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diff --git a/19769-8.txt b/19769-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..959174f --- /dev/null +++ b/19769-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,953 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Brochure Series of Architectural +Illustration, Volume 01, No. 08, August 1895, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Brochure Series of Architectural Illustration, Volume 01, No. 08, August 1895 + Fragments of Greek Detail + +Author: Various + +Release Date: November 12, 2006 [EBook #19769] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BROCHURE SERIES OF *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sigal Alon and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +THE BROCHURE SERIES + +OF ARCHITECTURAL ILLUSTRATION. + + +VOL. I. AUGUST, 1895 No. 8. + +FRAGMENTS OF GREEK DETAIL. + + +The Art of Greece during the fifth century, B.C., was developed in an +amazingly short time from a condition of almost archaic rudeness to that +of the greatest perfection which the world has ever seen. + +At the close of the Persian wars the Athenians, under Pericles, began +rebuilding their city and perfecting themselves in all the arts of +civilization, and their progress in the next half century will always be +a subject for wonder. It is especially wonderful that works of art of +the character produced at this time should have been the outcome of +political maneuvering: for if Plutarch is to be credited the scheming of +Pericles to obtain and hold possession of the government of Athens was +the immediate cause of the erection of these marvellous monuments. In +order to increase his influence with the common people Pericles devoted +the treasure which had been contributed by the other Greek cities for +defence against the barbarians to the beautifying of Athens, and to +furnishing them with games and amusements, and especially to the +erection of the group of temples upon the Acropolis, in this way +distributing patronage and keeping his people employed much as a modern +political "boss" does the same in our day. + +The Parthenon, which is esteemed the grandest of all monuments of Greek +art, embodying as it does the highest achievement in sculpture and +architecture, was built just after the middle of the fifth century, +although the precise date at which it was begun and finished is +uncertain. The Erechtheion and Propylæa were probably built a few years +later, but their exact dates are also in doubt. + +The sculptor, Phidias, was the friend and adviser of Pericles and to him +was given the general charge of all matters relating to art. Under him +were grouped architects, sculptors, and artisans of all schools and +trades--Ictinus and Calicrates as architects of the Parthenon, Mnesicles +of the Propylæa, and many others--such an assemblage as only Greece in +her most glorious epoch could bring together. The work of this period +shows that happy union of technical perfection and the expression of +only the loftiest ideas, in which, as Plutarch says, the architect made +it his ambition to "surpass the magnificence of his design with the +elegance of its execution." + +The skill and delicacy as well as the subtle appreciation of refinements +of form and finish exhibited in the treatment of details such as those +shown in our plates are almost beyond comprehension. The workmanship is +so perfect that it is difficult to see how it could be improved upon. +Stuart, in his account of the Parthenon, states that he found two +stones, one merely laid upon the other in the stylobate of this +building, which had been ground to so fine a joint that they had +actually united and become one. The refinements in measurements are such +that it has been asserted that a variation of one twentieth of an inch +from the dimensions intended is all that need be allowed--the width of +the two ends of the building agreeing to within this amount. The entasis +of columns and curvature of what would ordinarily be straight lines is +familiar to all students of architecture. + +Photographs of Greek architecture are by no means common or easy to +obtain, and the subjects given as illustrations of the present issue of +THE BROCHURE SERIES are presented, not as in the preceding numbers, +either all from a single building, or of similar features from several +buildings, but merely as fragments of detail, representing the period of +Greek art when architecture and sculpture had reached their highest +development. + + + + +[Illustration: LVII. Capital from the Parthenon, Athens.] + + +LVII. + +CAPITAL FROM THE PARTHENON, ATHENS. + +The Parthenon of Pericles was built on the site of an older temple as a +treasury, and repository of the colossal statue of Athena, made by +Phidias from gold and ivory. The Doric order, the capital of which is +shown in our plate, needs no description here as probably no other +single order is so generally known. After various transformations the +building was blown up