initial commit of ebook 20409HEADmain

1 files changed, 3484 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/20409-8.txt b/20409-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6567df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/20409-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3484 @@
+Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 186, May 21, 1853, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 186, May 21, 1853
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: January 21, 2007 [EBook #20409]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
+are listed at the end of the text.
+
+{493} NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+No. 186.]
+Saturday, May 21, 1853.
+[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  NOTES:--                                                            Page
+    Lord Bacon's "Advancement of Learning"                             493
+    Erection of Forts at Michnee and Pylos, by C. Forbes               495
+    Hoveden's Annals: Bohn's "Antiquarian Library," by
+      James Graves                                                     495
+    FOLK LORE:--Raven Superstition--African Folk Lore
+      --Funeral Custom                                                 496
+    Shakspeare Readings, No. VII.                                      496
+    MINOR NOTES:--Portrait of Luther--Randle Wilbraham
+      --Unpublished Epigram by Sir W. Scott--Crassus'
+      Saying                                                           498
+
+  QUERIES:--
+    Bees and the Sphynx atropos, by Sydney Smirke                      499
+    "The Craftsman's Apology," by James Crossley                       499
+    Palissy and Cardinal Wiseman                                       499
+   MINOR QUERIES:--Polidus--St. Paul's Epistles to
+      Seneca--Meaning of "folowed"--Roman Catholic
+      Registers--St. Alban's Day--Meigham, the London
+      Printer--Adamsoniana--Canker or Brier Rose--
+      "Short red, god red"--Overseers of Wills--Lepel's
+      Regiment--Vincent Family--Passage in the First
+      Part of Faust--Lady Anne Gray--Continental Brasses
+      --Peter Beaver--Cremonas--Cranmer and Calvin                     499
+    MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--"A Letter to a Convocation
+      Man"--Prester John--Homer's Iliad in a
+      Nut--Monogram of Parker Society--The Five Alls--
+      Corvizer                                                         502
+
+  REPLIES:--
+    English Comedians in Germany                                       503
+    A Gentleman executed for whipping a Slave to Death,
+      by Henry H. Breen                                                503
+    Longevity                                                          504
+    Derivation of Canada, by Robert Wright                             504
+    Setantiorum Portus                                                 505
+    PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Stereoscopic Queries
+      --Photographic Portraits of Criminals, &c.--Photography
+      applied to Catalogues of Books--Application
+      of Photography to the Microscope                                 505
+    REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Discovery At Nuneham
+      Regis--Eulenspiegel, or Howleglas--Parochial Libraries
+      --Painter--Pepys's "Morena"--Pylades and
+      Corinna--Judge Smith--Grindle--Simile of the Soul
+      and the Magnetic Needle--English Bishops deprived
+      by Queen Elizabeth--Borrowed Thoughts--Dr. South
+      _v._ Goldsmith, Talleyrand, &c.--Foucault's Experiment
+      --Passage in "Locksley Hall"--Lake of
+      Geneva--"Inter cuncta micans"--"Its"--Gloves
+      at Fairs--Astronomical Query--Tortoiseshell Tom
+      Cat--Sizain on the Pope, the Devil, and the Pretender
+      --Wandering Jew--Hallett and Dr. Saxby--
+      "My mind to me a kingdom is"--Claret--Suicide at
+      Marseilles--Etymology of Slang--Scanderbeg's Sword
+      --Arago on the Weather--Rathe--Carr Pedigree--
+      Banbury Cakes--Detached Belfry Towers, &c.                       507
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:--
+    Notes on Books, &c.                                                513
+    Books and Odd Volumes wanted                                       514
+    Notices to Correspondents                                          514
+    Advertisements                                                     514
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+LORD BACON'S "ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING."
+
+Considering the large number of quotations from previous writers which
+occur in Lord Bacon's works, and especially in his most popular and
+generally read works--his _Essays_ and his _Advancement of Learning_--it is
+remarkable how little his editors have done for the illustration of his
+text in this respect. The French editors of Montaigne's _Essays_, who is
+likewise a writer abounding in quotations, have bestowed much care on this
+portion of their author's text. The defect in question has, however, been
+to a great extent supplied in a recent edition of the _Advancement of
+Learning_, published by Mr. Parker in West Strand; and it is to be hoped
+that the beginning, so usefully made, may be followed up by similar
+editions of other of Bacon's works.
+
+The edition in question, though it traces the great majority of Bacon's
+quotations, has left some gleanings to its successors; and I propose now to
+call attention to a few passages of the _Advancement of Learning_ which,
+after the labours of the late editor, seem still to require further
+elucidation. My references are to the pages of the new edition:--
+
+    P. 25. "Then grew the flowing and watery vein of Osorius the Portugal
+    bishop to be in price."
+
+The editor prints _Orosius_ for _Osorius_, and adds this note:
+
+    "All the editions have _Osorius_, which, however, must be a mere
+    misprint. He was not a Portuguese, but a Spaniard, born at Tarragona,
+    nor indeed ever a bishop. He was sent by St. Augustine on a mission to
+    Jerusalem, and is supposed to have died in Africa in the earlier part
+    of the fifth century."
+
+The text of Bacon is quite right. The allusion is not to Paulus Orosius, a
+Spaniard, who flourished at the beginning of the fifth century; but to
+Jerome Osorio, who was born at Lisbon in 1506, afterwards became Bishop of
+Silves, and died in 1580. His works were published at Rome in 1592, in 4
+vols. folio. His principal work, _De rebus Emanuelis Virtute et Auspicio
+gestis_, which first appeared in 1571, was several times reprinted, and was
+translated into French and English. {494}
+
+    P. 31. "Time, which is the author of authors."
+
+In _Nov. Org._, i. 84., Time is called "Auctor auctorum, atque adeo omnis
+auctoritatis."
+
+    P. 34. "But of these conceits Aristotle speaketh seriously and wisely,
+    when he saith, 'Qui respiciunt ad pauca de facili pronunciant."
+
+The editor does not attempt to trace this passage. Query, If it is not in
+Aristotle, where is it to be found?
+
+    P. 60. "Ulysses, 'Qui vetulam prætulit immortalitati' is a figure of
+    those which prefer custom and habit before all excellency."
+
+The editor refers to _Cic. de Orat._, i. 44., where it is said that such is
+the love of country,
+
+    "Ut Ithacam illam, in asperrimis saxulis, tanquam nidulum, affixam,
+    sapientissimus vir immortalitati anteponeret."
+
+Another application of the saying is made by Bacon in his Essay VIII., "On
+Marriage and Single Life:"
+
+    "Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly
+    loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses, 'vetulam suam prætulit
+    immortalitati.'"
+
+The passage in Cicero does not agree with the dictum quoted by Bacon, which
+seems to be a reference to the _Odyssey_, v. 136. 208-10.
+
+    P. 62. "Claudus in vià antevertit cursorem extra viam."
+
+The same proverb is quoted in _Nov. Org._, i. 61.
+
+    P. 85. "Omnia mutantur, nil interit"--
+
+from Ovid, _Met._, xv. 165.
+
+Several passages are cited by Bacon from Seneca, which the editor does not
+trace. Thus, in p. 146., it is said,--
+
+    "Nocet illis eloquentia, quibus non rerum cupiditatem facit, sed sui."
+
+Page 147.,--
+
+    "Vere magnum habere fragilitatem hominis, securitatem Dei."
+
+The same passage is also quoted by Bacon in Essay V., "On Adversity," and
+in the treatise _De Sap. Vet._, vol. x. p. 343., edit. Montagu.
+
+Again, p. 159.:
+
+    "De partibus vitæ quisque deliberat, de summâ nemo."
+
+Page 152.,--
+
+    "Cogita quamdiu eadem feceris," &c.,
+
+repeated in part in the "Essay on Death."
+
+This last passage is taken, with considerable verbal variations, from
+Epist. 77. § 6.
+
+    "Therefore Aristotle, when he thinks to tax Democritus, doth in truth
+    commend him, where he saith, _If we shall indeed dispute, and not
+    follow after similitudes_," &c.
+
+The passage referred to is in _Eth. Nic._, vi. 3.; but it contains no
+allusion to Democritus, who is not even named in the _Ethics_; and the word
+which Bacon renders _dispute_ ([Greek: akribologeisthai]) means _to speak
+with precision_.
+
+    P. 163. "For as the ancient politiques in popular states were wont to
+    compare the people to the sea, and the orators to the winds."
+
+The allusion is to a couplet of Solon:
+
+ "[Greek: ex anemôn de thalassa tarassetai? ên de tis autên]
+      [Greek: mê kinêi, pantôn esti dikaiotatê.]"
+                  _Fragm._ i. 8., ed. Gaisford.
+
+And to a passage of Livy (xxviii. 27.):
+
+    "Multitudo omnis, sicut natura maris, per se immobilis est, venti et
+    auræ cient."
+
+Compare Babrius, fab. 71.
+
+    P. 165. "Did not one of the Fathers, in great indignation, call poesy
+    _vinum dæmonum_?"
+
+The same citation recurs in Essay I., "On Truth:"
+
+    "One of the Fathers, in great severity, called poesy _vinum dæmonum_."
+
+Query, Who is the Father alluded to?
+
+Page 177., the sayings, "Faber quisque fortunæ propriæ" is cited; and
+again, p. 178., "Faber quisque fortunæ suæ." In Essay XL., "On Fortune," it
+is quoted, with the addition, "saith the poet." The words are to be found
+in Sallust, _Ad Cæsar. de Rep. Ord._, ii. 1.:
+
+    "Sed res docuit, id verum esse, quad in carminibus Appius ait, fabrum
+    suæ esse quemque fortunæ."
+
+The Appius alluded to is Appius Claudius the Censor.
+
+Bacon proceeds to say:
+
+    "This conceit or position [viz. 'Faber quisque,' &c.], if it be too
+    much declared and professed, hath been thought a thing impolitic and
+    unlucky, as was observed in Timotheus the Athenian, who, having done
+    many great services to the estate in his government, and giving an
+    account thereof to the people, as the manner was, did conclude every
+    particular with this clause, 'And in this Fortune had no part.' And it
+    came so to pass, that he never prospered in anything he took in hand
+    afterwards."
+
+The anecdote is as follows:--Timotheus had been ridiculed by the comic
+poets, on account of the small share which his own management had had in
+his successes. A satirical painting had likewise been made, in which he was
+represented sleeping, while Fortune stood over him, and drew the cities
+into his net. (See Plutarch, _Reg. et Imp. Apophth._, vol. ii. p. 42., ed.
+Tauchnitz; Ælian, V. H. xiii. 42.) On one occasion, however, having
+returned from a successful expedition, he remarked to the Athenians, in
+allusion to the previous sarcasms, that in this campaign at least Fortune
+had no share. Plutarch, who relates the latter {495} anecdote in his _Life
+of Sylla_, c. 6., proceeds to say, that this boast gave so much offence to
+the deity, that he never afterwards prospered in any of his enterprises.
+His reverse of luck, in consequence of his vainglorious language against
+Fortune, is also alluded to by Dio Chrysost. _Orat._, lxiv. § 19., edit.
+Emper. It will be observed that Plutarch refers the saying of Timotheus to
+a single expedition; whereas Bacon multiplies it, by extending it over a
+series of acts.
+
+    P. 172. "Cicero reporteth that it was then in use for senators that had
+    name and opinion for general wise men, as Coruncanius, Curius, Lælius,
+    and many others, to walk at certain hours in the Place," &c.
+
+The passage alluded to is _De Orat._, iii. 83. The persons there named are
+Sex. Ælius, Manius Manilius, P. Crassus, Tib. Coruncanius, and Scipio.
+
+    P. 179. "We will begin, therefore, with this precept, according to the
+    ancient opinion, that the sinews of wisdom are slowness of belief, and
+    distrust."
+
+The precept adverted to is the verse of Epicharmus:
+
+    "[Greek: naphe kai memnas' apistein? arthra tauta tôn phrenôn.]"
+
+    P. 180. "Fraus sibi in parvis fidem præstruit, ut majore emolumento
+    fallat."
+
+Query, Where does this passage occur, as well as the expression "alimenta
+socordiæ," which Demosthenes, according to Bacon, applies to small favours.
+
+L.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ERECTION OF FORTRESS AT MICHNEE AND PYLOS.
+
+Mr. Dartnell, Surgeon of H. M. 53rd regiment, gives the following account
+of the building of a fort which has lately been erected at Michnee to check
+the incursions of the Momunds into the Peshawur Valley:
+
+    "There was little to be done, except to build a fort, and here the
+    officers had to superintend and direct the working parties which were
+    daily sent out.... Laborers from far and near, Cashmerees, Caboolees,
+    men from the Hindoo Koosh, Afreedees, Khyberees, &c., all working
+    together with hearty goodwill, and a sort of good-humoured rivalry....
+    It is only when working by contract, however, that the Cashmeree
+    displays his full physical powers, and it is then perfectly refreshing,
+    in such a physically relaxing and take-the-world-as-it-goes sort of a
+    country as this, to observe him.... And then to see him carry a burden!
+    On his head? No. On his back? Yes, but after a fashion of his own,
+    perfectly natural and entirely independent of basket, or receptacle of
+    any kind in which to place it. I have now in my garden some half-dozen
+    of these labourers at work, removing immense masses of clay, which are
+    nearly as hard as flint, and how do they manage? My friend Jumah Khan
+    reverts his arms, and clasping his hands together behind his back,
+    receives the pyramidal load, which generally overtops his head, and
+    thus he conveys it to its destination," &c.--Colburn's _United Service
+    Magazine_, December, 1852, pp. 514, 515.
+
+Thucydides tells us that as soon as the crews of the Athenian ships,
+weatherbound at Pylos in the spring of the year B.C. 425, had made up their
+minds to kill time by fortifying their harbour of refuge,--
+
+    "They took the work in hand, and plied it briskly.... The mud that was
+    anywhere requisite, for want of vessels, they carried on their
+    shoulders, bending forwards as much as possible, that it might have
+    room to stick on, and holding it up with both hands clasped fast behind
+    that it might not slide down."--Book iv. chap. 4. (Smith's
+    Translation.)
+
+C. FORBES.
+
+Temple.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HOVEDEN'S ANNALS--BOHN'S "ANTIQUARIAN LIBRARY."
+
+Considering the cheap issue of all standard works of reference a great boon
+to the general student, I was predisposed to welcome heartily Mr. Bohn's
+_Antiquarian Library_. If, however, _cheapness_ be accompanied by
+_incorrectness_, the promised boon I conceive to be worthless; even one or
+two glaring errors rendering the student distrustful of the entire series.
+I was led to form the first of these conclusions on receiving vol. i. of a
+translation of the _Annals of Roger de Hoveden_, by Henry T. Riley, Esq.,
+barrister-at-law; who introduces the work by a flourish of trumpets in the
+Preface, on the multifarious errors of the London and Frankfort editions,
+and the labour taken to correct _his own_; to the second by observing,
+whilst cutting the leaves, the following glaring errors, put forward too as
+_corrections_:--Vol. i. p. 350., Henry II. is stated by the _Annalist_ to
+have landed in Ireland, A.D. 1172, "at a place which is called _Croch_,
+distant _eight miles_ from the city of Waterford." Here Mr. Riley, with
+perfect gravity, suggests _Cork_[1] as the true reading!! Can it be, that a
+barrister-at-law, with an ominously Irish-sounding name, is ignorant that
+the city of Cork is somewhat more distant than _eight miles_ from the _urbs
+intacta_, as Waterford loves to call herself? The fact is, however, that
+Hoveden and his former editors were nearly correct: on {496} old maps of
+the harbour of Waterford, Crook Castle is laid down inside Creden Head, on
+the Waterford side of the harbour; and Crook is still the name of a place
+at the point indicated, somewhat more however than eight miles from
+Waterford.
+
+Again, at p. 351. occurs Hoveden's well-known and valuable enumeration of
+the Irish episcopal sees at the same period, of which Mr. Riley observes:
+"Nearly all these are mis-spelt ... they are in a state of almost hopeless
+confusion." And then, to make confusion worse confounded, his note on the
+Bishop of Ossory (p. 352.) says "In the text, 'Erupolensis' is perhaps a
+mistake for 'Ossoriensis.'" Now, _Erupolensis_ happens to be a correct
+_alias_ of Ossoriensis: the former characterising the diocese from
+Kilkenny, the cathedral city, which being seated on the Nore, or
+Neor--Hibernicè _Eoir_, Latinè _Erus_, was sometimes called Erupolis--the
+latter from the territory with which the see was and is co-extensive, the
+ancient kingdom of Ossory.
