; thus, mirreegangga wallee +burr[a^]ra[n~], the dog an opossum bit. Mirreegang is a dog in the +first nominative. + +The possessive case takes a suffix both to the possessor and that +which is possessed: + +Murringoo warrangangoong, a man's boomerang. + +Mirreegangoo goodh[a^]woong, a dog's puppy. + +Bullangoo goodh[a^]yarroong, a woman's children. + +Booroongoo dhoombirgoong, a kangaroo's tail. + +Any object over which one can exercise ownership can be conjugated by +possessive suffixes for number and person: + + _Singular._ First person My boomerang Warrangandya + Second Person Thy boomerang Warranganyee + Third Person His boomerang Warrangangoong + + _Dual._ First Person Our boomerang, incl. Warrangangulla + Our boomerang, excl. Warrangangullang + Second Person Your boomerang Warranganboola + Third Person Their boomerang Warranganboolangoo + + _Plural._ First Person Our boomerang, incl. Warranganyinnang + Our boomerang, excl. Warranganyillung + Second Person Your boomerang Warranganyoorung + Third Person Their boomerang Warrangandyunnung + +The accusative does not differ from the nominative. There are a few +forms of nouns for the dative and oblative, but these cases are +frequently shown by modifications of the verb; as, I carried to him, +he carried from me. They are also indicated by the pronouns; as, with +me, to me. + +Pronouns. + +Pronouns are inflected for number, person and case. There are two +forms of the dual and plural in the first person. The following table +shows the nominative and possessive cases: + + _Singular._ I Goolangga Mine Goolanggooya + Thou Goolanjee Thine Goolanyingoo + He Dhannooladhoo His Dhannoogoolangoo + + _Dual._ We, incl. Goolanga Ours, incl. Goolangal[i|]a + We, excl. Goolangaloong Ours, excl. Goolangaloong + Ye Goolamboo Yours Goolambooloong + They Dhannooboola Theirs Dhannooboolangoo + + _Plural._ We, incl. Goolanyan Ours, incl. Goolanyannung + We, excl. Goolanyilla Ours, excl. Goolanyillungoon + Ye Goolambanoo Yours Goolanthooroong + They Dhannoojimmalang Theirs Goolangandyoolang + +These possessives admit of variations to include two or several +articles and in other ways. There are also forms of the pronouns +signifying, with me, with thee, and so on as follows: + + _Singular._ First Person With me Goolangngooreea + Second Person With thee Goolangooroonyee + Third Person With him Goolangooroong + + _Dual._ First Person With us, incl. Goolangooroongulla + With us, excl. Goolangooroongullung + Second Person With ye Goolangoorooloong + Third Person With them Goolangooroolangoo + + _Plural._ First Person With us, incl. Goolangooroo[n~]unnung + With us, excl. Goolangooroo[n~]ullungoo + Second Person With ye Goolangooroo[n~]ooroong + Third Person With them Goolangooroodyunnung + +There are other modifications of the pronouns to meet different forms +of expression. The demonstratives and interrogatives are inflected for +number and person like the rest. + +Adjectives. + +Adjectives take the same dual and plural numbers as the nouns with +which they are used: + + (1) Barr[i|] buggarabang A wallaby, large + Barr[i|]woolallee buggarabangoolallee A couple of wallabies, both large + Barr[i|]dyargang buggarabangargang Several wallabies, all large + + (2) Bullan yeddung A woman pretty + Bullanboollee yeddungboolallee A couple of pretty women + Bullandhar yeddungdyargang Several pretty women + +Comparison is effected by saying, This is heavy--that is heavy; this +is smooth--that is not; this is sharp--that is very sharp. + +When used predicatively, as yooroang or yoorwang, he is strong, an +adjective can be conjugated through all the tenses and moods of an +intransitive verb: + +_Present Tense._ + + _Singular._ First Person I am strong Yooroangga or Yoorwangga + Second Person Thou art strong Yooroandyee + Third Person He is strong Yooroang + + _Dual._ First Person We are strong, incl. Yooroanga + We are strong, excl. Yooroangaloong + Second Person Ye are strong Yooroangboo + Third Person They are strong Yooroangboola + + _Plural._ First Person We are strong, incl. Yooroanyun + We are strong, excl. Yooroanyulla + Second Person Ye are strong Yooroanthoo + Third Person They are strong Yooroanjimmalang + +The past and future tenses are not given, owing to want of space. + +Verbs. + +Verbs have the singular, dual and plural numbers, the usual persons +and tenses, and three principal moods, viz., indicative, imperative +and conditional. The verb-stem and a contraction of the pronoun are +incorporated, and the word thus formed is used in the conjugation. + +INDICATIVE MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + + _Singular._ First Person I throw (throw I) Yerreemangga + Second Person Thou throwest Yerreemandyee + Third Person He throws Yerreema[n~] + + _Dual._ First Person We throw, incl. Yerreemang'a + We throw, excl. Yerreemangaloong + Second Person Ye throw Yerreemanboo + Third Person They throw Yerreemanboola + + _Plural._ First Person We throw, incl. Yerreemanyan + We throw, excl. Yerreemanyalla + Second Person Ye throw Yerreemanthoo + Third Person They throw Yerreemandyoolung + +_Past Tense._ + + _Singular._ First Person I threw (threw I) Yerreeing'ga + Second Person Thou threwest Yerreerindyee + Third Person He threw Yerreering + + _Dual._ First Person We threw, incl. Yerreering'a + We threw, excl. Yerreeringaloong + Second Person Ye threw Yerreeringboo + Third Person They threw Yerreeringboola + + _Plural._ First Person We threw, incl. Yerreeooranyan + We threw, excl. Yerreeooranyulla + Second Person Ye threw Yerreeooranthoo + Third Person They threw Yerreeooradyoolung + +_Future Tense._ + + _Singular._ First Person I will throw Yerreeningga + Second Person Thou wilt throw Yerrenindyee + Third Person He will throw Yerreeni[n~] + + _Dual._ First Person We will throw, incl. Yerreening'a + We will throw, excl. Yerreeningaloong + Second Person Ye will throw Yerreenimboo + Third Person They will throw Yerreenimboola + + _Plural._ First Person We will throw, incl. Yerreeninyan + We will throw, excl. Yerreeninyulla + Second Person Ye will throw Yerreemunanthoo + Third Person They will throw Yerreemunadyoolung + +IMPERATIVE MOOD. + + _Singular_ Second Person Throw thou Yer'-ree + _Dual_ Second Person Throw ye Yer'-ree-ou' + _Plural_ Second Person Throw ye Yer'-ree-a-nhoor' + +CONDITIONAL MOOD. + + Perhaps I will throw Yerreeningga booramboonda + +If a negative meaning be required, it is effected by means of an +infix, mooga, between the verb-stem and the abbreviated pronoun. One +example in the first person singular in each tense will exhibit the +negative form of the verb: + + I am not throwing Yerreemoogamangga + I did not throw Yerreemoogaringga + I will not throw Yerreemooganingga + +This negative infix can be applied in the same manner to all the +persons of the three tenses. + +There are numerous modifications of the verbal suffixes to convey +variations of meaning; as, "I threw at him," "He threw at me," etc., +which can be conjugated for number and person. Case can also be +indicated in this way, as already stated in dealing with the nouns. + +Verbs have no passive voice. If a native desires to state that a fish +was swallowed by a pelican, he would say, "A pelican swallowed a +fish." + +Prepositions. + +Some prepositions can be used separately, as dhooreegoong, between; +warroo, around; willinga, behind, and several others, thus: +Dhooreegoong ngullawoolee, between trees two or between two trees; +gunbee warroo, the fire around or around the fire. + +A prepositional meaning is often obtained by a verb; thus, instead of +having a word for "up" or "down," a native will say, Boomaningga, up I +will go; woor[a^]ramuningga, down I will go. Many of the prepositions +admit of conjugation for number and person, as in the following +example: + + _Singular._ First Person Behind me Willing[i|]a + Second Person Behind thee Willinganyee + Third Person Behind him Willing[a^]woong + + _Dual._ First Person Behind us, incl. Willingangulla + Behind us, excl. Willingangullung + Second Person Behind ye Willingang[a^]wooloong + Third Person Behind them Willingangawoolangoo + + _Plural._ First Person Behind us, incl. Willinganyanung + Behind us, excl. Willinganyanungoo + Second Person Behind ye Willinganthooroong + Third Person Behind them Willingadyanung + +Adverbs. + +Space will not permit of a list of adverbs any further than to +illustrate how some of them can be conjugated: + + _Singular._ First Person Where go I Ngoondeeneea + Second Person Where goest thou Ngoondeenee[n~]ee + Third Person Where goes he Ngoondeeneeoong + + _Dual._ First Person Where go we, incl. Ngoondeeneenga + Where go we, excl. Ngoondeeneengoolung + Second Person Where go ye Ngoondeeneewoo + Third Person Where go they Ngoondeeneewoola + + _Plural._ First Person Where go we, incl. Ngoondeenee[n~]nun + Where go we, excl. Ngoondeenee[n~]ulla + Second Person Where go ye Ngoondeenee[n~]oo + Third Person Where go they Ngoondeeneeyoolung + +Adverbial meanings are sometimes conveyed by means of verbs, as +beetyballeema[n~], he (or it) goes out of sight. Conjunctions and +interjections are few and unimportant. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Gundungurra Language, by R. H. Mathews + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GUNDUNGURRA LANGUAGE *** + +***** This file should be named 21866.txt or 21866.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/1/8/6/21866/ + +Produced by An Anonymous Volunteer + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/21866.zip b/21866.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf148a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/21866.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3fe3c60 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #21866 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/21866) |