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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Brochure Series of Architectural
+Illustration, Volume 01, No. 08, August 1895, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Brochure Series of Architectural Illustration, Volume 01, No. 08, August 1895
+       Fragments of Greek Detail
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: November 12, 2006 [EBook #19769]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BROCHURE SERIES OF ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sigal Alon and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE BROCHURE SERIES
+
+OF ARCHITECTURAL ILLUSTRATION.
+
+
+VOL. I. AUGUST, 1895 No. 8.
+
+FRAGMENTS OF GREEK DETAIL.
+
+
+The Art of Greece during the fifth century, B.C., was developed in an
+amazingly short time from a condition of almost archaic rudeness to that
+of the greatest perfection which the world has ever seen.
+
+At the close of the Persian wars the Athenians, under Pericles, began
+rebuilding their city and perfecting themselves in all the arts of
+civilization, and their progress in the next half century will always be
+a subject for wonder. It is especially wonderful that works of art of
+the character produced at this time should have been the outcome of
+political maneuvering: for if Plutarch is to be credited the scheming of
+Pericles to obtain and hold possession of the government of Athens was
+the immediate cause of the erection of these marvellous monuments. In
+order to increase his influence with the common people Pericles devoted
+the treasure which had been contributed by the other Greek cities for
+defence against the barbarians to the beautifying of Athens, and to
+furnishing them with games and amusements, and especially to the
+erection of the group of temples upon the Acropolis, in this way
+distributing patronage and keeping his people employed much as a modern
+political "boss" does the same in our day.
+
+The Parthenon, which is esteemed the grandest of all monuments of Greek
+art, embodying as it does the highest achievement in sculpture and
+architecture, was built just after the middle of the fifth century,
+although the precise date at which it was begun and finished is
+uncertain. The Erechtheion and Propylæa were probably built a few years
+later, but their exact dates are also in doubt.
+
+The sculptor, Phidias, was the friend and adviser of Pericles and to him
+was given the general charge of all matters relating to art. Under him
+were grouped architects, sculptors, and artisans of all schools and
+trades--Ictinus and Calicrates as architects of the Parthenon, Mnesicles
+of the Propylæa, and many others--such an assemblage as only Greece in
+her most glorious epoch could bring together. The work of this period
+shows that happy union of technical perfection and the expression of
+only the loftiest ideas, in which, as Plutarch says, the architect made
+it his ambition to "surpass the magnificence of his design with the
+elegance of its execution."
+
+The skill and delicacy as well as the subtle appreciation of refinements
+of form and finish exhibited in the treatment of details such as those
+shown in our plates are almost beyond comprehension. The workmanship is
+so perfect that it is difficult to see how it could be improved upon.
+Stuart, in his account of the Parthenon, states that he found two
+stones, one merely laid upon the other in the stylobate of this
+building, which had been ground to so fine a joint that they had
+actually united and become one. The refinements in measurements are such
+that it has been asserted that a variation of one twentieth of an inch
+from the dimensions intended is all that need be allowed--the width of
+the two ends of the building agreeing to within this amount. The entasis
+of columns and curvature of what would ordinarily be straight lines is
+familiar to all students of architecture.
+
+Photographs of Greek architecture are by no means common or easy to
+obtain, and the subjects given as illustrations of the present issue of
+THE BROCHURE SERIES are presented, not as in the preceding numbers,
+either all from a single building, or of similar features from several
+buildings, but merely as fragments of detail, representing the period of
+Greek art when architecture and sculpture had reached their highest
+development.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: LVII. Capital from the Parthenon, Athens.]
+
+
+LVII.
+
+CAPITAL FROM THE PARTHENON, ATHENS.
+
+The Parthenon of Pericles was built on the site of an older temple as a
+treasury, and repository of the colossal statue of Athena, made by
+Phidias from gold and ivory. The Doric order, the capital of which is
+shown in our plate, needs no description here as probably no other
+single order is so generally known. After various transformations the
+building was blown up by the Venetians in 1687 and has since remained in
+ruins.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: LVIII. Capital from the Erechtheion, Athens.]
+
+[Illustration: LIX. Base from the Erechtheion, Athens.]
+
+[Illustration: LX. Capital of Anta, from the Erechtheion, Athens.]
+
+
+LVIII.
