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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/20410-8.txt b/20410-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..640eb3e --- /dev/null +++ b/20410-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3502 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 187, May 28, 1853, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 187, May 28, 1853 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: January 21, 2007 [EBook #20410] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + +{517} NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +No. 187.] +Saturday, May 28, 1853. +[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + + NOTES:-- Page + On Chaucer's Knowledge of Italian 517 + The Rebellion of '45: unpublished Letter 519 + Oliver St. John, by James Crossley 520 + Notes on several misunderstood Words, by the Rev. + W. R. Arrowsmith 520 + FOLK LORE:--Weather Rules--Drills presaging Death + --Superstition in Devonshire; Valentine's Day 522 + A Note on Gulliver's Travels, by C. Forbes 522 + Shakspeare Correspondence 523 + The Coenaculum of Lionardo da Vinci, by E. Smirke 524 + MINOR NOTES:--Scotter Register (County Lincoln)-- + "All my Eye:" "Over the Left"--Curious Marriages + --Child-mother 525 + + QUERIES:-- + Further Queries respecting Bishop Ken 526 + The Rev. John Larson and his Mathematical Manuscripts, + by T. T. Wilkinson 526 + MINOR QUERIES:--"Wanderings of Memory"-- + "Wandering Willie's Tale"--Chapel Sunday--Proud + Salopians--George Miller, D.D.--Members of Parliament + --Taret--Jeroboam of Claret, &c.--William Williams + of Geneva--The First of April and "The Cap + awry"--Sir G. Browne, Bart.--Bishop Butler--Oaken + Tombs--Alleged Bastardy of Elizabeth--"Pugna + Porcorum"--Parviso--Mr. Justice Newton--Mufti + --Ryming and Cuculling--Custom at the Savoy + Church 527 + MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Faithful Teate-- + Kelway Family--Regatta--Coket and Cler-mantyn 529 + + REPLIES:-- + Curfew 530 + The "Salt-Peter-Man," by C. H. Cooper 530 + Forms of Judicial Oaths, by John Thrupp, &c. 532 + PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Washing Collodion + Pictures--Test for Lenses--Improvement in + Positives--Cheap Portable Tent--Rev. Mr. Sisson's + New Developing Fluid 533 + REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Vanes--Loselerius + Villerius--Westminster Parishes--Hevristic--Creole + --General Monk and the University of Cambridge-- + Ecclesia Anglicana--Gibbon's Library--Golden Bees + --Passage in Orosius--Names first given to Parishes + --Grafts and the Parent Tree--Lord Cliff and Howell's + Letters--The Bouillon Bible--Rhymes on Places-- + Serpents' Tongues--Consecrated Roses, &c. 534 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, &c. 537 + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 538 + Notices to Correspondents 538 + Advertisements 538 + + * * * * * + + +Notes. + +ON CHAUCER'S KNOWLEDGE OF ITALIAN. + +In the Memoir prefixed to the Aldine edition of the _Poetical Works of +Chaucer_, London, 1845, Sir Harris Nicolas expresses an opinion that Dan +Geoffrey was not acquainted with the Italian language, and therefore not +versed in Italian literature. + + "Though Chaucer undoubtedly knew Latin and French, it is by no means + certain, notwithstanding his supposed obligations to the Decameron, + that he was as well acquainted with Italian. There may have been a + common Latin original of the main incidents of many, if not of all the + tales, for which Chaucer is supposed to have been wholly indebted to + Boccaccio, and from which originals Boccaccio himself may have taken + them. That Chaucer was not acquainted with Italian may be inferred from + his not having introduced any Italian quotation into his works, + redundant as they are with Latin and French words and phrases."--_Life + of Chaucer_, pp. 24, 25. + +To which the following note is subjoined: + + "Though Chaucer's writings have not been examined for the purpose, the + remark in the text is not made altogether from recollection, for at the + end of Speght's edition of Chaucer's _Works_, translations are given of + the Latin and French words in the poems, but not a single Italian word + is mentioned." + +If Sir Harris Nicolas had examined the writings of Chaucer with any care, +he would scarcely have formed or expressed so strange an opinion, for he +must necessarily have discovered that Chaucer was not only well acquainted +with the language, but thoroughly well versed in Italian literature, and +that he paraphrased and translated freely from the works of Dante, +Petrarca, and Boccaccio. Chaucer would naturally quote Latin and French, as +being familiar to his cotemporaries, and would abstain from introducing +Italian, as a knowledge of that language must have been confined to a few +individuals in his day; and he wrote for the many, and not for the +minority. + +The circumstances of Chaucer's life, his missions to Italy, during which he +resided several months in that country, when sent on the king's business to +Genoa, and Florence, and Lombardy, afforded {518} him ample opportunities +of becoming thoroughly acquainted with the language and literature of +Italy; the acquisition of which must have been of easy accomplishment to +Chaucer, already familiar with Latin and French. So that it is not +necessary to endow Chaucer "with all human attainments as proof of his +having spoken Italian." + +Chaucer's own writings, however, afford the strongest evidence against the +opinion entertained by Sir Harris Nicolas, and such evidence as cannot be +controverted. + +Chaucer loves to refer to Dante, and often translates passages from the +_Divine Comedy_. The following lines are very closely rendered from the +_Paradiso_, xiv. 28.:-- + + "Thou one, two, and thre, eterne on live, + That raignest aie in thre, two, and one, + Uncircumscript, and all maist circumscrive." + Last stanza of _Troilus and Creseide_. + + "_Quell' uno e due e tre che sempre vive,_ + _E regna sempre in tre e due ed uno_, + _Non circonscritto, e tutto circonscrive._" + Dante, _Il Paradiso_, xiv. 28. + + "Wel can _the wise poet of Florence_, + That highte _Dant_, speken of this sentence: + Lo, in swiche maner rime is _Dantes_ tale. + _Ful selde up riseth by his branches smale_ + _Prowesse of man, for God of his goodnesse_ + _Wol that we claime of him our gentillesse._" + _Wif of Bathes Tale_, 6707. + + "_Rade volte risurge per li rami_ + _L' umana probità: e questo vuole_ + _Quei che la dà, perchè da lui si chiami._" + _Purgatorio_, vii. 121. + +After relating the dread story of the Conte Ugolino, Chaucer refers to +Dante, from whom perhaps he derived it. (Conf. _Inferno_, xxxiii.) + + "Who so wol here it in a longer wise, + Redeth the grete poete of Itaille, + That highte _Dante_, for he can it devise + Fro point to point, not o word wol he faille." + _The Monkes Tale_, 14,769. + + "Bet than Vergile, while he was on live, + Or _Dant_ also."--_The Freres Tale_, 7101. + +The following lines refer to the _Inferno_, xiii. 64.: + + "Envie is lavender of the court alway, + For she ne parteth neither night ne day, + Out of the house of Cesar, thus saith _Dant_." + Prologue to the _Legend of Good Women_, 359. + +"_Dant_ that it tellen can" is mentioned in the _House of Fame_, book i.; +and Chaucer is indebted to him for some lines in that fine poem, as in the +description of the "egle, that with feathers shone all of gold" = _un' +aquila nel ciel con penne d'oro_; and the following line: + + "O thought, that wrote all that I met." + _House of Fame_, ii. 18. + + "_O mente, che scrivesti ciò ch' io vidi._" + _Inferno_, ii. 8. + +The _Knightes Tale_ exhibits numerous passages, lines, and expressions +verbally translated from the _Teseide_ of Boccaccio, upon which it is +founded; such as _Idio armipotente_ = Mars armipotent; _Eterno admante_ = +Athamant eterne; _Paura palida_ = pale drede; _Le ire rosse come focho_ = +the cruel ire red as any glede. Boccaccio describes the wood in which "Mars +hath his sovereine mansion" as-- + + "_Una selva sterile de robusti_ + _Cerri,_ + _Nodosi aspri e rigidi e vetusti._ + _Vi si sentia grandissimo romore,_ + _Ne vera bestia anchora ne pastore._" + _Teseide_, book vii. + +There is a purposed grisly ruggedness in the corresponding passage of the +_Knightes Tale_, which heightens the horrors of "thilke colde and frosty +region:" + + "First on the wall was peinted _a forest,_ + _In which ther wonneth neyther man ne best,_ + _With knotty knarry barrein trees old_ + _Of stubbes sharpe and hidous to behold_; + In which ther ran _a romble and a swough_, + As though a storme shuld bresten every bough." + _The Knightes Tale_, 1977. + +The death of Arcite is thus related by Boccaccio: + + "La morte in ciascun membro era venuta + Da piedi in su, venendo verso il petto, + Ed ancor nelle braccia era perduta + La vital forza; sol nello intelletto + E nel cuore era ancora sostenuta + La poca vita, ma già si ristretto + Eragli 'l tristo cor del mortal gelo + Che agli occhi fe' subitamente velo. + + "Ma po' ch' egli ebbe perduto il vedere, + Con seco cominciò a mormorare, + Ognor mancando più del suo podere: + Nè troppo fece in ciò lungo durare; + Ma il mormorare trasportato in vere + Parole, con assai basso parlare + Addio Emilia; e più oltre non disse, + Chè l' anima convenne si partisse." + _Teseide_, book x. 112. + +Chaucer loses nothing of this description in his condensed translation: + + "For from his feet up to his brest was come + The cold of deth, that had him overnome. + And yet moreover in his armes two + The vital strength is lost, and all ago. + Only the intellect, withouten more, + That dwelled in his herte sike and sore, + Gan feillen, when the herte felte deth; + Dusked his eyen two, and failled his breth. + But on his ladie yet cast he his eye; + His laste word was; Mercy, Emelie!" + _The Knightes Tale_, 2301. + +_Troilus and Creseide_ seems to have been translated from the _Filostrato_ +of Boccaccio, when {519} Chaucer was a young man, as we are informed by Dan +John Lydgate in the Prologue to his Translation of Boccaccio's _Fall of +Princes_, where he speaks of his "Maister Chaucer" as the "chefe poete of +Bretayne," and tells us that-- + + "_In youthe he made a translacion_ + Of a boke which called is Trophe, + In Lumbard tongue, as men may rede and se, + _And in our vulgar, long or that he deyde_ + Gave it the name of Troylous and Cresseyde." + +Chaucer's translation is sometimes very close, sometimes rather free and +paraphrastic, as may be seen in the following examples: + + "But right as floures through the cold of night + Yclosed, stoupen in hir stalkes lowe, + Redressen hem ayen the Sunne bright, + And spreaden in hir kinde course by rowe." + _Troilus and Creseide_, b. ii. + + "_Come fioretto dal notturno gelo_ + _Chinato e chiuso, poi che il Sol l' imbianca,_ + _S'apre, e si leva dritto sopra il stelo._" + Boccaccio, _Il Filostrato_, iii. st. 13. + + "She was right soche to sene in her visage + As is that wight that men on bere ybinde." + _Troilus and Creseide_, b. iv. + + "_Essa era tale, a guardarla nel viso,_ + _Qual donna morta alla fossa portata._" + _Il Filostrato_, v. st. 83. + + "As fresh as faucon coming out of mew." + _Troilus and Creseide_, b. iii. + + "_Come falcon ch' uscisse dal cappello._" + _Il Filostrato_, iv. st. 83. + +"The Song of Troilus," in the first book of _Troilus and Creseide_, is a +paraphrase from one of the Sonnets of Petrarca: + + "_S' Amor non è, che dunque è quel ch' i' sento?_ + _Ma s' egli è Amor, per Dio che cosa, e quale?_ + _Se buona, ond' è l' effetto aspro mortale?_" + Petrarca, _Rime in Vita di Laura_, Son. cii. + + "If no love is, O God, what feele I so? + And if love is, what thing and which is he? + If love be good, from whence cometh my wo?" + _Troilus and Creseide_, b. i. + +Chaucer evidently had the following lines of the _Paradiso_ in view when +writing the invocation to the Virgin in _The Second Nonnes Tale_: + + "Vergine Madre, figlia del tuo Figlio, + Umile e alta più che creatura, + Termine fisso d' eterno consiglio, + Tu se' colei, che l' umana Natura, + _Nobilitasti_ sì, che il suo Fattore + Non disdegno di farsi sua fattura." + _Paradiso_, xxxiii, I. + + "Thou maide and mother, doughter of thy Son, + Thou well of mercy, sinful soules cure, + In whom that God of bountee chees to won; + Thou humble and high over every creature, + Thou _nobledest_ so fer forth our nature, + That no desdaine the maker had of kinde + His Son in blood and flesh to clothe and winde." + _The Second Nonnes Tale_, 15,504. + +Traces of Chaucer's proficiency in Italian are discoverable in almost all +his poems; but I shall conclude with two citations from _The Assembly of +Foules_: + + "The day gan failen, and the darke night, + That reveth beastes from hir businesse, + Berafte me my booke for lacke of light." + _The Assembly of Foules_, I. 85. + + "_Lo giorno se n'andava, e l'aer bruno_ + _Toglieva gli animai che sono in terra_ + _Dalle fatiche loro._"--_Inf._ ii. 1. + + "With that my hand in his he toke anon, + Of which I comfort caught, and went in fast." + _The Assembly of Foules_, I. 169. + + "_E poiche la sua mano alla mia pose_ + _Con lieto volto, ond' io mi confortai._" + _Inf._ iii. 19. + +By the way, Chaucer commences _The Assembly of Foules_ with part of the +first aphorism of Hippocrates, "[Greek: Ho bios brachus hê de technê +makrê]" (but this, I suppose, had been noticed before): + + "The lyfe so short, the craft so long to lerne." + +Chaucer was forty years old, or upwards, in 1372, when he was sent as an +envoy to treat with the duke, citizens, and merchants of Genoa; and if, as +is probable, he had translated _Troilus and Creseide_ out of the "Lombarde +tonge" in his youth (according to the testimony of Lydgate), it is not +unreasonable to infer that his knowledge of Italian may have led to his +being chosen to fill that office. But, however this may be, abundant proof +has been adduced that Chaucer was familiarly acquainted with Italian. + +I may briefly remark, in conclusion, that the dates and other circumstances +favour the supposed interview at Padua, between Fraunceis Petrark the +laureate poet, and Dan Chaucer, + + "Floure of poets throughout all Bretaine." + +J. M. B. + +Tunbridge Wells. + + * * * * * + + +THE REBELLION OF '45.--UNPUBLISHED LETTER. + +Inverness, 16th Aprile, 1746. + +Dear Sirs, + +This day about twelve our army came up with the rebels, about a mile above +Lord President's house, in a muir called Drumrossie. They began the +engagement first, by firing from a battery of six guns they had erected +upon their right; but our cannon played so hott upon them, that they were +obliged soon to fly, by which means we gote possession of their artillery, +and so drove them before us for three miles of way. The cavalry gave them +closs chase to the town of Inverness: {520} upon which the French +ambassador (who is not well) sent out an officer, and a drum with him, +offering to surrender at discretion; to which the duke made answer, that +the French officers should be allowed to go about on their parole, and +nothing taken from them. Brigadier Stapleton is among them, and God knows +how many more officers; for we have not gote home to count them yet. Its +thought the rebels have between four and five hundred killed, and as many +taken prisoners already: many more we expect this night, parties having +been sent out after them. Lord Kilmarnock I saw prisoner, and Major +Stewart, with many more. Secretary Murray is very bad: a party is just now +sent for him, intelligence being brought where he is. I don't think we have +lost thirty men, and not above five officers killed, amongst which are Lord +Robert Ker, Captain Grosset: the rest their names I have forgote. We are +now in full possession of this place. Some say the Pretender was in the +battle, and wounded; but others say he was not. Such of them as are left +are gone to Fort Augustus. The duke, God be praised, is in good health, and +all the generalls. His Royal Highness behaved as if he had been inspired, +riding up and down giveing orders himself. + + I am, Gentlemen, + Your most obedt. servant, + DAVID BRUCE. + +After writing y^e above, y^e lists of y^e killed and wounded are as +follows, so far as is yet known:-- + + We have of y^e prisoners 700 + Killed and wounded on y^e field 1800 + +Of y^e duke's army:-- + + Killed, wounded, and amissing 220 + + * * * * * + +Gentlemen, + +I hope you'l pardon y^e confusedness of y^e foregoing line, as I have been +in y^e utmost confusion since I came here. 'Tis said, but not quite +certain, y^t y^e following rebells are killed, viz.:--Lochiel, Capuch +(Keppach), Lord Nairn, Lord Lewis Drummond, D. of Perth, Glengarry, &c. The +French have all surrendered prisoners of war. + +DAVID BRUCE. + + Addressed to + The Governors of + The Town of Aberdeen. + +X. Y. Z. + + * * * * * + + +OLIVER ST. JOHN. + +In giving the lives of the Commonwealth chief justices, Lord Campbell +observes (_Lives of Chief Justices_, vol. i. p. 447.), "in completing the +list with the name of Oliver St. John, I am well pleased with an +opportunity of tracing his career and pourtraying his character." Then +follows a biography of thirty pages. The subject seems to be a favourite +one with his lordship, and he accordingly produces a striking picture, +laying on his colours in the approved historical style of the day, so as to +make the painting an effective one, whether the resemblance be faithful or +not. But how is it that the noble biographer appears to be quite unaware of +what really is the only document we have relating to Oliver St. John of his +own composition, which does give us much light as to his career or +character? I refer to _The Case of Oliver St. John, Esq, concerning his +Actions during the late Troubles_, pp. 14., 4to., n.d. It is a privately +printed tract, emanating from St. John himself, and was no doubt circulated +amongst persons in power at the Restoration, with a view to obtaining +indemnity and pardon. My copy is signed by himself, and has some +corrections in his autograph. His Defence is full of interesting +particulars, some of which are very inconsistent with Lord Campbell's +speculations and statements. It would, however, occupy too much of your +space were I to go through the various articles objected to by him, and to +which he gives his replies and explanations. My object in noticing this +tract at present, is to prevent any future biographer of this Commonwealth +worthy, whose life may well be an historical study, from neglecting an +important source of information. I observe Lord Campbell (p. 473.) doubts +whether he favoured the measure of making Cromwell king. But if we are to +believe the title-page of _Monarchy asserted_, 1660, 12mo., he was one of +the speakers at the conference with Cromwell on the 11th April, 1657, in +favour of his assuming the title of king. On the list of the committee +which follows, the "Lord Chief Justice" only is mentioned, but in the +speeches a difference seems to be made between "Lord Chief Justice" (pp. 6. +7. 15.) and "Lord Chief Justice Glynne" (p. 44.), and they would seem to be +two different speakers. The title-page states distinctly, "the arguments of +Oliver St. John, Lord Chief Justice, Lord Chief Justice Glyn, &c., members +of that committee." + +JAS. CROSSLEY. + + * * * * * + + +NOTES ON SEVERAL MISUNDERSTOOD WORDS. + +(_Continued from_ p. 402.) + +_No did, no will, no had, &c._-- + + "_K. John._ . . . I had a mighty cause + To wish him dead, but thou hadst none to kill him. + + _Hubert._ _No had_ (my Lord), why, did you not provoke me?" + _King John_, Act IV. Sc. 2. + +So the first folio edition of Shakspeare. A palpable error, as the +commentators of the present would pleasantly observe, and all the world +would echo the opinion; but here, as in most other {521} instances, +commentators and all the world may be wrong, and the folios right. The +passage has accordingly been corrupted by the editors of Shakspeare into +what was more familiar to their modern ears: "Had none, my Lord!" Though +the mode of speech be very common, yet, to deprive future editors of all +excuse for ever again depraving the genuine text of our national Bible, I +shall make no apology for accumulating a string of examples: + + "_Fort._ Oh, had I such a hat, then were I brave! + Where's he that made it? + + _Sol._ Dead: and the whole world + Yields not a workman that can frame the like. + + _Fort._ _No does?_" + "Old Fortunatus," _Old English Plays_, vol. iii. p. 140., by Dilke: + +who alters "No does?" into _None does?_ thinking, I presume, that he had +thereby simplified the sentence: + + "_John._ I am an elde fellowe of fifty wynter and more, + And yet in all my lyfe I knewe not this before. + + _Parson._ _No dyd_, why sayest thou so, upon thyselfe thou lyest, + Thou haste euer knowen the sacramente to be the body of Christ." + _John Bon and Mast Person._ + + "_Chedsey._ Christ said 'Take, eat, this is my body;' and not 'Take ye, + eat ye.' + + _Philpot._ _No did_, master doctor? Be not these the words of Christ, + 'Accipite, manducate?' And do not these words, in the plural number, + signify 'Take ye, eat ye;' and not 'Take thou, eat thou,' as you would + suppose?"--Foxe's _Acts and Monuments_, vol. vii. p. 637., Cattley's + edition. + + "_Philpot._ Master Cosins, I have told my lord already, that I will + answer to none of these articles he hath objected against me: but if + you will with learning answer to that which is in question between my + lord and me, I will gladly hear and commune with you. + + _Cosins._ _No will_ you? Why what is that then, that is in question + between my lord and you?"--_Id._, p. 651. + + "_Philpot._ And as I remember, it is even the saying of St. Bernard + [viz. The Holy Ghost is Christ's vicar on earth (_vic-arius_), and a + saying that I need not to be ashamed of, neither you to be offended at; + as my Lord of Durham and my Lord of Chichester by their learning can + discern, and will not reckon it evil said. + + _London._ _No will?_ Why, take away the first syllable, and it soundeth + Arius."--_Id._ p. 658. + + "_Philpot._ These words of Cyprian do nothing prove your pretensed + assertion; which is, that to the Church of Rome there could come no + misbelief. + + _Christopherson._ Good lord, _no doth_? What can be said more + plainly?"--_Id._, p. 661. + +Again, at p. 663. there occur no less than three more instances and at p. +665. another. + + "_Careless._ No, forsooth: I do not know any such, nor have I heard of + him that I wot of. + + _Martin._ _No have_, forsooth: and it is even he that hath written + against thy faith." + +Then _Martin_ said: + + "Dost thou not know one Master Chamberlain? + + _Careless._ No forsooth; I know him not. + + _Martin._ _No dost!_ and he hath written a book against thy faith + also."--_Id._, vol. iii. p. 164. + + "_Lichfield and Coventry._ We heard of no such order. + + _Lord Keeper._ _No did?_ Yes, and on the first question ye began + willingly. How cometh it to pass that ye will not now do so?"--_Id._, + p. 690. + + "Then said Sir Thomas Moyle: 'Ah! Bland, thou art a stiff-hearted + fellow. Thou wilt not obey the law, nor answer when thou art called.' + '_Nor will_,' quoth Sir John Baker. 'Master Sheriff, take him to your + ward.'"--_Id._, vol. vii. p. 295. + +Is it needful to state, that the original editions have, as they ought to +have, a note of interrogation at "Baker?" I will not tax the reader's +patience with more than two other examples, and they shall be fetched from +the writings of that admirable papist--the gentle, the merry-hearted More: + + "Well, quod Caius, thou wylt graunte me thys fyrste, that euery thynge + that hath two erys is an asse.--Nay, mary mayster, wyll I not, quod the + boy.--_No wylt_ thou? quod Caius. Ah, wyly boy, there thou wentest + beyond me."--The Thyrde Boke, the first chapter, fol. 84. of Sir Thomas + More's _Dialogues_. + + "Why, quod he, what coulde I answere ellys, but clerely graunt hym that + I believe that thyng for none other cause but only bycause the + Scripture so sheweth me?--_No could ye?_ quod I. What yf neuer + Scripture had ben wryten in thys world, should there neuer haue bene + eny chyrch or congregacyon of faythfull and ryght beyleuyng + people?--That wote I nere, quod he. _No do ye?_ quod I."--_Id._, fol. + 85. + +In taking leave of this idiom, it would not perhaps be amiss to remark, +that "ye can," in Duke Humphey's rejoinder to the "blyson begger of St. +Albonys," is not, as usually understood, "you can?" but "yea can?" + + * * * * * + +_To be at point_ = to be at a stay or stop, _i.e._ settled, determined, +nothing farther being to be said or done: a very common phrase. Half a +dozen examples shall suffice: + + " . . . . . What I am truly + Is thine, and my poore countries to command: + Whither indeed before they (thy) heere-approach, + Old Seyward with ten thousand warlike men + Already _at a point_, was setting forth." + _Macbeth_, Act IV. Sc. 3. 1st Fol. + +No profit to give the commentators' various guesses at the import of the +phrase in the above passage, which will be best gathered from the following +instances of its use elsewhere. But, before passing further, I beg +permission to inform MR. KNIGHT that the original suggester of "sell" for +"self," in an earlier part of this play, whose name {522} he is at a loss +for, was W. S. Landor, whose footnote to vol. ii. p. 273., Moxon's edit. of +his works, is as follows: + + "And here it may be permitted the editor to profit also by the + manuscript, correcting in Shakespeare what is _absolute nonsense_ as + now printed: + + '_Vaulting_ ambition that o'erleaps _itself_, + And falls on the _other side_.' + + Other side of what? It should be _its sell_. _Sell_ is saddle in + Spenser and elsewhere, from the Latin and Italian." + +A correspondent of "N. & Q."., Vol. vii., p. 404., will be delighted to +find his very ingenious discovery brought home, and corroborated by +Landor's valuable manuscript: but it is an old said saw--"Great wits jump." +Now to our examples: + + "_Pasquin._ Saint Luke also affirmeth the same, saying flatly that he + shall not be forgiuen. Beholde, therefore, how well they interprete the + Scriptures. + + _Marforius._ I am alreadie _at a poynt_ with them, but thou shalt doo + me great pleasure to expounde also vnto me certayne other places, vppon + the which they ground this deceit."--_Pasquine in a Traunce_, turned + but lately out of the Italian into this tongue by W. P.: London, 1584. + + "But look, where malice reigneth in men, there reason can take no + place: and, therefore, I see by it, that you are all _at a point_ with + me, that no reason or authority can persuade you to favour my name, who + never meant evil to you, but both your commodity and profit."--Foxe's + _Acts and Monuments_, vol. viii. p. 18. + + "Not so, my lord," said I, "for I am _at a full point_ with myself in + that matter; and am right well able to prove both your + transubstantiation with the real presence to be against the Scriptures + and the ancient Fathers of the primitive Church."--_Id._, p. 587. + + "_Winchester._ No, surely, I am fully determined, and fully _at a + point_ therein, howsoever my brethren do."--_Id._, p. 691. + + "_Brad._ Sir, so that you will define me your church, that under it you + bring not in a false church, you shall not see but that we shall soon + be _at a point_."--_Id._, vol. vii. p. 190. + + "_Latimer._ Truly, my lord, as for my part I require no respite, for I + am _at a point_. You shall give me respite in vain; therefore, I pray + you let me not trouble you to-morrow."--_Id._, p. 534. + + "Unto whom he (Lord Cobham) gave this answer: 'Do as ye shall think + best, for I am _at a point_.' Whatsoever he (Archbishop Arundel) or the + other bishops did ask him after that, he bade them resort to his bill: + for thereby would he stand to the very death."--_Id._, vol. iii. pp. + 327-8. + + "'Et illa et ista vera esse credantur et nulla inter nos contentio + remanebit, quia nec illis veris ista, nec istis veris illa + impediuntur.' Let bothe those truthes and these truthes be beleued, and + we shall be _at appoinct_. For neither these truthes are impaired by + the other, neither the other by these."--_A Fortresse of the Faith_, p. + 50., by Thomas Stapleton: Antwerp, 1565. + + "A poore man that shall haue liued at home in the countrie, and neuer + tasted of honoure and pompe, is alwayes _at a poynt_ with himselfe, + when menne scorne and disdayne him, or shewe any token of contempt + towardes his person."--John Calvin's _CVIII. Sermon on the Thirtieth + Chap. of Job_, p. 554., translated by Golding: London, 1574. + + "As for peace, I am _at a point_."--_Leycester Correspondence_, Camd. + Soc., p. 261. + +W. R. ARROWSMITH. + +(_To be continued._) + + * * * * * + + +FOLK LORE. + +_Weather Rules._--The interesting article on "The Shepherd of Banbury's +Weather Rules" (Vol. vii., p. 373.) has reminded me of two _sayings_ I +heard in Worcestershire a few months back, and upon which my informant +placed the greatest reliance. The first is, "If the moon changes on a +Sunday, there will be a flood before the month is out." My authority +asserted that through a number of years he has never known this fail. The +month in which the change on a Sunday has occurred has been fine until the +last day, when the flood came. The other saying is, "Look at the +weathercock on St. Thomas's day at twelve o'clock, and see which way the +wind is, and there it will stick for the next quarter," that is, three +months. Can any of your readers confirm the above, and add any similar +"weather rules?" + +J. A., JUN. + +Birmingham. + +_Drills presaging Death_ (Vol. vii., p. 353.).--Your correspondent asks if +the superstition he here alludes to in Norfolk is believed in other parts. +I can give him a case in point in Berkshire:--Some twenty years ago an old +gentleman died there, a near relative of my own; and on going down to his +place, I was told by a farm overseer of his, that he was certain some of +his lordship's family would die that season, as, in the last sowing, he had +missed putting the seed in one row, which he showed me! "Who could +disbelieve it now?" quoth the old man. I was then taken to the bee-hives, +and at the door of every one this man knocked with his knuckles, and +informed the occupants that they must now work for a new master, as their +old one was gone to heaven. This, I believe, has been queried in your +invaluable paper some time since. I only send it by the way. I know the +same superstition is still extant in Cheshire, North Wales, and in some +parts of Scotland. + +T. W. N. + +Malta. + +A friend supplies me with the information that before drills were invented, +the labourers {523} considered it unlucky to miss a "bout" in corn or seed +sowing, will sometimes happened when "broadcast" was the only method. The +ill-luck did not relate alone to a _death_ in the family of the farmer or +his dependents, but to losses of cattle or accidents. It is singular, +however, that the superstition should have transferred itself to the drill; +but it will be satisfactory to E. G. R. to learn that the process of +_tradition_ and _superstition-manufacturing_ is not going on in the +nineteenth century. + +E. S. TAYLOR. + +_Superstition in Devonshire; Valentine's Day_ (Vol. v., pp. 55. +148.).--This, according to Forby, vol. ii. p. 403., once formed in Norfolk +a part of the superstitious practices on _St. Mark's Eve_, not St. +Valentine's, as mentioned by J. S. A., when the sheeted ghosts of those who +should die that year (Mrs. Crowe would call them, I suppose, +_Doppelgängers_) march in grisly array to the parish church. + +The rhyme varies from J. S. A.'s:-- + + "Hempseed I sow: + Hempseed grow; + He that is my true love + Come after me, and mow." + +and the Norfolk spectre is seen with a _scythe_, instead of a rake like his +Devonshire compeer. + +E. S. TAYLOR. + + * * * * * + + +A NOTE ON GULLIVER'S TRAVELS. + +If I may argue from the silence of the latest edition of _Gulliver's +Travels, with Notes_, with which I am acquainted, viz. that by W. C. +Taylor, LL.D., Trinity College, Dublin, the Preface to which is dated May +1st, 1840, I may say that all the commentators on Swift--all, at least, +down to that late date--have omitted to refer to a work containing +incidents closely resembling some of those recorded in the "Voyage to +Lilliput." + +The work to which I allude is a little dramatical composition, the +Bambocciata, or puppet-show, by Martelli, entitled _The Sneezing of +Hercules_. Goldoni, in his _Memoirs_, has given us the following account of +the manner in which he brought it out on the stage: + + "Count Lantieri was very well satisfied with my father, for he was + greatly recovered, and almost completely cured: his kindness was also + extended to me, and to procure amusement for me he caused a + puppet-show, which was almost abandoned, and which was very rich in + figures and decorations, to be refitted. + + "I profited by this, and amused the company by giving them a piece of a + great man, expressly composed for wooden comedians. This was the + _Sneezing of Hercules_, by Peter James Martelli, a Bolognese. + + . . . . . . . . . . + + "The imagination of the author sent Hercules into the country of the + pigmies. Those poor little creatures, frightened at the aspect of an + animated mountain with legs and arms, ran and concealed themselves in + holes. One day as Hercules had stretched himself out in the open field, + and was sleeping tranquilly, the timid inhabitants issued out of their + retreats, and, armed with prickles and rushes, mounted on the monstrous + man, and covered him from head to foot, like flies when they fall on a + piece of rotten meat. Hercules waked, and felt something in his nose, + which made him sneeze; on which, his enemies tumbled down in all + directions. This ends the piece. + + "There is a plan, a progression, an intrigue, a catastrophe, and + winding up; the style is good and well-supported; the thoughts and + sentiments are all proportionate to the size of the personages. The + verses even are short, and everything indicates pigmies. + + "A gigantic puppet was requisite for Hercules; everything was well + executed. The entertainment was productive of much pleasure; and I + could lay a bet, that I am the only person who ever thought of + executing the Bambocciata of Martelli."--_Memoirs of Goldoni_, + translated by John Black, 2 vols., duod. vol. i. chap. 6. + +It is certainly not necessary to point out here in what respects the +adventures of Hercules, the _animated mountain_, and those of Quinbus +Flestrin, the _man mountain_, differ from, or coincide with, each other, as +the only question I wish to raise is, whether a careful analysis of +Martelli's puppet-show ought, or ought not, to have been placed among the +notes on _Gulliver's Travels_. + +C. FORBES. + +Temple. + + * * * * * + + +SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE. + +In reply to J. M. G. of Worcester, who inquires for a MS. volume of English +poetry containing some lines attributed to Shakspeare, and which is +described in Thorpe's _Catalog_ of MSS. for 1831, I can supply some +particulars which may assist him in the research. The MS., which at one +period had belonged to Joseph Hazlewood, was purchased from Thorpe by the +late Lord Viscount Kingsborough; after whose decease it was sold, in +November, 1842, at Charles Sharpe's literary sale room, Anglesea Street, +Dublin. It is No. 574. in the auction catalogue of that part of his +lordship's library which was then brought to auction. + +The volume has been noticed by Patrick Fraser Tytler, in his _Life of Sir +Walter Raleigh_, Edinburgh, 1833 (in Appendix B, p. 436., of 2nd edit.), +where, citing the passage from Collier, which is referred to by J. M. G., +he asserts that the lines are not Shakspeare's, but Jonson's. But he does +not appear to me to have established his case beyond doubt; as the lines, +though found among Jonson's works, may, notwithstanding, be the production +of some other writer: and why not of Shakspeare, to whom they are ascribed +in the MS.? Some verses by Sir J. C. Hobhouse originally appeared as Lord +Byron's: and there are {524} numerous instances, both ancient and modern, +of a similar attribution of works to other than their actual authors. + +ARTERUS. + +Dublin. + +_The Island of Prospero._--We cannot assert that Shakspeare, in the +_Tempest_, had any particular island in view as the scene of his immortal +drama, though by some this has been stoutly maintained. Chalmers prefers +one of the Bermudas. The Rev. J. Hunter, in his _Disquisition on the Scene, +&c. of the Tempest_, endeavours to confer the honour on the Island of +Lampedosa. In reference to this question, a statement of the +pseudo-Aristotle is remarkable. In his work "[Greek: peri thaumasiôn +akousmatôn]," he mentions Lipara, one of the Æolian Islands, lying to the +north of Sicily, and nearly in the course of Shakspeare's Neapolitan fleet +from Tunis to Naples. Among the [Greek: polla teratôdê] found there, he +tells us: + + "[Greek: Exakouesthai gar tumpanôn kai kumbalôn êchon gelôta te meta + thorubou kai krotalôn enargôs. legousi de ti teratôdesteron gegonenai + peri to spêlaion.]" + +If we compare this with the aerial music heard by Ferdinand (_Tempest_, I. +2.), especially as the orchestra is represented by the genial burin of M. +Retsch in the fifth plate of his well-known sketches (_Umrisze_), it will +appear probable that Shakspeare was acquainted with the Greek writer either +in the original or through a translation. As far as I am aware, this has +not been observed by any of the commentators.--From _The Navorscher_. + +J. M. + +_Coincident Criticisms._--I shall be obliged if you will allow me through +your pages to anticipate and rebut two charges of plagiarism. When I wrote +my Note on a passage in _The Winter's Tale_ ("N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. +378.), I had not seen the _Dublin University Magazine_ for March last, +containing some remarks on the same passage in some respects much +resembling mine. I must also declare that my Note on a passage in _All's +Well that ends Well_ ("N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 426.) was posted for you +some time before the appearance of A. E. B.'s Note on the same passage ("N. +& Q.," Vol. vii., p. 403.). The latter coincidence is more remarkable than +the former, as the integrity of the amended text was in both notes +discussed by means of the same parallel passage. _Apropos_ of A. E. B.'s +clever Note, permit me to say, that though at first it appeared to me +conclusive, I now incline to think that Shakspeare intended Helen to +address the _leaden messengers_ by means of a very hyperbolic figure: +"wound the still-piecing air that sings with piercing" is a consistent +whole. If, as A. E. B. rightly says, _to wound the air_ is an +impossibility, it is equally impossible that the air should utter any sound +expressive of sensibility. The fact of course is, that the cannon-balls +_cleave_ the air, and that by so cleaving it a shrill noise is produced. +The cause and effect may, however, be metaphorically described, by +comparing air to Bertram. I believe it is a known fact that every man who +is struck with a cannon-ball cries out instinctively. Shakspeare therefore +might, I think, have very poetically described the action and effect of a +cannon-ball passing through the air by the strong figure of _wounding the +air that sings with the piercing which it is enduring_. + +In concluding this Note, I beg to express what is not merely my own, but a +very general feeling of disappointment in respect of MR. COLLIER'S new +edition of Shakspeare. To it, with a new force, may be applied the words of +A. E. B. in "N. & Q.," Vol. vi., p. 296.: + + "But the evil of these emendations is not in this instance confined to + the mere suggestion of doubt; the text has absolutely been altered in + all accessible editions, in many cases _silently_, so that the ordinary + reader has no opportunity of judging between _Shakspeare_ and his + improvers." + +That MR. COLLIER should be the greatest of such offenders, is no very +cheering sign of the times. + +C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY. + +Birmingham. + +_Dogberry's Losses_ (Vol. vii., p. 377.).--I do not know whether it has +ever been suggested, but I feel inclined to read "lawsuits." He has just +boasted of himself as "one that knows the _law_;" and it seems natural +enough that he should go on to brag of being a rich fellow enough, "and a +fellow that hath had _lawsuits_" of his own, and actually figured as +plaintiff or defendant. Suppose the words taken down from the mouth of an +actor, and the mistake would be easy. + +JOHN DOE. + + * * * * * + + +THE COENACULUM OF LIONARDO DA VINCI. + +I have in my possession a manuscript critique on the celebrated picture of +The Last Supper by Lionardo da Vinci, written many years ago by a deceased +academician; in which the writer has called in question the _point of time_ +usually supposed to have been selected by the celebrated Italian painter. +The criticisms are chiefly founded on the copy by Marco Oggioni, now in the +possession of the Royal Academy of Arts. + +Uniform tradition has assumed that the moment of action is that in which +the Saviour announces the treachery of one of his disciples "Dico vobis +quia unus vestrum me traditurus est." Matth. xxvi. 21., Joan. xiii. 21., +Vulgate edit.; and most of the admirers of this great work have not failed +to find in it decisive proofs of the intention of the painter to represent +that exact point of time. {525} + +The author of the manuscript enters into a very detailed examination of the +several groups of figures which compose the picture, and of the expression +of the heads; and he confesses his inability to find in them anything +decisively indicating the period supposed to be chosen. He remarks that +nine at least of the persons, including the principal one, are evidently +engaged in animated conversation; that instead of that concentrated +attention which the announcement might be supposed to generate, there +appears to be great variety of expressions and of action; and that neither +surprise nor indignation are so generally prominent, as might have been +expected. He inclines to think that the studied diversity of expression, +and the varied attitudes and gestures of the assembled party, are to be +regarded as proofs of the artist's efforts to produce a powerful and +harmonious composition, rather than a natural and truthful representation +of any particular moment of the transaction depicted by him. + +The work in question is now so generally accessible through the medium of +accurate engravings, that any one may easily exercise his own judgment on +the matter, and decide for himself whether the criticism be well founded. + +It must be borne in mind that the subject had long been a familiar +decoration of conventual refectories before the time when Lionardo brought +his profound knowledge of external human nature, and his unsurpassed powers +of executive art, to bear on a subject which had before been treated in the +dry, conventional, inanimate manner of the Middle Ages. The leading +features of the traditional picture are retained: the long table, the linen +cloth, the one-sided arrangement of the figures, the classic drapery, and +the general form and design of the apartment, are all to be found in the +earlier works; and must have been considered, by observers in general, far +more essential to the correct delineation of the scene than any adherence +to the exact description of it in any one of the Evangelists. But as the +subject was usually introduced into refectories for the edification of the +brethren assembled with their superior at their own meals, it does not seem +likely that the treachery of Judas should have been intended to be the +prominent action of the picture. It was a memorial of the institution of +the Eucharist, although the Christ was not represented as dispensing either +bread or wine. In such a case, if any particular point of time was ever +contemplated by the artist, he might judiciously and appropriately select +the moment when the Saviour was announcing, in mysterious words, the close +of his mission--as in St. Matthew and St. Mark; or was teaching them a +lesson of humility when the spirit of rivalry and strife had disclosed +itself among them--as we find in St. Luke and St. John. + +It is not perhaps generally known that the statutes of Queen's College, +Oxford, prescribe the order of sitting at the common table in manner which +evidently refers to the _coenaculum_ of the old church painters. + +E. SMIRKE. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +_Scotter Register (County Lincoln)._--The following extracts from the +register of the parish of Scotter, in the county of Lincoln, are perhaps +sufficiently interesting to be worth printing in "N. & Q.": + + 1. "Eccelesia parochialis de Scotter comitatu Lincolniæ dedicata est + Beatis Apostolis Sancto Petro et Sancto Paulo ut apparet in Antiquo + Scripto viduæ Loddington de Scotter, viz. in testamento vltimo Thomæ + Dalyson, Gen. de Scotter, qui obiit Junii 19^o, anno Domini 1495. + + "GUL. CARRINGTON, + "Rector ecl[=i]a ibid." + + 2. "_Memorandum_, That on Septuagesima Sunday, being the 19^{th} day of + January, 1667, one Francis Drury, an excommunicate person, came into + the church in time of divine service in y^e morning, and being + admonisht by mee to begon, hee obstinately refused, whereuppon y^e + whole congregation departed; and after the same manner in the + afternoon, the same day, he came again, and refusing againe to go out, + the whole congregation againe went home, soe y^t little or no service + pformed. They prevented his further coming in y^t manner, as hee + threatned, by order from the Justice, uppon the statute of Queene + Elizabeth concerning the molestation and disturbance of publiq + preachers. + + WM. CARRINGTON, Rec." + + "O tempora, O mores." + + 3. "Michæl Skinner Senex centum et trium annorum sepultus fuit die + sancti Johannis, viz. Dec. 27, 1673." + +EDWARD PEACOCK, Jun. + +Bottesford Moors, Kirton Lindsey. + +"_All my Eye._"--"_Over the Left._" + + "What benefit a Popish successor can reap from lives and fortunes spent + in defence of the Protestant religion, he may put in his eye: and what + the Protestant religion gets by lives and fortunes spent in the service + of a Popish successor, will be over the left shoulder."--Preface to + _Julian the Apostate_: London, printed for Langley Curtis, on Ludgate + Hill. 1682. + +Is this passage the origin of the above cant phrases? + +GEORGE DANIEL. + +Canonbury. + +_Curious Marriages._--In _Harl. MSS._ 1550, p. 180., is the pedigree of +Irby, where Anthony Irby has two daughters: Margaret, who married Henry +Death, and Dorothy, who married John Domesday. + +E. G. BALLARD. {526} + +_Child-mother._--Four months ago, on board the Brazil packet, the royal +mail steam-vessel Severn, there was an instance of a "child-wife," which +might be worthy of a place among your curiosities of that description. + +She was the wedded wife of a Brazilian travelling from the Brazils to +Lisbon, and her husband applied for permission to pay the "reduced passage +money" for her as being "under twelve years of age!" + +As the regulation on that head speaks of "_children_ under twelve years of +age," this _conscientious_ Brazilian's demand could not be countenanced. + +His wife's age was under eleven years and a half, and (_credat Judæus_) +_she was a mother_! + +A. L. + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + +FURTHER QUERIES RESPECTING BISHOP KEN. + +(_Continued from_ Vol. vii., p. 380.) + +In a _Collection of Poems_, in six volumes, by several Hands (Dodsley, 5th +edition, 1758), and in vol. iii. p. 75., is found "An Epistle from Florence +to T. A., Esq., Tutor to the Earl of P----. Written in the year 1740. By +the Honourable ----." Can any one explain an allusion contained in these +three lines of the epistle? + + "Or with wise Ken judiciously define, + When Pius marks the honorary coin + Of Caracalla, or of Antonine." + +It is hardly to be supposed that the Ken here named could mean the bishop, +who died so far back as 1711. Was there a coin-collector of that name +living about 1740? + +We learn (from Ken's _Prose Works_, ed. Round, pp. 93, 94.) that the +Bishop's sister, "my poor sister Ken," most probably then a widow, lost her +only son, who died at Cyprus, in 1707. Was this Mrs. Ken the Rose Vernon, +sister of Sir Thomas Vernon, of Coleman Street, London, and the wife of Jon +Ken, the bishop's eldest brother, and treasurer of the East India Company? +This Jon and Rose Ken are represented, in Mr. Markland's Pedigree of the +Ken family, as still living in 1683. Is there no monumental memorial of +this Treasurer Ken, or his family, in any of the London churches? + +In Mr. Macaulay's _History of England_, 5th ed., vol. ii. p. 365., he +states that "it was well known that one of the most opulent dissenters of +the City had begged that he might have the honour of giving security for +Ken," when the seven bishops were bailed, previous to their trial. On what +authority (for none is cited) does this statement rest? + +Can any one give a clue to this passage from a letter written to Mr. +Harbin, Lord Weymouth's chaplain, by Bishop Ken, and dated "Winton, Jan +22." [1701]: + + "I came to Winchester yesterday, where I stay one post more, and then + go either to Sir R. U. or L. Newton, where you shall hear from + me."--Ken's _Prose Works_, by Round, p. 53. + +Can "Sir R. U." (the _U_ perhaps being a mistake for _W._) designate Sir +Robert Worsley, Bart., of Chilton, in the county of Southampton, married to +Lord Weymouth's daughter? and can "L. Newton" be a mistake for Long Sutton, +in Hants? or may it be Long Newton, in the hundred of Malmesbury? + +J. J. J. + +Temple. + + * * * * * + + +THE REV. JOHN LAWSON AND HIS MATHEMATICAL MANUSCRIPTS. + +In the year 1774 the Rev. John Lawson, B.D., Rector of Swanscombe in Kent, +published _A Dissertation on the Geometrical Analysis of the Antients, with +a Collection of Theorems and Problems without solutions for the Exercise of +young Students_. This work was printed anonymously at Canterbury, but the +merits of the essay did not permit the author to remain long in obscurity; +the real writer was immediately known to most of the geometers of the day, +and the elegant character of many of the theorems and problems, led to a +general desire that their solutions should be published in a separate work. +In accordance with this intention, it was announced on a fly-sheet attached +to some copies of the work, that-- + + "The author of this publication being a man of leisure, and living in a + retired situation, remote from any opportunity of conversation with + mathematicians, would be extremely glad of a correspondence with any + such, who are willing to be at the expense of the same; or if this be + thought too much, will pay the postage of his answers to their letters. + But no letters, except post-paid, can be received by him; otherwise a + door would be opened for frolic, imposition, and impertinence. Any new + geometrical propositions, either theorems or problems, would be + received with gratitude, and if sent without solutions, he would use + his best endeavours to return such as might be satisfactory. Any new + solutions of propositions already in print, _especially of those + included in the present collection_, would also be very agreeable. If a + variety of such demonstrations essentially different from those of the + original authors should be communicated, he proposes at some future + time to publish them all, with a fresh collection for further exercise; + and then each author's name shall be affixt to his own solution, or any + other signature which he shall please to direct. Any person who shall + favor the publisher with his correspondence shall have speedily + conveyed to him the solutions of any propositions contained in this + collection, which he may be desirous of seeing. Letters (post-paid) + directed for P. Q., to be left at Mr. Nourse's, Bookseller, in the + {527} Strand, London, will be carefully transmitted on the first day of + each month, and all correspondents may expect answers during the course + of that month." + +In consequence of this appeal, Mr. Lawson was speedily in correspondence +with several of the most able geometers then living, and amongst the rest, +Messrs. Ainsworth, Clarke, Merrit, Power, &c., appear to have furnished him +with original solutions to his collection of theorems and problems. The +manuscript containing these solutions must have been of considerable size, +since a portion of it was sent down to Manchester about July, 1777, for the +purpose of obtaining Mr. Ainsworth's remarks and corrections; and Mr. +Lawson is requested, in a letter bearing date "August 22, 1777," to "send +the next portion when convenient." Whether Mr. Lawson did so or not, I have +not yet been able to ascertain; but this much is certain, the manuscript +was never printed, and would most probably either be disposed of at the +death of its compiler, or previously transferred to the possession of some +geometer of Mr. Lawson's acquaintance. Several of the _original_ letters +which passed between the respective parties relating to this manuscript are +at present in the hands of two or three of the Lancashire geometers, but no +one seems to know anything of the manuscript itself. May I then request +that the fortunate holder of this yet valuable collection will make himself +known through the medium of the widely circulated pages of "N. & Q." + +T. T. WILKINSON. + +Burnley, Lancashire. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + +_"Wanderings of Memory."_--In Brayley's _Graphic and Historical +Illustrator_, p. 293., is a quotation from the _Wanderings of Memory_, as a +motto to an account of the ancient castle of the Peverils at Castleton, in +Derbyshire: can any of your readers tell me who was the author of the poem +in question? + +W. R. + +Camden Town. + +_"Wandering Willie's Tale."_--Has the scene that presented itself to the +view of Piper Steenie Steenson, when he was ushered by the phantom of his +old friend Dougal M^cCallum into the presence of the ghastly revellers +carousing in the auld oak parlour of the visionary Redgauntlet Castle, ever +been painted? (See _Redgauntlet_, Letter xi.) If it has, is there any +engraving of the picture extant or on sale? + +C. FORBES. + +Temple. + +_Chapel Sunday._--I had the pleasure of spending a Sunday in the course of +the last summer in the neighbourhood of Keswick, among the delightful lake +scenery of England. I there learned that in the village of Thornthwaite it +was Chapel Sunday, and on inquiry I was told that there were a few other +villages in the neighbourhood where there was also a Chapel Sunday. Upon +this day it is the custom of young people to come from neighbouring places +to attend worship at the village church or chapel, and the afternoon +partakes of a merry-making character at the village inn. There appeared, as +far as I could see, no excesses attending the anniversary, all being +respectable in their conduct. Can any of your Cambrian readers inform me +the origin of this anniversary? + +PRESTONIENSIS. + +_Proud Salopians._--I have never heard a satisfactory account of the origin +of this title, given to persons belonging to my native county. + +In the neighbourhood the following story is frequently related, but with +what authority I cannot tell, viz. "That upon the king (Query which?) +offering to make Shrewsbury a city, the inhabitants replied that they +preferred its remaining the largest borough in England, rather than it +should be the smallest city; their pride not allowing them to be small +among the great." + +If this history of the term be true, it would appear that the name should +only be applied to _burgesses of Shrewsbury_. + +SALOPIAN. + +_George Miller, D.D._--In the year 1796, George Miller, subsequently the +author of _Modern History Philosophically Illustrated_, and many other +well-known works (of which a list appears in a recent Memoir), was +appointed Donnelan Lecturer in Trinity College, Dublin; and delivered a +course of sermons or lectures on "An Inquiry into the Causes that have +impeded the further Progress of Christianity." I should be very glad indeed +to know whether these Sermons have appeared in print; and if so, when and +where published? I have not been able to procure a copy. + +With regard to the Donnelan Lectureship, I may add, that a legacy of 1243l. +was bequeathed to the College of Dublin by Mrs. Anne Donnelan, of the +parish of St. George, Hanover Square, in the county of Middlesex, spinster, +"for the encouragement of religion, learning, and good manners." The +particular mode of application was entrusted to the Provost and Senior +Fellows; and accordingly, amongst other resolutions of the Board, passed +Feb. 22, 1794, are to be found the following: "That a Divinity Lecture, to +which shall be annexed a salary arising from the interest of 1200l., shall +be established for ever, to be called Donnelan's Lecture;" and "That one +moiety of the interest of the said 1200l. shall be paid to the Lecturer as +soon as he shall have delivered the whole number [six] of the lectures; and +the other moiety as soon as he shall have _published_ four of the said +Lectures." + +ABHBA. {528} + +_Members of Parliament._--Pennant, in _The Journey from Chester to London_, +p. 94., says: + + "The ancient owners of Rudgley were of the same name with the town: + some of the family had the honour of being sheriffs of the county in + the reign of Edward III. _Another was knight of the shire in the same + period._" + +Can any reader of "N. & Q." verify the _last portion_ of Pennant's +statement? + +J. W. S. R. + +St. Ives, Hunts. + +_Taret._--I have lately met with mention of a "small insect called the +_Taret_." What may this be? + +TYRO. + +_Jeroboam of Claret, &c._--Could any of your correspondents inform me what +a Jeroboam of Claret is, and from what it is derived: also a Magnum of +Port? + +WINEBIBBER. + +_William Williams of Geneva._--In _Livre des Anglois, à Génève_, with a few +biographical notes by J. S. Burn, Esq., pages 5, 6. 12, 13., mention is +made of Guillaume--Will[=m] Will[=m]s, and Jane his wife,--Will[=m] +Will[=m]s, a senior of the church there in 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558; and some +of the years he was a godfather. I shall be glad to have some further +account of such William Williams, or references to where to find such? + +GLWYSIG. + +_The First of April and "The Cap awry."_--Tom Moore, in his Diary, 1819, +says: + + "April 1st. Made Bessy turn her cap awry in honour of the day." + +What was the origin of this custom? Was this the way a fool was supposed to +show that his head was turned? + +C. R. + +Paternoster Row. + +_Sir G. Browne, Bart._--Sir George Browne, Bart., of West Stafford, Berks, +and Wickham, is said to have had nineteen children by his wife Eleanor +Blount; and that three of those children were sons, killed in the service +of Charles I. + +Was either of those sons named Richard; and was any of them, and which, +married? If so, where, and to whom? + +NEWBURY. + +_Bishop Butler._--Will any of our Roman Catholic friends tell us on what +authority they assert that Bishop Butler, the author of _The Analogy_, died +in their communion? That he was suspected of a tendency that way during his +life is acknowledged by all, though the grounds, that of setting up a cross +in his chapel, are confessedly unsatisfactory. But, besides this, it is +alleged that he died with a Roman Catholic book of devotion in his hand, +and that the last person in whose company he was seen was a priest of that +persuasion. One would be glad to have this question sifted. + +X. Y. Z. + +_Oaken Tombs._--In Dr. Whitaker's noble history of _Loidis and Elmete_, p. +322., is the following passage: + + "Next in point of time is a very singular memorial, which has evidently + been removed from its original position, between the chapel and the + high altar, to a situation at the south side and west end of the + chapel.... The tomb is a messy frame-work of oak, with quarter-foils + and arms on three sides, and on the table above three statues of the + same material, namely, of a knight bare-headed, with rather youthful + countenance and sharp features, and his two wives. On the filleting is + this rude inscription in Old English: + + 'Bonys emong Stonys, lyes here ful styl, + Quilst the sawle wanders wher God wyl. + Anno D^{ni} MCCCCCXXIX.' + + This commemorates Sir John Savile, who married, &c. + + "Over all has been a canopy, or rather tester, for the whole must have + originally resembled an antique and massy bedstead, exhibiting the very + incongruous appearance of a husband in bed with two wives at once." + +The Doctor adds: + + "Oaken tombs are very rare; that of Aymer de Valence in Westminster + Abbey has been and still is in part coated over with copper, gilt, and + enamelled, and I have seen another in the church of Tickencote in + Rutlandshire. I do not recollect a third specimen." + +Query, How many have been discovered since the great historian's day? + +ST. BEES. + +_Alleged Bastardy of Elizabeth._--In the State Paper Office (_Dom. Pap._, +temp. Jac. I.), there is, under date of 1608, a letter from Mr. +Chamberlaine to Sir Dudley Carleton, of October 28, in which Chamberlaine +says: + + "I heare of a Bill put into the Exchequer, concerninge much lande that + sh^d be alienated on account of the alleged bastardy of Queen + Elizabeth." + +P. C. S. S. is desirous to know whether there be any record in the Court of +Exchequer which bears out this singular statement. + +P. C. S. S. + +_"Pugna Porcorum."_--Where may be found some account of the author, object, +&c. of this facetious production? + +P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A. + +_Parviso._--Can any of your readers inform me as to the meaning of the word +_parviso_; it occurs in the usual form of the "Testamur" for Responsions. +On reference to Webster's _Dictionary_, I find that _parvis_ is a small +porch or gateway; perhaps this may throw some light upon the question. + +OXONIENSIS. + +_Mr. Justice Newton._--There is a very stiff Indian-ink copy of a portrait +in the _Sutherland Illustrated Clarendon_, in the Bodleian Library, the +original of which I should be glad to trace. It is described in the +Catalogue to be "by Bulfinch," {529} which is probably a mistake. It bears +the following inscription: + + "This is drawn from the painting in the hands of Mr. Justice Newton of + the Middle Temple." + +Can any one inform me when this learned justice lived; or rather, for it +concerns me more, when he died? And farther, if it be not too hopeless an +inquiry to make, who his existing representatives (if any) may be? + +F. KYFFIN LENTHALL. + +36. Mount Street, Grosvenor Square. + +_Mufti._--I hear military men employ this term, "we went in _mufti_:" +meaning, out of uniform. Whence is it derived? + +MARIA. + +_Ryming and Cuculling._--In that very curious volume of extracts from _The +Presbytery Book of Strathbogie_, A.D. 1631-54, which was printed for the +Spalding Club in 1843, occurs the following passage: + + "George Jinkin and John Christie referred from the Session of + Abercherder, for _ryming and cuculling_, called, compeird not. Ordained + to be summonded _pro_ 2^o."--P. 242. + +Accordingly, on-- + + "The said day, George Jinkin in Abercherder, being summonded for his + _ryming and cuculling_, being called, compeired; and being accused of + the foresaid fault, confessed he only spoke three words of _that ryme_. + Being sharpely rebuked, and instructed of the grosnes of that sin, was + ordained to satisfie in sackcloth, which he promised to do."--P. 245. + +What was the "fault" here alluded to, and visited with a species of +discipline with which the presbytery, and those under its jurisdiction, +appear to have been very familiar? + +D. + +_Custom at the Savoy Church._--At the Savoy Church (London), the Sunday +following Christmas Day, there was a chair placed near the door, covered +with a cloth: on the chair was an orange, in a plate. + +Can any of the readers of "N. & Q." inform me the meaning of this? + +CERIDWEN. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries with Answers. + +_Faithfull Teate._--I lately fell in with a small work by this divine, +entitled _Ter Tria_, and on the fly-leaf is a MS. note, stating that some +years ago a copy of the same book was priced, in a bookseller's catalogue +in London, at 1l. 7s. 6d. I wish to learn some particulars relative to the +author, and if the work is valuable, or scarce, or both. + +J. S. + + [Neither Calamy nor Brook has furnished any biographical notices of Dr. + Faithfull Teate. When he wrote _Ter Tria_, in 1658, he was a "Preacher + of the Word at Sudbury in Suffolk." A second edition of it was + published in 1669. In 1665 appeared his _Scripture Map of the + Wildernesse of Sin_," 4to. In a discourse on _Right Thoughts, the + Righteous Man's Evidence_, he has the following passage, accommodated + to his own destitute state after his ejectment: "The righteous man, in + thinking of his present condition of life, thinks it his relief, that + the less money he has he may go the more upon trust; the less he finds + in his purse, seeks the more in the promise of Him that has said, 'I + will never leave thee, nor forsake thee;' so that he thinks no man can + take away his livelihood, unless he can first take away God's truth." + Lowndes has given the following prices of _Ter Tria_: Sir M. M. Sykes, + part iii. 626., 5s.; Nassau, part ii. 682., 8s.; White Knights, 4068., + 1l.; _Bibl. Ang. Poet._, 764., 1l. 11s. 6d.] + +_Kelway Family._--Can any of the readers of "N. & Q." guide me to anything +like a pedigree of the family of _Kelloway_, _Kaloway_, or _Kelway_; which +I find from Lysons' _Devonshire_ possessed the manor of Mokesbean in that +county from the time of Henry II.? + +In the first year of Edward III., when the property of those who suffered +after the battle of Boroughbridge was restored, John de Keilewaye was found +"hæres de integro sanguine" to Lord Gifford of Brimesfield. + +The last of the family appears to have been John Kelloway of Collampton in +Devon, who married Joan Tregarthian; and dying in 1530, left co-heiresses +married to Greville of Penheale, Codrington of Codrington, Harwood, and +Cooke. + +The arms of the family are singular, being, Argent within a bordure +engrailed sable, two groving irons in saltire sable, between four pears Or. + +R. H. C. + + [The pedigree of this family will be found in two copies by Munday of + the "Visitation of Devonshire," A.D. 1564, in the Harleian MSS. 1091. + p. 90., and 1538, p. 2166. The only difference in the arms is, in both + copies, that there is _no bordure engrailed_; but this has probably + been added since as a _difference_, as was often done to distinguish + families. The name is here spelt _Kelloway_, and the pedigree begins + with "Thomas Kelloway of Stowford in County Devon, who married Anne, + daughter of ---- Copleston, of ----, in county Somerset," and ends with + "John Kelloway, who married Margery, daughter of John Arscott of + Dunsland, and left issue Robert, who married ----, and Richard."] + +_Regatta._--What is the etymology of the word _regatta_? From whence is it +derived, and when was it first used in English to mean a boat-race? + +C. B. N. C. J. S. + + [Baretti says, "Regatta, _palio che si corre sull' acqua_; a race run + on water in boats. The word I take to be corrupted from _Remigata_, the + art of rowing." Florio, in his _Worlde of Wordes_, has "_Regattare_, + Ital. to wrangle, to cope or fight for the mastery." The term, as + denoting a showy species of boat-race, was first used in this {530} + country towards the close of the last century; for the papers of that + time inform us, that on June 23, 1775, a regatta, a _novel_ + entertainment, and the first of the kind, was exhibited in the river + Thames, in imitation of some of those splendid shows exhibited at + Venice on their grand festivals. The whole river, from London Bridge to + the Ship Tavern, Millbank, was covered with boats. About 1200 flags + were flying before four o'clock in the afternoon, and vessels were + moored in the river for the sale of liquors and other refreshments. + Before six o'clock it was a perfect fair on both sides the water, and + bad liquor, with short measure, was plentifully retailed. Plans of the + regatta were sold from a shilling to a penny each, and songs on the + occasion sung, in which "regatta" was the rhyme for "Ranelagh," and + "royal family" echoed to "liberty."] + +_Coket and Cler-mantyn._--Piers Plowman says that when new corn began to be +sold-- + + "Waulde no beggar eat bread that in it beanes were, + But of _coket_ and _cler-mantyn_, or else of cleane wheate." + +What are _coket_ and _cler-mantyn_? Also, what are _coronation flowers_, +and _sops in wine_? + +CERIDWEN. + + [Both _coket_ and _cler-mantyn_ mean a kind of fine bread. _Coronation_ + is the name given by some of our old writers to a species of flower, + the modern appellation of which is not clear. _Sops-in-wine_ were a + species of flowers among the smaller kind of single gilliflowers or + pinks. Both these flowers are noticed by Spenser, in his _Shepherd's + Calendar_ for April, as follows: + + "Bring coronations and sops-in-wine + Worn of paramours."] + + * * * * * + + +Replies. + +CURFEW. + +(Vol. vi., pp. 53. 112.) + +It will be remembered that when Mr. Webster, one of the greatest of +American statesmen, was on his death-bed, in October last, he requested his +son to read to him that far-famed "Elegy" of Gray: + + "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." + +The editor of the _Boston Journal_, after referring to this circumstance, +which he says has caused an unexampled demand for the works of Gray in the +United States, goes on to give the result of his researches in many old +English works, respecting the origin and meaning of the word _curfew_, +which I trust will interest not only your correspondents who have written +on the subject, but also many of your readers. I glean from the clever +article now before me the following brief notices, which I have not yet met +with in "N. & Q." + +In King Alfred's time the curfew was rung at eight o'clock, and called the +"cover fire bell," because the inhabitants, on hearing its peals, were +obliged to cover their fires, and go to bed. Thomson evidently refers, in +the following lines, to this tyrannical law, which was abolished in England +about the year 1100: + + "The shiv'ring wretches at the curfew sound, + Dejected sunk into their sordid beds, + And through the mournful gloom of ancient time, + Mused sad, or dreamt of better." + +On the people finding that they could put out their fires and go to bed +when they pleased, it would appear, from being recorded in many places, +that the time of ringing the curfew bell was first changed from eight to +nine o'clock, then from nine to ten, and afterwards to the early hours of +the morning. Thus we find in _Romeo and Juliet_: + + "The curfew bell hath rung: + 'Tis _three o'clock_." + +In Shakspeare's works frequent mention is made of the curfew. In the +_Tempest_ he gives the following: + + "You whose pastime + Is to make midnight mushrooms--that rejoice + To hear the solemn curfew." + +In _Measure for Measure_: + + "_Duke._ Who call'd here of late? + _Provost._ None since the curfew rung." + +In _King Lear_: + + "This is the foul fiend Flibertigibbet; + He begins at curfew, and walks to the first cock." + +This old English custom of ringing the curfew bell was carried by the +Puritan fathers to New England; and where is the Bostonian of middle age +who does not well recollect the ringing of the church bell at nine o'clock, +which was the willing signal for labourers to retire to bed, and for +shopmen to close their shops? + +Before closing this Note, may I be allowed to inform MR. SANSOM, that +_Charlestown_ is in Massachusetts, and only separated from Boston by +Charles River, which runs between the two cities. The place to which he +refers is _Charleston_, and in South Carolina. + +W. W. + +Malta. + + * * * * * + + +THE "SALT-PETER-MAN." + +(Vol. vii., pp. 377. 433. 460.) + +The statute against monopolies (21 Jac. I. c. 3.) contains a clause (sec. +10.) that its provisions should not extend to any commission grant or +letters patent theretofore made, or thereafter to be made, of, for, or +concerning the digging, making, or compounding of saltpetre or gunpowder, +which were to be of the like force and effect, _and no other_, as if that +act had never been made. + +In the famous "Remonstrance of the State of the Kingdom" agreed upon by the +House of Commons in November, 1641, there is special allusion to the +vexation and oppression of the {531} subject by purveyors, clerks of the +market, and saltpetre men. (_Parliamentary History_, x. 67.) + +Shortly afterwards was passed an act (which obtained the royal assent) +giving liberty for importing gunpowder and saltpetre, and for making of +gunpowder. The preamble asserts that the importation of gunpowder from +foreign parts had of late times been against law prohibited, and the making +thereof within this realm ingrossed; whereby the price of gunpowder had +been excessively raised, many powder works decayed, this kingdom very much +weakened and endangered, the merchants thereof much damnified, many +mariners and others taken prisoners and brought into miserable captivity +and slavery, many ships taken by Turkish and other pirates, and many other +inconveniences had from thence ensued, and more were likely to ensue, if +not timely prevented. (17 _Car. I._ c. 21.) + +Lord Clarendon, in reviewing the various "important laws" of the Long +Parliament to which the king assented, makes the following observations +with reference to this particular act: + + "'An Act for the free making Saltpetre and Gunpowder within the + Kingdom:' which was a part of the prerogative; and not only + considerable, as it restrained that precious and dangerous commodity + from vulgar hands; but, as in truth it brought a considerable revenue + to the crown, and more to those whom the crown gratified and obliged by + that license. The pretence for this exemption was, 'the unjustifiable + proceeding of those (or of inferior persons qualified by them) who had + been trusted in that employment,' by whom, it cannot be denied, many + men suffered: but the true reason was, that thereby they might be sure + to have in readiness a good stock in that commodity, against the time + their occasions should call upon them."--_History of Rebellion_, book + iii. + +On the 3rd April, 1644, the Lords and Commons passed an ordinance for the +making of saltpetre, &c. This was grounded on the following allegations: + + "1. The great expence of gunpowder, occasioned by the then war within + his Majesty's dominions, had well near consumed the old store, and did + exhaust the magazines so fast, that without a larger supply, the navy + forts and the land armies could not be furnished. + + "2. Foreign saltpetre was not in equal goodness with that of our own + country, and the foreign gunpowder far worse conditioned and less + forcible than that which is made in England. + + "3. Divers foreign estates had of date prohibited the exportation of + salt-peter and gunpowder out of their own dominions and countries, so + that there could be but little hope or future expectation of any peter + or powder to be brought into this kingdom, as in former times, which + would enforce us to make use of our own materials." + +From these circumstances, it was held most necessary that the digging of +saltpetre and making of gunpowder should by all fit means be encouraged, at +that time when it so much concerned the public safety; nevertheless, to +prevent the reviving of those _oppressions and exactions_ exercised upon +the people, under the colourable authority of commissions granted to +_salt-peter-men_; which burden had been eased since the sitting of that +Parliament. To the end there might not be any pretence to interrupt the +work, it was ordained that the committee of safety, their factors, workmen, +and servants, should have power and authority, (within prescribed hours) to +search and dig for saltpetre in all pigeon-houses, stables, cellars, +vaults, empty warehouses, and other outhouses, yards, and places likely to +afford that earth. + +The _salt-peter-men_ were to level the ground and repair damage done by +them; or might be compelled to do so by the deputy-lieutenants, justices of +the peace, or committees of parliament. + +The _salt-peter-men_ were also empowered to take carts, by the known +officers, for carriage of the liquor, vessels, and other utensils, from +place to place, at specified prices, and under limitations as to weight and +distance; and they were freed from taxes and tolls for carriages used about +their works, and empowered to take outhouses, &c., for their workhouses, +making satisfaction to the owners. + +This ordinance was to continue for two years, from 25th March, 1644. + +An ordinance of a similar character was passed 9th February, 1652, to be in +force till 25th March, 1656 (_Scobell_, 231.). + +By an act of the Lord Protector and Parliament, made in 1656, it was +enacted that no person or persons should dig within the houses or lands of +any person or persons of the commonwealth for the finding of saltpetre, nor +take the carriages of any person or persons for the carrying of their +materials or vessels, without their leave first obtained or had. +(_Scobell_, 377.) This is the act referred to by BROCTUNA ("N. & Q.," Vol. +vii., p. 434.), and by my friend MR. ISAIAH DECK ("N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. +460.), though I am not certain that MR. DECK'S inference be correct, that +this act was passed in consequence of the new and uncertain process for +obtaining the constituents of nitre having failed; and it is quite clear +that Lord Coke could not have referred to this act. The enactment referred +to is introduced by way of proviso in an act allowing the exportation of +goods of English manufacture (_inter alia_, of gunpowder, when the price +did not exceed 5l. per cwt.). + +Allow me, in connexion, with this subject, to refer to Cullum's _History of +Hawsted_, 1st edition, pp. 150. and 151., also to the statute 1 Jac. II. c. +8. s. 3., by which persons obtaining any letters patent for the sole making +or importing gunpowder are subjected to the pains and penalties of +præmunire. + +C. H. COOPER. + +Cambridge. {532} + + * * * * * + + +FORMS OF JUDICIAL OATHS. + +(Vol. vii., p. 458.) + +Will you permit me to make a few observations in reply to the Queries of +MR. H. H. BREEN on this subject? + +There is hardly any custom more ancient than for a person imposing a +promise on another to call on him to bind himself by an oath to the due +performance of it. In this oath the person swearing calls on God, the king, +his father, or some person or thing to whom he attaches authority or value, +to inflict on him punishment or loss in case he breaks his oath. The mode +of swearing is, in one particular, almost everywhere and in every age the +same. + +When a father, a friend, a sword, or any corporeal object is sworn by, _the +swearer places his hand upon it_, and then swears. When a man, however, +swore by the Deity, on whom he cannot place his hand, he raised his hand to +heaven towards the God by whom he swore. + +When Abraham made Abimelech swear to obey him, he caused him to place his +hand under his thigh, and then imposed the oath; and when Jacob, by his +authority as a father, compelled his son Joseph to swear to perform his +promise, he ordered him to go through a similar ceremony. (Genesis, ch. +xxiv. v. 5., and ch. xlvii. v. 29.) + +In the prophet Daniel we read that-- + + "The man clothed in linen which was upon the waters, held up his right + hand and his left hand unto heaven, and sware by Him that liveth for + ever and ever," &c.--Daniel, ch. xii. v. 7. + +In the Revelation we also find-- + + "And the angel, which I saw stand upon the sea and the earth, lifted up + his hand to heaven and sware by Him that liveth for ever and ever," + &c.--Revelation, ch. x. v. 5, 6. + +Your correspondent inquires how oaths were taken prior to their being taken +on the Gospel. + +Among the nations who overthrew the Roman empire, the most common mode of +swearing was on the relics of the saints. In England, I think, the most +common mode was to swear on the corporalia or eucharistic elements, whence +we still have the common phrase "upon your corporal oath." In each case the +hand was placed on the thing sworn by. + +The laws of the Alamanni as to conjurators, direct that the sacrament shall +be so arranged that all the conjurators shall place their hands upon the +coffer (containing the relics), and that the principal party shall place +his hand on all theirs, and then they are to swear on the relics. (_Ll. +Alam._ cap. 657.) + +The custom of swearing on the Gospels is repeatedly mentioned in the laws +of the Lombards. (_Ll. Longo._ 1 tit. 21. c. 25.; _Ll. Longo._ 2. tit. 55. +c. 2., and c. 2. tit. 34. _et al._) + +In the _Formularies of Marculphus_, two forms of oaths are given, one says +that-- + + "In palatio nostro super capella domini Martini ubi reliqua sacramenta + percurrunt debeat conjurare." + +In the other we read-- + + "Posita manu supra sacrosanctium altare sancti ... sic juratus dixit. + Juro per hunc locum sanctum et Deum altissimum et virtutis sancti ... + quod," &c. + +In the laws of Cnût of England, two forms of oath are given. They both +begin with "By the Lord before whom this relic is holy." (_Ancient Laws and +Justice of England_, p. 179.) + +Your correspondent asks "what form of Judicial oath was first sanctioned by +Christians as a body?" + +In the history of the Council of Constantinople, it is stated that-- + + "George, the well beloved of God, a deacon and keeper of the records, + having touched the Holy Gospels of God, swore in this manner, 'By these + Holy Scriptures, and by the God who by them has spoken,'" &c. + +At the Council of Nice it is said that-- + + "Prayer having been offered up, every one saluted the Holy Gospels, the + venerated cross and image of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, and of + our Lady the mother of God, and placed his hands upon them in + confirmation of what he had said." + +From these I infer that the custom of swearing on the Gospels received the +sanction of the church at a very early period. + +In reply to the question as to other modes of swearing, it may be said +briefly, that men swore by anything to which they attached any importance, +and generally by that to which they attached most importance. + +By the laws of the Alamanni, a wife could claim her _Morgen-gabe_ (or the +gift of the morning after the wedding night) by swearing to its amount on +her breast; and by the Droits d'Augsbourg, by swearing to it on her two +breasts and two tresses. + +Nothing was more common than for a man to swear by his beard. This custom +is alluded to by one of Shakspeare's fools, who suggests that if a certain +knight swore by his honour, and his mistress by her beard, neither of them +_could_ be forsworn. + +In the canons of the Fourth Council of Orleans, we read-- + + "Le Roi lui-même, ou le plus renommé des chevaliers présents, ayant + découpé le paon, se leva, et mettant la main sur l'oiseau, fit un voeu + hardi; Ensuite il passa le plat, et chacun de ceux qui le reçurent fit + un voeu semblable." + +In the year 1306, Edward I. of England swore an oath on two swans. + +It was also very common from an early period, both in England and abroad, +to swear by one, two, seven, or twelve churches. The deponent went {533} to +the appointed number of churches, and at each, taking the ring of the +church door in his hand, repeated the oath. + +One of the most curious specimens of the practice of swearing men by that +to which they attached most importance, is to be found in an Hindoo law. It +says, let a judge swear a Brahmin by his veracity; a soldier by his horses, +his elephants, or his arms; an agriculturist by his cows, his grain, or his +money; and a Soudra by all his crimes. + +JOHN THRUPP. + +Surbiton. + +I know nothing about judicial oaths: but the origin of the form MR. BREEN +states to be used by the Roman Catholics of the Continent, and the Scotch +Presbyterians, may be seen in Dan. xii. 7.: "When he held up his right hand +and his left hand unto heaven, and sware by him that liveth for ever." And +in Revelation x. 5, 6.: "And the angel ... lifted up his hand to heaven, +and sware by him," &c. See also Genesis xiv. 22. + +MARIA. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. + +_Washing Collodion Pictures--Test for Lens._--As I was indebted to the +kindness of DR. DIAMOND, amongst other friends, for my original initiation +into the mysteries of photography, it may appear somewhat presumptuous in +me to differ from one who has had so much more experience in a point of +practice. I allude to that of _washing_ the collodion negative after +developing, previously to fixing with the hyposulphite of soda; but, +probably, the reasons I urge may have some weight. As the hyposulphite +solution is intended to be used repeatedly, it appears to me not advisable +to introduce into it _any free acid_ (which must occur if the negative be +not washed, although the quantity at each operation may be small), because +it causes a decomposition of the salt, setting free _sulphurous_ acid, and +also sulphur; which last is slightly soluble in the hyposulphite of soda, +and thus the sulphur is brought in contact with the reduced silver, and +forms a sulphuret of that metal. But the change does not stop here: for, by +the lapse of time, oxygen is absorbed, and thus a _sulphate of silver_ is +formed, and the colour changed from black to white. That sulphur is set +free by the addition of an acid to the solution of hyposulphite of soda, is +fact so easily demonstrable both to the eyes and nose of the operator, that +no one need remain long in doubt who is desirous of trying the experiment. + +A correspondent desires to know how to test the coincidence or otherwise of +the visual and actinic foci of a combination: this is very readily +accomplished by the aid of a _focimeter_, which can be easily made thus: + +Procure a piece of stout card-board, or thin wood covered with white paper, +on which draw a considerable number of fine black lines, or cover it with +some fine black net (what I believe the ladies call _blond_), which may be +pasted on. Cut up the whole into a dozen good-sized pieces of any +convenient form, so that about four square inches of surface at least be +allowed to each piece. Paste over the _net_ a circular or square label +about the size of a shilling, bearing a distinctly printed number one on +each piece, from 1 upwards; and arrange the pieces in any convenient manner +by means of wires inserted into a slip of wood; but they must be so placed +that the _whole_ can be seen from one point of view, although each piece +must be placed so that it is _one inch_ farther from the operator than the +next lowest number. Having placed the camera eight or ten feet from the +cards, carefully focus to any one of the numbers, 4 or 5 for instance and +observe, not that the _number_ is distinct, but that the minute lines or +threads of the net are visible: then take a picture, exposing it a very +short time, and the threads of the card bearing the number that was most +perfectly in focus visually _ought_ to be most distinct; but, if otherwise, +that which is most distinct will not only show whether the lens is over or +under corrected, but will indicate the _amount_ of error. If under +corrected, a lower number will be most distinct; if over corrected, a +higher. + +GEO. SHADBOLT. + +_Test for Lenses._--I beg to submit to a COUNTRY PRACTITIONER the following +very simple test for the coincidence of the chemical and visual foci of an +achromatic lens: + +Take a common hand-bill or other sheet of printed paper, and having +stretched it on a board, place it before the lens in an oblique position, +so that the plane of the board may make an angle with a vertical plane of +about thirty or forty degrees. Bring any line of type about the middle of +the sheet into the true visual focus, and take a copy of the sheet by +collodion or otherwise. Then, if the line of type focussed upon be +reproduced clearly and sharply on the plate, the lens is correct; but if +any other line be found sharper than the test one, the foci disagree; and +the amount of error will depend on the distance of the two lines of type +one from the other on the hand-bill. + +J. A. MILES. + +Fakenham, Norfolk. + +_Improvement in Positives._--I have great pleasure in communicating to you +an improvement in the process of taking positives, which may not be +uninteresting to some of your readers, and which ensures by far the most +beautiful tints I have yet seen. I take three ounces of the hyposulphite of +soda, and dissolve it in one pint of distilled or rain water; and to this I +add about one or one and a half grains of pyrogallic acid, and seventy +grains {534} of chloride of silver; which must be squeezed up between the +finders facilitate its solution and separate the lumps, which, in their dry +state, are tough, and not easily pulverised. The whole is then to be set +aside for a week or two in a warm place. The solution, at first colourless, +becomes brown, and ultimately quite opaque; in this state it is fit for +use, and the longer kept the better it becomes. I generally use French +paper for this process, and, according to the time of immersion, obtain +fine sepia or black tints; the latter requiring long over-exposure to the +light, and proportionately long exposure to the action of the liquid; which +however will be found, particularly when old, to have a more rapid action +than most other setting liquids, and has the merit of always affording fine +tints, whatever the paper used. I imagine the pyrogallic acid to possess a +reducing influence on the salts of silver employed; but this effect is only +produced by its combination with the hyposulphite of soda and chloride of +silver. I may add, that in any case the pictures should be much overdone +before immersion, as the liquid exerts a rapid bleaching action on them; +and when the liquid becomes saturated, a few crystals of fresh hyposulphite +will renew its action. + +F. MAXWELL LYTE. + +Florian, Torquay. + +P. S.--In answer to a COUNTRY PRACTITIONER, he will find great assistance +in choosing his lens by laying it on a sheet of blue wove post paper, when +he will immediately perceive the slightest yellow tinge in the glass, this +being the fault which frequently affects many well-ground and well-made +lenses. Of course, for sharpness of outline he must be guided entirely by +experiment in the camera; but where weakness of action exists, it most +frequently arises from this yellow colouration, and which the manufacturers +say is very difficult to avoid. + + [MR. LYTE having sent with his communication a positive prepared in the + manner described, we are enabled to corroborate all he says as to the + richness and beauty of its tints.] + +_Cheap Portable Tent._--M. F. M. inquires for a cheap and portable tent for +working collodion out of doors. I have been using one lately constructed on +the principle of Francis's camera stand. It has a good size table, made +like the rolling patent shutters; and it is not necessary to stoop, or sit +down at your work, which is a great consideration on a hot day: you may get +them of any respectable dealer in photographic apparatus; it is called +Francis's Collodion Tent. + +H. D. FRANCIS. + +_Rev. Mr. Sisson's New Developing Fluid_ (Vol. vii., p. 462.).--The REV. +MR. SISSON's developing fluid for collodion positives, the formula for +which was published in the last Number of "N. & Q.," is merely a weak +solution of the protonitrate and protosulphate of iron. It does not, as he +seems to think, contain any lead; for the whole of the latter is +precipitated as sulphate, which the acetic acid does not dissolve even to +the smallest extent: and MR. SISSON will find that an equivalent proportion +of the nitrate of baryta will answer equally as well as the nitrate of +lead. + +I have myself for a long time been in the habit of using a weak solution of +the protonitrate of iron in conjunction with acetic acid for positive +pictures; for, although I do not consider it so good a developer as that +made according to the formula of DR. DIAMOND, it produces very good +pictures; occupies very little time in preparing, and will moreover keep +good for a much longer time than a more concentrated solution would. + +J. LEACHMAN. + +20. Compton Terrace, Islington. + + * * * * * + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + +_Vanes_ (Vol. v., p. 490.).--Taking up by accident the other day your fifth +volume, I saw what I believe is a still unanswered Query respecting the +earliest notice of vanes as indicators of the wind; and turning to my notes +I found the following extract from Beckman's _Inventions, &c._: + + "In Ughelli Italia Sacra, Romæ 1652, fol. iv., p 735., we find the + following inscription on a weathercock then existing at Brixen; + '_Dominus Rampertus Episc. gallum hunc fieri præcepit an. 820._'" + +L. A. M. + +_Loselerius Villerius_ (Vol. vii., p. 454.).--I beg to inform S. A. S. that +his copy of the New Testament, which wants the title-page, was printed by +Henry Stephens the second, at Geneva, in the year 1580. As to it being +"valuable," I should not consider him unfortunate if he could exchange it +for a shilling. + +Loselerius Villerius was Pierre l'Oyseleur de Villiers, a professor of +Genevan divinity, who came over to London, and there published Beza's Latin +version of the New Testament, in 1574. He was not, however, as your +correspondent supposed him to be, the editor of the decapitated volume in +question; but Beza transferred his notes to an impression completed by +himself. + +S. A. S. has, in the next place, inquired for any satisfactory "list of +editions of the Bible." It appears that, so far as he is concerned, Le +Long, Boerner, Masch, and Cotton have lived and laboured in vain. + +The folio Bible lastly described by your correspondent is _not_ "so great a +curiosity" as family tradition maintained. The annotations "placed in due +order" are merely the Genevan notes.--See {535} the Archdeacon of Cashel's +very accurate and excellent work, _Editions of the Bible, and Parts +thereof, in English_, p. 75.: Oxford, 1852. + +R. G. + +_Westminster Parishes_ (Vol. vii., p. 454.).--In 1630 the City and +Liberties of Westminster contained the churches of St. Margaret, St. +Martin-in-the-Fields, St. Clement Danes, and St. John Baptist Savoy. + +The registers of burials, marriages, and christenings, of St. Margaret's +Church, began January 1, 1538. + +The Fire of London did not destroy any church in Westminster. + +MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A. + +_Hevristic_ (Vol. vii., p. 237.).--The term _hevristisch_, in the first +edition of the translation of Kant's _Critik_, is not given in the +vocabulary appended to the translation; but under the word _ostensiv_ it is +stated that in its meaning it stands opposed to the word _euristic_ +(_hevristisch_ in German). But in the second edition, published in 1818, it +is remarked, under the words _evristic_, _euristic_, _hevristisch_, that +the term should, in Sir Wm. Hamilton's opinion, be _euretic_ or _heuretic_; +the word _hevristisch_ being an error of long standing in German +philosophy. The derivation of _euretic_ would be from [Greek: heuretikos]. + +In Tissot's translation, _hevristisch_ is rendered by _heuristique_; in +Mantovani's, by _evristico_; in Born's, by _heuristicus_. In Krug's +_Lexicon_, _hevristik_ is given as derived from [Greek: heuriskô, heurein]. +The _hevristic_ method, Krug remarks, is also called the _analytical_. It +may be added, that in the first edition of the _Critik_ (Riga, 1781), the +word is _hevristisch_. In the fourth edition (Riga, 1794), published also +in Kant's lifetime, it is _hevristisch_. In Rosenkranz's edition (Leipzig, +1838), the word is changed into _heuristisch_; and also, in another edition +of the same year, published also at Leipzig, it is written _heuristisch_, +and not _hevristisch_. + +In respect to the Leipzig edition of 1818, which is that now before me, the +term _hevristisch_, in speaking of _hevristich_ principles, is particularly +alluded to. (See page 512. line 10.) I do not find, after a hasty +inspection, this word changed, in any of the editions I possess, to +_empirisch_. + +FRANCIS HAYWOOD. + +Liverpool. + +_Creole_ (Vol. vii., p. 381.).--The word appears to be a French form of the +Spanish _criollo_, which in the dictionary of Nuñez de Taboada is defined, +"El hijo de padres Europeos nacido en America;" whilst in the old +dictionary of Stevens (1726) it is translated, "Son of a Spaniard and a +West India woman." In Brande's _Dictionary of Science_, &c. Creole is said +to mean the descendants of whites born in Mexico, South America, or the +West Indies, the blood remaining unmixed with that of other races, &c. + +Von Tschudi says, that in South America the Spaniards apply the term +_Creole_ not only to the human race, but also to horses, bullocks, and even +to poultry. + +A. C. M. + +Exeter. + +_General Monk and the University of Cambridge_ (Vol. vii., pp. 427. +486.).--LEICESTRIENSIS begs to thank MR. C. H. COOPER and MR. J. P. ORD for +their replies to his Query on this subject. He avails himself of this, the +earliest opportunity, of assuring MR. ORD of his readiness to afford him +what slight information is in his power respecting the MS. in question +(which only came into his possession within the last two or three months), +if he will communicate with him as below. + +WILLIAM KELLY. + +Town Hall, Leicester. + +_Ecclesia Anglicana_ (Vol. ii., pp. 12. 440.).--I am much obliged to your +correspondent W. FRASER for his answer to my Query, and the references with +which he supplies me. I shall be glad to ask a still more extensive +question, which will probably explain the object of the former more limited +one. Is it _usual_, in any of the unreformed branches of the church on the +continent, to find a similar appellation (implying distinct nationality) +employed in authoritative documents, _e.g._ would it be possible to find in +the title-pages of any Missal, &c., such words as "in usum Ecclesiæ +Hispanicæ, Lusitanæ, Gallicanæ?" If not now, was it more customary in +mediæval times, and when did it cease? + +Should we be justified in saying, that at _every_ period of her existence, +with rare exceptions, the _Anglican church_, consciously or unconsciously, +maintained the theory of her nationality with greater distinctness than any +of the continental churches? I fancy I have heard, though I cannot state on +what authority, that this assertion might be made most truly of the +Portuguese church, and should be very glad to have any light thrown on the +subject by your able correspondent. Certain it is, that amongst the various +complaints made against Cardinal Wiseman and the Papal aggressors, it has +never been laid to their charge, that they arrogated to themselves the +title of members of the _Anglican church_. + +G. R. M. + +_Gibbon's Library_ (Vol. vii., p. 485.).--In 1838 I purchased some of +Gibbon's books at Lausanne, out of a basketful on sale at a small shop, the +depôt of the Religious Tract Society! Edward Gibbon, printed on a small +slip of paper, was pasted in them. + +A. HOLT WHITE. + +_Golden Bees_ (Vol. vii., p. 478.).--When the tomb of Childeric, father of +Clovis, was opened in 1653, there were found, besides the skeletons of his +horse and page, his arms, crystal orb, &c., {536} "more than three hundred +little bees of the purest gold, their wings being inlaid with a red stone +like cornelian." + +CERIDWEN. + +_Passage in Orosius_ (Vol. vii., p. 399.).--May not the "twam tyncenum," +between which Cyrus the Great's officer attempted to cross a river, be the +inflated skins which the Arabs still use, as the ancient inhabitants of +Assyria did, for crossing the Tigris and Euphrates, and of which the +Nimroud sculptures give so many illustrations? + +CERIDWEN. + +_Names first given to Parishes_ (Vol. iv., p. 153.).--I wish to repeat this +Query in another form, and particularly in reference to the termination +_-by_. I suspect that wherever a cluster of villages, like that given by +F. B., occurs with this Danish suffix, it is a proof that the district was +originally a colony of Danes. The one in which I reside (the hundreds of +Flegg), from its situation is particularly likely to have been so. Its +original form was evidently that of a large island in the estuary of the +Yare, which formed numerous inlets in its shores; and this was flanked on +each aisle by a Roman garrison, one the celebrated fortress of Garianonum, +now Burgh Castle, and the other Caistor-next-Yarmouth, in which a camp, +burying-ground, &c., besides its name, sufficiently attest its Roman +origin. The two hundreds of Flegg, (or Fleyg, as appears on its common +seal) comprise twenty villages, thirteen of which terminate in _-by_. These +are Ormesby, Hemesby, Filby, Mauteby, Stokesby, Herringby, Thrigby, +Billockby, Ashby or Askeby, Clippesby, Rollesby, Oby, and Scratby or +Scroteby. + +Professor WORSAAE, I believe, considers Ormesby to have been originally +Gormsby, _i.e._ Gorm's or Guthrum's village, but I have not his work at +hand to refer to. Thrigby, or Trigby as it is vernacularly pronounced, and +Rollesby, may take their names from Trigge or Tricga, and Rollo, names +occurring in Scandinavian history. I should feel obliged if Professors +WORSAAE and STEPHENS, or other Scandinavian antiquaries and scholars, would +kindly inform me if my surmises are correct, and if the rest of the names +may be similarly derived. I should add that Stokesby fully hears out the +suggestion of C. (Vol. v., p. 161.), as there is even now a ferry over the +Bure at that point. The district is entirely surrounded by rivers and +extensive tracts of marshes, and intersected by large inland lakes, locally +termed "Broads," which undoubtedly were all comprised in the estuary, and +which would form safe anchorages for the long galleys of the Northmen. + +E. S. TAYLOR. + +Ormesby, St. Margaret, Norfolk. + +_Grafts and the Parent Tree_ (Vol. vii., p. 436.).--In order to insure the +success of grafts, it is material that they be inserted on congenial +stocks: delicate-growing fruits require dwarf-growing stocks; and free +luxuriant-growing trees require strong stocks. To graft scions of delicate +wooded trees on strong stocks, occasions an over-supply of sap to the +grafts; and though at first they seem to flourish, yet they do not endure. +A few examples of this sort may lead to an opinion, that "grafts, after +some fifteen years, wear themselves out;" but the opinion is not (generally +speaking) well founded. I have for many years grafted the old _Golden +Pippin_ on the _Paradise_ or _Doucin_ stock, and found it to answer very +well, and produce excellent fruit. Taunton has long been famous for its +_Nonpareils_, which are there produced in great excellence and abundance. +The Cornish _Gilliflower_, one of our very best apples, was well known in +the time of King Charles I.; and, as yet, shows no symptoms of decay: that +fruit requires a strong stock. + +The ancient _Ribston Pippin_ was a seedling: + + "It has been doubted by some, whether the tree at Ribston Hall was an + original from the seed: the fact of its not being a grafted tree has + been satisfactorily ascertained by Sir Henry Goodricke, the present + proprietor, by causing suckers from its root to be planted out--which + have set the matter at rest that it was not a grafted tree. One of + these suckers has produced fruit in the Horticultural Garden at + Chiswick."--Lindley's _Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden_, 1831, + p. 81. + +J. G. + +Exon. + +_Lord Cliff and Howell's Letters_ (Vol. vii., p. 455.).--The Lord Cliff, as +to whom your correspondent inquires, and to whom James Howell addresses +some of his letters, is intended for Henry Lord Clifford, and afterwards, +on the decease of his father, fifth and last Earl of Cumberland. He died in +December, 1643. Amongst the many republications of modern times, I regret +that we have no new edition, with illustrative notes, of Howell's +_Letters_. It is the more necessary, as one at least of the later editions +of this most entertaining book is very much abridged and mutilated. + +JAMES CROSSLEY. + +Y. S. M. asks "Who was Lord Cliff?" He might as well have added, "Who was +Lord Viscount Col, Sir Thomas Sa, or End. Por?" who also figure in +_Epistolæ Ho-Elianiæ_. Had he looked over that entertaining book more +attentively, Y. S. M. would have seen that all these were mere contractions +of Howell's correspondents, Lord Clifford, Lord Colchester, Sir Thomas +Savage, and Endymion Porter. + +J. O. + +_The Bouillon Bible_ (Vol. vii., p. 296.).--H. W., who was good enough to +answer my Query respecting Philip D'Auvergne, has probably seen that the +Bible of which he inquires has turned up. {537} It seems to have been +pawned (if I rightly understand the report in the newspapers) to a Mr. +Broughton of the Foreign Office, who had advanced money to the prince to +enable him to prosecute his claim to the dukedom. It has now been ordered +by Vice-Chancellor Sir W. P. Wood to be offered for sale as part of Mr. +Broughton's estate, for the benefit of that gentleman's creditors. It was +stated in court, that on a former occasion, when the late Archbishop of +Canterbury wished to purchase it, 1500l. was asked for it. I was much +obliged to H. W. for the information he gave me, as I took some little +interest in Philip D'Auvergne from having heard that he was a friend of my +grandfather. They were, I find, both of them officers in the Racehorse +during Lord Mulgrave's discovery voyage to the North Pole. + +E. H. A. + +_Rhymes on Places_ (Vol. vii., p. 143.).