+
+How many more errors there may be in the first volume of the work, I cannot
+say: but, at all events, what the reader has to complain of is, _not_ that
+the translator was unable to tell all about "Croch" and "Erupolis," but
+that, not knowing, he has made matters worse by his hardy elucidations.
+Truly, at this rate, it were better that no cheap edition of Hoveden were
+vouchsafed to the public.
+
+JAMES GRAVES.
+
+Kilkenny.
+
+[Footnote 1: This geographical _morceau_ was nearly equalled by a scribe in
+the _Illustrated London News_, who stated that her Gracious Majesty's
+steam-yacht, with its royal freight and attendant squadron, when coasting
+round from Cork to Dublin in the year 1849, had entered Tramore Bay, and
+thence steamed up to Passage in the Waterford Harbour! A truly _royal road_
+to safety; and one that, did it exist, would have saved many a gallant crew
+and ship, which have met their fate within the landlocked, but ironbound
+and shelterless, jaws of Tramore Bay.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOLK LORE.
+
+_Raven Superstition._--On a recent occasion, at an ordinary meeting of the
+guardians of the poor, an application was made by the relieving officer on
+behalf of a single woman residing in the church village at Altarnun. The
+cause of seeking relief was stated to be "grief," and on asking for an
+explanation, the officer stated that the applicant's inability to work was
+owing to depressed spirits, produced by the flight of a croaking raven over
+her dwelling on the morning of his visit to the village. The pauper was by
+this circumstance, in connexion with its well-known ominous character,
+actually frightened into a state of wretched nervous depression, which
+induced physical want.
+
+S. R. P.
+
+_African Folk Lore._--The following curious piece of folk lore is quoted
+from an extract in _The Critic_ (of April 1, 1853, p. 172.), in the course
+of a review of Richardson's _Narrative of a Mission to Central Africa,
+&c._:
+
+    "To avert the evil eye from the gardens, the people (of Mourzak) put up
+    the head of an ass, or some portion of the bones of that animal. The
+    same superstition prevails in all the oases that stud the north of
+    Africa, from Egypt to the Atlantic, but the people are unwilling to
+    explain what especial virtue there exists in an ass's skull."
+
+W. SPARROW SIMPSON, B.A.
+
+_Funeral Custom._--In some parts (I believe) of Yorkshire, and perhaps
+elsewhere, it is customary to send, immediately after a death, a paper bag
+of biscuits, and a card with the name, &c. of the deceased, to his friends,
+be they many or few. Can any of your readers explain the matter? I have
+more than once seen the card, but not the biscuits.
+
+ABHBA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SHAKSPEARE READINGS, NO. VII.
+
+"What are 'Aristotle's checks?'"
+
+This is the question that MR. COLLIER proposed in support of the alteration
+of _checks_ into _ethics_, at p. 144. of his _Notes and Emendations_. He
+terms _checks_ "an absurd blunder," and in the preface he again introduces
+it, passing upon it the same unqualified sentence of excommunication, as
+upon "bosom multiplied," viz. "it can never be repeated." In this opinion
+he is backed by most of the public scribes of the day, especially by the
+critic of the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for April, who declares "we should be
+very sorry to have to discover what the editors have understood by the
+_checks_ of Aristotle." Furthermore, this critic thinks that "it is
+extremely singular that the mistake should have remained so long
+uncorrected;" and he intimates that they who have found any meaning in
+_checks_, have done so only because, through ignorance, they could find no
+meaning in _ethics_.
+
+Hence it becomes necessary for those who do find a meaning in _checks_, to
+defend that meaning; and hence I undertake to answer MR. COLLIER'S
+question.
+
+Aristotle's _checks_ are those _moral adjustments_ that form the
+distinguishing feature of his philosophy.
+
+They are _the eyes of reason_, whereby he would teach man to avoid
+divergence from the straight path of happiness.
+
+They are his moderators, his mediocrities, his metriopathics.
+
+They are his philosophical steering-marks, his moral guiding-lines, whereby
+the passions are to be kept in the _via media_; as much removed from total
+abnegation on the one hand, as from immoderate indulgence on the other.
+
+Virtue, according to Aristotle, consists in checked or _adjusted_
+propensities. Our passions are not in themselves evil, except when
+unchecked by reason. And inasmuch as we may overeat, or underfeed ourselves
+(the check being temperance), so may we suffer our other propensities to
+deviate from the _juste milieu_, either in the direction of indulgence or
+of privation. {497}
+
+The art of adjusting the passions requires an apprenticeship to virtue. The
+end to be attained is the establishment of good habits. These good habits,
+like any other skill, can only be attained by practice. Therefore the
+practice of virtue is the education of the passions.
+
+_Ethics_ is the doctrine of _habits_; but habits may be good or bad. When
+good, they constitute virtue; when bad, licentiousness.
+
+The doctrine of _checks_ is that branch of _ethics_ which teaches moral
+adjustment and restraint.
+
+Therefore _checks_ and _licentiousness_ are in better antithesis to each
+other, than _ethics_ can be to either, because ethics includes both.
+
+The Aristotelian idea of _adjustment_, rather than _denial_, of the
+passions, is well illustrated in the following passage from Plutarch's
+_Morall Vertue_, by Philemon Holland, a contemporary of Shakspeare:
+
+    "For neither do they shed and spill the wine upon the floure who are
+    afraide to be drunke, but delay the same with water: nor those who
+    feare the violence of a passion, do take it quite away, but rather
+    temper and qualifie the same: like as folke use to breake horses and
+    oxen from their flinging out with their heeles, their stiffenes and
+    curstnes of the head, and stubburnes in receiving the bridle or the
+    yoke, but do not restraine them of other motions of going about their
+    worke and doing their deede. And even so, verily, reason maketh good
+    use of these passions, when they be well tamed, and, as it were,
+    brought to hand: without overweakening or rooting out cleane that parte
+    of the soule which is made for to second reason and do it good
+    service.... Whereas let passions be rid cleane away (if that were
+    possible to be done), our reason will be found in many things more dull
+    and idle: like as the pilot and master of a ship hath little to do if
+    the winde be laid and no gale at all stirring ... as if to _the
+    discourse of reason_ the gods had adjoined passion as a pricke to
+    incite, and a chariot to set it forward."
+
+Again, in describing the "Meanes," he says--
+
+    "Now to begin with Fortitude, they say it is the meane between
+    Cowardise and rash Audacitie; of which twaine the one is a defect, the
+    other an excesse of the yrefull passion: Liberalitie, betweene
+    Nigardise and Prodigalitie: Clemencie and Mildnesse, betweene
+    senselesse Indolence and Crueltie: Justice, the meane of giving more or
+    lesse than due: Temperance, a mediocritie betweene the blockish
+    stupiditie of the minde, moved with _no touch of pleasure_, and all
+    unbrideled loosenes, whereby it is abandoned to all sensualitie."--
+    _The Philosophie of Plutarch_, fol. 1603.
+
+It really does appear to me that there could not be a happier or more
+appropriate designation, for a philosophy made up in this way of "meanes"
+and adjustments, so as to steer between the _plus_ and _minus_, than a
+system of _checks_--not fixed, or rigid rules, as they are sometimes
+interpreted to be, but nice allowances of excess or defect, to be
+discovered, weighed, and determined by individual reason, in the audit of
+each man's conscience, according to the strength or weakness of the
+passions he may have to regulate.
+
+I therefore oppose the substitution of _ethics_--
+
+1. Because we have the _primâ facie_ evidence of the text itself, that
+_checks_ was Shakspeare's word.
+
+2. Because we have internal evidence, in the significance and excellence of
+the phrase, that it was Shakspeare's word.
+
+_Ethics_ was the patent title by which Aristotle's moral philosophy was
+universally known; therefore any ignoramus, who never dipped beyond the
+title, might, _and would_, have used it. But no person, except one well
+read in the philosophy itself, would think of giving it such a designation
+as _checks_; which word, nevertheless, is most happily characteristic of
+it.
+
+3. Because, as before stated, Aristotle's _checks_, being the restrictive
+and regulating portion of Aristotle's _Ethics_, is necessarily a more
+diametrical antithesis to Ovid (and his _laxities_).
+
+4. Because I look upon the use of this phrase as one of those nice and
+scarcely perceptible touches by which Shakspeare was content rather to hint
+at, than to disclose his knowledge,--one of those effects whereby he makes
+a single word supply the place of a treatise.
+
+With these opinions, I cannot but look upon this threatened change of
+_checks_ into _ethics_, as wholly unwarrantable, and I now protest against
+it as earnestly as, upon a former occasion, I did against the alteration of
+_sickles_ into _shekels_, or, still worse, into _cycles_ or into _circles_.
+It is with great satisfaction I compare four different views taken of this
+word by MR. COLLIER, viz.--in the note to the text of his octavo edition of
+Shakspeare;--in an additional note in vol. i., page cclxxxiv. of that
+edition;--in the first announcement of his annotated folio in the
+_Athenæum_ newspaper, Jan. 31st, 1852,--and finally (after my remarks upon
+the word in "N. & Q."), his virtual reinstatement of the original _sickle_
+(till then supposed a palpable and undeniable misprint) at page 46. of
+_Notes and Emendations_, together with the production, _suo motu_, of an
+independent reference in support of my position.
+
+To return to this present substitution of _ethics_ for _checks_, a very
+singular circumstance connected with it is the ignoring, by both MR.
+COLLIER and by the critic in the _Gentleman's Magazine_, of Sir William
+Blackstone's original claim to the suggestion, by prior publication of
+upwards of half a century. At that time, notwithstanding the great learning
+and acuteness of the proposer, the alteration was rejected! And shall we
+now be less wise than our fathers? Shall we--misled by the prestige of a
+few drops of rusty ink fashioned into letters of formal cut--place implicit
+credence in emendations whose only claim to faith, like that of the Mormon
+scriptures, is that nobody knows whence they came? {498}
+
+In the passage I have quoted from Philemon Holland, there may be observed
+two peculiarities which are generally supposed to be exclusively
+Shakspearian: one is the beautiful application of the word "touch"--the
+other the phrase "discourse of reason." Where this last expression occurs
+in _Hamlet_, it narrowly escaped _emendation_ at the hands of Gifford! (See
+Mr. Knight's note, in his illustrated edition of _Shakspeare_.) It is the
+true Aristotelian [Greek: dianoia].
+
+There is also a third peculiarity of expression in the same quotation, in
+the use of the word _delay_ in the sense of _diluere_, to dilute, temper,
+allay. There are at least two passages in Shakspeare's plays where the word
+is used in this sense, but which appear to have been overlooked by his
+glossarists. The first is in _All's Well that Ends Well_, Act IV. Sc. 3.,
+where the French locals are moralising upon Bertram's profligate pursuit of
+Diana:
+
+    "Now God _delay_ our rebellion--as we are ourselves, what are we?"
+
+The second is in _Cymbeline_, Act V. Sc. 4., where Jupiter tempers his love
+with crosses, in order to make his gifts--
+
+ "The more _delayed_, delighted."
+
+A. E. B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Notes.
+
+_Portrait of Luther._--A portrait of Luther, perhaps original, certainly
+nearly cotemporary with the Reformer, possessing many excellent qualities,
+was some time since shown me. It is in the possession of Mr. Horne, of
+Morton in Marsh, Gloucestershire: it was received by him from an elderly
+gentleman still living in London, who purchased it many years since at a
+sale of pictures. The picture is very dark, on canvass, with a black frame
+having a narrow gilt moulding. As the existence of this portrait is perhaps
+not known, mention of the fact might interest some of your readers. The
+picture, including frame, is perhaps in size thirty inches by twenty-four;
+and the age of the sitter, whose features are delineated with remarkable
+effects is probably under fifty years.
+
+B. H. C.
+
+_Randle Wilbraham._--Randle Wilbraham, Esq., the grandfather of Lord
+Skelmersdale, who died upon the 3rd of April last, was a lawyer of great
+eminence, and held the office of treasurer of Lincoln's Inn. The university
+of Oxford conferred, by diploma, the degree of D.C.L. upon him in these
+notable terms:
+
+    "Placuit nobis in Convocatione die 14 mensis Aprilis 1761, solenniter
+    convocatis spectatissimum Ranulphum Wilbraham, Arm. Coll. Ænæi Nasi
+    quondam commensalem, in agendis causis pro diversis Tribunalibus per
+    multos retro annos hodieque versatissimum, Subsenescallum nostrum et
+    Consiliarium fidissimum, Gradu Doctoris in Jure Civili insignire. Cujus
+    quidem hæc præcipua ac prope singularis et est, et semper fuit, quod
+    propriis ingenii et industriæ suæ viribus innixus Aulici favoris nec
+    appetens, nec particeps, sine ullo magnatum patrocinio, sine turpi
+    Adulantium aucupio, ad summam tamen in Foro, in Academia, in Senatu,
+    tum gloriam, tum etiam authoritatem facilem sibi et stabilem munivit
+    viam, Fortunæ suæ si quis alius Deo Favente vere Faber", &c.
+
+The above is copied from the original diploma, which Mr. Randle Wilbraham
+gave to his nephew, the late Dr. William Falconer of Bath. On the death of
+Mr. R. Wilbraham, Chief Justice Wilmot wrote "I have lost my old friend Mr.
+Wilbraham: he died in the seventy-seventh year of his age, and has not left
+a better lawyer, or an honester man behind him."
+
+ANON.
+
+_Unpublished Epigram by Sir W. Scott._--
+
+ "Earth walks on Earth,
+      Glittering in gold:
+  Earth goes to Earth,
+      Sooner than it wold:
+  Earth builds on Earth,
+      Palaces and towers:
+  Earth says to Earth:
+      Soon, all shall be ours."
+
+The above, by Sir W. Scott, I _believe_, has never appeared in print to my
+knowledge. It was recited to me by a friend of Sir W. Scott.
+
+R. VINCENT.
+
+_Crassus' Saying._--I find in the Diary of the poet Moore (in Lord John
+Russell's edition), vol. ii. p. 148., a conversation recorded with Dr.
+Parr, in which the Doctor quotes "the witticism that made Crassus laugh
+(the only time in his life): 'Similes habent labra lactucas.'"
+
+It appears (see the quotations in Facciolati) that this sage and
+laughter-moving remark of Crassus was made on seeing an ass eating a
+thistle; whereon he exclaimed, "Similes habent labra lactucas."
+
+In Bailey's edition of Facciolati it is said, "Proverbium habet locum ubi
+similia similibus contingunt,... quo sensu Angli dicimus, 'Like lips like
+lettuce: like priest like people.'"
+
+Out of this explanation it is difficult to elicit any sense, much less any
+"witticism."
+
+I suggest that Crassus' saying meant, "His (the ass's) lips hold thistles
+and lettuces to be both alike;" wanting the discrimination to distinguish
+between them. Or, if I may put it into a doggerel rhyme:
+
+ "About a donkeys taste why need we fret us?
+  To lips like his a thistle is a lettuce."
+
+WM. EWART.
+
+University Club.
+
+       *       *       *       *       * {499}
+
+
+Queries.
+
+BEES AND THE SPHYNX ATROPOS.
+
+Huber, in his _Observations on the Natural History of Bees_, avers that the
+moth called the _Sphynx atropos_ invades and plunders with impunity a hive
+containing thousands of bees, notwithstanding the watchfulness, pugnacity,
+and formidable weapons of those insects. To account for this phenomenon, he
+states that the queen bee has the faculty of emitting a certain sound which
+instantly strikes the bees motionless; and he conjectures that this
+burglarious moth, being endowed with the same property, uses it to produce
+a similar effect, first on the sentinels at the entrance of the hive, and
+then on the bees within.
+
+In another part of his book (2nd edit. 1808, p. 202.) he relates what he
+himself witnessed on introducing a strange queen into a hive. The bees,
+greatly irritated, pulled her, bit her, and chased her away; but on her
+emitting the sound and assuming an extraordinary attitude, "the bees all
+hung down their heads and remained motionless." On the following day he
+repeated the experiment, and the intrusive queen was similarly maltreated;
+but when she emitted her sound, and assumed the attitude, from that moment
+the bees again became motionless.
+
+Have more modern observers verified this curious fact? Is it not a case of
+mesmerism?
+
+SYDNEY SMIRKE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"THE CRAFTSMAN'S APOLOGY."