+
+CAPITAL FROM THE ERECHTHEION, ATHENS.
+
+LIX.
+
+BASE FROM THE ERECHTHEION, ATHENS.
+
+LX.
+
+CAP OF ANTA FROM THE ERECHTHEION, ATHENS.
+
+The Ionic order of the Erechtheion is the one which is best known and
+has been most frequently copied and adapted in modern work. It is at the
+same time the richest and most delicately refined of the Greek Ionic
+orders, and this is equivalent to saying of all orders whatsoever. This
+order of which the cap and base are given in our plates belongs to the
+north porch. There were two other fronts to the building which was, to
+all intents and purposes, three temples united in one. The famous
+caryatid porch faces the south, looking toward the Parthenon.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: LXI. Fragment from South Side of the Acropolis, Athens.]
+
+
+LXI.
+
+FRAGMENT FROM SOUTH SIDE OF ACROPOLIS, ATHENS.
+
+Although this fragment was found at some distance from the Erechtheion
+it is without much doubt a portion of that building.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: LXII. Capital from the Propylæa, Athens.]
+
+
+LXII.
+
+CAPITAL FROM THE PROPYLÆA, ATHENS.
+
+The Propylæa, or gate to the Acropolis, was built at about the same time
+as the Parthenon, between the years 436 and 431 B.C. It combines the
+Doric and Ionic orders, but both are most skilfully used with equal
+grace and nobleness of proportion.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: LXIII. Fragment of Cyma from the Tholos, Epidauros.]
+
+
+LXIII.
+
+FRAGMENT OF CYMA FROM THE THOLOS AT EPIDAUROS.
+
+The Tholos of Polykletos at Epidauros was a circular building 107 feet
+in diameter, situated within the sacred enclosure. It had two concentric
+rows of columns, the exterior order being Doric, and the interior Ionic,
+but with Corinthian caps of the design shown in plate LXIV.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: LXIV. Capital from the Tholos, Epidauros.]
+
+
+LXIV.
+
+CAP FROM THE THOLOS AT EPIDAUROS.
+
+The two fragments shown are the result of recent excavations and are
+among the most beautiful examples of Greek detail extant.
+
+
+
+
+Architectural Schools.
+
+
+HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
+
+The writer of "The Point of View" in _Scribner's Magazine_ recently
+called attention to the distinction between what he calls "cultivation"
+and "civilization." As he very aptly states it, "culture according to
+the common acceptance of it, is largely the cultivation of the mind;
+civilization would seem to be the cultivation of the sympathies, the
+tastes, and the capacity for giving and receiving sound pleasures. The
+most civilized man is the man with the most catholic appreciation, the
+man who can be the most things to the most people--the man, to put it
+briefly, who knows best how to live. The man who is civilized can use
+all the culture he can get, but he can get on and still be civilized
+with a very moderate outfit of it. But the man who has culture and has
+not civilization, is very badly handicapped."
+
+Probably no walk of life offers more opportunities for the advantageous
+application of what is meant in this quotation by civilization than that
+of the architect; and probably in no other profession does the
+"civilized" man have greater advantages over his less civilized fellows.
+
+The successful architect requires a broad and catholic culture, but in
+addition must be a man of the world in the best and most comprehensive
+sense. Opportunities for social improvement will often make the
+difference between success and failure in his professional life. On this
+account too much stress can hardly be put upon the importance to a young
+man of his social environment.
+
+The life in an old university set in the midst of a community where the
+traditions of generations of cultivated families have established a
+social atmosphere, it might be said, is one of the best and most
+powerful civilizing influences. Such an opportunity as this is offered
+at Harvard, and it is this which gives to the architectural course at
+Harvard its main advantage over that of other schools in this country.
+
+The department itself is comparatively young, having only just completed
+its second year. It is under the direction of the faculty of the
+Lawrence Scientific School, one of the principal schools of the
+University.
+
+Its special corps of instructors consists of Prof. H. Langford Warren
+assisted by Messrs. George F. Newton and John W. Bemis. In addition to
+this, lectures and instruction are given by members of the Faculty of
+Arts and Sciences, which includes the faculty of the Lawrence Scientific
+School, Harvard College and the Graduate School, among whom are Prof.
+Charles Eliot Norton, Prof. White, Prof. Greenough, Prof. Moore, Prof.