by the Venetians in 1687 and has since remained in +ruins. + + + + +[Illustration: LVIII. Capital from the Erechtheion, Athens.] + +[Illustration: LIX. Base from the Erechtheion, Athens.] + +[Illustration: LX. Capital of Anta, from the Erechtheion, Athens.] + + +LVIII. + +CAPITAL FROM THE ERECHTHEION, ATHENS. + +LIX. + +BASE FROM THE ERECHTHEION, ATHENS. + +LX. + +CAP OF ANTA FROM THE ERECHTHEION, ATHENS. + +The Ionic order of the Erechtheion is the one which is best known and +has been most frequently copied and adapted in modern work. It is at the +same time the richest and most delicately refined of the Greek Ionic +orders, and this is equivalent to saying of all orders whatsoever. This +order of which the cap and base are given in our plates belongs to the +north porch. There were two other fronts to the building which was, to +all intents and purposes, three temples united in one. The famous +caryatid porch faces the south, looking toward the Parthenon. + + + + +[Illustration: LXI. Fragment from South Side of the Acropolis, Athens.] + + +LXI. + +FRAGMENT FROM SOUTH SIDE OF ACROPOLIS, ATHENS. + +Although this fragment was found at some distance from the Erechtheion +it is without much doubt a portion of that building. + + + + +[Illustration: LXII. Capital from the Propylæa, Athens.] + + +LXII. + +CAPITAL FROM THE PROPYLÆA, ATHENS. + +The Propylæa, or gate to the Acropolis, was built at about the same time +as the Parthenon, between the years 436 and 431 B.C. It combines the +Doric and Ionic orders, but both are most skilfully used with equal +grace and nobleness of proportion. + + + + +[Illustration: LXIII. Fragment of Cyma from the Tholos, Epidauros.] + + +LXIII. + +FRAGMENT OF CYMA FROM THE THOLOS AT EPIDAUROS. + +The Tholos of Polykletos at Epidauros was a circular building 107 feet +in diameter, situated within the sacred enclosure. It had two concentric +rows of columns, the exterior order being Doric, and the interior Ionic, +but with Corinthian caps of the design shown in plate LXIV. + + + + +[Illustration: LXIV. Capital from the Tholos, Epidauros.] + + +LXIV. + +CAP FROM THE THOLOS AT EPIDAUROS. + +The two fragments shown are the result of recent excavations and are +among the most beautiful examples of Greek detail extant. + + + + +Architectural Schools. + + +HARVARD UNIVERSITY. + +The writer of "The Point of View" in _Scribner's Magazine_ recently +called attention to the distinction between what he calls "cultivation" +and "civilization." As he very aptly states it, "culture according to +the common acceptance of it, is largely the cultivation of the mind; +civilization would seem to be the cultivation of the sympathies, the +tastes, and the capacity for giving and receiving sound pleasures. The +most civilized man is the man with the most catholic appreciation, the +man who can be the most things to the most people--the man, to put it +briefly, who knows best how to live. The man who is civilized can use +all the culture he can get, but he can get on and still be civilized +with a very moderate outfit of it. But the man who has culture and has +not civilization, is very badly handicapped." + +Probably no walk of life offers more opportunities for the advantageous +application of what is meant in this quotation by civilization than that +of the architect; and probably in no other profession does the +"civilized" man have greater advantages over his less civilized fellows. + +The successful architect requires a broad and catholic culture, but in +addition must be a man of the world in the best and most comprehensive +sense. Opportunities for social improvement will often make the +difference between success and failure in his professional life. On this +account too much stress can hardly be put upon the importance to a young +man of his social environment. + +The life in an old university set in the midst of a community where the +traditions of generations of cultivated families have established a +social atmosphere, it might be said, is one of the best and most +powerful civilizing influences. Such an opportunity as this is offered +at Harvard, and it is this which gives to the architectural course at +Harvard its main advantage over that of other schools in this country. + +The department itself is comparatively young, having only just completed +its second year. It is under the direction of the faculty of the +Lawrence Scientific School, one of the principal schools of the +University. + +Its special corps of instructors consists of Prof. H. Langford Warren +assisted by Messrs. George F. Newton and John W. Bemis. In addition to +this, lectures and instruction are given by members of the Faculty of +Arts and Sciences, which includes the faculty of the Lawrence Scientific +School, Harvard College and the Graduate School, among whom are Prof. +Charles Eliot Norton, Prof. White, Prof. Greenough, Prof. Moore, Prof. +Hollis and others. + +Although students in this department do much of their work in rooms +specially provided for them, in their general