+
+When Bolingbroke published his _Final Answer to the Remarks on the
+Craftsman's Vindication, and to all the Libels which have come, or may come
+from the same quarter against the Person last mentioned in the Craftsman of
+the 22nd May, 1731_, he was answered in five Poetical Letters to the King,
+which in keenness of wit, polished satire, and flowing ease of
+versification, have not been since surpassed. The title of the tract in
+which they are contained is _The Craftsman's Apology, being a Vindication
+of his Conduct and Writings in several Letters to the King_, printed for T.
+Cooper, 1732, 8vo. pages 32. By whom were these very clever and amusing
+letters written? Lord Hervey or Sir Charles Hanbury Williams are the
+parties one would think most likely to have written them; but they do not
+appear in the list of Lord Hervey's works given by Walpole, or amongst
+those noticed by Mr. Croker, or in Sir C. H. Williams's _Collected Works_,
+in three volumes. Independently of which, I question whether the
+versification is not, in point of harmony, too equal for either of them. If
+they be included in the collected works of any other writer of the time,
+which I have no immediate recollection of, some of your correspondents will
+no doubt be able to point him out. Should it appear that they have not been
+reprinted, I shall be disposed to recur again to the subject, and to give
+an extract from them, as, of all the attacks ever made upon Bolingbroke,
+they seem to me the most pleasant, witty, and effective.
+
+JAS. CROSSLEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PALISSY AND CARDINAL WISEMAN.
+
+On April 28, Cardinal Wiseman, at the Manchester Corn Exchange, delivered a
+lecture "On the Relation of the Arts of Design to the Arts of Production."
+It occupies thirteen columns of _The Tablet_ of May 7, which professes to
+give it "from _The Manchester Examiner_, with corrections and additions." I
+have read it with pleasure, and shall preserve it as one of the best
+discourses on Art ever delivered; but there is a matter of fact, on which I
+am not so well satisfied. In noticing Bernard Palissy, the cardinal is
+reported to have said:
+
+    "For sixteen years he persevered in this way; and then was crowned with
+    success, and produced the first specimens of coloured and beautiful
+    pottery, such as are to this day sought by the curious; and _he
+    received a situation in the king's household, and ended his days in
+    comfort and respectability_."
+
+In the review of "Morley's Life of Palissy the Potter," _Spectator_, Oct.
+9, 1852, it is said:
+
+    "The period of the great potter's birth is uncertain. Mr. Morley fixes
+    it, on probable data, at 1509; but with a latitude of six years on
+    either side. _Palissy died in 1589 in the Bastile, where he had been
+    confined four years as a Hugenot; the king and his other friends could
+    defer his trial, but dared not grant him liberty._"
+
+All the accounts which I have read agree with Mr. Morley and the
+_Spectator_. Are they or the cardinal right, supposing him to be correctly
+reported?
+
+H. B. C.
+
+U. U. Club.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries.
+
+_Polidus._--Can you tell me where the scene of the following play is laid,
+and the names of the _dramatis personæ_?--_Polidus, a Tragedy_, by Moses
+Browne, 8vo. 1723. The author of this play, who was born in 1703, and died
+in 1787, was for some time the curate of the Rev. James Harvey, author of
+_Meditations_, and other works. Mr. Browne was afterwards presented to the
+vicarage of Olney, in Bucks, where the Rev. John Newton was his curate for
+several years.
+
+A. Z.
+
+Glasgow.
+
+    [Moses Browne was subsequently Chaplain of Morden College. The
+    piscatory brotherhood are indebted to him for having revived Walton's
+    _Complete Angler_, after it had lain dormant for upwards of eighty
+    years; and this task, he tells us, was undertaken at the request of Dr.
+    Samuel Johnson.--ED.]
+
+{500}
+
+_St. Paul's Epistles to Seneca._--It has frequently been affirmed that
+Seneca became, in the last year of his life, a convert to Christianity--his
+canonisation by St. Jerome is undoubted and there was stated to be a MS. of
+the above epistle in Merton College. May I ask any of your contributors
+whether this MS. has ever been printed?
+
+J. M. S.
+
+Hull.
+
+_Meaning of "folowed."_--Inside the cover of an old Bible and Prayer-Book,
+bound in one quarto, Robert Barker, 1611, is the following inscription:
+
+    "July eight I was much folowed when I lay in bed alone att Mistris
+    Whitmore's house, wee haveing agreed too bee married nextt daye.
+
+    "God, even our own God, shal bless us. This incouriged mee too hope for
+    God's favour and blessing through Christ.
+
+    "Christopher Curwen and Hannah Whitmore was married att Lambe's Chapel,
+    near Criplegate, July ninth, 1712."
+
+An entry of his marriage with his first wife, Elizabeth Sutton, 1704, is on
+the cover at the beginning of the book.
+
+Can any one of your correspondents enlighten me as to the meaning of the
+word _folowed_? The letters are legibly written, and there can be no
+mistake about any of them. Is it an expression derived from the Puritans?
+
+H. C. K.
+
+---- Rectory, Hereford.
+
+_Roman Catholic Registers._--Can any of your correspondents inform me where
+I can find the registers of births, marriages, and burials of Roman
+Catholic families living in Berks and Oxon in the reigns of Charles I. and
+II.?
+
+A. PT.
+
+_St. Alban's Day._--At p. 340. of the _Chronicles of London Bridge_, it is
+stated that Cardinal Fisher was executed on St. Alban's day, June 22, 1535.
+How is it that in our present calendar St. Alban's day is not June 22, but
+June 17? On looking back I see SIR W. C. TREVELYAN, in our first volume,
+inquired the reason of this change, but I do not find any reply to his
+Query.
+
+E. H. A.
+
+_Meigham, the London Printer._--J. A. S. is desirous of obtaining
+information regarding a printer in London, of the name of Meigham, about
+1745-8, or to be directed where to search for such. Meigham conversed, or
+corresponded, about Catholicity with Dr. Hay, the then vicar-apostolic of
+the Eastern District of Scotland.
+
+_Adamsoniana._--Is anything known of the family of Michel Adamson, or
+Michael Adamson, the eminent naturalist and voyager to Senegal, who, though
+born in France, is said to have been of Scottish extraction?
+
+Where is the following poem to be met with?
+
+    "Ode in Collegium Bengalense, præmio dignata quod alumnis collegiorum
+    Aberdonensium proposuit vir reverendus C. Buchanan, Coll. Bengalensis
+    Præfectus Vicarius. Auctore Alexandro Adamson, A.M., Coll. Marisch.
+    Aberd. alumno."
+
+Allow me to repeat a Query which was inserted in Vol. ii., p. 297., asking
+for any information respecting J. Adamson, the author of a rare tract on
+Edward II.'s reign, published in 1732, in defence of the Walpole
+administration from the attacks of the _Craftsman_.
+
+Who was John Adamson, author of _Fanny of Caernarvon, or the War of the
+Roses_, an historical romance, of which a French translation was published
+in 1809 at Paris, in 2 vols. 12mo.?
+
+E. H. A.
+
+_Canker or Brier Rose._--Can any of your correspondents tell me why the
+brier or dog-rose was anciently called the _canker_? The brier is
+particularly free from the disease so called, and the name does not appear
+to have been used in disparagement. In Shakspeare's beautiful Sonnet LIV.
+are the lines:
+
+ "The _canker-blooms_ have full as deep a dye,
+  As the perfumed tincture of the roses."
+
+In _King Henry IV._, Act I. Sc. 3., Hotspur says:
+
+ "Shall it for shame be spoken in these days,
+  Or fill up chronicles in times to come,
+  That men of your nobility and power,
+  Did 'gage them both in an unjust behalf,
+  (As both of you, God pardon it! have done)
+  To put down Richard, that sweet lovely rose
+  And plant this thorn, this _canker_ Bolingbroke."
+
+And again, Don John, in _Much Ado about Nothing_, Act I. Sc. 3.:
+
+    "I had rather be a _canker_ in a hedge, than a rose in the grave."
+
+ANON.
+
+"_Short red, god red._"--In Roger of Wendover's _Chronicle_, Bohn's
+edition, vol. i. p. 345., is a story how Walchere, Bishop of Durham, was
+slain in his county court, A.D. 1075, by the suitors on the instigation of
+one who cried out in his native tongue "Schort red, god red, slea ye the
+bischop."
+
+Sir Walter Scott, in his _Tales of a Grandfather_ (vol. i. p. 85.), tells
+the same story of a Bishop of Caithness who was burned for enforcing tithes
+in the reign of Alexander II. of Scotland (about 1220).
+
+What authority is there for the latter story? Did Sir Walter confound the
+two bishops, or did he add the circumstance for the amusement of Hugh
+Littlejohn? Was this the formula usually adopted on such occasions? How
+came the Caithness people to speak such good Saxon?
+
+G.
+
+_Overseers of Wills._--I have copies of several wills of the fifteenth and
+sixteenth centuries, in {501} which one set of persons are appointed
+_executors_ and another _overseers_. What were the rights and duties of
+these latter?
+
+J. K.
+
+_Lepel's Regiment._--Can your correspondent MR. ARTHUR HAMILTON inform me
+what is the regiment known in 1707 as _Lepel's Regiment_? It was a cavalry
+regiment, I believe.
+
+J. K.
+
+_Vincent Family._--Can any of your correspondents give me any information
+respecting the descendants of Francis Vincent, grandson of Augustine
+Vincent, Rouge Croix Pursuivant at Arms. His sister Elizabeth has, or had
+very lately, a representative in the person of Francis Offley Edmunds of
+Worsborough, Yorkshire; but nowhere have I been able to obtain any
+information respecting himself. If you could give any information on this
+subject, you would much oblige
+
+C. WILSON.
+
+_Passage in the First Part of Faust._--
+
+ "_Faust._ Es Klopft? Herein! Wer will mich wieder plagen?
+  _Mephistopheles._ Ich bin's.
+  _Faust._ Herein!
+  _Mephis._ Du musst es dreimal sagen.
+  _Faust._ Herein denn!
+  _Mephis._ So gefällst du mir."
+
+Why must he say it _three_ times? Is this a superstition that can be traced
+in other countries than Germany? In Horace we have Diana thus addressed:
+
+ "_Ter_ vocata audis, adimisque letho,
+  Diva triformis."--Lib. iii. Ode 22.
+
+But she is there the benign Diana, not Hecate.
+
+Are we to understand the passage to mean, that the number _three_ has a
+magical influence in summoning spirits; or to teach that the power of evil
+is so overruled by a higher Power, that he cannot approach to begin his
+work of temptation and ruin unless he be, not once merely, or twice, but
+_three_ times, called by the free will and act of the individual who is
+surrendering himself to his influence? The subject seems worthy of
+elucidation.
+
+W. FRASER.
+
+Tor-Mohun.
+
+_Lady Anne Gray._--Who was the "Lady Anne Gray," or "Lady Gray," who was
+one of the attendants on Queen Elizabeth when princess, and is mentioned
+first in Sir John Harrington's poem in praise of her ladies?
+
+N. A.
+
+_Continental Brasses._--At a recent meeting of the Archæological Institute,
+Mr. Nesbitt exhibited rubbings of some fine brasses at Bamberg, Naumberg,
+Meissen, and Erfurt. Mr. Nesbitt would confer a favour on the readers of
+"N. & Q." by stating the names and dates of those sepulchral memorials, and
+the churches from which he obtained the rubbings, and thus aid in carrying
+out MR. W. SPARROW SIMPSON'S excellent suggestion for obtaining a complete
+list of monumental brasses on the Continent.
+
+WILLIAM W. KING.
+
+_Peter Beaver._--In the early part of the last century, a gentleman named
+Peter Beaver, whose daughter was married in 1739 to Latham Blacker, Esq.,
+of Rathescar, lived in the old and fashionable town of Drogheda. Can any
+one inform me as to the year of his death, and whether he left a son? The
+name has disappeared in Drogheda. I would likewise be glad to know the
+origin of the name; and, if it be a corruption of Beauvoir, at what time,
+and for what reason, was it changed? The crest is the animal of the same
+name.
+
+ABHBA.
+
+_Cremonas._--Can any of your numerous correspondents kindly supply me with
+a list of the earliest and the latest of the instruments of each of the
+famous _cremona_ makers? Such a list would be a valuable contribution to
+"N. & Q."
+
+Mr. Dubourg's work on the _Violin_, excellent as it is in many respects,
+contains but a meagre account of the instrument itself, and is sadly
+deficient on the subject of my Query. May I ask him, and I have reason for
+so doing, on what authority he gives 1664 as the year of the birth of
+Antonius Stradivarius, in his last edition?
+
+H. C. K.
+
+_Cranmer and Calvin._--In the _Christian Observer_ for March 1827 (No. 303.
+p. 150.) it is stated that the late Rev. T. Brock, of Guernsey, had been
+assured by an eminent scholar of Geneva, afterwards a clergyman in our
+church, that he had met with, in a public library at Geneva, a printed
+correspondence in Latin between Archbishop Cranmer and Calvin, in which the
+latter forewarned the former, that though he perfectly understood the
+meaning of the baptismal service, yet "the time would come when" it "would
+be misconceived, and received as implying that baptism absolutely conveyed
+regeneration;" and that Cranmer replied, "that it is not possible such a
+construction can be put upon the passage, the church having sufficiently
+explained her meaning in the Articles and elsewhere." I have heard that
+search was made for these documents by M. D'Aubigné and others, but without
+success; one of the reports being, that "the documents had been apparently
+_cut out_." Mr. Brock's informant, I hear, was a Rev. Marc De Joux, who
+afterwards became an Irvingite, left Guernsey, and went to the Mauritius,
+where it is believed he still resides. With the _theological_ question I
+wish not here to meddle, or to express an opinion. But I should be glad if
+you will kindly permit me to inquire whether any of your readers can give
+any information as to the existence of the supposed "printed"
+correspondence {502} referred to? whether or not it does exist? and, if so,
+where?
+
+C. D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries with Answers.
+
+"_A Letter to a Convocation Man_" (Vol. vii., pp. 358. 415.).--I beg to
+thank "N. & Q." for the answer to my inquiry respecting the authorship of
+this letter. I should be very glad to learn further particulars respecting
+Sir Bartholomew Shower. Was he a member of the House of Commons, as the
+author of the Letter intimates that he himself was? I shall also be very
+thankful if TYRO, or any other correspondent, will answer for me these
+Queries, suggested by the same Letter.
+
+    "It was the opinion, indeed, of a late _great preacher_, that
+    Christians under a Mahometan or Pagan government, ought to value the
+    peace of the country above the conversion of the people there."
+
+Who is the preacher here referred to?
+
+Who were the authors, and what were the titles of the many _Defences_ of
+Sherlock's _Vindication of the Holy and Ever Blessed Trinity_, and _The
+Divinity and Death of Christ_? *
+
+And what farther is to be learned of Mr. Papin, a Socinian, who jointed the
+Church of Rome about that period? +
+
+Who was Chief Justice in 1697? Was it Chief Justice Treby? ++
+
+Trelawney, Bishop of Exeter, excommunicated Dr. Bury. When was the living
+the latter enjoyed "untouched and even unquestioned by another bishop?" §
+
+In case the answers to these should not appear of sufficient importance to
+be put into type, I enclose an envelope.
+
+W. FRASER.
+
+Tor-Mohun.
+
+P.S.--The misprint you point out, Vol. vii., p. 409., of _Oxoniensis_ for
+_Exoniensis_, occurred in the Appendix to Wake's _State of the Church and
+Clergy of England_, p. 4.
+
+    [* The titles of nearly twenty works relating to Sherlock's Trinitarian
+    Controversy will be found _s. v._ in the _Bodleian Catalogue_, vol.
+    iii. p. 462. See also Watt's _Bibliotheca Britannica_.
+
+    + A long account of Mr. Papin is given in Rose's as well as in
+    Chalmers's _Biographical Dictionary_.
+
+    ++ Sir George Treby was Chief Justice of Common Pleas in 1697.
+
+    § Bishop Trelawney, it appears, suspended Dr. Arthur Bury from the
+    rectorship of Exeter College for some heterodox notions in his work,
+    _The Naked Gospel_. The affair was carried by appeal from the King's
+    Bench to the House of Lords, when Bishop Stillingfleet delivered a
+    speech on the "Case of Visitation of Colleges," printed in his
+    _Ecclesiastical Cases_, part ii. p. 411. Wood states that Dr. Bury was
+    soon after restored. For an account of this controversy, and the works
+    relating to it, see Gough's _British Topography_, vol. ii. p. 147., and
+    Wood's _Athenæ_ (Bliss), vol. iv. p. 483.
+
+    Any farther communications on the above Queries shall be forwarded to
+    the correspondent.]