+Hollis and others.
+
+Although students in this department do much of their work in rooms
+specially provided for them, in their general studies and lectures they
+are associated with the other students of the University and thus reap
+the advantages coming from such association.
+
+Throughout, it has been the purpose in this school, to treat
+architecture as a fine art and not merely as the science of
+construction, and to this end instruction in the general history of the
+Fine Arts and practice in design are made the central features about
+which the other studies are grouped.
+
+The course as laid out is intended to cover four years, and may be
+supplemented by post-graduate work; while on the other hand a large
+part of the general studies may be anticipated by students of the
+College who wish to take the professional studies after completing the
+usual course in the college proper. Especial stress is laid upon
+educating the taste and discrimination of the student, and association
+with cultivated men and familiarity with the best efforts of the past,
+are the two most important influences to this end.
+
+
+
+
+Personal.
+
+
+Mr. C. D. Maginnis, recently returned from abroad, and who has for
+several years been in the office of Mr. E. M. Wheelwright, city
+architect, has opened an office at 27 School Street, Boston. He is
+prepared to do all kinds of architectural drawing, in pen, pencil, or
+water color, and will work up competition drawings and sketches.
+
+Mr. W. H. Kilham, Mr. E. P. Dana, and several others have recently been
+added to the working force of Messrs. Winslow & Wetherell, whose office
+is now the largest in Boston.
+
+Mr. W. T. Partridge, who has for several years been with Messrs. Eames &
+Young, in St. Louis, has severed his connection with them and will
+probably return to the East.
+
+
+
+
+Club Notes.
+
+
+The summer work of the Sketch Club of New York has been laid out to
+include sketching trips in the outlying neighborhood of New York City.
+On alternate Saturdays members of the Club meet at one of the piers and
+take a small steam yacht to points along the East River and Long Island
+Sound, spending the Sunday in sketching. On the intermediate Sundays,
+rambles through West Chester occupy those who are disposed to join in
+the excursions. These trips are laid out to include the time from July
+13 to September 28.
+
+The competition of the Chicago Architectural Club upon the subject
+"Picturesque Chicago," closes September 2, and the club begins its
+regular year's work on that date with an exhibition of the sketches
+submitted in this competition together with other work of the summer.
+
+
+
+
+The Brochure Series
+
+of Architectural Illustration.
+
+PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY
+
+BATES & GUILD,
+
+6 BEACON STREET, BOSTON, MASS.
+
+
+Subscription Rates per year 50 cents, in advance Special Club Rates for
+five subscriptions $2.00
+
+Entered at the Boston Post Office as Second-class Matter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIAL NOTICE.
+
+Back numbers of THE BROCHURE SERIES _are not_ kept in stock. All
+subscriptions will be dated from the time received and subscribers who
+wish for the current numbers must place their subscriptions at once.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The illustration which we give on another page, of a gala night of the
+"P. D." club will appeal to the many friends of the P. D.'s who are
+distributed from end to end of the country. The descriptive article by
+one of the members which is begun in this number will also give an
+indication to those who are not already familiar with this organization,
+of its character and purpose. That a combination of serious work and
+relaxation can be reconciled without sacrificing the former, has been
+demonstrated in this case, for the P. D.'s are the mainstay of the
+Boston Architectural Club and have accomplished considerable in other
+directions, having done very notable work in several of the Beaux-Arts
+Society's competitions. Their motto and seal shown in the other
+illustration is a remarkable example of impromptu decoration.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The August 22 issue of the _Journal of the Royal Institute of British
+Architects_ contains a description of the School of Architecture and
+Applied Arts of University College, Liverpool, and an address by Mr.
+T. G. Jackson, the well-known English architect and author, delivered at
+the inauguration of the school on May 10 last. Special provisions are
+made for courses in Architecture, Sculpture and Modelling, Decorative
+Painting, Wrought Iron Work, and Wood Carving, accompanying theoretical
+instruction with actual work in the studios and shops.
+
+Mr. Jackson's remarks are worthy careful attention and will be found as
+valuable to American students as to those to whom they were addressed.