--Northamptonshire: + + "Armston on the hill, + Polebrook in the hole, + Ashton turns the mill, + Oundle burns the coal." + +Repeated to me by poor old drunken Jem White the sexton, many years since, +when on the "battlements" of Oundle Church; Oundle being the market town +for the three villages in the rhymes quoted. + +BRICK. + +_Serpents' Tongues_ (Vol. vi., p. 340.; Vol. vii., p. 316.).--May I be +allowed to inform MR. PINKERTON that the sharks' teeth (fossils), now so +frequently found imbedded in this tufa rock, and cheaply sold, are not +known as "the tongues of vipers," but, on the contrary, from time +immemorial, as the "tongues of St. Paul." In proof of this, I would refer +MR. PINKERTON to the following extract, which I have taken from an Italian +letter now in the Maltese Library; which was published on August 28, 1668, +by Dr. Francis Buonamico, a native of this island, and addressed to +Agostino Scilla of Messina. Page 5., the writer remarks: + + "Che avanti de partire da questa isolde dovesse farle una raccolta di + glossopietre, _O lingue come que le chiamiamo di S. Paolo_." + +W. W. + +Malta. + +_Consecrated Roses, &c._ (Vol. vii., pp. 407. 480.).--An instance of the +_Golden Rose_ being conferred on an English baron, will be found related in +Davidson's _History of Newenham Abbey in the County of Devon_, p. 208. + +J. D. S. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. + +That well-worn quotation, "who shall decide when doctors disagree," must, +we should think, invariably suggest itself to the reader of every new book +upon the subject of Shakspeare's text. A few months since MR. COLLIER gave +to the world a volume of _Notes and Emendations from Early Manuscript +Corrections in a Copy of the Folio 1632_[1], which was hailed by many, +ourselves among the number, as a most valuable contribution to Shakspearian +literature. From this favourable view of these manuscript emendations, many +whose opinions upon such matters deserve the highest respect at once avowed +their dissent; and we now find that we have to add to this number MR. +SINGER, who has given us the result of his examination of them in a volume +entitled _The Text of Shakspeare vindicated from the Interpolations and +Corruptions advocated by John Payne Collier, Esq., in his Notes and +Emendations_. No one can put forth higher claims to speak with authority on +any points connected with Shakspeare than MR. SINGER, who has devoted a +life to the study of his writings; and none can rise from a perusal of his +book without recognising in it evidence of MR. SINGER'S fitness for editing +the works of our great dramatist, and feeling anxious for his revised +edition of them. But we think many will regret that, while pointing out the +Notes and Emendations from which he dissents, MR. SINGER should not have +noticed those which he regards with favour; and that, in his anxiety to +vindicate the purity of Shakspeare's text from the anonymous emendator, he +should have embodied that vindication in language, which, though we are +quite sure it is unintentional on his part, gives his book almost a +personal character, instead of one purely critical. + +BOOKS RECEIVED.--_Records of the Roman Inquisition, Case of a Minorite +Friar who was sentenced by S. Charles Borromeo to be walled up, and who, +having escaped, was burned in effigy: edited, with an English Translation, +Notes, &c., by_ Rev. Richard Gibbings. Published from one of the MSS. +conveyed from Rome to Paris by order of Napoleon, at the close of the last +century, as a challenge to the defenders of the papacy to acknowledge its +truth, or to controvert it.--_The History of England from the Peace of +Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles_, by Lord Mahon, Vol. III. The third +volume of this new and cheaper edition of Lord Mahon's valuable history +comprehends the period from 1740 to 1748.--_English Forests and Forest +Trees; Historical, Legendary, and Descriptive, with numerous +Illustrations._ This volume, one of the _Illustrated London Library_, is a +pleasant chatty compilation on a subject which will interest many of our +readers and correspondents by furnishing them with a series of notices of +old forests, remarkable trees, &c., which have never before been gathered +together.--_The Shakspeare Repository, edited by_ J. H. Fennell, No. II. +The second part of this periodical, the only one exclusively devoted to the +Elizabethan writers, contains, among other interesting articles, a long one +on the medical practice of Shakspeare's son-in-law, Dr. John Hall. + +[Footnote 1: Since this was written we have heard that MR. COLLIER has +traced back the history of his Folio 1632 for upwards of a century.--ED.] + +{538} + + * * * * * + + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +SCOTT, REMARKS ON THE BEST WRITINGS OF THE BEST AUTHORS (or some such +title) + +SERMONS BY THE REV. ROBERT WAKE, M.A. 1704, 1712, &c. + +HISTORY OF ANCIENT WILTS, by SIR R. C. HOARE. The last three Parts. + +REV. A. DYCE'S EDITION OF DR. RICHARD BENTLEY'S WORKS. Vol. III. +Published by Francis Macpherson, Middle Row, Holborn. 1836. + +DISSERTATION ON ISAIAH XVIII., IN A LETTER TO EDWARD KING, ESQ., by +SAMUEL LORD BISHOP OF ROCHESTER (HORSLEY). The Quarto Edition, printed +for Robson. 1779. + +BEN JOHNSON'S WORKS. 9 Vols. 8vo. Vols. II., III., IV. Bds. + +SIR WALTER SCOTT'S NOVELS. 41 Vols. 8vo. The last nine Vols. Boards. + +JACOB'S ENGLISH PEERAGE. Folio Edition, 1766. Vols. II., III., and IV. + +GAMMER GURTON'S NEEDLE. + +ALISON'S EUROPE. (20 Vols.) Vols. XIII., XX. + +ABBOTSFORD EDITION OF THE WAVERLEY NOVELS. Odd Vols. + +THE TRUTH TELLER. A Periodical. + +*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send +their names._ + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +Notices to Correspondents. + +_We are compelled to omit several interesting papers respecting Shakspeare +which are in type, among which we may mention a notice of some drawings +which are great interest._ + +W. T. WATTS (St. Ives), _who inquires respecting the literary history of_ +Baron Munchausen, _is referred to our_ 2nd Vol., p. 519., _and our_ 3rd +Vol., pp. 117. 305. 453. + +G. P. (Offenburg) _Potatoes were most probably introduced into England by +Sir W. Raleigh. Gerarde mentions them in his_ Herbal, _published in 1597_. + +ANTIQUARIAN _had better send a rubbing from the oak cover in question. His +copy cannot be deciphered._ + +S. S. S.'s _Query on the passage in St. James in our next._ + +BROOKTHORPE _will find, in the Notices to Correspondents, in_ No. 179. (2nd +April), _a reply to his former Query respecting the Epitaph:_ + + "If Heaven be pleased." + +URSULA. _We shall be glad of the "succinct refutation" proposed._ + +J. W. _There is a folio edition of Godwin_ De Præsulibus, _Canterbury, +1743, in which the original work is continued by Richardson._ + +J. R. (Sunderland) _is referred to Brockett's_ Glossary, _where he will +find the etymology of_ stang, _from the Danish_ stang, _a pole or bar--or +the Saxon_ steng; _and a full description of the ceremonies connected with_ +Riding the stang. + +FLORENCE _is thanked for her hint._ + +J. B. _will find full particulars of Sir T. Herbert's_ Threnodia Carolina +_in our_ 3rd Vol., p. 259. _Other references in our_ 2nd Vol., pp. 140. +220. 476. + +_A few complete sets of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. _to_ vi., _price +Three Guineas, may now be had; for which early application is desirable._ + +"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country +Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to +their Subscribers on the Saturday._ + + * * * * * + + +PREPARING FOR THE PRESS, IN OCTAVO, + +A SUPPLEMENT + +TO + +MR. HALLIWELL'S OCTAVO LIFE OF SHAKSPEARE; + +Consisting of Observations on Modern Shakspearian Forgeries. + +JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. SOHO SQUARE, LONDON. + + * * * * * + + +SPECTACLES.--WM. ACKLAND applies his medical knowledge as a Licentiate of +the Apothecaries' Company, London, his theory as a Mathematician, and his +practice as a Working Optician, aided by Since's Optometer, in the +selection of Spectacles suitable to every derangement of vision, so as to +preserve the sight to extreme old age. + +ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES, with the New Vetzlar Eye-pieces, as exhibited at the +Academy of Sciences in Paris. The Lenses of these Eye-pieces are so +constructed that the rays of light fall nearly perpendicular to the surface +of the various lenses, by which the aberration is completely removed: and a +telescope so fitted gives one-third more magnifying power and light than +could be obtained by the old Eye-pieces. Prices of the various sizes on +application to + +WM. ACKLAND, Optician, 93. Hatton Garden, London. + + * * * * * + + +PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY, Price 6d. + +THE CIVIL SERVICE GAZETTE, a Journal devoted to the interests of all +Government Officials in every department of the State, contains, besides +other official information, a list of the Recent Promotions and PRESENT +VACANCIES in the gift of the Government, both in England, the East Indies, +and the Colonies; a Summary of the News of the Week: Original Literary +Articles; Obituary of men of eminence or desert in the public serve; +Parliamentary, Legal, Foreign, Domestic and Theatrical Notices; with +Fashionable, Naval and Military Intelligence. + +To be had of all Booksellers and Newsvenders; or at the Office, 5. +Catherine Street, Strand. + + * * * * * + + +The Twenty-eighth Edition. + +NEUROTONICS, or the Art of Strengthening the Nerves, containing Remarks on +the influence of the Nerves upon the Health of Body and Mind, and the means +of Cure for Nervousness, Debility, Melancholy, and all Chronic Diseases, by +DR. NAPIER, M.D. London: HOULSTON & STONEMAN. Price 4d., or Post Free from +the Author for Five Penny Stamps. + +"We can conscientiously recommend 'Neurotonics,' by Dr. Napier, to the +careful perusal of our invalid readers."--_John Bull Newspaper, June 5, +1852._ + + * * * * * + + +DAGUERREOTYPE MATERIALS.--Plates, Cases, Passepartoutes, best and cheapest, +to be had in great variety at M^cMILLAN'S Wholesale Depôt, 132. Fleet +Street. Price List gratis. + + * * * * * + + +WINSLOW HALL, BUCKS. + +DR. LOVELL'S SCHOLASTIC ESTABLISHMENT (exclusively for the Sons of +Gentlemen) was founded at Mannheim in 1836, under the Patronage of H.R.H. +the GRANDE DUCHESSE STEPHANIE of Baden, and removed to Winslow in 1848. The +Course of Tuition includes the French and German Languages, and all other +Studies which are Preparatory to the Universities, the Military Colleges +and the Army Examination. The number of Pupils is limited to Thirty. The +Principal is always in the Schoolroom, and superintends the Classes. There +are also French, German, and English resident Masters. Prospectus and +References can be had on application to the Principal. + + * * * * * + + +WILLIAMS & NORGATE will carry on Business at 15. BEDFORD STREET, COVENT +GARDEN, opposite the end of Henrietta Street during the alterations and +enlargement of their old Premises. + +_June, 1853._ + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS AND MATERIALS, for the Processes on Glass, Paper, +and Silver. An illustrated priced Catalogue 3d., Post Free. + +JOHN JOSEPH GRIFFIN, F.C.S., Chemical and Philosophical Instrument Maker, +10. Finsbury Square. Manufactory, 119. and 120. Bunhill Row. Removed from +53. Baker Street, Portman Square. + + * * * * * + + +OFFICERS' BEDSTEADS AND BEDDING. + +HEAL & SON beg to call the Attention of Gentlemen requiring Outfits to +their large stock of Portable Bedsteads, Bedding, and Furniture, including +Drawers, Washstands, Chairs, Glasses, and every requisite for Home and +Foreign Service. + +HEAL & SON. Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court Road. + + * * * * * + + +BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class X., +in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, +may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made +Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 +guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. +Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with +Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket +Chronometer, Gold, 50 Guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully +examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and +4l. Thermometers from 1s. each. + +BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the +Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen. + +65. CHEAPSIDE. {539} + + * * * * * + + +Just published, price 1s., free by Post 1s. 4d., + +THE WAXED-PAPER PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS of GUSTAVE LE GRAY'S NEW EDITION. +Translated from the French. + +Sole Agents in the United Kingdom for VOIGHTLANDER & SON'S celebrated +Lenses for Portraits and Views. + +General Depôt for Turner's, Whatman's, Canson Frères', La Croix, and other +Talbotype Papers. + +Pure Photographic Chemicals. + +Instructions and Specimens in every Branch of the Art. + +GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's, +Sanford's, and Canson Frères' make, Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process. +Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography. + +Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. +Paternoster Row, London. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHY.--Collodion (Iodized with the Ammonio-Iodide of Silver).--J. B. +HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, were the first in England who +published the application of this agent (see _Athenæum_, Aug. 14th). Their +Collodion (price 9d. per oz.) retains its extraordinary sensitiveness, +tenacity, and colour unimpaired for months; it may be exported to any +climate, and the Iodizing Compound mixed as required. J. B. HOCKIN & CO. +manufacture PURE CHEMICALS and all APPARATUS with the latest Improvements +adapted for all the Photographic and Daguerreotype processes. Cameras for +Developing in the open Country. GLASS BATHS adapted to any Camera. Lenses +from the best Makers. Waxed and Iodized Papers, &c. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions +(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at +BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of +every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography in +all its Branches. + +Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope. + +BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument +Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous +Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. + +Portraits obtained by the above, for the delicacy of detail rival the +choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their +Establishment. + +Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this +beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC SCHOOL.--ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION. + +The SCHOOL is NOW OPEN for instruction in all branches of Photography, to +Ladies and Gentlemen, on alternate days, from Eleven till Four o'clock, +under the joint direction of T. A. MALONE, Esq., who has long been +connected with Photography, and J. H. PEPPER, Esq., the Chemist to the +Institution. + +A Prospectus, with terms, may be had at the Institution. + + * * * * * + + +CLERICAL, MEDICAL, AND GENERAL LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY. + + * * * * * + +Established 1824. + + * * * * * + +FIVE BONUSES have been declared: at the last in January, 1852, the sum of +131,125l. was added to the Policies, producing a Bonus varying with the +different ages from 24-1/2 to 55 per cent. on the Premiums paid during the +five years, or from 5l. to 12l. 10s. per cent. on the Sum Assured. + +The small share of Profit divisible in future among the Shareholders being +now provided for, the ASSURED will hereafter derive all the benefits +obtainable from a Mutual Office, WITHOUT ANY LIABILITY OR RISK OF +PARTNERSHIP. + +POLICIES effected before the 30th of June next, will be entitled, at the +next Division, to one year's additional share of Profits over later +Assurers. + +On Assurances for the whole of Life only one half of the Premiums need be +paid for the first five years. + +INVALID LIVES may be Assured at rates proportioned to the risk. + +Claims paid _thirty_ days after proof of death, and all Policies are +_Indisputable_ except in cases of fraud. + +Tables of Rates and forms of Proposal can be obtained of any of the +Society's Agents, or of + +GEORGE H. PINCKARD, Resident Secretary. + +_99. Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, London._ + + * * * * * + + +WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, + +3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. + +Founded A.D. 1842. + +_Directors._ + + H. E. Bicknell, Esq. + W. Cabell, Esq. + T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P. + G. H. Drew, Esq. + W. Evans, Esq. + W. Freeman, Esq. + F. Fuller, Esq. + J. H. Goodhart, Esq. + T. Grissell, Esq. + J. Hunt, Esq. + J. A. Lethbridge, Esq. + E. Lucas, Esq. + J. Lys Seager, Esq. + J. B. White, Esq. + J. Carter Wood, Esq. + +_Trustees._ + +W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; L. C. Humfrey, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq. + +_Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D. + +_Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. + +VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. + +POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary +difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to +suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed on +the Prospectus. + +Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in +three-fourths of the Profits:-- + + Age _£ s. d._ + 17 1 14 4 + 22 1 18 8 + 27 2 4 5 + 32 2 10 8 + 37 2 18 6 + 42 3 8 2 + +ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. + +Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions, +INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING +SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in +the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a +Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR +SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. +Parliament Street, London. + + * * * * * + + +ROYAL ASYLUM OF ST. ANN'S SOCIETY.--Waiting not for the Child of those once +in prosperity to become an Orphan, but by Voluntary Contributions affording +at once a Home, Clothing, Maintenance, and Education. + +The Half-yearly Election will take place at the London Tavern of Friday, +August 12th, next. + +Forms of Nomination may be procured at the Office, where Subscriptions will +be thankfully received. + +Executors of Benefactors by Will become Life Governors according to the +amount of the Bequest. + +E. F. LEEKS, Secretary. 2. Charlotte Row, Mansion House. + + * * * * * + + +UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY: established by Act of Parliament in +1834.--8. Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London. + + HONORARY PRESIDENTS. + + Earl of Courtown + Earl Leven and Melville + Earl of Norbury + Earl of Stair + Viscount Falkland + Lord Elphinstone + Lord Belhaven and Stenton + Wm. Campbell, Esq., of Tillichewan + + LONDON BOARD. + + _Chairman._--Charles Graham, Esq. + _Deputy-Chairman._--Charles Downes, Esq. + + H. Blair Avarne, Esq. + E. Lennox Boyd, Esq., F.S.A., _Resident_. + C. Berwick Curtis, Esq. + William Fairlie, Esq. + D. Q. Henriques, Esq. + J. G. Henriques, Esq. + F. C. Maitland, Esq. + William Railton, Esq. + F. H. Thomson, Esq. + Thomas Thorby, Esq. + + MEDICAL OFFICERS. + + _Physician._--Arthur H. Hassall, Esq., M.D., + 8. Bennett Street, St. James's. + + _Surgeon._--F. H. Tomson, Esq., 48. Berners Street. + +The Bonus added to Policies from March, 1834, to December 31, 1847, is as +follows:-- + + Sum | Time | Sum added to | Sum + Assured. | Assured. | Policy | Payable + | +--------------------+ at Death. + | | In 1841. In 1848. | + ---------+----------+---------+----------+---------- + £ | | £ s.d.| £ s.d.| £ s.d. + 5000 | 14 years | 683 6 8 | 787 10 0 | 6470 16 8 + * 1000 | 7 years | - - | 157 10 0 | 1157 10 0 + 500 | 1 year | - - | 11 5 0 | 511 5 0 + +* EXAMPLE.--At the commencement of the year 1841, a person aged thirty took +out a Policy for 1000l., the annual payment for which is 24l. 1s. 8d.; in +1847 he had paid in premiums 168l. 11s. 8d.; but the profits being 2-1/4 +per cent. per annum on the sum insured (which is 22l. 10s. per annum for +each 1000l.) he had 157l. 10s. added to the Policy, almost as much as the +premiums paid. + +The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most moderate scale, and only +one-half need be paid for the first five years, when the Insurance is for +Life. Every information will be afforded on application to the Resident +Director. + + * * * * * + + +PURE NERVOUS or MIND COMPLAINTS.--If the readers of Notes and Queries, who +suffer from depression of spirits, confusion, headache, blushing, +groundless fears, unfitness for business or society, blood to the head, +failure of memory, delusions, suicidal thoughts, fear of insanity, &c., +will call on, or correspond with, REV. DR. WILLIS MOSELEY, who, out of +above 22,000 applicants, knows not fifty uncured who have followed his +advice, he will instruct them how to get well, without a fee, and will +render the same service to the friends of the insane.--At home from 11 to +3. + +18. BLOOMSBURY STREET, BEDFORD SQUARE. {540} + + * * * * * + + +BOHN'S STANDARD LIBRARY FOR JUNE. + +HISTORY OF THE HOUSE OF AUSTRIA, from 1792 to the present time; in +continuation of COXE; with the Portrait of Francis Joseph, the reigning +Emperor. Post 8vo. cloth. Price 3s. 6d. + +HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden. + + * * * * * + + +BOHN'S SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY FOR JUNE. + +HUMBOLDT'S PERSONAL NARRATIVE OF HIS TRAVELS IN AMERICA. Vol. III., which +completes the Work. With General Index. Post 8vo. cloth. Price 5s. + +HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden. + + * * * * * + + +BOHN'S ANTIQUARIAN LIBRARY FOR JUNE. + +ROGER DE HOVEDEN'S ANNALS OF ENGLISH HISTORY, from A.D. 732 to 1201. +Translated by H. T. RILEY. Vol. II., which completes the work. Post 8vo. +cloth. Price 5s. + +HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden. + + * * * * * + + +BOHN'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOR JUNE. + +TERENCE AND PHÆDRUS, literally translated into English Prose, by H. T. +KILEY. To which is added, SMART'S METRICAL VERSION OF PHÆDRUS. +Frontispiece. Post 8vo. cloth. Price 5s. + +HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden. + + * * * * * + + +This day foolscap octavo, price 3s. 6d., + +GOETHE'S OPINIONS ON THE WORLD, MANKIND, LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART, +extracted from his Communications and Correspondence. Translated by OTTO +WENCKSTERN. + +London JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand. + + * * * * * + + +Price 2s. cloth, + +BACON'S ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. Carefully revised from the first copies, +with a few Notes and References to Works quoted. + +Nearly ready, by the same Editor, BACON'S ESSAYS. + +London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand. + + * * * * * + + +ENGLISH COUNTIES.--A Catalogue of Curious, Rare, and Interesting Books and +Tracts relating to English Counties, is just published, and may be had free +with No. II. of the SHAKSPEARE REPOSITORY, on receipt of Six Postage +Stamps. + +Also, a Fac-simile of a remarkably Curious, Droll, and Interesting +Newspaper of the Reign of CHARLES THE SECOND, sent free on receipt of Three +Postage Stamps. + +Address, J. H. FENNELL, 1. Warwick Court, Holborn, London. + + * * * * * + + +MR. MURRAY'S + +LIST OF NEW WORKS. + +I. + +THE DIARY OF GEORGE GRENVILLE, while First Lord of the Treasury; together +with his Correspondence during Thirty Years, including unpublished LETTERS +OF JUNIUS. Vols. III. and IV. (completing the Work). 8vo. 32s. + +II. + +LORD MAHON'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. A New Library Edition. Vols. I. to IV. +Demy 8vo. (Uniform with Vols. V. and VI.) Nearly Ready. + +III. + +THE CASTLEREAGH DESPATCHES, during the CONGRESS OF VIENNA, BATTLE OF +WATERLOO, &c. Edited by THE MARQUIS OF LONDONDERRY. 4 vols., 8vo. 56s. + +IV. + +MR. GROTE'S HISTORY OF GREECE. Continued from the Accession to the Death of +Philip of Macedon. Vol. XI. 8vo. 16s. (The 12th Volume will complete the +work.) + +V. + +SIR HUDSON LOWE'S LETTERS and JOURNALS, giving for the First Time the +HISTORY OF THE CAPTIVITY OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA. By WILLIAM FORSYTH, +M.A. Portrait. 3 vols., 8vo. (Immediately.) + +VI. + +MR. LAYARD'S NARRATIVE OF HIS SECOND EXPEDITION TO ASSYRIA, AND RESEARCHES +AT NINEVEH AND BABYLON. Twelfth Thousand. With 300 Plates and Woodcuts. +8vo. 21s. + +VII. + +MR. JOHN HOLLWAY'S FOUR WEEKS' TOUR IN NORWAY, during the Autumn of 1852. +Fcap. 8vo. 2s. + +VIII. + +CAPT. ERSKINE'S VISITS TO THE ISLANDS OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC, including the +Feejees, and others inhabited by the Polynesian Negro Race. Maps and +Plates. 8vo. 16s. + +IX. + +MR. FRANCIS GALTON'S NARRATIVE OF HIS EXPEDITION IN TROPICAL SOUTH AFRICA. +With Maps, Plates, and Woodcuts. Post 8vo. + +X. + +REV. DR. HOOK'S DISCOURSES BEARING ON THE CONTROVERSIES OF THE DAY. 8vo. +9s. + +XI. + +MR. JOHN PALLISER'S SOLITARY HUNTING ADVENTURES IN THE PRAIRIES. With +Illustrations. Post 8vo. + +XII. + +MR. MANSFIELD PARKYN'S PERSONAL NARRATIVE OF HIS THREE YEARS' RESIDENCE IN +ABYSSINIA. Map and Illustrations. 2 vols. 8vo. Nearly ready. + +XIII. + +LIEUTENANT HOOPER'S JOURNAL OF HIS TEN MONTHS AMONG THE TENTS OF THE TUSKI, +during an Expedition in Search of Sir John Franklin. Map. 8vo. + +XIV. + +MR. CAMPBELL'S MODERN INDIA. A Sketch of the System of Civil Government, +with some Account of the Natives, and Native Institutions, Second Edition, +revised. Maps. 8vo. 16s. + +XV. + +MURRAY'S HANDBOOKS FOR TRAVELLERS ON THE CONTINENT. Cheaper Issue. Maps. +Post 8vo. + + * * * * * + + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish +of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square in the Parish of St. +Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL of No. 186. +Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of +London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, May 28, +1853. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 187, May 28, +1853, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + +***** This file should be named 20410-8.txt or 20410-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/0/4/1/20410/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 187, May 28, 1853 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: January 21, 2007 [EBook #20410] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + + +</pre> + +<p><!-- Page 517 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page517"></a>{517}</span></p> + +<h1>NOTES AND QUERIES:</h1> + +<h2>A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC.</h2> + +<hr class="short" > + +<h3><b>"When found, make a note of."</b>—CAPTAIN CUTTLE.</h3> + +<hr class="full" > + + +<table width="100%" class="nomar" summary="masthead" title="masthead"> + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left; width:25%"> + <p><b>No. 187.</b></p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:center; width:50%"> + <p><b><span class="sc">Saturday, May</span> 28, 1853.</b></p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:right; width:25%"> + <p><b>Price Fourpence.<br /> Stamped Edition + 5d.</b></p> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>CONTENTS.</h3> + + +<table class="nomar" summary="Contents" title="Contents"> + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Notes</span>:—</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Page</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>On Chaucer's Knowledge of Italian</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page517">517</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>The Rebellion of '45: unpublished Letter</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page519">519</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Oliver St. John, by James Crossley</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page520">520</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Notes on several misunderstood Words, by the Rev. W. R. + Arrowsmith</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page520">520</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Folk Lore</span>:—Weather + Rules—Drills presaging Death —Superstition in Devonshire; + Valentine's Day</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page522">522</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>A Note on Gulliver's Travels, by C. Forbes</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page522">522</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Shakspeare Correspondence</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page523">523</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>The Cœnaculum of Lionardo da Vinci, by E. Smirke</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page524">524</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Minor Notes</span>:—Scotter Register + (County Lincoln)— "All my Eye:" "Over the Left"—Curious + Marriages —Child-mother</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page525">525</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Queries</span>:—</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Further Queries respecting Bishop Ken</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page526">526</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>The Rev. John Larson and his Mathematical Manuscripts, by T. T. + Wilkinson</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page526">526</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Minor Queries</span>:—"Wanderings of + Memory"—"Wandering Willie's Tale"—Chapel + Sunday—Proud Salopians—George Miller, D.D.—Members + of Parliament—Taret—Jeroboam of Claret, + &c.—William Williams of Geneva—The First of April and + "The Cap awry"—Sir G. Browne, Bart.—Bishop + Butler—Oaken Tombs—Alleged Bastardy of + Elizabeth—"Pugna Porcorum"—Parviso—Mr. Justice + Newton—Mufti—Ryming and Cuculling—Custom at the + Savoy Church</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page527">527</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Minor Queries with Answers</span>:—Faithful + Teate—Kelway Family—Regatta—Coket and + Cler-mantyn</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page529">529</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Replies</span>:—</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Curfew</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page530">530</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>The "Salt-Peter-Man," by C. H. Cooper</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page530">530</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Forms of Judicial Oaths, by John Thrupp, &c.</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page532">532</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Photographic Correspondence</span>:—Washing + Collodion Pictures—Test for Lenses—Improvement in + Positives—Cheap Portable Tent—Rev. Mr. Sisson's New + Developing Fluid</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page533">533</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Replies To Minor + Queries</span>:—Vanes—Loselerius + Villerius—Westminster + Parishes—Hevristic—Creole—General Monk and the + University of Cambridge—Ecclesia Anglicana—Gibbon's + Library—Golden Bees—Passage in Orosius—Names first + given to Parishes—Grafts and the Parent Tree—Lord Cliff + and Howell's Letters—The Bouillon Bible—Rhymes on + Places—Serpents' Tongues—Consecrated Roses, &c.</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page534">534</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Miscellaneous</span>:—</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Notes on Books, &c.</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page537">537</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Books and Odd Volumes wanted</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page538">538</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Notices to Correspondents</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page538">538</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p>Advertisements</p> + </td> + <td style="text-align:left"> + <p><a href="#page538">538</a></p> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h2>Notes.</h2> + +<h3>ON CHAUCER'S KNOWLEDGE OF ITALIAN.</h3> + + <p>In the Memoir prefixed to the Aldine edition of the <i>Poetical Works + of Chaucer</i>, London, 1845, Sir Harris Nicolas expresses an opinion + that Dan Geoffrey was not acquainted with the Italian language, and + therefore not versed in Italian literature.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"Though Chaucer undoubtedly knew Latin and French, it is by no means + certain, notwithstanding his supposed obligations to the Decameron, that + he was as well acquainted with Italian. There may have been a common + Latin original of the main incidents of many, if not of all the tales, + for which Chaucer is supposed to have been wholly indebted to Boccaccio, + and from which originals Boccaccio himself may have taken them. That + Chaucer was not acquainted with Italian may be inferred from his not + having introduced any Italian quotation into his works, redundant as they + are with Latin and French words and phrases."—<i>Life of + Chaucer</i>, pp. 24, 25.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>To which the following note is subjoined:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"Though Chaucer's writings have not been examined for the purpose, the + remark in the text is not made altogether from recollection, for at the + end of Speght's edition of Chaucer's <i>Works</i>, translations are given + of the Latin and French words in the poems, but not a single Italian word + is mentioned."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>If Sir Harris Nicolas had examined the writings of Chaucer with any + care, he would scarcely have formed or expressed so strange an opinion, + for he must necessarily have discovered that Chaucer was not only well + acquainted with the language, but thoroughly well versed in Italian + literature, and that he paraphrased and translated freely from the works + of Dante, Petrarca, and Boccaccio. Chaucer would naturally quote Latin + and French, as being familiar to his cotemporaries, and would abstain + from introducing Italian, as a knowledge of that language must have been + confined to a few individuals in his day; and he wrote for the many, and + not for the minority.</p> + + <p>The circumstances of Chaucer's life, his missions to Italy, during + which he resided several months in that country, when sent on the king's + business to Genoa, and Florence, and Lombardy, afforded <!-- Page 518 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page518"></a>{518}</span> him ample + opportunities of becoming thoroughly acquainted with the language and + literature of Italy; the acquisition of which must have been of easy + accomplishment to Chaucer, already familiar with Latin and French. So + that it is not necessary to endow Chaucer "with all human attainments as + proof of his having spoken Italian."</p> + + <p>Chaucer's own writings, however, afford the strongest evidence against + the opinion entertained by Sir Harris Nicolas, and such evidence as + cannot be controverted.</p> + + <p>Chaucer loves to refer to Dante, and often translates passages from + the <i>Divine Comedy</i>. The following lines are very closely rendered + from the <i>Paradiso</i>, xiv. 28.:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Thou one, two, and thre, eterne on live,</p> + <p>That raignest aie in thre, two, and one,</p> + <p>Uncircumscript, and all maist circumscrive."</p> + <p class="i6">Last stanza of <i>Troilus and Creseide</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<i>Quell' uno e due e tre che sempre vive,</i></p> + <p><i>E regna sempre in tre e due ed uno</i>,</p> + <p><i>Non circonscritto, e tutto circonscrive.</i>"</p> + <p class="i6">Dante, <i>Il Paradiso</i>, xiv. 28.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Wel can <i>the wise poet of Florence</i>,</p> + <p>That highte <i>Dant</i>, speken of this sentence:</p> + <p>Lo, in swiche maner rime is <i>Dantes</i> tale.</p> + <p><i>Ful selde up riseth by his branches smale</i></p> + <p><i>Prowesse of man, for God of his goodnesse</i></p> + <p><i>Wol that we claime of him our gentillesse.</i>"</p> + <p class="i6"><i>Wif of Bathes Tale</i>, 6707.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<i>Rade volte risurge per li rami</i></p> + <p class="i1"><i>L' umana probità: e questo vuole</i></p> + <p class="i1"><i>Quei che la dà, perchè da lui si chiami.</i>"</p> + <p class="i6"><i>Purgatorio</i>, vii. 121.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>After relating the dread story of the Conte Ugolino, Chaucer refers to + Dante, from whom perhaps he derived it. (Conf. <i>Inferno</i>, + xxxiii.)</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Who so wol here it in a longer wise,</p> + <p>Redeth the grete poete of Itaille,</p> + <p>That highte <i>Dante</i>, for he can it devise</p> + <p>Fro point to point, not o word wol he faille."</p> + <p class="i6"><i>The Monkes Tale</i>, 14,769.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Bet than Vergile, while he was on live,</p> + <p>Or <i>Dant</i> also."—<i>The Freres Tale</i>, 7101.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>The following lines refer to the <i>Inferno</i>, xiii. 64.:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Envie is lavender of the court alway,</p> + <p>For she ne parteth neither night ne day,</p> + <p>Out of the house of Cesar, thus saith <i>Dant</i>."</p> + <p class="i4">Prologue to the <i>Legend of Good Women</i>, 359.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>"<i>Dant</i> that it tellen can" is mentioned in the <i>House of + Fame</i>, book i.; and Chaucer is indebted to him for some lines in that + fine poem, as in the description of the "egle, that with feathers shone + all of gold" = <i>un' aquila nel ciel con penne d'oro</i>; and the + following line:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"O thought, that wrote all that I met."</p> + <p class="i6"><i>House of Fame</i>, ii. 18.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<i>O mente, che scrivesti ciò ch' io vidi.</i>"</p> + <p class="i6"><i>Inferno</i>, ii. 8.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>The <i>Knightes Tale</i> exhibits numerous passages, lines, and + expressions verbally translated from the <i>Teseide</i> of Boccaccio, + upon which it is founded; such as <i>Idio armipotente</i> = Mars + armipotent; <i>Eterno admante</i> = Athamant eterne; <i>Paura palida</i> + = pale drede; <i>Le ire rosse come focho</i> = the cruel ire red as any + glede. Boccaccio describes the wood in which "Mars hath his sovereine + mansion" as—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<i>Una selva sterile de robusti</i></p> + <p><i>Cerri,</i></p> + <p><i>Nodosi aspri e rigidi e vetusti.</i></p> + <p><i>Vi si sentia grandissimo romore,</i></p> + <p><i>Ne vera bestia anchora ne pastore.</i>"</p> + <p class="i6"><i>Teseide</i>, book vii.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>There is a purposed grisly ruggedness in the corresponding passage of + the <i>Knightes Tale</i>, which heightens the horrors of "thilke colde + and frosty region:"</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"First on the wall was peinted <i>a forest,</i></p> + <p><i>In which ther wonneth neyther man ne best,</i></p> + <p><i>With knotty knarry barrein trees old</i></p> + <p><i>Of stubbes sharpe and hidous to behold</i>;</p> + <p>In which ther ran <i>a romble and a swough</i>,</p> + <p>As though a storme shuld bresten every bough."</p> + <p class="i6"><i>The Knightes Tale</i>, 1977.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>The death of Arcite is thus related by Boccaccio:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"La morte in ciascun membro era venuta</p> + <p>Da piedi in su, venendo verso il petto,</p> + <p>Ed ancor nelle braccia era perduta</p> + <p>La vital forza; sol nello intelletto</p> + <p>E nel cuore era ancora sostenuta</p> + <p>La poca vita, ma già si ristretto</p> + <p>Eragli 'l tristo cor del mortal gelo</p> + <p>Che agli occhi fe' subitamente velo.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Ma po' ch' egli ebbe perduto il vedere,</p> + <p>Con seco cominciò a mormorare,</p> + <p>Ognor mancando più del suo podere:</p> + <p>Nè troppo fece in ciò lungo durare;</p> + <p>Ma il mormorare trasportato in vere</p> + <p>Parole, con assai basso parlare</p> + <p>Addio Emilia; e più oltre non disse,</p> + <p>Chè l' anima convenne si partisse."</p> + <p class="i6"><i>Teseide</i>, book x. 112.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Chaucer loses nothing of this description in his condensed + translation:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"For from his feet up to his brest was come</p> + <p>The cold of deth, that had him overnome.</p> + <p>And yet moreover in his armes two</p> + <p>The vital strength is lost, and all ago.</p> + <p>Only the intellect, withouten more,</p> + <p>That dwelled in his herte sike and sore,</p> + <p>Gan feillen, when the herte felte deth;</p> + <p>Dusked his eyen two, and failled his breth.</p> + <p>But on his ladie yet cast he his eye;</p> + <p>His laste word was; Mercy, Emelie!"</p> + <p class="i6"><i>The Knightes Tale</i>, 2301.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p><i>Troilus and Creseide</i> seems to have been translated from the + <i>Filostrato</i> of Boccaccio, when <!-- Page 519 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page519"></a>{519}</span> Chaucer was a young + man, as we are informed by Dan John Lydgate in the Prologue to his + Translation of Boccaccio's <i>Fall of Princes</i>, where he speaks of his + "Maister Chaucer" as the "chefe poete of Bretayne," and tells us + that—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<i>In youthe he made a translacion</i></p> + <p>Of a boke which called is Trophe,</p> + <p>In Lumbard tongue, as men may rede and se,</p> + <p><i>And in our vulgar, long or that he deyde</i></p> + <p>Gave it the name of Troylous and Cresseyde."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Chaucer's translation is sometimes very close, sometimes rather free + and paraphrastic, as may be seen in the following examples:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"But right as floures through the cold of night</p> + <p class="i1">Yclosed, stoupen in hir stalkes lowe,</p> + <p>Redressen hem ayen the Sunne bright,</p> + <p class="i1">And spreaden in hir kinde course by rowe."</p> + <p class="i6"><i>Troilus and Creseide</i>, b. ii.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<i>Come fioretto dal notturno gelo</i></p> + <p><i>Chinato e chiuso, poi che il Sol l' imbianca,</i></p> + <p><i>S'apre, e si leva dritto sopra il stelo.</i>"</p> + <p class="i6">Boccaccio, <i>Il Filostrato</i>, iii. st. 13.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"She was right soche to sene in her visage</p> + <p>As is that wight that men on bere ybinde."</p> + <p class="i6"><i>Troilus and Creseide</i>, b. iv.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<i>Essa era tale, a guardarla nel viso,</i></p> + <p><i>Qual donna morta alla fossa portata.</i>"</p> + <p class="i6"><i>Il Filostrato</i>, v. st. 83.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"As fresh as faucon coming out of mew."</p> + <p class="i6"><i>Troilus and Creseide</i>, b. iii.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<i>Come falcon ch' uscisse dal cappello.</i>"</p> + <p class="i6"><i>Il Filostrato</i>, iv. st. 83.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>"The Song of Troilus," in the first book of <i>Troilus and + Creseide</i>, is a paraphrase from one of the Sonnets of Petrarca:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<i>S' Amor non è, che dunque è quel ch' i' sento?</i></p> + <p><i>Ma s' egli è Amor, per Dio che cosa, e quale?</i></p> + <p><i>Se buona, ond' è l' effetto aspro mortale?</i>"</p> + <p class="i4">Petrarca, <i>Rime in Vita di Laura</i>, Son. cii.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"If no love is, O God, what feele I so?</p> + <p>And if love is, what thing and which is he?</p> + <p>If love be good, from whence cometh my wo?"</p> + <p class="i6"><i>Troilus and Creseide</i>, b. i.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Chaucer evidently had the following lines of the <i>Paradiso</i> in + view when writing the invocation to the Virgin in <i>The Second Nonnes + Tale</i>:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Vergine Madre, figlia del tuo Figlio,</p> + <p>Umile e alta più che creatura,</p> + <p>Termine fisso d' eterno consiglio,</p> + <p>Tu se' colei, che l' umana Natura,</p> + <p><i>Nobilitasti</i> sì, che il suo Fattore</p> + <p>Non disdegno di farsi sua fattura."</p> + <p class="i6"><i>Paradiso</i>, xxxiii, I.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Thou maide and mother, doughter of thy Son,</p> + <p>Thou well of mercy, sinful soules cure,</p> + <p>In whom that God of bountee chees to won;</p> + <p>Thou humble and high over every creature,</p> + <p>Thou <i>nobledest</i> so fer forth our nature,</p> + <p>That no desdaine the maker had of kinde</p> + <p>His Son in blood and flesh to clothe and winde."</p> + <p class="i6"><i>The Second Nonnes Tale</i>, 15,504.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Traces of Chaucer's proficiency in Italian are discoverable in almost + all his poems; but I shall conclude with two citations from <i>The + Assembly of Foules</i>:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"The day gan failen, and the darke night,</p> + <p>That reveth beastes from hir businesse,</p> + <p>Berafte me my booke for lacke of light."</p> + <p class="i6"><i>The Assembly of Foules</i>, I. 85.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<i>Lo giorno se n'andava, e l'aer bruno</i></p> + <p><i>Toglieva gli animai che sono in terra</i></p> + <p><i>Dalle fatiche loro.</i>"—<i>Inf.</i> ii. 1.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"With that my hand in his he toke anon,</p> + <p>Of which I comfort caught, and went in fast."</p> + <p class="i6"><i>The Assembly of Foules</i>, I. 169.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<i>E poiche la sua mano alla mia pose</i></p> + <p><i>Con lieto volto, ond' io mi confortai.</i>"</p> + <p class="i6"><i>Inf.</i> iii. 19.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>By the way, Chaucer commences <i>The Assembly of Foules</i> with part + of the first aphorism of Hippocrates, "<span title="Ho bios brachus hê de technê makrê" class="grk" + >Ὁ βιος + βραχὺς ἡ δὲ + τέχνη μακρή</span>" (but + this, I suppose, had been noticed before):</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"The lyfe so short, the craft so long to lerne."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Chaucer was forty years old, or upwards, in 1372, when he was sent as + an envoy to treat with the duke, citizens, and merchants of Genoa; and + if, as is probable, he had translated <i>Troilus and Creseide</i> out of + the "Lombarde tonge" in his youth (according to the testimony of + Lydgate), it is not unreasonable to infer that his knowledge of Italian + may have led to his being chosen to fill that office. But, however this + may be, abundant proof has been adduced that Chaucer was familiarly + acquainted with Italian.</p> + + <p>I may briefly remark, in conclusion, that the dates and other + circumstances favour the supposed interview at Padua, between Fraunceis + Petrark the laureate poet, and Dan Chaucer,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Floure of poets throughout all Bretaine."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p class="author">J. M. B. + + <p class="address">Tunbridge Wells. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>THE REBELLION OF '45.—UNPUBLISHED LETTER.</h3> + + <p class="author">Inverness, 16th Aprile, 1746. + + <p>Dear Sirs,</p> + + <p>This day about twelve our army came up with the rebels, about a mile + above Lord President's house, in a muir called Drumrossie. They began the + engagement first, by firing from a battery of six guns they had erected + upon their right; but our cannon played so hott upon them, that they were + obliged soon to fly, by which means we gote possession of their + artillery, and so drove them before us for three miles of way. The + cavalry gave them closs chase to the town of Inverness: <!-- Page 520 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page520"></a>{520}</span> upon which + the French ambassador (who is not well) sent out an officer, and a drum + with him, offering to surrender at discretion; to which the duke made + answer, that the French officers should be allowed to go about on their + parole, and nothing taken from them. Brigadier Stapleton is among them, + and God knows how many more officers; for we have not gote home to count + them yet. Its thought the rebels have between four and five hundred + killed, and as many taken prisoners already: many more we expect this + night, parties having been sent out after them. Lord Kilmarnock I saw + prisoner, and Major Stewart, with many more. Secretary Murray is very + bad: a party is just now sent for him, intelligence being brought where + he is. I don't think we have lost thirty men, and not above five officers + killed, amongst which are Lord Robert Ker, Captain Grosset: the rest + their names I have forgote. We are now in full possession of this place. + Some say the Pretender was in the battle, and wounded; but others say he + was not. Such of them as are left are gone to Fort Augustus. The duke, + God be praised, is in good health, and all the generalls. His Royal + Highness behaved as if he had been inspired, riding up and down giveing + orders himself.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>I am, Gentlemen,</p> + <p class="i2">Your most obedt. servant,</p> + <p class="i4"><span class="sc">David Bruce</span>.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>After writing y<sup>e</sup> above, y<sup>e</sup> lists of + y<sup>e</sup> killed and wounded are as follows, so far as is yet + known:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>We have of y<sup>e</sup> prisoners 700</p> + <p>Killed and wounded on y<sup>e</sup> field 1800</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Of y<sup>e</sup> duke's army:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Killed, wounded, and amissing 220</p> + </div> + </div> +<hr class="short" > + + <p>Gentlemen,</p> + + <p>I hope you'l pardon y<sup>e</sup> confusedness of y<sup>e</sup> + foregoing line, as I have been in y<sup>e</sup> utmost confusion since I + came here. 'Tis said, but not quite certain, y<sup>t</sup> y<sup>e</sup> + following rebells are killed, viz.:—Lochiel, Capuch (Keppach), Lord + Nairn, Lord Lewis Drummond, D. of Perth, Glengarry, &c. The French + have all surrendered prisoners of war.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">David Bruce</span>. + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Addressed to</p> + <p class="i2">The Governors of</p> + <p class="i4">The Town of Aberdeen.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p class="author">X. Y. Z. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>OLIVER ST. JOHN.</h3> + + <p>In giving the lives of the Commonwealth chief justices, Lord Campbell + observes (<i>Lives of Chief Justices</i>, vol. i. p. 447.), "in + completing the list with the name of Oliver St. John, I am well pleased + with an opportunity of tracing his career and pourtraying his character." + Then follows a biography of thirty pages. The subject seems to be a + favourite one with his lordship, and he accordingly produces a striking + picture, laying on his colours in the approved historical style of the + day, so as to make the painting an effective one, whether the resemblance + be faithful or not. But how is it that the noble biographer appears to be + quite unaware of what really is the only document we have relating to + Oliver St. John of his own composition, which does give us much light as + to his career or character? I refer to <i>The Case of Oliver St. John, + Esq, concerning his Actions during the late Troubles</i>, pp. 14., 4to., + n.d. It is a privately printed tract, emanating from St. John himself, + and was no doubt circulated amongst persons in power at the Restoration, + with a view to obtaining indemnity and pardon. My copy is signed by + himself, and has some corrections in his autograph. His Defence is full + of interesting particulars, some of which are very inconsistent with Lord + Campbell's speculations and statements. It would, however, occupy too + much of your space were I to go through the various articles objected to + by him, and to which he gives his replies and explanations. My object in + noticing this tract at present, is to prevent any future biographer of + this Commonwealth worthy, whose life may well be an historical study, + from neglecting an important source of information. I observe Lord + Campbell (p. 473.) doubts whether he favoured the measure of making + Cromwell king. But if we are to believe the title-page of <i>Monarchy + asserted</i>, 1660, 12mo., he was one of the speakers at the conference + with Cromwell on the 11th April, 1657, in favour of his assuming the + title of king. On the list of the committee which follows, the "Lord + Chief Justice" only is mentioned, but in the speeches a difference seems + to be made between "Lord Chief Justice" (pp. 6. 