+
+_Prester John._--I should be glad, through the medium of "N. & Q.," to be
+favoured with some information relative to this mysterious personage.
+
+STRATH CLYDE.
+
+    [The history of Prester John, or of the individuals bearing that
+    appellation, appears involved in considerable confusion and obscurity.
+    Most of our Encyclopædias contain notices of this mysterious personage,
+    especially Rees's, and Collier's _Great Historical Dictionary_. "The
+    fame of _Prester_ or _Presbyter_ John," says Gibbon, "a khan, whose
+    power was vainly magnified by the Nestorian missionaries, and who is
+    said to have received at their hands the rite of baptism, and even of
+    ordination, has long amused the credulity of Europe. In its long
+    progress to Mosul, Jerusalem, Rome, &c., the story of Prester John
+    evaporated into a monstrous fable, of which some features have been
+    borrowed from the Lama of Thibet (_Hist. Généaologique des Tartares_,
+    part ii. p. 42.; _Hist. de Gengiscan_, p. 31. &c.), and were ignorantly
+    transferred by the Portuguese to the emperor of Abyssinia (Ludolph.
+    _Hist. Æthop. Comment._ l. ii. c. 1.). Yet is is probable that, in the
+    twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Nestorian Christianity was professed
+    in the horde of the Keraites."]
+
+_Homer's Iliad in a Nut._--On the tomb of those celebrated gardeners,
+Tradescant father and son, these lines occur in the course of the
+inscription:
+
+ "Whilst they (as Homer's Iliad in a nut),
+  A World of Wonders in one closet shut."
+
+Will you explain the comparison implied in the words "as Homer's Iliad in a
+nut?"
+
+DAVID.
+
+    [It refers to the account given by Pliny, vii. 21., that the _Iliad_
+    was copied in so small a hand, that the whole work could lie in a
+    walnut-shell: "In nuce inclusam Iliada Homeri carmen, in membrana
+    scriptum tradidit Cicero." Pliny's authority is Cicero _apvd Gellium_,
+    ix. 421. See M. Huet's account of a similar experiment in _Gentleman's
+    Magazine_, vol. xxxix. p. 347.]
+
+_Monogram of Parker Society._--What is the meaning of the monogram adopted
+by the Parker Society on all their publications?
+
+TYRO.
+
+    [The monogram is "MATTHEW PARKER," Archbishop of Canterbury in the
+    reign of Queen Elizabeth.]
+
+_The Five Alls._--Can any of your readers give me an interpretation of a
+sign on an inn in Oxford, which bears this inscription?
+
+    "THE FIVE ALLS."
+
+I can make nothing of it.
+
+CURIOSUS.
+
+Oxford.
+
+    [Captain Grose shall interpret this Query. He says, "The Five Alls is a
+    country sign, representing five human figures, each having a motto. The
+    first is a king in his regalia, 'I govern all.' The second, a {503}
+    bishop in pontificals, 'I pray for all.' Third, a lawyer in his gown,
+    'I plead for all.' Fourth, a soldier in his regimentals, 'I fight for
+    all.' Fifth, a poor countryman with his scythe and rake, 'I _pay_ for
+    all!'"]
+
+_Corvizer._--In a deed of the middle of the last century, I find this
+addition to the name of a person residing at Conway. The word is similarly
+employed in a list of interments of some "common people," contained in
+Browne Willis's account of Bangor Cathedral. What does it mean, and whence
+is it derived?
+
+H. B.
+
+Bangor.
+
+    [An obsolete word for a cordwainer or shoemaker. See Ash's
+    _Dictionary._]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies.
+
+ENGLISH COMEDIANS IN GERMANY.
+
+(Vol. ii., pp. 184. 459.; Vol. iii., p. 21.; Vol. vii., pp. 114. 360.)
+
+In 1605 the English comedians first appeared in Prussia. In October they
+performed before the Duchess Maria Eleonora at Koningsberg, for which they
+were well paid; they then proceeded to Elbing, whence they were dismissed
+with twenty thalers, since they produced scandalous things ("weil sie
+schandbare Dinge fürgebracht"). In 1607, they were again sent away, after
+they had performed the preceding year at Rostock. Some time after, the
+Elector of Brandenburg, Joh. Sigismund, employed a certain noble, Hans von
+Stockfisch, to obtain a theatrical company from England and the
+Netherlands. A troop of nineteen comedians, under the direction of John
+Spencer, came with sixteen musicians to add lustre to the electoral feasts.
+In 1611, they received 720 marks, as well as many hundred ells of various
+stuffs for costumes and decorations; of which great quantities were used in
+1612. Many a time was it necessary to ransom them at great cost from inns
+and lodging-houses; so that the prince, in 1613, resolved to rid himself of
+these dear guests, and gave them a recommendation to the Elector of Saxony.
+In 1616 we find them in Dantzic, where they gave eight representations; and
+two years later, the Electress of Brandenburg, through Hans von Stockfisch,
+procured eighteen comedians, who performed at Elbing, Koningsberg, and
+other places, and were paid for their trouble ("für ihre gehabte Mühe eins
+für alles") 200 Polish guilders.
+
+In 1639, English comedians are again found in Koningsberg; and, for the
+last time, in 1650, at Vienna, where William Roe, John Waide, Gideon,
+Gellius, and Robert Casse, obtained a license from Ferdinand I.
+
+In 1620 appeared a volume of _Englische Comedien und Tragedien, &c._ (2nd
+edit., 1624), which was followed by a second; and in 1670 by a third: in
+which last, however, the English element is not so prominent.
+
+These statements of Dr. Hagen are confirmed by numerous quotations from
+original documents, published by him in the _Neue Preuss. Provincial
+Blätter_, Koningsb., 1850, vol. x.; vid. et _Gesch. der Deuts.
+Schauspielk._, by E. Devrient, Leipzic, 1848. Professor Hagen maintains,
+that in the beginning of the seventeenth century, the English comedies were
+performed in Dutch; and that, in Germany, the same persons were called
+indifferently English or Dutch comedians. They were Englishmen who had
+found shelter under the English trading companies in the Netherlands ("Es
+waren Engländer die in den englischen Handelscompagnien in den Niederlanden
+ein Unterkommen gefunden.")--From the _Navorscher_.
+
+J. M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A GENTLEMAN EXECUTED FOR WHIPPING A SLAVE TO DEATH.
+
+(Vol. vii., p. 107.)
+
+The occurrence noticed by W. W. is, I believe, the only instance on record
+in the West Indies of the _actual_ execution of a gentleman for the murder,
+by whipping or otherwise, of a slave. Nor is this strange. In the days of
+slavery every owner of slaves was regarded in the light of a gentleman, and
+his "right to do what he liked with his own" was seldom called in question
+by judges or juries, who were themselves among the principal shareholders.
+The case of Hodge was, however, of an aggravated character. For the trivial
+offence of stealing a mango, he had caused one of his slaves to be whipped
+to death; and this was, perhaps, the least shocking of the repeated acts of
+cruelty which he was known to have committed upon the slaves of his estate.
+
+During slavery each colony had its Hodge, and some had more than one. The
+most conspicuous character of this kind in St. Lucia was _Jacques O'Neill
+de Tyrone_, a gentleman who belonged to an Irish family, originally settled
+in Martinique, and who boasted of his descent from one of the ancient kings
+of Ireland. This man had long been notorious for his cruelty to his slaves.
+At last, on the surrender of the colony to the British in 1803, the
+attention of the authorities was awakened; a charge of murder was brought
+against him, and he was sentenced to death. From this sentence he appealed
+to a higher court; but such was the state of public feeling at the bare
+idea of putting a white man to death for any offence against a slave, that
+for a long time the members of the court could not be induced to meet; and
+when they did meet, it was only to reverse the sentence of the court below.
+I have now before me the proceedings of both courts. {504} The sentence of
+the inferior court, presided over by an European judge, is based upon the
+clearest evidence of O'Neill's having caused two of his slaves to be
+murdered in his presence, and their heads cut off and stuck upon poles as a
+warning to the others. The sentence of the Court of Appeal, presided over
+by a brother planter, and entirely composed of planters, reverses the
+sentence, without assigning any reason for its decision, beyond the mere
+allegations of the accused party. Such was criminal justice in the days of
+slavery!
+
+HENRY H. BREEN.
+
+St. Lucia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LONGEVITY.
+
+(Vol. vii., p. 358., &c.)
+
+On looking over some volumes of the _Annual Register_, from its
+commencement in 1758, I find instances of longevity very common, if we can
+credit its reports. In vol. iv., for the year 1761, amongst the deaths, of
+which there are many between 100 and 110, the following occur:
+
+    January. "At Philadelphia, Mr. Charles Cottrell, aged 120 years; and
+    three days after, his wife, aged 115. This couple lived together in the
+    marriage state 98 years in great union and harmony."
+
+    April. "Mrs. Gillam, of Aldersgate Street, aged 113."
+
+    July. "John Newell, Esq., at Michael(s)town, Ireland, aged 127,
+    grandson to old Parr, who died at the age of 152."
+
+    August. "James Carlewhite, of Seatown, in Scotland, aged 111.
+
+    "John Lyon, of Bandon, in the county of Cork, Ireland, aged 116."
+
+In September there are three aged 106; one 107; one 111; one 112; and one
+114 registered. I will take three from the year 1768, viz.:
+
+    January. "Died lately in the Isle of Sky, in Scotland, Mr. Donald
+    M^cGregor, a farmer there, in the 117th year of his age.
+
+    "Last week, died at Burythorpe, near Malton in Yorkshire, Francis
+    Confit, aged 150 years: he was maintained by the parish above sixty
+    years, and retained his senses to the very last."
+
+    April. "Near Ennis, Joan M^cDonough, aged 138 years."
+
+Should sufficient interest attach to this subject, and any of the
+correspondents of "N. & Q." wish it, I will be very happy to contribute my
+mite, and make out a list of all the deaths above 120 years, or even 110,
+from the commencement of the _Annual Register_, but am afraid it will be
+found rather long.
+
+J. S. A.
+
+Old Broad Street.
+
+A few years ago there lived in New Ross, in the county of Wexford, two old
+men. The one, a slater named Furlong, a person of very intemperate habits,
+died an inmate of the poorhouse in his 101st year: he was able to take long
+walks up to a very short period before his death; and I have heard that he,
+his son, and grandson, have been all together on a roof slating at the same
+time. The other man was a nurseryman named Hayden, who died in his 108th
+year: his memory was very good as to events that happened in his youth, and
+his limbs, though shrunk up considerably, served him well. He was also in
+the frequent habit of taking long walks not long before his death.
+
+J. W. D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DERIVATION OF CANADA.
+
+(Vol. vii., p. 380.)
+
+The derivation given in the "cutting from an old newspaper," contributed by
+MR. BREEN, seems little better than that of Dr. Douglas, who derives the
+name from a _M. Cane_, to whom he attributes the honour of being the
+discoverer of the St. Lawrence.
+
+In the first place, the "cutting" is not correct, in so far as Gaspar
+Cortereal never ascended the river, having merely entered the gulf, to
+which the name of St. Lawrence was afterwards given by Jacques Carter.
+Neither was the main object of the expedition the discovery of a passage
+into the Indian Sea, but the discovery of gold; and it was the
+disappointment of the adventurers in not finding the precious metal which
+is supposed to have caused them to exclaim "Aca nada!" (Nothing here).
+
+The author of the _Conquest of Canada_, in the first chapter of that
+valuable work, says that "an ancient Castilian tradition existed, that the
+Spaniards visited these coasts before the French,"--to which tradition
+probably this supposititious derivation owes its origin.
+
+Hennepin, who likewise assigns to the Spaniards priority of discovery,
+asserts that they called the land _El Capo di Nada_ (Cape Nothing) for the
+same reason.
+
+But the derivation given by Charlevoix, in his _Nouvelle France_, should
+set all doubt upon the point at rest; _Cannáda_ signifying, in the Iroquois
+language, a number of huts (_un amas de cabanes_), or a village. The name
+came to be applied to the whole country in this manner:--The natives being
+asked what they called the first settlement at which Cartier and his
+companions arrived, answered, "Cannáda;" not meaning the particular
+appellation of the place, which was Stadacóna (the modern Quebec), but
+simply a village. In like manner, they applied the same word to Hochelága
+(Montreal) and to other places; whence the Europeans, hearing every
+locality designated by the same term, _Cannáda_, very naturally applied it
+to the entire valley of the St. Lawrence. It may not here be out of place
+to notice, that with respect to the derivation of _Quebec_, the weight of
+evidence {505} would likewise seem to be favourable to an aboriginal
+source, as Champlain speaks of "la pointe de Québec, ainsi appellée des
+sauvages;" not satisfied with which, some writers assert that the far-famed
+city was named after Candebec, a town on the Seine; while others say that
+the Norman navigators, on perceiving the lofty headland, exclaimed "Quel
+bec!" of which they believe the present name to be a corruption. Dissenting
+from all other authorities upon the subject, Mr. Hawkins, the editor of a
+local guide-book called _The Picture of Quebec_, traces the name to an
+European source, which he considers to be conclusive, owing to the
+existence of a seal bearing date 7 Henry V. (1420), and on which the Earl
+of Suffolk is styled "Domine de Hamburg et de Québec."
+
+ROBERT WRIGHT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SETANTIORUM PORTUS.
+
+(Vol. vii., pp. 180. 246.)
+
+Although the positions assigned by Camden to the ancient names of the
+various estuaries on the coasts of Lancashire and Cumberland are very much
+at variance with those laid down by more modern geographers; still, with
+regard to the particular locality assigned by him to the _Setantiorum
+Portus_, he has made a suggestion which seems worthy the attention of your
+able correspondent C.
+
+His position for _Morecambe Bay_ is a small inlet to the south of the
+entrance of _Solway Firth_, into which the rivers _Waver_ and _Wampool_
+empty themselves, and on which stands "the abbey of _Ulme_, or _Holme
+Cultraine_." He derives the name from the British, as signifying a "crooked
+sea," which doubtless is correct; we have _Môr taweh_, the main sea;
+_Morudd_, the Red Sea; and _Môr camm_ may be supposed to indicate a bay
+much indented with inlets. It is needless to say that the present
+_Morecambe Bay_ answers this description far more accurately than that in
+the Solway Firth. _Belisama Æstuarium_ he assigns to the mouth of the
+Ribble, and is obliged to allot _Setantiorum Portus_ to the remaining
+estuary, now called Morecambe Bay. However, he seems not quite satisfied
+with this last arrangement, and suggests that it would be more appropriate
+if we might read, as is found in some copies, _Setantiorum_ [Greek: limnê],
+instead of [Greek: limên], thus assigning the name of Setantii to the
+inhabitants of the _lake district_.
+
+The old editions of Ptolemy, both Greek and Latin, are very incorrect, and,
+there is little doubt, have suffered from alterations and interpolations at
+the hands of ignorant persons. I have not access at present to any edition
+of his geography, either of Erasmus, Servetus, or Bertius, so I know not
+whether any weight should be allowed to the following circumstance; in the
+_Britannia Romana_, in Gibson's _Camden_, this is almost the only _Portus_
+to be found round the coast of England. The terms there used are (with one
+more exception) invariably _æstuarium_, or _fluvii ostium_. If this
+variation in the old reading be accepted, the appellation as given by
+Montanus, Bertius, and others, to _Winandermere_, becomes more
+intelligible.
+
+H. C. K.
+
+---- Rectory, Hereford.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_Stereoscopic Queries._--Can any of your readers inform me what are the
+proper angles under which stereoscopic pictures should be taken?
+
+Mr. Beard, I am informed, takes his stereoscopic portraits at about 6½°, or
+1 in 9; that is to say, his cameras are placed 1 inch apart for every 9
+inches the sitter is removed from them. The distance of the sitter with him
+is generally, I believe, 8 feet, which would give 10-2/3 inches for the
+extent of the separation between his cameras. More than this has the
+effect, he says, of making the pictures appear to stand out unnaturally;
+that is to say, if the cameras were to be placed 12 inches apart (which
+would be equal to 1 in 8), the pictures would seem to be in greater relief
+than the objects.
+
+I find that the pictures on a French stereoscopic slide I have by me have
+been taken at an angle of 10°, or 1 in 6. This was evidently photographed
+at a considerable distance, the triumphal arch in the Place de Carousel (of
+which it is a representation) being reduced to about 1¼ inch in height. How
+comes it then that the angle is here increased to 10° from 6½°, or to 1 in
+6 from 1 in 9.