+His opinions upon the study of architectural history are interesting in
+connection with the views of the American writers to which we referred
+last month. He says: "The reverence with which we have been taught to
+regard old work has misled us into a slavish worship of precedent, and
+an abject craving for authority by which to shape our own work. Close
+imitation of old work has been regarded as the only safe course,
+deceptive imitation of it the highest measure of success."...
+
+"Above all it should be the student's object to discover the principles
+of design by which the successive styles were governed, and in tracing
+their history he should trace the influence of circumstance and
+accident, which modify the current art of the day.... The history of
+architecture, and the development of style out of style, should never be
+taught without incessant reference to the constructional methods which
+were employed, and which played the principal part in the changes
+resulting from their employment."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Apropos of the perennial discussion of the question of professional
+ethics which from time to time comes into prominence in the meetings of
+the American Institute of Architects the following may be of interest.
+It is appended to the card of a certain architect which is published as
+an advertisement in a local paper and reads: "Any kind of architectural
+work promptly attended to and satisfaction guaranteed."
+
+In the resolutions recently adopted by the Boston Society of Architects
+concerning professional ethics it was maintained that architects should
+not advertise. The advertisement above may savor somewhat of its
+surroundings (above it a hair renewer is advertised and below it
+penny-royal pills) and suggest too much the "shoes tapped while you
+wait" order of advertising, but we fail to see why architects should be
+restrained from advertising if there are any benefits to be derived
+from it. And for our part we think that there are few architects whose
+business or practice might not be improved by judicious advertising. It
+is easy to lay down an arbitrary dictum and say that no professional man
+shall advertise, but what argument can apply to architects in this
+respect that does not equally apply to civil engineers and to landscape
+architects? And no one objects to the advertisements of the latter. The
+publication of architects' designs in the professional journals is in
+many cases advertising, pure and simple, but is not on this account to
+be condemned. The truth of the matter is that the exact point where
+advertising begins and ends is impossible to determine. One kind of
+advertising is considered allowable and dignified, another is not. In
+consequence there is opportunity for many differences of opinion.
+
+
+
+
+The "P. D.'s."
+
+
+If Chimmie Fadden were asked to translate the letters P. D., he would
+undoubtedly answer, "What 'ell?" and it must be acknowledged that this
+answer does credit to Chames's insight; but at the same time we feel
+sure that Chames would not be offended if he were informed that his
+favorite expression is not nearly such an appropriate definition of
+P. D. as it is of the play of Madame Sans Gêne, all rumors to the
+contrary notwithstanding And if Chames could be induced to give up for
+the while his everlasting search for a bull pup, we might proceed to
+inform him to the best of our ability what it really does mean.
+
+"The Lord gives good meat but the devil sends cooks," but Chames
+apparently lending a willing ear, we take his life in our hands, and
+firstly:--
+
+And that is, that P. D. is not an abbreviation for Poor Debtors, as some
+would have it, but for Poor Draughtsmen; which is after all, perhaps, a
+distinction without a difference.
+
+Poor in this case has no reference to the quality of the draughtsmen's
+work, for, as our song truly says,--
+
+    "The P. D. is a man
+    Who does the best he can,
+    No matter what the problem it may be.
+    He can draw a quarter scale,
+    He can draw a full detail,
+    And draw his pay upon a Saturdee."
+
+The club, for such it is, was at first overburdened with the name of The
+Poor Draughtsmen's Saturday Night Club, but the member who wrote the
+specification of the club, started in by writing the name and then
+proceeded as follows: "The name of the club shall be the above (it is
+too long to write again)." The hint was taken and it has since been
+known as the P. D.'s.
+
+The club resulted from the more or less accidental coming together of
+men of congenial spirit, and the desire to cultivate each other's
+acquaintance more intimately than was possible in the larger
+Architectural Club of which they are all members, and over which are
+their club rooms.
+
+[Illustration: SEAL OF THE P. D.'S.]
+
+The work of fitting up these rooms was done by the members themselves,
+and an added interest is given them by the constantly changing
+exhibitions on their walls. The bulletin board is also a never-ending
+source of delight.
+
+The club at present consists of thirteen members, all of whom on
+entering it, as a sort of architectural baptism, receive new names, and,
+ye gods, what names!