7. 15.) and "Lord Chief + Justice Glynne" (p. 44.), and they would seem to be two different + speakers. The title-page states distinctly, "the arguments of Oliver St. + John, Lord Chief Justice, Lord Chief Justice Glyn, &c., members of + that committee."</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Jas. Crossley</span>. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>NOTES ON SEVERAL MISUNDERSTOOD WORDS.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(<i>Continued from</i> p. 402.)</p> + + <p><i>No did, no will, no had, &c.</i>—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<i>K. John.</i> · · · I had a mighty cause</p> + <p>To wish him dead, but thou hadst none to kill him.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Hubert.</i> <i>No had</i> (my Lord), why, did you not provoke me?"</p> + <p class="i6"><i>King John</i>, Act IV. Sc. 2.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>So the first folio edition of Shakspeare. A palpable error, as the + commentators of the present would pleasantly observe, and all the world + would echo the opinion; but here, as in most other <!-- Page 521 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page521"></a>{521}</span> instances, + commentators and all the world may be wrong, and the folios right. The + passage has accordingly been corrupted by the editors of Shakspeare into + what was more familiar to their modern ears: "Had none, my Lord!" Though + the mode of speech be very common, yet, to deprive future editors of all + excuse for ever again depraving the genuine text of our national Bible, I + shall make no apology for accumulating a string of examples:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<i>Fort.</i> Oh, had I such a hat, then were I brave!</p> + <p>Where's he that made it?</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Sol.</i> Dead: and the whole world</p> + <p>Yields not a workman that can frame the like.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Fort.</i> <i>No does?</i>"</p> + <p class="i2hg3">"Old Fortunatus," <i>Old English Plays</i>, vol. iii. p. 140., by Dilke:</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>who alters "No does?" into <i>None does?</i> thinking, I presume, that + he had thereby simplified the sentence:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<i>John.</i> I am an elde fellowe of fifty wynter and more,</p> + <p>And yet in all my lyfe I knewe not this before.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Parson.</i> <i>No dyd</i>, why sayest thou so, upon thyselfe thou lyest,</p> + <p>Thou haste euer knowen the sacramente to be the body of Christ."</p> + <p class="i6"><i>John Bon and Mast Person.</i></p> + </div> + </div> +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"<i>Chedsey.</i> Christ said 'Take, eat, this is my body;' and not + 'Take ye, eat ye.'</p> + + <p><i>Philpot.</i> <i>No did</i>, master doctor? Be not these the words + of Christ, 'Accipite, manducate?' And do not these words, in the plural + number, signify 'Take ye, eat ye;' and not 'Take thou, eat thou,' as you + would suppose?"—Foxe's <i>Acts and Monuments</i>, vol. vii. p. + 637., Cattley's edition.</p> + + <p>"<i>Philpot.</i> Master Cosins, I have told my lord already, that I + will answer to none of these articles he hath objected against me: but if + you will with learning answer to that which is in question between my + lord and me, I will gladly hear and commune with you.</p> + + <p><i>Cosins.</i> <i>No will</i> you? Why what is that then, that is in + question between my lord and you?"—<i>Id.</i>, p. 651.</p> + + <p>"<i>Philpot.</i> And as I remember, it is even the saying of St. + Bernard [viz. The Holy Ghost is Christ's vicar on earth + (<i>vic-arius</i>), and a saying that I need not to be ashamed of, + neither you to be offended at; as my Lord of Durham and my Lord of + Chichester by their learning can discern, and will not reckon it evil + said.</p> + + <p><i>London.</i> <i>No will?</i> Why, take away the first syllable, and + it soundeth Arius."—<i>Id.</i> p. 658.</p> + + <p>"<i>Philpot.</i> These words of Cyprian do nothing prove your + pretensed assertion; which is, that to the Church of Rome there could + come no misbelief.</p> + + <p><i>Christopherson.</i> Good lord, <i>no doth</i>? What can be said + more plainly?"—<i>Id.</i>, p. 661.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Again, at p. 663. there occur no less than three more instances and at + p. 665. another.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"<i>Careless.</i> No, forsooth: I do not know any such, nor have I + heard of him that I wot of.</p> + + <p><i>Martin.</i> <i>No have</i>, forsooth: and it is even he that hath + written against thy faith."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Then <i>Martin</i> said:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"Dost thou not know one Master Chamberlain?</p> + + <p><i>Careless.</i> No forsooth; I know him not.</p> + + <p><i>Martin.</i> <i>No dost!</i> and he hath written a book against thy + faith also."—<i>Id.</i>, vol. iii. p. 164.</p> + + <p>"<i>Lichfield and Coventry.</i> We heard of no such order.</p> + + <p><i>Lord Keeper.</i> <i>No did?</i> Yes, and on the first question ye + began willingly. How cometh it to pass that ye will not now do + so?"—<i>Id.</i>, p. 690.</p> + + <p>"Then said Sir Thomas Moyle: 'Ah! Bland, thou art a stiff-hearted + fellow. Thou wilt not obey the law, nor answer when thou art called.' + '<i>Nor will</i>,' quoth Sir John Baker. 'Master Sheriff, take him to + your ward.'"—<i>Id.</i>, vol. vii. p. 295.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Is it needful to state, that the original editions have, as they ought + to have, a note of interrogation at "Baker?" I will not tax the reader's + patience with more than two other examples, and they shall be fetched + from the writings of that admirable papist—the gentle, the + merry-hearted More:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"Well, quod Caius, thou wylt graunte me thys fyrste, that euery thynge + that hath two erys is an asse.—Nay, mary mayster, wyll I not, quod + the boy.—<i>No wylt</i> thou? quod Caius. Ah, wyly boy, there thou + wentest beyond me."—The Thyrde Boke, the first chapter, fol. 84. of + Sir Thomas More's <i>Dialogues</i>.</p> + + <p>"Why, quod he, what coulde I answere ellys, but clerely graunt hym + that I believe that thyng for none other cause but only bycause the + Scripture so sheweth me?—<i>No could ye?</i> quod I. What yf neuer + Scripture had ben wryten in thys world, should there neuer haue bene eny + chyrch or congregacyon of faythfull and ryght beyleuyng + people?—That wote I nere, quod he. <i>No do ye?</i> quod + I."—<i>Id.</i>, fol. 85.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>In taking leave of this idiom, it would not perhaps be amiss to + remark, that "ye can," in Duke Humphey's rejoinder to the "blyson begger + of St. Albonys," is not, as usually understood, "you can?" but "yea + can?"</p> + +<hr class="short" > + + <p><i>To be at point</i> = to be at a stay or stop, <i>i.e.</i> settled, + determined, nothing farther being to be said or done: a very common + phrase. Half a dozen examples shall suffice:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">" · · · · · What I am truly</p> + <p>Is thine, and my poore countries to command:</p> + <p>Whither indeed before they (thy) heere-approach,</p> + <p>Old Seyward with ten thousand warlike men</p> + <p>Already <i>at a point</i>, was setting forth."</p> + <p class="i6"><i>Macbeth</i>, Act IV. Sc. 3. 1st Fol.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>No profit to give the commentators' various guesses at the import of + the phrase in the above passage, which will be best gathered from the + following instances of its use elsewhere. But, before passing further, I + beg permission to inform <span class="sc">Mr. Knight</span> that the + original suggester of "sell" for "self," in an earlier part of this play, + whose name <!-- Page 522 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page522"></a>{522}</span> he is at a loss for, was W. S. Landor, + whose footnote to vol. ii. p. 273., Moxon's edit. of his works, is as + follows:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"And here it may be permitted the editor to profit also by the + manuscript, correcting in Shakespeare what is <i>absolute nonsense</i> as + now printed:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg1">'<i>Vaulting</i> ambition that o'erleaps <i>itself</i>,</p> + <p>And falls on the <i>other side</i>.'</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Other side of what? It should be <i>its sell</i>. <i>Sell</i> is + saddle in Spenser and elsewhere, from the Latin and Italian."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>A correspondent of "N. & Q."., Vol. vii., p. 404., will be + delighted to find his very ingenious discovery brought home, and + corroborated by Landor's valuable manuscript: but it is an old said + saw—"Great wits jump." Now to our examples:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"<i>Pasquin.</i> Saint Luke also affirmeth the same, saying flatly + that he shall not be forgiuen. Beholde, therefore, how well they + interprete the Scriptures.</p> + + <p><i>Marforius.</i> I am alreadie <i>at a poynt</i> with them, but thou + shalt doo me great pleasure to expounde also vnto me certayne other + places, vppon the which they ground this deceit."—<i>Pasquine in a + Traunce</i>, turned but lately out of the Italian into this tongue by + W. P.: London, 1584.</p> + + <p>"But look, where malice reigneth in men, there reason can take no + place: and, therefore, I see by it, that you are all <i>at a point</i> + with me, that no reason or authority can persuade you to favour my name, + who never meant evil to you, but both your commodity and + profit."—Foxe's <i>Acts and Monuments</i>, vol. viii. p. 18.</p> + + <p>"Not so, my lord," said I, "for I am <i>at a full point</i> with + myself in that matter; and am right well able to prove both your + transubstantiation with the real presence to be against the Scriptures + and the ancient Fathers of the primitive Church."—<i>Id.</i>, p. + 587.</p> + + <p>"<i>Winchester.</i> No, surely, I am fully determined, and fully <i>at + a point</i> therein, howsoever my brethren do."—<i>Id.</i>, p. + 691.</p> + + <p>"<i>Brad.</i> Sir, so that you will define me your church, that under + it you bring not in a false church, you shall not see but that we shall + soon be <i>at a point</i>."—<i>Id.</i>, vol. vii. p. 190.</p> + + <p>"<i>Latimer.</i> Truly, my lord, as for my part I require no respite, + for I am <i>at a point</i>. You shall give me respite in vain; therefore, + I pray you let me not trouble you to-morrow."—<i>Id.</i>, p. + 534.</p> + + <p>"Unto whom he (Lord Cobham) gave this answer: 'Do as ye shall think + best, for I am <i>at a point</i>.' Whatsoever he (Archbishop Arundel) or + the other bishops did ask him after that, he bade them resort to his + bill: for thereby would he stand to the very death."—<i>Id.</i>, + vol. iii. pp. 327-8.</p> + + <p>"'Et illa et ista vera esse credantur et nulla inter nos contentio + remanebit, quia nec illis veris ista, nec istis veris illa impediuntur.' + Let bothe those truthes and these truthes be beleued, and we shall be + <i>at appoinct</i>. For neither these truthes are impaired by the other, + neither the other by these."—<i>A Fortresse of the Faith</i>, p. + 50., by Thomas Stapleton: Antwerp, 1565.</p> + + <p>"A poore man that shall haue liued at home in the countrie, and neuer + tasted of honoure and pompe, is alwayes <i>at a poynt</i> with himselfe, + when menne scorne and disdayne him, or shewe any token of contempt + towardes his person."—John Calvin's <i>CVIII. Sermon on the + Thirtieth Chap. of Job</i>, p. 554., translated by Golding: London, + 1574.</p> + + <p>"As for peace, I am <i>at a point</i>."—<i>Leycester + Correspondence</i>, Camd. Soc., p. 261.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. R. Arrowsmith</span>. + +<p class="cenhead">(<i>To be continued.</i>)</p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>FOLK LORE.</h3> + + <p><i>Weather Rules.</i>—The interesting article on "The Shepherd + of Banbury's Weather Rules" (Vol. vii., p. 373.) has reminded me of two + <i>sayings</i> I heard in Worcestershire a few months back, and upon + which my informant placed the greatest reliance. The first is, "If the + moon changes on a Sunday, there will be a flood before the month is out." + My authority asserted that through a number of years he has never known + this fail. The month in which the change on a Sunday has occurred has + been fine until the last day, when the flood came. The other saying is, + "Look at the weathercock on St. Thomas's day at twelve o'clock, and see + which way the wind is, and there it will stick for the next quarter," + that is, three months. Can any of your readers confirm the above, and add + any similar "weather rules?"</p> + + <p class="author">J. A., <span class="sc">Jun</span>. + + <p class="address">Birmingham. + + <p><i>Drills presaging Death</i> (Vol. vii., p. 353.).—Your + correspondent asks if the superstition he here alludes to in Norfolk is + believed in other parts. I can give him a case in point in + Berkshire:—Some twenty years ago an old gentleman died there, a + near relative of my own; and on going down to his place, I was told by a + farm overseer of his, that he was certain some of his lordship's family + would die that season, as, in the last sowing, he had missed putting the + seed in one row, which he showed me! "Who could disbelieve it now?" quoth + the old man. I was then taken to the bee-hives, and at the door of every + one this man knocked with his knuckles, and informed the occupants that + they must now work for a new master, as their old one was gone to heaven. + This, I believe, has been queried in your invaluable paper some time + since. I only send it by the way. I know the same superstition is still + extant in Cheshire, North Wales, and in some parts of Scotland.</p> + + <p class="author">T. W. N. + + <p class="address">Malta. + + <p>A friend supplies me with the information that before drills were + invented, the labourers <!-- Page 523 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page523"></a>{523}</span> considered it unlucky to miss a "bout" in + corn or seed sowing, will sometimes happened when "broadcast" was the + only method. The ill-luck did not relate alone to a <i>death</i> in the + family of the farmer or his dependents, but to losses of cattle or + accidents. It is singular, however, that the superstition should have + transferred itself to the drill; but it will be satisfactory to E. G. R. + to learn that the process of <i>tradition</i> and + <i>superstition-manufacturing</i> is not going on in the nineteenth + century.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">E. S. Taylor</span>. + + <p><i>Superstition in Devonshire; Valentine's Day</i> (Vol. v., pp. 55. + 148.).—This, according to Forby, vol. ii. p. 403., once formed in + Norfolk a part of the superstitious practices on <i>St. Mark's Eve</i>, + not St. Valentine's, as mentioned by J. S. A., when the sheeted ghosts of + those who should die that year (Mrs. Crowe would call them, I suppose, + <i>Doppelgängers</i>) march in grisly array to the parish church.</p> + + <p>The rhyme varies from J. S. A.'s:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Hempseed I sow:</p> + <p>Hempseed grow;</p> + <p>He that is my true love</p> + <p>Come after me, and mow."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>and the Norfolk spectre is seen with a <i>scythe</i>, instead of a + rake like his Devonshire compeer.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">E. S. Taylor</span>. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>A NOTE ON GULLIVER'S TRAVELS.</h3> + + <p>If I may argue from the silence of the latest edition of <i>Gulliver's + Travels, with Notes</i>, with which I am acquainted, viz. that by W. C. + Taylor, LL.D., Trinity College, Dublin, the Preface to which is dated May + 1st, 1840, I may say that all the commentators on Swift—all, at + least, down to that late date—have omitted to refer to a work + containing incidents closely resembling some of those recorded in the + "Voyage to Lilliput."</p> + + <p>The work to which I allude is a little dramatical composition, the + Bambocciata, or puppet-show, by Martelli, entitled <i>The Sneezing of + Hercules</i>. Goldoni, in his <i>Memoirs</i>, has given us the following + account of the manner in which he brought it out on the stage:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"Count Lantieri was very well satisfied with my father, for he was + greatly recovered, and almost completely cured: his kindness was also + extended to me, and to procure amusement for me he caused a puppet-show, + which was almost abandoned, and which was very rich in figures and + decorations, to be refitted.</p> + + <p>"I profited by this, and amused the company by giving them a piece of + a great man, expressly composed for wooden comedians. This was the + <i>Sneezing of Hercules</i>, by Peter James Martelli, a Bolognese.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> · · · · · · · · · ·</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>"The imagination of the author sent Hercules into the country of the + pigmies. Those poor little creatures, frightened at the aspect of an + animated mountain with legs and arms, ran and concealed themselves in + holes. One day as Hercules had stretched himself out in the open field, + and was sleeping tranquilly, the timid inhabitants issued out of their + retreats, and, armed with prickles and rushes, mounted on the monstrous + man, and covered him from head to foot, like flies when they fall on a + piece of rotten meat. Hercules waked, and felt something in his nose, + which made him sneeze; on which, his enemies tumbled down in all + directions. This ends the piece.</p> + + <p>"There is a plan, a progression, an intrigue, a catastrophe, and + winding up; the style is good and well-supported; the thoughts and + sentiments are all proportionate to the size of the personages. The + verses even are short, and everything indicates pigmies.</p> + + <p>"A gigantic puppet was requisite for Hercules; everything was well + executed. The entertainment was productive of much pleasure; and I could + lay a bet, that I am the only person who ever thought of executing the + Bambocciata of Martelli."—<i>Memoirs of Goldoni</i>, translated by + John Black, 2 vols., duod. vol. i. chap. 6.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>It is certainly not necessary to point out here in what respects the + adventures of Hercules, the <i>animated mountain</i>, and those of + Quinbus Flestrin, the <i>man mountain</i>, differ from, or coincide with, + each other, as the only question I wish to raise is, whether a careful + analysis of Martelli's puppet-show ought, or ought not, to have been + placed among the notes on <i>Gulliver's Travels</i>.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">C. Forbes</span>. + + <p class="address">Temple. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.</h3> + + <p>In reply to J. M. G. of Worcester, who inquires for a MS. volume of + English poetry containing some lines attributed to Shakspeare, and which + is described in Thorpe's <i>Catalog</i> of MSS. for 1831, I can supply + some particulars which may assist him in the research. The MS., which at + one period had belonged to Joseph Hazlewood, was purchased from Thorpe by + the late Lord Viscount Kingsborough; after whose decease it was sold, in + November, 1842, at Charles Sharpe's literary sale room, Anglesea Street, + Dublin. It is No. 574. in the auction catalogue of that part of his + lordship's library which was then brought to auction.</p> + + <p>The volume has been noticed by Patrick Fraser Tytler, in his <i>Life + of Sir Walter Raleigh</i>, Edinburgh, 1833 (in Appendix B, p. 436., of + 2nd edit.), where, citing the passage from Collier, which is referred to + by J. M. G., he asserts that the lines are not Shakspeare's, but + Jonson's. But he does not appear to me to have established his case + beyond doubt; as the lines, though found among Jonson's works, may, + notwithstanding, be the production of some other writer: and why not of + Shakspeare, to whom they are ascribed in the MS.? Some verses by Sir + J. C. Hobhouse originally appeared as Lord Byron's: and there are <!-- + Page 524 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page524"></a>{524}</span> + numerous instances, both ancient and modern, of a similar attribution of + works to other than their actual authors.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Arterus</span>. + + <p class="address">Dublin. + + <p><i>The Island of Prospero.</i>—We cannot assert that Shakspeare, + in the <i>Tempest</i>, had any particular island in view as the scene of + his immortal drama, though by some this has been stoutly maintained. + Chalmers prefers one of the Bermudas. The Rev. J. Hunter, in his + <i>Disquisition on the Scene, &c. of the Tempest</i>, endeavours to + confer the honour on the Island of Lampedosa. In reference to this + question, a statement of the pseudo-Aristotle is remarkable. In his work + "<span title="peri thaumasiôn akousmatôn" class="grk" + >περὶ + θαυμασίων + ἀκουσμάτων</span>," + he mentions Lipara, one of the Æolian Islands, lying to the north of + Sicily, and nearly in the course of Shakspeare's Neapolitan fleet from + Tunis to Naples. Among the <span title="polla teratôdê" class="grk" + >πολλὰ + τερατώδη</span> found there, + he tells us:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"<span title="Exakouesthai gar tumpanôn kai kumbalôn êchon gelôta te meta thorubou kai krotalôn enargôs. legousi de ti teratôdesteron gegonenai peri to spêlaion." class="grk" + >Ἐξακούεσθαι + γὰρ τυμπάνων + καὶ + κυμβάλων + ἦχον γέλωτα + τε μετὰ + θορύβου + καὶ + κροτάλων + ἐναργῶς. + λέγουσι δέ + τι + τερατωδέστερον + γεγονέναι + περὶ τὸ + σπήλαιον.</span>"</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>If we compare this with the aerial music heard by Ferdinand + (<i>Tempest</i>, I. 2.), especially as the orchestra is represented by + the genial burin of M. Retsch in the fifth plate of his well-known + sketches (<i>Umrisze</i>), it will appear probable that Shakspeare was + acquainted with the Greek writer either in the original or through a + translation. As far as I am aware, this has not been observed by any of + the commentators.—From <i>The Navorscher</i>.</p> + + <p class="author">J. M. + + <p><i>Coincident Criticisms.</i>—I shall be obliged if you will + allow me through your pages to anticipate and rebut two charges of + plagiarism. When I wrote my Note on a passage in <i>The Winter's Tale</i> + ("N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 378.), I had not seen the <i>Dublin + University Magazine</i> for March last, containing some remarks on the + same passage in some respects much resembling mine. I must also declare + that my Note on a passage in <i>All's Well that ends Well</i> ("N. & + Q.," Vol. vii., p. 426.) was posted for you some time before the + appearance of A. E. B.'s Note on the same passage ("N. & Q.," Vol. + vii., p. 403.). The latter coincidence is more remarkable than the + former, as the integrity of the amended text was in both notes discussed + by means of the same parallel passage. <i>Apropos</i> of A. E. B.'s + clever Note, permit me to say, that though at first it appeared to me + conclusive, I now incline to think that Shakspeare intended Helen to + address the <i>leaden messengers</i> by means of a very hyperbolic + figure: "wound the still-piecing air that sings with piercing" is a + consistent whole. If, as A. E. B. rightly says, <i>to wound the air</i> + is an impossibility, it is equally impossible that the air should utter + any sound expressive of sensibility. The fact of course is, that the + cannon-balls <i>cleave</i> the air, and that by so cleaving it a shrill + noise is produced. The cause and effect may, however, be metaphorically + described, by comparing air to Bertram. I believe it is a known fact that + every man who is struck with a cannon-ball cries out instinctively. + Shakspeare therefore might, I think, have very poetically described the + action and effect of a cannon-ball passing through the air by the strong + figure of <i>wounding the air that sings with the piercing which it is + enduring</i>.</p> + + <p>In concluding this Note, I beg to express what is not merely my own, + but a very general feeling of disappointment in respect of <span + class="sc">Mr. Collier's</span> new edition of Shakspeare. To it, with a + new force, may be applied the words of A. E. B. in "N. & Q.," Vol. + vi., p. 296.:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"But the evil of these emendations is not in this instance confined to + the mere suggestion of doubt; the text has absolutely been altered in all + accessible editions, in many cases <i>silently</i>, so that the ordinary + reader has no opportunity of judging between <i>Shakspeare</i> and his + improvers."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>That <span class="sc">Mr. Collier</span> should be the greatest of + such offenders, is no very cheering sign of the times.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">C. Mansfield Ingleby</span>. + + <p class="address">Birmingham. + + <p><i>Dogberry's Losses</i> (Vol. vii., p. 377.).—I do not know + whether it has ever been suggested, but I feel inclined to read + "lawsuits." He has just boasted of himself as "one that knows the + <i>law</i>;" and it seems natural enough that he should go on to brag of + being a rich fellow enough, "and a fellow that hath had <i>lawsuits</i>" + of his own, and actually figured as plaintiff or defendant. Suppose the + words taken down from the mouth of an actor, and the mistake would be + easy.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">John Doe</span>. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>THE CŒNACULUM OF LIONARDO DA VINCI.</h3> + + <p>I have in my possession a manuscript critique on the celebrated + picture of The Last Supper by Lionardo da Vinci, written many years ago + by a deceased academician; in which the writer has called in question the + <i>point of time</i> usually supposed to have been selected by the + celebrated Italian painter. The criticisms are chiefly founded on the + copy by Marco Oggioni, now in the possession of the Royal Academy of + Arts.</p> + + <p>Uniform tradition has assumed that the moment of action is that in + which the Saviour announces the treachery of one of his disciples "Dico + vobis quia unus vestrum me traditurus est." Matth. xxvi. 21., Joan. xiii. + 21., Vulgate edit.; and most of the admirers of this great work have not + failed to find in it decisive proofs of the intention of the painter to + represent that exact point of time. <!-- Page 525 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page525"></a>{525}</span></p> + + <p>The author of the manuscript enters into a very detailed examination + of the several groups of figures which compose the picture, and of the + expression of the heads; and he confesses his inability to find in them + anything decisively indicating the period supposed to be chosen. He + remarks that nine at least of the persons, including the principal one, + are evidently engaged in animated conversation; that instead of that + concentrated attention which the announcement might be supposed to + generate, there appears to be great variety of expressions and of action; + and that neither surprise nor indignation are so generally prominent, as + might have been expected. He inclines to think that the studied diversity + of expression, and the varied attitudes and gestures of the assembled + party, are to be regarded as proofs of the artist's efforts to produce a + powerful and harmonious composition, rather than a natural and truthful + representation of any particular moment of the transaction depicted by + him.</p> + + <p>The work in question is now so generally accessible through the medium + of accurate engravings, that any one may easily exercise his own judgment + on the matter, and decide for himself whether the criticism be well + founded.</p> + + <p>It must be borne in mind that the subject had long been a familiar + decoration of conventual refectories before the time when Lionardo + brought his profound knowledge of external human nature, and his + unsurpassed powers of executive art, to bear on a subject which had + before been treated in the dry, conventional, inanimate manner of the + Middle Ages. The leading features of the traditional picture are + retained: the long table, the linen cloth, the one-sided arrangement of + the figures, the classic drapery, and the general form and design of the + apartment, are all to be found in the earlier works; and must have been + considered, by observers in general, far more essential to the correct + delineation of the scene than any adherence to the exact description of + it in any one of the Evangelists. But as the subject was usually + introduced into refectories for the edification of the brethren assembled + with their superior at their own meals, it does not seem likely that the + treachery of Judas should have been intended to be the prominent action + of the picture. It was a memorial of the institution of the Eucharist, + although the Christ was not represented as dispensing either bread or + wine. In such a case, if any particular point of time was ever + contemplated by the artist, he might judiciously and appropriately select + the moment when the Saviour was announcing, in mysterious words, the + close of his mission—as in St. Matthew and St. Mark; or was + teaching them a lesson of humility when the spirit of rivalry and strife + had disclosed itself among them—as we find in St. Luke and St. + John.</p> + + <p>It is not perhaps generally known that the statutes of Queen's + College, Oxford, prescribe the order of sitting at the common table in + manner which evidently refers to the <i>cœnaculum</i> of the old + church painters.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">E. Smirke</span>. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h2>Minor Notes.</h2> + + <p><i>Scotter Register (County Lincoln).</i>—The following extracts + from the register of the parish of Scotter, in the county of Lincoln, are + perhaps sufficiently interesting to be worth printing in "N. & + Q.":</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>1. "Eccelesia parochialis de Scotter comitatu Lincolniæ dedicata est + Beatis Apostolis Sancto Petro et Sancto Paulo ut apparet in Antiquo + Scripto viduæ Loddington de Scotter, viz. in testamento vltimo Thomæ + Dalyson, Gen. de Scotter, qui obiit Junii 19<sup>o</sup>, anno Domini + 1495.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<span class="sc">Gul. Carrington</span>,</p> + <p class="i2hg3">"Rector eclīa ibid."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>2. "<i>Memorandum</i>, That on Septuagesima Sunday, being the + 19<sup>th</sup> day of January, 1667, one Francis Drury, an excommunicate + person, came into the church in time of divine service in y<sup>e</sup> + morning, and being admonisht by mee to begon, hee obstinately refused, + whereuppon y<sup>e</sup> whole congregation departed; and after the same + manner in the afternoon, the same day, he came again, and refusing againe + to go out, the whole congregation againe went home, soe y<sup>t</sup> + little or no service pformed. They prevented his further coming in + y<sup>t</sup> manner, as hee threatned, by order from the Justice, uppon + the statute of Queene Elizabeth concerning the molestation and + disturbance of publiq preachers.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Wm. Carrington</span>, Rec."</p> + </div> + </div> +<p class="cenhead">"O tempora, O mores."</p> + + <p>3. "Michæl Skinner Senex centum et trium annorum sepultus fuit die + sancti Johannis, viz. Dec. 27, 1673."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Edward Peacock</span>, Jun. + + <p class="address">Bottesford Moors, Kirton Lindsey. + + <p>"<i>All my Eye.</i>"—"<i>Over the Left.</i>"</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"What benefit a Popish successor can reap from lives and fortunes + spent in defence of the Protestant religion, he may put in his eye: and + what the Protestant religion gets by lives and fortunes spent in the + service of a Popish successor, will be over the left + shoulder."—Preface to <i>Julian the Apostate</i>: London, printed + for Langley Curtis, on Ludgate Hill. 1682.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Is this passage the origin of the above cant phrases?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">George Daniel</span>. + + <p class="address">Canonbury. + + <p><i>Curious Marriages.</i>—In <i>Harl. MSS.</i> 1550, p. 180., is + the pedigree of Irby, where Anthony Irby has two daughters: Margaret, who + married Henry Death, and Dorothy, who married John Domesday.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">E. G. Ballard</span>. +<!-- Page 526 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page526"></a>{526}</span> + + <p><i>Child-mother.</i>—Four months ago, on board the Brazil + packet, the royal mail steam-vessel Severn, there was an instance of a + "child-wife," which might be worthy of a place among your curiosities of + that description.</p> + + <p>She was the wedded wife of a Brazilian travelling from the Brazils to + Lisbon, and her husband applied for permission to pay the "reduced + passage money" for her as being "under twelve years of age!"</p> + + <p>As the regulation on that head speaks of "<i>children</i> under twelve + years of age," this <i>conscientious</i> Brazilian's demand could not be + countenanced.</p> + + <p>His wife's age was under eleven years and a half, and (<i>credat + Judæus</i>) <i>she was a mother</i>!</p> + + <p class="author">A. L. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h2>Queries.</h2> + +<h3>FURTHER QUERIES RESPECTING BISHOP KEN.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(<i>Continued from</i> Vol. vii., p. 380.)</p> + + <p>In a <i>Collection of Poems</i>, in six volumes, by several Hands + (Dodsley, 5th edition, 1758), and in vol. iii. p. 75., is found "An + Epistle from Florence to T. A., Esq., Tutor to the Earl of + P——. Written in the year 1740. By the Honourable + ——." Can any one explain an allusion contained in these three + lines of the epistle?</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Or with wise Ken judiciously define,</p> + <p>When Pius marks the honorary coin</p> + <p>Of Caracalla, or of Antonine."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>It is hardly to be supposed that the Ken here named could mean the + bishop, who died so far back as 1711. Was there a coin-collector of that + name living about 1740?</p> + + <p>We learn (from Ken's <i>Prose Works</i>, ed. Round, pp. 93, 94.) that + the Bishop's sister, "my poor sister Ken," most probably then a widow, + lost her only son, who died at Cyprus, in 1707. Was this Mrs. Ken the + Rose Vernon, sister of Sir Thomas Vernon, of Coleman Street, London, and + the wife of Jon Ken, the bishop's eldest brother, and treasurer of the + East India Company? This Jon and Rose Ken are represented, in Mr. + Markland's Pedigree of the Ken family, as still living in 1683. Is there + no monumental memorial of this Treasurer Ken, or his family, in any of + the London churches?</p> + + <p>In Mr. Macaulay's <i>History of England</i>, 5th ed., vol. ii. p. + 365., he states that "it was well known that one of the most opulent + dissenters of the City had begged that he might have the honour of giving + security for Ken," when the seven bishops were bailed, previous to their + trial. On what authority (for none is cited) does this statement + rest?</p> + + <p>Can any one give a clue to this passage from a letter written to Mr. + Harbin, Lord Weymouth's chaplain, by Bishop Ken, and dated "Winton, Jan + 22." [1701]:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"I came to Winchester yesterday, where I stay one post more, and then + go either to Sir R. U. or L. Newton, where you shall hear from + me."—Ken's <i>Prose Works</i>, by Round, p. 53.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Can "Sir R. U." (the <i>U</i> perhaps being a mistake for <i>W.</i>) + designate Sir Robert Worsley, Bart., of Chilton, in the county of + Southampton, married to Lord Weymouth's daughter? and can "L. Newton" be + a mistake for Long Sutton, in Hants? or may it be Long Newton, in the + hundred of Malmesbury?</p> + + <p class="author">J. J. J. + + <p class="address">Temple. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>THE REV. JOHN LAWSON AND HIS MATHEMATICAL +MANUSCRIPTS.</h3> + + <p>In the year 1774 the Rev. John Lawson, B.D., Rector of Swanscombe in + Kent, published <i>A Dissertation on the Geometrical Analysis of the + Antients, with a Collection of Theorems and Problems without solutions + for the Exercise of young Students</i>. This work was printed anonymously + at Canterbury, but the merits of the essay did not permit the author to + remain long in obscurity; the real writer was immediately known to most + of the geometers of the day, and the elegant character of many of the + theorems and problems, led to a general desire that their solutions + should be published in a separate work. In accordance with this + intention, it was announced on a fly-sheet attached to some copies of the + work, that—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"The author of this publication being a man of leisure, and living in + a retired situation, remote from any opportunity of conversation with + mathematicians, would be extremely glad of a correspondence with any + such, who are willing to be at the expense of the same; or if this be + thought too much, will pay the postage of his answers to their letters. + But no letters, except post-paid, can be received by him; otherwise a + door would be opened for frolic, imposition, and impertinence. Any new + geometrical propositions, either theorems or problems, would be received + with gratitude, and if sent without solutions, he would use his best + endeavours to return such as might be satisfactory. Any new solutions of + propositions already in print, <i>especially of those included in the + present collection</i>, would also be very agreeable. If a variety of + such demonstrations essentially different from those of the original + authors should be communicated, he proposes at some future time to + publish them all, with a fresh collection for further exercise; and then + each author's name shall be affixt to his own solution, or any other + signature which he shall please to direct. Any person who shall favor the + publisher with his correspondence shall have speedily conveyed to him the + solutions of any propositions contained in this collection, which he may + be desirous of seeing. Letters (post-paid) directed for P. Q., to be left + at Mr. Nourse's, Bookseller, in the <!-- Page 527 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page527"></a>{527}</span> Strand, London, will + be carefully transmitted on the first day of each month, and all + correspondents may expect answers during the course of that month."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>In consequence of this appeal, Mr. Lawson was speedily in + correspondence with several of the most able geometers then living, and + amongst the rest, Messrs. Ainsworth, Clarke, Merrit, Power, &c., + appear to have furnished him with original solutions to his collection of + theorems and problems. The manuscript containing these solutions must + have been of considerable size, since a portion of it was sent down to + Manchester about July, 1777, for the purpose of obtaining Mr. Ainsworth's + remarks and corrections; and Mr. Lawson is requested, in a letter bearing + date "August 22, 1777," to "send the next portion when convenient." + Whether Mr. Lawson did so or not, I have not yet been able to ascertain; + but this much is certain, the manuscript was never printed, and would + most probably either be disposed of at the death of its compiler, or + previously transferred to the possession of some geometer of Mr. Lawson's + acquaintance. Several of the <i>original</i> letters which passed between + the respective parties relating to this manuscript are at present in the + hands of two or three of the Lancashire geometers, but no one seems to + know anything of the manuscript itself. May I then request that the + fortunate holder of this yet valuable collection will make himself known + through the medium of the widely circulated pages of "N. & Q."</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. T. Wilkinson</span>. + + <p class="address">Burnley, Lancashire. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h2>Minor Queries.</h2> + + <p><i>"Wanderings of Memory."</i>—In Brayley's <i>Graphic and + Historical Illustrator</i>, p. 293., is a quotation from the + <i>Wanderings of Memory</i>, as a motto to an account of the ancient + castle of the Peverils at Castleton, in Derbyshire: can any of your + readers tell me who was the author of the poem in question?</p> + + <p class="author">W. R. + + <p class="address">Camden Town. + + <p><i>"Wandering Willie's Tale."</i>—Has the scene that presented + itself to the view of Piper Steenie Steenson, when he was ushered by the + phantom of his old friend Dougal M<sup>c</sup>Callum into the presence of + the ghastly revellers carousing in the auld oak parlour of the visionary + Redgauntlet Castle, ever been painted? (See <i>Redgauntlet</i>, Letter + xi.) If it has, is there any engraving of the picture extant or on + sale?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">C. Forbes</span>. + + <p class="address">Temple. + + <p><i>Chapel Sunday.</i>—I had the pleasure of spending a Sunday in + the course of the last summer in the neighbourhood of Keswick, among the + delightful lake scenery of England. I there learned that in the village + of Thornthwaite it was Chapel Sunday, and on inquiry I was told that + there were a few other villages in the neighbourhood where there was also + a Chapel Sunday. Upon this day it is the custom of young people to come + from neighbouring places to attend worship at the village church or + chapel, and the afternoon partakes of a merry-making character at the + village inn. There appeared, as far as I could see, no excesses attending + the anniversary, all being respectable in their conduct. Can any of your + Cambrian readers inform me the origin of this anniversary?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Prestoniensis</span>. + + <p><i>Proud Salopians.</i>—I have never heard a satisfactory + account of the origin of this title, given to persons belonging to my + native county.</p> + + <p>In the neighbourhood the following story is frequently related, but + with what authority I cannot tell, viz. "That upon the king (Query + which?) offering to make Shrewsbury a city, the inhabitants replied that + they preferred its remaining the largest borough in England, rather than + it should be the smallest city; their pride not allowing them to be small + among the great."</p> + + <p>If this history of the term be true, it would appear that the name + should only be applied to <i>burgesses of Shrewsbury</i>.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Salopian</span>. + + <p><i>George Miller, D.D.</i>—In the year 1796, George Miller, + subsequently the author of <i>Modern History Philosophically + Illustrated</i>, and many other well-known works (of which a list appears + in a recent Memoir), was appointed Donnelan Lecturer in Trinity College, + Dublin; and delivered a course of sermons or lectures on "An Inquiry into + the Causes that have impeded the further Progress of Christianity." I + should be very glad indeed to know whether these Sermons have appeared in + print; and if so, when and where published? I have not been able to + procure a copy.</p> + + <p>With regard to the Donnelan Lectureship, I may add, that a legacy of + 1243<i>l.</i> was bequeathed to the College of Dublin by Mrs. Anne + Donnelan, of the parish of St. George, Hanover Square, in the county of + Middlesex, spinster, "for the encouragement of religion, learning, and + good manners." The particular mode of application was entrusted to the + Provost and Senior Fellows; and accordingly, amongst other resolutions of + the Board, passed Feb. 22, 1794, are to be found the following: "That a + Divinity Lecture, to which shall be annexed a salary arising from the + interest of 1200<i>l.</i>, shall be established for ever, to be called + Donnelan's Lecture;" and "That one moiety of the interest of the said + 1200<i>l.</i> shall be paid to the Lecturer as soon as he shall have + delivered the whole number [six] of the lectures; and the other moiety as + soon as he shall have <i>published</i> four of the said Lectures."</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Abhba</span>. +<!-- Page 528 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page528"></a>{528}</span> + + <p><i>Members of Parliament.</i>—Pennant, in <i>The Journey from + Chester to London</i>, p. 94., says:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"The ancient owners of Rudgley were of the same name with the town: + some of the family had the honour of being sheriffs of the county in the + reign of Edward III. <i>Another was knight of the shire in the same + period.</i>"</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Can any reader of "N. & Q." verify the <i>last portion</i> of + Pennant's statement?</p> + + <p class="author">J. W. S. R. + + <p>St. Ives, Hunts.</p> + + <p><i>Taret.</i>—I have lately met with mention of a "small insect + called the <i>Taret</i>." What may this be?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Tyro</span>. + + <p><i>Jeroboam of Claret, &c.</i>—Could any of your + correspondents inform me what a Jeroboam of Claret is, and from what it + is derived: also a Magnum of Port?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Winebibber</span>. + + <p><i>William Williams of Geneva.</i>—In <i>Livre des Anglois, à + Génève</i>, with a few biographical notes by J. S. Burn, Esq., pages 5, + 6. 12, 13., mention is made of Guillaume—Will<span + class="over">m</span> Will<span class="over">m</span>s, and Jane his + wife,—Will<span class="over">m</span> Will<span + class="over">m</span>s, a senior of the church there in 1555, 1556, 1557, + 1558; and some of the years he was a godfather. I shall be glad to have + some further account of such William Williams, or references to where to + find such?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Glwysig</span>. + + <p><i>The First of April and "The Cap awry."</i>—Tom Moore, in his + Diary, 1819, says:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"April 1st. Made Bessy turn her cap awry in honour of the day."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>What was the origin of this custom? Was this the way a fool was + supposed to show that his head was turned?</p> + + <p class="author">C. R. + + <p class="address">Paternoster Row. + + <p><i>Sir G. Browne, Bart.</i>—Sir George Browne, Bart., of West + Stafford, Berks, and Wickham, is said to have had nineteen children by + his wife Eleanor Blount; and that three of those children were sons, + killed in the service of Charles I.</p> + + <p>Was either of those sons named Richard; and was any of them, and + which, married? If so, where, and to whom?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Newbury</span>. + + <p><i>Bishop Butler.</i>—Will any of our Roman Catholic friends + tell us on what authority they assert that Bishop Butler, the author of + <i>The Analogy</i>, died in their communion? That he was suspected of a + tendency that way during his life is acknowledged by all, though the + grounds, that of setting up a cross in his chapel, are confessedly + unsatisfactory. But, besides this, it is alleged that he died with a + Roman Catholic book of devotion in his hand, and that the last person in + whose company he was seen was a priest of that persuasion. One would be + glad to have this question sifted.</p> + + <p class="author">X. Y. Z. + + <p><i>Oaken Tombs.</i>—In Dr. Whitaker's noble history of <i>Loidis + and Elmete</i>, p. 322., is the following passage:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"Next in point of time is a very singular memorial, which has + evidently been removed from its original position, between the chapel and + the high altar, to a situation at the south side and west end of the + chapel.... The tomb is a messy frame-work of oak, with quarter-foils and + arms on three sides, and on the table above three statues of the same + material, namely, of a knight bare-headed, with rather youthful + countenance and sharp features, and his two wives. On the filleting is + this rude inscription in Old English:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg1">'Bonys emong Stonys, lyes here ful styl,</p> + <p>Quilst the sawle wanders wher God wyl.</p> + <p class="i4">Anno D<sup>ni</sup> <span class="scac">MCCCCCXXIX</span>.'</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>This commemorates Sir John Savile, who married, &c.</p> + + <p>"Over all has been a canopy, or rather tester, for the whole must have + originally resembled an antique and massy bedstead, exhibiting the very + incongruous appearance of a husband in bed with two wives at once."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>The Doctor adds:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"Oaken tombs are very rare; that of Aymer de Valence in Westminster + Abbey has been and still is in part coated over with copper, gilt, and + enamelled, and I have seen another in the church of Tickencote in + Rutlandshire. I do not recollect a third specimen."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Query, How many have been discovered since the great historian's + day?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">St. Bees</span>. + + <p><i>Alleged Bastardy of Elizabeth.</i>—In the State Paper Office + (<i>Dom. Pap.</i>, temp. Jac. I.), there is, under date of 1608, a letter + from Mr. Chamberlaine to Sir Dudley Carleton, of October 28, in which + Chamberlaine says:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"I heare of a Bill put into the Exchequer, concerninge much lande that + sh<sup>d</sup> be alienated on account of the alleged bastardy of Queen + Elizabeth."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>P. C. S. S. is desirous to know whether there be any record in the + Court of Exchequer which bears out this singular statement.</p> + + <p class="author">P. C. S. S. + + <p><i>"Pugna Porcorum."</i>—Where may be found some account of the + author, object, &c. of this facetious production?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">P. J. F. Gantillon</span>, B.A. + + <p><i>Parviso.</i>—Can any of your readers inform me as to the + meaning of the word <i>parviso</i>; it occurs in the usual form of the + "Testamur" for Responsions. On reference to Webster's <i>Dictionary</i>, + I find that <i>parvis</i> is a small porch or gateway; perhaps this may + throw some light upon the question.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Oxoniensis</span>. + + <p><i>Mr. Justice Newton.</i>—There is a very stiff Indian-ink copy + of a portrait in the <i>Sutherland Illustrated Clarendon</i>, in the + Bodleian Library, the original of which I should be glad to trace. It is + described in the Catalogue to be "by Bulfinch," <!-- Page 529 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page529"></a>{529}</span> which is probably a + mistake. It bears the following inscription:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"This is drawn from the painting in the hands of Mr. Justice Newton of + the Middle Temple."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Can any one inform me when this learned justice lived; or rather, for + it concerns me more, when he died? And farther, if it be not too hopeless + an inquiry to make, who his existing representatives (if any) may be?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">F. Kyffin Lenthall</span>. + + <p class="address">36. Mount Street, Grosvenor Square. + + <p><i>Mufti.