+
+Moreover, the only work I have been able to obtain on the mode of taking
+stereoscopic pictures, lays it down that all portraits, or near objects,
+should be taken under an angle of 15°, or, as it says, 1 in 5; that is, if
+the camera is 20 feet from the sitter, the distance between its first and
+second position (supposing only one to be used) should not exceed 4 feet:
+otherwise, adds the author, "the stereosity will appear unnaturally great."
+
+When two cameras are employed, the instructions proceed to state that the
+distance between them would be about 1/10th of the distance from the part
+of the object focussed. The example given is a group of portraits, and the
+angle, 1 in 10, is afterwards spoken of as being equivalent to an arc of
+10°.
+
+Farther on, we are told that "the angle should be lessened as the distance
+between the nearest and farthest objects increase. Example: if the farthest
+object be twice as far from the camera as the near object, the angle should
+be 5° to a central point between these two.
+
+Now, I find by calculation that the measurements and the angle here
+mentioned by no means {506} agree. For instance, an angle of 15° is spoken
+of as being equivalent to the measurement 1 in 5. An angle of 10° is said,
+or implied, to be the same as 1 in 10. This is far from being the fact.
+According to my calculations, the following are the real equivalents:--
+
+  An angle of 15° is equal to 1 in 4.
+     "       12°      "      1 in 5.
+     "       10°      "      1 in 6.
+     "       6½°      "      1 in 9.
+     "       6°       "      1 in 10.
+     "       5°       "      1 in 12.
+     "       4°       "      1 in 15.
+
+Will any of your readers oblige me by solving the above anomalies, and by
+giving the proper angles or measurement under which objects should be taken
+when near, moderately distant, or far removed from the camera; stating, at
+the same time, at how many feet from the camera an object is to be
+considered as near, or distant, or between the two? It would be a great
+assistance to beginners in the stereoscopic art, if some experienced
+gentleman would state the best distances and angles for taking busts,
+portraits, groups, buildings, and landscapes.
+
+It is said that stereoscopic pictures at great distances, such as views,
+should be taken "with a small aperture." But as the exact dimensions are
+not mentioned, it would be equally serviceable if, to the other details,
+were added some account of the dimensions of the apertures required for the
+several angles.
+
+In the directions given in the work from which I have quoted, it is said
+that when pictures are taken with one camera placed in different positions,
+the angle should be 15°; but when taken with two cameras, the angle should
+be 10°. Is this right? And, if so, why the difference?
+
+In the account given by you of Mr. Wilkinson's ingenious mode of levelling
+the cameras for stereoscopic pictures, it is said the plumb-line should be
+three feet long, and that the diagonal lines drawn on the ground glass
+should be made to cut the principal object focussed on the glass; and "when
+you have moved it, the camera, 8 _or_ 10 feet, make it cut the same object
+again." At what distance is the object presumed to be?
+
+Any information upon the above matters will be a great service, and
+consequently no slight favour conferred upon your constant reader since the
+photographic correspondence has been commenced.
+
+[phi].
+
+_Photographic Portraits of Criminals, &c._--Such experience as I have had
+both in drawing portraits and taking photographs, impels me to hint to the
+authorities of Scotland Yard that they will by no means find taking the
+portraits of gentlemen that are "wanted" infallible, and I anticipate some
+unpleasant mistakes will ere long arise. I have observed that inability to
+recognize a portrait is as frequent in the case of photographs as on
+canvass, or in any other way. I defy the whole world of artists to reduce
+the why and wherefore into a reasonable shape; one will declare that
+"either" looks as if the individual was going to cry; the next critic will
+say he sees nothing but a pleasant smile. "I should never have known who it
+is if you hadn't told me," says a third; the next says "it's his eyes, but
+not his nose;" and perhaps the next will say, "it's his nose, but not his
+eyes."
+
+I was present not long since at the showing a portrait, which I think about
+the climax of doubt. "Not a bit like," was the first exclamation. The poor
+artist sank into his chair; after, however, a brief contemplation, "It's
+very like, _in-deed_; it's excellent:" this was said by a gentleman of the
+highest attainments, and one of the best poets of the day.
+
+Some persons (I beg pardon of the ladies) take the habiliments as the
+standard of recognition. I do not accuse them of doing it wilfully; they do
+not know it themselves. For example, Miss Smith will know Miss Jones a mile
+or so off. By her general air, or her face? Oh no! It's by the bonnet she
+helped her to choose at Madame What-d'ye-call's, because the colour suited
+he complexion.
+
+These are some of the mortifications attendant on artistic labour, and if
+they occur with the educated classes, they are more likely to happen even
+to "intelligent policemen," as the newspaper have it. If I dissent from the
+plan it is because I doubt its efficiency, but do not deny that it is worth
+a trial. If the French like to carry their portraits about with them on
+their passports to show to policemen, let them submit to the humiliation. I
+doubt very much whether the Chamber of Deputies would have made a law of
+it: it appears a new idea in jurisprudence that a man _must_ sit for his
+picture. Any one, however, understanding the camera, would be alive before
+the removal of the cup of the lens, and be ready with a wry face; I do not
+suppose he could be imprisoned for _that_.
+
+Both plans are miserable travesties on the lovely uses of portrait painting
+and photography. Side by side with Cowper's passionate address to his
+mother's picture, how does it look?
+
+ "Oh, that those lips had language! Life has pass'd
+  With me but roughly since I saw thee last."
+
+And,
+
+ "Blest be the art that can immortalise."
+
+If photography has an advantage over canvas, it does indeed immortalise
+(the painting may imitate, and the portrait may be good; but there is
+something more profoundly affecting in having the actual, the real shade of
+a friend perhaps long {507} since in his grave); and we ought not only to
+be grateful to the illustrious inventors of the art, but prevent these base
+uses being made of it.
+
+In short, apart from the uncertainty of recognition, which I have not in
+the least caricatured, if Giles Scroggins, housebreaker and coiner, and all
+the swell mob, are to be photographed, it will bring the art into disgrace,
+and people's friends will inquire delicately where it was done, when they
+show their lively effigies. It may also mislead by a sharp rogue's
+adroitness; and I question very much its legality.
+
+WELD TAYLOR.
+
+_Photography applied to Catalogues of Books._--May not photography be
+usefully applied to the making of catalogues of large libraries? It would
+seem no difficult matter to obtain any number of photographs, of any
+required size, of the title-page of any book. Suppose the plan adopted,
+that five photographs of each were taken; they may be arranged in five
+catalogues, as follows:--Era, subject, country, author, title. These being
+arranged alphabetically, would form five catalogues of a library probably
+sufficient to meet the wants of all. Any number of additional divisions may
+be added. By adopting a fixed breadth--say three inches--for the
+photographs, to be pasted in double columns in folio, interchanges may take
+place of those unerring slips, and thus librarians aid each other. I throw
+out this crude idea, in the hope that photographers and librarians may
+combine to carry it out.
+
+ALBERT BLOR, LL.D.
+
+Dublin.
+
+_Application of Photography to the Microscope._--May I request the
+re-insertion of the photographic Query of R. J. F. in Vol. vi., p. 612., as
+I cannot find that it has received an answer, viz., What extra apparatus is
+required to a first-rate microscope in order to obtain photographic
+microscopic pictures?
+
+J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies to Minor Queries.
+
+_Discovery at Nuneham Regis_ (Vol. vi., p. 558.).--May the decapitated
+body, found in juxta-position with other members of the Chichester family,
+not be that of Sir John Chichester the Younger, mentioned in Burke's
+_Peerage and Baronetage_, under the head "Chichester, Sir Arthur, of
+Raleigh, co. Devon," as being that fourth son of Sir John Chichester, Knt.,
+M.P. for the co. Devon, who was Governor of Carrickfergus, and lost his
+life "by decapitation," after falling into the hands of James Macsorley
+Macdonnel, Earl of Antrim?
+
+The removal of the body from Ireland to the resting-place of other members
+of the family would not be a very improbable event, and quite consistent
+with the natural affection of relatives, under such mournful circumstances.
+
+J. H. T.
+
+_Eulenspiegel, or Howleglas_ (Vol. vii., pp. 357. 416.).--Permit me to
+acquaint your correspondent that among the many singular and curious books
+which formed the library of that talented antiquary the late Charles
+Kirkpatrick Sharp, and which were sold here by auction some time ago, there
+was a small 12mo. volume containing _French translations_, with rude
+woodcuts, of--
+
+    1. "La Vie joyeuse et recreative de Tiel-Ullespiegle, de ses Faits
+    merveilleux et Fortunes qu'il a eues; lequel par aucune Ruse ne se
+    laissa pas tromper. A Troyes, chez Garner, 1838."
+
+    2. "Histoire de Richard Sans Peur, Duc de Normandie, Fils de Robert le
+    Diable, &c. A Troyes, chez Oudot, 1745."
+
+T. G. S.
+
+Edinburgh.
+
+_Parochial Libraries_ (Vol. vi., p. 432.; Vol. vii., pp. 193. 369. 438.).--
+
+    "In the year 1635, upon the request of the Rev. Anthony Tuckney, Vicar
+    of Boston, it was ordained by the Archbishop of Canterbury (Laud), then
+    on his metropolitical visitation at Boston, 'that the roome over the
+    porch of the saide churche shall be repaired and decently fitted up to
+    make a librarye, to the end that, in case any well and charitably
+    disposed person shall hereafter bestow any books to the use of the
+    parish, they may be there safely preserved and kept.'"
+
+This library at present contains several hundred volumes of ancient
+(patristic, scholastic, and post-Reformation) divinity.
+
+I hope to be able ere long to make a correct catalogue of the books at
+present remaining, and at the same time make an attempt to restore them to
+that decent "keeping" in which the great and good archbishop desired they
+might remain.
+
+Query: In making preparations for the catalogue, I have been informed by a
+gentleman that he remembers two or more _cart loads_ of books from this
+library being sold by the churchwardens, and, as he believes, by the then
+archdeacon's orders, at waste paper price; that the bulk of them was
+purchased by a bookseller then resident in Boston, and re-sold by him to a
+clergyman in the neighbourhood of Silsby.
+
+1. What was the date of the sale?
+
+2. The name of the _Venerable_ Archdeacon who perpetrated this robbery?
+
+3. Whether there are any legal means for recovering the missing works?
+
+My extracts are from Thompson's _History of Boston_, a correspondent of
+yours, a new edition of whose laborious work is about to appear.
+
+THOMAS COLLIS.
+
+Boston.
+
+_Painter--Derrick_ (Vol. vii., pp. 178. 391.).--I cannot agree with
+J. S. C. that _painter_ is a corruption of _punter_, from the Saxon _punt_,
+a boat. {508} According to the construction and analogy of our language, a
+_punter_ or _boater_ would be the person who worked or managed the boat. I
+consider that _painter_--like _halter_ and _tether_, derived from Gothic
+words signifying to _hold_ and to _tie_--is a corruption of _bynder_, from
+the Saxon _bynd_, to bind. If the Anglo-Norman word _panter_, a snare for
+catching and holding birds, be a corruption of _bynder_, we are brought to
+the word at once. Or, indeed, we may go no farther back than _panter_.
+
+J. C. G. says that _derrick_ is an ancient British word: perhaps he will be
+kind enough to let us know its signification. I always understood that a
+_derrick_ took its name from _Derrick_, the notorious executioner at
+Tyburn, in the early part of the seventeenth century, whose name was long a
+general term for hangman. In merchant ships, the _derrick_, for hoisting up
+goods, is always placed at the hatchway, close by the _gallows_. The
+_derrick_, however, is not a nautical appliance alone; it has been long
+used to raise stones at buildings; but the crane, and that excellent
+invention the handy-paddy, has now almost put it out of employment. What
+will philologists, two or three centuries hence, make out of the word
+_handy-paddy_, which is universally used by workmen to designate the
+powerful winch, traversing on temporary rails, employed to raise heavy
+weights at large buildings. For the benefit of posterity, I may say that it
+is very _handy_ for the masons, and almost invariably worked by Irishmen.
+
+As a collateral evidence to my opinion, that _painter_ is derived from the
+Saxon _bynder_, through the Anglo-Norman _panter_, and that _derrick_ is
+from _Derrick_ the hangman, I may add that these words are unknown in the
+nautical technology of any other language.
+
+W. PINKERTON.
+
+Ham.
+
+_Pepys's "Morena"_ (Vol. vii., p. 118.).--MR. WARDEN may like to be
+informed that his conjecture about the meaning of this word is fully
+confirmed by the following passage in the _Diary_, 6th October, 1661, which
+has hitherto unaccountably escaped observation:
+
+    "There was also my _pretty black girl_, Mrs. Dekins and Mrs. Margaret
+    Pen this day come to church."
+
+BRAYBROOKE.
+
+_Pylades and Corinna_ (Vol. vii., p. 305.).--If your correspondent's
+question have reference to the two volumes in octavo published under this
+title in 1731, assuredly Defoe had nothing to do with them, as must be
+evident to any one on the most cursory glance. The volumes contain memoirs
+of Mrs. Elizabeth Thomas, on whom Dryden conferred the poetical title of
+Corinna, and the letters which passed between her and Richard Gwinnett, her
+intended husband. A biography of this lady, neither whose life nor poetry
+were of the best, may be found in Chalmers's _Biog. Dict._, vol. xxix. p.
+281., and a farther one in Cibber's _Lives_, vol. iv. The _Dunciad_, and
+her part in the publication of Pope's early correspondence, have given her
+an unhappy notoriety. I must say, however, that, notwithstanding his
+provocation, I cannot but think that he treated this poor woman
+ungenerously.
+
+JAMES CROSSLEY.
+
+_Judge Smith_ (Vol. vii., p. 463.).--I must confess my ignorance of any
+Judge Smith flourishing in the reign of Elizabeth. I know of only three
+judges of that name.
+
+1. John Smith, a Baron of the Exchequer during the last seven years of the
+reign of Henry VIII. From him descended the Lords Carrington of Wotton
+Waven, in Warwickshire, a title which became extinct in 1705.
+
+2. John Smith, who was also a Baron of the Exchequer in the reign of Anne.
+He became Chief Baron of the Exchequer in Scotland in 1708, and died in
+1726. He endowed a hospital for poor widows at Frolesworth in
+Leicestershire.
+
+3. Sidney Stafford Smythe, likewise a Baron of the Exchequer under George
+II. and III., and Chief Baron in the latter reign. He was of the same
+family as that of the present Viscount Strangford.
+
+If Z. E. R. would be good enough to send a copy of the inscription on the
+monument in Chesterfield Church, and give some particulars of the family
+seated at Winston Hall, the difficulty will probably be removed.
+
+EDWARD FOSS.
+
+_Grindle_ (Vol. vii., pp. 107. 307. 384.).--As one at least of the readers
+of "N. & Q." living near _Grindle_ (Greendale is modern), allow me to say
+that from the little I know of the places, they appear to me "to possess no
+traces of those natural features which would justify the demoniacal
+derivation proposed by I. E." However, as my judgment may be of little
+worth, if "I. E. of Oxford" should ever migrate into these parts, and will
+favour me with a call, with credentials of being the veritable I. E. of "N.
+& Q.," I shall have much pleasure in assisting him to examine for himself
+all the local knowledge which a short walk to the spots may enable him to
+acquire.
+
+H. T. ELLACOMBE.
+
+Rectory, Clyst St. George.
+
+_Simile of the Soul and the Magnetic Needle_ (Vol. vi., pp. 127. 207. 280.
+368. 566.).--Dr. Arnold, with more religion than science, thus employs this
+simile:
+
+    "Men get embarrassed by the common cases of misguided conscience; but a
+    compass may be out of order as well as a conscience, and the needle may
+    point due south if you hold a powerful magnet in that direction. Still
+    the compass, generally speaking, is a true and sure guide, and so is
+    the conscience; and you {509} can trace the deranging influence on the
+    latter quite as surely as on the former."--_Life and Correspondence_,
+    2nd ed. p. 390.
+
+C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+_English Bishops deprived by Queen Elizabeth, 1559_ (Vol. vii., p.
+260.).--I have endeavoured to procure some information for A. S. A. on
+those points which MR. DREDGE left unnoticed, but find that, after his
+diligent search, very little indeed is to be gleaned. _Bishop Payne_ died
+in January, 1559/60 (Strype's _Annals_, anno 1559). Dod, in vol. i. p. 507.