+
+What more is to be desired when one may, when he dines or designs, touch
+elbows with such choice spirits as Ictinus, Michael Angelo, Vitruvius,
+Vignola, Piranesi, San Gallo, Bramante, Christopher Wren, Inigo Jones,
+Charles Bulfinch, Viollet le Duc, Gamier Frères (N.B.--There is only
+one of him), and Brian Boru.
+
+[Illustration: A GALA NIGHT IN THE ROOMS OF THE "P. D.'S."]
+
+The one requirement for admission is good fellowship with the saving
+clause, that this good fellowship, like Faith, must be accompanied by
+good works.
+
+Its organization is of the simplest character, there being no
+constitution or rules of any kind, except the joke known as the
+specification be regarded as such. Much of the charm of the club is due
+to this absolute freedom from restraint.
+
+The officers are the president, treasurer, and secretary, who manage the
+affairs of the club during their term of office. Each member presides in
+turn, the term of office being one month, the succession being arranged
+by lot.
+
+A well-known writer deplores the lack of humor in the fiction of the
+day, and the tendency of those who should know better, to constantly
+preach us sermons upon our least admirable failings.
+
+Alas! it is not fiction alone that has taken to the pulpit, for
+Architecture has also its preachers, and our journals are loaded with
+their sermons, which fortunately for architecture, very few ever read.
+
+While acknowledging the fact that a little seriousness now and then may
+be relished by even a P. D., a good hearty laugh is the one thing in
+this dreary old world of ours that they most appreciate. No one realizes
+more thoroughly than they that,--
+
+    "Care to our coffin adds a nail, no doubt,
+    And every grin so jolly draws one out."
+
+The principal object of the members, then, is to amuse themselves. The
+club is not intended as a workroom, but as our P. D. poet expresses it,
+a place where,--
+
+    "Freed from the fret of routine's slavish toil,
+      They meet once more in freedom's jollity.
+    No thought of care comes to them now to spoil
+      The merry jest, the gay frivolity."
+
+Nevertheless they have found time for much serious work, but inasmuch as
+work is said to speak for itself, we will confine our attention to some
+of the things by means of which the members have passed many happy
+hours.
+
+Upon entering the club the member not only receives a new name, but his
+biography containing more or less of the truth about him is written and
+placed in the records. A song is also composed in his honor, and on
+festal occasions he is greeted with it upon his entrance.
+
+Perhaps the greatest event of the year is the annual dinner, or the
+"Centurial Dinner" as it is called, from the very general conviction
+that "Better one year with the P. D.'s than a cycle of Cathay." Every
+one is supposed to do something for this occasion, but he is given
+perfect liberty as to what he shall do, and he may answer, for instance,
+the toast of The Architecture of the Greeks with an essay on The Use and
+Abuse of the Cocktail, with the assurance that his consistency will not
+be doubted.
+
+The menu card is usually of sufficient interest to furnish amusement
+until the actual hostilities begin. Upon each guest at this dinner is
+conferred the honorary title of "Draughtsman."
+
+The installation of a new president, which occurs monthly, is also the
+occasion of much mirth, as are also the departures for or the arrivals
+from Europe of members.
+
+But no matter how closely these events follow each other, one can depend
+upon each of them being distinctly different; and after one has attended
+a score or so of them he begins to wonder when this versatility will end
+and they will begin to repeat themselves.
+
+Notwithstanding the unvaried success of these affairs, none of them have
+been attended with more than a slight expenditure of time or money.
+
+In decorating the rooms the same old articles have been made to do
+service any number of times, but always in such a manner as to obtain an
+entirely different effect.
+
+Many of the best things in this line have been done on the spur of the
+moment. The club seal, for instance, was thrown together in a few
+minutes, some one in the meantime looking up an appropriate motto, the
+occasion being an impromptu festival of Gambrinus, which occurred one
+Christmas eve.
+
+At another time a wonderful chandelier was constructed of a stretcher, a
+Chinese lantern, and twenty beer bottles, which were utilized to hold
+candles, and a placard on each told that they were manufactured by the
+P. D. Electric Co. and were each of one candle power; the whole being
+draped with some brilliantly dyed stuffs that had served as costumes at
+the Art Students' Festival.
+
+_(To be continued.)_
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Brochure Series of Architectural
+Illustration, Volume 01, No. 08, August 1895, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BROCHURE SERIES OF ***
+
+***** This file should be named 19769-8.txt or 19769-8.zip *****
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