</i>—I hear military men employ this term, "we went in + <i>mufti</i>:" meaning, out of uniform. Whence is it derived?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Maria</span>. + + <p><i>Ryming and Cuculling.</i>—In that very curious volume of + extracts from <i>The Presbytery Book of Strathbogie</i>, <span + class="scac">A.D.</span> 1631-54, which was printed for the Spalding Club + in 1843, occurs the following passage:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"George Jinkin and John Christie referred from the Session of + Abercherder, for <i>ryming and cuculling</i>, called, compeird not. + Ordained to be summonded <i>pro</i> 2<sup>o</sup>."—P. 242.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Accordingly, on—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"The said day, George Jinkin in Abercherder, being summonded for his + <i>ryming and cuculling</i>, being called, compeired; and being accused + of the foresaid fault, confessed he only spoke three words of <i>that + ryme</i>. Being sharpely rebuked, and instructed of the grosnes of that + sin, was ordained to satisfie in sackcloth, which he promised to + do."—P. 245.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>What was the "fault" here alluded to, and visited with a species of + discipline with which the presbytery, and those under its jurisdiction, + appear to have been very familiar?</p> + + <p class="author">D. + + <p><i>Custom at the Savoy Church.</i>—At the Savoy Church (London), + the Sunday following Christmas Day, there was a chair placed near the + door, covered with a cloth: on the chair was an orange, in a plate.</p> + + <p>Can any of the readers of "N. & Q." inform me the meaning of + this?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Ceridwen</span>. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h2>Minor Queries with Answers.</h2> + + <p><i>Faithfull Teate.</i>—I lately fell in with a small work by + this divine, entitled <i>Ter Tria</i>, and on the fly-leaf is a MS. note, + stating that some years ago a copy of the same book was priced, in a + bookseller's catalogue in London, at 1<i>l.</i> 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> I + wish to learn some particulars relative to the author, and if the work is + valuable, or scarce, or both.</p> + + <p class="author">J. S. + +<div class="note"> + <p>[Neither Calamy nor Brook has furnished any biographical notices of + Dr. Faithfull Teate. When he wrote <i>Ter Tria</i>, in 1658, he was a + "Preacher of the Word at Sudbury in Suffolk." A second edition of it was + published in 1669. In 1665 appeared his <i>Scripture Map of the + Wildernesse of Sin</i>," 4to. In a discourse on <i>Right Thoughts, the + Righteous Man's Evidence</i>, he has the following passage, accommodated + to his own destitute state after his ejectment: "The righteous man, in + thinking of his present condition of life, thinks it his relief, that the + less money he has he may go the more upon trust; the less he finds in his + purse, seeks the more in the promise of Him that has said, 'I will never + leave thee, nor forsake thee;' so that he thinks no man can take away his + livelihood, unless he can first take away God's truth." Lowndes has given + the following prices of <i>Ter Tria</i>: Sir M. M. Sykes, part iii. 626., + 5<i>s.</i>; Nassau, part ii. 682., 8<i>s.</i>; White Knights, 4068., + 1<i>l.</i>; <i>Bibl. Ang. Poet.</i>, 764., 1<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i> + 6<i>d.</i>]</p> + +</div> + + <p><i>Kelway Family.</i>—Can any of the readers of "N. & Q." + guide me to anything like a pedigree of the family of <i>Kelloway</i>, + <i>Kaloway</i>, or <i>Kelway</i>; which I find from Lysons' + <i>Devonshire</i> possessed the manor of Mokesbean in that county from + the time of Henry II.?</p> + + <p>In the first year of Edward III., when the property of those who + suffered after the battle of Boroughbridge was restored, John de + Keilewaye was found "hæres de integro sanguine" to Lord Gifford of + Brimesfield.</p> + + <p>The last of the family appears to have been John Kelloway of + Collampton in Devon, who married Joan Tregarthian; and dying in 1530, + left co-heiresses married to Greville of Penheale, Codrington of + Codrington, Harwood, and Cooke.</p> + + <p>The arms of the family are singular, being, Argent within a bordure + engrailed sable, two groving irons in saltire sable, between four pears + Or.</p> + + <p class="author">R. H. C. + +<div class="note"> + <p>[The pedigree of this family will be found in two copies by Munday of + the "Visitation of Devonshire," <span class="scac">A.D.</span> 1564, in + the Harleian MSS. 1091. p. 90., and 1538, p. 2166. The only difference in + the arms is, in both copies, that there is <i>no bordure engrailed</i>; + but this has probably been added since as a <i>difference</i>, as was + often done to distinguish families. The name is here spelt + <i>Kelloway</i>, and the pedigree begins with "Thomas Kelloway of + Stowford in County Devon, who married Anne, daughter of —— + Copleston, of ——, in county Somerset," and ends with "John + Kelloway, who married Margery, daughter of John Arscott of Dunsland, and + left issue Robert, who married ——, and Richard."]</p> + +</div> + + <p><i>Regatta.</i>—What is the etymology of the word + <i>regatta</i>? From whence is it derived, and when was it first used in + English to mean a boat-race?</p> + + <p class="author">C. B. N. C. J. S. + +<div class="note"> + <p>[Baretti says, "Regatta, <i>palio che si corre sull' acqua</i>; a race + run on water in boats. The word I take to be corrupted from + <i>Remigata</i>, the art of rowing." Florio, in his <i>Worlde of + Wordes</i>, has "<i>Regattare</i>, Ital. to wrangle, to cope or fight for + the mastery." The term, as denoting a showy species of boat-race, was + first used in this <!-- Page 530 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page530"></a>{530}</span> country towards the close of the last + century; for the papers of that time inform us, that on June 23, 1775, a + regatta, a <i>novel</i> entertainment, and the first of the kind, was + exhibited in the river Thames, in imitation of some of those splendid + shows exhibited at Venice on their grand festivals. The whole river, from + London Bridge to the Ship Tavern, Millbank, was covered with boats. About + 1200 flags were flying before four o'clock in the afternoon, and vessels + were moored in the river for the sale of liquors and other refreshments. + Before six o'clock it was a perfect fair on both sides the water, and bad + liquor, with short measure, was plentifully retailed. Plans of the + regatta were sold from a shilling to a penny each, and songs on the + occasion sung, in which "regatta" was the rhyme for "Ranelagh," and + "royal family" echoed to "liberty."]</p> + +</div> + + <p><i>Coket and Cler-mantyn.</i>—Piers Plowman says that when new + corn began to be sold—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Waulde no beggar eat bread that in it beanes were,</p> + <p>But of <i>coket</i> and <i>cler-mantyn</i>, or else of cleane wheate."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>What are <i>coket</i> and <i>cler-mantyn</i>? Also, what are + <i>coronation flowers</i>, and <i>sops in wine</i>?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Ceridwen</span>. + +<div class="note"> + <p>[Both <i>coket</i> and <i>cler-mantyn</i> mean a kind of fine bread. + <i>Coronation</i> is the name given by some of our old writers to a + species of flower, the modern appellation of which is not clear. + <i>Sops-in-wine</i> were a species of flowers among the smaller kind of + single gilliflowers or pinks. Both these flowers are noticed by Spenser, + in his <i>Shepherd's Calendar</i> for April, as follows:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Bring coronations and sops-in-wine</p> + <p>Worn of paramours."]</p> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h2>Replies.</h2> + +<h3>CURFEW.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. vi., pp. 53. 112.)</p> + + <p>It will be remembered that when Mr. Webster, one of the greatest of + American statesmen, was on his death-bed, in October last, he requested + his son to read to him that far-famed "Elegy" of Gray:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"The curfew tolls the knell of parting day."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>The editor of the <i>Boston Journal</i>, after referring to this + circumstance, which he says has caused an unexampled demand for the works + of Gray in the United States, goes on to give the result of his + researches in many old English works, respecting the origin and meaning + of the word <i>curfew</i>, which I trust will interest not only your + correspondents who have written on the subject, but also many of your + readers. I glean from the clever article now before me the following + brief notices, which I have not yet met with in "N. & Q."</p> + + <p>In King Alfred's time the curfew was rung at eight o'clock, and called + the "cover fire bell," because the inhabitants, on hearing its peals, + were obliged to cover their fires, and go to bed. Thomson evidently + refers, in the following lines, to this tyrannical law, which was + abolished in England about the year 1100:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"The shiv'ring wretches at the curfew sound,</p> + <p>Dejected sunk into their sordid beds,</p> + <p>And through the mournful gloom of ancient time,</p> + <p>Mused sad, or dreamt of better."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>On the people finding that they could put out their fires and go to + bed when they pleased, it would appear, from being recorded in many + places, that the time of ringing the curfew bell was first changed from + eight to nine o'clock, then from nine to ten, and afterwards to the early + hours of the morning. Thus we find in <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"The curfew bell hath rung:</p> + <p class="hg1">'Tis <i>three o'clock</i>."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>In Shakspeare's works frequent mention is made of the curfew. In the + <i>Tempest</i> he gives the following:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i8hg3">"You whose pastime</p> + <p>Is to make midnight mushrooms—that rejoice</p> + <p>To hear the solemn curfew."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>In <i>Measure for Measure</i>:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<i>Duke.</i> Who call'd here of late?</p> + <p><i>Provost.</i> None since the curfew rung."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>In <i>King Lear</i>:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"This is the foul fiend Flibertigibbet;</p> + <p>He begins at curfew, and walks to the first cock."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>This old English custom of ringing the curfew bell was carried by the + Puritan fathers to New England; and where is the Bostonian of middle age + who does not well recollect the ringing of the church bell at nine + o'clock, which was the willing signal for labourers to retire to bed, and + for shopmen to close their shops?</p> + + <p>Before closing this Note, may I be allowed to inform <span + class="sc">Mr. Sansom</span>, that <i>Charlestown</i> is in + Massachusetts, and only separated from Boston by Charles River, which + runs between the two cities. The place to which he refers is + <i>Charleston</i>, and in South Carolina.</p> + + <p class="author">W. W. + + <p class="address">Malta. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>THE "SALT-PETER-MAN."</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. vii., pp. 377. 433. 460.)</p> + + <p>The statute against monopolies (21 Jac. I. c. 3.) contains a clause + (sec. 10.) that its provisions should not extend to any commission grant + or letters patent theretofore made, or thereafter to be made, of, for, or + concerning the digging, making, or compounding of saltpetre or gunpowder, + which were to be of the like force and effect, <i>and no other</i>, as if + that act had never been made.</p> + + <p>In the famous "Remonstrance of the State of the Kingdom" agreed upon + by the House of Commons in November, 1641, there is special allusion to + the vexation and oppression of the <!-- Page 531 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page531"></a>{531}</span> subject by purveyors, + clerks of the market, and saltpetre men. (<i>Parliamentary History</i>, + x. 67.)</p> + + <p>Shortly afterwards was passed an act (which obtained the royal assent) + giving liberty for importing gunpowder and saltpetre, and for making of + gunpowder. The preamble asserts that the importation of gunpowder from + foreign parts had of late times been against law prohibited, and the + making thereof within this realm ingrossed; whereby the price of + gunpowder had been excessively raised, many powder works decayed, this + kingdom very much weakened and endangered, the merchants thereof much + damnified, many mariners and others taken prisoners and brought into + miserable captivity and slavery, many ships taken by Turkish and other + pirates, and many other inconveniences had from thence ensued, and more + were likely to ensue, if not timely prevented. (17 <i>Car. I.</i> c. + 21.)</p> + + <p>Lord Clarendon, in reviewing the various "important laws" of the Long + Parliament to which the king assented, makes the following observations + with reference to this particular act:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"'An Act for the free making Saltpetre and Gunpowder within the + Kingdom:' which was a part of the prerogative; and not only considerable, + as it restrained that precious and dangerous commodity from vulgar hands; + but, as in truth it brought a considerable revenue to the crown, and more + to those whom the crown gratified and obliged by that license. The + pretence for this exemption was, 'the unjustifiable proceeding of those + (or of inferior persons qualified by them) who had been trusted in that + employment,' by whom, it cannot be denied, many men suffered: but the + true reason was, that thereby they might be sure to have in readiness a + good stock in that commodity, against the time their occasions should + call upon them."—<i>History of Rebellion</i>, book iii.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>On the 3rd April, 1644, the Lords and Commons passed an ordinance for + the making of saltpetre, &c. This was grounded on the following + allegations:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"1. The great expence of gunpowder, occasioned by the then war within + his Majesty's dominions, had well near consumed the old store, and did + exhaust the magazines so fast, that without a larger supply, the navy + forts and the land armies could not be furnished.</p> + + <p>"2. Foreign saltpetre was not in equal goodness with that of our own + country, and the foreign gunpowder far worse conditioned and less + forcible than that which is made in England.</p> + + <p>"3. Divers foreign estates had of date prohibited the exportation of + salt-peter and gunpowder out of their own dominions and countries, so + that there could be but little hope or future expectation of any peter or + powder to be brought into this kingdom, as in former times, which would + enforce us to make use of our own materials."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>From these circumstances, it was held most necessary that the digging + of saltpetre and making of gunpowder should by all fit means be + encouraged, at that time when it so much concerned the public safety; + nevertheless, to prevent the reviving of those <i>oppressions and + exactions</i> exercised upon the people, under the colourable authority + of commissions granted to <i>salt-peter-men</i>; which burden had been + eased since the sitting of that Parliament. To the end there might not be + any pretence to interrupt the work, it was ordained that the committee of + safety, their factors, workmen, and servants, should have power and + authority, (within prescribed hours) to search and dig for saltpetre in + all pigeon-houses, stables, cellars, vaults, empty warehouses, and other + outhouses, yards, and places likely to afford that earth.</p> + + <p>The <i>salt-peter-men</i> were to level the ground and repair damage + done by them; or might be compelled to do so by the deputy-lieutenants, + justices of the peace, or committees of parliament.</p> + + <p>The <i>salt-peter-men</i> were also empowered to take carts, by the + known officers, for carriage of the liquor, vessels, and other utensils, + from place to place, at specified prices, and under limitations as to + weight and distance; and they were freed from taxes and tolls for + carriages used about their works, and empowered to take outhouses, + &c., for their workhouses, making satisfaction to the owners.</p> + + <p>This ordinance was to continue for two years, from 25th March, + 1644.</p> + + <p>An ordinance of a similar character was passed 9th February, 1652, to + be in force till 25th March, 1656 (<i>Scobell</i>, 231.).</p> + + <p>By an act of the Lord Protector and Parliament, made in 1656, it was + enacted that no person or persons should dig within the houses or lands + of any person or persons of the commonwealth for the finding of + saltpetre, nor take the carriages of any person or persons for the + carrying of their materials or vessels, without their leave first + obtained or had. (<i>Scobell</i>, 377.) This is the act referred to by + <span class="sc">Broctuna</span> ("N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 434.), and + by my friend <span class="sc">Mr. Isaiah Deck</span> ("N. & Q.," Vol. + vii., p. 460.), though I am not certain that <span class="sc">Mr. + Deck's</span> inference be correct, that this act was passed in + consequence of the new and uncertain process for obtaining the + constituents of nitre having failed; and it is quite clear that Lord Coke + could not have referred to this act. The enactment referred to is + introduced by way of proviso in an act allowing the exportation of goods + of English manufacture (<i>inter alia</i>, of gunpowder, when the price + did not exceed 5<i>l.</i> per cwt.).</p> + + <p>Allow me, in connexion, with this subject, to refer to Cullum's + <i>History of Hawsted</i>, 1st edition, pp. 150. and 151., also to the + statute 1 Jac. II. c. 8. s. 3., by which persons obtaining any letters + patent for the sole making or importing gunpowder are subjected to the + pains and penalties of præmunire.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">C. H. Cooper</span>. + + <p class="address">Cambridge. +<!-- Page 532 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page532"></a>{532}</span> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>FORMS OF JUDICIAL OATHS.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. vii., p. 458.)</p> + + <p>Will you permit me to make a few observations in reply to the Queries + of <span class="sc">Mr. H. H. Breen</span> on this subject?</p> + + <p>There is hardly any custom more ancient than for a person imposing a + promise on another to call on him to bind himself by an oath to the due + performance of it. In this oath the person swearing calls on God, the + king, his father, or some person or thing to whom he attaches authority + or value, to inflict on him punishment or loss in case he breaks his + oath. The mode of swearing is, in one particular, almost everywhere and + in every age the same.</p> + + <p>When a father, a friend, a sword, or any corporeal object is sworn by, + <i>the swearer places his hand upon it</i>, and then swears. When a man, + however, swore by the Deity, on whom he cannot place his hand, he raised + his hand to heaven towards the God by whom he swore.</p> + + <p>When Abraham made Abimelech swear to obey him, he caused him to place + his hand under his thigh, and then imposed the oath; and when Jacob, by + his authority as a father, compelled his son Joseph to swear to perform + his promise, he ordered him to go through a similar ceremony. (Genesis, + ch. xxiv. v. 5., and ch. xlvii. v. 29.)</p> + + <p>In the prophet Daniel we read that—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"The man clothed in linen which was upon the waters, held up his right + hand and his left hand unto heaven, and sware by Him that liveth for ever + and ever," &c.—Daniel, ch. xii. v. 7.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>In the Revelation we also find—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"And the angel, which I saw stand upon the sea and the earth, lifted + up his hand to heaven and sware by Him that liveth for ever and ever," + &c.—Revelation, ch. x. v. 5, 6.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Your correspondent inquires how oaths were taken prior to their being + taken on the Gospel.</p> + + <p>Among the nations who overthrew the Roman empire, the most common mode + of swearing was on the relics of the saints. In England, I think, the + most common mode was to swear on the corporalia or eucharistic elements, + whence we still have the common phrase "upon your corporal oath." In each + case the hand was placed on the thing sworn by.</p> + + <p>The laws of the Alamanni as to conjurators, direct that the sacrament + shall be so arranged that all the conjurators shall place their hands + upon the coffer (containing the relics), and that the principal party + shall place his hand on all theirs, and then they are to swear on the + relics. (<i>Ll. Alam.</i> cap. 657.)</p> + + <p>The custom of swearing on the Gospels is repeatedly mentioned in the + laws of the Lombards. (<i>Ll. Longo.</i> 1 tit. 21. c. 25.; <i>Ll. + Longo.</i> 2. tit. 55. c. 2., and c. 2. tit. 34. <i>et al.</i>)</p> + + <p>In the <i>Formularies of Marculphus</i>, two forms of oaths are given, + one says that—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"In palatio nostro super capella domini Martini ubi reliqua sacramenta + percurrunt debeat conjurare."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>In the other we read—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"Posita manu supra sacrosanctium altare sancti ... sic juratus dixit. + Juro per hunc locum sanctum et Deum altissimum et virtutis sancti ... + quod," &c.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>In the laws of Cnût of England, two forms of oath are given. They both + begin with "By the Lord before whom this relic is holy." (<i>Ancient Laws + and Justice of England</i>, p. 179.)</p> + + <p>Your correspondent asks "what form of Judicial oath was first + sanctioned by Christians as a body?"</p> + + <p>In the history of the Council of Constantinople, it is stated + that—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"George, the well beloved of God, a deacon and keeper of the records, + having touched the Holy Gospels of God, swore in this manner, 'By these + Holy Scriptures, and by the God who by them has spoken,'" &c.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>At the Council of Nice it is said that—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"Prayer having been offered up, every one saluted the Holy Gospels, + the venerated cross and image of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, and + of our Lady the mother of God, and placed his hands upon them in + confirmation of what he had said."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>From these I infer that the custom of swearing on the Gospels received + the sanction of the church at a very early period.</p> + + <p>In reply to the question as to other modes of swearing, it may be said + briefly, that men swore by anything to which they attached any + importance, and generally by that to which they attached most + importance.</p> + + <p>By the laws of the Alamanni, a wife could claim her <i>Morgen-gabe</i> + (or the gift of the morning after the wedding night) by swearing to its + amount on her breast; and by the Droits d'Augsbourg, by swearing to it on + her two breasts and two tresses.</p> + + <p>Nothing was more common than for a man to swear by his beard. This + custom is alluded to by one of Shakspeare's fools, who suggests that if a + certain knight swore by his honour, and his mistress by her beard, + neither of them <i>could</i> be forsworn.</p> + + <p>In the canons of the Fourth Council of Orleans, we read—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"Le Roi lui-même, ou le plus renommé des chevaliers présents, ayant + découpé le paon, se leva, et mettant la main sur l'oiseau, fit un + vœu hardi; Ensuite il passa le plat, et chacun de ceux qui le + reçurent fit un vœu semblable."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>In the year 1306, Edward I. of England swore an oath on two swans.</p> + + <p>It was also very common from an early period, both in England and + abroad, to swear by one, two, seven, or twelve churches. The deponent + went <!-- Page 533 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page533"></a>{533}</span> to the appointed number of churches, and + at each, taking the ring of the church door in his hand, repeated the + oath.</p> + + <p>One of the most curious specimens of the practice of swearing men by + that to which they attached most importance, is to be found in an Hindoo + law. It says, let a judge swear a Brahmin by his veracity; a soldier by + his horses, his elephants, or his arms; an agriculturist by his cows, his + grain, or his money; and a Soudra by all his crimes.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">John Thrupp</span>. + + <p class="address">Surbiton. + + <p>I know nothing about judicial oaths: but the origin of the form <span + class="sc">Mr. Breen</span> states to be used by the Roman Catholics of + the Continent, and the Scotch Presbyterians, may be seen in Dan. xii. 7.: + "When he held up his right hand and his left hand unto heaven, and sware + by him that liveth for ever." And in Revelation x. 5, 6.: "And the angel + ... lifted up his hand to heaven, and sware by him," &c. See also + Genesis xiv. 22.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Maria</span>. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.</h3> + + <p><i>Washing Collodion Pictures—Test for Lens.</i>—As I was + indebted to the kindness of <span class="sc">Dr. Diamond</span>, amongst + other friends, for my original initiation into the mysteries of + photography, it may appear somewhat presumptuous in me to differ from one + who has had so much more experience in a point of practice. I allude to + that of <i>washing</i> the collodion negative after developing, + previously to fixing with the hyposulphite of soda; but, probably, the + reasons I urge may have some weight. As the hyposulphite solution is + intended to be used repeatedly, it appears to me not advisable to + introduce into it <i>any free acid</i> (which must occur if the negative + be not washed, although the quantity at each operation may be small), + because it causes a decomposition of the salt, setting free + <i>sulphurous</i> acid, and also sulphur; which last is slightly soluble + in the hyposulphite of soda, and thus the sulphur is brought in contact + with the reduced silver, and forms a sulphuret of that metal. But the + change does not stop here: for, by the lapse of time, oxygen is absorbed, + and thus a <i>sulphate of silver</i> is formed, and the colour changed + from black to white. That sulphur is set free by the addition of an acid + to the solution of hyposulphite of soda, is fact so easily demonstrable + both to the eyes and nose of the operator, that no one need remain long + in doubt who is desirous of trying the experiment.</p> + + <p>A correspondent desires to know how to test the coincidence or + otherwise of the visual and actinic foci of a combination: this is very + readily accomplished by the aid of a <i>focimeter</i>, which can be + easily made thus:</p> + + <p>Procure a piece of stout card-board, or thin wood covered with white + paper, on which draw a considerable number of fine black lines, or cover + it with some fine black net (what I believe the ladies call + <i>blond</i>), which may be pasted on. Cut up the whole into a dozen + good-sized pieces of any convenient form, so that about four square + inches of surface at least be allowed to each piece. Paste over the + <i>net</i> a circular or square label about the size of a shilling, + bearing a distinctly printed number one on each piece, from 1 upwards; + and arrange the pieces in any convenient manner by means of wires + inserted into a slip of wood; but they must be so placed that the + <i>whole</i> can be seen from one point of view, although each piece must + be placed so that it is <i>one inch</i> farther from the operator than + the next lowest number. Having placed the camera eight or ten feet from + the cards, carefully focus to any one of the numbers, 4 or 5 for instance + and observe, not that the <i>number</i> is distinct, but that the minute + lines or threads of the net are visible: then take a picture, exposing it + a very short time, and the threads of the card bearing the number that + was most perfectly in focus visually <i>ought</i> to be most distinct; + but, if otherwise, that which is most distinct will not only show whether + the lens is over or under corrected, but will indicate the <i>amount</i> + of error. If under corrected, a lower number will be most distinct; if + over corrected, a higher.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Geo. Shadbolt</span>. + + <p><i>Test for Lenses.</i>—I beg to submit to a <span + class="sc">Country Practitioner</span> the following very simple test for + the coincidence of the chemical and visual foci of an achromatic + lens:</p> + + <p>Take a common hand-bill or other sheet of printed paper, and having + stretched it on a board, place it before the lens in an oblique position, + so that the plane of the board may make an angle with a vertical plane of + about thirty or forty degrees. Bring any line of type about the middle of + the sheet into the true visual focus, and take a copy of the sheet by + collodion or otherwise. Then, if the line of type focussed upon be + reproduced clearly and sharply on the plate, the lens is correct; but if + any other line be found sharper than the test one, the foci disagree; and + the amount of error will depend on the distance of the two lines of type + one from the other on the hand-bill.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. A. Miles</span>. + + <p class="address">Fakenham, Norfolk. + + <p><i>Improvement in Positives.</i>—I have great pleasure in + communicating to you an improvement in the process of taking positives, + which may not be uninteresting to some of your readers, and which ensures + by far the most beautiful tints I have yet seen. I take three ounces of + the hyposulphite of soda, and dissolve it in one pint of distilled or + rain water; and to this I add about one or one and a half grains of + pyrogallic acid, and seventy grains <!-- Page 534 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page534"></a>{534}</span> of chloride of silver; + which must be squeezed up between the finders facilitate its solution and + separate the lumps, which, in their dry state, are tough, and not easily + pulverised. The whole is then to be set aside for a week or two in a warm + place. The solution, at first colourless, becomes brown, and ultimately + quite opaque; in this state it is fit for use, and the longer kept the + better it becomes. I generally use French paper for this process, and, + according to the time of immersion, obtain fine sepia or black tints; the + latter requiring long over-exposure to the light, and proportionately + long exposure to the action of the liquid; which however will be found, + particularly when old, to have a more rapid action than most other + setting liquids, and has the merit of always affording fine tints, + whatever the paper used. I imagine the pyrogallic acid to possess a + reducing influence on the salts of silver employed; but this effect is + only produced by its combination with the hyposulphite of soda and + chloride of silver. I may add, that in any case the pictures should be + much overdone before immersion, as the liquid exerts a rapid bleaching + action on them; and when the liquid becomes saturated, a few crystals of + fresh hyposulphite will renew its action.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">F. Maxwell Lyte</span>. + + <p class="address">Florian, Torquay. + + <p>P. S.—In answer to a <span class="sc">Country + Practitioner</span>, he will find great assistance in choosing his lens + by laying it on a sheet of blue wove post paper, when he will immediately + perceive the slightest yellow tinge in the glass, this being the fault + which frequently affects many well-ground and well-made lenses. Of + course, for sharpness of outline he must be guided entirely by experiment + in the camera; but where weakness of action exists, it most frequently + arises from this yellow colouration, and which the manufacturers say is + very difficult to avoid.</p> + +<div class="note"> + <p>[<span class="sc">Mr. Lyte</span> having sent with his communication a + positive prepared in the manner described, we are enabled to corroborate + all he says as to the richness and beauty of its tints.]</p> + +</div> + + <p><i>Cheap Portable Tent.</i>—M. F. M. inquires for a cheap and + portable tent for working collodion out of doors. I have been using one + lately constructed on the principle of Francis's camera stand. It has a + good size table, made like the rolling patent shutters; and it is not + necessary to stoop, or sit down at your work, which is a great + consideration on a hot day: you may get them of any respectable dealer in + photographic apparatus; it is called Francis's Collodion Tent.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">H. D. Francis</span>. + + <p><i>Rev. Mr. Sisson's New Developing Fluid</i> (Vol. vii., p. + 462.).—The <span class="sc">Rev. Mr. Sisson</span>'s developing + fluid for collodion positives, the formula for which was published in the + last Number of "N. & Q.," is merely a weak solution of the + protonitrate and protosulphate of iron. It does not, as he seems to + think, contain any lead; for the whole of the latter is precipitated as + sulphate, which the acetic acid does not dissolve even to the smallest + extent: and <span class="sc">Mr. Sisson</span> will find that an + equivalent proportion of the nitrate of baryta will answer equally as + well as the nitrate of lead.</p> + + <p>I have myself for a long time been in the habit of using a weak + solution of the protonitrate of iron in conjunction with acetic acid for + positive pictures; for, although I do not consider it so good a developer + as that made according to the formula of <span class="sc">Dr. + Diamond</span>, it produces very good pictures; occupies very little time + in preparing, and will moreover keep good for a much longer time than a + more concentrated solution would.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. Leachman</span>. + + <p class="address">20. Compton Terrace, Islington. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h2>Replies to Minor Queries.</h2> + + <p><i>Vanes</i> (Vol. v., p. 490.).—Taking up by accident the other + day your fifth volume, I saw what I believe is a still unanswered Query + respecting the earliest notice of vanes as indicators of the wind; and + turning to my notes I found the following extract from Beckman's + <i>Inventions, &c.</i>:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"In Ughelli Italia Sacra, Romæ 1652, fol. iv., p 735., we find the + following inscription on a weathercock then existing at Brixen; + '<i>Dominus Rampertus Episc. gallum hunc fieri præcepit an. + 820.</i>'"</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author">L. A. M. + + <p><i>Loselerius Villerius</i> (Vol. vii., p. 454.).—I beg to + inform S. A. S. that his copy of the New Testament, which wants the + title-page, was printed by Henry Stephens the second, at Geneva, in the + year 1580. As to it being "valuable," I should not consider him + unfortunate if he could exchange it for a shilling.</p> + + <p>Loselerius Villerius was Pierre l'Oyseleur de Villiers, a professor of + Genevan divinity, who came over to London, and there published Beza's + Latin version of the New Testament, in 1574. He was not, however, as your + correspondent supposed him to be, the editor of the decapitated volume in + question; but Beza transferred his notes to an impression completed by + himself.</p> + + <p>S. A. S. has, in the next place, inquired for any satisfactory "list + of editions of the Bible." It appears that, so far as he is concerned, Le + Long, Boerner, Masch, and Cotton have lived and laboured in vain.</p> + + <p>The folio Bible lastly described by your correspondent is <i>not</i> + "so great a curiosity" as family tradition maintained. The annotations + "placed in due order" are merely the Genevan notes.—See <!-- Page + 535 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page535"></a>{535}</span> the + Archdeacon of Cashel's very accurate and excellent work, <i>Editions of + the Bible, and Parts thereof, in English</i>, p. 75.: Oxford, 1852.</p> + + <p class="author">R. G. + + <p><i>Westminster Parishes</i> (Vol. vii., p. 454.).—In 1630 the + City and Liberties of Westminster contained the churches of St. Margaret, + St. Martin-in-the-Fields, St. Clement Danes, and St. John Baptist + Savoy.</p> + + <p>The registers of burials, marriages, and christenings, of St. + Margaret's Church, began January 1, 1538.</p> + + <p>The Fire of London did not destroy any church in Westminster.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Mackenzie Walcott</span>, M.A. + + <p><i>Hevristic</i> (Vol. vii., p. 237.).—The term + <i>hevristisch</i>, in the first edition of the translation of Kant's + <i>Critik</i>, is not given in the vocabulary appended to the + translation; but under the word <i>ostensiv</i> it is stated that in its + meaning it stands opposed to the word <i>euristic</i> (<i>hevristisch</i> + in German). But in the second edition, published in 1818, it is remarked, + under the words <i>evristic</i>, <i>euristic</i>, <i>hevristisch</i>, + that the term should, in Sir Wm. Hamilton's opinion, be <i>euretic</i> or + <i>heuretic</i>; the word <i>hevristisch</i> being an error of long + standing in German philosophy. The derivation of <i>euretic</i> would be + from <span title="heuretikos" class="grk" + >εὑρετικος</span>.</p> + + <p>In Tissot's translation, <i>hevristisch</i> is rendered by + <i>heuristique</i>; in Mantovani's, by <i>evristico</i>; in Born's, by + <i>heuristicus</i>. In Krug's <i>Lexicon</i>, <i>hevristik</i> is given + as derived from <span title="heuriskô, heurein" class="grk" + >εὑρισκω, + εὑρειν</span>. The <i>hevristic</i> + method, Krug remarks, is also called the <i>analytical</i>. It may be + added, that in the first edition of the <i>Critik</i> (Riga, 1781), the + word is <i>hevristisch</i>. In the fourth edition (Riga, 1794), published + also in Kant's lifetime, it is <i>hevristisch</i>. In Rosenkranz's + edition (Leipzig, 1838), the word is changed into <i>heuristisch</i>; and + also, in another edition of the same year, published also at Leipzig, it + is written <i>heuristisch</i>, and not <i>hevristisch</i>.</p> + + <p>In respect to the Leipzig edition of 1818, which is that now before + me, the term <i>hevristisch</i>, in speaking of <i>hevristich</i> + principles, is particularly alluded to. (See page 512. line 10.) I do not + find, after a hasty inspection, this word changed, in any of the editions + I possess, to <i>empirisch</i>.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Francis Haywood</span>. + + <p class="address">Liverpool. + + <p><i>Creole</i> (Vol. vii., p. 381.).—The word appears to be a + French form of the Spanish <i>criollo</i>, which in the dictionary of + Nuñez de Taboada is defined, "El hijo de padres Europeos nacido en + America;" whilst in the old dictionary of Stevens (1726) it is + translated, "Son of a Spaniard and a West India woman." In Brande's + <i>Dictionary of Science</i>, &c. Creole is said to mean the + descendants of whites born in Mexico, South America, or the West Indies, + the blood remaining unmixed with that of other races, &c.</p> + + <p>Von Tschudi says, that in South America the Spaniards apply the term + <i>Creole</i> not only to the human race, but also to horses, bullocks, + and even to poultry.</p> + + <p class="author">A. C. M. + + <p class="address">Exeter. + + <p><i>General Monk and the University of Cambridge</i> (Vol. vii., pp. + 427. 486.).—<span class="sc">Leicestriensis</span> begs to thank + <span class="sc">Mr. C. H. Cooper</span> and <span class="sc">Mr. J. P. + Ord</span> for their replies to his Query on this subject. He avails + himself of this, the earliest opportunity, of assuring <span + class="sc">Mr. Ord</span> of his readiness to afford him what slight + information is in his power respecting the MS. in question (which only + came into his possession within the last two or three months), if he will + communicate with him as below.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">William Kelly</span>. + + <p class="address">Town Hall, Leicester. + + <p><i>Ecclesia Anglicana</i> (Vol. ii., pp. 12. 440.).—I am much + obliged to your correspondent W. <span class="sc">Fraser</span> for his + answer to my Query, and the references with which he supplies me. I shall + be glad to ask a still more extensive question, which will probably + explain the object of the former more limited one. Is it <i>usual</i>, in + any of the unreformed branches of the church on the continent, to find a + similar appellation (implying distinct nationality) employed in + authoritative documents, <i>e.g.</i> would it be possible to find in the + title-pages of any Missal, &c., such words as "in usum Ecclesiæ + Hispanicæ, Lusitanæ, Gallicanæ?" If not now, was it more customary in + mediæval times, and when did it cease?</p> + + <p>Should we be justified in saying, that at <i>every</i> period of her + existence, with rare exceptions, the <i>Anglican church</i>, consciously + or unconsciously, maintained the theory of her nationality with greater + distinctness than any of the continental churches? I fancy I have heard, + though I cannot state on what authority, that this assertion might be + made most truly of the Portuguese church, and should be very glad to have + any light thrown on the subject by your able correspondent. Certain it + is, that amongst the various complaints made against Cardinal Wiseman and + the Papal aggressors, it has never been laid to their charge, that they + arrogated to themselves the title of members of the <i>Anglican + church</i>.</p> + + <p class="author">G. R. M. + + <p><i>Gibbon's Library</i> (Vol. vii., p. 485.).—In 1838 I + purchased some of Gibbon's books at Lausanne, out of a basketful on sale + at a small shop, the depôt of the Religious Tract Society! Edward Gibbon, + printed on a small slip of paper, was pasted in them.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">A. Holt White</span>. + + <p><i>Golden Bees</i> (Vol. vii., p. 478.).—When the tomb of + Childeric, father of Clovis, was opened in 1653, there were found, + besides the skeletons of his horse and page, his arms, crystal orb, + &c., <!-- Page 536 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page536"></a>{536}</span> "more than three hundred little bees of + the purest gold, their wings being inlaid with a red stone like + cornelian."</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Ceridwen</span>. + + <p><i>Passage in Orosius</i> (Vol. vii., p. 399.).—May not the + "twam tyncenum," between which Cyrus the Great's officer attempted to + cross a river, be the inflated skins which the Arabs still use, as the + ancient inhabitants of Assyria did, for crossing the Tigris and + Euphrates, and of which the Nimroud sculptures give so many + illustrations?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Ceridwen</span>. + + <p><i>Names first given to Parishes</i> (Vol. iv., p. 153.).—I wish + to repeat this Query in another form, and particularly in reference to + the termination <i>-by</i>. I suspect that wherever a cluster of + villages, like that given by F. B., occurs with this Danish suffix, it is + a proof that the district was originally a colony of Danes. The one in + which I reside (the hundreds of Flegg), from its situation is + particularly likely to have been so. Its original form was evidently that + of a large island in the estuary of the Yare, which formed numerous + inlets in its shores; and this was flanked on each aisle by a Roman + garrison, one the celebrated fortress of Garianonum, now Burgh Castle, + and the other Caistor-next-Yarmouth, in which a camp, burying-ground, + &c., besides its name, sufficiently attest its Roman origin. The two + hundreds of Flegg, (or Fleyg, as appears on its common seal) comprise + twenty villages, thirteen of which terminate in <i>-by</i>. These are + Ormesby, Hemesby, Filby, Mauteby, Stokesby, Herringby, Thrigby, + Billockby, Ashby or Askeby, Clippesby, Rollesby, Oby, and Scratby or + Scroteby.</p> + + <p>Professor <span class="sc">Worsaae</span>, I believe, considers + Ormesby to have been originally Gormsby, <i>i.e.</i> Gorm's or Guthrum's + village, but I have not his work at hand to refer to. Thrigby, or Trigby + as it is vernacularly pronounced, and Rollesby, may take their names from + Trigge or Tricga, and Rollo, names occurring in Scandinavian history. I + should feel obliged if Professors <span class="sc">Worsaae</span> and + <span class="sc">Stephens</span>, or other Scandinavian antiquaries and + scholars, would kindly inform me if my surmises are correct, and if the + rest of the names may be similarly derived. I should add that Stokesby + fully hears out the suggestion of C. (Vol. v., p. 161.), as there is even + now a ferry over the Bure at that point. The district is entirely + surrounded by rivers and extensive tracts of marshes, and intersected by + large inland lakes, locally termed "Broads," which undoubtedly were all + comprised in the estuary, and which would form safe anchorages for the + long galleys of the Northmen.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">E. S. Taylor</span>. + + <p class="address">Ormesby, St. Margaret, Norfolk. + + <p><i>Grafts and the Parent Tree</i> (Vol. vii., p. 436.).—In order + to insure the success of grafts, it is material that they be inserted on + congenial stocks: delicate-growing fruits require dwarf-growing stocks; + and free luxuriant-growing trees require strong stocks. To graft scions + of delicate wooded trees on strong stocks, occasions an over-supply of + sap to the grafts; and though at first they seem to flourish, yet they do + not endure. A few examples of this sort may lead to an opinion, that + "grafts, after some fifteen years, wear themselves out;" but the opinion + is not (generally speaking) well founded. I have for many years grafted + the old <i>Golden Pippin</i> on the <i>Paradise</i> or <i>Doucin</i> + stock, and found it to answer very well, and produce excellent fruit. + Taunton has long been famous for its <i>Nonpareils</i>, which are there + produced in great excellence and abundance. The Cornish + <i>Gilliflower</i>, one of our very best apples, was well known in the + time of King Charles I.; and, as yet, shows no symptoms of decay: that + fruit requires a strong stock.</p> + + <p>The ancient <i>Ribston Pippin</i> was a seedling:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"It has been doubted by some, whether the tree at Ribston Hall was an + original from the seed: the fact of its not being a grafted tree has been + satisfactorily ascertained by Sir Henry Goodricke, the present + proprietor, by causing suckers from its root to be planted + out—which have set the matter at rest that it was not a grafted + tree. One of these suckers has produced fruit in the Horticultural Garden + at Chiswick."—Lindley's <i>Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen + Garden</i>, 1831, p. 81.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author">J. G. + + <p class="address">Exon. + + <p><i>Lord Cliff and Howell's Letters</i> (Vol. vii., p. 455.).—The + Lord Cliff, as to whom your correspondent inquires, and to whom James + Howell addresses some of his letters, is intended for Henry Lord + Clifford, and afterwards, on the decease of his father, fifth and last + Earl of Cumberland. He died in December, 1643. Amongst the many + republications of modern times, I regret that we have no new edition, + with illustrative notes, of Howell's <i>Letters</i>. It is the more + necessary, as one at least of the later editions of this most + entertaining book is very much abridged and mutilated.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">James Crossley</span>. + + <p>Y. S. M. asks "Who was Lord Cliff?" He might as well have added, "Who + was Lord Viscount Col, Sir Thomas Sa, or End. Por?" who also figure in + <i>Epistolæ Ho-Elianiæ</i>. Had he looked over that entertaining book + more attentively, Y. S. M. would have seen that all these were mere + contractions of Howell's correspondents, Lord Clifford, Lord Colchester, + Sir Thomas Savage, and Endymion Porter.</p> + + <p class="author">J. O. + + <p><i>The Bouillon Bible</i> (Vol. vii., p. 296.).—H. W., who was + good enough to answer my Query respecting Philip D'Auvergne, has probably + seen that the Bible of which he inquires has turned up. <!-- Page 537 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page537"></a>{537}</span> It seems to + have been pawned (if I rightly understand the report in the newspapers) + to a Mr. Broughton of the Foreign Office, who had advanced money to the + prince to enable him to prosecute his claim to the dukedom. It has now + been ordered by Vice-Chancellor Sir W. P. Wood to be offered for sale as + part of Mr. Broughton's estate, for the benefit of that gentleman's + creditors. It was stated in court, that on a former occasion, when the + late Archbishop of Canterbury wished to purchase it, 1500<i>l.</i> was + asked for it. I was much obliged to H. W. for the information he gave me, + as I took some little interest in Philip D'Auvergne from having heard + that he was a friend of my grandfather. They were, I find, both of them + officers in the Racehorse during Lord Mulgrave's discovery voyage to the + North Pole.</p> + + <p class="author">E. H. A. + + <p><i>Rhymes on Places</i> (Vol. vii., p. + 143.).—Northamptonshire:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Armston on the hill,</p> + <p class="i1">Polebrook in the hole,</p> + <p>Ashton turns the mill,</p> + <p class="i1">Oundle burns the coal."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Repeated to me by poor old drunken Jem White the sexton, many years + since, when on the "battlements" of Oundle Church; Oundle being the + market town for the three villages in the rhymes quoted.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Brick</span>. + + <p><i>Serpents' Tongues</i> (Vol. vi., p. 340.; Vol. vii., p. + 316.).—May I be allowed to inform <span class="sc">Mr. + Pinkerton</span> that the sharks' teeth (fossils), now so frequently + found imbedded in this tufa rock, and cheaply sold, are not known as "the + tongues of vipers," but, on the contrary, from time immemorial, as the + "tongues of St. Paul." In proof of this, I would refer <span + class="sc">Mr. Pinkerton</span> to the following extract, which I have + taken from an Italian letter now in the Maltese Library; which was + published on August 28, 1668, by Dr. Francis Buonamico, a native of this + island, and addressed to Agostino Scilla of Messina. Page 5., the writer + remarks:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1"> + + <p>"Che avanti de partire da questa isolde dovesse farle una raccolta di + glossopietre, <i>O lingue come que le chiamiamo di S. Paolo</i>."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author">W. W. + + <p class="address">Malta. + + <p><i>Consecrated Roses, &c.</i> (Vol. vii., pp. 407. 480.).—An + instance of the <i>Golden Rose</i> being conferred on an English baron, + will be found related in Davidson's <i>History of Newenham Abbey in the + County of Devon</i>, p. 208.</p> + + <p class="author">J. D. S. + +<hr class="full" > + +<h2>Miscellaneous.</h2> + +<h3>NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.