studies and lectures they +are associated with the other students of the University and thus reap +the advantages coming from such association. + +Throughout, it has been the purpose in this school, to treat +architecture as a fine art and not merely as the science of +construction, and to this end instruction in the general history of the +Fine Arts and practice in design are made the central features about +which the other studies are grouped. + +The course as laid out is intended to cover four years, and may be +supplemented by post-graduate work; while on the other hand a large +part of the general studies may be anticipated by students of the +College who wish to take the professional studies after completing the +usual course in the college proper. Especial stress is laid upon +educating the taste and discrimination of the student, and association +with cultivated men and familiarity with the best efforts of the past, +are the two most important influences to this end. + + + + +Personal. + + +Mr. C. D. Maginnis, recently returned from abroad, and who has for +several years been in the office of Mr. E. M. Wheelwright, city +architect, has opened an office at 27 School Street, Boston. He is +prepared to do all kinds of architectural drawing, in pen, pencil, or +water color, and will work up competition drawings and sketches. + +Mr. W. H. Kilham, Mr. E. P. Dana, and several others have recently been +added to the working force of Messrs. Winslow & Wetherell, whose office +is now the largest in Boston. + +Mr. W. T. Partridge, who has for several years been with Messrs. Eames & +Young, in St. Louis, has severed his connection with them and will +probably return to the East. + + + + +Club Notes. + + +The summer work of the Sketch Club of New York has been laid out to +include sketching trips in the outlying neighborhood of New York City. +On alternate Saturdays members of the Club meet at one of the piers and +take a small steam yacht to points along the East River and Long Island +Sound, spending the Sunday in sketching. On the intermediate Sundays, +rambles through West Chester occupy those who are disposed to join in +the excursions. These trips are laid out to include the time from July +13 to September 28. + +The competition of the Chicago Architectural Club upon the subject +"Picturesque Chicago," closes September 2, and the club begins its +regular year's work on that date with an exhibition of the sketches +submitted in this competition together with other work of the summer. + + + + +The Brochure Series + +of Architectural Illustration. + +PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY + +BATES & GUILD, + +6 BEACON STREET, BOSTON, MASS. + + +Subscription Rates per year 50 cents, in advance Special Club Rates for +five subscriptions $2.00 + +Entered at the Boston Post Office as Second-class Matter. + + * * * * * + +SPECIAL NOTICE. + +Back numbers of THE BROCHURE SERIES _are not_ kept in stock. All +subscriptions will be dated from the time received and subscribers who +wish for the current numbers must place their subscriptions at once. + + * * * * * + +The illustration which we give on another page, of a gala night of the +"P. D." club will appeal to the many friends of the P. D.'s who are +distributed from end to end of the country. The descriptive article by +one of the members which is begun in this number will also give an +indication to those who are not already familiar with this organization, +of its character and purpose. That a combination of serious work and +relaxation can be reconciled without sacrificing the former, has been +demonstrated in this case, for the P. D.'s are the mainstay of the +Boston Architectural Club and have accomplished considerable in other +directions, having done very notable work in several of the Beaux-Arts +Society's competitions. Their motto and seal shown in the other +illustration is a remarkable example of impromptu decoration. + + * * * * * + +The August 22 issue of the _Journal of the Royal Institute of British +Architects_ contains a description of the School of Architecture and +Applied Arts of University College, Liverpool, and an address by Mr. +T. G. Jackson, the well-known English architect and author, delivered at +the inauguration of the school on May 10 last. Special provisions are +made for courses in Architecture, Sculpture and Modelling, Decorative +Painting, Wrought Iron Work, and Wood Carving, accompanying theoretical +instruction with actual work in the studios and shops. + +Mr. Jackson's remarks are worthy careful attention and will be found as +valuable to American students as to those to whom they were addressed. +His opinions upon the study of architectural history are interesting in +connection with the views of the American writers to which we referred +last month. He says: "The reverence with which we have been taught to +regard old work has misled us into a slavish worship of precedent, and +an abject craving for authority by which to shape our own work. Close +imitation of old work has been regarded as the only safe course, +deceptive imitation of it the highest measure of success."