+of his _Church History_, mentions a letter of _Bishop Goldwell's_, or, as
+he calls him, _Godwell's_, to Dr. Allen, dated anno 1581:
+
+    "This letter," he says, "seems to be written not long before Bishop
+    Godwell's death, for I meet with no farther mention of him. Here the
+    reader may take notice of a mistake in Dr. Heylin, who tells us he died
+    prisoner in Wisbich Castle, which is to be understood of Bishop
+    Watson."
+
+Of _Bishop Pate_ he says:
+
+    "He was alive in 1562, but how long after I do not find."--Vol. i. p.
+    488.
+
+_Bishop Pole_, according to the same authority, died a prisoner at large
+about the latter end of May, 1568. _Bishop Frampton_ died May 25, 1708
+(Calamy's _Own Times_, vol. ii. p. 119.). I cannot ascertain the day of
+_Bishop White's_ death, but he was buried, according to Evelyn (vol. iii.
+p. 364.), June 5, 1698.
+
+TYRO.
+
+Dublin.
+
+_Borrowed Thoughts_ (Vol. vii., p. 203.).--The thought which ERICA shows
+has been used by Butler and Macaulay is a grain from an often-pillaged
+granary; a tag of yarn from a piece of cloth used ever since its make for
+darning and patching; a drop of honey from a hive round which robber-bees
+and predatory wasps have never ceased to wander,--the _Anatomy of
+Melancholy_:
+
+    "Though there were giants of old in physic and philosophy, yet I say
+    with Didacus Stella[2], 'a dwarf standing on the shoulders of a giant
+    may see farther than a giant himself.' I may likely add, alter, and see
+    farther than my predecessors; and it is no greater prejudice for me to
+    indite after others, than for Ælianus Montaltus, that famous physician,
+    to write _De Morbis Capitis_, after Jason Pratensis," &c.
+
+The pagination (that of Tegg's edition, 1849) will not guide those who with
+Elia sicken at the profanity of "unearthing the bones of that fantastic old
+great man," and know not a "sight more heartless" than the reprint of his
+_Opus_.
+
+SIGMA.
+
+Sunderland.
+
+[Footnote 2: In _Luc._ 10. tom. ii.: "Pigmi gigantum humeris impositi
+plusquam ipsi gigantes vident."--_Preface_, p. 8.]
+
+_Dr. South_ v. _Goldsmith, Talleyrand, &c._ (Vol. vi., p. 575. Vol. vii.,
+p. 311.).--One authority has been overlooked by MR. BREEN, which seems as
+likely as any to have given currency to the saying, viz. Dean Swift. In
+_Gulliver's Travels_ (1727), Voyage to the Houyhnhnms, the hero gives the
+king some information respecting British ministers of state, which I
+apprehend in Swift's day was no exaggeration. The minister, Gulliver says,
+"applies his words to all uses except to the indication of his mind." It
+must be confessed, however, that this authority is some seven years after
+Dr. South.
+
+C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+_Foucault's Experiment_ (Vol. vii., p. 330.).--The reality of the rotation,
+and the cause assigned to it by Foucault in his experiment, is now admitted
+without question by scientific men. But in measuring the amount of the
+motion of the pendulum, so many disturbing causes were found to be at work,
+that the numerical results have not been obtained as yet with exactness.
+The best account is, perhaps, the original one in the _Comptes Rendus_. Mr.
+Foucault has lately invented an instrument founded on a similar principle,
+to find the latitude of a place.
+
+ELSNO.
+
+_Passage in "Locksley Hall"_ (Vol. vi., p. 272.; Vol. vii., pp. 25.
+146.).--Of these three commentators neither appears to me to have hit
+Tennyson's meaning, though CORYLUS has made the nearest shot. I ought to
+set out by confessing that it was not originally clear to myself, but that
+I could not for a monument doubt, when the following explanation was
+suggested to me by a friend. The "curlews" themselves are the "dreary
+gleams:" the words are what the Latin Grammar calls "duo substantiva
+ejusdem rei." I take the meaning, in plain prose to be this: "The curlews
+are uttering their peculiar cry, as they fly over Locksley Hall, looking
+like (to me, the spectator) dreary gleams crossing the moorland."
+
+I could supply A. A. D. with several examples _in English_, from my
+commonplace-book, of the "bold figure of speech not uncommon in the vivid
+language of Greece;" and among the rest, one from Tennyson himself, to wit:
+
+ "Now, scarce three paces measured from the mound,
+  We stumbled on a stationary _voice_," &c.
+
+But I doubt whether the poet had those passages in his thought, when he
+penned the opening of his noble poem "Locksley Hall." Of course I do not
+_know_, any more than A. A. D., and the rest; and I suppose we shall none
+of us get any enlightenment "by authority."
+
+HARRY LEROY TEMPLE.
+
+_Lake of Geneva_ (Vol. vii. p. 406.).--The account given in the _Chronicle
+of Marius_ of what is called "an earthquake or landslip in the valley of
+the {510} Upper Rhone," is evidently that of a sudden _débâcle_ destructive
+of life and property, but not such as to effect any permanent change in the
+configuration of the country. That an antiquary like Montfaucon should have
+fallen into the blunder of supposing that the Lacus Lemanus was then
+formed, may well excite surprise. The breadth of the new-formed lake, as
+given by Marius, is impossible, as the mountains in the valley are scarcely
+anywhere more than a mile apart. The valley of the Upper Rhone is liable to
+such _débâcles_, and one which would fill it might be called a lake,
+although of short duration. Having witnessed the effects of the _débâcle_
+of 1818 a few weeks after it happened, I can easily understand how such a
+one as that described by Marius should have produced the effects attributed
+to it, and yet have left no traces of its action after the lapse of
+centuries.
+
+J. S.
+
+Athenæum.
+
+_"Inter cuncta micans," &c._ (Vol. vi., p. 413.).--In a small work, _Lives
+of Eminent Saxons_, part i. p. 104., the above lines are ascribed to
+Aldhelm, and a translation by Mr. Boyd is subjoined.
+
+To Aldhelm also are attributed the lines so often alluded to in "N. & Q.,"
+"Roma tibi subito," &c.
+
+B. H. C.
+
+_"Its"_ (Vol. vi., p. 509.; Vol. vii., p. 160.).--As the proposer of the
+question on this word, so kindly replied to by MR. KEIGHTLEY, may I give
+two instances of its use from the Old Version of the Psalms?
+
+    "Which in due season bringeth forth _its_ fruit abundantly."--Ps. i. 3.
+
+    "Thou didst prepare first a place, and set _its_ roots so fast."--Ps.
+    lxxx. 10.
+
+The American _Bibliotheca Sacra_ for October 1851, p. 735., says (speaking
+of the time when the authorised version of the Scriptures was executed),
+"the genitive _its_ was not then in use;" which is disproved by the
+quotations already given.
+
+B. H. C.
+
+_Gloves at Fairs_ (Vol. vii., p. 455.).--The custom of "hanging out the
+glove at fair time," as described by E. G. R., is, in all probability, of
+Chester origin. The annals of that city show that its two great annual
+fairs were established, or rather confirmed, by a charter of Hugh Lupus,
+the first Norman Earl of Chester, who granted to the abbot and convent of
+St. Werburgh (now the cathedral) "the extraordinary privilege, that no
+criminals resorting to their fairs at Chester should be arrested for any
+crime whatever, except such as they might have committed during their stay
+in the city." For several centuries, Chester was famous for the manufacture
+of gloves; and in token thereof, it was the custom for some days before,
+and during the continuance of the fair, to hang out from the town-hall,
+then situate at the High Cross, their local emblem of commerce--a _glove_:
+thereby proclaiming that non-freemen and strangers were permitted to trade
+within the city, a privilege at all other times enjoyed by the citizens
+only. During this period of temporary "free trade," debtors were safe from
+the tender mercies of their creditors, and free from the visits of the
+sheriff's officer and his satellites. On the removal of the town-hall to
+another part of the city, the leathern symbol of "unrestricted competition"
+was suspended, at the appointed season, from the roof of St. Peter's
+Church; until that reckless foe to antiquity, the Reform Bill, aimed a
+heavy blow at all our prescriptive rights and privileges, and decreed that
+the stranger should be henceforth on a footing with the freeborn citizen.
+Notwithstanding this, the authorities of the city still continued to "hang
+out their banner on the outward walls;" and it is only within the last ten
+years that the time-honoured custom has ceased to exist.
+
+T. HUGHES.
+
+Chester.
+
+_Astronomical Query_ (Vol. vii., p.84.).--Your fair correspondent LEONORA
+makes a mistake in reference to the position, in regard to the zodiac, of
+the newly-discovered planets. It is indeed not at all surprising that these
+bodies were not discovered before, for this reason--they _do not move
+within the circle of the zodiac_: they lie far beyond it, so much so, that
+to include them the zodiac must be expanded to at least five times its
+present breadth. Hence they lie out of the path of ordinary observation,
+and their discovery is usually the result of keen telescopic examination of
+distant parts of the heavens. LEONORA is of course aware, that, with the
+exception of Neptune (the discovery of which is a peculiar case), all the
+recently discovered planets belong to the cluster of asteroids which move
+between Mars and Jupiter. These are all invisible to the eye with the
+exception of Vesta, and she is not to be distinguished by any but an
+experienced star-gazer, and under most favourable circumstances; their
+minuteness, their _extra_-zodiacal position, and the outrageous orbits
+which they describe, all conspire to keep them out of human ken until they
+are detected by the telescope, and ascertained to be planets either by
+their optical appearances, or by a course of watching and comparison of
+their positions with catalogues of the fixed stars.
+
+SHIRLEY HIBBERD.
+
+_Tortoiseshell Tom Cat_ (Vol. v., p. 465.; Vol. vii., p. 271.).--See Hone's
+_Year Book_, p. 728.
+
+ZEUS.
+
+_Sizain on the Pope, the Devil, and the Pretender_ (Vol. vii., p.
+270.).--This is given as one of the prize epigrams in the _Gentleman's
+Magazine_ for 1735, vol. v. p. 157.
+
+ZEUS. {511}
+
+_Wandering Jew_ (Vol. vii., p. 261.).--Your correspondent will find an
+account of the Wandering Jew prefixed to "Le Juif errant," the 3ième
+livraison of _Chants et Chansons Populaires de la France_.
+
+THOS. LAWRENCE.
+
+Ashby-de-la-Zouch.
+
+The earliest account of this legend is in Roger of Wendover, under the year
+1228: _De Joseph, qui ultimum Christi adventum adhuc vivus exspectat_, vol.
+iv. p. 176. of the Historical Society's edition, vol. ii. p. 512. of Bohn's
+Translation: see also Brand's _Popular Antiquities_, vol iii. p. 360.,
+Bohn's edition.
+
+ZEUS.
+
+_Hallett and Dr. Saxby_ (Vol. vii., p. 41.).--I know nothing of the
+parties, but have the book about which S. R. inquires. The title is not
+accurately given in the _Literary Journal_. Instead of "An Ode to Virtue,"
+by Dr. Morris Saxby, it is _An Ode on Virtue by a Young Author, dedicated
+to Dr. William Saxby; with a Preface and Notes, Critical and Explanatory,
+by a Friend_--"Mens sibi conscia recti"--A good intention. Printed anno
+Domini MDCCXCI, pp. 16.
+
+A more stupid production could not easily be found; but, as it must be
+scarce, if the story about the destruction of all but eight copies is true,
+I transcribe a part of the dedication:
+
+    "Most August Doctor,
+
+    "The reputation you have acquired by professional merit, with the
+    respect which is universally shown to you on account of your practical
+    observance of moral philosophy, has induced me to select you as a
+    protector of the following work; which being evidently intended to
+    promote a cause for which you was always a zealous advocate, I have
+    nourished the most flattering hopes that you will be rather pleased
+    than offended by this unwarrantable presumption.
+
+    "It is necessary I should deviate from the general rule of celebrating
+    a patron's virtues in a high strain of panegyric, being sensible how
+    generally yours are known, and how justly admired."--P. 3.
+
+The ode contains only ten lines:
+
+ "Virtue, a mere chimera amongst the fair,
+  Is now quite vanquished into air;
+  Formerly it was thought a thing of worth,
+  But now who thinks of such poor stuff.
+  It's only put on to deceive,
+  That us poor mortals on them may crave;
+  Fall down and swear their beauty far
+  Surpasses what are ever saw!
+  Then they who think all's true that's said," &c.
+
+I omit the final line as unseemly.
+
+Dr. Saxby is mentioned only on the title-page, and that part of the
+dedication which I have copied. He must have been a sensitive man to have
+felt such an attack, and a prompt one to settle his account with the author
+so quickly. As it is obvious that the ode was published solely to annoy
+him, we may be allowed to hope that in the "severe personal chastisement"
+he was not sparing of whipcord. The absence of place of publication and
+printer's name render inquiry difficult; and there is no indication as to
+whether Dr. Saxby was of Divinity, Law, or Physic.
+
+H. B. C.
+
+U. U. Club.
+
+_"My mind to me a kingdom is"_ (Vol. i., pp. 302. 489.; Vol. vi., pp. 555.
+615.).--The idea is Shakspeare's (Third Part of _Hen. VI._):
+
+ "_Keeper._ Ay, but thou talk'st as if thou wert a king.
+  _K. Henry._ Why, so I am in mind; and that's enough."
+
+C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+_Claret_ (Vol. vii., p. 237.).--The word claret seems to me to be the same
+as the French word _clairet_, both adjective and substantive; as a
+substantive it means a low and cheap sort of _claret_, sold in France, and
+drawn from the barrel like beer in England; as an adjective it is a
+diminutive of _clair_, and implies that the wine is transparent.
+
+JOHN LAMMENS.
+
+Manchester.
+
+_Suicide at Marseilles_ (Vol. vii., pp. 180. 316.).--The original authority
+for the custom at Marseilles, of keeping poison at the public expense for
+the accommodation of all who could give the senate satisfactory reasons for
+committing suicide, is Valerius Maximus, lib. ii. cap. vi. § 7.
+
+ZEUS.
+
+_Etymology of Slang_ (Vol. vii., p. 331.).--
+
+    "SLANGS are the greaves with which the legs of convicts are fettered,
+    having acquired that name from the manner in which they were worn, as
+    they required a sling of string to keep them off the ground.... The
+    irons were the _slangs_; and the slang-wearer's language was of course
+    slangous, as partaking much if not wholly of the
+    _slang_."--_Sportsman's Slang, a New Dictionary and Varieties of Life_,
+    by John Bee: Preface, p. 5.
+
+ZEUS.
+
+_Scanderbeg's Sword_ (Vol. vii., pp. 35. 143.).--The proverb, "Scanderbeg's
+sword must have Scanderbeg's arm," is founded on the following story:
+
+    "George Castriot, Prince of Albania, one of the strongest and
+    valiantest men that lived these two hundred yeares, had a cimeter,
+    which Mahomet the Turkish Emperor, his mortall enemy, desired to see.
+    Castriot (surnamed of the Turks, Ischenderbeg, that is, Great
+    Alexander, because of his valiantnesse), having received a pledge for
+    the restitution of his cimeter, sent it so far as Constantinople to
+    Mahomet, in whose court there was not any man found that could with any
+    ease wield that piece of steele: so that Mahomet sending it back
+    againe, enioyned the messenger to tell the prince, that in this action
+    he kind proceeded enemy-like, and with a fraudulent mind, sending a
+    counterfeit cimeter {512} to make his enemie afraid. Ischenderbeg writ
+    back to him, that he had simply without fraud or guile sent him his
+    owne cimeter, with the which he used to helpe himselfe couragiously in
+    the wars; but that he had not sent him the hand and the arme which with
+    the cimeter cleft the Turkes in two, struck off their heads, shoulders,
+    legs, and other parts, yea, sliced them of by the wast; and that verie
+    shortly he would show him a fresh proofe thereof; which afterwards he
+    performed."--_Historical Meditations from the Latin of P. Camerarius_,
+    by John Molle, Esquire, 1621, book iv. Cap. xvi. p. 299.
+
+The following, relating to the arm and sword of Scanderbeg, may perhaps not
+inappropriately be added, although not connected with the proverb:
+
+    "Marinus Barletius (lib. i.) reports of Scanderbeg, Prince of Epirus
+    (that most terrible enemy of the Turks), that, from his mother's womb,
+    he brought with him into the world a notable mark of warlike glory: for
+    he had upon his right arm a sword, so well set on, as if it had been
+    drawn with the pencil of the most curious and skilful painter in the
+    world."--Wanley's _Wonders of the Little World_, 1678, book i. cap.
+    vii.
+
+ZEUS.