</h3> + + <p>That well-worn quotation, "who shall decide when doctors disagree," + must, we should think, invariably suggest itself to the reader of every + new book upon the subject of Shakspeare's text. A few months since <span + class="sc">Mr. Collier</span> gave to the world a volume of <i>Notes and + Emendations from Early Manuscript Corrections in a Copy of the Folio + 1632</i><a name="footnotetag1" href="#footnote1"><sup>[1]</sup></a>, + which was hailed by many, ourselves among the number, as a most valuable + contribution to Shakspearian literature. From this favourable view of + these manuscript emendations, many whose opinions upon such matters + deserve the highest respect at once avowed their dissent; and we now find + that we have to add to this number <span class="sc">Mr. Singer</span>, + who has given us the result of his examination of them in a volume + entitled <i>The Text of Shakspeare vindicated from the Interpolations and + Corruptions advocated by John Payne Collier, Esq., in his Notes and + Emendations</i>. No one can put forth higher claims to speak with + authority on any points connected with Shakspeare than <span + class="sc">Mr. Singer</span>, who has devoted a life to the study of his + writings; and none can rise from a perusal of his book without + recognising in it evidence of <span class="sc">Mr. Singer's</span> + fitness for editing the works of our great dramatist, and feeling anxious + for his revised edition of them. But we think many will regret that, + while pointing out the Notes and Emendations from which he dissents, + <span class="sc">Mr. Singer</span> should not have noticed those which he + regards with favour; and that, in his anxiety to vindicate the purity of + Shakspeare's text from the anonymous emendator, he should have embodied + that vindication in language, which, though we are quite sure it is + unintentional on his part, gives his book almost a personal character, + instead of one purely critical.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Books Received</span>.—<i>Records of the Roman + Inquisition, Case of a Minorite Friar who was sentenced by S. Charles + Borromeo to be walled up, and who, having escaped, was burned in effigy: + edited, with an English Translation, Notes, &c., by</i> Rev. Richard + Gibbings. Published from one of the MSS. conveyed from Rome to Paris by + order of Napoleon, at the close of the last century, as a challenge to + the defenders of the papacy to acknowledge its truth, or to controvert + it.—<i>The History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the + Peace of Versailles</i>, by Lord Mahon, Vol. III. The third volume of + this new and cheaper edition of Lord Mahon's valuable history comprehends + the period from 1740 to 1748.—<i>English Forests and Forest Trees; + Historical, Legendary, and Descriptive, with numerous Illustrations.</i> + This volume, one of the <i>Illustrated London Library</i>, is a pleasant + chatty compilation on a subject which will interest many of our readers + and correspondents by furnishing them with a series of notices of old + forests, remarkable trees, &c., which have never before been gathered + together.—<i>The Shakspeare Repository, edited by</i> J. H. + Fennell, No. II. The second part of this periodical, the only one + exclusively devoted to the Elizabethan writers, contains, among other + interesting articles, a long one on the medical practice of Shakspeare's + son-in-law, Dr. John Hall.</p> + +<div class="note"> + <a name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b><a + href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + <p>Since this was written we have heard that <span class="sc">Mr. + Collier</span> has traced back the history of his Folio 1632 for upwards + of a century.—<span class="sc">Ed</span>.</p> + +</div> +<p><!-- Page 538 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page538"></a>{538}</span></p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.</h3> + + <p><span class="sc">Scott, Remarks on the best Writings of the best + Authors</span> (or some such title)</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Sermons by the Rev. Robert Wake</span>, M.A. 1704, + 1712, &c.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">History of Ancient Wilts</span>, by <span + class="sc">Sir R. C. Hoare</span>. The last three Parts.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Rev. A. Dyce's Edition of Dr. Richard Bentley's + Works.</span> Vol. III. Published by Francis Macpherson, Middle Row, + Holborn. 1836.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Dissertation on Isaiah XVIII., in a Letter to Edward + King, Esq.</span>, by <span class="sc">Samuel Lord Bishop of + Rochester</span> (<span class="sc">Horsley</span>). The Quarto Edition, + printed for Robson. 1779.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Ben Johnson's Works.</span> 9 Vols. 8vo. Vols. II., + III., IV. Bds.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Sir Walter Scott's Novels.</span> 41 Vols. 8vo. The + last nine Vols. Boards.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Jacob's English Peerage.</span> Folio Edition, 1766. + Vols. II., III., and IV.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Gammer Gurton's Needle.</span></p> + + <p><span class="sc">Alison's Europe.</span> (20 Vols.) Vols. XIII., + XX.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Abbotsford Edition of the Waverley Novels.</span> Odd + Vols.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">The Truth Teller.</span> A Periodical.</p> + + <p>*** <i>Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to + send their names.</i></p> + + <p>*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, <i>carriage + free</i>, to be sent to <span class="sc">Mr. Bell</span>, Publisher of + "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>Notices to Correspondents.</h3> + + <p><i>We are compelled to omit several interesting papers respecting + Shakspeare which are in type, among which we may mention a notice of some + drawings which are great interest.</i></p> + + <p><span class="sc">W. T. Watts</span> (St. Ives), <i>who inquires + respecting the literary history of</i> Baron Munchausen, <i>is referred + to our</i> 2nd Vol., p. 519., <i>and our</i> 3rd Vol., pp. 117. 305. + 453.</p> + + <p>G. P. (Offenburg) <i>Potatoes were most probably introduced into + England by Sir W. Raleigh. Gerarde mentions them in his</i> Herbal, + <i>published in 1597</i>.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Antiquarian</span> <i>had better send a rubbing from + the oak cover in question. His copy cannot be deciphered.</i></p> + + <p>S. S. S.'s <i>Query on the passage in St. James in our next.</i></p> + + <p><span class="sc">Brookthorpe</span> <i>will find, in the Notices to + Correspondents, in</i> No. 179. (2nd April), <i>a reply to his former + Query respecting the Epitaph:</i></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"If Heaven be pleased."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p><span class="sc">Ursula.</span> <i>We shall be glad of the "succinct + refutation" proposed.</i></p> + + <p>J. W. <i>There is a folio edition of Godwin</i> De Præsulibus, + <i>Canterbury, 1743, in which the original work is continued by + Richardson.</i></p> + + <p>J. R. (Sunderland) <i>is referred to Brockett's</i> Glossary, <i>where + he will find the etymology of</i> stang, <i>from the Danish</i> stang, + <i>a pole or bar—or the Saxon</i> steng; <i>and a full description + of the ceremonies connected with</i> Riding the stang.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Florence</span> <i>is thanked for her hint.</i></p> + + <p>J. B. <i>will find full particulars of Sir T. Herbert's</i> Threnodia + Carolina <i>in our</i> 3rd Vol., p. 259. <i>Other references in our</i> + 2nd Vol., pp. 140. 220. 476.</p> + + <p><i>A few complete sets of</i> "<span class="sc">Notes and + Queries</span>," Vols. i. <i>to</i> vi., <i>price Three Guineas, may now + be had; for which early application is desirable.</i></p> + + <p>"<span class="sc">Notes and Queries</span>" <i>is published at noon on + Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that + night's parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the + Saturday.</i></p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p>PREPARING FOR THE PRESS, IN OCTAVO,</p> + + <p><b>A SUPPLEMENT</b></p> + + <p>TO</p> + + <p>MR. HALLIWELL'S OCTAVO LIFE OF SHAKSPEARE;</p> + + <p>Consisting of Observations on Modern Shakspearian Forgeries.</p> + + <p>JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. SOHO SQUARE, LONDON.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p><b>SPECTACLES</b>.—WM. ACKLAND applies his medical knowledge as + a Licentiate of the Apothecaries' Company, London, his theory as a + Mathematician, and his practice as a Working Optician, aided by Since's + Optometer, in the selection of Spectacles suitable to every derangement + of vision, so as to preserve the sight to extreme old age.</p> + + <p>ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES, with the New Vetzlar Eye-pieces, as exhibited + at the Academy of Sciences in Paris. The Lenses of these Eye-pieces are + so constructed that the rays of light fall nearly perpendicular to the + surface of the various lenses, by which the aberration is completely + removed: and a telescope so fitted gives one-third more magnifying power + and light than could be obtained by the old Eye-pieces. Prices of the + various sizes on application to</p> + + <p>WM. ACKLAND, Optician, 93. Hatton Garden, London.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<p class="cenhead">PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY, Price 6<i>d.</i></p> + + <p><b>THE CIVIL SERVICE GAZETTE</b>, a Journal devoted to the interests + of all Government Officials in every department of the State, contains, + besides other official information, a list of the Recent Promotions and + <span class="sc">Present Vacancies</span> in the gift of the Government, + both in England, the East Indies, and the Colonies; a Summary of the News + of the Week: Original Literary Articles; Obituary of men of eminence or + desert in the public serve; Parliamentary, Legal, Foreign, Domestic and + Theatrical Notices; with Fashionable, Naval and Military + Intelligence.</p> + + <p>To be had of all Booksellers and Newsvenders; or at the Office, 5. + Catherine Street, Strand.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<p class="cenhead">The Twenty-eighth Edition.</p> + + <p><b>NEUROTONICS</b>, or the Art of Strengthening the Nerves, containing + Remarks on the influence of the Nerves upon the Health of Body and Mind, + and the means of Cure for Nervousness, Debility, Melancholy, and all + Chronic Diseases, by DR. NAPIER, M.D. London: HOULSTON & STONEMAN. + Price 4<i>d.</i>, or Post Free from the Author for Five Penny Stamps.</p> + + <p>"We can conscientiously recommend 'Neurotonics,' by Dr. Napier, to the + careful perusal of our invalid readers."—<i>John Bull Newspaper, + June 5, 1852.</i></p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p><b>DAGUERREOTYPE MATERIALS</b>.—Plates, Cases, Passepartoutes, + best and cheapest, to be had in great variety at M<sup>c</sup>MILLAN'S + Wholesale Depôt, 132. Fleet Street. Price List gratis.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<p class="cenhead">WINSLOW HALL, BUCKS.</p> + + <p><b>DR. LOVELL'S SCHOLASTIC ESTABLISHMENT</b> (exclusively for the Sons + of Gentlemen) was founded at Mannheim in 1836, under the Patronage of + H.R.H. the GRANDE DUCHESSE STEPHANIE of Baden, and removed to Winslow in + 1848. The Course of Tuition includes the French and German Languages, and + all other Studies which are Preparatory to the Universities, the Military + Colleges and the Army Examination. The number of Pupils is limited to + Thirty. The Principal is always in the Schoolroom, and superintends the + Classes. There are also French, German, and English resident Masters. + Prospectus and References can be had on application to the Principal.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p><b>WILLIAMS & NORGATE</b> will carry on Business at 15. BEDFORD + STREET, COVENT GARDEN, opposite the end of Henrietta Street during the + alterations and enlargement of their old Premises.</p> + + <p><i>June, 1853.</i></p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p><b>PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS AND MATERIALS</b>, for the Processes on + Glass, Paper, and Silver. An illustrated priced Catalogue 3<i>d.</i>, + Post Free.</p> + + <p>JOHN JOSEPH GRIFFIN, F.C.S., Chemical and Philosophical Instrument + Maker, 10. Finsbury Square. Manufactory, 119. and 120. Bunhill Row. + Removed from 53. Baker Street, Portman Square.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<p class="cenhead">OFFICERS' BEDSTEADS AND BEDDING.</p> + + <p><b>HEAL & SON</b> beg to call the Attention of Gentlemen requiring + Outfits to their large stock of Portable Bedsteads, Bedding, and + Furniture, including Drawers, Washstands, Chairs, Glasses, and every + requisite for Home and Foreign Service.</p> + + <p>HEAL & SON. Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. Tottenham + Court Road.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p><b>BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH</b>, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. + Class X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all + Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold + London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver + Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, + 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior + Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's + Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 Guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch + skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, + 2<i>l.</i>, 3<i>l.</i>, and 4<i>l.</i> Thermometers from 1<i>s.</i> + each.</p> + + <p>BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, + the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen.</p> + + <p>65. CHEAPSIDE. <!-- Page 539 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page539"></a>{539}</span></p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<p class="cenhead">Just published, price 1<i>s.</i>, free by Post 1<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i>,</p> + + <p><b>THE WAXED-PAPER PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS</b> of GUSTAVE LE GRAY'S NEW + EDITION. Translated from the French.</p> + + <p>Sole Agents in the United Kingdom for VOIGHTLANDER & SON'S + celebrated Lenses for Portraits and Views.</p> + + <p>General Depôt for Turner's, Whatman's, Canson Frères', La Croix, and + other Talbotype Papers.</p> + + <p>Pure Photographic Chemicals.</p> + + <p>Instructions and Specimens in every Branch of the Art.</p> + + <p>GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p><b>PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER</b>.—Negative and Positive Papers of + Whatman's, Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Frères' make, Waxed-Paper for + Le Gray's Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of + Photography.</p> + + <p>Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. + Paternoster Row, London.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p><b>PHOTOGRAPHY</b>.—Collodion (Iodized with the Ammonio-Iodide + of Silver).—J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, were the + first in England who published the application of this agent (see + <i>Athenæum</i>, Aug. 14th). Their Collodion (price 9<i>d.</i> per oz.) + retains its extraordinary sensitiveness, tenacity, and colour unimpaired + for months; it may be exported to any climate, and the Iodizing Compound + mixed as required. J. B. HOCKIN & CO. manufacture PURE CHEMICALS and + all APPARATUS with the latest Improvements adapted for all the + Photographic and Daguerreotype processes. Cameras for Developing in the + open Country. GLASS BATHS adapted to any Camera. Lenses from the best + Makers. Waxed and Iodized Papers, &c.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p><b>PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES</b>.—A Selection of the above beautiful + Productions (comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) + may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be + procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the + practice of Photography in all its Branches.</p> + + <p>Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.</p> + + <p>BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical + Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p><b>PHOTOGRAPHY</b>.—HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for + obtaining Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty + seconds, according to light.</p> + + <p>Portraits obtained by the above, for the delicacy of detail rival the + choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their + Establishment.</p> + + <p>Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used + in this beautiful Art.—123. and 121. Newgate Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p><b>PHOTOGRAPHIC SCHOOL</b>.—ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION.</p> + + <p>The SCHOOL is NOW OPEN for instruction in all branches of Photography, + to Ladies and Gentlemen, on alternate days, from Eleven till Four + o'clock, under the joint direction of T. A. MALONE, Esq., who has long + been connected with Photography, and J. H. PEPPER, Esq., the Chemist to + the Institution.</p> + + <p>A Prospectus, with terms, may be had at the Institution.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>CLERICAL, MEDICAL, AND GENERAL +LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY.</h3> + +<hr class="short" > + +<p class="cenhead">Established 1824.</p> + +<hr class="short" > + + <p>FIVE BONUSES have been declared: at the last in January, 1852, the sum + of 131,125<i>l.</i> was added to the Policies, producing a Bonus varying + with the different ages from 24-1/2 to 55 per cent. on the Premiums paid + during the five years, or from 5<i>l.</i> to 12<i>l.</i> 10<i>s.</i> per + cent. on the Sum Assured.</p> + + <p>The small share of Profit divisible in future among the Shareholders + being now provided for, the ASSURED will hereafter derive all the + benefits obtainable from a Mutual Office, WITHOUT ANY LIABILITY OR RISK + OF PARTNERSHIP.</p> + + <p>POLICIES effected before the 30th of June next, will be entitled, at + the next Division, to one year's additional share of Profits over later + Assurers.</p> + + <p>On Assurances for the whole of Life only one half of the Premiums need + be paid for the first five years.</p> + + <p>INVALID LIVES may be Assured at rates proportioned to the risk.</p> + + <p>Claims paid <i>thirty</i> days after proof of death, and all Policies + are <i>Indisputable</i> except in cases of fraud.</p> + + <p>Tables of Rates and forms of Proposal can be obtained of any of the + Society's Agents, or of</p> + + <p class="author">GEORGE H. PINCKARD, Resident Secretary. + + <p class="address"><i>99. Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, London.</i> + +<hr class="full" > + +<h3>WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE +AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.</p> + + <p>Founded A.D. 1842.</p> + + <p><i>Directors.</i></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>H. E. Bicknell, Esq.</p> + <p>W. Cabell, Esq.</p> + <p>T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P.</p> + <p>G. H. Drew, Esq.</p> + <p>W. Evans, Esq.</p> + <p>W. Freeman, Esq.</p> + <p>F. Fuller, Esq.</p> + <p>J. H. Goodhart, Esq.</p> + <p>T. Grissell, Esq.</p> + <p>J. Hunt, Esq.</p> + <p>J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.</p> + <p>E. Lucas, Esq.</p> + <p>J. Lys Seager, Esq.</p> + <p>J. B. White, Esq.</p> + <p>J. Carter Wood, Esq.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p><i>Trustees.</i></p> + + <p>W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; L. C. Humfrey, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, + Esq.</p> + + <p><i>Physician.</i>—William Rich. Basham, M.D.</p> + + <p><i>Bankers.</i>—Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing + Cross.</p> + + <p>VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.</p> + + <p>POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary + difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application + to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed + on the Prospectus.</p> + + <p>Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100<i>l.</i>, with a Share + in three-fourths of the Profits:—</p> + + +<table class="nob" summary="Specimens of Rates" title="Specimens of Rates"> + <tr> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Age</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p><i>£</i></p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p><i>s.</i></p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p><i>d.</i></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:left"> + <p>17</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>1</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>14</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>4</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:left"> + <p>22</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>1</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>18</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>8</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:left"> + <p>27</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>2</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>4</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>5</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:left"> + <p>32</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>2</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>10</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>8</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:left"> + <p>37</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>2</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>18</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>6</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:left"> + <p>42</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>3</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>8</p> + </td> + <td class="nob" style="text-align:right"> + <p>2</p> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <p>ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.</p> + + <p>Now ready, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, Second Edition, with material + additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE on + BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land + Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building + Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and + Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life + Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p><b>ROYAL ASYLUM OF ST. ANN'S SOCIETY</b>.—Waiting not for the + Child of those once in prosperity to become an Orphan, but by Voluntary + Contributions affording at once a Home, Clothing, Maintenance, and + Education.</p> + + <p>The Half-yearly Election will take place at the London Tavern of + Friday, August 12th, next.</p> + + <p>Forms of Nomination may be procured at the Office, where Subscriptions + will be thankfully received.</p> + + <p>Executors of Benefactors by Will become Life Governors according to + the amount of the Bequest.</p> + + <p>E. F. LEEKS, Secretary. 2. Charlotte Row, Mansion House.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p><b>UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY:</b> established by Act of + Parliament in 1834.—8. Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>HONORARY PRESIDENTS.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Earl of Courtown</p> + <p>Earl Leven and Melville</p> + <p>Earl of Norbury</p> + <p>Earl of Stair</p> + <p>Viscount Falkland</p> + <p>Lord Elphinstone</p> + <p>Lord Belhaven and Stenton</p> + <p>Wm. Campbell, Esq., of Tillichewan</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">LONDON BOARD.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Chairman.</i>—Charles Graham, Esq.</p> + <p><i>Deputy-Chairman.</i>—Charles Downes, Esq.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>H. Blair Avarne, Esq.</p> + <p>E. Lennox Boyd, Esq., F.S.A., <i>Resident</i>.</p> + <p>C. Berwick Curtis, Esq.</p> + <p>William Fairlie, Esq.</p> + <p>D. Q. Henriques, Esq.</p> + <p>J. G. Henriques, Esq.</p> + <p>F. C. Maitland, Esq.</p> + <p>William Railton, Esq.</p> + <p>F. H. Thomson, Esq.</p> + <p>Thomas Thorby, Esq.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>MEDICAL OFFICERS.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Physician.</i>—Arthur H. Hassall, Esq., M.D.,</p> + <p>8. Bennett Street, St. James's.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Surgeon.</i>—F. H. Tomson, Esq., 48. Berners Street.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>The Bonus added to Policies from March, 1834, to December 31, 1847, is + as follows:—</p> + + +<table class="allb" summary="Bonus added to Policies" title="Bonus added to Policies"> + <tr> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> + <p>Sum<br /> + Assured</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> + <p>Time<br /> + Assured.</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> + <p>Sum added to<br /> + Policy</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> + <p>Sum<br /> Payable<br /> at + Death.</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> + <p>In 1841.</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> + <p>In 1848.</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p><i>£ </i></p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:left"> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p><i>£ s. d.</i></p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p><i>£ s. d.</i></p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p><i>£ s. d.</i></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>5000</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:left"> + <p>14 years</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>683 6 8 </p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>787 10 0 </p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>6470 16 8 </p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>* 1000</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:left"> + <p> 7 years</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> + <p>-</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>157 10 0 </p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>1157 10 0 </p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>500</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:left"> + <p> 1 year</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> + <p>-</p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>11 5 0 </p> + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:right"> + <p>511 5 0 </p> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <p>* <span class="sc">Example.</span>—At the commencement of the + year 1841, a person aged thirty took out a Policy for 1000<i>l.</i>, the + annual payment for which is 24<i>l.</i> 1<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>; in 1847 he + had paid in premiums 168<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>; but the profits + being 2-1/4 per cent. per annum on the sum insured (which is 22<i>l.</i> + 10<i>s.</i> per annum for each 1000<i>l.</i>) he had 157<i>l.</i> + 10<i>s.</i> added to the Policy, almost as much as the premiums paid.</p> + + <p>The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most moderate scale, and only + one-half need be paid for the first five years, when the Insurance is for + Life. Every information will be afforded on application to the Resident + Director.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p><b>PURE NERVOUS</b> or MIND COMPLAINTS.—If the readers of Notes + and Queries, who suffer from depression of spirits, confusion, headache, + blushing, groundless fears, unfitness for business or society, blood to + the head, failure of memory, delusions, suicidal thoughts, fear of + insanity, &c., will call on, or correspond with, REV. DR. WILLIS + MOSELEY, who, out of above 22,000 applicants, knows not fifty uncured who + have followed his advice, he will instruct them how to get well, without + a fee, and will render the same service to the friends of the + insane.—At home from 11 to 3.</p> + + <p>18. BLOOMSBURY STREET, BEDFORD SQUARE. <!-- Page 540 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page540"></a>{540}</span></p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Bohn's standard library for June.</span></p> + + <p><b>HISTORY OF THE HOUSE OF AUSTRIA</b>, from 1792 to the present time; + in continuation of COXE; with the Portrait of Francis Joseph, the + reigning Emperor. Post 8vo. cloth. Price 3s. 6d.</p> + + <p>HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Bohn's Scientific Library for June.</span></p> + + <p><b>HUMBOLDT'S</b> PERSONAL NARRATIVE OF HIS TRAVELS IN AMERICA. Vol. + III., which completes the Work. With General Index. Post 8vo. cloth. + Price 5s.</p> + + <p>HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. 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Nearly + ready.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">XIII.</p> + + <p>LIEUTENANT HOOPER'S JOURNAL OF HIS TEN MONTHS AMONG THE TENTS OF THE + TUSKI, during an Expedition in Search of Sir John Franklin. Map. 8vo.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">XIV.</p> + + <p>MR. CAMPBELL'S MODERN INDIA. A Sketch of the System of Civil + Government, with some Account of the Natives, and Native Institutions, + Second Edition, revised. Maps. 8vo. 16s.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">XV.</p> + + <p>MURRAY'S HANDBOOKS FOR TRAVELLERS ON THE CONTINENT. Cheaper Issue. + Maps. Post 8vo.</p> + +<hr class="full" > + + <p>Printed by <span class="sc">Thomas Clark Shaw</span>, of No. 10. + Stonefield Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New + Street Square in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and + published by <span class="sc">George Bell</span> of No. 186. Fleet + Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, + Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, May 28, + 1853.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 187, May 28, +1853, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + +***** This file should be named 20410-h.htm or 20410-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/0/4/1/20410/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 187, May 28, 1853 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: January 21, 2007 [EBook #20410] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + +{517} NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +No. 187.] +Saturday, May 28, 1853. +[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + + NOTES:-- Page + On Chaucer's Knowledge of Italian 517 + The Rebellion of '45: unpublished Letter 519 + Oliver St. John, by James Crossley 520 + Notes on several misunderstood Words, by the Rev. + W. R. Arrowsmith 520 + FOLK LORE:--Weather Rules--Drills presaging Death + --Superstition in Devonshire; Valentine's Day 522 + A Note on Gulliver's Travels, by C. Forbes 522 + Shakspeare Correspondence 523 + The Coenaculum of Lionardo da Vinci, by E. Smirke 524 + MINOR NOTES:--Scotter Register (County Lincoln)-- + "All my Eye:" "Over the Left"--Curious Marriages + --Child-mother 525 + + QUERIES:-- + Further Queries respecting Bishop Ken 526 + The Rev. John Larson and his Mathematical Manuscripts, + by T. T. Wilkinson 526 + MINOR QUERIES:--"Wanderings of Memory"-- + "Wandering Willie's Tale"--Chapel Sunday--Proud + Salopians--George Miller, D.D.--Members of Parliament + --Taret--Jeroboam of Claret, &c.--William Williams + of Geneva--The First of April and "The Cap + awry"--Sir G. Browne, Bart.--Bishop Butler--Oaken + Tombs--Alleged Bastardy of Elizabeth--"Pugna + Porcorum"--Parviso--Mr. Justice Newton--Mufti + --Ryming and Cuculling--Custom at the Savoy + Church 527 + MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Faithful Teate-- + Kelway Family--Regatta--Coket and Cler-mantyn 529 + + REPLIES:-- + Curfew 530 + The "Salt-Peter-Man," by C. H. Cooper 530 + Forms of Judicial Oaths, by John Thrupp, &c. 532 + PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Washing Collodion + Pictures--Test for Lenses--Improvement in + Positives--Cheap Portable Tent--Rev. Mr. Sisson's + New Developing Fluid 533 + REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Vanes--Loselerius + Villerius--Westminster Parishes--Hevristic--Creole + --General Monk and the University of Cambridge-- + Ecclesia Anglicana--Gibbon's Library--Golden Bees + --Passage in Orosius--Names first given to Parishes + --Grafts and the Parent Tree--Lord Cliff and Howell's + Letters--The Bouillon Bible--Rhymes on Places-- + Serpents' Tongues--Consecrated Roses, &c. 534 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, &c. 537 + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 538 + Notices to Correspondents 538 + Advertisements 538 + + * * * * * + + +Notes. + +ON CHAUCER'S KNOWLEDGE OF ITALIAN. + +In the Memoir prefixed to the Aldine edition of the _Poetical Works of +Chaucer_, London, 1845, Sir Harris Nicolas expresses an opinion that Dan +Geoffrey was not acquainted with the Italian language, and therefore not +versed in Italian literature. + + "Though Chaucer undoubtedly knew Latin and French, it is by no means + certain, notwithstanding his supposed obligations to the Decameron, + that he was as well acquainted with Italian. There may have been a + common Latin original of the main incidents of many, if not of all the + tales, for which Chaucer is supposed to have been wholly indebted to + Boccaccio, and from which originals Boccaccio himself may have taken + them. That Chaucer was not acquainted with Italian may be inferred from + his not having introduced any Italian quotation into his works, + redundant as they are with Latin and French words and phrases."--_Life + of Chaucer_, pp. 24, 25. + +To which the following note is subjoined: + + "Though Chaucer's writings have not been examined for the purpose, the + remark in the text is not made altogether from recollection, for at the + end of Speght's edition of Chaucer's _Works_, translations are given of + the Latin and French words in the poems, but not a single Italian word + is mentioned." + +If Sir Harris Nicolas had examined the writings of Chaucer with any care, +he would scarcely have formed or expressed so strange an opinion, for he +must necessarily have discovered that Chaucer was not only well acquainted +with the language, but thoroughly well versed in Italian literature, and +that he paraphrased and translated freely from the works of Dante, +Petrarca, and Boccaccio. Chaucer would naturally quote Latin and French, as +being familiar to his cotemporaries, and would abstain from introducing +Italian, as a knowledge of that language must have been confined to a few +individuals in his day; and he wrote for the many, and not for the +minority. + +The circumstances of Chaucer's life, his missions to Italy, during which he +resided several months in that country, when sent on the king's business to +Genoa, and Florence, and Lombardy, afforded {518} him ample opportunities +of becoming thoroughly acquainted with the language and literature of +Italy; the acquisition of which must have been of easy accomplishment to +Chaucer, already familiar with Latin and French. So that it is not +necessary to endow Chaucer "with all human attainments as proof of his +having spoken Italian." + +Chaucer's own writings, however, afford the strongest evidence against the +opinion entertained by Sir Harris Nicolas, and such evidence as cannot be +controverted. + +Chaucer loves to refer to Dante, and often translates passages from the +_Divine Comedy_. The following lines are very closely rendered from the +_Paradiso_, xiv. 28.:-- + + "Thou one, two, and thre, eterne on live, + That raignest aie in thre, two, and one, + Uncircumscript, and all maist circumscrive." + Last stanza of _Troilus and Creseide_. + + "_Quell' uno e due e tre che sempre vive,_ + _E regna sempre in tre e due ed uno_, + _Non circonscritto, e tutto circonscrive._" + Dante, _Il Paradiso_, xiv. 28. + + "Wel can _the wise poet of Florence_, + That highte _Dant_, speken of this sentence: + Lo, in swiche maner rime is _Dantes_ tale. + _Ful selde up riseth by his branches smale_ + _Prowesse of man, for God of his goodnesse_ + _Wol that we claime of him our gentillesse._" + _Wif of Bathes Tale_, 6707. + + "_Rade volte risurge per li rami_ + _L' umana probita: e questo vuole_ + _Quei che la da, perche da lui si chiami._" + _Purgatorio_, vii. 121. + +After relating the dread story of the Conte Ugolino, Chaucer refers to +Dante, from whom perhaps he derived it. (Conf. _Inferno_, xxxiii.) + + "Who so wol here it in a longer wise, + Redeth the grete poete of Itaille, + That highte _Dante_, for he can it devise + Fro point to point, not o word wol he faille." + _The Monkes Tale_, 14,769. + + "Bet than Vergile, while he was on live, + Or _Dant_ also."--_The Freres Tale_, 7101. + +The following lines refer to the _Inferno_, xiii. 64.: + + "Envie is lavender of the court alway, + For she ne parteth neither night ne day, + Out of the house of Cesar, thus saith _Dant_." + Prologue to the _Legend of Good Women_, 359. + +"_Dant_ that it tellen can" is mentioned in the _House of Fame_, book i.; +and Chaucer is indebted to him for some lines in that fine poem, as in the +description of the "egle, that with feathers shone all of gold" = _un' +aquila nel ciel con penne d'oro_; and the following line: + + "O thought, that wrote all that I met." + _House of Fame_, ii. 18. + + "_O mente, che scrivesti cio ch' io vidi._" + _Inferno_, ii. 8. + +The _Knightes Tale_ exhibits numerous passages, lines, and expressions +verbally translated from the _Teseide_ of Boccaccio, upon which it is +founded; such as _Idio armipotente_ = Mars armipotent; _Eterno admante_ = +Athamant eterne; _Paura palida_ = pale drede; _Le ire rosse come focho_ = +the cruel ire red as any glede. Boccaccio describes the wood in which "Mars +hath his sovereine mansion" as-- + + "_Una selva sterile de robusti_ + _Cerri,_ + _Nodosi aspri e rigidi e vetusti._ + _Vi si sentia grandissimo romore,_ + _Ne vera bestia anchora ne pastore._" + _Teseide_, book vii. + +There is a purposed grisly ruggedness in the corresponding passage of the +_Knightes Tale_, which heightens the horrors of "thilke colde and frosty +region:" + + "First on the wall was peinted _a forest,_ + _In which ther wonneth neyther man ne best,_ + _With knotty knarry barrein trees old_ + _Of stubbes sharpe and hidous to behold_; + In which ther ran _a romble and a swough_, + As though a storme shuld bresten every bough." + _The Knightes Tale_, 1977. + +The death of Arcite is thus related by Boccaccio: + + "La morte in ciascun membro era venuta + Da piedi in su, venendo verso il petto, + Ed ancor nelle braccia era perduta + La vital forza; sol nello intelletto + E nel cuore era ancora sostenuta + La poca vita, ma gia si ristretto + Eragli 'l tristo cor del mortal gelo + Che agli occhi fe' subitamente velo. + + "Ma po' ch' egli ebbe perduto il vedere, + Con seco comincio a mormorare, + Ognor mancando piu del suo podere: + Ne troppo fece in cio lungo durare; + Ma il mormorare trasportato in vere + Parole, con assai basso parlare + Addio Emilia; e piu oltre non disse, + Che l' anima convenne si partisse." + _Teseide_, book x. 112. + +Chaucer loses nothing of this description in his condensed translation: + + "For from his feet up to his brest was come + The cold of deth, that had him overnome. + And yet moreover in his armes two + The vital strength is lost, and all ago. + Only the intellect, withouten more, + That dwelled in his herte sike and sore, + Gan feillen, when the herte felte deth; + Dusked his eyen two, and failled his breth. + But on his ladie yet cast he his eye; + His laste word was; Mercy, Emelie!" + _The Knightes Tale_, 2301. + +_Troilus and Creseide_ seems to have been translated from the _Filostrato_ +of Boccaccio, when {519} Chaucer was a young man, as we are informed by Dan +John Lydgate in the Prologue to his Translation of Boccaccio's _Fall of +Princes_, where he speaks of his "Maister Chaucer" as the "chefe poete of +Bretayne," and tells us that-- + + "_In youthe he made a translacion_ + Of a boke which called is Trophe, + In Lumbard tongue, as men may rede and se, + _And in our vulgar, long or that he deyde_ + Gave it the name of Troylous and Cresseyde." + +Chaucer's translation is sometimes very close, sometimes rather free and +paraphrastic, as may be seen in the following examples: + + "But right as floures through the cold of night + Yclosed, stoupen in hir stalkes lowe, + Redressen hem ayen the Sunne bright, + And spreaden in hir kinde course by rowe." + _Troilus and Creseide_, b. ii. + + "_Come fioretto dal notturno gelo_ + _Chinato e chiuso, poi che il Sol l' imbianca,_ + _S'apre, e si leva dritto sopra il stelo._" + Boccaccio, _Il Filostrato_, iii. st. 13. + + "She was right soche to sene in her visage + As is that wight that men on bere ybinde." + _Troilus and Creseide_, b. iv. + + "_Essa era tale, a guardarla nel viso,_ + _Qual donna morta alla fossa portata._" + _Il Filostrato_, v. st. 83. + + "As fresh as faucon coming out of mew." + _Troilus and Creseide_, b. iii. + + "_Come falcon ch' uscisse dal cappello._" + _Il Filostrato_, iv. st. 83. + +"The Song of Troilus," in the first book of _Troilus and Creseide_, is a +paraphrase from one of the Sonnets of Petrarca: + + "_S' Amor non e, che dunque e quel ch' i' sento?_ + _Ma s' egli e Amor, per Dio che cosa, e quale?_ + _Se buona, ond' e l' effetto aspro mortale?_" + Petrarca, _Rime in Vita di Laura_, Son. cii. + + "If no love is, O God, what feele I so? + And if love is, what thing and which is he? + If love be good, from whence cometh my wo?" + _Troilus and Creseide_, b. i. + +Chaucer evidently had the following lines of the _Paradiso_ in view when +writing the invocation to the Virgin in _The Second Nonnes Tale_: + + "Vergine Madre, figlia del tuo Figlio, + Umile e alta piu che creatura, + Termine fisso d' eterno consiglio, + Tu se' colei, che l' umana Natura, + _Nobilitasti_ si, che il suo Fattore + Non disdegno di farsi sua fattura." + _Paradiso_, xxxiii, I. + + "Thou maide and mother, doughter of thy Son, + Thou well of mercy, sinful soules cure, + In whom that God of bountee chees to won; + Thou humble and high over every creature, + Thou _nobledest_ so fer forth our nature, + That no desdaine the maker had of kinde + His Son in blood and flesh to clothe and winde." + _The Second Nonnes Tale_, 15,504. + +Traces of Chaucer's proficiency in Italian are discoverable in almost all +his poems; but I shall conclude with two citations from _The Assembly of +Foules_: + + "The day gan failen, and the darke night, + That reveth beastes from hir businesse, + Berafte me my booke for lacke of light." + _The Assembly of Foules_, I. 85. + + "_Lo giorno se n'andava, e l'aer bruno_ + _Toglieva gli animai che sono in terra_ + _Dalle fatiche loro._"--_Inf._ ii. 1. + + "With that my hand in his he toke anon, + Of which I comfort caught, and went in fast." + _The Assembly of Foules_, I. 169. + + "_E poiche la sua mano alla mia pose_ + _Con lieto volto, ond' io mi confortai._" + _Inf._ iii. 19. + +By the way, Chaucer commences _The Assembly of Foules_ with part of the +first aphorism of Hippocrates, "[Greek: Ho bios brachus he de techne +makre]" (but this, I suppose, had been noticed before): + + "The lyfe so short, the craft so long to lerne." + +Chaucer was forty years old, or upwards, in 1372, when he was sent as an +envoy to treat with the duke, citizens, and merchants of Genoa; and if, as +is probable, he had translated _Troilus and Creseide_ out of the "Lombarde +tonge" in his youth (according to the testimony of Lydgate), it is not +unreasonable to infer that his knowledge of Italian may have led to his +being chosen to fill that office. But, however this may be, abundant proof +has been adduced that Chaucer was familiarly acquainted with Italian. + +I may briefly remark, in conclusion, that the dates and other circumstances +favour the supposed interview at Padua, between Fraunceis Petrark the +laureate poet, and Dan Chaucer, + + "Floure of poets throughout all Bretaine." + +J. M. B. + +Tunbridge Wells. + + * * * * * + + +THE REBELLION OF '45.--UNPUBLISHED LETTER. + +Inverness, 16th Aprile, 1746. + +Dear Sirs, + +This day about twelve our army came up with the rebels, about a mile above +Lord President's house, in a muir called Drumrossie. They began the +engagement first, by firing from a battery of six guns they had erected +upon their right; but our cannon played so hott upon them, that they were +obliged soon to fly, by which means we gote possession of their artillery, +and so drove them before us for three miles of way. The cavalry gave them +closs chase to the town of Inverness: {520} upon which the French +ambassador (who is not well) sent out an officer, and a drum with him, +offering to surrender at discretion; to which the duke made answer, that +the French officers should be allowed to go about on their parole, and +nothing taken from them. Brigadier Stapleton is among them, and God knows +how many more officers; for we have not gote home to count them yet. Its +thought the rebels have between four and five hundred killed, and as many +taken prisoners already: many more we expect this night, parties having +been sent out after them. Lord Kilmarnock I saw prisoner, and Major +Stewart, with many more. Secretary Murray is very bad: a party is just now +sent for him, intelligence being brought where he is. I don't think we have +lost thirty men, and not above five officers killed, amongst which are Lord +Robert Ker, Captain Grosset: the rest their names I have forgote. We are +now in full possession of this place. Some say the Pretender was in the +battle, and wounded; but others say he was not. Such of them as are left +are gone to Fort Augustus. The duke, God be praised, is in good health, and +all the generalls. His Royal Highness behaved as if he had been inspired, +riding up and down giveing orders himself. + + I am, Gentlemen, + Your most obedt. servant, + DAVID BRUCE. + +After writing y^e above, y^e lists of y^e killed and wounded are as +follows, so far as is yet known:-- + + We have of y^e prisoners 700 + Killed and wounded on y^e field 1800 + +Of y^e duke's army:-- + + Killed, wounded, and amissing 220 + + * * * * * + +Gentlemen, + +I hope you'l pardon y^e confusedness of y^e foregoing line, as I have been +in y^e utmost confusion since I came here. 'Tis said, but not quite +certain, y^t y^e following rebells are killed, viz.:--Lochiel, Capuch +(Keppach), Lord Nairn, Lord Lewis Drummond, D. of Perth, Glengarry, &c. The +French have all surrendered prisoners of war. + +DAVID BRUCE. + + Addressed to + The Governors of + The Town of Aberdeen. + +X. Y. Z. + + * * * * * + + +OLIVER ST. JOHN. + +In giving the lives of the Commonwealth chief justices, Lord Campbell +observes (_Lives of Chief Justices_, vol. i. p. 447.), "in completing the +list with the name of Oliver St. John, I am well pleased with an +opportunity of tracing his career and pourtraying his character." Then +follows a biography of thirty pages. The subject seems to be a favourite +one with his lordship, and he accordingly produces a striking picture, +laying on his colours in the approved historical style of the day, so as to +make the painting an effective one, whether the resemblance be faithful or +not. But how is it that the noble biographer appears to be quite unaware of +what really is the only document we have relating to Oliver St. John of his +own composition, which does give us much light as to his career or +character? I refer to _The Case of Oliver St. John, Esq, concerning his +Actions during the late Troubles_, pp. 14., 4to., n.d. It is a privately +printed tract, emanating from St. John himself, and was no doubt circulated +amongst persons in power at the Restoration, with a view to obtaining +indemnity and pardon. My copy is signed by himself, and has some +corrections in his autograph. His Defence is full of interesting +particulars, some of which are very inconsistent with Lord Campbell's +speculations and statements. It would, however, occupy too much of your +space were I to go through the various articles objected to by him, and to +which he gives his replies and explanations. My object in noticing this +tract at present, is to prevent any future biographer of this Commonwealth +worthy, whose life may well be an historical study, from neglecting an +important source of information. I observe Lord Campbell (p. 473.) doubts +whether he favoured the measure of making Cromwell king. But if we are to +believe the title-page of _Monarchy asserted_, 1660, 12mo., he was one of +the speakers at the conference with Cromwell on the 11th April, 1657, in +favour of his assuming the title of king. On the list of the committee +which follows, the "Lord Chief Justice" only is mentioned, but in the +speeches a difference seems to be made between "Lord Chief Justice" (pp. 6. +7. 15.) and "Lord Chief Justice Glynne" (p. 44.), and they would seem to be +two different speakers. The title-page states distinctly, "the arguments of +Oliver St. John, Lord Chief Justice, Lord Chief Justice Glyn, &c., members +of that committee." + +JAS. CROSSLEY. + + * * * * * + + +NOTES ON SEVERAL MISUNDERSTOOD WORDS. + +(_Continued from_ p. 402.) + +_No did, no will, no had, &c._-- + + "_K. John._ . . . I had a mighty cause + To wish him dead, but thou hadst none to kill him. + + _Hubert._ _No had_ (my Lord), why, did you not provoke me?" + _King John_, Act IV. Sc. 2. + +So the first folio edition of Shakspeare. A palpable error, as the +commentators of the present would pleasantly observe, and all the world +would echo the opinion; but here, as in most other {521} instances, +commentators and all the world may be wrong, and the folios right. The +passage has accordingly been corrupted by the editors of Shakspeare into +what was more familiar to their modern ears: "Had none, my Lord!" Though +the mode of speech be very common, yet, to deprive future editors of all +excuse for ever again depraving the genuine text of our national Bible, I +shall make no apology for accumulating a string of examples: + + "_Fort._ Oh, had I such a hat, then were I brave! + Where's he that made it? + + _Sol._ Dead: and the whole world + Yields not a workman that can frame the like. + + _Fort._ _No does?_" + "Old Fortunatus," _Old English Plays_, vol. iii. p. 140., by Dilke: + +who alters "No does?" into _None does?_ thinking, I presume, that he had +thereby simplified the sentence: + + "_John._ I am an elde fellowe of fifty wynter and more, + And yet in all my lyfe I knewe not this before. + + _Parson._ _No dyd_, why sayest thou so, upon thyselfe thou lyest, + Thou haste euer knowen the sacramente to be the body of Christ." + _John Bon and Mast Person._ + + "_Chedsey._ Christ said 'Take, eat, this is my body;' and not 'Take ye, + eat ye.' + + _Philpot._ _No did_, master doctor? Be not these the words of Christ, + 'Accipite, manducate?' And do not these words, in the plural number, + signify 'Take ye, eat ye;' and not 'Take thou, eat thou,' as you would + suppose?"--Foxe's _Acts and Monuments_, vol. vii. p. 637., Cattley's + edition. + + "_Philpot._ Master Cosins, I have told my lord already, that I will + answer to none of these articles he hath objected against me: but if + you will with learning answer to that which is in question between my + lord and me, I will gladly hear and commune with you. + + _Cosins._ _No will_ you? Why what is that then, that is in question + between my lord and you?"--_Id._, p. 651. + + "_Philpot._ And as I remember, it is even the saying of St. Bernard + [viz. The Holy Ghost is Christ's vicar on earth (_vic-arius_), and a + saying that I need not to be ashamed of, neither you to be offended at; + as my Lord of Durham and my Lord of Chichester by their learning can + discern, and will not reckon it evil said. + + _London._ _No will?_ Why, take away the first syllable, and it soundeth + Arius."--_Id._ p. 658. + + "_Philpot._ These words of Cyprian do nothing prove your pretensed + assertion; which is, that to the Church of Rome there could come no + misbelief. + + _Christopherson._ Good lord, _no doth_? What can be said more + plainly?"--_Id._, p. 661. + +Again, at p. 663. there occur no less than three more instances and at p. +665. another. + + "_Careless._ No, forsooth: I do not know any such, nor have I heard of + him that I wot of. + + _Martin._ _No have_, forsooth: and it is even he that hath written + against thy faith." + +Then _Martin_ said: + + "Dost thou not know one Master Chamberlain? + + _Careless._ No forsooth; I know him not. + + _Martin._ _No dost!_ and he hath written a book against thy faith + also."--_Id._, vol. iii. p. 164. + + "_Lichfield and Coventry._ We heard of no such order. + + _Lord Keeper._ _No did?_ Yes, and on the first question ye began + willingly. How cometh it to pass that ye will not now do so?"--_Id._, + p. 690. + + "Then said Sir Thomas Moyle: 'Ah! Bland, thou art a stiff-hearted + fellow. Thou wilt not obey the law, nor answer when thou art called.' + '_Nor will_,' quoth Sir John Baker. 'Master Sheriff, take him to your + ward.'"--_Id._, vol. vii. p. 295. + +Is it needful to state, that the original editions have, as they ought to +have, a note of interrogation at "Baker?" I will not tax the reader's +patience with more than two other examples, and they shall be fetched from +the writings of that admirable papist--the gentle, the merry-hearted More: + + "Well, quod Caius, thou wylt graunte me thys fyrste, that euery thynge + that hath two erys is an asse.