... + +"Above all it should be the student's object to discover the principles +of design by which the successive styles were governed, and in tracing +their history he should trace the influence of circumstance and +accident, which modify the current art of the day.... The history of +architecture, and the development of style out of style, should never be +taught without incessant reference to the constructional methods which +were employed, and which played the principal part in the changes +resulting from their employment." + + * * * * * + +Apropos of the perennial discussion of the question of professional +ethics which from time to time comes into prominence in the meetings of +the American Institute of Architects the following may be of interest. +It is appended to the card of a certain architect which is published as +an advertisement in a local paper and reads: "Any kind of architectural +work promptly attended to and satisfaction guaranteed." + +In the resolutions recently adopted by the Boston Society of Architects +concerning professional ethics it was maintained that architects should +not advertise. The advertisement above may savor somewhat of its +surroundings (above it a hair renewer is advertised and below it +penny-royal pills) and suggest too much the "shoes tapped while you +wait" order of advertising, but we fail to see why architects should be +restrained from advertising if there are any benefits to be derived +from it. And for our part we think that there are few architects whose +business or practice might not be improved by judicious advertising. It +is easy to lay down an arbitrary dictum and say that no professional man +shall advertise, but what argument can apply to architects in this +respect that does not equally apply to civil engineers and to landscape +architects? And no one objects to the advertisements of the latter. The +publication of architects' designs in the professional journals is in +many cases advertising, pure and simple, but is not on this account to +be condemned. The truth of the matter is that the exact point where +advertising begins and ends is impossible to determine. One kind of +advertising is considered allowable and dignified, another is not. In +consequence there is opportunity for many differences of opinion. + + + + +The "P. D.'s." + + +If Chimmie Fadden were asked to translate the letters P. D., he would +undoubtedly answer, "What 'ell?" and it must be acknowledged that this +answer does credit to Chames's insight; but at the same time we feel +sure that Chames would not be offended if he were informed that his +favorite expression is not nearly such an appropriate definition of +P. D. as it is of the play of Madame Sans Gêne, all rumors to the +contrary notwithstanding And if Chames could be induced to give up for +the while his everlasting search for a bull pup, we might proceed to +inform him to the best of our ability what it really does mean. + +"The Lord gives good meat but the devil sends cooks," but Chames +apparently lending a willing ear, we take his life in our hands, and +firstly:-- + +And that is, that P. D. is not an abbreviation for Poor Debtors, as some +would have it, but for Poor Draughtsmen; which is after all, perhaps, a +distinction without a difference. + +Poor in this case has no reference to the quality of the draughtsmen's +work, for, as our song truly says,-- + + "The P. D. is a man + Who does the best he can, + No matter what the problem it may be. + He can draw a quarter scale, + He can draw a full detail, + And draw his pay upon a Saturdee." + +The club, for such it is, was at first overburdened with the name of The +Poor Draughtsmen's Saturday Night Club, but the member who wrote the +specification of the club, started in by writing the name and then +proceeded as follows: "The name of the club shall be the above (it is +too long to write again)." The hint was taken and it has since been +known as the P. D.'s. + +The club resulted from the more or less accidental coming together of +men of congenial spirit, and the desire to cultivate each other's +acquaintance more intimately than was possible in the larger +Architectural Club of which they are all members, and over which are +their club rooms. + +[Illustration: SEAL OF THE P. D.'S.] + +The work of fitting up these rooms was done by the members themselves, +and an added interest is given them by the constantly changing +exhibitions on their walls. The bulletin board is also a never-ending +source of delight. + +The club at present consists of thirteen members, all of whom on +entering it, as a sort of architectural baptism, receive new names, and, +ye gods, what names! + +What more is to be desired when one may, when he dines or designs, touch +elbows with such choice spirits as Ictinus, Michael Angelo, Vitruvius, +Vignola, Piranesi, San Gallo, Bramante, Christopher Wren, Inigo Jones, +Charles Bulfinch, Viollet le Duc, Gamier Frères (N.B.