+
+_Arago on the Weather_ (Vol. vii., p. 40.).--ELSNO will find extracts from
+Arago's papers in the _Pictorial Almanack_, 1847, p. 30., and in the _Civil
+Engineer and Architects' Journal_, which volume I cannot say, but I think
+that for 1847. Also in the _Monthly Chronicle_, vol. i. p. 60., and vol.
+ii. p. 209.; the annals of the _Bureau des Longitudes_ for 1834 and the
+_Annuaire_ for 1833.
+
+SHIRLEY HIBBERD.
+
+_Rathe_ (Vol. vii., p. 392.).--MR. CROSSLEY is, I believe, mistaken in his
+derivation of the word _rathe_ from the Celtic _raithe_, signifying
+inclination, although _rather_ seems indisputably to belong to it. _Rathe_
+is, I believe, identical with the Saxon adjective _rætha_, signifying
+early. Chaucer's--
+
+    "What aileth you so _rathe_ for to arise,"
+
+has been already quoted as bearing this meaning. Milton, in Lycidas, has--
+
+    "Bring the _rathe_ primrose that forsaken dies."
+
+In a pastoral, called a "Palinode," by E. B., probably Edmond Bolton, in
+England's _Helicon_, edit. 1614, occurs:
+
+    "And make the _rathe_ and timely primrose grow."
+
+And we have "_rathe_ and late," in a pastoral in Davidson's _Poems_, 4th
+edit., London, 1621.
+
+_Rathe_ is a word still in use in the Weald of Sussex, where Saxon still
+lingers in the dialect of the common people; and a _rathe_, instead of an
+early spring, is spoken of; and a species of early apple is known as the
+_Rathe_-ripe.
+
+ANON.
+
+_Carr Pedigree_ (Vol. vii., p. 408.).--The pedigree description of Lady
+Carr is "Gresil, daughter of Sir Robert Meredyth, Knt., Chancellor of the
+Exchequer in Ireland." Sir George Carr died Feb. 13, 1662-3, and was buried
+in Dublin. His sons were 1, Thomas, and 2, William; and a daughter Mary,
+who married 1st, Dr. Thomas Margetson (son to the Archbishop of Armagh);
+and 2ndly, Dr. Michael Ward. The pedigree is continued through Thomas the
+eldest son, who was the father of the Bishop of Killaloe. It does not
+appear that William left any issue. His wife's name was Elizabeth, daughter
+of Edward Sing, D.D., Lord Bishop of Cork.
+
+W. ST.
+
+_Banbury Cakes_ (Vol. vii., p. 106.).--In _A Treatise of Melancholy_, by T.
+Bright, doctor of physic, and published in 1586, I find the following:
+
+    "Sodden wheat is of a grosse and melancholicke nourishment, and bread
+    especially of the fine flower unleavened: of this sort are bag-puddings
+    or pan-puddings made with flour, frittars, pancakes, such as we call
+    _Banberie cakes_, and those great ones confected with butter, eggs,
+    &c., used at weddings; and howsoever it be prepared, rye and bread made
+    thereof carrieth with it plentie of melancholie."
+
+H. A. B.
+
+_Detached Belfry Towers_ (Vol. vii., pp. 333. 416. 465.).--To your already
+extensive list of church towers separate from the church, Launceston
+Church, Cornwall, and St. John's Church, Chester, may not unfittingly be
+added.
+
+T. HUGHES.
+
+Chester.
+
+Elstow, Bedfordshire, is an instance of a bell tower separated from the
+body of the church.
+
+B. H. C.
+
+_Dates on Tombstones_ (Vol. vii., p. 331.).--A correspondent asks for
+instances of dates on tombstones prior to 1601. I cannot give any, but I
+can refer to some slabs lying upon the ground in a churchyard near Oundle
+(Tausor if I remember aright), on which appear in relief recumbent figures
+with the hands upon the breast, crossed, or in the attitude of prayer.
+These are of a much earlier date, and I should be much pleased to know if
+many or any such instances elsewhere occur.
+
+B. H. C.
+
+_Subterranean Bells_ (Vol. vii., pp. 128. 328.).--Bells under ground and
+under water, so often referred to, remind me of the Oundle Drumming Well,
+which I remember seeing when a child. There is a legend connected with it
+which I heard, but cannot accurately recollect. The well itself is referred
+to in Brand, vol. ii. p. 369. (Bohn's ed.), but the legend is not given.
+
+B. H. C.
+
+_Mistletoe in Ireland_ (Vol. ii., p. 270.).--I have just received, in full
+blossom, a very fine spray from a luxuriant plant of this parasite growing
+on an apple tree in the gardens of Farmley, the seat of William Lloyd
+Flood, Esq., in the county of Kilkenny. This plant of mistletoe has existed
+at {513} Farmley beyond the memory of the present generation; but Mr.
+Flood's impression, communicated to me, is, that it was artificially
+produced from seed by some former gardener. If natural, which _may_ be the
+case, this instance of its occurrence in Ireland is, I believe, unique.
+
+JAMES GRAVES.
+
+Kilkenny.
+
+_Stars and Flowers_ (Vol. iv., p. 22.; Vol. vii., p. 151. 341.).--Passages
+illustrative of this similitude have been quoted from Cowley, Longfellow,
+Hood, and Moir. The metaphor is also made use of by Darwin, in his _Loves
+of the Plants_:
+
+ "Roll on, ye stars! exult in youthful prime,
+  Mark with bright curves the printless steps of time;
+  _Flowers of the sky!_ ye, too, to age must yield,
+  Frail as your silken sisters of the field."
+
+CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.
+
+_The Painting by Fuseli_ (Vol. vii., p. 453.).--The picture by the late
+Henry Fuseli, R.A., inquired after by MR. SANSOM, is in the collection at
+Sir John Soane's Museum; it was purchased by him in 1802.
+
+It was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1780, and is thus entered in the
+Catalogue of that year:
+
+    "No. 77. Ezzelin Bracciaferro musing over Meduna, destroyed by him, for
+    disloyalty, during his absence in the Holy Land. _Fuseli._"
+
+There is an engraving of the picture in _Essays on Physiognomy_, by J. C.
+Lavater, translated from the French by Henry Hunter, D.D., 4to.: London,
+1789. The _second_ volume, p. 294.
+
+The inscription under that engraving, by Holloway, is as follows:
+
+    "Ezzelin, Count of Ravenna, surnamed Bracciaferro or Iron Arm, musing
+    over the body of Meduna; slain by him, for infidelity, during his
+    absence in the Holy Land."
+
+GEORGE BAILEY.
+
+The subject of your correspondent J. SANSOM'S inquiry is in the Soane
+Museum, Lincoln's Inn Fields. Search among the Italian story-tellers will
+not discover the origin of the picture of Count Ezzelin's remorse: it
+sprung from that fertile source of fearful images--Henry Fuseli's brain.
+The work might well have been left without a name, but for the requirements
+of the Royal Academy Catalogue, and, it must be added, Fuseli's desire to
+mystify the Italian as well as the other scholars of his day.
+
+For confirmation of the correctness of these statements, I refer your
+correspondent to the _Life of Fuseli_ by Knowles, and to that by Cunningham
+in the _Lives of the British Painters_.
+
+R. F., Jun.
+
+_"Navita Erythræum"_ (Vol. vii., p. 382.).--Since I requested a reference
+to these lines, I have possessed myself of a very elaborate Latin work on
+_Bells_, in two vols. 8vo., published at Rome, 1822, by Alexander
+Lazzarinus, _De Vario Tintinnabulorum usu apud veteres Hebræos et
+Ethnicos_: wherein, in a section on the effect of the sound of bells on
+different animals, he quotes those very lines from "Cornelius Kilianus
+Dufflæus in suis poematibus."
+
+I shall now be thankful to be told something about the said Dufflæus,--who
+and what he was,--when and where he lived?
+
+H. T. ELLACOMBE.
+
+Rectory, Clyst St. George.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Miscellaneous.
+
+NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.
+
+The success which has attended _The Chronological New Testament_ has
+encouraged the publisher of that most useful work to undertake an edition
+of the entire Scriptures on a similar plan; and we have now before us the
+First Part of _The English Bible, containing the Old and New Testaments
+according to the authorised Version: newly divided into Paragraphs, with
+concise Introductions to the several Books; and with Maps and Notes
+illustrative of the Chronology, History, and Geography of the Holy
+Scriptures; containing also the most remarkable Variations of the ancient
+Versions, and the chief Results of modern Criticism_. Even this ample
+title-page does not, however, point out the many helps towards a better
+understanding of the Word of God, which, by improvements in its division
+and typographical arrangement, are here furnished for the use of the devout
+student: and which has this great recommendation in our eyes, as we have no
+doubt it will be its greatest in that of many of our readers, that it is no
+endeavour to furnish a new translation, but only an attempt to turn our
+noble authorised version to the best account. The present Part completes
+the Book of Genesis, and we have little doubt that its success will be such
+as to secure for the publisher that patronage which will enable him to
+complete so desirable a work as his "_New Edition of the authorised Version
+of the Bible_." While on this subject, we may fitly call attention to the
+eighth number of _The Museum of Classical Antiquities: a Quarterly Journal
+of Ancient Art_, and its accompanying _Supplement_, both of which are
+entirely occupied with a question which, from its connexion with our
+holiest and most religious feelings, must always command our deepest
+attention,--namely, the true site of Calvary, and of the Holy Sepulchre.
+The question is discussed at considerable length, and with great learning
+and acuteness; and, we trust, from its generally interesting character, may
+have the effect of drawing attention to a journal which deserves the
+patronage of scholars to a greater extent than, from the prefatory notice,
+it would appear to have received up to the present time.
+
+The Second Part of _The Ulster Journal of Archæology_ has just appeared. We
+cannot better recommend it to our antiquarian friends than by pointing out
+that it contains the following papers:--1. Metropolitan Visitation of the
+Diocese of Derry, A.D. 1397. 2. Iona. 3. Anglo-Norman Families of Lecale,
+County Down. {514} 4. Ogham Inscriptions. 5. Irish Surnames, their past and
+present Forms. 6. The Island of Tory in the Pagan Period. 7. Origin and
+Characteristics of the People in the Counties of Down and Antrim. 8. King
+William's Progress to the Boyne. 9. Antiquarian Notes and Queries. 10.
+Annals of Ulster.
+
+We ought, in the same way, to specify the various papers to be found in the
+recently-published _Reports and Papers read at the Meetings of the
+Architectural Society of the Archdeaconry of Northampton and the Counties
+of York and Lincoln; and of the Architectural and Archæological Society of
+the County of Bedford during the Year 1852_,--but such a course is
+obviously impossible. There is one paper in the volume which, as especially
+worthy the attention of those interested in our Ecclesiastical History,
+deserves to be particularly noticed, namely, the Rev. G. A. Poole's
+_Synchronological Table of the Bishops of the English Sees from the Year
+1050 to 1550_. How much good service might be done to Historical Literature
+by the compilation and printing of many documents of a similar character!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.
+
+SCOTT, REMARKS ON THE BEST WRITINGS OF THE BEST AUTHORS (or some such
+title).
+
+SERMONS BY THE REV. ROBERT WAKE, M.A. 1704, 1712, &c.
+
+HISTORY OF ANCIENT WILTS, by SIR R. C. HOARE. The last three Parts.
+
+REV. A. DYCE'S EDITION OF DR. RICHARD BENTLEY'S WORKS. Vol. III. Published
+by Francis Macpherson, Middle Row, Holborn. 1836.
+
+DISSERTATION ON ISAIAH XVIII., IN A LETTER TO EDWARD KING, ESQ., by SAMUEL
+LORD BISHOP OF ROCHESTER (HORSLEY). The Quarto Edition, printed for Robson.
+1779.
+
+BEN JONSON'S WORKS. 9 Vols. 8vo. Vols. II., III., IV. Bds.
+
+SIR WALTER SCOTT'S NOVELS. 41 Vols. 8vo. The last nine Vols. Boards.
+
+JACOB'S ENGLISH PEERAGE. Folio Edition, 1766. Vols. II., III., and IV.
+
+GAMMER GURTON'S NEEDLE.
+
+ALISON'S EUROPE. (20 Vols.) Vols XIII., XX.
+
+ABBOTSFORD EDITION OF THE WAVERLEY NOVELS. Odd Vols.
+
+THE TRUTH TELLER. A Periodical.
+
+*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send
+their names._
+
+*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest prices, _carriage free_, to be
+sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notices to Correspondents.
+
+L. M. M. R. _If our Correspondent will forward copies of the_ Note and
+Queries, _they shall have immediate attention._
+
+X. Z. _We cannot undertake to recommend any particular houses for
+photographic apparatus or chemicals. Our advertising columns show
+sufficiently where they may be procured._
+
+_Many Replies to Correspondents are unavoidably omitted._
+
+_A few complete sets of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. _to_ vi., _price
+Three Guineas, may now be had; for which early application is desirable._
+
+"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country
+Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to
+their Subscribers on the Saturday._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Now ready, 8vo., 7s. 6d.
+
+THE TEXT OF SHAKESPEARE VINDICATED from the Interpolations and Corruptions
+advocated by John Payne Collier, Esq., in his "Notes and Emendations." By
+SAMUEL WELLER SINGER.
+
+ "To blot old books and alter their contents."
+                  _Rape of Lucrece._
+
+Also, preparing for immediate Publication, in Ten Volumes, fcap. 8vo., to
+appear Monthly,
+
+THE DRAMATIC WORKS OF WILLIAM SHAKSPEARE, the Text completely revised, with
+Notes, and various Readings. By SAMUEL WELLER SINGER.
+
+London: Published by WM. PICKERING.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just published in 4to. price 22s. cloth,
+
+CATALOGI CODICUM MANUSCRIPTORUM BIBLIOTHECÆ BODLEIANÆ--PARS PRIMA
+RECENSIONEM CODICUM GRÆCORUM continens, confecit H. O. COXE, A.M.,
+Hypo-Bibliothecarius.
+
+Oxonii.: Typographeo Academico. Sold by JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford, and 377.
+Strand, London; and GARDNER, 7. Paternoster Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO PARENTS, GUARDIANS, RESIDENTS IN INDIA, &c.--A Lady residing within an
+hour's drive westward of Hyde Park, and in a most healthy and cheerful
+situation, is desirous of taking the entire charge of a little girl, to
+share with her only child (about a year and a half old) her maternal care
+and affection, together with the strictest attention to mental training.
+Terms, including every possible expense except medical attendance, 100l.
+per annum. If required, the most unexceptionable references can be
+furnished.
+
+Address to T. B. S., care of MR. BELL, Publisher, 186. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+JUST PUBLISHED, PRICE FOURPENCE,
+Or sent Free on Receipt of Six Postage Stamps,
+
+FENNELL'S SHAKSPEARE REPOSITORY,
+
+NO. II.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Containing Interesting Articles on the Medical Practice of Shakspeare's
+Son-in-Law, DR. JOHN HALL, of Stratford-on-Avon: including Curious Notices
+of Numerous Old Families connected with Gloucestershire, Northamptonshire,
+Shropshire, and Warwickshire; more Notes on Shakspeare's Plays, by THOMAS
+WHITE, B.A., of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge; Curious Ancient Proclamations
+against Actors; Old English Proverbs; Report of the recent Shakspearian
+Festival at Stratford; Review of J. P. Collier's New Work, &c. &c.
+
+No. I. of the SHAKSPEARE REPOSITORY may also be had, PRICE SIXPENCE, or
+sent Free on Receipt of Six Postage Stamps.
+
+Also may be had Free on Receipt of Three Postage Stamps, a Fac-simile of a
+remarkably Curious and Amusing Newspaper of the Reign of King Charles II.
+
+Published by JAMES H. FENNELL, 1. Warwick Court, Holborn, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Published in September last, Second Edition, price 15s.
+
+ON THE ANCIENT BRITISH, ROMAN, AND SAXON ANTIQUITIES AND FOLK-LORE OF
+WORCESTERSHIRE. By JABEZ ALLIES, Esq., F.S.A.
+
+The work details the Antiquities, and elucidates the Ancient Names of
+Fields and Places, in every part of the County; traces the Ancient Roads,
+discusses the Folk-lore, and notices the Border Antiquities. This edition
+contains 500 pages, demy 8vo., with 6 illustrative Engravings, upwards of
+40 Woodcuts, and a copious Index. The former edition contained 150 pages.
+Those who have, and likewise those who may be pleased to purchase the Work,
+can obtain at the publishers, free of charge, a Supplement containing some
+additions and corrections, and also high Commendations of the Work, which
+have been extracted from various Reviews and Periodicals.