--Nay, mary mayster, wyll I not, quod the + boy.--_No wylt_ thou? quod Caius. Ah, wyly boy, there thou wentest + beyond me."--The Thyrde Boke, the first chapter, fol. 84. of Sir Thomas + More's _Dialogues_. + + "Why, quod he, what coulde I answere ellys, but clerely graunt hym that + I believe that thyng for none other cause but only bycause the + Scripture so sheweth me?--_No could ye?_ quod I. What yf neuer + Scripture had ben wryten in thys world, should there neuer haue bene + eny chyrch or congregacyon of faythfull and ryght beyleuyng + people?--That wote I nere, quod he. _No do ye?_ quod I."--_Id._, fol. + 85. + +In taking leave of this idiom, it would not perhaps be amiss to remark, +that "ye can," in Duke Humphey's rejoinder to the "blyson begger of St. +Albonys," is not, as usually understood, "you can?" but "yea can?" + + * * * * * + +_To be at point_ = to be at a stay or stop, _i.e._ settled, determined, +nothing farther being to be said or done: a very common phrase. Half a +dozen examples shall suffice: + + " . . . . . What I am truly + Is thine, and my poore countries to command: + Whither indeed before they (thy) heere-approach, + Old Seyward with ten thousand warlike men + Already _at a point_, was setting forth." + _Macbeth_, Act IV. Sc. 3. 1st Fol. + +No profit to give the commentators' various guesses at the import of the +phrase in the above passage, which will be best gathered from the following +instances of its use elsewhere. But, before passing further, I beg +permission to inform MR. KNIGHT that the original suggester of "sell" for +"self," in an earlier part of this play, whose name {522} he is at a loss +for, was W. S. Landor, whose footnote to vol. ii. p. 273., Moxon's edit. of +his works, is as follows: + + "And here it may be permitted the editor to profit also by the + manuscript, correcting in Shakespeare what is _absolute nonsense_ as + now printed: + + '_Vaulting_ ambition that o'erleaps _itself_, + And falls on the _other side_.' + + Other side of what? It should be _its sell_. _Sell_ is saddle in + Spenser and elsewhere, from the Latin and Italian." + +A correspondent of "N. & Q."., Vol. vii., p. 404., will be delighted to +find his very ingenious discovery brought home, and corroborated by +Landor's valuable manuscript: but it is an old said saw--"Great wits jump." +Now to our examples: + + "_Pasquin._ Saint Luke also affirmeth the same, saying flatly that he + shall not be forgiuen. Beholde, therefore, how well they interprete the + Scriptures. + + _Marforius._ I am alreadie _at a poynt_ with them, but thou shalt doo + me great pleasure to expounde also vnto me certayne other places, vppon + the which they ground this deceit."--_Pasquine in a Traunce_, turned + but lately out of the Italian into this tongue by W. P.: London, 1584. + + "But look, where malice reigneth in men, there reason can take no + place: and, therefore, I see by it, that you are all _at a point_ with + me, that no reason or authority can persuade you to favour my name, who + never meant evil to you, but both your commodity and profit."--Foxe's + _Acts and Monuments_, vol. viii. p. 18. + + "Not so, my lord," said I, "for I am _at a full point_ with myself in + that matter; and am right well able to prove both your + transubstantiation with the real presence to be against the Scriptures + and the ancient Fathers of the primitive Church."--_Id._, p. 587. + + "_Winchester._ No, surely, I am fully determined, and fully _at a + point_ therein, howsoever my brethren do."--_Id._, p. 691. + + "_Brad._ Sir, so that you will define me your church, that under it you + bring not in a false church, you shall not see but that we shall soon + be _at a point_."--_Id._, vol. vii. p. 190. + + "_Latimer._ Truly, my lord, as for my part I require no respite, for I + am _at a point_. You shall give me respite in vain; therefore, I pray + you let me not trouble you to-morrow."--_Id._, p. 534. + + "Unto whom he (Lord Cobham) gave this answer: 'Do as ye shall think + best, for I am _at a point_.' Whatsoever he (Archbishop Arundel) or the + other bishops did ask him after that, he bade them resort to his bill: + for thereby would he stand to the very death."--_Id._, vol. iii. pp. + 327-8. + + "'Et illa et ista vera esse credantur et nulla inter nos contentio + remanebit, quia nec illis veris ista, nec istis veris illa + impediuntur.' Let bothe those truthes and these truthes be beleued, and + we shall be _at appoinct_. For neither these truthes are impaired by + the other, neither the other by these."--_A Fortresse of the Faith_, p. + 50., by Thomas Stapleton: Antwerp, 1565. + + "A poore man that shall haue liued at home in the countrie, and neuer + tasted of honoure and pompe, is alwayes _at a poynt_ with himselfe, + when menne scorne and disdayne him, or shewe any token of contempt + towardes his person."--John Calvin's _CVIII. Sermon on the Thirtieth + Chap. of Job_, p. 554., translated by Golding: London, 1574. + + "As for peace, I am _at a point_."--_Leycester Correspondence_, Camd. + Soc., p. 261. + +W. R. ARROWSMITH. + +(_To be continued._) + + * * * * * + + +FOLK LORE. + +_Weather Rules._--The interesting article on "The Shepherd of Banbury's +Weather Rules" (Vol. vii., p. 373.) has reminded me of two _sayings_ I +heard in Worcestershire a few months back, and upon which my informant +placed the greatest reliance. The first is, "If the moon changes on a +Sunday, there will be a flood before the month is out." My authority +asserted that through a number of years he has never known this fail. The +month in which the change on a Sunday has occurred has been fine until the +last day, when the flood came. The other saying is, "Look at the +weathercock on St. Thomas's day at twelve o'clock, and see which way the +wind is, and there it will stick for the next quarter," that is, three +months. Can any of your readers confirm the above, and add any similar +"weather rules?" + +J. A., JUN. + +Birmingham. + +_Drills presaging Death_ (Vol. vii., p. 353.).--Your correspondent asks if +the superstition he here alludes to in Norfolk is believed in other parts. +I can give him a case in point in Berkshire:--Some twenty years ago an old +gentleman died there, a near relative of my own; and on going down to his +place, I was told by a farm overseer of his, that he was certain some of +his lordship's family would die that season, as, in the last sowing, he had +missed putting the seed in one row, which he showed me! "Who could +disbelieve it now?" quoth the old man. I was then taken to the bee-hives, +and at the door of every one this man knocked with his knuckles, and +informed the occupants that they must now work for a new master, as their +old one was gone to heaven. This, I believe, has been queried in your +invaluable paper some time since. I only send it by the way. I know the +same superstition is still extant in Cheshire, North Wales, and in some +parts of Scotland. + +T. W. N. + +Malta. + +A friend supplies me with the information that before drills were invented, +the labourers {523} considered it unlucky to miss a "bout" in corn or seed +sowing, will sometimes happened when "broadcast" was the only method. The +ill-luck did not relate alone to a _death_ in the family of the farmer or +his dependents, but to losses of cattle or accidents. It is singular, +however, that the superstition should have transferred itself to the drill; +but it will be satisfactory to E. G. R. to learn that the process of +_tradition_ and _superstition-manufacturing_ is not going on in the +nineteenth century. + +E. S. TAYLOR. + +_Superstition in Devonshire; Valentine's Day_ (Vol. v., pp. 55. +148.).--This, according to Forby, vol. ii. p. 403., once formed in Norfolk +a part of the superstitious practices on _St. Mark's Eve_, not St. +Valentine's, as mentioned by J. S. A., when the sheeted ghosts of those who +should die that year (Mrs. Crowe would call them, I suppose, +_Doppelgaengers_) march in grisly array to the parish church. + +The rhyme varies from J. S. A.'s:-- + + "Hempseed I sow: + Hempseed grow; + He that is my true love + Come after me, and mow." + +and the Norfolk spectre is seen with a _scythe_, instead of a rake like his +Devonshire compeer. + +E. S. TAYLOR. + + * * * * * + + +A NOTE ON GULLIVER'S TRAVELS. + +If I may argue from the silence of the latest edition of _Gulliver's +Travels, with Notes_, with which I am acquainted, viz. that by W. C. +Taylor, LL.D., Trinity College, Dublin, the Preface to which is dated May +1st, 1840, I may say that all the commentators on Swift--all, at least, +down to that late date--have omitted to refer to a work containing +incidents closely resembling some of those recorded in the "Voyage to +Lilliput." + +The work to which I allude is a little dramatical composition, the +Bambocciata, or puppet-show, by Martelli, entitled _The Sneezing of +Hercules_. Goldoni, in his _Memoirs_, has given us the following account of +the manner in which he brought it out on the stage: + + "Count Lantieri was very well satisfied with my father, for he was + greatly recovered, and almost completely cured: his kindness was also + extended to me, and to procure amusement for me he caused a + puppet-show, which was almost abandoned, and which was very rich in + figures and decorations, to be refitted. + + "I profited by this, and amused the company by giving them a piece of a + great man, expressly composed for wooden comedians. This was the + _Sneezing of Hercules_, by Peter James Martelli, a Bolognese. + + . . . . . . . . . . + + "The imagination of the author sent Hercules into the country of the + pigmies. Those poor little creatures, frightened at the aspect of an + animated mountain with legs and arms, ran and concealed themselves in + holes. One day as Hercules had stretched himself out in the open field, + and was sleeping tranquilly, the timid inhabitants issued out of their + retreats, and, armed with prickles and rushes, mounted on the monstrous + man, and covered him from head to foot, like flies when they fall on a + piece of rotten meat. Hercules waked, and felt something in his nose, + which made him sneeze; on which, his enemies tumbled down in all + directions. This ends the piece. + + "There is a plan, a progression, an intrigue, a catastrophe, and + winding up; the style is good and well-supported; the thoughts and + sentiments are all proportionate to the size of the personages. The + verses even are short, and everything indicates pigmies. + + "A gigantic puppet was requisite for Hercules; everything was well + executed. The entertainment was productive of much pleasure; and I + could lay a bet, that I am the only person who ever thought of + executing the Bambocciata of Martelli."--_Memoirs of Goldoni_, + translated by John Black, 2 vols., duod. vol. i. chap. 6. + +It is certainly not necessary to point out here in what respects the +adventures of Hercules, the _animated mountain_, and those of Quinbus +Flestrin, the _man mountain_, differ from, or coincide with, each other, as +the only question I wish to raise is, whether a careful analysis of +Martelli's puppet-show ought, or ought not, to have been placed among the +notes on _Gulliver's Travels_. + +C. FORBES. + +Temple. + + * * * * * + + +SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE. + +In reply to J. M. G. of Worcester, who inquires for a MS. volume of English +poetry containing some lines attributed to Shakspeare, and which is +described in Thorpe's _Catalog_ of MSS. for 1831, I can supply some +particulars which may assist him in the research. The MS., which at one +period had belonged to Joseph Hazlewood, was purchased from Thorpe by the +late Lord Viscount Kingsborough; after whose decease it was sold, in +November, 1842, at Charles Sharpe's literary sale room, Anglesea Street, +Dublin. It is No. 574. in the auction catalogue of that part of his +lordship's library which was then brought to auction. + +The volume has been noticed by Patrick Fraser Tytler, in his _Life of Sir +Walter Raleigh_, Edinburgh, 1833 (in Appendix B, p. 436., of 2nd edit.), +where, citing the passage from Collier, which is referred to by J. M. G., +he asserts that the lines are not Shakspeare's, but Jonson's. But he does +not appear to me to have established his case beyond doubt; as the lines, +though found among Jonson's works, may, notwithstanding, be the production +of some other writer: and why not of Shakspeare, to whom they are ascribed +in the MS.? Some verses by Sir J. C. Hobhouse originally appeared as Lord +Byron's: and there are {524} numerous instances, both ancient and modern, +of a similar attribution of works to other than their actual authors. + +ARTERUS. + +Dublin. + +_The Island of Prospero._--We cannot assert that Shakspeare, in the +_Tempest_, had any particular island in view as the scene of his immortal +drama, though by some this has been stoutly maintained. Chalmers prefers +one of the Bermudas. The Rev. J. Hunter, in his _Disquisition on the Scene, +&c. of the Tempest_, endeavours to confer the honour on the Island of +Lampedosa. In reference to this question, a statement of the +pseudo-Aristotle is remarkable. In his work "[Greek: peri thaumasion +akousmaton]," he mentions Lipara, one of the AEolian Islands, lying to the +north of Sicily, and nearly in the course of Shakspeare's Neapolitan fleet +from Tunis to Naples. Among the [Greek: polla teratode] found there, he +tells us: + + "[Greek: Exakouesthai gar tumpanon kai kumbalon echon gelota te meta + thorubou kai krotalon enargos. legousi de ti teratodesteron gegonenai + peri to spelaion.]" + +If we compare this with the aerial music heard by Ferdinand (_Tempest_, I. +2.), especially as the orchestra is represented by the genial burin of M. +Retsch in the fifth plate of his well-known sketches (_Umrisze_), it will +appear probable that Shakspeare was acquainted with the Greek writer either +in the original or through a translation. As far as I am aware, this has +not been observed by any of the commentators.--From _The Navorscher_. + +J. M. + +_Coincident Criticisms._--I shall be obliged if you will allow me through +your pages to anticipate and rebut two charges of plagiarism. When I wrote +my Note on a passage in _The Winter's Tale_ ("N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. +378.), I had not seen the _Dublin University Magazine_ for March last, +containing some remarks on the same passage in some respects much +resembling mine. I must also declare that my Note on a passage in _All's +Well that ends Well_ ("N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 426.) was posted for you +some time before the appearance of A. E. B.'s Note on the same passage ("N. +& Q.," Vol. vii., p. 403.). The latter coincidence is more remarkable than +the former, as the integrity of the amended text was in both notes +discussed by means of the same parallel passage. _Apropos_ of A. E. B.'s +clever Note, permit me to say, that though at first it appeared to me +conclusive, I now incline to think that Shakspeare intended Helen to +address the _leaden messengers_ by means of a very hyperbolic figure: +"wound the still-piecing air that sings with piercing" is a consistent +whole. If, as A. E. B. rightly says, _to wound the air_ is an +impossibility, it is equally impossible that the air should utter any sound +expressive of sensibility. The fact of course is, that the cannon-balls +_cleave_ the air, and that by so cleaving it a shrill noise is produced. +The cause and effect may, however, be metaphorically described, by +comparing air to Bertram. I believe it is a known fact that every man who +is struck with a cannon-ball cries out instinctively. Shakspeare therefore +might, I think, have very poetically described the action and effect of a +cannon-ball passing through the air by the strong figure of _wounding the +air that sings with the piercing which it is enduring_. + +In concluding this Note, I beg to express what is not merely my own, but a +very general feeling of disappointment in respect of MR. COLLIER'S new +edition of Shakspeare. To it, with a new force, may be applied the words of +A. E. B. in "N. & Q.," Vol. vi., p. 296.: + + "But the evil of these emendations is not in this instance confined to + the mere suggestion of doubt; the text has absolutely been altered in + all accessible editions, in many cases _silently_, so that the ordinary + reader has no opportunity of judging between _Shakspeare_ and his + improvers." + +That MR. COLLIER should be the greatest of such offenders, is no very +cheering sign of the times. + +C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY. + +Birmingham. + +_Dogberry's Losses_ (Vol. vii., p. 377.).--I do not know whether it has +ever been suggested, but I feel inclined to read "lawsuits." He has just +boasted of himself as "one that knows the _law_;" and it seems natural +enough that he should go on to brag of being a rich fellow enough, "and a +fellow that hath had _lawsuits_" of his own, and actually figured as +plaintiff or defendant. Suppose the words taken down from the mouth of an +actor, and the mistake would be easy. + +JOHN DOE. + + * * * * * + + +THE COENACULUM OF LIONARDO DA VINCI. + +I have in my possession a manuscript critique on the celebrated picture of +The Last Supper by Lionardo da Vinci, written many years ago by a deceased +academician; in which the writer has called in question the _point of time_ +usually supposed to have been selected by the celebrated Italian painter. +The criticisms are chiefly founded on the copy by Marco Oggioni, now in the +possession of the Royal Academy of Arts. + +Uniform tradition has assumed that the moment of action is that in which +the Saviour announces the treachery of one of his disciples "Dico vobis +quia unus vestrum me traditurus est." Matth. xxvi. 21., Joan. xiii. 21., +Vulgate edit.; and most of the admirers of this great work have not failed +to find in it decisive proofs of the intention of the painter to represent +that exact point of time. {525} + +The author of the manuscript enters into a very detailed examination of the +several groups of figures which compose the picture, and of the expression +of the heads; and he confesses his inability to find in them anything +decisively indicating the period supposed to be chosen. He remarks that +nine at least of the persons, including the principal one, are evidently +engaged in animated conversation; that instead of that concentrated +attention which the announcement might be supposed to generate, there +appears to be great variety of expressions and of action; and that neither +surprise nor indignation are so generally prominent, as might have been +expected. He inclines to think that the studied diversity of expression, +and the varied attitudes and gestures of the assembled party, are to be +regarded as proofs of the artist's efforts to produce a powerful and +harmonious composition, rather than a natural and truthful representation +of any particular moment of the transaction depicted by him. + +The work in question is now so generally accessible through the medium of +accurate engravings, that any one may easily exercise his own judgment on +the matter, and decide for himself whether the criticism be well founded. + +It must be borne in mind that the subject had long been a familiar +decoration of conventual refectories before the time when Lionardo brought +his profound knowledge of external human nature, and his unsurpassed powers +of executive art, to bear on a subject which had before been treated in the +dry, conventional, inanimate manner of the Middle Ages. The leading +features of the traditional picture are retained: the long table, the linen +cloth, the one-sided arrangement of the figures, the classic drapery, and +the general form and design of the apartment, are all to be found in the +earlier works; and must have been considered, by observers in general, far +more essential to the correct delineation of the scene than any adherence +to the exact description of it in any one of the Evangelists. But as the +subject was usually introduced into refectories for the edification of the +brethren assembled with their superior at their own meals, it does not seem +likely that the treachery of Judas should have been intended to be the +prominent action of the picture. It was a memorial of the institution of +the Eucharist, although the Christ was not represented as dispensing either +bread or wine. In such a case, if any particular point of time was ever +contemplated by the artist, he might judiciously and appropriately select +the moment when the Saviour was announcing, in mysterious words, the close +of his mission--as in St. Matthew and St. Mark; or was teaching them a +lesson of humility when the spirit of rivalry and strife had disclosed +itself among them--as we find in St. Luke and St. John. + +It is not perhaps generally known that the statutes of Queen's College, +Oxford, prescribe the order of sitting at the common table in manner which +evidently refers to the _coenaculum_ of the old church painters. + +E. SMIRKE. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +_Scotter Register (County Lincoln)._--The following extracts from the +register of the parish of Scotter, in the county of Lincoln, are perhaps +sufficiently interesting to be worth printing in "N. & Q.": + + 1. "Eccelesia parochialis de Scotter comitatu Lincolniae dedicata est + Beatis Apostolis Sancto Petro et Sancto Paulo ut apparet in Antiquo + Scripto viduae Loddington de Scotter, viz. in testamento vltimo Thomae + Dalyson, Gen. de Scotter, qui obiit Junii 19^o, anno Domini 1495. + + "GUL. CARRINGTON, + "Rector ecl[=i]a ibid." + + 2. "_Memorandum_, That on Septuagesima Sunday, being the 19^{th} day of + January, 1667, one Francis Drury, an excommunicate person, came into + the church in time of divine service in y^e morning, and being + admonisht by mee to begon, hee obstinately refused, whereuppon y^e + whole congregation departed; and after the same manner in the + afternoon, the same day, he came again, and refusing againe to go out, + the whole congregation againe went home, soe y^t little or no service + pformed. They prevented his further coming in y^t manner, as hee + threatned, by order from the Justice, uppon the statute of Queene + Elizabeth concerning the molestation and disturbance of publiq + preachers. + + WM. CARRINGTON, Rec." + + "O tempora, O mores." + + 3. "Michael Skinner Senex centum et trium annorum sepultus fuit die + sancti Johannis, viz. Dec. 27, 1673." + +EDWARD PEACOCK, Jun. + +Bottesford Moors, Kirton Lindsey. + +"_All my Eye._"--"_Over the Left._" + + "What benefit a Popish successor can reap from lives and fortunes spent + in defence of the Protestant religion, he may put in his eye: and what + the Protestant religion gets by lives and fortunes spent in the service + of a Popish successor, will be over the left shoulder."--Preface to + _Julian the Apostate_: London, printed for Langley Curtis, on Ludgate + Hill. 1682. + +Is this passage the origin of the above cant phrases? + +GEORGE DANIEL. + +Canonbury. + +_Curious Marriages._--In _Harl. MSS._ 1550, p. 180., is the pedigree of +Irby, where Anthony Irby has two daughters: Margaret, who married Henry +Death, and Dorothy, who married John Domesday. + +E. G. BALLARD. {526} + +_Child-mother._--Four months ago, on board the Brazil packet, the royal +mail steam-vessel Severn, there was an instance of a "child-wife," which +might be worthy of a place among your curiosities of that description. + +She was the wedded wife of a Brazilian travelling from the Brazils to +Lisbon, and her husband applied for permission to pay the "reduced passage +money" for her as being "under twelve years of age!" + +As the regulation on that head speaks of "_children_ under twelve years of +age," this _conscientious_ Brazilian's demand could not be countenanced. + +His wife's age was under eleven years and a half, and (_credat Judaeus_) +_she was a mother_! + +A. L. + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + +FURTHER QUERIES RESPECTING BISHOP KEN. + +(_Continued from_ Vol. vii., p. 380.) + +In a _Collection of Poems_, in six volumes, by several Hands (Dodsley, 5th +edition, 1758), and in vol. iii. p. 75., is found "An Epistle from Florence +to T. A., Esq., Tutor to the Earl of P----. Written in the year 1740. By +the Honourable ----." Can any one explain an allusion contained in these +three lines of the epistle? + + "Or with wise Ken judiciously define, + When Pius marks the honorary coin + Of Caracalla, or of Antonine." + +It is hardly to be supposed that the Ken here named could mean the bishop, +who died so far back as 1711. Was there a coin-collector of that name +living about 1740? + +We learn (from Ken's _Prose Works_, ed. Round, pp. 93, 94.) that the +Bishop's sister, "my poor sister Ken," most probably then a widow, lost her +only son, who died at Cyprus, in 1707. Was this Mrs. Ken the Rose Vernon, +sister of Sir Thomas Vernon, of Coleman Street, London, and the wife of Jon +Ken, the bishop's eldest brother, and treasurer of the East India Company? +This Jon and Rose Ken are represented, in Mr. Markland's Pedigree of the +Ken family, as still living in 1683. Is there no monumental memorial of +this Treasurer Ken, or his family, in any of the London churches? + +In Mr. Macaulay's _History of England_, 5th ed., vol. ii. p. 365., he +states that "it was well known that one of the most opulent dissenters of +the City had begged that he might have the honour of giving security for +Ken," when the seven bishops were bailed, previous to their trial. On what +authority (for none is cited) does this statement rest? + +Can any one give a clue to this passage from a letter written to Mr. +Harbin, Lord Weymouth's chaplain, by Bishop Ken, and dated "Winton, Jan +22." [1701]: + + "I came to Winchester yesterday, where I stay one post more, and then + go either to Sir R. U. or L. Newton, where you shall hear from + me."--Ken's _Prose Works_, by Round, p. 53. + +Can "Sir R. U." (the _U_ perhaps being a mistake for _W._) designate Sir +Robert Worsley, Bart., of Chilton, in the county of Southampton, married to +Lord Weymouth's daughter? and can "L. Newton" be a mistake for Long Sutton, +in Hants? or may it be Long Newton, in the hundred of Malmesbury? + +J. J. J. + +Temple. + + * * * * * + + +THE REV. JOHN LAWSON AND HIS MATHEMATICAL MANUSCRIPTS. + +In the year 1774 the Rev. John Lawson, B.D., Rector of Swanscombe in Kent, +published _A Dissertation on the Geometrical Analysis of the Antients, with +a Collection of Theorems and Problems without solutions for the Exercise of +young Students_. This work was printed anonymously at Canterbury, but the +merits of the essay did not permit the author to remain long in obscurity; +the real writer was immediately known to most of the geometers of the day, +and the elegant character of many of the theorems and problems, led to a +general desire that their solutions should be published in a separate work. +In accordance with this intention, it was announced on a fly-sheet attached +to some copies of the work, that-- + + "The author of this publication being a man of leisure, and living in a + retired situation, remote from any opportunity of conversation with + mathematicians, would be extremely glad of a correspondence with any + such, who are willing to be at the expense of the same; or if this be + thought too much, will pay the postage of his answers to their letters. + But no letters, except post-paid, can be received by him; otherwise a + door would be opened for frolic, imposition, and impertinence. Any new + geometrical propositions, either theorems or problems, would be + received with gratitude, and if sent without solutions, he would use + his best endeavours to return such as might be satisfactory. Any new + solutions of propositions already in print, _especially of those + included in the present collection_, would also be very agreeable. If a + variety of such demonstrations essentially different from those of the + original authors should be communicated, he proposes at some future + time to publish them all, with a fresh collection for further exercise; + and then each author's name shall be affixt to his own solution, or any + other signature which he shall please to direct. Any person who shall + favor the publisher with his correspondence shall have speedily + conveyed to him the solutions of any propositions contained in this + collection, which he may be desirous of seeing. Letters (post-paid) + directed for P. Q., to be left at Mr. Nourse's, Bookseller, in the + {527} Strand, London, will be carefully transmitted on the first day of + each month, and all correspondents may expect answers during the course + of that month." + +In consequence of this appeal, Mr. Lawson was speedily in correspondence +with several of the most able geometers then living, and amongst the rest, +Messrs. Ainsworth, Clarke, Merrit, Power, &c., appear to have furnished him +with original solutions to his collection of theorems and problems. The +manuscript containing these solutions must have been of considerable size, +since a portion of it was sent down to Manchester about July, 1777, for the +purpose of obtaining Mr. Ainsworth's remarks and corrections; and Mr. +Lawson is requested, in a letter bearing date "August 22, 1777," to "send +the next portion when convenient." Whether Mr. Lawson did so or not, I have +not yet been able to ascertain; but this much is certain, the manuscript +was never printed, and would most probably either be disposed of at the +death of its compiler, or previously transferred to the possession of some +geometer of Mr. Lawson's acquaintance. Several of the _original_ letters +which passed between the respective parties relating to this manuscript are +at present in the hands of two or three of the Lancashire geometers, but no +one seems to know anything of the manuscript itself. May I then request +that the fortunate holder of this yet valuable collection will make himself +known through the medium of the widely circulated pages of "N. & Q." + +T. T. WILKINSON. + +Burnley, Lancashire. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + +_"Wanderings of Memory."_--In Brayley's _Graphic and Historical +Illustrator_, p. 293., is a quotation from the _Wanderings of Memory_, as a +motto to an account of the ancient castle of the Peverils at Castleton, in +Derbyshire: can any of your readers tell me who was the author of the poem +in question? + +W. R. + +Camden Town. + +_"Wandering Willie's Tale."_--Has the scene that presented itself to the +view of Piper Steenie Steenson, when he was ushered by the phantom of his +old friend Dougal M^cCallum into the presence of the ghastly revellers +carousing in the auld oak parlour of the visionary Redgauntlet Castle, ever +been painted? (See _Redgauntlet_, Letter xi.) If it has, is there any +engraving of the picture extant or on sale? + +C. FORBES. + +Temple. + +_Chapel Sunday._--I had the pleasure of spending a Sunday in the course of +the last summer in the neighbourhood of Keswick, among the delightful lake +scenery of England. I there learned that in the village of Thornthwaite it +was Chapel Sunday, and on inquiry I was told that there were a few other +villages in the neighbourhood where there was also a Chapel Sunday. Upon +this day it is the custom of young people to come from neighbouring places +to attend worship at the village church or chapel, and the afternoon +partakes of a merry-making character at the village inn. There appeared, as +far as I could see, no excesses attending the anniversary, all being +respectable in their conduct. Can any of your Cambrian readers inform me +the origin of this anniversary? + +PRESTONIENSIS. + +_Proud Salopians._--I have never heard a satisfactory account of the origin +of this title, given to persons belonging to my native county. + +In the neighbourhood the following story is frequently related, but with +what authority I cannot tell, viz. "That upon the king (Query which?) +offering to make Shrewsbury a city, the inhabitants replied that they +preferred its remaining the largest borough in England, rather than it +should be the smallest city; their pride not allowing them to be small +among the great." + +If this history of the term be true, it would appear that the name should +only be applied to _burgesses of Shrewsbury_. + +SALOPIAN. + +_George Miller, D.D._--In the year 1796, George Miller, subsequently the +author of _Modern History Philosophically Illustrated_, and many other +well-known works (of which a list appears in a recent Memoir), was +appointed Donnelan Lecturer in Trinity College, Dublin; and delivered a +course of sermons or lectures on "An Inquiry into the Causes that have +impeded the further Progress of Christianity." I should be very glad indeed +to know whether these Sermons have appeared in print; and if so, when and +where published? I have not been able to procure a copy. + +With regard to the Donnelan Lectureship, I may add, that a legacy of 1243l. +was bequeathed to the College of Dublin by Mrs. Anne Donnelan, of the +parish of St. George, Hanover Square, in the county of Middlesex, spinster, +"for the encouragement of religion, learning, and good manners." The +particular mode of application was entrusted to the Provost and Senior +Fellows; and accordingly, amongst other resolutions of the Board, passed +Feb. 22, 1794, are to be found the following: "That a Divinity Lecture, to +which shall be annexed a salary arising from the interest of 1200l., shall +be established for ever, to be called Donnelan's Lecture;" and "That one +moiety of the interest of the said 1200l. shall be paid to the Lecturer as +soon as he shall have delivered the whole number [six] of the lectures; and +the other moiety as soon as he shall have _published_ four of the said +Lectures." + +ABHBA. {528} + +_Members of Parliament._--Pennant, in _The Journey from Chester to London_, +p. 94., says: + + "The ancient owners of Rudgley were of the same name with the town: + some of the family had the honour of being sheriffs of the county in + the reign of Edward III. _Another was knight of the shire in the same + period._" + +Can any reader of "N. & Q." verify the _last portion_ of Pennant's +statement? + +J. W. S. R. + +St. Ives, Hunts. + +_Taret._--I have lately met with mention of a "small insect called the +_Taret_." What may this be? + +TYRO. + +_Jeroboam of Claret, &c._--Could any of your correspondents inform me what +a Jeroboam of Claret is, and from what it is derived: also a Magnum of +Port? + +WINEBIBBER. + +_William Williams of Geneva._--In _Livre des Anglois, a Geneve_, with a few +biographical notes by J. S. Burn, Esq., pages 5, 6. 12, 13., mention is +made of Guillaume--Will[=m] Will[=m]s, and Jane his wife,--Will[=m] +Will[=m]s, a senior of the church there in 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558; and some +of the years he was a godfather. I shall be glad to have some further +account of such William Williams, or references to where to find such? + +GLWYSIG. + +_The First of April and "The Cap awry."_--Tom Moore, in his Diary, 1819, +says: + + "April 1st. Made Bessy turn her cap awry in honour of the day." + +What was the origin of this custom? Was this the way a fool was supposed to +show that his head was turned? + +C. R. + +Paternoster Row. + +_Sir G. Browne, Bart._--Sir George Browne, Bart., of West Stafford, Berks, +and Wickham, is said to have had nineteen children by his wife Eleanor +Blount; and that three of those children were sons, killed in the service +of Charles I. + +Was either of those sons named Richard; and was any of them, and which, +married? If so, where, and to whom? + +NEWBURY. + +_Bishop Butler._--Will any of our Roman Catholic friends tell us on what +authority they assert that Bishop Butler, the author of _The Analogy_, died +in their communion? That he was suspected of a tendency that way during his +life is acknowledged by all, though the grounds, that of setting up a cross +in his chapel, are confessedly unsatisfactory. But, besides this, it is +alleged that he died with a Roman Catholic book of devotion in his hand, +and that the last person in whose company he was seen was a priest of that +persuasion. One would be glad to have this question sifted. + +X. Y. Z. + +_Oaken Tombs._--In Dr. Whitaker's noble history of _Loidis and Elmete_, p. +322., is the following passage: + + "Next in point of time is a very singular memorial, which has evidently + been removed from its original position, between the chapel and the + high altar, to a situation at the south side and west end of the + chapel.... The tomb is a messy frame-work of oak, with quarter-foils + and arms on three sides, and on the table above three statues of the + same material, namely, of a knight bare-headed, with rather youthful + countenance and sharp features, and his two wives. On the filleting is + this rude inscription in Old English: + + 'Bonys emong Stonys, lyes here ful styl, + Quilst the sawle wanders wher God wyl. + Anno D^{ni} MCCCCCXXIX.' + + This commemorates Sir John Savile, who married, &c. + + "Over all has been a canopy, or rather tester, for the whole must have + originally resembled an antique and massy bedstead, exhibiting the very + incongruous appearance of a husband in bed with two wives at once." + +The Doctor adds: + + "Oaken tombs are very rare; that of Aymer de Valence in Westminster + Abbey has been and still is in part coated over with copper, gilt, and + enamelled, and I have seen another in the church of Tickencote in + Rutlandshire. I do not recollect a third specimen." + +Query, How many have been discovered since the great historian's day? + +ST. BEES. + +_Alleged Bastardy of Elizabeth._--In the State Paper Office (_Dom. Pap._, +temp. Jac. I.), there is, under date of 1608, a letter from Mr. +Chamberlaine to Sir Dudley Carleton, of October 28, in which Chamberlaine +says: + + "I heare of a Bill put into the Exchequer, concerninge much lande that + sh^d be alienated on account of the alleged bastardy of Queen + Elizabeth." + +P. C. S. S. is desirous to know whether there be any record in the Court of +Exchequer which bears out this singular statement. + +P. C. S. S. + +_"Pugna Porcorum."_--Where may be found some account of the author, object, +&c. of this facetious production? + +P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A. + +_Parviso._--Can any of your readers inform me as to the meaning of the word +_parviso_; it occurs in the usual form of the "Testamur" for Responsions. +On reference to Webster's _Dictionary_, I find that _parvis_ is a small +porch or gateway; perhaps this may throw some light upon the question. + +OXONIENSIS. + +_Mr. Justice Newton._--There is a very stiff Indian-ink copy of a portrait +in the _Sutherland Illustrated Clarendon_, in the Bodleian Library, the +original of which I should be glad to trace. It is described in the +Catalogue to be "by Bulfinch," {529} which is probably a mistake. It bears +the following inscription: + + "This is drawn from the painting in the hands of Mr. Justice Newton of + the Middle Temple." + +Can any one inform me when this learned justice lived; or rather, for it +concerns me more, when he died? And farther, if it be not too hopeless an +inquiry to make, who his existing representatives (if any) may be? + +F. KYFFIN LENTHALL. + +36. Mount Street, Grosvenor Square. + +_Mufti._--I hear military men employ this term, "we went in _mufti_:" +meaning, out of uniform. Whence is it derived? + +MARIA. + +_Ryming and Cuculling._--In that very curious volume of extracts from _The +Presbytery Book of Strathbogie_, A.D. 1631-54, which was printed for the +Spalding Club in 1843, occurs the following passage: + + "George Jinkin and John Christie referred from the Session of + Abercherder, for _ryming and cuculling_, called, compeird not. Ordained + to be summonded _pro_ 2^o."--P. 242. + +Accordingly, on-- + + "The said day, George Jinkin in Abercherder, being summonded for his + _ryming and cuculling_, being called, compeired; and being accused of + the foresaid fault, confessed he only spoke three words of _that ryme_. + Being sharpely rebuked, and instructed of the grosnes of that sin, was + ordained to satisfie in sackcloth, which he promised to do."--P. 245. + +What was the "fault" here alluded to, and visited with a species of +discipline with which the presbytery, and those under its jurisdiction, +appear to have been very familiar? + +D. + +_Custom at the Savoy Church._--At the Savoy Church (London), the Sunday +following Christmas Day, there was a chair placed near the door, covered +with a cloth: on the chair was an orange, in a plate. + +Can any of the readers of "N. & Q." inform me the meaning of this? + +CERIDWEN. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries with Answers. + +_Faithfull Teate._--I lately fell in with a small work by this divine, +entitled _Ter Tria_, and on the fly-leaf is a MS. note, stating that some +years ago a copy of the same book was priced, in a bookseller's catalogue +in London, at 1l. 7s. 6d. I wish to learn some particulars relative to the +author, and if the work is valuable, or scarce, or both. + +J. S. + + [Neither Calamy nor Brook has furnished any biographical notices of Dr. + Faithfull Teate. When he wrote _Ter Tria_, in 1658, he was a "Preacher + of the Word at Sudbury in Suffolk." A second edition of it was + published in 1669. In 1665 appeared his _Scripture Map of the + Wildernesse of Sin_," 4to. In a discourse on _Right Thoughts, the + Righteous Man's Evidence_, he has the following passage, accommodated + to his own destitute state after his ejectment: "The righteous man, in + thinking of his present condition of life, thinks it his relief, that + the less money he has he may go the more upon trust; the less he finds + in his purse, seeks the more in the promise of Him that has said, 'I + will never leave thee, nor forsake thee;' so that he thinks no man can + take away his livelihood, unless he can first take away God's truth." + Lowndes has given the following prices of _Ter Tria_: Sir M. M. Sykes, + part iii. 626., 5s.; Nassau, part ii. 682., 8s.; White Knights, 4068., + 1l.; _Bibl. Ang. Poet._, 764., 1l. 11s. 6d.] + +_Kelway Family._--Can any of the readers of "N. & Q." guide me to anything +like a pedigree of the family of _Kelloway_, _Kaloway_, or _Kelway_; which +I find from Lysons' _Devonshire_ possessed the manor of Mokesbean in that +county from the time of Henry II.? + +In the first year of Edward III., when the property of those who suffered +after the battle of Boroughbridge was restored, John de Keilewaye was found +"haeres de integro sanguine" to Lord Gifford of Brimesfield. + +The last of the family appears to have been John Kelloway of Collampton in +Devon, who married Joan Tregarthian; and dying in 1530, left co-heiresses +married to Greville of Penheale, Codrington of Codrington, Harwood, and +Cooke. + +The arms of the family are singular, being, Argent within a bordure +engrailed sable, two groving irons in saltire sable, between four pears Or. + +R. H. C. + + [The pedigree of this family will be found in two copies by Munday of + the "Visitation of Devonshire," A.D. 1564, in the Harleian MSS. 1091. + p. 90., and 1538, p. 2166. The only difference in the arms is, in both + copies, that there is _no bordure engrailed_; but this has probably + been added since as a _difference_, as was often done to distinguish + families. The name is here spelt _Kelloway_, and the pedigree begins + with "Thomas Kelloway of Stowford in County Devon, who married Anne, + daughter of ---- Copleston, of ----, in county Somerset," and ends with + "John Kelloway, who married Margery, daughter of John Arscott of + Dunsland, and left issue Robert, who married ----, and Richard."] + +_Regatta._--What is the etymology of the word _regatta_? From whence is it +derived, and when was it first used in English to mean a boat-race? + +C. B. N. C. J. S. + + [Baretti says, "Regatta, _palio che si corre sull' acqua_; a race run + on water in boats. The word I take to be corrupted from _Remigata_, the + art of rowing." Florio, in his _Worlde of Wordes_, has "_Regattare_, + Ital. to wrangle, to cope or fight for the mastery." The term, as + denoting a showy species of boat-race, was first used in this {530} + country towards the close of the last century; for the papers of that + time inform us, that on June 23, 1775, a regatta, a _novel_ + entertainment, and the first of the kind, was exhibited in the river + Thames, in imitation of some of those splendid shows exhibited at + Venice on their grand festivals. The whole river, from London Bridge to + the Ship Tavern, Millbank, was covered with boats. About 1200 flags + were flying before four o'clock in the afternoon, and vessels were + moored in the river for the sale of liquors and other refreshments. + Before six o'clock it was a perfect fair on both sides the water, and + bad liquor, with short measure, was plentifully retailed. Plans of the + regatta were sold from a shilling to a penny each, and songs on the + occasion sung, in which "regatta" was the rhyme for "Ranelagh," and + "royal family" echoed to "liberty."] + +_Coket and Cler-mantyn._--Piers Plowman says that when new corn began to be +sold-- + + "Waulde no beggar eat bread that in it beanes were, + But of _coket_ and _cler-mantyn_, or else of cleane wheate." + +What are _coket_ and _cler-mantyn_? Also, what are _coronation flowers_, +and _sops in wine_? + +CERIDWEN. + + [Both _coket_ and _cler-mantyn_ mean a kind of fine bread. _Coronation_ + is the name given by some of our old writers to a species of flower, + the modern appellation of which is not clear. _Sops-in-wine_ were a + species of flowers among the smaller kind of single gilliflowers or + pinks. Both these flowers are noticed by Spenser, in his _Shepherd's + Calendar_ for April, as follows: + + "Bring coronations and sops-in-wine + Worn of paramours."] + + * * * * * + + +Replies. + +CURFEW. + +(Vol. vi., pp. 53. 112.) + +It will be remembered that when Mr. Webster, one of the greatest of +American statesmen, was on his death-bed, in October last, he requested his +son to read to him that far-famed "Elegy" of Gray: + + "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." + +The editor of the _Boston Journal_, after referring to this circumstance, +which he says has caused an unexampled demand for the works of Gray in the +United States, goes on to give the result of his researches in many old +English works, respecting the origin and meaning of the word _curfew_, +which I trust will interest not only your correspondents who have written +on the subject, but also many of your readers. I glean from the clever +article now before me the following brief notices, which I have not yet met +with in "N. & Q." + +In King Alfred's time the curfew was rung at eight o'clock, and called the +"cover fire bell," because the inhabitants, on hearing its peals, were +obliged to cover their fires, and go to bed. Thomson evidently refers, in +the following lines, to this tyrannical law, which was abolished in England +about the year 1100: + + "The shiv'ring wretches at the curfew sound, + Dejected sunk into their sordid beds, + And through the mournful gloom of ancient time, + Mused sad, or dreamt of better." + +On the people finding that they could put out their fires and go to bed +when they pleased, it would appear, from being recorded in many places, +that the time of ringing the curfew bell was first changed from eight to +nine o'clock, then from nine to ten, and afterwards to the early hours of +the morning. Thus we find in _Romeo and Juliet_: + + "The curfew bell hath rung: + 'Tis _three o'clock_." + +In Shakspeare's works frequent mention is made of the curfew. In the +_Tempest_ he gives the following: + + "You whose pastime + Is to make midnight mushrooms--that rejoice + To hear the solemn curfew." + +In _Measure for Measure_: + + "_Duke._ Who call'd here of late? + _Provost._ None since the curfew rung." + +In _King Lear_: + + "This is the foul fiend Flibertigibbet; + He begins at curfew, and walks to the first cock." + +This old English custom of ringing the curfew bell was carried by the +Puritan fathers to New England; and where is the Bostonian of middle age +who does not well recollect the ringing of the church bell at nine o'clock, +which was the willing signal for labourers to retire to bed, and for +shopmen to close their shops? + +Before closing this Note, may I be allowed to inform MR. SANSOM, that +_Charlestown_ is in Massachusetts, and only separated from Boston by +Charles River, which runs between the two cities. The place to which he +refers is _Charleston_, and in South Carolina. + +W. W. + +Malta. + + * * * * * + + +THE "SALT-PETER-MAN." + +(Vol. vii., pp. 377. 433. 460.) + +The statute against monopolies (21 Jac. I. c. 3.) contains a clause (sec. +10.) that its provisions should not extend to any commission grant or +letters patent theretofore made, or thereafter to be made, of, for, or +concerning the digging, making, or compounding of saltpetre or gunpowder, +which were to be of the like force and effect, _and no other_, as if that +act had never been made. + +In the famous "Remonstrance of the State of the Kingdom" agreed upon by the +House of Commons in November, 1641, there is special allusion to the +vexation and oppression of the {531} subject by purveyors, clerks of the +market, and saltpetre men. (_Parliamentary History_, x. 67.) + +Shortly afterwards was passed an act (which obtained the royal assent) +giving liberty for importing gunpowder and saltpetre, and for making of +gunpowder. The preamble asserts that the importation of gunpowder from +foreign parts had of late times been against law prohibited, and the making +thereof within this realm ingrossed; whereby the price of gunpowder had +been excessively raised, many powder works decayed, this kingdom very much +weakened and endangered, the merchants thereof much damnified, many +mariners and others taken prisoners and brought into miserable captivity +and slavery, many ships taken by Turkish and other pirates, and many other +inconveniences had from thence ensued, and more were likely to ensue, if +not timely prevented. (17 _Car. I._ c. 21.) + +Lord Clarendon, in reviewing the various "important laws" of the Long +Parliament to which the king assented, makes the following observations +with reference to this particular act: + + "'An Act for the free making Saltpetre and Gunpowder within the + Kingdom:' which was a part of the prerogative; and not only + considerable, as it restrained that precious and dangerous commodity + from vulgar hands; but, as in truth it brought a considerable revenue + to the crown, and more to those whom the crown gratified and obliged by + that license. The pretence for this exemption was, 'the unjustifiable + proceeding of those (or of inferior persons qualified by them) who had + been trusted in that employment,' by whom, it cannot be denied, many + men suffered: but the true reason was, that thereby they might be sure + to have in readiness a good stock in that commodity, against the time + their occasions should call upon them."