--There is only +one of him), and Brian Boru. + +[Illustration: A GALA NIGHT IN THE ROOMS OF THE "P. D.'S."] + +The one requirement for admission is good fellowship with the saving +clause, that this good fellowship, like Faith, must be accompanied by +good works. + +Its organization is of the simplest character, there being no +constitution or rules of any kind, except the joke known as the +specification be regarded as such. Much of the charm of the club is due +to this absolute freedom from restraint. + +The officers are the president, treasurer, and secretary, who manage the +affairs of the club during their term of office. Each member presides in +turn, the term of office being one month, the succession being arranged +by lot. + +A well-known writer deplores the lack of humor in the fiction of the +day, and the tendency of those who should know better, to constantly +preach us sermons upon our least admirable failings. + +Alas! it is not fiction alone that has taken to the pulpit, for +Architecture has also its preachers, and our journals are loaded with +their sermons, which fortunately for architecture, very few ever read. + +While acknowledging the fact that a little seriousness now and then may +be relished by even a P. D., a good hearty laugh is the one thing in +this dreary old world of ours that they most appreciate. No one realizes +more thoroughly than they that,-- + + "Care to our coffin adds a nail, no doubt, + And every grin so jolly draws one out." + +The principal object of the members, then, is to amuse themselves. The +club is not intended as a workroom, but as our P. D. poet expresses it, +a place where,-- + + "Freed from the fret of routine's slavish toil, + They meet once more in freedom's jollity. + No thought of care comes to them now to spoil + The merry jest, the gay frivolity." + +Nevertheless they have found time for much serious work, but inasmuch as +work is said to speak for itself, we will confine our attention to some +of the things by means of which the members have passed many happy +hours. + +Upon entering the club the member not only receives a new name, but his +biography containing more or less of the truth about him is written and +placed in the records. A song is also composed in his honor, and on +festal occasions he is greeted with it upon his entrance. + +Perhaps the greatest event of the year is the annual dinner, or the +"Centurial Dinner" as it is called, from the very general conviction +that "Better one year with the P. D.'s than a cycle of Cathay." Every +one is supposed to do something for this occasion, but he is given +perfect liberty as to what he shall do, and he may answer, for instance, +the toast of The Architecture of the Greeks with an essay on The Use and +Abuse of the Cocktail, with the assurance that his consistency will not +be doubted. + +The menu card is usually of sufficient interest to furnish amusement +until the actual hostilities begin. Upon each guest at this dinner is +conferred the honorary title of "Draughtsman." + +The installation of a new president, which occurs monthly, is also the +occasion of much mirth, as are also the departures for or the arrivals +from Europe of members. + +But no matter how closely these events follow each other, one can depend +upon each of them being distinctly different; and after one has attended +a score or so of them he begins to wonder when this versatility will end +and they will begin to repeat themselves. + +Notwithstanding the unvaried success of these affairs, none of them have +been attended with more than a slight expenditure of time or money. + +In decorating the rooms the same old articles have been made to do +service any number of times, but always in such a manner as to obtain an +entirely different effect. + +Many of the best things in this line have been done on the spur of the +moment. The club seal, for instance, was thrown together in a few +minutes, some one in the meantime looking up an appropriate motto, the +occasion being an impromptu festival of Gambrinus, which occurred one +Christmas eve. + +At another time a wonderful chandelier was constructed of a stretcher, a +Chinese lantern, and twenty beer bottles, which were utilized to hold +candles, and a placard on each told that they were manufactured by the +P. D. Electric Co. and were each of one candle power; the whole being +draped with some brilliantly dyed stuffs that had served as costumes at +the Art Students' Festival. + +_(To be continued.)_ + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Brochure Series of Architectural +Illustration, Volume 01, No. 08, August 1895, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BROCHURE SERIES OF *** + +***** This file should be named 19769-8.txt or 19769-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/7/6/19769/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sigal Alon and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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