+
+Published by J. H. PARKER, 377. Strand, London; and J. GRAINGER, 18.
+Foregate, Worcester.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+This day is published in 8vo., pp. 542, price 12s. 6d.
+
+HISTORY of the BYZANTINE EMPIRE, from DCCXVI. to MLVII. By GEORGE FINLAY,
+Esq., Honorary Member of the Royal Society of Literature.
+
+WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS, Edinburgh and London;
+
+Who have lately published, by the same Author,
+
+GREECE UNDER THE ROMANS: a Historical View of the Greek Nation, from the
+time of its Conquest by the Romans until the Extinction of the Roman Empire
+in the East, B.C. 146-A.D. 717, 8vo., pp. 554, price 16s.
+
+HISTORY OF GREECE, from its Conquest by the Crusaders to its Conquest by
+the Turks, and of the EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND, 1204-1461, 8vo., pp. 520, price
+12s. {515}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous
+Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.
+
+Portraits obtained by the above, for the delicacy of detail rival the
+choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their
+Establishment.
+
+Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this
+beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions
+(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at
+BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of
+every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography in
+all its Branches.
+
+Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.
+
+BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument
+Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY.--Collodion (Iodized with the Ammonio-Iodide of Silver).--J. B.
+HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, were the first in England who
+published the application of this agent (see _Athenæum_, Aug. 14th). Their
+Collodion (price 9d. per oz.) retains its extraordinary sensitiveness,
+tenacity, and colour unimpaired for months; it may be exported to any
+climate, and the Iodizing Compound mixed as required. J. B. HOCKIN & CO.
+manufacture PURE CHEMICALS and all APPARATUS with the latest Improvements
+adapted for all the Photographic and Daguerreotype processes. Cameras for
+Developing in the open Country. GLASS BATHS adapted to any Camera. Lenses
+from the best Makers. Waxed and Iodized Papers, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just published, price 1s., free by Post 1s. 4d.,
+
+THE WAXED-PAPER PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS of GUSTAVE LE GRAY'S NEW EDITION.
+Translated from the French.
+
+Sole Agents in the United Kingdom for VOIGHTLANDER & SON'S celebrated
+Lenses for Portraits and Views.
+
+General Depôt for Turner's, Whatman's, Canson Frères', La Croix, and other
+Talbotype Papers.
+
+Pure Photographic Chemicals.
+
+Instructions and Specimens in every Branch of the Art.
+
+GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's,
+Sanford's, and Canson Frères' make, Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process.
+Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.
+
+Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13.
+Paternoster Row, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class X.,
+in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates,
+may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made
+Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4
+guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas.
+Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with
+Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket
+Chronometer, Gold, 50 Guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully
+examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and
+4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.
+
+BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the
+Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen.
+
+65. CHEAPSIDE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CLERICAL, MEDICAL, AND GENERAL LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Established 1824.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FIVE BONUSES have been declared: at the last in January, 1852, the sum of
+131,125l. was added to the Policies, producing a Bonus varying with the
+different ages from 24½ to 55 per cent. on the Premiums paid during the
+five years, or from 5l. to 12l. 10s. per cent. on the Sum Assured.
+
+The small share of Profit divisible in future among the Shareholders being
+now provided for, the ASSURED will hereafter derive all the benefits
+obtainable from a Mutual Office, WITHOUT ANY LIABILITY OR RISK OF
+PARTNERSHIP.
+
+POLICIES effected before the 30th of June next, will be entitled, at the
+next Division, to one year's additional share of Profits over later
+Assurers.
+
+On Assurances for the whole of Life only one half of the Premiums need be
+paid for the first five years.
+
+INVALID LIVES may be Assured at rates proportioned to the risk.
+
+Claims paid _thirty_ days after proof of death, and all Policies are
+_Indisputable_ except in cases of fraud.
+
+Tables of Rates and forms of Proposal can be obtained of any of the
+Society's Agents, or of
+
+GEORGE H. PINCKARD, Resident Secretary.
+
+_99. Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, London._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The Twenty-eighth Edition.
+
+NEUROTONICS, or the Art of Strengthening the Nerves, containing Remarks on
+the influence of the Nerves upon the Health of Body and Mind, and the means
+of Cure for Nervousness, Debility, Melancholy, and all Chronic Diseases, by
+DR. NAPIER, M.D. London: HOULSTON & STONEMAN. Price 4d., or Post Free from
+the Author for Five Penny Stamps.
+
+"We can conscientiously recommend 'Neurotonics,' by Dr. Napier, to the
+careful perusal of our invalid readers."--_John Bull Newspaper, June 5,
+1852._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PULLEYN'S COMPENDIUM.
+One Volume, crown 8vo., bound in cloth, price 6s.,
+
+THE ETYMOLOGICAL COMPENDIUM: or, PORTFOLIO OF ORIGINS AND INVENTIONS;
+relating to--
+
+  Language, Literature, and Government.
+  Architecture and Sculpture.
+  Drama, Music, Painting, and Scientific Discoveries.
+  Articles of Dress, &c.
+  Titles, Dignities, &c.
+  Names, Trades, Professions.
+  Parliament, Laws, &c.
+  Universities and Religious Sects.
+  Epithets and Phrases.
+  Remarkable Customs.
+  Games, Field Sports.
+  Seasons, Months, and Days of the Week.
+  Remarkable Localities, &c. &c.
+
+By WILLIAM PULLEYN.
+
+The Third Edition, revised and improved, by MERTON A. THOMS, ESQ.
+
+London: WILLIAM TEGG & CO., 85 Queen Street, Cheapside.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPECTACLES.--WM. ACKLAND applies his medical knowledge as a Licentiate of
+the Apothecaries' Company, London, his theory as a Mathematician, and his
+practice as a Working Optician, aided by Smee's Optometer, in the selection
+of Spectacles suitable to every derangement of vision, so as to preserve
+the sight to extreme old age.
+
+ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES, with the New Vetzlar Eye-pieces, as exhibited at the
+Academy of Sciences in Paris. The Lenses of these Eye-pieces are so
+constructed that the rays of light fall nearly perpendicular to the surface
+of the various lenses, by which the aberration is completely removed; and a
+telescope so fitted gives one-third more magnifying power and light than
+could be obtained by the old Eye-pieces. Prices of the various sizes on
+application to
+
+WM. ACKLAND, Optician, 93. Hatton Garden, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,
+
+3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.
+
+Founded A.D. 1842.
+
+_Directors._
+
+  H. E. Bicknell, Esq.
+  W. Cabell, Esq.
+  T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P.
+  G. H. Drew, Esq.
+  W. Evans, Esq.
+  W. Freeman, Esq.
+  F. Fuller, Esq.
+  J. H. Goodhart, Esq.
+  T. Grissell, Esq.
+  J. Hunt, Esq.
+  J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.
+  E. Lucas, Esq.
+  J. Lys Seager, Esq.
+  J. B. White, Esq.
+  J. Carter Wood, Esq.
+
+_Trustees._
+
+W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; L. C. Humfrey, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq.
+
+_Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D.
+
+_Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.
+
+VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.
+
+POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary
+difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to
+suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed on
+the Prospectus.
+
+Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in
+three-fourths of the Profits:--
+
+  Age      _£  s.  d._
+   17       1  14   4
+   22       1  18   8
+   27       2   4   5
+   32       2  10   8
+   37       2  18   6
+   42       3   8   2
+
+ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.
+
+Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions,
+INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING
+SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in
+the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a
+Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR
+SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3.
+Parliament Street, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CITY OF LONDON LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, 2. Royal Exchange Buildings, London.
+
+Subscribed Capital, a Quarter of a Million.
+
+          _Trustees._
+  Mr. Commissioner West, Leeds.
+  The Hon. W. F. Campbell, Stratheden House.
+  John Thomas, Esq., Bishop's Stortford.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This Society embraces every advantage of existing Life Offices, viz. the
+Mutual System without its risks of liabilities: the Proprietary, with its
+security, simplicity, and economy: the Accumulative System, introduced by
+this Society, uniting life with the convenience of a deposit bank:
+Self-Protecting Policies, also introduced by this Society, embracing by one
+policy and one rate of premium a Life Assurance, an Endowment, and a
+Deferred Annuity. No forfeiture. Loans with commensurate Assurances. Bonus
+recently declared, 20 per Cent.
+
+EDW. FRED. LEEKS, Secretary. {516}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NEW WORKS
+
+PUBLISHED BY
+
+ADDEY & CO., 21. OLD BOND STREET.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In One Volume, post 8vo., price 10s. 6d. cloth,
+
+AUSTRALIA VISITED AND REVISITED:
+
+A Narrative of recent Travels and old Experiences in the Golden, Pastoral,
+and Agricultural Districts of Victoria and New South Wales.
+
+By SAMUEL MOSSMAN, Author of "The Gold Regions of Australia," &c. and
+THOMAS BANISTER, Author of "England and her Dependencies," &c.
+
+With Maps by A. K. JOHNSTON, Geographer to Her Majesty.
+
+    "The narrative is of a truthful, matter-of-fact character. The writers
+    tell us what they saw, with little if any colouring or exaggeration.
+    Wherever there is any interest in the things themselves, it is
+    preserved in the book, whether it relates to the appearance of the
+    gold-diggings and the diggers or their mode of life--to the places
+    frequently depopulated of _men_ by the gold fever pervading the
+    colonies, to the night bivouac of quiet people to avoid the close
+    atmosphere and riotous companions at the roadside inns from the crowds
+    rushing to or returning from the diggings, or to many other more
+    permanent scenes of still or animated life. With the actual are mingled
+    remarks on Australia, and advice to emigrants, the latter of which is
+    of a judicious kind."--_Spectator._
+
+    "The authors of this compact volume have well worked out the purpose
+    they had in view, as put forth in the preface, making the book a real
+    book, indulging in no flights of imagination lest injury should be
+    inflicted thereby upon the uninformed and ingenuous.... This
+    straightforward and eminently practical book."--_Lloyd's Weekly News._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In fcap. 4to., printed and bound in the style of the period, price 21s., or
+in morocco, 36s.
+
+THE DIARY AND HOURES OF THE LADYE ADOLIE,
+
+A FAYTHFULLE CHILDE, 1552.
+
+Edited by the LADY CHARLOTTE PEPYS.
+
+    "This work resembles several productions of the last few years. The
+    Diary professes to be written by a noble young lady of the sixteenth
+    century. 'Lady Adolie' has an advantage over most of its precursors in
+    the greater depth and variety of the incidents. The Journal begins just
+    before the accession of Bloody Mary, and ends with the martyrdom of the
+    youthful writer at Smithfield.... The book is charmingly written; the
+    kindly, simple, loving spirit of a girl in her teens, thrown much upon
+    her own resources, is truthfully depicted, as well as the firm piety of
+    that age."--_Spectator._
+
+    "The familiar conversation of the day, as sought to be reproduced in
+    this Diary, wears an appearance of singular truthfulness, and whether
+    the topic be the deathbed of good King Edward, the merits of Somerset,
+    Ladye Jane Grey, her Grace the Ladye Elysabeth, the Queen herself, or
+    the demeanour of her Spanish husband, the proceedings of Cardinal Pole,
+    the doings at the Tower prison, the volume reflects as in a faithful
+    mirror the opinions current in the national mind."--_Globe._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BY THE AUTHOR OF "CHILD'S PLAY."
+
+In medium 4to., handsomely bound, price 15s.
+
+A CHILDREN'S SUMMER.
+
+Eleven Etchings on Steel by E. U. B.
+
+ILLUSTRATED IN PROSE AND RHYME BY M. L. B. & W. M. C.
+
+India Proofs on Large Paper, in Portfolio, price 31s. 6d.
+
+    "What cordial admiration, what honest unaffected praise, have we to
+    bestow on these etchings! Never did we see a more perfect harmony
+    expressed throughout between accomplishment and grace of hand and moral
+    beauty of mind. Not the most faultless of mere correctness of drawing
+    could have the effect which these etchings produce. Within outlines
+    imperfect as we have described them, often the most exalted fancies are
+    found. The arrangement is almost always excellent--than the groupings
+    of the figures, and the composition of each scene, nothing for the most
+    part can be better. And the beautiful sympathy with children that is
+    displayed, the enjoyment in their joy, their gay sports their tender
+    little thoughtful gravities and their innocent purity of affection
+    which brings round them the thoughts of angels--all this has most
+    delightful expression in 'A Children's Summer.'"--_Examiner._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Two Vols. crown 8vo., price 12s., elegantly bound in cloth, gilt,
+
+GRIMM'S HOUSEHOLD STORIES.
+
+COMPLETE EDITION.
+
+The celebrated Stories of the Brothers Grimm.
+
+Embellished with 200 small and 36 full-page Illustrations by E. H. WEHNERT.
+
+    "From time to time we have noticed the periodical appearances of this
+    edition of the famous book of the Brothers Grimm, and have only now to
+    mention the fact of its completion into two compact, well-filled
+    volumes. The translation is done in just the simple, homely way which
+    suits best with the stories.... Every juvenile library should possess
+    this excellent 'Grimm.'"--_Examiner._
+
+    "The two volumes of 'Household Stories,' translated from the Messrs.
+    Grimm, are the completed form of an edition which was issued in
+    numbers, and which has from time to time been mentioned by us as in
+    course of publication. What with Mr. Wehnert's admirable illustrations
+    (of which the number is almost countless) and the general elegance of
+    production, the work now presents an appearance sufficiently seductive
+    to the juvenile class of readers, to whom it is more particularly
+    addressed."--_Athenæum._
+
+    "We cannot again avoid alluding to Mr. Wehnert's illustrations to
+    'Grimm.' They are instinct with the most vital spirit of German
+    legendary romance--remote, unreal, grotesque, and suggestive; with
+    strange bits of landscape and beautiful human faces (those of the
+    children remarkably so), and with a singular absence of strong contrast
+    of light and shade, as though the sun which shone upon them was not the
+    same which shines upon this earth."--_Athenæum_, second notice.
+
+    "The stories are delightful."--_Leader._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 8vo., handsomely bound in cloth gilt, price 5s., the First Volume of
+
+THE CHARM:
+
+A BOOK FOR BOYS AND GIRLS.
+
+THE CONTRIBUTIONS BY MRS. HARRIET MYRTLE, ALFRED ELWES, J. H. PEPPER,
+FREDERICA GRAHAM, CLARA DE CHATELAIN, &c.
+
+Embellished with more than One Hundred Illustrations by LEJEUNE, KAULBACH,
+WEIR, WEHNERT, ABSOLON, SKILL, &c. &c.
+
+_The Work is continued in Monthly Numbers, price Sixpence each._
+
+    "A word in praise of the charming periodical for children, 'The Charm,'
+    which is more eagerly looked for by several youngsters we know than
+    "Bleak House' is by their parents."--_Leader._
+
+    "Children, we find, love this periodical."--_Critic._
+
+    "'The Charm' is an excellent monthly periodical, full of pleasant
+    stories and engravings."--_Atlas._
+
+    "An attractive and well-varied book."--_Spectator._
+
+    "'The Charm,' a book for boys and girls, is the completed volume,
+    handsomely bound, of a book which has been appearing in monthly numbers
+    during the year, and in which form we have several times noticed it
+    with warm approval. It is full of interesting matter to read, and
+    adorned with upwards of one hundred engravings, of admirable execution,
+    illustrative of natural history, topography, juvenile science,
+    costumes, and sports, drawn by the best artist."--_Critic._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WITH FIVE HUNDRED PICTURES.
+
+Large 4to., 6s. in elegant Picture Binding, by LUKE LIMNER, a New Edition
+of
+
+THE PICTURE PLEASURE BOOK;
+
+CONTAINING FIVE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE MOST EMINENT ARTISTS.
+
+An Edition is also published mounted on cloth, price 12s.
+
+    "'The Picture Pleasure Book' is really the child's joy, for it gives
+    him large folio pages full of woodcuts, executed in the best style of
+    art, teaching him natural history, educating his eye to good drawing
+    and graceful form, and telling stories in pictures. It is an admirable
+    design, and no house that holds children should be without
+    it."--_Critic._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LONDON: ADDEY AND CO., 21. OLD BOND STREET.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10 Stonefield Street, in the Parish of
+St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St.
+Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186.
+Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of
+London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, May 21.
+1853.
+
+Corrections made to printed original.
+
+p501. "the birth of Antonius Stradivarius" - "Autonius" in original
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 186, May 21,
+1853, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+***** This file should be named 20409-8.txt or 20409-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/2/0/4/0/20409/
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.