--_History of Rebellion_, book + iii. + +On the 3rd April, 1644, the Lords and Commons passed an ordinance for the +making of saltpetre, &c. This was grounded on the following allegations: + + "1. The great expence of gunpowder, occasioned by the then war within + his Majesty's dominions, had well near consumed the old store, and did + exhaust the magazines so fast, that without a larger supply, the navy + forts and the land armies could not be furnished. + + "2. Foreign saltpetre was not in equal goodness with that of our own + country, and the foreign gunpowder far worse conditioned and less + forcible than that which is made in England. + + "3. Divers foreign estates had of date prohibited the exportation of + salt-peter and gunpowder out of their own dominions and countries, so + that there could be but little hope or future expectation of any peter + or powder to be brought into this kingdom, as in former times, which + would enforce us to make use of our own materials." + +From these circumstances, it was held most necessary that the digging of +saltpetre and making of gunpowder should by all fit means be encouraged, at +that time when it so much concerned the public safety; nevertheless, to +prevent the reviving of those _oppressions and exactions_ exercised upon +the people, under the colourable authority of commissions granted to +_salt-peter-men_; which burden had been eased since the sitting of that +Parliament. To the end there might not be any pretence to interrupt the +work, it was ordained that the committee of safety, their factors, workmen, +and servants, should have power and authority, (within prescribed hours) to +search and dig for saltpetre in all pigeon-houses, stables, cellars, +vaults, empty warehouses, and other outhouses, yards, and places likely to +afford that earth. + +The _salt-peter-men_ were to level the ground and repair damage done by +them; or might be compelled to do so by the deputy-lieutenants, justices of +the peace, or committees of parliament. + +The _salt-peter-men_ were also empowered to take carts, by the known +officers, for carriage of the liquor, vessels, and other utensils, from +place to place, at specified prices, and under limitations as to weight and +distance; and they were freed from taxes and tolls for carriages used about +their works, and empowered to take outhouses, &c., for their workhouses, +making satisfaction to the owners. + +This ordinance was to continue for two years, from 25th March, 1644. + +An ordinance of a similar character was passed 9th February, 1652, to be in +force till 25th March, 1656 (_Scobell_, 231.). + +By an act of the Lord Protector and Parliament, made in 1656, it was +enacted that no person or persons should dig within the houses or lands of +any person or persons of the commonwealth for the finding of saltpetre, nor +take the carriages of any person or persons for the carrying of their +materials or vessels, without their leave first obtained or had. +(_Scobell_, 377.) This is the act referred to by BROCTUNA ("N. & Q.," Vol. +vii., p. 434.), and by my friend MR. ISAIAH DECK ("N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. +460.), though I am not certain that MR. DECK'S inference be correct, that +this act was passed in consequence of the new and uncertain process for +obtaining the constituents of nitre having failed; and it is quite clear +that Lord Coke could not have referred to this act. The enactment referred +to is introduced by way of proviso in an act allowing the exportation of +goods of English manufacture (_inter alia_, of gunpowder, when the price +did not exceed 5l. per cwt.). + +Allow me, in connexion, with this subject, to refer to Cullum's _History of +Hawsted_, 1st edition, pp. 150. and 151., also to the statute 1 Jac. II. c. +8. s. 3., by which persons obtaining any letters patent for the sole making +or importing gunpowder are subjected to the pains and penalties of +praemunire. + +C. H. COOPER. + +Cambridge. {532} + + * * * * * + + +FORMS OF JUDICIAL OATHS. + +(Vol. vii., p. 458.) + +Will you permit me to make a few observations in reply to the Queries of +MR. H. H. BREEN on this subject? + +There is hardly any custom more ancient than for a person imposing a +promise on another to call on him to bind himself by an oath to the due +performance of it. In this oath the person swearing calls on God, the king, +his father, or some person or thing to whom he attaches authority or value, +to inflict on him punishment or loss in case he breaks his oath. The mode +of swearing is, in one particular, almost everywhere and in every age the +same. + +When a father, a friend, a sword, or any corporeal object is sworn by, _the +swearer places his hand upon it_, and then swears. When a man, however, +swore by the Deity, on whom he cannot place his hand, he raised his hand to +heaven towards the God by whom he swore. + +When Abraham made Abimelech swear to obey him, he caused him to place his +hand under his thigh, and then imposed the oath; and when Jacob, by his +authority as a father, compelled his son Joseph to swear to perform his +promise, he ordered him to go through a similar ceremony. (Genesis, ch. +xxiv. v. 5., and ch. xlvii. v. 29.) + +In the prophet Daniel we read that-- + + "The man clothed in linen which was upon the waters, held up his right + hand and his left hand unto heaven, and sware by Him that liveth for + ever and ever," &c.--Daniel, ch. xii. v. 7. + +In the Revelation we also find-- + + "And the angel, which I saw stand upon the sea and the earth, lifted up + his hand to heaven and sware by Him that liveth for ever and ever," + &c.--Revelation, ch. x. v. 5, 6. + +Your correspondent inquires how oaths were taken prior to their being taken +on the Gospel. + +Among the nations who overthrew the Roman empire, the most common mode of +swearing was on the relics of the saints. In England, I think, the most +common mode was to swear on the corporalia or eucharistic elements, whence +we still have the common phrase "upon your corporal oath." In each case the +hand was placed on the thing sworn by. + +The laws of the Alamanni as to conjurators, direct that the sacrament shall +be so arranged that all the conjurators shall place their hands upon the +coffer (containing the relics), and that the principal party shall place +his hand on all theirs, and then they are to swear on the relics. (_Ll. +Alam._ cap. 657.) + +The custom of swearing on the Gospels is repeatedly mentioned in the laws +of the Lombards. (_Ll. Longo._ 1 tit. 21. c. 25.; _Ll. Longo._ 2. tit. 55. +c. 2., and c. 2. tit. 34. _et al._) + +In the _Formularies of Marculphus_, two forms of oaths are given, one says +that-- + + "In palatio nostro super capella domini Martini ubi reliqua sacramenta + percurrunt debeat conjurare." + +In the other we read-- + + "Posita manu supra sacrosanctium altare sancti ... sic juratus dixit. + Juro per hunc locum sanctum et Deum altissimum et virtutis sancti ... + quod," &c. + +In the laws of Cnut of England, two forms of oath are given. They both +begin with "By the Lord before whom this relic is holy." (_Ancient Laws and +Justice of England_, p. 179.) + +Your correspondent asks "what form of Judicial oath was first sanctioned by +Christians as a body?" + +In the history of the Council of Constantinople, it is stated that-- + + "George, the well beloved of God, a deacon and keeper of the records, + having touched the Holy Gospels of God, swore in this manner, 'By these + Holy Scriptures, and by the God who by them has spoken,'" &c. + +At the Council of Nice it is said that-- + + "Prayer having been offered up, every one saluted the Holy Gospels, the + venerated cross and image of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, and of + our Lady the mother of God, and placed his hands upon them in + confirmation of what he had said." + +From these I infer that the custom of swearing on the Gospels received the +sanction of the church at a very early period. + +In reply to the question as to other modes of swearing, it may be said +briefly, that men swore by anything to which they attached any importance, +and generally by that to which they attached most importance. + +By the laws of the Alamanni, a wife could claim her _Morgen-gabe_ (or the +gift of the morning after the wedding night) by swearing to its amount on +her breast; and by the Droits d'Augsbourg, by swearing to it on her two +breasts and two tresses. + +Nothing was more common than for a man to swear by his beard. This custom +is alluded to by one of Shakspeare's fools, who suggests that if a certain +knight swore by his honour, and his mistress by her beard, neither of them +_could_ be forsworn. + +In the canons of the Fourth Council of Orleans, we read-- + + "Le Roi lui-meme, ou le plus renomme des chevaliers presents, ayant + decoupe le paon, se leva, et mettant la main sur l'oiseau, fit un voeu + hardi; Ensuite il passa le plat, et chacun de ceux qui le recurent fit + un voeu semblable." + +In the year 1306, Edward I. of England swore an oath on two swans. + +It was also very common from an early period, both in England and abroad, +to swear by one, two, seven, or twelve churches. The deponent went {533} to +the appointed number of churches, and at each, taking the ring of the +church door in his hand, repeated the oath. + +One of the most curious specimens of the practice of swearing men by that +to which they attached most importance, is to be found in an Hindoo law. It +says, let a judge swear a Brahmin by his veracity; a soldier by his horses, +his elephants, or his arms; an agriculturist by his cows, his grain, or his +money; and a Soudra by all his crimes. + +JOHN THRUPP. + +Surbiton. + +I know nothing about judicial oaths: but the origin of the form MR. BREEN +states to be used by the Roman Catholics of the Continent, and the Scotch +Presbyterians, may be seen in Dan. xii. 7.: "When he held up his right hand +and his left hand unto heaven, and sware by him that liveth for ever." And +in Revelation x. 5, 6.: "And the angel ... lifted up his hand to heaven, +and sware by him," &c. See also Genesis xiv. 22. + +MARIA. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. + +_Washing Collodion Pictures--Test for Lens._--As I was indebted to the +kindness of DR. DIAMOND, amongst other friends, for my original initiation +into the mysteries of photography, it may appear somewhat presumptuous in +me to differ from one who has had so much more experience in a point of +practice. I allude to that of _washing_ the collodion negative after +developing, previously to fixing with the hyposulphite of soda; but, +probably, the reasons I urge may have some weight. As the hyposulphite +solution is intended to be used repeatedly, it appears to me not advisable +to introduce into it _any free acid_ (which must occur if the negative be +not washed, although the quantity at each operation may be small), because +it causes a decomposition of the salt, setting free _sulphurous_ acid, and +also sulphur; which last is slightly soluble in the hyposulphite of soda, +and thus the sulphur is brought in contact with the reduced silver, and +forms a sulphuret of that metal. But the change does not stop here: for, by +the lapse of time, oxygen is absorbed, and thus a _sulphate of silver_ is +formed, and the colour changed from black to white. That sulphur is set +free by the addition of an acid to the solution of hyposulphite of soda, is +fact so easily demonstrable both to the eyes and nose of the operator, that +no one need remain long in doubt who is desirous of trying the experiment. + +A correspondent desires to know how to test the coincidence or otherwise of +the visual and actinic foci of a combination: this is very readily +accomplished by the aid of a _focimeter_, which can be easily made thus: + +Procure a piece of stout card-board, or thin wood covered with white paper, +on which draw a considerable number of fine black lines, or cover it with +some fine black net (what I believe the ladies call _blond_), which may be +pasted on. Cut up the whole into a dozen good-sized pieces of any +convenient form, so that about four square inches of surface at least be +allowed to each piece. Paste over the _net_ a circular or square label +about the size of a shilling, bearing a distinctly printed number one on +each piece, from 1 upwards; and arrange the pieces in any convenient manner +by means of wires inserted into a slip of wood; but they must be so placed +that the _whole_ can be seen from one point of view, although each piece +must be placed so that it is _one inch_ farther from the operator than the +next lowest number. Having placed the camera eight or ten feet from the +cards, carefully focus to any one of the numbers, 4 or 5 for instance and +observe, not that the _number_ is distinct, but that the minute lines or +threads of the net are visible: then take a picture, exposing it a very +short time, and the threads of the card bearing the number that was most +perfectly in focus visually _ought_ to be most distinct; but, if otherwise, +that which is most distinct will not only show whether the lens is over or +under corrected, but will indicate the _amount_ of error. If under +corrected, a lower number will be most distinct; if over corrected, a +higher. + +GEO. SHADBOLT. + +_Test for Lenses._--I beg to submit to a COUNTRY PRACTITIONER the following +very simple test for the coincidence of the chemical and visual foci of an +achromatic lens: + +Take a common hand-bill or other sheet of printed paper, and having +stretched it on a board, place it before the lens in an oblique position, +so that the plane of the board may make an angle with a vertical plane of +about thirty or forty degrees. Bring any line of type about the middle of +the sheet into the true visual focus, and take a copy of the sheet by +collodion or otherwise. Then, if the line of type focussed upon be +reproduced clearly and sharply on the plate, the lens is correct; but if +any other line be found sharper than the test one, the foci disagree; and +the amount of error will depend on the distance of the two lines of type +one from the other on the hand-bill. + +J. A. MILES. + +Fakenham, Norfolk. + +_Improvement in Positives._--I have great pleasure in communicating to you +an improvement in the process of taking positives, which may not be +uninteresting to some of your readers, and which ensures by far the most +beautiful tints I have yet seen. I take three ounces of the hyposulphite of +soda, and dissolve it in one pint of distilled or rain water; and to this I +add about one or one and a half grains of pyrogallic acid, and seventy +grains {534} of chloride of silver; which must be squeezed up between the +finders facilitate its solution and separate the lumps, which, in their dry +state, are tough, and not easily pulverised. The whole is then to be set +aside for a week or two in a warm place. The solution, at first colourless, +becomes brown, and ultimately quite opaque; in this state it is fit for +use, and the longer kept the better it becomes. I generally use French +paper for this process, and, according to the time of immersion, obtain +fine sepia or black tints; the latter requiring long over-exposure to the +light, and proportionately long exposure to the action of the liquid; which +however will be found, particularly when old, to have a more rapid action +than most other setting liquids, and has the merit of always affording fine +tints, whatever the paper used. I imagine the pyrogallic acid to possess a +reducing influence on the salts of silver employed; but this effect is only +produced by its combination with the hyposulphite of soda and chloride of +silver. I may add, that in any case the pictures should be much overdone +before immersion, as the liquid exerts a rapid bleaching action on them; +and when the liquid becomes saturated, a few crystals of fresh hyposulphite +will renew its action. + +F. MAXWELL LYTE. + +Florian, Torquay. + +P. S.--In answer to a COUNTRY PRACTITIONER, he will find great assistance +in choosing his lens by laying it on a sheet of blue wove post paper, when +he will immediately perceive the slightest yellow tinge in the glass, this +being the fault which frequently affects many well-ground and well-made +lenses. Of course, for sharpness of outline he must be guided entirely by +experiment in the camera; but where weakness of action exists, it most +frequently arises from this yellow colouration, and which the manufacturers +say is very difficult to avoid. + + [MR. LYTE having sent with his communication a positive prepared in the + manner described, we are enabled to corroborate all he says as to the + richness and beauty of its tints.] + +_Cheap Portable Tent._--M. F. M. inquires for a cheap and portable tent for +working collodion out of doors. I have been using one lately constructed on +the principle of Francis's camera stand. It has a good size table, made +like the rolling patent shutters; and it is not necessary to stoop, or sit +down at your work, which is a great consideration on a hot day: you may get +them of any respectable dealer in photographic apparatus; it is called +Francis's Collodion Tent. + +H. D. FRANCIS. + +_Rev. Mr. Sisson's New Developing Fluid_ (Vol. vii., p. 462.).--The REV. +MR. SISSON's developing fluid for collodion positives, the formula for +which was published in the last Number of "N. & Q.," is merely a weak +solution of the protonitrate and protosulphate of iron. It does not, as he +seems to think, contain any lead; for the whole of the latter is +precipitated as sulphate, which the acetic acid does not dissolve even to +the smallest extent: and MR. SISSON will find that an equivalent proportion +of the nitrate of baryta will answer equally as well as the nitrate of +lead. + +I have myself for a long time been in the habit of using a weak solution of +the protonitrate of iron in conjunction with acetic acid for positive +pictures; for, although I do not consider it so good a developer as that +made according to the formula of DR. DIAMOND, it produces very good +pictures; occupies very little time in preparing, and will moreover keep +good for a much longer time than a more concentrated solution would. + +J. LEACHMAN. + +20. Compton Terrace, Islington. + + * * * * * + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + +_Vanes_ (Vol. v., p. 490.).--Taking up by accident the other day your fifth +volume, I saw what I believe is a still unanswered Query respecting the +earliest notice of vanes as indicators of the wind; and turning to my notes +I found the following extract from Beckman's _Inventions, &c._: + + "In Ughelli Italia Sacra, Romae 1652, fol. iv., p 735., we find the + following inscription on a weathercock then existing at Brixen; + '_Dominus Rampertus Episc. gallum hunc fieri praecepit an. 820._'" + +L. A. M. + +_Loselerius Villerius_ (Vol. vii., p. 454.).--I beg to inform S. A. S. that +his copy of the New Testament, which wants the title-page, was printed by +Henry Stephens the second, at Geneva, in the year 1580. As to it being +"valuable," I should not consider him unfortunate if he could exchange it +for a shilling. + +Loselerius Villerius was Pierre l'Oyseleur de Villiers, a professor of +Genevan divinity, who came over to London, and there published Beza's Latin +version of the New Testament, in 1574. He was not, however, as your +correspondent supposed him to be, the editor of the decapitated volume in +question; but Beza transferred his notes to an impression completed by +himself. + +S. A. S. has, in the next place, inquired for any satisfactory "list of +editions of the Bible." It appears that, so far as he is concerned, Le +Long, Boerner, Masch, and Cotton have lived and laboured in vain. + +The folio Bible lastly described by your correspondent is _not_ "so great a +curiosity" as family tradition maintained. The annotations "placed in due +order" are merely the Genevan notes.--See {535} the Archdeacon of Cashel's +very accurate and excellent work, _Editions of the Bible, and Parts +thereof, in English_, p. 75.: Oxford, 1852. + +R. G. + +_Westminster Parishes_ (Vol. vii., p. 454.).--In 1630 the City and +Liberties of Westminster contained the churches of St. Margaret, St. +Martin-in-the-Fields, St. Clement Danes, and St. John Baptist Savoy. + +The registers of burials, marriages, and christenings, of St. Margaret's +Church, began January 1, 1538. + +The Fire of London did not destroy any church in Westminster. + +MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A. + +_Hevristic_ (Vol. vii., p. 237.).--The term _hevristisch_, in the first +edition of the translation of Kant's _Critik_, is not given in the +vocabulary appended to the translation; but under the word _ostensiv_ it is +stated that in its meaning it stands opposed to the word _euristic_ +(_hevristisch_ in German). But in the second edition, published in 1818, it +is remarked, under the words _evristic_, _euristic_, _hevristisch_, that +the term should, in Sir Wm. Hamilton's opinion, be _euretic_ or _heuretic_; +the word _hevristisch_ being an error of long standing in German +philosophy. The derivation of _euretic_ would be from [Greek: heuretikos]. + +In Tissot's translation, _hevristisch_ is rendered by _heuristique_; in +Mantovani's, by _evristico_; in Born's, by _heuristicus_. In Krug's +_Lexicon_, _hevristik_ is given as derived from [Greek: heurisko, heurein]. +The _hevristic_ method, Krug remarks, is also called the _analytical_. It +may be added, that in the first edition of the _Critik_ (Riga, 1781), the +word is _hevristisch_. In the fourth edition (Riga, 1794), published also +in Kant's lifetime, it is _hevristisch_. In Rosenkranz's edition (Leipzig, +1838), the word is changed into _heuristisch_; and also, in another edition +of the same year, published also at Leipzig, it is written _heuristisch_, +and not _hevristisch_. + +In respect to the Leipzig edition of 1818, which is that now before me, the +term _hevristisch_, in speaking of _hevristich_ principles, is particularly +alluded to. (See page 512. line 10.) I do not find, after a hasty +inspection, this word changed, in any of the editions I possess, to +_empirisch_. + +FRANCIS HAYWOOD. + +Liverpool. + +_Creole_ (Vol. vii., p. 381.).--The word appears to be a French form of the +Spanish _criollo_, which in the dictionary of Nunez de Taboada is defined, +"El hijo de padres Europeos nacido en America;" whilst in the old +dictionary of Stevens (1726) it is translated, "Son of a Spaniard and a +West India woman." In Brande's _Dictionary of Science_, &c. Creole is said +to mean the descendants of whites born in Mexico, South America, or the +West Indies, the blood remaining unmixed with that of other races, &c. + +Von Tschudi says, that in South America the Spaniards apply the term +_Creole_ not only to the human race, but also to horses, bullocks, and even +to poultry. + +A. C. M. + +Exeter. + +_General Monk and the University of Cambridge_ (Vol. vii., pp. 427. +486.).--LEICESTRIENSIS begs to thank MR. C. H. COOPER and MR. J. P. ORD for +their replies to his Query on this subject. He avails himself of this, the +earliest opportunity, of assuring MR. ORD of his readiness to afford him +what slight information is in his power respecting the MS. in question +(which only came into his possession within the last two or three months), +if he will communicate with him as below. + +WILLIAM KELLY. + +Town Hall, Leicester. + +_Ecclesia Anglicana_ (Vol. ii., pp. 12. 440.).--I am much obliged to your +correspondent W. FRASER for his answer to my Query, and the references with +which he supplies me. I shall be glad to ask a still more extensive +question, which will probably explain the object of the former more limited +one. Is it _usual_, in any of the unreformed branches of the church on the +continent, to find a similar appellation (implying distinct nationality) +employed in authoritative documents, _e.g._ would it be possible to find in +the title-pages of any Missal, &c., such words as "in usum Ecclesiae +Hispanicae, Lusitanae, Gallicanae?" If not now, was it more customary in +mediaeval times, and when did it cease? + +Should we be justified in saying, that at _every_ period of her existence, +with rare exceptions, the _Anglican church_, consciously or unconsciously, +maintained the theory of her nationality with greater distinctness than any +of the continental churches? I fancy I have heard, though I cannot state on +what authority, that this assertion might be made most truly of the +Portuguese church, and should be very glad to have any light thrown on the +subject by your able correspondent. Certain it is, that amongst the various +complaints made against Cardinal Wiseman and the Papal aggressors, it has +never been laid to their charge, that they arrogated to themselves the +title of members of the _Anglican church_. + +G. R. M. + +_Gibbon's Library_ (Vol. vii., p. 485.).--In 1838 I purchased some of +Gibbon's books at Lausanne, out of a basketful on sale at a small shop, the +depot of the Religious Tract Society! Edward Gibbon, printed on a small +slip of paper, was pasted in them. + +A. HOLT WHITE. + +_Golden Bees_ (Vol. vii., p. 478.).--When the tomb of Childeric, father of +Clovis, was opened in 1653, there were found, besides the skeletons of his +horse and page, his arms, crystal orb, &c., {536} "more than three hundred +little bees of the purest gold, their wings being inlaid with a red stone +like cornelian." + +CERIDWEN. + +_Passage in Orosius_ (Vol. vii., p. 399.).--May not the "twam tyncenum," +between which Cyrus the Great's officer attempted to cross a river, be the +inflated skins which the Arabs still use, as the ancient inhabitants of +Assyria did, for crossing the Tigris and Euphrates, and of which the +Nimroud sculptures give so many illustrations? + +CERIDWEN. + +_Names first given to Parishes_ (Vol. iv., p. 153.).--I wish to repeat this +Query in another form, and particularly in reference to the termination +_-by_. I suspect that wherever a cluster of villages, like that given by +F. B., occurs with this Danish suffix, it is a proof that the district was +originally a colony of Danes. The one in which I reside (the hundreds of +Flegg), from its situation is particularly likely to have been so. Its +original form was evidently that of a large island in the estuary of the +Yare, which formed numerous inlets in its shores; and this was flanked on +each aisle by a Roman garrison, one the celebrated fortress of Garianonum, +now Burgh Castle, and the other Caistor-next-Yarmouth, in which a camp, +burying-ground, &c., besides its name, sufficiently attest its Roman +origin. The two hundreds of Flegg, (or Fleyg, as appears on its common +seal) comprise twenty villages, thirteen of which terminate in _-by_. These +are Ormesby, Hemesby, Filby, Mauteby, Stokesby, Herringby, Thrigby, +Billockby, Ashby or Askeby, Clippesby, Rollesby, Oby, and Scratby or +Scroteby. + +Professor WORSAAE, I believe, considers Ormesby to have been originally +Gormsby, _i.e._ Gorm's or Guthrum's village, but I have not his work at +hand to refer to. Thrigby, or Trigby as it is vernacularly pronounced, and +Rollesby, may take their names from Trigge or Tricga, and Rollo, names +occurring in Scandinavian history. I should feel obliged if Professors +WORSAAE and STEPHENS, or other Scandinavian antiquaries and scholars, would +kindly inform me if my surmises are correct, and if the rest of the names +may be similarly derived. I should add that Stokesby fully hears out the +suggestion of C. (Vol. v., p. 161.), as there is even now a ferry over the +Bure at that point. The district is entirely surrounded by rivers and +extensive tracts of marshes, and intersected by large inland lakes, locally +termed "Broads," which undoubtedly were all comprised in the estuary, and +which would form safe anchorages for the long galleys of the Northmen. + +E. S. TAYLOR. + +Ormesby, St. Margaret, Norfolk. + +_Grafts and the Parent Tree_ (Vol. vii., p. 436.).--In order to insure the +success of grafts, it is material that they be inserted on congenial +stocks: delicate-growing fruits require dwarf-growing stocks; and free +luxuriant-growing trees require strong stocks. To graft scions of delicate +wooded trees on strong stocks, occasions an over-supply of sap to the +grafts; and though at first they seem to flourish, yet they do not endure. +A few examples of this sort may lead to an opinion, that "grafts, after +some fifteen years, wear themselves out;" but the opinion is not (generally +speaking) well founded. I have for many years grafted the old _Golden +Pippin_ on the _Paradise_ or _Doucin_ stock, and found it to answer very +well, and produce excellent fruit. Taunton has long been famous for its +_Nonpareils_, which are there produced in great excellence and abundance. +The Cornish _Gilliflower_, one of our very best apples, was well known in +the time of King Charles I.; and, as yet, shows no symptoms of decay: that +fruit requires a strong stock. + +The ancient _Ribston Pippin_ was a seedling: + + "It has been doubted by some, whether the tree at Ribston Hall was an + original from the seed: the fact of its not being a grafted tree has + been satisfactorily ascertained by Sir Henry Goodricke, the present + proprietor, by causing suckers from its root to be planted out--which + have set the matter at rest that it was not a grafted tree. One of + these suckers has produced fruit in the Horticultural Garden at + Chiswick."--Lindley's _Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden_, 1831, + p. 81. + +J. G. + +Exon. + +_Lord Cliff and Howell's Letters_ (Vol. vii., p. 455.).--The Lord Cliff, as +to whom your correspondent inquires, and to whom James Howell addresses +some of his letters, is intended for Henry Lord Clifford, and afterwards, +on the decease of his father, fifth and last Earl of Cumberland. He died in +December, 1643. Amongst the many republications of modern times, I regret +that we have no new edition, with illustrative notes, of Howell's +_Letters_. It is the more necessary, as one at least of the later editions +of this most entertaining book is very much abridged and mutilated. + +JAMES CROSSLEY. + +Y. S. M. asks "Who was Lord Cliff?" He might as well have added, "Who was +Lord Viscount Col, Sir Thomas Sa, or End. Por?" who also figure in +_Epistolae Ho-Elianiae_. Had he looked over that entertaining book more +attentively, Y. S. M. would have seen that all these were mere contractions +of Howell's correspondents, Lord Clifford, Lord Colchester, Sir Thomas +Savage, and Endymion Porter. + +J. O. + +_The Bouillon Bible_ (Vol. vii., p. 296.).--H. W., who was good enough to +answer my Query respecting Philip D'Auvergne, has probably seen that the +Bible of which he inquires has turned up. {537} It seems to have been +pawned (if I rightly understand the report in the newspapers) to a Mr. +Broughton of the Foreign Office, who had advanced money to the prince to +enable him to prosecute his claim to the dukedom. It has now been ordered +by Vice-Chancellor Sir W. P. Wood to be offered for sale as part of Mr. +Broughton's estate, for the benefit of that gentleman's creditors. It was +stated in court, that on a former occasion, when the late Archbishop of +Canterbury wished to purchase it, 1500l. was asked for it. I was much +obliged to H. W. for the information he gave me, as I took some little +interest in Philip D'Auvergne from having heard that he was a friend of my +grandfather. They were, I find, both of them officers in the Racehorse +during Lord Mulgrave's discovery voyage to the North Pole. + +E. H. A. + +_Rhymes on Places_ (Vol. vii., p. 143.).--Northamptonshire: + + "Armston on the hill, + Polebrook in the hole, + Ashton turns the mill, + Oundle burns the coal." + +Repeated to me by poor old drunken Jem White the sexton, many years since, +when on the "battlements" of Oundle Church; Oundle being the market town +for the three villages in the rhymes quoted. + +BRICK. + +_Serpents' Tongues_ (Vol. vi., p. 340.; Vol. vii., p. 316.).--May I be +allowed to inform MR. PINKERTON that the sharks' teeth (fossils), now so +frequently found imbedded in this tufa rock, and cheaply sold, are not +known as "the tongues of vipers," but, on the contrary, from time +immemorial, as the "tongues of St. Paul." In proof of this, I would refer +MR. PINKERTON to the following extract, which I have taken from an Italian +letter now in the Maltese Library; which was published on August 28, 1668, +by Dr. Francis Buonamico, a native of this island, and addressed to +Agostino Scilla of Messina. Page 5., the writer remarks: + + "Che avanti de partire da questa isolde dovesse farle una raccolta di + glossopietre, _O lingue come que le chiamiamo di S. Paolo_." + +W. W. + +Malta. + +_Consecrated Roses, &c._ (Vol. vii., pp. 407. 480.).--An instance of the +_Golden Rose_ being conferred on an English baron, will be found related in +Davidson's _History of Newenham Abbey in the County of Devon_, p. 208. + +J. D. S. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. + +That well-worn quotation, "who shall decide when doctors disagree," must, +we should think, invariably suggest itself to the reader of every new book +upon the subject of Shakspeare's text. A few months since MR. COLLIER gave +to the world a volume of _Notes and Emendations from Early Manuscript +Corrections in a Copy of the Folio 1632_[1], which was hailed by many, +ourselves among the number, as a most valuable contribution to Shakspearian +literature. From this favourable view of these manuscript emendations, many +whose opinions upon such matters deserve the highest respect at once avowed +their dissent; and we now find that we have to add to this number MR. +SINGER, who has given us the result of his examination of them in a volume +entitled _The Text of Shakspeare vindicated from the Interpolations and +Corruptions advocated by John Payne Collier, Esq., in his Notes and +Emendations_. No one can put forth higher claims to speak with authority on +any points connected with Shakspeare than MR. SINGER, who has devoted a +life to the study of his writings; and none can rise from a perusal of his +book without recognising in it evidence of MR. SINGER'S fitness for editing +the works of our great dramatist, and feeling anxious for his revised +edition of them. But we think many will regret that, while pointing out the +Notes and Emendations from which he dissents, MR. SINGER should not have +noticed those which he regards with favour; and that, in his anxiety to +vindicate the purity of Shakspeare's text from the anonymous emendator, he +should have embodied that vindication in language, which, though we are +quite sure it is unintentional on his part, gives his book almost a +personal character, instead of one purely critical. + +BOOKS RECEIVED.--_Records of the Roman Inquisition, Case of a Minorite +Friar who was sentenced by S. Charles Borromeo to be walled up, and who, +having escaped, was burned in effigy: edited, with an English Translation, +Notes, &c., by_ Rev. Richard Gibbings. Published from one of the MSS. +conveyed from Rome to Paris by order of Napoleon, at the close of the last +century, as a challenge to the defenders of the papacy to acknowledge its +truth, or to controvert it.--_The History of England from the Peace of +Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles_, by Lord Mahon, Vol. III. The third +volume of this new and cheaper edition of Lord Mahon's valuable history +comprehends the period from 1740 to 1748.--_English Forests and Forest +Trees; Historical, Legendary, and Descriptive, with numerous +Illustrations._ This volume, one of the _Illustrated London Library_, is a +pleasant chatty compilation on a subject which will interest many of our +readers and correspondents by furnishing them with a series of notices of +old forests, remarkable trees, &c., which have never before been gathered +together.--_The Shakspeare Repository, edited by_ J. H. Fennell, No. II. +The second part of this periodical, the only one exclusively devoted to the +Elizabethan writers, contains, among other interesting articles, a long one +on the medical practice of Shakspeare's son-in-law, Dr. John Hall. + +[Footnote 1: Since this was written we have heard that MR. COLLIER has +traced back the history of his Folio 1632 for upwards of a century.--ED.] + +{538} + + * * * * * + + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +SCOTT, REMARKS ON THE BEST WRITINGS OF THE BEST AUTHORS (or some such +title) + +SERMONS BY THE REV. ROBERT WAKE, M.A. 1704, 1712, &c. + +HISTORY OF ANCIENT WILTS, by SIR R. C. HOARE. The last three Parts. + +REV. A. DYCE'S EDITION OF DR. RICHARD BENTLEY'S WORKS. Vol. III. +Published by Francis Macpherson, Middle Row, Holborn. 1836. + +DISSERTATION ON ISAIAH XVIII., IN A LETTER TO EDWARD KING, ESQ., by +SAMUEL LORD BISHOP OF ROCHESTER (HORSLEY). The Quarto Edition, printed +for Robson. 1779. + +BEN JOHNSON'S WORKS. 9 Vols. 8vo. Vols. II., III., IV. Bds. + +SIR WALTER SCOTT'S NOVELS. 41 Vols. 8vo. The last nine Vols. Boards. + +JACOB'S ENGLISH PEERAGE. Folio Edition, 1766. Vols. II., III., and IV. + +GAMMER GURTON'S NEEDLE. + +ALISON'S EUROPE. (20 Vols.) Vols. XIII., XX. + +ABBOTSFORD EDITION OF THE WAVERLEY NOVELS. Odd Vols. + +THE TRUTH TELLER. A Periodical. + +*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send +their names._ + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +Notices to Correspondents. + +_We are compelled to omit several interesting papers respecting Shakspeare +which are in type, among which we may mention a notice of some drawings +which are great interest._ + +W. T. WATTS (St. Ives), _who inquires respecting the literary history of_ +Baron Munchausen, _is referred to our_ 2nd Vol., p. 519., _and our_ 3rd +Vol., pp. 117. 305. 453. + +G. P. (Offenburg) _Potatoes were most probably introduced into England by +Sir W. Raleigh. Gerarde mentions them in his_ Herbal, _published in 1597_. + +ANTIQUARIAN _had better send a rubbing from the oak cover in question. His +copy cannot be deciphered._ + +S. S. S.'s _Query on the passage in St. James in our next._ + +BROOKTHORPE _will find, in the Notices to Correspondents, in_ No. 179. (2nd +April), _a reply to his former Query respecting the Epitaph:_ + + "If Heaven be pleased." + +URSULA. _We shall be glad of the "succinct refutation" proposed._ + +J. W. _There is a folio edition of Godwin_ De Praesulibus, _Canterbury, +1743, in which the original work is continued by Richardson._ + +J. R. (Sunderland) _is referred to Brockett's_ Glossary, _where he will +find the etymology of_ stang, _from the Danish_ stang, _a pole or bar--or +the Saxon_ steng; _and a full description of the ceremonies connected with_ +Riding the stang. + +FLORENCE _is thanked for her hint._ + +J. B. _will find full particulars of Sir T. Herbert's_ Threnodia Carolina +_in our_ 3rd Vol., p. 259. _Other references in our_ 2nd Vol., pp. 140. +220. 476. + +_A few complete sets of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. _to_ vi., _price +Three Guineas, may now be had; for which early application is desirable._ + +"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country +Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to +their Subscribers on the Saturday._ + + * * * * * + + +PREPARING FOR THE PRESS, IN OCTAVO, + +A SUPPLEMENT + +TO + +MR. HALLIWELL'S OCTAVO LIFE OF SHAKSPEARE; + +Consisting of Observations on Modern Shakspearian Forgeries. + +JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. SOHO SQUARE, LONDON. + + * * * * * + + +SPECTACLES.--WM. ACKLAND applies his medical knowledge as a Licentiate of +the Apothecaries' Company, London, his theory as a Mathematician, and his +practice as a Working Optician, aided by Since's Optometer, in the +selection of Spectacles suitable to every derangement of vision, so as to +preserve the sight to extreme old age. + +ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES, with the New Vetzlar Eye-pieces, as exhibited at the +Academy of Sciences in Paris. The Lenses of these Eye-pieces are so +constructed that the rays of light fall nearly perpendicular to the surface +of the various lenses, by which the aberration is completely removed: and a +telescope so fitted gives one-third more magnifying power and light than +could be obtained by the old Eye-pieces. Prices of the various sizes on +application to + +WM. ACKLAND, Optician, 93. Hatton Garden, London. + + * * * * * + + +PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY, Price 6d. + +THE CIVIL SERVICE GAZETTE, a Journal devoted to the interests of all +Government Officials in every department of the State, contains, besides +other official information, a list of the Recent Promotions and PRESENT +VACANCIES in the gift of the Government, both in England, the East Indies, +and the Colonies; a Summary of the News of the Week: Original Literary +Articles; Obituary of men of eminence or desert in the public serve; +Parliamentary, Legal, Foreign, Domestic and Theatrical Notices; with +Fashionable, Naval and Military Intelligence. + +To be had of all Booksellers and Newsvenders; or at the Office, 5. +Catherine Street, Strand. + + * * * * * + + +The Twenty-eighth Edition. + +NEUROTONICS, or the Art of Strengthening the Nerves, containing Remarks on +the influence of the Nerves upon the Health of Body and Mind, and the means +of Cure for Nervousness, Debility, Melancholy, and all Chronic Diseases, by +DR. NAPIER, M.D. London: HOULSTON & STONEMAN. Price 4d., or Post Free from +the Author for Five Penny Stamps. + +"We can conscientiously recommend 'Neurotonics,' by Dr. Napier, to the +careful perusal of our invalid readers."--_John Bull Newspaper, June 5, +1852._ + + * * * * * + + +DAGUERREOTYPE MATERIALS.--Plates, Cases, Passepartoutes, best and cheapest, +to be had in great variety at M^cMILLAN'S Wholesale Depot, 132. Fleet +Street. Price List gratis. + + * * * * * + + +WINSLOW HALL, BUCKS. + +DR. LOVELL'S SCHOLASTIC ESTABLISHMENT (exclusively for the Sons of +Gentlemen) was founded at Mannheim in 1836, under the Patronage of H.R.H. +the GRANDE DUCHESSE STEPHANIE of Baden, and removed to Winslow in 1848. The +Course of Tuition includes the French and German Languages, and all other +Studies which are Preparatory to the Universities, the Military Colleges +and the Army Examination. The number of Pupils is limited to Thirty. 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Strand, were the first in England who +published the application of this agent (see _Athenaeum_, Aug. 14th). Their +Collodion (price 9d. per oz.) retains its extraordinary sensitiveness, +tenacity, and colour unimpaired for months; it may be exported to any +climate, and the Iodizing Compound mixed as required. J. B. HOCKIN & CO. +manufacture PURE CHEMICALS and all APPARATUS with the latest Improvements +adapted for all the Photographic and Daguerreotype processes. Cameras for +Developing in the open Country. GLASS BATHS adapted to any Camera. Lenses +from the best Makers. Waxed and Iodized Papers, &c. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions +(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at +BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of +every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography in +all its Branches. + +Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope. + +BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument +Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous +Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. + +Portraits obtained by the above, for the delicacy of detail rival the +choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their +Establishment. + +Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this +beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC SCHOOL.--ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION. + +The SCHOOL is NOW OPEN for instruction in all branches of Photography, to +Ladies and Gentlemen, on alternate days, from Eleven till Four o'clock, +under the joint direction of T. A. MALONE, Esq., who has long been +connected with Photography, and J. H. PEPPER, Esq., the Chemist to the +Institution. + +A Prospectus, with terms, may be had at the Institution. + + * * * * * + + +CLERICAL, MEDICAL, AND GENERAL LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY. + + * * * * * + +Established 1824. + + * * * * * + +FIVE BONUSES have been declared: at the last in January, 1852, the sum of +131,125l. was added to the Policies, producing a Bonus varying with the +different ages from 24-1/2 to 55 per cent. on the Premiums paid during the +five years, or from 5l. to 12l. 10s. per cent. on the Sum Assured. + +The small share of Profit divisible in future among the Shareholders being +now provided for, the ASSURED will hereafter derive all the benefits +obtainable from a Mutual Office, WITHOUT ANY LIABILITY OR RISK OF +PARTNERSHIP. + +POLICIES effected before the 30th of June next, will be entitled, at the +next Division, to one year's additional share of Profits over later +Assurers. + +On Assurances for the whole of Life only one half of the Premiums need be +paid for the first five years. + +INVALID LIVES may be Assured at rates proportioned to the risk. + +Claims paid _thirty_ days after proof of death, and all Policies are +_Indisputable_ except in cases of fraud. + +Tables of Rates and forms of Proposal can be obtained of any of the +Society's Agents, or of + +GEORGE H. PINCKARD, Resident Secretary. + +_99. Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, London._ + + * * * * * + + +WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, + +3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. + +Founded A.D. 1842. + +_Directors._ + + H. E. Bicknell, Esq. + W. Cabell, Esq. + T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P. + G. H. Drew, Esq. + W. Evans, Esq. + W. Freeman, Esq. + F. Fuller, Esq. + J. H. Goodhart, Esq. + T. Grissell, Esq. + J. Hunt, Esq. + J. A. Lethbridge, Esq. + E. Lucas, Esq. + J. Lys Seager, Esq. + J. B. White, Esq. + J. Carter Wood, Esq. + +_Trustees._ + +W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; L. C. Humfrey, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq. + +_Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D. + +_Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. + +VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. + +POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary +difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to +suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed on +the Prospectus. + +Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in +three-fourths of the Profits:-- + + Age _L s. d._ + 17 1 14 4 + 22 1 18 8 + 27 2 4 5 + 32 2 10 8 + 37 2 18 6 + 42 3 8 2 + +ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. + +Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions, +INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING +SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in +the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a +Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR +SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. +Parliament Street, London. + + * * * * * + + +ROYAL ASYLUM OF ST. ANN'S SOCIETY.--Waiting not for the Child of those once +in prosperity to become an Orphan, but by Voluntary Contributions affording +at once a Home, Clothing, Maintenance, and Education. + +The Half-yearly Election will take place at the London Tavern of Friday, +August 12th, next. + +Forms of Nomination may be procured at the Office, where Subscriptions will +be thankfully received. + +Executors of Benefactors by Will become Life Governors according to the +amount of the Bequest. + +E. F. LEEKS, Secretary. 2. Charlotte Row, Mansion House. + + * * * * * + + +UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY: established by Act of Parliament in +1834.--8. Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London. + + HONORARY PRESIDENTS. + + Earl of Courtown + Earl Leven and Melville + Earl of Norbury + Earl of Stair + Viscount Falkland + Lord Elphinstone + Lord Belhaven and Stenton + Wm. Campbell, Esq., of Tillichewan + + LONDON BOARD. + + _Chairman._--Charles Graham, Esq. + _Deputy-Chairman._--Charles Downes, Esq. + + H. Blair Avarne, Esq. + E. Lennox Boyd, Esq., F.S.A., _Resident_. + C. Berwick Curtis, Esq. + William Fairlie, Esq. + D. Q. Henriques, Esq. + J. G. Henriques, Esq. + F. C. Maitland, Esq. + William Railton, Esq. + F. H. Thomson, Esq. + Thomas Thorby, Esq. + + MEDICAL OFFICERS. + + _Physician._--Arthur H. Hassall, Esq., M.D., + 8. Bennett Street, St. James's. + + _Surgeon._--F. H. Tomson, Esq., 48. Berners Street. + +The Bonus added to Policies from March, 1834, to December 31, 1847, is as +follows:-- + + Sum | Time | Sum added to | Sum + Assured. | Assured. | Policy | Payable + | +--------------------+ at Death. + | | In 1841. In 1848. | + ---------+----------+---------+----------+---------- + L | | L s.d.| L s.d.| L s.d. + 5000 | 14 years | 683 6 8 | 787 10 0 | 6470 16 8 + * 1000 | 7 years | - - | 157 10 0 | 1157 10 0 + 500 | 1 year | - - | 11 5 0 | 511 5 0 + +* EXAMPLE.--At the commencement of the year 1841, a person aged thirty took +out a Policy for 1000l., the annual payment for which is 24l. 1s. 8d.; in +1847 he had paid in premiums 168l. 11s. 8d.; but the profits being 2-1/4 +per cent. per annum on the sum insured (which is 22l. 10s. per annum for +each 1000l.) he had 157l. 10s. added to the Policy, almost as much as the +premiums paid. + +The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most moderate scale, and only +one-half need be paid for the first five years, when the Insurance is for +Life. Every information will be afforded on application to the Resident +Director. + + * * * * * + + +PURE NERVOUS or MIND COMPLAINTS.--If the readers of Notes and Queries, who +suffer from depression of spirits, confusion, headache, blushing, +groundless fears, unfitness for business or society, blood to the head, +failure of memory, delusions, suicidal thoughts, fear of insanity, &c., +will call on, or correspond with, REV. DR. WILLIS MOSELEY, who, out of +above 22,000 applicants, knows not fifty uncured who have followed his +advice, he will instruct them how to get well, without a fee, and will +render the same service to the friends of the insane.--At home from 11 to +3. + +18. BLOOMSBURY STREET, BEDFORD SQUARE. {540} + + * * * * * + + +BOHN'S STANDARD LIBRARY FOR JUNE. + +HISTORY OF THE HOUSE OF AUSTRIA, from 1792 to the present time; in +continuation of COXE; with the Portrait of Francis Joseph, the reigning +Emperor. Post 8vo. cloth. Price 3s. 6d. + +HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden. + + * * * * * + + +BOHN'S SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY FOR JUNE. + +HUMBOLDT'S PERSONAL NARRATIVE OF HIS TRAVELS IN AMERICA. Vol. III., which +completes the Work. With General Index. Post 8vo. cloth. Price 5s. + +HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden. + + * * * * * + + +BOHN'S ANTIQUARIAN LIBRARY FOR JUNE. + +ROGER DE HOVEDEN'S ANNALS OF ENGLISH HISTORY, from A.D. 732 to 1201. +Translated by H. T. RILEY. Vol. II., which completes the work. Post 8vo. +cloth. Price 5s. + +HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden. + + * * * * * + + +BOHN'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOR JUNE. + +TERENCE AND PHAEDRUS, literally translated into English Prose, by H. T. +KILEY. To which is added, SMART'S METRICAL VERSION OF PHAEDRUS. +Frontispiece. Post 8vo. cloth. Price 5s. + +HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden. + + * * * * * + + +This day foolscap octavo, price 3s. 6d., + +GOETHE'S OPINIONS ON THE WORLD, MANKIND, LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART, +extracted from his Communications and Correspondence. Translated by OTTO +WENCKSTERN. + +London JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand. + + * * * * * + + +Price 2s. cloth, + +BACON'S ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. Carefully revised from the first copies, +with a few Notes and References to Works quoted. + +Nearly ready, by the same Editor, BACON'S ESSAYS. + +London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand. + + * * * * * + + +ENGLISH COUNTIES.--A Catalogue of Curious, Rare, and Interesting Books and +Tracts relating to English Counties, is just published, and may be had free +with No. II. of the SHAKSPEARE REPOSITORY, on receipt of Six Postage +Stamps. + +Also, a Fac-simile of a remarkably Curious, Droll, and Interesting +Newspaper of the Reign of CHARLES THE SECOND, sent free on receipt of Three +Postage Stamps. + +Address, J. H. FENNELL, 1. Warwick Court, Holborn, London. + + * * * * * + + +MR. MURRAY'S + +LIST OF NEW WORKS. + +I. + +THE DIARY OF GEORGE GRENVILLE, while First Lord of the Treasury; together +with his Correspondence during Thirty Years, including unpublished LETTERS +OF JUNIUS. Vols. III. and IV. (completing the Work). 8vo. 32s. + +II. + +LORD MAHON'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. A New Library Edition. Vols. I. to IV. +Demy 8vo. (Uniform with Vols. V. and VI.) Nearly Ready. + +III. + +THE CASTLEREAGH DESPATCHES, during the CONGRESS OF VIENNA, BATTLE OF +WATERLOO, &c. Edited by THE MARQUIS OF LONDONDERRY. 4 vols., 8vo. 56s. + +IV. + +MR. GROTE'S HISTORY OF GREECE. Continued from the Accession to the Death of +Philip of Macedon. Vol. XI. 8vo. 16s. (The 12th Volume will complete the +work.) + +V. + +SIR HUDSON LOWE'S LETTERS and JOURNALS, giving for the First Time the +HISTORY OF THE CAPTIVITY OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA. By WILLIAM FORSYTH, +M.A. Portrait. 3 vols., 8vo. (Immediately.) + +VI. + +MR. LAYARD'S NARRATIVE OF HIS SECOND EXPEDITION TO ASSYRIA, AND RESEARCHES +AT NINEVEH AND BABYLON. Twelfth Thousand. With 300 Plates and Woodcuts. +8vo. 21s. + +VII. + +MR. JOHN HOLLWAY'S FOUR WEEKS' TOUR IN NORWAY, during the Autumn of 1852. +Fcap. 8vo. 2s. + +VIII. + +CAPT. ERSKINE'S VISITS TO THE ISLANDS OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC, including the +Feejees, and others inhabited by the Polynesian Negro Race. Maps and +Plates. 8vo. 16s. + +IX. + +MR. FRANCIS GALTON'S NARRATIVE OF HIS EXPEDITION IN TROPICAL SOUTH AFRICA. +With Maps, Plates, and Woodcuts. Post 8vo. + +X. + +REV. DR. HOOK'S DISCOURSES BEARING ON THE CONTROVERSIES OF THE DAY. 8vo. +9s. + +XI. + +MR. JOHN PALLISER'S SOLITARY HUNTING ADVENTURES IN THE PRAIRIES. With +Illustrations. Post 8vo. + +XII. + +MR. MANSFIELD PARKYN'S PERSONAL NARRATIVE OF HIS THREE YEARS' RESIDENCE IN +ABYSSINIA. Map and Illustrations. 2 vols. 8vo. Nearly ready. + +XIII. + +LIEUTENANT HOOPER'S JOURNAL OF HIS TEN MONTHS AMONG THE TENTS OF THE TUSKI, +during an Expedition in Search of Sir John Franklin. Map. 8vo. + +XIV. + +MR. CAMPBELL'S MODERN INDIA. A Sketch of the System of Civil Government, +with some Account of the Natives, and Native Institutions, Second Edition, +revised. Maps. 8vo. 16s. + +XV. + +MURRAY'S HANDBOOKS FOR TRAVELLERS ON THE CONTINENT. Cheaper Issue. Maps. +Post 8vo. + + * * * * * + + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish +of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square in the Parish of St. +Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL of No. 186. +Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of +London, Publisher, at No. 186. 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